management turístico hotelero

7/24/2019 Management turstico hotelero

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FHB]NSHC CM S]WKRJ@ [ FKDHDQHR

LWHC@ MD S]WKRJ@

JHDHLMJMDS S]WRSKB@ E@SMNMW@

Srhgha` Fkd cm Lrhc` prmsmdthc` p`r Vbt`r Nm` Ghrrhld, skmdc` nh tut`rh cmn jksj`nh pr`fms`rh Crh. J Bhrjmd Chz Fmrddcmz

V. G. cmn Sut`r/h/ms/hs1 Hnujd`/h1


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SFL-S]W. Mn Jhdhlmjmdt Surstkb` E`tmnmr`

LWHC@ MD S]WKRJ@

FHB]NSHC CM S]WKRJ@ [ FKDHDQHR

SWHGHA@ FKD CM LWHC@

B]WR@ HBHCJKB@ _7983-798=Z

SS]N@1

JHDHLMJMDS S]WKRSKB@ E@SMNMW@

H]S@W1

VBS@W NM@ GHWWHLD

S]S@W1

Crh. J BHWJMD CHQ FMWDDCMQ

CMYHWSHJMDS@1

HCJKDKRSWHBKD CM MJYWMRHR, B@JMWBKHNKQHBKD, M KDVMRSLHBKD CMJMWBHC@ (JHWOMSKDL)

WMH CM B@D@BKJKMDS@1

@WLHDKQHBKD CM MJYWMRHR

WMR]JMD1

Chch nh kjp`rthdbkh qum rmvkstm thdt` phrh nhs mjprmshs b`j` phrh nh s`bkmchc md

lmdmrhn mn jhdhlmjmdt, md mstm trhgha`, trhthj`s cm hdhnkzhr msth jhldktucmjprmshrkhn bmdtrdc`d`s md ud` cm sus hlmdtms prkdbkphnms, mn ckrmbtkv`. Md mstmmstuck` emj`s brmc` `p`rtud`, kluhnjmdtm, bmdtrhrn` md ud` cm n`s smbt`rmsmb`djkb`s qum hbhphrhd ud lrhd kdtmrs rmbkmdtmjmdtm1 mn smbt`r turstkb` e`tmnmr`,js b`dbrmthjmdtm, md mn lrup` 81 E`tmnms. Hs pums, md vkrtuc cm n` hdtmrk`rjmdtmmslrkjkc`, dumstr` trhgha` trhthr cm hdhnkzhr y cmtmrjkdhr mn pmrfkn cmn jhdhlmjmdt


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Jstmr @fkbkhn md Mstuck`s Hvhdzhc`s md Ckrmbbkd cm Mjprmshs

DCKBM

BHYS]N@ 8. YWMRMDSHBK@D CMN SWHGHA@ ....................................................................................................................................8

8.8. KDSW@C]BBKD................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

8.7. @GAMSKV@R ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................7

8.2. A]RSKFKBHBKD ....................................................................................................................................................................................................2

BHYS]N@ 7. B]MWY@ SMWKB@ ...................................................................................................................................................................................=

7.8. MN RMBS@W S]WRSKB@ ......................................................................................................................................................................=

7.8.8. Mn bhs` cm Rmvknnh bhpkthn ..............................................................


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BHYS]N@ 8

YWMRMDSHBKD CMN SWHGHA@

8.8. KDSW@C]BBK@D

Mn turksj` md Msphh mst phshdc` p`r udh mchc c`rhch md n`s ntkj`s h`s. N`skdckbhc`rms turstkb`s sm cksphrhd, hujmdthd mn djmr` cm vkskths, cm kdlrms`s p`r

turksj` y nhs prmvksk`dms sklumd mn jksj` bhjkd` `ptkjksth. Dumstr` phs ms udrmfmrmdtm md jhtmrkh turstkbh h dkvmn judckhn, thdt` ms hs qum ms mn 2 phs jsvkskthc`, sn` p`r cmtrs cm MM.]]. y Frhdbkh, s`d 6= jknn`dms cm vkskths md 7983? y mn7 md buhdt` h n`s kdlrms`s cmahc`s p`r ms`s turksths, 3;.999 jknn`dms cm mur`s (@JS,798=). Hcmjs sup`dm ud 2.=% cmn YKG msph`n t`thn n` qum n` b`dvkmrtm md ud` cm n`ssmbt`rms js kjp`rthdtms cmn phs (Mxbmntur, 798=). [ udh cm nhs bhushs cm mst`slrhdcms rmsunthc`s y gumdh kjhlmd ms lrhbkhs h nh rmb`d`bkch rmc e`tmnmrh cm qumcksp`dmj`s.

Buhdc` mdtrhj`s md ud e`tmn d` s`j`s b`dsbkmdtms cm t`ch nh jhqukdhrkh qum smp`dmd md jhrbeh phrh qum p`chj`s cksfruthr cm ud smrvkbk` cm bhnkchc. H nh bhgmzhcm msh jhqukdhrkh sm mdbumdtrhd n`s ckrmbtkv`s, pmrs`dhs b`d hnth buhnkfkbhbkd qum smmdbhrlhd cm ckrklkr n`s ckstkdt`s cmphrthjmdt`s y mqukp`s cm trhgha` phrh qum d`s`tr`sp`chj`s hprmbkhr hn fkdhn ud pr`cubt`/smrvkbk` cmfkdktkv`. S`c` mn trhgha` ckrmbtkv`b`jprmdcm mst`s phpmnms pmr` nh pr`jkdmdbkh cm bhch phpmn vhrh md n`s ckfmrmdtmspumst`s ckrmbtkv`s (Jkdtzgmrl, 8;53).

Rk gkmd mn pr`pskt` lmdmrhn cm mstm trhgha` ms hdhnkzhr mn jhdhlmjmdt turstkb`e`tmnmr`, nhs nkjkthbk`dms mdb`dtrhchs ehd chc` nulhr h qum mstm pr`pskt` lmdmrhn smjhtmrkhnkbm md udh prkjmrh vkskd cm msth rmhnkchc bkdc`d`s hn bhs` b`dbrmt` cmn r`nckrmbtkv` qum cmsmjpmh mn amfm cm rmbmpbkd md mn lrup` 81 e`tmnms. Hs pums,f`bhnkzhrmj`s mstm mstuck` md hdhnkzhr mn pmrfkn ckrmbtkv` y cmj`lrfkb` cm mstmkjp`rthdtm ckrmbtkv` e`tmnmr`. Mst`s rmprmsmdthd ud bhrl` cm ckrmbbkd kdtmrjmckhcmdtr` cmn `rlhdklrhjh cm ckrmbbkd e`tmnmrh. Ms udh fklurh lrhd kjp`rthdbkh phrh mnb`rrmbt` fudbk`dhjkmdt` cm n`s msthgnmbkjkmdt`s e`tmnmr`s p`r n` qum cmgmd rmudkr udhsmrkm cm ehgknkchcms y hbtktucms qum lhrhdtkbmd mn smrvkbk` `ptkj` hn bnkmdtm (Lhnnml`,8;5


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Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

Yhrh rmhnkzhr mstm SFL, d`s emj`s hp`yhc`, md nh phrtm tmrkbh, md n`s mstuck`s cmJkdtzgmrl (8;;3), Ohtz (8;56), Emrsmy-Gnhdbehrc (8;6;), Gumd` (8;;2), C`jdlumz(7988), Lhdhzh (7988) y Eumsbhr (8;;2) mdtrm `tr`s? y md nh phrtm mjprkbh, md Chz

(7993).H phrtkr cm n`s rmsunthc`s cm mstm trhgha` pmrsmlukj`s hp`rthr kdf`rjhbkd rmnmvhdtmqum pumch smrvkr cm hyuch thdt` hn smbt`r turstkb` e`tmnmr` b`j` h sus hlmdtms.Brmmj`s hcmjs qum n`s rmsunthc`s hqu prmsmdthc`s pumcmd smrvkr b`j` pudt` cmphrtkch phrh p`stmrk`rms ndmhs cm kdvmstklhbkd futurh h phrtkr cm nhs qum d` sn` smhjpnm mn b`d`bkjkmdt` hqu lmdmrhc` skd` bhphbms cm sugshdhr y htmdcmr nhsp`skgnms nkjkthbk`dms y p`skgnms bhrmdbkhs cm mstm SFL. Hspmbt`s, mst`s ntkj`s, qum hpmshr cm ehgmr kdtmdthc` md t`c` j`jmdt` cm b`jghtkr y s`nvmdthr cm nh jma`rjhdmrh p`skgnm, d` `gsthdtm, nhjmdthgnmjmdtm s`j`s b`dsbkmdtms, qum trhthrmj`s cmsugshdhr h phrtkr cm futur`s trhgha`s y p`r n`s qum pmckj`s qum n`s rmsunthc`s cm mstmSFL smhd b`dskcmrhc`s b`d nhs cmgkchs prmbhubk`dms.

Md buhdt` h nh mstrubturh cmn trhgha`, cmsthbhr qum1 Mn prkjmr bhptun` b`dskstm mdudh prmsmdthbkd cmn SFL h phrtkr cm nh buhn trhthj`s cm chr rmspumsth grmvmjmdtm hqu prmtmdcmj`s ehbmr, bj` n` emj`s embe` y p`r qu n` emj`s embe`. Mn smludc`bhptun` rmb`lm mn bumrp` tmrkb` md mn qum sm sustmdthr nh phrtm mjprkbh cm dumstr`SFL, y lkrh md t`rd` h nhs prkdbkphnms vhrkhgnms trhthchs1 Surksj`, smbt`r e`tmnmr`,

ckrmbbkd e`tmnmrh y vhrkhgnms ckrmbtkvhs (Eusbhr, 8;;2? Jkdtzgmrl, 8;;2). Mn tmrbmrbhptun` ms mn prkdbkpk` cmn bumrp` mjprkb`. Hs, md nh prkjmrh phrtm cmn jksj`, smcmsbrkgmd n`s prkdbkphnms hspmbt`s jmt`c`nlkb`s cmn SFL1 p`gnhbkd cm mstuck`,thjh` jumstrhn, emrrhjkmdths, ktkdmrhrk` cm kdvmstklhbkdmd thdt` qum, md nhsmludch phrtm cmn bhptun` sm prmsmdthd n`s rmsunthc`s hnbhdzhc`s. Mst`s rmsunthc`ss`d hg`rchc`s h phrtkr cm ud mxehustkv` hdnksks cm n`s cht`s y mxpumst`s jmckhdtmthgnhs y lrfkb`s (Ohtz, 8;56? Emrsmy-Gnhdbehrc, 8;6;? Gumd`, 8;;2? C`jdlumz yLhdhzh, 7988) hn `gamt` cm fhbknkthr su kdtmrprmthbkd, nmbturh y b`jprmdskd. Md mnbuhrt` bhptun` kdbnukj`s nhs hp`rthbk`dms cmn hut`r. H phrtkr cm nhs jksjhs j`strhj`snhs kjprmsk`dms qum d`s ehd qumchc` trhs nh rmhnkzhbkd cm mstm SFL, hcmjs cmp`skgnms dumvhs ndmhs cm kdvmstklhbkd. Md mn untkj` bhpktun` sm mdbumdtrhd nhsb`dbnusk`dms fkdhnms b`d nhs qum sm kdtmdth chr rmspumsths h nhs prmludths pnhdtmhchshn b`jkmdz` cmn trhgha` hs b`j` hnludh eujkncm hp`rthbkd pmrs`dhn phrh nh jma`rhcmn pmrfkn ckrmbtkv`. Nh untkjh phrtm cmn trhgha` nh b`jpnmth udh hjpnkh nksth cm fumdtmsgkgnk`lrfkbhs cm n`s qum d`s emj`s smrvkc` phrh rmhnkzhr dumstr` SFL hcmjs cm udhdmx` h phrtkr cmn qum prmsmdthj`s mn bumstk`dhrk` cksmhc` phrh mn jksj`.

8.7. @GAMSKV@R

Shn y b`j` yh emj`s hpudthc` md nh kdtr`cubbkd, mn `gamtkv` prkdbkphn cm mstm Srhgha`Fkd cm Lrhc`, qukzs cmjhskhc` hjgkbk`s` chch nh dhturhnmzh cmn SFL, mn embe` cmqum ms nh prkjmrh kdvmstklhbkd qum rmhnkzhj`s y p`r thdt`, n` qum b`dnnmvh (fhnth cmb`d`bkjkmdt`s mxpmrkmdbkh ) y nhs nkjkthbk`dms mdb`dtrhchs (rmburs`s tkmjp`


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j`jmdt` msbhs`, qum sm tkmdm s`grm mn pmrfkn cmj`lrfkb` y ckrmbtkv` cm mst`s amfms cmrmbmpbkd? 7) Srhs ehgnhr b`d dujmr`s`s p`skgnms e`tmnms b`nhg`rhc`rms, htmdcmr, md

bkmrth f`rjh, h nh pmtkbkd cm mstm tkp` cm kdf`rjhbkd p`r phrtm mst`s hlmdtms qumkdtmlrhd mn smbt`r turstkb` e`tmnmr` y cm mdtkchcms b`nhg`rhc`rhs, juy kdtmrmshc`s p`rnh jksjh? 2) Ynhdtmhr ud pmrfkn jmck` ckrmbtkv` y cmj`lrfkb` cm n`s amfms cm rmbmpbkdqum pumch smrvkr thdt` phrh nh `gtmdbkd cm vmdthahs b`jpmtktkvhs h phrtkr cm nhcmtmbbkd cm p`skgnms f`rthnmzhs b`j` nh sugshdhbkd cm bhrmdbkhs y cmgknkchcms mdmsth nhg`r cm ckrmbbkd

8.2. A]RSKFKBHBKD

Rkmdc` mn turksj` ud smbt`r thd kjp`rthdtm md nh mb`d`jh dhbk`dhn y tmdkmdc` b`j`ud` cm sus pknhrms prkdbkphnms nh e`stmnmrh, mrh dmbmshrk` hdhnkzhr hnludh cm susfklurhs js rmprmsmdthtkvh, md mstm bhs` mn amfm cm ckrmbbkd (Bhjph y Rdbemz,7995). D`s cmbkckj`s p`r n`s e`tmnms yh qum thdt` hut`r cmn trhgha` b`j` nh tut`rhtkmdmd bkmrth fhjknkhrkchc b`d mnn`s. Cmdtr` cmn judc` e`tmnmr` qukskj`s hdhnkzhr nhfklurh cmn ckrmbtkv` nh buhn d`s pmrjkth qum, udh vmz hbhghc`, puckmrh rmsunthr tkn phrhn`s ckstkdt`s hlmdtms cmn smbt`r y, hcmjs, pmrjktkmrh nh `p`rtudkchc cm chr

b`dtkdukchc hn mstuck` ` f`rjhr dumvhs ndmhs cm kdvmstklhbkd, yh qum mn jgkt` mdqum d`s j`vmj`s ms juy hjpnk` y p`smm jntkpnms vhrkhgnms y hlmdtms `gamt` cmmstuck`. Cmgkc` h msh ckjmdskd cmn smbt`r, cmbkckj`s bmdtrhr dumstrh kdvmstklhbkd mdmn hdnksks ehbkh n`s amfms cm rmbmpbkd, udh fklurh js hbbmskgnm qum nh hnth ckrmbbkd.

Dumstrh jmth ms qum mstm trhgha` nnmlum h sup`dmr udh prkjmrh hpr`xkjhbkd cm nhsktuhbkd hbtuhn cmn hn pmrfkn ckrmbtkv` y cmj`lrfkb` cm n`s amfms cm rmbmpbkd.Ymrjktkmdc` nh hphrkbkd cm futurhs ndmhs cm kdvmstklhbkd y mstuck`s js b`jpnma`s ymnhg`rhc`s qum d` sufrhd nhs nkjkthbk`dms cm tkmjp` y jmck`s cm mstm trhgha`.

R`j`s b`dsbkmdtm cm qum d`s mjghrbhj`s md hdnksks cmn qum d` mxkstmd jube`smstuck`s md dumstr` phs y qum d` `gsthdtm, hn kluhn qum sm bkth md Chz (7993) yhb`rcm h nh nktmrhturh cmj`lrfkbh, b`dskcmrhj`s cm sujh rmnmvhdbkh, yh qum, msthf`rjh cm smr y hbtuhr cmn ckrmbtkv` e`tmnmr` cmtmrjkdhr d` sn` su j`cus `pmrhdckskd` thjgkd nh rhz cmn jksj`, n`s rmsunthc`s qum sm `gtmdlhd md nh mjprmsh.


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BHYS]N@ 7

B]MWY@ SMWKB@

7.8. MN RMBS@W S]WRSKB@

Nh ekst`rkh cmn turksj` md Msphh sm rmj`dth hn s.UKU buhdc` n`s vkhamr`s r`jdtkb`snnmlhc`s cmn d`rtm cm Mur`ph vkskthghd dumstrhs tkmrrhs md gusbh cmn mx`tksj` cm`rkmdtm. Mst`s vkhamr`s mrhd lmdtm bunth qum vmdhd h cmsbugrkr trhckbk`dms t`thnjmdtm

ckfmrmdtms h nhs qum yh b`d`bhd y sm cmckbhr`d h rmb`rrmr Msphh, y mspmbkhnjmdtmHdchnubh, ehsth fkdhnms cm skln .

H b`jkmdz`s cmn s.UU, mn turksj` sm skluk cmshrr`nnhdc` b`d hnludhs phushscmgkc` h j`jmdt`s cm kdmsthgknkchc p`ntkbh ` b`dfnkbt`s gnkb`s. Hud hs, mn htrhbtkv`turstkb` cm Msphh fum brmbkmdc` mspmbkhnjmdtm mdtrm vkhamr`s cmn rmst` cm Mur`ph.Msth sktuhbkd cur ehsth gkmd mdtrhc` mn skln` UU.

Srhs nh ckbthcurh, h fkdhnms cmn s.UU, mn phs rmhgrk sus pumrths hn judc`,

j`strhdc` udh kjhlmd rmd`vhch y j`cmrdh cm msthc` cmj`brtkb`. Mstm embe` hyuch nh kdb`rp`rhbkd h n`s prkdbkphnms bkrbukt`s turstkb`s b`d ud bnhr` mdf`qum1 mn turksj`cm R`n y Ynhyh (Fstmr, 8;;8)

Mstm tkp` cm turksj` sm vmr juy nklhc`, mspmbkhnjmdtm md nhs z`dhs cm b`sth cmnnmvhdtm, h nh jhskfkbhbkd cm hn`ahjkmdt`s y mqukphjkmdt`s turstkb`s md prkjmrh ndmhcm b`sth. Msh kjhlmd cm lrhdcms gn`qums cm pks`s audt` h pnhyhs hghrr`thchs smrudh mtkqumth qum Msphh kdtmdthr qukthrsm h`s p`stmrk`rms.

Curhdtm mn s.UUK mn turksj` hnbhdzh sus bkfrhs rmb`rcs y b`jkmdzh ud kdtmdt` cmhjpnkhr y ckvmrskfkbhr nh `fmrth phrh nnmlhr h ud pgnkb` js hjpnk` y b`d ckfmrmdtmsbhrhbtmrstkbhs. Hphrmbmd dumv`s tkp`s cm turksj` b`j` mn bunturhn, cmp`rtkv` rurhn,mtb.? hcmjs, rmfnma` cm ud pmdshjkmdt` js b`dsbkmdtm, sm ehbm mspmbkhn ekdbhpk mdmn turksj` s`stmdkgnm. D` `gsthdtm, mn turksj` cm s`n y pnhyh sm smlukr jhdtmdkmdc`b`j` nh prkjmrh `pbkd mnmlkch p`r n`s turksths skmdc` nh kjhlmd bhrhbtmrstkbh cmMsphh (Y`ushch, 7987).

Mn dkvmn cm nhs fumdtms msthcstkbhs turstkbhs sm pmrfmbbk`dh ghsthdtm, skmdc`

Msphh ud rmfmrmdtm md msth jhtmrkh, n` qum pmrjktm nh rmb`lkch cm cht`s cm ckfmrmdtmshbtkvkchcms, smljmdt`s cm p`gnhbkd, j`vkjkmdt`s cm turksths, mtb. pmrjktkmdc` nh`gtmdbkd hdnksks jube` js pr`fudc`s y mspmbkhnkzhc`s. N` qum fhv`rmbmr nhhphrkbkd cm dumv`s kdf`rjhrh jube` js b`jpnmt`s (Lhrrkc`, 7987).

Shd kjp`rthdtm ms mn smbt`r qum mn turksj` qum sup`dm ud 8=7% cmn YKG t`thn cmMsphh (B`dsma` judckhn cm vkhams, 7987). Ms ud` cm n`s smbt`rms j`t`r cm dumstrh


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Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

Md buhdt` h n`s kdlrms`s p`r turksj`, mn KDM (7987) ckvkcm mn smbt`r turstkb` s`d trmssugsmbt`rms1 hn`ahjkmdt`, rmsthurhbkd y hlmdbkhs cm vkham. Rkd b`dthr b`d `tr`ssugsmbt`rms b`jpnmjmdthrk`s b`j` mn trhdsp`rtm y mn b`jmrbk`.

Ms d`rjhn qum mn djmr` cm mjprmshs md rmsthurhbkd sm jhy`r, cmgkc` h qum suthjh` ms jube` js rmcubkc`, skd mjghrl` ckfmrmdbkh md buhdt` h v`nujmd cmdml`bk` sm hb`rth yh qum hlmdbkhs y e`tmnms cmgkc` h su jhy`r thjh`.

Nh rmjudmrhbkd jmckh thjgkd jumstrh bnhrhs ckfmrmdbkhs1 n`s trhghahc`rms cm nhrmsthurhbkd s`d n`s pm`r phlhc`s, frmdtm h n`s hshnhrkhc`s md hn`ahjkmdt`s e`tmnmr`sy, s`grm t`c`, md hlmdbkhs cm vkhams qum cksfruthd cm ud`s kdlrms`s jmck`ssusthdbkhnjmdtm jhy`rms (KDM, 7983).

E@SMNMR [MRSHGNMBKJMKSD@R

E@SMNMW@RWMRSH]WHBK@D

HLMDBKHR CM

VKHAM

V@N]JMD CMDML@BKH (JKNMR)

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Yr`ghgnmjmdtm nh jhy`r hjmdhzh phrh mstm smbt`r smh su mnmvhch msthbk`dhnkchc,nh buhn d` fhv`rmbm thjp`b` h nh brmhbkd cm mjpnm` fka` y b`dtkdu`. D` `gsthdtm, n`s

msfumrz`s p`r b`jghtkrnh, mdtrm mnn`s nh ckvmrskfkbhbkd turstkbh cm nh qum hdtms emj`sehgnhc`, mstd pmrjktkmdc` qum msh msthbk`dhnkchc bhch vmz smh jmd`s hbmdtuhch yn`s jmsms cm jmd`s hfnumdbkh mstd js phrma`s h n`s cm jhy`r (Y`ushch, 7987)

Mst`s msfumrz`s eh pmrjktkc` qum Msphh sm p`skbk`dm b`j` mn tmrbmr phs mddjmr` cm mdtrhchs y smludc` md kdlrms`s p`r turksj`, smld nh @rlhdkzhbkdJudckhn cmn Surksj` (@JS, 7983), s`n` p`r cmtrs cm Msthc`s ]dkc`s hcmjs ms mnprkjmr cmstkd` mur`pm` md mdtrhch cm turksths (Mur`stht, 7983) y prkjmr cmstkd`judckhn md turksj` vhbhbk`dhn. Msphh sm eh b`dvmrtkc` md ud rmfmrmdtm judckhn md mn

tmjh cmn turksj`, thdt` ms hs qum nh @JS (@rlhdkzhbkd Judckhn phrh mn Surksj`)tkmdm su smcm md Jhcrkc.

7.8.8. Mn bhs` cm Rmvknnh bhpkthn.

Dumstr` mstuck` sm rmhnkzhr md ud mdt`rd` purhjmdtm turstkb` b`d trhckbkd e`tmnmrh yrmfmrmdtm md n`s bkrbukt`s kdtmrdhbk`dhnms, mstm ms nh pr`pkh bkuchc cm Rmvknnh.

Rk d`s bmdtrhj`s md mn p`skbk`dhjkmdt` cm nh bkuchc, Rmvknnh ms nh tmrbmrh bkuchcjs vkskthch cm Msphh (Mur`pmhd Bkty S`urksj, 7996) y sm mdbumdtrh md mn pumst`djmr` 69 h dkvmn judckhn (Mur`j`dkt`r, 799


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Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

qum sugrhyh md kdtmrs cm n`s turksths p`r vmr sn` bkmrths z`dhs tpkbhs cm nh bkuchcnkjktdc`sm hn bhsb` hdtklu` y h nh `rknnh cmn r`.

Md rmsujkchs b`dbnusk`dms p`cmj`s hfkrjhr qum mn turksj` md Rmvknnh brmbm nmdt`

pmr` kdkdtmrrujpkchjmdtm? qum n`s turksths mxtrhdamr`s supmrhd md djmr` h n`sdhbk`dhnms y, p`r thdt`, s`d phrtm fudchjmdthn cmn skstmjh turstkb` cm nh bkuchc. Y`rjmdbk`dhr hnld pudt` dmlhtkv`, n`s j`dujmdt`s y z`dhs js b`d`bkchs yh mstds`grm mxpn`thchs jkmdtrhs qum `trhs z`dhs thjgkd cm kdtmrs qumchd rmnmlhchs h udsmludc` tmrbmr pnhd` skd hpmdhs pr`thl`dksj`.

7.8.7. Mn Rmbt`r E`tmnmr`.

B`j` emj`s jmdbk`dhc` hdtms, mn turksj` ms ud` cm n`s pknhrms fudchjmdthnms cm nh

mb`d`jh dhbk`dhn, n` qum eh nnmvhc` h udh mnmvhch mspmbkhnkzhbkd, p`r n` qum n`spr`fmsk`dhnms cmn turksj` ehd tmdkc` qum pmrfmbbk`dhr sus tbdkbhs phrh b`dvmrtkr mnphs md ud` cm n`s cmstkd`s js b`jpmtktkv`s cmn judc` (Bhjph? Rdbemz, 7995).

Cmdtr` cm mstm smbt`r cmgmj`s cmsthbhr nh fklurh cmn hnàhjkmdt` e`tmnmr` qum, mdlmdmrhn, l`zh cm udh gumdh kjhlmd p`r phrtm cmn pgnkb`. Mst`s jksj`s s`d ud` cmn`s rmsp`dshgnms qum ehd pmrjktkc` qum nh bhnkchc cmn smbt`r e`tmnmr` msph`n smhrmb`d`bkch h dkvmn judckhn. Nhs lrhdcms bhcmdhs e`tmnmrhs msph`nhs `pmrhdhnrmcmc`r cm t`c` mn ln`g` y md vhrkhs `bhsk`dms sm ehd fusk`dhc` b`d `trhs lrhdcmsbhcmdhs mxtrhdamrhs ` ehd phshc` h f`rjhr phrtm cm mnnhs.

Cmscm ud pudt` cm vksth aurckb`, nh nmlksnhbkd msph`nh sm rmfkmrm hn smbt`r e`tmnmr`b`j`1 "mn smbt`r e`tmnmr` b`jprmdcm t`c`s hqumnn`s msthgnmbkjkmdt`s qum sm cmckbhdpr`fmsk`dhn y ehgktuhnjmdtm h pr`p`rbk`dhr hnàhjkmdt` h nhs pmrs`dhs, jmckhdtmprmbk`, b`d ` skd smrvkbk`s cm bhrbtmr b`jpnmjmdthrk`- Wmhn Cmbrmt` 8623/8;52, cm8= cm audk`, p`r mn qum sm msthgnmbmd nhs d`rjhs cm bnhskfkbhbkd cm n`smsthgnmbkjkmdt`s turstkb`s (G@M, dj. 833, cm 8< cm audk` cm 8;52)

Y`r `tr` nhc` p`cmj`s rmshnthr nh s`nkcmz cmn smbt`r e`tmnmr` msph`n, mn buhn p`smmudh fumrtm b`dbmdtrhbkd cm hnàhjkmdt`s cm 2 y 3 mstrmnnhs. Hcmjs, md n`s ntkj`sh`s, trhs nh krrupbkd cm nh brksks y p`stmrk`r rmbupmrhbkd, nh hbtkvkchc e`tmnmrh mstskmdc` `gamtkv` cm kjp`rthdtms kdvmrsk`dms mxtrhdamrhs, b`dsbkmdtms cm nhs`p`rtudkchcms qum `frmbm mn smbt`r, qum gusbhd brmbmr md ud mdt`rd` fumrtm y msthgnm(Bhjph? Rdbemz, 7995).

Nh nmlksnhbkd msph`nh ckfmrmdbkh mdtrm c`s j`chnkchcms cm hnàhjkmdt` (G@M,dj. 833, cm 8< cm audk` cm 8;52). Y`r ud nhc` tmdmj`s n`s hnàhjkmdt`s tkp` e`tmnmr`,

qum kdbnuym e`tmnms y e`sthnms. [ p`r `trh phrtm, mstd n`s hphrthjmdt`s mxtrhe`tmnmr`s (vkvkmdchs turstkbhs, bhjpkdls, hphrthjmdt`s, bkuchcms cm vhbhbk`dms,hngmrlums, rmskcmdbkhs, mtb.)

B`j` b`dtrhpudt` h mstm smbt`r qumrmj`s b`jmdthr nh rmbkmdtm b`dtr`vmrskh cmgkc`hn hfn`rhjkmdt` cm msthgnmbkjkmdt`s d` rmlnhc`s qum hpr`vmbehd mn vhb` nmlhn phrhc nn t gk t tk kc c N A t c H c n t k t t c n k n


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n` thdt` sm rmb`jkmdch su jhdtmdkjkmdt`, vklknhdbkh y jma`r h smr p`skgnm cmgkc` h suhnt` lrhc` cm hbmpthbkd (Jhrtd, 7983).

Md buhdt` h nh bnhskfkbhbkd cm n`s msthgnmbkjkmdt`s e`tmnmr`s, nh jhy`rh cm nhsvmbms, cmpmdcm cm nh pr`pkh B`judkchc Hutd`jh cmgkc` h qum, nh jhtmrkh mdturksj` ms b`jpmtmdbkh hgs`nuth cm nhs b`judkchcms, rmsmrvdc`sm mn Msthc` sn`hnludhs nkbmdbkhs mspmbfkbhs (Nmy 35/8;62, 5 cm Aunk` p`r nh qum sm msthgnmbmd nhsb`jpmtmdbkhs md jhtmrkh cm Surksj`).

Rkd mjghrl`, thjgkd mdb`dtrhj`s udh bnhskfkbhbkd msththn, qum pumcm smrhbmpthch ` d` p`r nhs BB.HH. b`j` sm bkth md mn hrt. 7 cmn Wmhn Cmbrmt` 8623/8;52, cm8= cm audk` cm 8;52 qum ckvkcm md c`s lrup`s n`s msthgnmbkjkmdt`s cm hn`ahjkmdt`1

8. Lrup` E tmnms.

K. E`tmnms. R`d msthgnmbkjkmdt` cm e`stmnmrh bhphz cm hn`ahr b`d b`j`ckchc heuspmcms ` vkhamr`s (WHM, mckbkd 7987). Rm bnhskfkbhd b`d ehsth = mstrmnnhssmld su bhnkchc? sm kcmdtkfkbh b`d udh pnhbh hzun turqumsh b`d udh D gnhdbhy nhs mstrmnnhs c`rhchs. Yumcmd `gtmdmr ud rmb`d`bkjkmdt`, p`r phrtm cm nhHcjkdkstrhbkd, smld mstd mspmbkhnkzhc`s md1 s`n y pnhyh, j`dthh,b`dvmdbk`dms...

KK. E`tmnms-Hphrthjmdt`s. Bnhskfkbhc`s m kcmdtkfkbhc`s kluhn qum n`s e`tmnms pmr`b`d EH, nh ckfmrmdbkh mdtrm mnn`s ms qum md n`s hphrthjmdt`s sm pmrjktm nhb`dsmrvhbkd y mnhg`rhbkd cm hnkjmdt`s.

KKK. J`tmnms. Kcmdtkfkbhc`s b`d udh J, tkmdm udh bnhskfkbhbkd dkbh y cmgmd rmudkrn`s rmqukskt`s jdkj`s cm ud e`tmn cm 7 mstrmnnhs. Ru prkdbkphn bhrhbtmrstkbh yckfmrmdbkh b`d n`s e`tmnms ms su ugkbhbkd, prxkjh h nh bhrrmtmrh y b`d pnhzhcm hphrbhjkmdt`.

7. Ymdsk`dms. R`d hqumnn`s hn ahjkmdt`s qum d` rmdmd nhs b`dckbk`dms phrh msthr mdmn lrup` cm E`tmnms. Rm kcmdtkfkbhd b`d udh Y y sm bnhskfkbhd b`d ud` ` c`smstrmnnhs (Vzqumz y Chz, 7995).

Md mn bhs` cm mstm trhgha` d`s bmdtrhrmj`s md n`s msthgnmbkjkmdt`s e`tmnmr`srmlkc`s p`r nh nmlksnhbkd hdchnuzh, ms cmbkr, md nh Nmy cm Surksj` cm Hdchnubh (Nmy82/7988). Rmld nh buhn n`s msthgnmbkjkmdt`s e`tmnmr`s sm bnhskfkbhd md1

8. E`tmnms. H su vmz sm bnhskfkbhd md bhtml`rhs cm 8, 7, 2, 3 y = mstrmnnhs smld sus

kdsthnhbk`dms, mqukphjkmdt`s y smrvkbk`s. Ehy udh bhtml`rh mxtrh qum rmprmsmdthmn jhy`r rhdl` cm bhnkchc y smrvkbk`, Lrhd Nua` cmbnhrhc` p`r nh B`dsmamrh cmSurksj` y Cmp`rtm.

7. E`sthnms. Rm bnhskfkbhd md bhtml rh cm 8 y 7 mstrmnnhs. Mstd tmdkmdc` udh lrhdhbmpthbkd md n`s ntkj`s h`s hbmrbhdc` su smrvkbk`, bhch vmz js, mn rmbkgkc`md n`s e`tmnms.


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Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

pnhdtmhdc` ud`s `gamtkv`s y ckrmbtrkbms qum b`dcuzbhd h nh mjprmsh h nh b`dsmbubkdcm ckbe`s gamtkv`s.

Hn jhdc` cm msths mjprmshs, y rmsp`dshgnms ckrmbt`s cm nh kjpnhdthbkd cm

mstrhtmlkhs, sm mdbumdtrhd n`s ckrmbtkv`s. Y`cmj`s cmbkr qum nh jkskd cm nh ckrmbbkdms cmfkdkr nhs p`ntkbhs cm mjprmsh y sus `gamtkv`s y p`stmrk`rjmdtm vmnhr p`r mnbujpnkjkmdt` cm nhs ckrmbtrkbms qum nnmvmd h nh b`dsmbubkd cm ms`s `gamtkv`s Mn`gamtkv` prkdbkphn cm nh ckrmbbkd cm udh mjprmsh cmgm trhthr cm b`dsmlukr n`s jma`rmsrmsunthc`s mb`djkb`s b`d n`s rmburs`s cm qum cksp`dm (Jkdtzgmr, 8;;8). Ms cmbkr, smrn` js mfkbhbms y mfkbkmdtms b`j` smh p`skgnm.

@trhs thrmhs cm nhs qum sm mdbhrlhd mst`s ckrmbtkv`s s`d, p`r mamjpn`, cm nh lmstkdcm n`s WW.EE, nh b`jmrbkhnkzhbkd, mn b`dtr`n cm skstmjhs cm smlurkchc y bhnkchc y, md

lmdmrhn, cm `rlhdkzhr y b``rckdhr nhs hbtkvkchcms (L`dznms y Shnd, 7997).Nh ckrmbbkd e`tmnmrh sumnm msthr f`rjhch p`r ud mqukp` ckrmbtkv` b`jpumst` p`r1

ckrmbt`r/h, sugckrmbt`r/h y hyuchdtm cm ckrmbbkd, mamrbmd nh fudbkd fudchjmdthn cmb``rckdhr y ckrklkr n`s mqukp`s cm trhgha`. Ru nhg`r ms brtkbh phrh mn cmshrr`nn` cm nhhbtkvkchc cm nh mjprmsh. Ms kjp`rthdtm rmb`rchr qum nh mstrhtmlkh tkmdm qum kr skmjprmcm nh jhd` cm nh kdd`vhbkd y nh brmhbkd cm vhn`r hhckc` phrh `frmbmr ud smrvkbk`dkb` qum smh mspmbkhn phrh mn jmrbhc` (Rknvh mt hn., 7983).

Rus hbbk`dms sm pumcmd hlruphr md bkdb` lrhdcms fudbk`dms mstrhtlkbhs qumb`jmdthj`s h b`dtkduhbkd (Cmz mt hn., 7998).

Nh prkjmrh cm msths fudbk`dms ms nh pnhdkfkbhbkd nh buhn b`dskstm md rmhnkzhr udhprmvkskd cm t`c` n` qum sm vh h rmhnkzhr md nh mjprmsh1 `gamtkv`s, p`ntkbhs, d`rjhs,prmsupumst`, pnhdms cm hbtuhbkd, mtb. Y`r su phrtm nh fudbkd cm `rlhdkzhbkd cksmhnh mstrubturh cm nh mjprmsh y rmphrtm nhs fudbk`dms y rmsp`dshgknkchcms cm n`sjkmjgr`s cm nh mjprmsh. Rm rmprmsmdth b`d ud `rlhdklrhjh. Md nh fudbkd cmb``rckdhbkd sm hrj`dkzhd t`chs nhs hbtkvkchcms cm udh mjprmsh phrh fhbknkthr mn

trhgha` y n`s rmsunthc`s. Rkdbr`dkzh rmburs`s y hbtkvkchcms md pr`p`rbk`dms hcmbuhchsy hausth n`s jmck`s h n`s fkdms. Nh fudbkd cm mambubkd nnmvh hbhg` t`c` n` prmvkst` mdnh hdtmrk`r fhsm cm b``rckdhbkd, skrvm phrh jhdtmdmr skdbr`dkzhc`s h n`s ckstkdt`strhghahc`rms y cmphrthjmdt`s phrh hnbhdzhr js mfkbhzjmdtm msm `gamtkv` b`jd. Mdudh ntkjh fhsm cm b`dtr`n sm pr`cubm udh vklknhdbkh cm nhs thrmhs phrh bmrbk`rhrsm cmqum sm rmhnkzhd hb`rcm b`d n` prmvkst` md nh pnhdkfkbhbkd. N` jt`c`s utknkzhc`s phrhmnn` s`d huckt`rkhs, b`dtr`nms cm prmsupumst` ` cht`s msthcstkb`s.

Cmgmj`s hbnhrhr qum d` t`ch nh ckrmbbkd sm mdbumdtrh md mn jksj` dkvmn.

Cmpmdckmdc` cm nhs fudbk`dms y rmsp`dshgknkchcms qum tmdlh ud ckrmbtkv` n` p`cmj`sugkbhr md ckfmrmdtms mstrht`s cm nh ckrmbbkd (W`ggkds y Cmbmdz`, 7997).

Md ud` cm mst`s dkvmnms sm mdbumdtrh nh hnth ckrmbbkd mdln`gh h n`s hnt`s bhrl`s cmnh mjprmsh, rmsp`dshgnms jxkj`s cmn bujpnkjkmdt` cm n`s `gamtkv`s. Y`r su phrtm, mdnh ckrmbbkd kdtmrjmckh mdb`dtrhj`s ckrmbtkv`s cm fgrkbh, bmdtr` cm trhgha`, ` amfms cmc t t H k k n t f k k tk [ n


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phrh smr ud ncmr, y hn b`dtrhrk`, pumcm smr ud ncmr y d` `stmdthr mn bhrl` cm amfm cmnlrup`.

Mn ncmr, skd cksp`dmr dmbmshrkhjmdtm cm msth hut`rkchc amrrqukbh, tkmdm thjgkdbhphbkchc cm cmbkckr nh hbtuhbkd cmn lrup` md ghsm h nh kdfnumdbkh qum mamrbm, qumvkmdm cmtmrjkdhch p`r nh "hut`rkchc j`rhn" qum mamrbm s`grm mn rmst` cmn mqukp`(Ykb`dmr`, 7983).

Y`r b`dsklukmdtm, h phrtkr cm nh thgnh 7.7., p`cmj`s msthgnmbmr nhs sklukmdtmsckfmrmdbkhs mdtrm nh fklurh cmn mn amfm y mn ncmr.

CKFMWMDBKHR MDSWM NKCMW [ AMFM

Ncmr Amfm

Hb`dsmah y luh Jhdch h nhs pmrs`dhs

Kdspkrh mdtuskhsj` Kdspkrh jkmc`

Dumstrh mjprmsh JK mjprmsh

Ckbm d`s`tr`s Ckbm y`

B`jphrtm n`s xkt`s Yrmsujm cm sus xkt`s

Rm prm`buph p`r nhs pmrs`dhs Rm prm`buph p`r nhs b`shs

Skmdm ud mqukp` cm trhgha` Skmdm mjpnmhc`s

Wmphrtm mn trhgha` S`c` urlm phrh e`y

Shgnh 7.7.1 Ckfmrmdbkhs mdtrm ncmr y amfm? Fumdtm1 Mnhg`rhbkd pr`pkh h phrtkr cm Ykb`dmr`(7983)

Y`r `tr` nhc`, sm mdbumdtrhd n`s jkmjgr`s cmn lrup`, qukmdms sm smdtkrd jssmlur`s gha` nh fklurh cm ud gumd ncmr qum rmdh udh smrkm cm ehgknkchcms qumpmrjkthd mn cmshrr`nn` mfkbhz cmn trhgha`. Nh jmzbnh cm mshs ehgknkchcms (` cmfmbt`s)`t`rlhrhd hn ncmr ud mstkn` cm nkcmrhzl` u `tr` u `tr`.

Rmr md mst`s mstkn`s md n`s qum d`s bmdtrhrmj`s md mstm hphrthc`. Kdtmdthdc`

rmsp`dcmr h nhs prmludths cm qu ms ud gumd ncmr0, qu ehgknkchcms cmgm rmudkr0,bj` p`cmj`s bnhskfkbhrn`s smld sus ehgknkchcms0

Yhrh hdhnkzhr mn mstkn` cm ckrmbbkd cmgmj`s shgmr qum ehy ckfmrmdtms pmrspmbtkvhscmscm mn qum skldkfkbhc` cm mstkn` hcqukmrm udh cmfkdkbkd ckstkdth (Cmz mt hn., 7998).

Rk ehgnhj`s cm udh pmrspmbtkvh s`bk`nlkbh p`cmj`s cmfkdkrn` b`j` ud b`daudt` cm


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Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

qum prkvhd h nhs mjprmshs cm su xkt` y qum d` mxkstm ud mstkn` ckrmbtkv` pmrfmbt` phrhbuhnqukmr mjprmsh sk d` qum mn us` cm ud mstkn` u `tr` cmpmdcmr cm vhrk`s fhbt`rms.

Hs pums, austkfkbhj`s nh kjp`rthdbkh cmn mstkn` ckrmbtkv`, thn y b`j` sm smhnh md

Chz (799=, p.


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B`d mstm r`n nh fudbkd cm ckrklkr cmn ncmr sm vm jmdluhch y bhgm nh p`skgknkchccm qum d` smh udh fklurh dmbmshrkh phrh sus mjpnmhc`s.

[ p`r ntkj` mn mstkn` cmnmlhc`r, qum jhdkfkmsth ud gha` kdtmrs p`r nhsrmnhbk`dms cmn jksj` j`c` p`r nhs thrmhs. Mstm mstkn` `frmbm p`bh ckrmbbkd yhp`y`, cmgkc` h qum mn ncmr cmnmlh h sus smlukc`rms nh rmsp`dshgknkchc cm nht`jh cm cmbksk`dms y su mambubkd. Ms cmbkr b`df`rjm n`s smlukc`rms vhdhcqukrkmdc`, lrhcuhnjmdtm, js b`dfkhdzh, hs b`j` mxpmrkmdbkh y hut`-lmstkd, mn ncmr pumcm cksjkdukr nh bhdtkchc cm hp`y` y hnkmdt` qum grkdch. Mdmsth buhrth fhsm, n`s smlukc`rms yh d` rmqukmrmd dk mspmrhd udh jhy`rckrmbbkd cm su hcjkdkstrhc`r. Ms cmbkr bhch vmz s`d js hutd`j`s.

Fklurh 7.8.Mstkn`s cm nkcmrhzl` cm Emrsmy-Gnhdbehrc? Fumdtm1 Fklurh 2.8 md Cmz mt hn.(7998, p. 2=6)

7.8.=. Ehgknkchcms Ckrmbtkvhs

N`s e`tmnms cmgmd msthr ckrklkc`s p`r pmrs`dhs buhnkfkbhs phrh mn pumst`, d`rjhnjmdtm

s`d pmrs`dhs qum cksp`dmd cm udhs buhnkchcms mspmbkhnms qum b`dvkmrtmd h msthspmrs`dhs md vmrchcmr`s lmrmdtms cmn e`tmn.

N`s lmrmdtms cm e`tmn sm hsmlurhd cm qum su pmrs`dhn pr`p`rbk`dm ud smrvkbk`hjhgnm y cm qum mn e`tmn y nhs ehgkthbk`dms mstd md gumdhs b`dckbk`dms. Shjgkdpumcmd b`dtrhthr pmrs`dhn trhghahr md nh pr`j`bkd y md nhs fkdhdzhs cmn e`tmn y


20/50

Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

mdlhhd y cmjumstrhd lrhd b`dlrumdbkh mdtrm n` qum ehbmd y n` qum ckbmd. @tr` rhsl`juy jhrbhc` ms b`dfkhdzh md s jksj`s? n`s smlukc`rms gusbhd qum sus ncmrms d`cucmd cm s jksj`s, qum mxekghd b`dfkhdzh md s jksj`s phrh b`dvmdbmr h sussmlukc`rms cm qum nhs jmths y nhs cmbksk`dms s`d b`rrmbths. Kdtmnklmdbkh. R`d ghsthdtmkdtmnklmdtms b`j` phrh rmudkr, rmsujkr m kdtmrprmthr bhdtkchcms b`n`shnms cmkdf`rjhbkd y thjgkd phrh brmhr vksk`dms, rms`nvmr pr`gnmjhs y t`jhr cmbksk`dmsb`rrmbths. B`j` ntkj` rhsl` n`s gumd`s ncmrms tkmdmd lrhd b`d`bkjkmdt` cm nhb`jphh, nh kdcustrkh y n`s hspmbt`s tbdkb`s qum nms pmrjktmd t`jhr cmbksk`dms gkmdkdf`rjhchs y mdtmdcmr nhs rmpmrbusk`dms.

Mst`s s`d rhsl`s kdtrdsmb`s qum cmgm tmdmr t`c` ncmr qum sm prmbkm. Ymr` thjgkdp`cmj`s ehgnhr cm nh tm`rh cmn nkcmrhzl` bhrksjtkb` nh buhn cmfkmdcm qum n`s

smlukc`rms htrkguymd h n`s ncmrms bhphbkchcms emr`kbhs ` mxtrh`rckdhrkhs buhdc`mst`s gsmrvhd bkmrt`s b`jp`rthjkmdt`s.

B`dlmr y Ohdudl` d`s mdudbkhs udh smrkm cm bhrhbtmrstkbhs fudchjmdthnms cm n`sncmrms bhrksjtkb`s (W`ggkds y Cmbmdz`, 7997)1

8. B`dfkhdzh md s jksj`. N`s ncmrms bhrksjtkb`s b`dfhd pnhdhjmdtm md su aukbk` ysu bhphbkchc.

7. Vkskd. Smdmr udh jmth kcmhn qum pr`p`dm ud futur` jma`r qum mn sthtus qu .

Jkmdtrhs js smh nh ckfmrmdbkh mdtrm jmth kcmhn y sthtus qu`, thdt` jhy`r smr nhpr`ghgknkchc cm qum n`s smlukc`rms htrkguyhd udh vkskd prmbnhrh hn ncmr.2. Bhphbkchc phrh hrtkbunhr nh vkskd. R`d bhphbms cm prmsmdthr y mdudbkhr b`d

bnhrkchc nh vkskd, md trjkd`s kdtmnklkgnms phrh `tr`s. Msth hrtkbunhbkd cm jumstrhqum mdtkmdcmd nhs dmbmskchcms cm n`s smlukc`rms y, p`r b`dsklukmdtm, hbth b`dfumrzh j`tkvhc`rh.

3. B`dvkbbk`dms s`nkchs rmspmbt` h nh vkskd. N`s ncmrms bhrksjtkb`s s`d pmrbkgkc`sb`j` pmrs`dhs juy b`jpr`jmtkchs y ckspumsths h b`rrmr ud kjp`rthdtm rkmsl`pmrs`dhn, b`dtrhmr b`st`s mnmvhc`s y ehbmr ud shbrkfkbk` pmrs`dhn phrh n`lrhr suvkskd.

=. B`jp`rthjkmdt` fumrh cm n d`rjhn. @gsmrvhd ud b`jp rthjkmdt` qum ms bhpthc`b`j` d`vmc`s`, p`b` b`dvmdbk`dhn y b`dtrhrk` h nhs d`rjhs. Buhdc` mst`sb`jp`rthjkmdt`s tkmdmd xkt`, cmspkmrthd hs`jgr` y hcjkrhbkd md n`ssmlukc`rms.

6. Yrmsmdbkh cmn hlmdtm cm bhjgk`. N`s ncmrms bhrksjtkb`s s`d pmrbkgkc`s b`j`

hlmdtms cm bhjgk`s rhckbhnms, y d` b`j` bkuchchd`s cmn sthtus qu`.


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@trh ehgknkchc qum d`s cmsbrkgm Ohtz (8;56) ms nh ehgknkchc eujhdstkbh(smdskgknkchc) qum kdckbh nh bhphbkchc cm kdtmrhbtuhr b`d `trhs pmrs`dhs y trhghahr mdlrup` cm jhdmrh mfmbtkvh? nh bhphbkchc cm msthgnmbmr ud pr`bms` fnukc` cmb`judkbhbkd? udh bkmrth mjphth h nh e`rh cm trhthr h n`s smlukc`rms? bkmrthprmcksp`skbkd h nhs rmnhbk`dms kdtmrpmrs`dhnms? y udh bhphbkchc cm hut`b`d`bkjkmdt`,fudchjmdthn phrh p`cmr msthgnmbmr n`s pr`pk`s njktms. Msth ehgknkchc sm hbmdth mdn`s dkvmnms kdfmrk`rms c`dcm ehy jhy`r rmnhbkd b`d n`s sug`rckdhc`s (Rmdchl`rth,7995). Md mn bhs` cmn amfm cm rmbmpbkd smrh nh bhphbkchc cm kdtmrhbtuhr b`d n`srmbmpbk`dksths, phrh msbubehr sus pkdk`dms, phrh mdtmdcmr sus pr`gnmjhs, mtb.

Nh ntkjh ms nh ehgknkchc b`dbmptuhn nh buhn pmrjktm hdhnkzhr m kdtmrprmthr udh vkskd

cm b`daudt` s`grm nh ln`ghnkchc cm nh `rlhdkzhbkd. Rm kdv`nubrh md nh f`rjunhbkd cmdumvhs kcmhs, b`dbmpt`s ` rmnhbk`dms hgstrhbths y md nh rms`nubkd brmhtkvh cmpr`gnmjhs, mtb. Mn ckrmbtkv` cmgm mdtmdcmr mn mdt`rd` y msthgnmbmr ud pr`bms`hcmbuhc` cm pnhdkfkbhbkd. Hp`yhr udh hbtktuc pr`hbtkvh qum hujmdth md kjp`rthdbkhbuhdt` js hnt` ms mn dkvmn ckrmbtkv`. Wmfmrkc` h dumstr` amfm cm rmbmpbkd, hudqum msthms udh ehgknkchc js pr`pkh cm nh hnth ckrmbbkd, p`cmj`s kcmdtkfkbhr hbtktucms b`j`smr prmvks`r hdtm ud djmr` jhskv` cm nnmlhchs ` b`dmbthr b`d `tr`s cmphrthjmdt`s

cmn e`tmn phrh rmhnkzhr udh nhg`r cm jhdmrh js mfkbhz.O``dtz y \mkerkbe pnhdtmhd udh buhrth ehgknkchc (O``dtz y \mkerkbe, 8;;3). Rm

rmfkmrm h nh ehgknkchc cm cksm`. Bhphbkchc phrh cksmhr s`nubk`dms ln`ghnms qumhp`rtmd mn jma`r rmsunthc` phrh mn b`daudt` cm nh `rlhdkzhbkd. Buhdt` js hnt` ms mndkvmn cmn ckrmbtkv` js skldkfkbhtkvh ms msth ehgknkchc.

7.8.6. Jmbhdksj`s cm B``rckdhbkd

Nh b`judkbhbkd fnukch y rpkch ms msmdbkhn phrh nh gumdh `rlhdkzhbkd cm buhnqukmr`rlhdkzhbkd, p`r n` qum phrh lhrhdtkzhrnh ms dmbmshrk` qum t`c`s n`s hlmdtms qumkdtmrvkmdmd md nh jksjh hvhdbmd md nh jksjh ckrmbbkd. Y`r ms` rmburrkj`s h n`sjmbhdksj`s cm b``rckdhbkd n`s buhnms skrvmd phrh fhbknkthr nh rmhnkzhbkd cm nhsthrmhs.

Jkdtzgmrl (8;56) y Gumd` (8;;6) utknkzhd trms jmbhdksj`s cm b``rckdhbkd qum s`dutknkzhc`s b`dtkduhjmdtm p`r nhs `rlhdkzhbk`dms cm udh jhdmrh cmnkgmrhch y md

jubehs `bhsk`dms b`jgkddc`sm mdtrms s md ckstkdt` lrhc` (L`dznmz y Lhdhzh,7995).


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Mdtrm mst`s jmbhdksj`s nh hchpthbkd jutuh ms udh f`rjh cm b`judkbhbkd qumshnm cm jhdmrh msp`dthdmh, frut` cm udh b`judkbhbkd kdf`rjhn. Ms mn jmbhdksj`js mnmjmdthn cm t`c`s b`d mn qum n`s smrms eujhd`s d`s b`judkbhj`s cm jhdmrhdhturhn. Rm kjpnhdth s`n`, pmr` thjgkd sm rmburrm h n md sktuhbk`dms juy b`jpnmahs yckfbknms md nhs qum sm dmbmskth hudhr msfumrz`s y b`d`bkjkmdt`s juy cksphrms. Ms udb`jp`rthjkmdt` hcmbuhc` phrh mjprmshs smdbknnhs.

@tr` jmbhdksj` ms nh supmrvkskd ckrmbth md mn qum udhs pmrs`dhs smrmsp`dshgknkzhd cmn trhgha` cm `trhs. Ms ud jmbhdksj` qum sm kjpnhdth cm jhdmrhcmnkgmrhch. Yr`pkbkh nh hphrkbkd cm udh bhcmdh cm jhdc` ` b`dmxkd supmrk`r-sug`rckdhc`, h mst` sm nm b`d`bm b`j` nh prkjmrh ckvkskd hcjkdkstrhtkvh cmn trhgha`qum smphrh mdtrm dbnm` cm `pmrhbk`dms y bhcmdh cm jhdc`.

Mn untkj` jmbhdksj` ms nh d`rjhnkzhbkd qum sm ush phrh rmf`rzhr n`s jmbhdksj`shdtmrk`rms, ` thjgkd, phrh lhrhdtkzhr udh b``rckdhbkd hdtm nh husmdbkh t`thn ` phrbkhncm nh b``rckdhbkd ckrmbth. Wmcubm nh b`judkbhbkd kdf`rjhn. Shjgkd mxklm udhcmfkdkbkd prmvkh h su kjpnhdthbkd. Ms ud jmbhdksj` juy hcmbuhc` phrh mjprmshsmd jhcurmz ` cm ud thjh` b`dskcmrhgnm. Hcmjs sm ckvkcm md vhrk`s tkp`s cmd`rjhnkzhbkd. Nh d`rjhnkzhbkd cm n`s pr`bms`s cm trhgha`, md nh qum sm kdckbh bj`sm cmsmh qum sm rmhnkbm mn pr`bms`. D`rjhnkzhbkd cm rmsunthc`s, md nh qum kjp`rthjs n` qum sm b`dsklum qum bj` sm b`dsklh. [ nh d`rjhnkzhbkd cm b`d`bkjkmdt`s yehgknkchcms, md nh qum sm prmtmdcm qum n`s trhghahc`rms tmdlhd ud`s b`d`bkjkmdt`s yehgknkchcms qum lhrhdtkbmd nh hcmbuhch rmhnkzhbkd cmn trhgha` (Jkdtzgmrl, 8;56?Gumd`, 8;;6).

N` qum fkdhnjmdtm pmrbkgkj`s cm nhs `rlhdkzhbk`dms ms mn rmsunthc` cm mst`s

jmbhdksj`s cm b``rckdhbkd. Nh f`rjh cm kjpnhdthrn`s y su kdtmdskchc sm b`dsklumd htrhvs cmn cksm` cm bhch ud` cm n`s mnmjmdt`s qum b`jpnmjmdthd kdtmrdhjmdtm nhmstrubturh `rlhdkzhtkvh, y md bhch phrtm cm nh `rlhdkzhbkd sm ehr js dmbmshrk` ud`u `tr` (L`dznmz y Lhdhzh, 7995).

7.8.


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W@NMR

KDSMWYMWR@DHNMR

W@NMR KDF@WJHSKV@R W@NMR CM CMBKRK@D

RMW BHGMQH VKRKGNM CMNH MJYWMRH [

WMYWMRMDSHWNHHCMB]HCHJMDSM

B@DRML]KW NHKDF@WJHBK@D KDSMWDH [MUSMWDH X]M R] ]DKCHC

DMBMRKSH

KDKBKHW [ MRSKJ]NHW MNBHJGK@

NKCMWHW H NHR

YMWR@DHRHNKDMHDC@NHR B@D NHMRSWHSMLKH

SWHDRJKSKW NHKDF@WJHBK@D WMNMVHDSM

H R] MX]KY@(B@J]DKBHBKDCMRBMDCMDSM)

WMR@NVMW N@RKJYWMVKRS@R X]M VHD

R]WLKMDC@

RMWVKW CM MDNHBM B@DMN MUSMWK@W CM R]

MJYWMRH, CYS@., MSB.

MUYWMRHW NH @YKDK@D CMR] MX]KY@ (B@J]DKBHBKD

HRBMDCMDSM)CKRSWKG]KW WMB]WR@R

Shgnh 7.2. W`nms ckrmbtkv`s? Fumdtm1Mnhg`rhbkd pr`pkh h phrtkr cm (L`dznmz y Lhdhzh, 7995,p.=28).

]d` cm mst`s gn`qums ms mn cm n`s nnhjhc`s r`nms kdtmrpmrs`dhnms n`s buhnmsmdln`ghd n`s b`jp`rthjkmdt`s hs`bkhc`s h nhs rmnhbk`dms mdtrm pmrs`dhs, md trjkd`scm nhrl` pnhz`? y mstd hs`bkhc`s h nh p`skbkd qum mn ckrmbtkv` `buph cmdtr` cm nh`rlhdkzhbkd.

Cmdtr` cmn gn`qum cm r`nms kdtmrpmrs`dhnms mdb`dtrhj`s mn r`n cm rmprmsmdthdtm `bhgmzh vkskgnm, ms mn rmprmsmdthdtm cm nh `rlhdkzhbkd, su kjhlmd hyuch h chr udh kcmhcm bj` ms nh `rlhdkzhbkd p`r n` qum ms ud r`n juy kjp`rthdtm cm bhrh h rmnhbk`dmsb`d tmrbmr`s hamd`s h nh mjprmsh. @tr` r`n kdtmrpmrs`dhn ms mn cm ncmr, ms ud` cm n`sr`nms js kjp`rthdtms p`rqum sm ghsh md kdfnukr md n`s cmjs cm jhdmrh p`sktkvh,j`tkvhr, b``rckdhr, ckrklkr, mtb. Ms ud r`n cmn qum buhnqukmr gumd ckrmbtkv` cmgmrhcksp`dmr. Mn ntkj` cm mst`s r`nms ms mn cm mdnhbm, b`dskstm md msthgnmbmr rmnhbk`dmse`rkz`dthnms b`d pmrs`dhs cm cmdtr` cm nh mjprmsh y thjgkd rmnhbk`dms b`d pmrs`dhs

cmn mxtmrk`r? hs, mn ckrmbtkv` brmh udh rmc cm b`dthbt`s md su mdt`rd` y msh rmc nmp`cr sujkdkstrhr kdf`rjhbkd y embe`s rmnmvhdtms cm lrhd utknkchc.

Jkdzgmrl thjgkd ckvkcm mdtrm r`nms kdf`rjhtkv`s. Mst`s s`d r`nms rmnhbk`dhc`s b`drmbkgkr y trhdsjktkr kdf`rjhbkd. Mdln`ghd t`chs nhs hbbk`dms qum cm mstm kdtmrbhjgk`gkckrmbbk`dhn ` juntkckrmbbk`dhn sm rmqukmrmd, md ntkj` trjkd`, phrh nh t`jh cmcmbksk`dms Mn dkvmn cmn ckrmbtkv` cmtmrjkdh nh kjp`rthdbkh y bhdtkchc cm nh kdf`rjhbkd


24/50

Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

]d` cm mst`s r`nms cm cmbkskd ms mn cm mjprmshrk` ` cm mjprmdcmc`r buyh fhbmthehbm ekdbhpk md nh gsqumch cm `p`rtudkchcms phrh nh mjprmsh, mxpn`rhr `pbk`dms ycmtmbthr p`skgnms sktuhbk`dms hcvmrshs ms dmbmshrk` phrh mjprmdcmr buhnqukmr bhjgk`.

Shjgkd sm mdbhrlh cmn cksm` cm nh mstrhtmlkh cm nh `rlhdkzhbkd. Mn r`n cms`nubk`dhc`r cm pr`gnmjhs cmsbrkgm mn b`jp`rthjkmdt` qum mn ckrmbtkv` hc`pth hnhbtuhr hdtm sktuhbk`dms kjprmvksths, rms`nvkmdc` buhnqukmr pr`gnmjh b`d nh jhy`rgrmvmchc p`skgnm. Y`r su phrtm, mn r`n cm hskldhr rmburs`s sm rmfkmrm h hqumn md mn qummn ckrmbtkv`, hn smr mn rmsp`dshgnm cmn bujpnkjkmdt` cm n`s `gamtkv`s, ms mn mdbhrlhc` cmnh hskldhbkd y `rlhdkzhbkd cm n`s rmburs`s? sk mst`s s`d msbhs`s, mn ckrmbtkv` cmgmcksp`dmrn`s cm f`rjh qum sm bujpnhd mn jhy`r djmr` cm `gamtkv`s cksp`dkgnms. Y`rntkj`, mn r`n dml`bkhc`r ms hqumn qum kdtmrvkmdm b`j` bhgmzh vkskgnm md n`s pr`bms`scm dml`bkhbkd qum sm trhsnhchd hn mxtmrk`r cm nh `rlhdkzhbkd? su fkdhnkchc msb`dsmlukr rmburs`s y p`skbk`dms vmdtha`shs frmdtm h n`s b`jpmtkc`rms. Cmsthbhd mdmstm smdtkc` n`s b`dvmdk`s b`nmbtkv`s (L`dznmz y Lhdhzh, 7995).

Cmgmj`s pudtuhnkzhr qum mn tkmjp` cmckbhc` h mst`s r`nms d` ms mn jksj`, yh qumvhrh smld mn dkvmn ckrmbtkv`. Hcmjs, `tr`s fhbt`rms qum pumcm kdfnukr md mn dujmr` cmr`nms qum sm mjpnmmd y su tkmjp` cmckbhc` pumcmd smr mn thjh` cm nh mjprmsh,

fhbt`rms cmn mdt`rd`, mn pr`pk` dkvmn cmn ckrmbtkv`, mtb. (Yh`nknn`, 8;57? Bhshdk yY`jmch, 7987).


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BHYS]N@ 2

B]MWY@ MJYWKB@

2.8. HRYMBS@R JMS@C@N@LKB@R.

2.8.8. Y`gnhbkd `gamt` cm mstuck` y thjh` jumstrhn.

Dumstrh kdvmstklhbkd sm bmdtrh md mn mstuck` cmn jhdhlmjmdt turstkb` e`tmnmr` hphrtkr cm ud` cm sus hlmdtms prkdbkphnms1 mn ckrmbtkv` e`tmnmr`, js b`dbrmthjmdtm, mn

amfm cm rmbmpbkd. Yhrh mnn` d`s smrvkj`s thdt` cmn hdnksks cm vhrkhgnms vkdbunhchs hsu lmstkd b`j` su pmrfkn cmj`lrfkb`. Vhrkhgnms t`chs cmt`dhdtms cm thdt` nhshbbk`dms mstrhtlkbhs qum mjprmdcmd b`j`, h rhz cm nhs jksjhs, n`s rmsunthc`s qum`gtkmdmd. Yhrh mnn` emj`s rmhnkzhc` ud mstuck` mxpn`rht`rk` cmsbrkptkv` h trhvs cm nhhjpnkh rmc e`tmnmrh cm nh bkuchc cm Rmvknnh md mn qum emj`s mdtrmvksthc` h ms`sckrmbtkv`s y rmb`pknhc` udh smrkm cm cht`s qum hdhnkzhrmj`s md hphrthc`s p`stmrk`rms.

Md ud prkdbkpk`, dumstrh prkjmrh kdtmdbkd mrh utknkzhr b`j` nh p`gnhbkd cm mstuck`h n`s ckrmbt`rms cm e`tmn. Ymr` pr`dt` b`jprmdckj`s, trhs nh msbhsh b`nhg`rhbkd

hnbhdzhch,qum smrh ud `gamtkv` cmjhskhc` b`jpnkbhc` cmgkc` h nh mnmvhch ckfkbunthcphrh hbbmcmr h mnn`s, nh d` cksp`dkgknkchc cm jube`s cmgkc` s`grm t`c` md nhs fmbehsmd nhs qum sm rmhnkzhr`d nhs mdbumsths (jhrz`, hgrkn y jhy`), fmbehs md nhs qum mn`vmrg``okdl y nh bhdtkchc cm thrmhs qum rmhnkzhr p`r phrtm cmn pmrs`dhn ckfkbunthghdghsthdtm dumstrh thrmh. Hs qum cmbkckj`s qum, md nulhr cm mdtrmvksthr h n`s ckrmbt`rms,mdtrmvksthrhj`s h n`s amfms cm rmbmpbkd. ]d`s ckrmbtkv`s h n`s qum d`s eh skc` jsfbkn hbbmcmr y mdtrm n`s qum emj`s mdb`dtrhc` ud jhy`r lrhc` cm b`nhg`rhbkd y udhjhy`r prmcksp`skbkd h phrtkbkphr md mstm SFL. D` `gsthdtm, emj`s cm cmsthbhr

kluhnjmdtm, qum, nhs nkjkthbk`dms mdb`dtrhchs md mstm SFL (tkmjp`, rmburs`s,prkdbkphnjmdtm) audt` b`d nhs rhz`dms hdtmrk`rjmdtm mslrkjkchs, ekz` qum, b`dsmlukrud djmr` skldkfkbhtkv` cm mdbumsths rmsunthrh thjgkdudh hrcuh thrmh. Shrmh qum,udh vmz js, rmbhnbhj`s qum fum p`skgnm lrhbkhs h nh b`nhg`rhbkd cm vhrk`s e`tmnms, yh sus amfms cm rmbmpbkd. Mdtkchcms y hlmdtms h n`s qum udh vmz js, hcmjs cmchrnms nhs lrhbkhs, emj`s pr`jmtkc` `frmbmrnms n`s rmsunthc`s cm mstm SFL.

Srhs mstkjhr kdkbkhnjmdtm, bkdc`d`s h dumstrh p`gnhbkd cm rmfmrmdbkh (mn lrup` 81E`tmnms cm nh pr`vkdbkh cm Rmvknnh), ud thjh` jumstrhn kdkbkhn cm mdtrm 89 y 79 e`tmnms

m kdckvkcu`s, hn `gamt` cm tmdmr udh jumstrh sufkbkmdtmjmdtm rmprmsmdthtkvh, hb`rcm hdumstrhs nkjkthbk`dms cm tkmjp` y rmburs`s. Fkdhnjmdtm b`dsmlukj`s hnbhdzhr udhjumstrh cm 86 amfms cm rmbmpbkd cm 86 e`tmnms ckfmrmdtms ugkbhc`s md nh pr`vkdbkh cmRmvknnh.

2.8.7. Sbdkbh mjpnmhch phrh mn trhthjkmdt` cm cht`s.


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Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

Yhrh mn trhthjkmdt` m kdtmrprmthbkd cm cht`s emj`s utknkzhc` mn pr`lrhjhRthtkstkbhn Yhbohlm f`r tem R`bkhn Rbkmdbms (RYRR) phrh YB, md su vmrskd 86.9,

skrvkdc`d`s cmn j`cmn` cm bnhskfkbhbkd cm Emrddcmz mt hn(8;;9) thdt` md t`chs nhsvhrkhgnms m kdckbhc`rms qum `frmbm mstm pr`lrhjh (jmckhdhs, jmckhs, j`chs) b`j`cm nhs lrfkbhs y thgnhs qum h phrtkr cmn jksj` sm pumcmd `gtmdmr. ]dh vksuhnkzhbkdlrfkbh qum brmmj`s d`s ms cm lrhd utknkchc thdt` h nh e`rh cm shtksfhbmr thdt` mnpr`pskt` cm mstm SFL b`j` cm fhbknkthr nh nmbturh y b`jprmdskd cm n`s rmsunthc`shnbhdzhc`s md mn jksj`. Nh mnmbbkd cm msth vmrskd mst b`dckbk`dhch h nh ckfkbunthccm hbbms` h vmrsk`dms supmrk`rms.

H phrtkr cm mstm hdnksks, p`crmj`s rmsp`dcmr hs h bumstk`dms cmn tkp`, Bunms s`dn`s mstkn`s ckrmbtkv`s js b`judms0? Ehy ud mstkn` dkb`0? sm dmbmskthd jma`rhrhnlud`s hspmbt`s0 Nh mchc, nh f`rjhbkd cmn ckrmbtkv` mst rmnhbk`dhch b`d mn mstkn`cm ckrmbbkd mjpnmhch0 mtb.

Shjgkd rmburrkj`s, md jmd`r jmckch, h nh utknkzhbkd cmn pr`lrhjh Jkbr`s`ft@ffkbm Mxbmn v. 799


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2.8.3. Ktkdmrhrk` cm kdvmstklhbkd.

Mn ktkdmrhrk` cm dumstrh kdvmstklhbkd p`cmj`s ckvkckrn` md nhs sklukmdtms fhsms1

8 Fhsm1 Gsqumch Gkgnk`lrfkbh.

Wmudkj`s nh jhy`r bhdtkchc cm nktmrhturh hn `gamt` cm rmhnkzhr nh mnhg`rhbkd cmnbumrp` tmrkb` cmn SFL b`j` phrh mn cksm` cmn bumstk`dhrk` h phrtkr cmn qum `gtmdmrn`s cht`s dmbmshrk`s phrh hnbhdzhr n`s rmsunthc`s md n`s qum sm sustmdthr mn bumrp`mjprkb` cmn jksj`. Nh gkgnk`lrhfh fum shbhch md lrhd phrtm cm nh gkgnk`tmbh cm nhFhbunthc cm Surksj` y Fkdhdzhs y cm mdnhbms h plkdhs wmgs rmnhbk`dhchs b`d nhsprkdbkphnms jhldktucms hdhnkzhchs.

7 Fhsm1 Yumsth md b`dthbt` b`d nh p`gnhbkd `gamtkv`.Srhs mn cksm` y hpr`ghbkd cmn bumstk`dhrk`, sm pr`bmck h b`dthbthr b`d mn e`tmn

b`rrmsp`dckmdtm phrh pmckr su b`nhg`rhbkd md mn mstuck`. ]dh vmz hbmpthch nhphrtkbkphbkd, b`dbmrthj`s udh prkjmrh bkth kdf`rjhtkvh b`d mn amfm cm rmbmpbkd c`dcmsm nm kdf`rj hbmrbh cm n`s `gamtkv`s y pr`bmckjkmdt`s cmn mstuck` y sm s`nkbkt mnb`dsmdtkjkmdt` phrh nh phrtkbkphbkd.

Rklukmdc` ud pr`t`b`n` lmdmrhn, d`s rmudkj`s b`d bhch ud` cm n`s phrtkbkphdtms n`s

buhnms cmghd bujpnkjmdthr nh e`ah cmn bumstk`dhrk` mnn`s jksj`s? msths vhn`rhbk`dmsfumr`d rmhnkzhchs gha` dumstrh supmrvkskd pmrs`dhn md t`c` j`jmdt`, b`jpr`ghdc`qum mrh mn amfm cm rmbmpbkd md pmrs`dh qukmd rmhnkzhgh mn tmst. Rm kdf`rj h n`s amfmscm rmbmpbkd qum su phrtkbkphbkd mrh v`nudthrkh y hddkjh, sm nms pkck rmsp`dcmr hnhs prmludths n` js skdbmrhjmdtm p`skgnm y sm nms b`judkb qum sus rmspumsthssmrhd trhthchs b`dfkcmdbkhnjmdtm.

Fkdhnkzhchs nhs thrmhs, pr`bmchj`s h cmspmckr h n`s phrtkbkphdtms hlrhcmbkmdc` sub`nhg`rhbkd y phrtkbkphbkd, y pr`jmtkdc`nm, hcmjs cm b`dfkcmdbkhnkchc b`d nh

kdf`rjhbkd sujkdkstrhch p`r mn e`tmn md bumstkd, nh p`skgknkchc cm `frmbmrnms n`srmsunthc`s cmn SFL.

2 Fhsm1 @gtmdbkd cm rmsunthc`s y hdnksks cm cht`s

]dh vmz b`d t`c`s n`s cht`s rmb`lkc`s, pr`bmckj`s h rmhnkzhr mn mstuck`mxpn`rht`rk`-cmsbrkptkv`, hdtmrk`rjmdtm b`jmdthc`, s`grm mn pmrfkn ckrmbtkv` ycmj`lrfkb` cm n`s amfms cm ckrmbbkd. Yhrh mnn` hlruphj`s n`s cht`s `gtmdkc`s mdvhrkhgnms y n`s kdsmrthj`s md mn pr`lrhjh RYRR vmrskd 86.9 mn buhn d`s `frmbk udh

smrkm j`chs, jmckhs, jmckhdhs y lrhfkbhs b`d nhs qum puckj`s hdhnkzhr thdt` md mnpmrfkn ckrmbtkv` b`j` mn pmrfkn cmj`lrfkb` cm mst`s. Y`stmrk`rjmdtm sm pr`bmck h nhthgunhbkd cm ckbe`s cht`s jmckhdtm udh mxp`skbkd y b`dbnuskd rhz`dhch cm n`sjksj`s. [ fkdhnjmdtm sm rmhnkz udh sdtmsks cm t`chs nhs b`dbnusk`dms md nh qum ehgnhs`grm mn pmrfkn jmck` e`tmnmr`, hs b`j` cm su pmrfkn cmj`lrfkb` y sm hp`rthd hnludhsb`dskcmrhbk`dms s`grm mn jksj`


28/50

Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

t`chs nhs vhrkhgnms cm ms`s lrup` phrh udh jma`r b`jprmdskd y b`jphrhbkd mdtrmbhch ud` cm mnn`s.

Hn fkdhn cm bhch thgnh, sm mxp`dm ud grmvm hdnksks, mxpnkbhbkd y rhz`dhjkmdt` cmn`s rmsunthc`s. Hn fkdhn cm bhch hphrthc` sm b`dbnuym b`d ud rmsujmd lmdmrhn md mnqum sm hdhnkzh hn b`jpnmt` msm rhsl` mn pmrfkn yh smh ckrmbtkv` ` cmj`lrfkb`.

2.7.8 Hdnksks cm n`s mstkn`s cm nkcmrhzl` smld Emrsmy-Gnhdbehrc.

Nh prkjmrh vhrkhgnm ckrmbtkvh qum mstuckhrmj`s s`d n`s mstkn`s cm nkcmrhzl` smld

Emrsmy-Gnhdbehrc (8;6;), ms p`r mnn` qum mstm hphrthc` hdhnkzhrmj`s n`s tmjs cmb`judkbhbkd, b`dtr`n, rmnhbk`dms, mstkn` y j`tkvhbkd. ]d hdnksks cm n`s ckstkdt`s tmjsqum n` kdtmlrhd d`s pmrjktm cmsthbhr n`s sklukmdtms rmsunthc`s qum prmsmdthj`s hb`dtkduhbkd.

Mn prkjmr tmj qum mdb`dtrhj`s ms mn tmj cm B`judkbhbkd (Shgnh 2.8), mstmvhn`rh nh bhphbkchc y dmbmskchc qum mn ckrmbtkv` tkmdm cm b`judkbhrsm b`d sussug`rckdhc`s.

Mn vhn`r jmck` t`thn qum `gtmdmj`s md mstm tmj ms cm =5; (Fklurh 2.8). Ms udhmsbhnh cm 8 h < p`cmj`s bnhskfkbhrn` b`j` ud vhn`r hnt` qum d`s kdckbh qum, cm f`rjhlmdmrhn, n`s amfms cm rmbmpbkd mstd juy hgkmrt`s h b`jphrtkr `pkdk`dms, b`d`bmrbj` trhghahd y mxprmshr sus pr`pkhs kcmhs h n`s trhghahc`rms. Ms udh hbtktuc pr`pkhcm ud pmrfkn pmrsuhskv` qum lusth cm rmnhbk`dhrsm b`d sus sug`rckdhc`s.

8. B@JP8 B@JP7 B@JP2 B@JP3

Vnkc` 86 86 86 86

Ymrckc`s 9 9 9 9

Jmckh 6,99 6,58 =,6; =,96

Jmckhdh 6,99


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7. BDSP8 BDSP7 BDSP2

Vnkc` 86 86 86

Ymrckc`s 9 9 9

Jmckh =,


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Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

MRSP8 MRSP7 MRSP2 MRSP3 MRSP=

Vnkc` 86 86 86 86 86

Ymrckc`s 9 9 9 9 9

Jmckh =,33 2,25 2,28 3,33 =,6;

Jmckhdh 6,99 2,99 2,99 3,99 6,99

J`ch 6 7 8h 3 6h

Shgnh 2.3.Cht`s msthcstkb`s. tmj Mstkn`? Fumdtm1 Mnhg`rhbkd pr`pkh h phrtkr cm n`s rmsunthc`s`gtmdkc`s trhs hpnkbhr RYRR vmrskd 86.9.

Mn untkj` tmj qum tmdmj`s md n`s mstkn`s cm nkcmrhzl` ms mn cm J`tkvhbkd (2.=.).D`s kdckbh mn dkvmn cm j`tkvhbkd qum mn amfm cm rmbmpbkd mamrbm s`grm sussug`rckdhc`s. Msth j`tkvhbkd pumcm nnmlhr md f`rjh cm ehnhl`s, dkj`s `rmb`jpmdshs mb`djkbhs.

Nh jmckh ln`ghn ms cm 6.3< (fklurh 2.8.) ud vhn`r ghsthdtm hnt` n` qum qukmrm cmbkrqum n`s amfms cm rmbmpbkd brmmd qum mamrbmd udh j`tkvhbkd juy hnth s`grm sustrhghahc`rms. Ms udh hbtktuc bhrhbtmrstkbh cm ud pmrfkn bmrbhd` h n`s trhghahc`rms.

J@SP8 J@SP7

Vnkc` 86 86

Ymrckc`s 9 9

Jmckh 6,25 6,=6

Jmckhdh


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Fklurh 2.8.Ckhlrhjh cm ghrrhs mstkn`s cm nkcmrhzl`? Fumdtm1 Mnhg`rhbkd pr`pkh (Mxbmn 799


32/50

Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

HCHYP8 HCHYP7

Vnkc` 86 86

Ymrckc`s 9 9

Jmckh =,96 =,62

Jmckhdh 3,=9 6,99

J`ch < 6

Shgnh 2.6.Cht`s msthcstkb`s. tmj Hchpthbkd jutuh? Fumdtm1 Mnhg`rhbkd pr`pkh h phrtkr cmn`s rmsunthc`s `gtmdkc`s trhs hpnkbhr RYRR vmrskd 86.9.

H b`dtkduhbkd hphrmbm mn tmj cm Rupmrvkskd Ckrmbth (Shgnh 2.


33/50


D@WJP8 D@WJP7

Vnkc` 86 86

Ymrckc`s 9 9

Jmckh 2,6; 6,=9

Jmckhdh 3,99


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Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

cm nhs ckfmrmdtms ehgknkchcms (Ohtz, 8;56). ]d hdnksks cm n`s ckstkdt`s tmjs qum n`kdtmlrhd d`s pmrjktm cmsthbhr n`s sklukmdtms rmsunthc`s (\mettmd y Bhjmr`d, 7993)

Emj`s hdhnkzhc` msths ehgknkchcms udh h udh, `t`rldc`nm thjgkd vhn`rms mdtrm 8y


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l

gusbhd s`nubk`dms p`r mnn`s jksj`s y hfr`dthd n`s ckvmrs`s pr`gnmjhs qum pumchd krhphrmbkmdc`.

B@DBP8 B@DBP7 B@DBP2 B@DBP3

Vnkc` 86 86 86 86

Ymrckc`s 9 9 9 9

Jmckh 3,8; 6,=9 =,7= =,


36/50

Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

Fklurh 2.2.Ckhlrhjh cm ghrrhs ehgknkchcms smld Ohtz? Fumdtm1 Mnhg`rhbkd pr`pkh (Mxbmn799


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Fklurh 2.3.Cht`s msthcstkb`s. tmjs W`nms? Fumdtm1 Mnhg`rhbkd pr`pkh (Mxbmn 799


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Nm` Ghrrhld, Vbt`r

Fklurh 2.=.Cht`s msthcstkb`s. tmjs Ldmr`? Fumdtm1 Mnhg`rhbkd pr`pkh h phrtkr cm n`srmsunthc`s `gtmdkc`s trhs hpnkbhr RYRR vmrskd 86.9.

Md buhdt` h nh tktunhbkd cm n`s ckrmbtkv`s mdtrmvksthc`s (Fklurh 2.6.), pmdshj`s qummrh kjp`rthdtm b`d`bmr bunms mrhd n`s mstuck`s qum ehghd burshc` b`d hdtmrk`rkchc.Srhs mn hdnksks cm cht`s cmsbugrkj`s qum, mn 325% ehd rmhnkzhc` udlrhc`/nkbmdbkhturh md Surksj`, mn 7=% tkmdmd ud lrhc`/nkbmdbkhturh md BkmdbkhsMjprmshrkhnms, n`s amfms cm rmbmpbkd b`d ud jcun` supmrk`r sup`dmd mn 855% ythjgkd mdb`dtrhj`s burk`s`s bhs`s md n`s qum mn ckrmbtkv` d` tkmdm dkdludhf`rjhbkd prmvkh ` sn` cksp`dh cm ghbeknnmrht` (hjg`s ud 62%).

B`d mst`s cht`s p`cmj`s hfkrjhr qum mn lrums` cm n`s amfms cm rmbmpbkd mst

f`rjhc` p`r pmrs`dhs b`d ttun` udkvmrskthrk` (655%), mspmbkhnjmdtm mn cm Surksj`.



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@trh bhrhbtmrstkbh cmj`lrfkbh qum d`s phrmbk kjp`rthdtm rmfnmahr s`grm n`s amfmscm rmbmpbkd ms nh dhbk`dhnkchc (Fklurh 2.


40/50

l ,

@trh vhrkhgnm cmj`lrfkbh hdhnkzhch, fumnh hdtklmchc cm n`s ckrmbtkv`s (Shgnh2.8=.) thdt` md mn e`tmn b`j` md pumst` cm amfm cm rmbmpbkd.

Mst`s trhghahc`rms nnmvhd cm jmckh md sus rmspmbtkv`s e`tmnms 89 h`s y cmscmud`s = h`s mstd cmsmjpmhdc` mn pumst` cm amfm cm rmbmpbkd. Hudqum, b`drmspmbt` h mstm ntkj` cht`, nh jhy`rh cm n`s ckrmbtkv`s mdtrmvksthc`s nnmvh p`b` jscm 7 h`s md su pumst` cm amfm cm rmbmpbkd, b`j` hs n` rmvmnh nh j`ch, n` qum qukmrmcmbkr qum ehy ud lrhd djmr` cm amfms cm rmbmpbkd dumv`s md mn bhrl`.

Shgnh 2.8=.Cht`s msthcstkb`s. tmjs Hdtklmchc? Fumdtm1 Mnhg`rhbkd pr`pkh h phrtkr cm n`srmsunthc`s `gtmdkc`s trhs hpnkbhr RYRR vmrskd 86.9.

Nh untkjh vhrkhgnm cmj`lrfkbh cm dumstr` bumstk`dhrk` trhth s`grm sk n`s amfms cmrmbmpbkd ehghd trhghahc` md `tr` phs b`d hdtmrk`rkchc (Fklurh 2.;.). Brmj`s

kdtmrmshdtm kdsmrthr msth vhrkhgnm phrh b`d`bmr nh pr`ymbbkd kdtmrdhbk`dhn qum tkmdmdmst`s ckrmbtkv`s qum `pmrhd md dumstrh bkuchc.

Cm mst`s cht`s cmsbugrkj`s qum sn` mn 287=% ehgh trhghahc` md `tr` phs p`r n`qum p`cmj`s hfkrjhr qum mn lrums` cm n`s amfms cm rmbmpbkd eh tmdkc` trhgha`spurhjmdtm dhbk`dhnms y qum, hn b`dtrhrk` cm n` qum sm pumcm pmdshr, d` ms udhdmbmskchc ehgmr trhghahc` md mn mxtrhdamr` phrh bugrkr mstm pumst`.

HDS.PY]MRS@

Vnkc` 86

Ymrckc`s 9

Jmckh 3,=6

Jmckhdh 2,99

J`ch 7

HDS.PE@SMN

Vnkc` 86

Ymrckc`s 9

Jmckh 89,28

Jmckhdh


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BHYS]N@ 3

HY@WSHBK@DMR FKDHNMRNh hp`rthbkd prkdbkphn qum kdtmdth `frmbmr dumstr` SFL ms mn skjpnm embe` cm hrr`ahrud p`b` cm nuz s`grm ud bhrl` ckrmbtkv` p`b` mstuckhc`1 mn cmn amfm cm rmbmpbkd, hsb`j` hbtuhnkzhr nh vkskd qum pumch mxkstkr prmvkhjmdtm cm n. B`dskcmrhj`s qum msthkdf`rjhbkd h nh phr cm d`vmc`sh, ms rmnmvhdtm puckmdc` smr cm utknkchc thdt` h n`sckrmbtkv`s kjpnkbhc`s b`j` hn rmst` cm ckrmbtkv`s cm dkvmn supmrk`r y hlmdtmsrmnhbk`dhc`s, d` sn` b`dtrkguymdc` h nh jma`rh cm su lmstkd skd` h n`s rmsunthc`squm, h rhz cm nh jksjh sm hnbhdbmd. [ ms qum, sk gkmd ehy jube`s trhgha`s, mstuck`srmnhbk`dhc`s b`d nh ckrmbbkd, d` `gsthdtm, h mxbmpbkd cm trhgha`s cmj`lrfkb`srmnhbk`dhc`s b`d nh Sm`rh ]ppmr Mbemn`d md mn b`dtmxt` mjprmshrkhn d`rtmhjmrkbhd`,bmdtrhc`s md nh fklurh cmn hnt` ckrmbtkv` (Chz, 7993), d` emj`s skc` bhphbms cmmdb`dtrhr trhgha`s qum sm ehyhd bmdtrhc` md hdhnkzhr mn jhdhlmjmdte`tmnmr` cmscmnh pmrspmbtkvh qum hqu nm pnhdtmhj`s y md mn smbt`r b`dskcmrhc`1 mn amfm cm rmbmpbkdcmn lrup` 81 e`tmnms.

Hn ekn` cm n` hdtmrk`rjmdtm b`jmdthc`, qumrmj`s ehbmr ekdbhpk, udh vmz js,md

mn embe` cm qum, chchs nhs nkjkthbk`dms mdb`dtrhchs, md mstm SFL sm `frmbm udh vkskdkdkbkhn, udh hpr`xkjhbkd hn jhdhlmjmdt turstkb` e`tmnmr`, bkrbudsbrkgkdc`d`s hnpmrfkn ckrmbtkv` cm ud` cm n`s hlmdtms js rmnmvhdtms cmdtr` cm nh lmstkd turstkbhe`tmnmrh1 mn amfm cm rmbmpbkd, hdhnkzhdc` thdt` vhrkhgnms rmnhbk`dhchs b`d su lmstkdb`j` su pmrfkn cmj`lrfkb`. Yhrtkj`s cm nh kcmh cm qum, hb`rcm h nhs tm`rhscmj`lrfkbhs y b`dcubtuhnms, thdt` nh f`rjh cm smr b`j` cm hbtuhr cm mst`s ckrmbtkv`ssmrd cmtmrjkdhdtms phrh nh b`dsmbubkd cm n`s `gamtkv`s mjprmshrkhnms. @gamtkv`sb`j` nh supmrvkvmdbkh, brmbkjkmdt`, y rmdckjkmdt` mjprmshrkhn, cm sujh kjp`rthdbkh, y

hnthjmdtm vhn`rhc`s y pmrsmlukc`s md ud mdt`rd` b`jpnma`, ckdjkb` y md brksks b`j`mn hbtuhn.

R`j`s b`dsbkmdtms cm qum nh rmhnkchc `gamt` cm mstuck` ms jube` js b`jpnmahqum nh qum hqu prmsmdthj`s, cm he qum pkchj`s qum n`s rmsunthc`s hnbhdzhc`s smhdt`jhc`s md bumdth b`d nhs cmgkchs prmbhubk`dms, skmdc` b`dskcmrhc`s mst`s, b`j` n`qum s`d, udh prkjmrh vkskd cm nh rmhnkchc hdhnkzhch y pudt` cm shnkch phrh futur`spr`ymbt`s js hjgkbk`s`s.

Cm kluhn f`rjh, nh nkjkthbkd tmjp`rhn y cm cksp`skbkd cm rmburs`s d`s eh `gnklhc`h hb`thr dumstrh p`gnhbkd cm mstuck` h nh bkuchc cm Rmvknnh. Cm he qum, dumvhjmdtm,brmhj`s qum mn trhgha` pumcm hgrkr nhs pumrths h futurhs kdvmstklhbk`dms js hjpnkhs yb`jpnmahs md nhs qum pumchd rmb`lmrsm cht`s cm t`ch nh lm`lrhfh dhbk`dhn, p`rmamjpn`.

Hcmjs d`s lusthrh cmsthbhr nh utknkchc cm mstm pr`ymbt` phrh n`s ckrmbt`rms cm


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43/50

BHYS]N@ =

B@DBN]RKDSrhs ehgmr hdhnkzhc` udh h udh nhs ckfmrmdtms vhrkhgnms y udh vmz mxtrhch nhkdf`rjhbkd qum msths b`dtmdhd jmckhdtm ud mstuck` mxpn`rht`rk` cmsbrkptkv`p`cmj`s cmsbrkgkr mn pmrfkn ckrmbtkv` y cmj`lrfkb` cmn amfm cm rmbmpbkd cmn skstmjhe`tmnmr` cm nh bkuchc cm Rmvknnh. Lrhbkhs hn rhz`dhjkmdt` y thgunhbkd cm n`s cht`s`gtmdkc`s b`d`bmj`s nhs ehgknkchcms y jmbhdksj`s cm qum cksp`dmd y p`cmj`s

msthgnmbmr udh `pkdkd austkfkbhch s`grm nh mfkbhbkh y mfkbkmdbkh cmn pmrfkn.Mn amfm cm rmbmpbkd cmn skstmjh e`tmnmr` cm Rmvknnh sm cmsbrkgm b`j` udh pmrs`dh

cm `rklmd msph`n? d` ehy ud prmc`jkdk` cm ud smx` s`grm `tr`? buyh mchc r`dch n`s25 h`s? prmvkhjmdtm eh tmdkc` udh trhymbt`rkh cm ud`s 89 h`s md msm u `tr`se`tmnms y qum `stmdth su bhrl` cmscm ehbm p`b` js cm c`s h`s? p`smm b`d mstuck`sudkvmrskthrk`s, prkdbkphnjmdtm lrhcuhc` ` nkbmdbkhc` md Surksj`, qum nm ehd pmrjktkc`kr msbhnhdc` pumst` md su trhgha`? hcmjs ms `gnklht`rk` b`d`bmc`r cm 7 ` jskck`jhs (ud` cm mnn`s kdlns)? y, emj`s skc` tmstkl`s, md hnlud`s bhs`s pumcm thjgkd

mamrbmr b`j` mn pr`pk` ckrmbt`r cm e`tmn (cmpmdckmdc` cmn thjh` cmn e`tmn).Md b`dvmrshbk`dms mdthgnhchs b`d mnn`s d` b`dthghd hnlud`s bhs`s md n`s qum

ehghd hbbmckc` hn e`tmn h trhvs cmn pumst` cm g`t`dms y ehghd msbhnhc` pumst`sehsth nnmlhr h amfm cm rmbmpbkd? n` qum d`s rmfnmah b`j` qum udh pmrs`dhb`jpr`jmtkch b`d nh mjprmsh md qum trhghahd (Rmdchl`rth, 7995). Juy ckfmrmdtm cmnbhs` cm n`s rmbmpbk`dksths qukmdms hn tmdmr, md lmdmrhn, b`dtrht`s tmjp`rhnms sumnmdphshr ud phr cm h`s md ud mjprmsh ehsth hbhghr su b`dtrht` phrh kr r`thdc` cm e`tmnmd e`tmn. Rm pumcm hfkrjhr qum cmdtr` cm nh prmbhrkmchc cm mstm tkp` cm mjpnm` mn

pumst` cm amfm cm rmbmpbkd ms ud pumst` fka` phrh qukmd n` p`smm.]dh vmz msthgnmbkc` mn pmrfkn cmj`lrfkb`, ms dumstrh nhg`r fkdhnkzhr b`jmdthdc` mn

pmrfkn ckrmbtkv`. Y`r su mstkn` cm nkcmrhzl` ms udh pmrs`dh juy bmdtrhch md nhsrmnhbk`dms b`d sus sug`rckdhc`s? bnhskfkbhj`s su mstkn` cm Ymrsuhskv` (Emrsmy-Gnhdbehrc, 8;6;) b`d kdtmrs ehbkh sus trhghahc`rms pmr` thjgkd prm`buphbkd p`r nhrmhnkzhbkd cm nhs thrmhs y b`dsmbubkd cm n`s `gamtkv`s, hcmjs cm smr pmrjkskv` ycmahr bkmrth nkgmrthc h nh e`rh cm qum sus trhghahc`rms rmhnkbmd sus fudbk`dms.

Cm qum sm rmhnkbmd mshs fudbk`dms sm mdbhrlh n/mnnh jksj`/h jmckhdtm nhsupmrvkskd ckrmbth h sus mjpnmhc`s mamrbkmdc` nh fudbkd cm mdnhbm mdtrm mnn`s y nhhnth ckrmbbkd. Hcmjs cmsmjpmh mn r`n cm p`rthv`z, cm nh mjprmsh md hnlud`sb`dfnkbt`s qum pumchd pr`cubkrsm md nh rmbmpbkd md buy` bhs` nh rmsp`dshgknkchcrmbhm s`grm mnn`s t`thnjmdtm.

M t e gknkc c n c t n e gknkc c e tk n


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SFL-S]W. Mn Jhdhlmjmdt Surst kb` E`tmnmr`


45/50

Wmfmrmdbkhs Gkgnk`lrfkbhs

Hnjmkch, H.? Hdtd, A. (7995)1 @rlhdkzhbkd y ckrmbbkd cm mjprmshs e`tmnmrhs.

Rdtmsks, Jhcrkc.Hyudthjkmdt` cm Ahd (7983)1 Msthgnmbkjkmdt`s e`tmnmr`s1 e`tmnms, e`sthnms y

pmdsk`dms. E`tmnmrh. Surksj`., Hytàhmd.ms, ; cm jhrz`,ettp1//www.hytàhmd.ms/p`rthn/pP79Pb`dtmdmc r8.asp0smbbk`d:sPfcmsPc3Pv7.asp&b`dtmdkc`:7;9=&tkp`:6&dkvmn:8399&nhyùt:pP79Pb`dtmdmc`r8.asp&b`cWmsk:8&nhdluhlm:ms&b`cJmdu:796&b`cJmduYD:3&b`cJmduRD:899&b`cJmduSD:8;

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