investigación y ciencia 334 - julio 2004

7/23/2019 Investigacin y ciencia 334 - Julio 2004

1/99

8 0 0 3 = 93 9 ; 6 3 3>

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A\JHO =33>


2/99

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Ji Vi Jk~li* i ji y|l {l {|sodi|di }ljhy|hi nl |d si{ino jlaido*kod{~h~|xl |d omal~o vhvo x nhdbhko$

Ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvlBhkglj Mijjhl|

Jo{ sh~i`}hko{ x jo{ ij|bdo{ nl s}hbi}hi* jo{ bi~lb~hko{ }iml{x jo{ ij`lm}h{~i{ nlj ]ldikhbhld~o gid isjhkino ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl$

[l ~}i~i nl |di }lkl~i b`hki?

V|ljvl F}l|nBi}e [ojb{

Jo{ dl|}jo`o{ l{~d kixldno ld ji k|ld~inl y|l ji{ nl{k}hskhodl{ mhoj`hki{ nlj kl}lm}o}l{|j~id b{ kogl}ld~l{ {h {l ji{ hd~l`}ild ji{ ~lo}i{ s{hkoj`hki{ y|l F}l|n ld|dkhgikl |d {h`jo$

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3/99

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so} A|id B$]$ Si}}odno

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4/99

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5/99

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33> ;

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NL[L]^HQIKHD$ Ld 98 ~ldlbo{ do |di }l`hd nl"{l}~hqini so} ji{ ~o}bld~i{ nl sojvo* kobo lj N|{~ Mopj

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$$$khld io{

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nin* ~oni ~ldnldkhi ij bhjldi}h{bo$ Lj hd~l}}oìd~l nljo y|l gi nl vldh} ~}i{ lj gobm}l l{ lj b{ fi{khdid~lld {| sl}{h{~ldkhi x lj b{ hd{oj|mjl ld k|ijy|hl} j|"ì} nlj b|dno$

Gl}ml}~ @$ Pljj{

\D Y\BHKO X \D LJLBLDÔ$ I {|{ khdk|ld~i x no{io{ nl lnin* {h} Phjjhib ]ib{ix* k|xo dobm}l vii{okhino ij d|lvo ljlbld~o }inho* l{ |do nl jo{ b{avldl{ khld~ fhko{ nlj b|dno$ S|lnl nlkh}{l y|l {|do~o}hlnin smjhki lbslq kod {|{ m}hjjid~l{ nl{k|m}h"bhld~o{ nl jo{ kobsodld~l{ nl{kodokhno{* l hd{o{sl"kgino{* nl ji i~b{fl}i 'i}`d* gljho* dld* k}hs~d xwldd(* nl{k|m}hbhld~o{ lflk~|ino{ ld si}~l kod ji ko"jimo}ikhd nl Jo}n ]ixjlh`g$ Ji fo~o`}ifi nl [h} Phjjhib]ib{ix f|l ~obini ld {| jimo}i~o}ho l{slkhijbld~l si}i

[khld~hfhk Ibl}hkid$ UDo~i nl ji ]lnikkhd1 ]ib{ix}lkhmh lj s}lbho Domlj nl Y|bhki i jo{ soko{ bl{l{nl ji s|mjhkikhd nl l{~l i}~k|jo$R

L[ÎMHJHQINO] NL M\Y\L[$ Lj kimlklo nl |d mi}kold |d bi} i`h~ino l{ khl}~ibld~l |d `}ivl hdkodvl"dhld~l si}i lj mhldl{~i} f{hko nl si{ial}o{ x ~}hs|ji"khd x si}i ji lalk|khd nl ji{ ~i}li{ nl i mo}no$ Igo}i*O~~o [kgjhke* kodokhno hd`ldhl}o divij nl Gibm|}ò'Ijlbidhi(* gi s}l{ld~ino |d hd`ldho{o blkidh{bohnlino si}i }ln|kh} ji ibsjh~|n nl ji o{khjikhd$ [lmi{i lj isi}i~o ld lj lflk~o `h}o{kshko nl |d vojid~lnl hdl}khi* y|l {l bod~i i mo}no nlj viso} x `h}i bl}"kln i |d bo~o} ljk~}hko$

$$$khld~o khdk|ld~i io{

\DI HDVLDKHD HD^HJ? L{k}hml lj ko}}l{sod{ij ldSi}{ nlj Dlp Xo}e ^hbl{1 \dhdvld~o}* y|l xi {l vli iki}h"khidno lj wh~o* ikimi nl kil}vk~hbi nl {| s}oshi by|hdi$ L{~il}i |d vlgk|jo nl viso} y|l }l"ko}}i jo{ kibhdo{ nl so{~i nlF}idkhi$ Ij nl{kldnl} nl |di jobi*lj vlgk|jo nlj {lo} Jl}ox kgokkod |d om{~k|jo* vojk x vl}~h

{om}l j lj kod~ldhno nl ji kij"nl}i$ [l im}i{$ Gimi hdvl}~hnonhlq io{ x ~ono {| nhdl}o ldsl}flkkhodi} lj hdvld~o$ F|l }lij"bld~l hd{ld{i~o nl{shjfi}}i} {|nhdl}o ld {lblaid~l hd`ldho$ K}li}igo}i ki}}|ial{ nl viso} si}i jo{kibhdo{ o}nhdi}ho{* kod jo{ fl}}o"ki}}hjl{ x ji{ jokobo~o}i{ xi hd"vld~ino{* l{ kobo h} i bojl} kod|d {iko kod |di shln}i ld |d lw"~}lbo si}i ly|hjhm}i} lj {iko kodlj `}ido ld lj o~}o$

GIKL

[h} Phjjhib ]ib{ix ld {| jimo}i~o}ho* 983>$


6/99

IS\D^L[

> HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

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gimh~ini nl{nl lj {h`jo {lw~o id~l{

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7/99

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33> bhjjo"

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\di kod~}hm|khd b{ vhdo so}si}~l nl ji{ om{l}vikhodl{ ld j|q vh"{hmjl nlj Ki}~`}ifo Ph{kod{hd nljGhn}`ldo Ijfi Uvi{l Lj ì{ ld"~}l ji{ l{~}ljji{* so} ]odijn A$ ]lx"dojn{5 HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI*bi}qo nl =33=R$ Lj ghn}`ldo dl|"~}o do nl{shnl j|q kod jod`h~|nl{

nl odni nl ji qodi vh{hmjl nlj l{"slk~}o$ Lj ì{ hodhqino* {$ Ji{ ki"si{ lw~l}ho}l{ nl ji{ d|ml{ nl ij~ivljokhnin l{~d hodhqini{ so} jij|q |j~}ivhojl~i s}oklnld~l nl ji ViJk~li x o~}o{ omal~o{ kljl{~l{5 ji{kijhld~i gi{~i jo{ 7333 eljvhd$ Jikid~hnin nl j|q vh{hmjl l{ |di bl"nhni nl ji hd~ld{hnin nlj kibso nl}inhikhd y|l }onli i ji d|ml nlij~i vljokhnin* y|l i {| vlq nlsldnlnl ji nh{~idkhi ij nh{ko ìjk~hko$So} ~id~o* l{~i{ om{l}vikhodl{ of}l"kld |di nl~l}bhdikhd is}owhbininl ndnl {l ldk|ld~}id ji{ d|ml{nl ij~i vljokhnin$

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Kod l{~o{ ni~o{* Ji|}i Nidjx*igo}i ld ji \dhvl}{hnin nl Nldvl}*x {|{ kojimo}ino}l{ s|{hl}od gikl99 io{ jbh~l{ i ji nh{~idkhi nl|di d|ml nl vljokhnin hd~l}blnhi$B{ }lkhld~lbld~l* lj ly|hso nlG|ò vid Pol}nld* nl ji \dhvl}"{hnin nl @}odhdì* ld Gojidni* gidblnhno ji nh{~idkhi i |di d|ml nlij~i vljokhnin 'vi{l lj }lk|in}o^}i{ ji{ d|ml{($ Bhld~}i{ ~id~o*do{o~}o{ l{~imjlkhbo{ ji kobso{h"khd y|bhki nl ji{ d|ml{* kob"sjl~idno ji hdfo}bikhd dlkl{i}hisi}i nh{k}hbhdi} ld~}l ji{ k|i~}oghs~l{h{$

Jo{ ni~o{ nl F\[L b|l{~}id |dikobsodld~l b|x kijhld~l nl ji{

d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin$ Nl~lk~ im"{o}khd nlmhni i ow`ldo ij~ibld~lhodhqino5 ld kodk}l~o* i ~obo{ nlow`ldo y|l gid sl}nhno khdko nl{|{ okgo ljlk~}odl{* jo y|l hbsjhki~lbsl}i~|}i{ nlj o}nld nl ;33$333eljvhd$ L{~i{ ~lbsl}i~|}i{ {l ij"kidqid k|idno lj ghn}`ldo dl|~}of}o '933 eljvhd( ld~}i ld kod~ik~okod ì{ b|x kijhld~l '|d bhjjd nleljvhd($ Nhkgo nl o~}i fo}bi* ji s}l"{ldkhi nl ì{ i ;33$333 eljvhd {|"`hl}l y|l lj ì{ kijhld~l {l l{~ ld"

93 HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>


13/99

f}hidno$ A|d~o kod Mjih} N$ [ivi`l*nl ji \dhvl}{hnin nl Ph{ko{hd"Binh{od* x Elddl~g [lbmikg* nljHd{~h~|~o nl Khldkhi{ nlj ^ljl{koshoL{sikhij* ld Mij~hbo}l* glbo{ hd"vl{~h`ino l{~i kobsodld~l kijhld~lnl ji{ d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin$

Kobso}~ibhld~o kobsjlao^}i{ lwibhdi} jo{ d|lvo{ ni~o{* so"

nlbo{ igo}i s}l{ld~i} |d k|in}okogl}ld~l nl ji{ d|ml{ nl ij~i vl"jokhnin$ Kobldqi}lbo{ kod no{ nljo{ bixo}l{ kobsjlao{ hnld~hfhki"no{ nl d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin* ljI x lj K* nl{k|mhl}~o{ ld 986;$ Ljkobsjlao I {l gijji i |di nh{~id"khi nl ld~}l =$333 io{"j|q x do b{ nl>


14/99

9= HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

HD@]HN

EIJJHKE

VHI JIK^LI

@I[ HD^L]@IJIK^HKO KIJHLD^L

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[OJ

JO[ K\I^]O S]OKL[O[ Y\L KODFO]BID JI @IJIWHIJI F\LD^L @IJIK^HKI1 ji{ d|ml{ nl vljokhnin

hd~l}blnhi }ls}l{ld~id so{hmjlbld~l ji }ibi nl

v|lj~i nl |d ldo}bl khkjo nl ì{$ Ji{ lwsjo{hodl{

nl {|sl}dovi k}lid m|}m|ai{ nl ì{ kijhld~l 'iq|j(

y|l i~}ivhl{id lj ì{ f}o y|l ji{ }onli 'ibi}hjjo(

x ijhbld~id i ji ko}odi$ Ij`|di{ so}khodl{ nlj ì{

kijhld~l {l ldf}id x kild nl d|lvo ij nh{ko$

JI KIHNI NL @I[1 b|kgi{ nl ji{ d|ml{ nl ij~i vl"

jokhnin 'ibi}hjjo( kod{h{~ld ld ì{ y|l {l s}lkhsh~i

gikhi ji Vi Jk~li$ Lj s}okl{o nl fo}bikhd ìjk~hko

{h`|l* s|l{* ld bi}kgi si{ino{ xi ki{h 9=$333 bhjjo"

dl{ nl io{ nl{nl y|l lbslqi}i$ L{~l ì{ son}i

s}oso}khodi} d|lvo kobm|{~hmjl si}i ji fo}bikhd l{"

~lji}$ Ji om{l}vikhd kodf|dnl fkhjbld~l l{~i{ d|ml{kod ji{ nl vljokhnin hd~l}blnhi 'di}idai($

KIDHMIJH[BO @IJIK^HKO1 ji Vi Jk~li l{~ i}}id"

kidno ì{ nl ji @}id D|ml x ji Sly|li D|ml nl

Biìjjidl{* no{ nl {|{ ìjiwhi{ {i~jh~l$ I jo ji}ò

nl {|{ }mh~i{ nh{k|}}l ji ko}}hld~l nl Biìjjidl{

'di}idai($ O~}i{ d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin* {hd }ljikhd

kod {~i 'ibi}hjjo(* {l kodnld{id ld ji ko}odi

kijhld~l x fjo~id ld lj bh{bo l{sikho$

LJ ]LJJLDO HD^L]@IJIK^HKO1 ji Vi Jk~li x

Idn}blni son}id l{~i} {|bl}`hni{ ld |d hdbld{o

bi} nl ì{ hd~l}ìjk~hko kijhld~l 'iq|j($ Ld j {l kod"

nld{id ik|b|jikhodl{ f}i{5 ji{ ìjiwhi{ ji{ kis~|}id*

nidno j|ì} i d|lvi{ d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin y|l*

kod lj ~hlbso* {l s}lkhsh~i}d {om}l ji{ ìjiwhi{$ L{~l

bonljo l{ ~onivi mi{~id~l hdkhl}~o$


15/99

x lj =3 so} khld~o nlj ~o~ij dlkl"{i}ho si}i nhj|h} lj ì{ nl ji ìji"whi x lwsjhki} ji kobso{hkhd y|"bhki nl ji{ l{~}ljji{$ O~}i{ d|ml{nl ij~i vljokhnin son}id l{~i} {|"bhdh{~}idno lj }l{~o$ Sl}o {h`|l {hdy|lni} kji}o nlj ~ono {h ji f|ld~lo}h`hdij nl l{~l ì{ l{ |d gijo }lbi"dld~l 'kobo s}os|{o Oo}~(* {h {lldk|ld~}i ld lj l{sikho hd~l}ìjk"~hko s}of|dno o* hdkj|{o* {h sl}~l"dlkh i |di ìjiwhi ldidi nh`l}hniso} ji Vi Jk~li$

B|j~h~|n nl o}`ldl{Jo{ }l{|j~ino{ om{l}vikhodijl{ nl{"ki}~id ~}l{ nl ji{ ghs~l{h{ {om}l ljo}h`ld nl jo{ kobsjlao{ I x K$ Jinlj {|}~hno} {|sodl y|l ji{ d|ml{dikld ld lj nh{ko$ Nlml}id ~ldl}|di kobso{hkhd y|bhki {hbhji}ij [oj* x do l{ i{$ Ji nl ji ko"

}}hld~l nl Biìjjidl{ fijji ij lw"sjhki} ji kobso{hkhd nlj ì{ ldk|id~o i jo{ ljlbld~o{ sl{ino{$Fhdijbld~l* ji nl ji bi~l}hi o{k|}if}iki{i so}y|l l{i{ no{ d|ml{ nlij~i vljokhnin do {l gijjid ld ljl{sikho hd~l}ìjk~hko$ Do om{~id~l*dhd`|di nl ji{ ~}l{ hnli{ l{~ ly|h"vokini so} kobsjl~o$ [jo glbo{nl m|{ki} lj {h~ho nodnl isjhki}ji{$

N|}id~l b|kgo ~hlbso* ji{ d|"ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin so{~l}ì}od iji{ nl vljokhnin hd~l}blnhi* bldo{jjibi~hvi{$ Vi}ho{ `}|so{ gid om"~ldhno igo}i {| kobso{hkhd y|"bhki$ Kodk|l}ni kod ji nlj nh{koìjk~hko$ [l ijqid |do{ >333 io{"j|q {om}l lj sjido5 i l{i ij~|}i l{nodnl ik~|i}id jo{ {|}~hno}l{$ L{~i{no{ s}|lmi{ is|d~id i y|l {od l{"~i{ d|ml{* do ji{ nl ij~i vljokhnin*ji{ y|l kod{~h~|xld lj fj|ao nl v|lj~inl |d {|}~hno}$

\di s}|lmi b{ y|l ko}}omo}i l{~ighs~l{h{ l{ ji nl~lkkhd nl boj"k|ji{ nl ghn}`ldo ld ji{ d|ml{ nlvljokhnin hd~l}blnhi$ Si}i fo}bi}"

ji{ ld lj l{sikho {l dlkl{h~id `}i"do{ nl sojvo hd~l}l{~lji}* jo y|l {jol{ so{hmjl {h lj ì{ ibmhld~l l{~ {|"fhkhld~lbld~l ld}hy|lkhno$ Y|l do{l gixi nl~lk~ino ghn}`ldo bojl"k|ji} ld lj kobsjlao K }lbikgi l{~ihnli$ So} ~id~o* ji{ d|ml{ nl vljo"khnin hd~l}blnhi {l}id i{ }lkhkjinonlj hd~l}ho} ìjk~hko* bhld~}i{ y|lji{ nl ij~i vljokhnin kod~ldn}id {o"m}l ~ono ì{ nl {| lw~l}ho}$

Ld k|id~o i ji ghs~l{h{ nl jiko}}hld~l nl Biìjjidl{* ij bldo{

|di nl ji{ d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhninsi}lkl }lijbld~l |d f}i`bld~o nl{"s}ldnhno nl ljji$ [| kobso{hkhdy|bhki {l si}lkl mi{~id~l i ji nlji Sly|li D|ml nl Biìjjidl{*~ij x kobo Jhbhd J| x {|{ kojimo"}ino}l{ nl Ph{kod{hd om{l}vi}od ld9887$ Ji d|ml nl ij~i vljokhnin {lldk|ld~}i ld lj m}iqo id~l}ho} nl jiko}}hld~l1 jo y|l ji i}}idk nl jiSly|li D|ml nl Biìjjidl{*inlb{ ji ikljl}$ [jo jl{ l{ so"{hmjl i ji{ f|l}qi{ nl bi}li* do iji{ nl f}hkkhd$ Lj nl{k|m}hbhld~onl J| qidai fhdijbld~l ji k|l{~hdnlj o}h`ld nl ji ko}}hld~l$

Ji{ f|l}qi{ nl f}hkkhd ~hldld* do

om{~id~l* {| hbso}~idkhi$ F\[L ld"kod~} ow`ldo b|x hodhqino i{o"khino i ji ko}}hld~l nl Biìjjidl{5{h`dhfhki y|l l{~i ko}}hld~l ~ibmhdl{~ hdbl}{i ld ì{ b|x kijhld~l$Ji ko}odi ìjk~hki {l lw~hldnl b|"kgo b{ jlao{ nl jo y|l {o{~|vo[sh~ql}1 gi{~i |do{ khld~o{ nl bh"jl{ nl io{"j|q* x do {jo gi{~i|do{ soko{ bhjl{$ Do l{ ~id nld{ikobo si}i i}}idki} ì{ nl ji{ D|ml{nl Biìjjidl{* sl}o |di vlq ljì{ gi {hno {|kkhodino so} ji{ f|l}"

qi{ nl bi}li* ji f}hkkhd kod jiko}odi { s|lnl nl{ikljl}i}jo5 i{*kod lj ~hlbso* ikimi so} kil} {o"m}l ji ìjiwhi x kod~}hm|h} i {|k}lkhbhld~o$

Nl h`|ij bono* ji ghs~l{h{ nlji bi~l}hi o{k|}i* i|dy|l hdkisiqnl lwsjhki} jo{ kobsjlao{ I x K*~ldn}i {| j|ì} ld |d l{y|lbi b{ibsjho$ Mjh~q bid~|vo y|l ji{ d|"ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin hd~l}ìjk~h"ki{ sl{imid ld~}l 93 bhjjodl{ x933 bhjjodl{ nl bi{i{ {oji}l{$ônivi do {l gid nl~lk~ino d|"ml{ nl l{~i bi`dh~|n ld `}|so{ nlìjiwhi{ kl}kido{ y|l {l si}lqkidij @}|so Jokij* sl{l i y|l gox

ji{ om{l}vikhodl{ k|ld~id kod {ld"{hmhjhnin {|fhkhld~l si}i jo`}i}jo$Inlb{* ji ghs~l{h{ s}lnhkl y|lji lbh{hd ld j|q vh{hmjl nl ji{ d|"ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin do son}i kis"~i}{l5 {l}i nlbi{hino nmhj$ [hdlbmi}ò* ki{h {hlbs}l y|l {l jigi m|{kino* {l ji gi ldkod~}ino$So} j~hbo* ji ~lo}i ld{li y|l*{h ji{ d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin {odb|x jlaidi{* nlml}id l{~i} kob"sjl~ibld~l hodhqini{ o ~ldl} |di`}id bi{i5 dh jo |do dh jo o~}o kod"

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33> 9;

]OD

BHJJL]

Ko}}hld~l{JI BIXO] SI]^L NL JI VHI JIK^LI l{~ mhld blqkjini$ No{ l{"~}ljji{ y|l {l fo}bi}od ld |d bh{bo j|ì} son}id ldkod~}i}{l gox nild }l`hodl{ b|x nhfl}ld~l{ nlj khljo$ Sl}o ld jo{ j~hbo{ io{ {l gidldkod~}ino `}|so{ nl l{~}ljji{ y|l {l b|lvld ij |d{odo ld ko}}hld"~l{ nl l{~}ljji{$ [l k}ll y|l {od }l{~o{ i}}idkino{ nl ìjiwhi{ {i~"jh~l so} ji{ bi}li{* ld |d s}okl{o {hbhji} ij y|l fo}b ij`|di{ nl ji{

d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin$ Hdnhki* so} ~id~o* |d fj|ao nl l{~}ljji{ nl{nlìjiwhi{ ldidi{ gi{~i ji Vi Jk~li$ Do{l nlml kodf|dnh} l{~i{ ko}}hld~l{ kodji nl Biìjjidl{* kobs|l{~i nl ì{$]ls}l{ld~id |di s}|lmi nh{~hd~i nljkod~hd|o k}lkhbhld~o nl d|l{~}i ìjiwhi$

\d lalbsjo l{slk~ik|ji} l{ lj fj|ao nll{~}ljji{ y|l l{~d {hldno i}}idkini{ nlji ìjiwhi ldidi l{fl}ohnij [i`h~i}ho*nl{k|mhl}~o ld 988> so} ]on}hò Hmi~i*nlj Om{l}vi~o}ho nl L{~}i{m|}ò* x {|{kojimo}ino}l{ 'vi{l ji hj|{~}ikhd($ [lgid ldkod~}ino nl{s|{ o~}i{ ko}}hld~l{nl l{~}ljji{ `}ikhi{ i jo{ ni~o{ }lko`h"no{ so} lj L{~|nho Nh`h~ij [joid nl jo{Khljo{* y|l k|m}h {h{~lb~hkibld~l |di`}id si}~l nlj fh}bibld~o$ \di nl l{~i{ko}}hld~l{ son}i l{~i} i{okhini i ji ì"jiwhi ldidi Kidh{ Biao}* {l`d gid nl{k|mhl}~o Hmi~i* Dhkoji{ Bi}~hd*nl L{~}i{m|}ò ~ibmhd* x {|{ kojimo}ino}l{ gikl |do{ bl{l{$ I joji}ò nl jo{ j~hbo{ no{ bhj bhjjodl{ nl io{* l{i ìjiwhi {l gi hnol{~h}idno gi{~i kodfh`|}i}{l kobo |d idhjjo l{sh}ij nl l{~}ljji{ i joji}ò nlj sjido ìjk~hko$


16/99


17/99

nl ji{ d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin {lldk|ld~}i jlao{ nl ji Vi Jk~li$F\[L ~ibmhd gi nl{k|mhl}~o ow"`ldo f|l}~lbld~l hodhqino nl ij~ivljokhnin ih{jino* {hd y|l jo ikob"sil dhd`d ì{ dl|~}o$ ônn B$^}hss* nl ji \dhvl}{hnin nl S}hd"kl~od* x {|{ kojimo}ino}l{ gid ld"kod~}ino d|ml{ {hbhji}l{ nl ì{ b|xkijhld~l ld o~}i{ }l`hodl{ nlj |dh"vl}{o$ L{~l ì{ kijhld~l y|hq {lisi}~l nl |d fhjibld~o y|l }lko}}ilj l{sikho hd~l}ìjk~hko$ Fhjibld~o{i{ isi}lkld ld ji{ {hb|jikhodl{ nlji lvoj|khd i `}id l{kiji nlj |dh"vl}{o Uvi{l Viko{ l{sikhijl{*so} Lvid [kiddishlko* Si~}hke Sl"~h~alid x ôb M}oing|}{~5 HDVL["^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* nhkhlbm}l nl=33=R$ Ji kid~hnin ~o~ij nl bi{iy|l ijbikldid son}i {l} bixo}y|l ji nl ~oni{ ji{ ìjiwhi{ a|d"

~i{$ Nl |di }l{l}vi i{ son}i ml"ml} ji Vi Jk~li si}i `ldl}i} d|l"vi{ l{~}ljji{$

Ji{ d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin y|l}onlid i ji Vi Jk~li do{ }lk|l}"nid y|l vhvhbo{ ld |di ìjiwhi

y|l l{~ ~onivi ld s}okl{o nl fo}"bikhd x lvoj|khd$ Ij s}hdkhsho*ji klid b|kgi{ ìjiwhi{ {i~jh~l{sly|li{ x ì{ }l{hn|ij$ I jo ji}ònl jo{ j~hbo{ bhjl{ nl bhjjodl{ nlio{* {l gi idlwhodino ji bixo}inl l{o{ {i~jh~l{ x si}~l nlj ì{s}hbh`ldho nlj blnho hd~l}ìjk"~hko kl}kido$ [h`|l kixldno ì{gikhi ji ìjiwhi* ~obidno ji fo}binl d|ml{ nl ij~i vljokhnin$ Ij bh{bo~hlbso* ji ìjiwhi lws|j{i ì{ ki}"ìno nl ljlbld~o{ sl{ino{ ij gijo*x s|lnl y|l hdkj|{o ij l{sikho hd"~l}ìjk~hko$

Ld jo{ s}whbo{ 93$333 bhjjodl{nl io{* b{ ìjiwhi{ {i~jh~l{ {lf|dnh}d kod ji Vi Jk~li$ [l k}li"}d i{ ko}}hld~l{ x fj|ao{ nl l{~}l"jji{ kobo jo{ y|l {l l{~d nl{k|"m}hldno igo}i ld lj gijo$ D|l{~}iìjiwhi x Idn}blni {h`|ld |d

}|bmo y|l ji{ jjlvi} i kgoki} |dikod~}i o~}i$ Do sonlbo{ s}lnlkh}lj i{slk~o nl ji Vi Jk~li* o nljo y|l y|lnl nl ljji* ld |d f|~|}ojlaido$ [jo {imlbo{ y|l {| fo}"bikhd do gi ~l}bhdino id$

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33> 995 7 nl a|jho 9888$ Nh{sodhmjl ld i}"Whv$o}`/im{/i{~}o"sg/8830930

IKK]L^HOD OF JOP"BLÎJJHKH^X @I[ MX ^GL BHJEX PIX$ Mi}~ S$ Pieel}* A$ Kg}h{ Gope*Mjih} N$ [ivi`l* G|ò vid Pol}nld* [~lvl J$ ^|f~l* \j}hkg A$ [kgpi}q* ]oml}~ Mld"

aibhd* ]odij n A$ ]lxdo jn{* ]lxdhl} F$ Sljl~ hl} x Sl~l} B$ P$ Eijml}ji ld Di~|}l* voj$>3=* d$o 6063* s`{$ ;77";835 < nl dovhlbm}l 9888$

^GL FO]BI^HOD IDN LVO J\^ HOD O F ^ GL BHJEX PIX$ K}h{~hdi Kghisshdh ld Ibl} hkid [khld"~h{~* voj$ 78* d$o 6* s`{$ 75 =3 nlbi}qo =33;$ i}Whv$o}`/im{/i{~}o"sg/3=99;6* d$o 9* s`{$96


18/99

Ld ji kji{l lj ibmhld~l l{ ~ld{o$ Lj bil{~}o*

{lvl}o sl}o a|{~o* sl}bidlkl ld |d lw~}lbonl ji ~i}hbi$ Lj dho* id~l lj `}id shqi}}ddl`}o* ìkgi ji kimlqi* ~}i~i nl l{y|hvi} jibh}ini nl }ls}okgl y|l jl jidqi {| hd{~}|k"~o}$ Vibo{ i vl}$$$ l{~{ {l`|}o nl y|l

909 =;9 {od ;8$>39?* jl s}l`|d~i* hbsikhld~l ji voq$Ji }l{s|l{~i l{ ~bhni$ L{~o$$$ {* {lo}?$ Lj bil{"~}o l{~ijji$ Sly|lo kiml{~}o) Do ~l ni{ k|ld~i nly|l ~l gi{ ly|hvokino? ^l gi{ ojvhnino nl ji s}|lminlj d|lvl? Lj dho* i~l}}o}hqino* `|i}ni |d {hjldkhok|jsimjl x {hld~l }lvojo~li} {om}l { ji ibldiqi nljki{~hò$ Ji {ld~ldkhi do ~i}ni ld jjlì}$ Im}l ji bido*o}nldi lj s}ofl{o}* y|l òjsli kod {| ji}ì }l`ji nlghl}}o ji sijbi hdfid~hj$$$

Nlalbo{ ij sly|lo ld {| nojo}o{o ~}idkl$ Ld d|l{"~}o{ ni{* jo{ bil{~}o{ {od bldo{ {lvl}o{ x ji s}|lminlj d|lvl ki}lkl nl {h`dhfhkino si}i jo{ l{koji}l{*y|l igo}i |~hjhqid {hlbs}l ji kijk|jino}i si}i om~ldl}lj }l{|j~ino nl osl}ikhodl{ fi{~hnho{i{$ Kobo xi dol{~ ld moì* id~l{ nl }lsi{i} {| gh{~o}hi nh}lbo{ ldy| kod{h{~l$

Ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl l{ |d s}oklnhbhld~o |~hjhqinosi}i ji nl~lkkhd nl l}}o}l{ ij lflk~|i} osl}ikhodl{i}h~b~hki{ 'inhkhd* {|{~}ikkhd* b|j~hsjhkikhd o nh"vh{hd($

I{ {l lwsjhkimi ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl si}i ji b|j~h"sjhkikhd ld |d vhlao bid|ij l{koji} y|l ni~i nl

98=;1 [li y|l {l gixi nl b|j~hsjhki} ; % ;7 2 0=$ Nl ig y|l |di so{hmjl vl}hfh"kikhd nl |di {|bi kod{h{~i ld kobs}omi} y|l* si}i|d nhvh{o} nino* lj }l{~o nl ji {|bi l{ h`|ij ij }l{~o

nl ji {|bi nl jo{ }l{~o{ nl kini |do nl jo{ {|bidno{$

Mi{~i {|bi} ji{ khf}i{

Ji b|j~hsjhkikhd kod{h{~l ld |di {l}hl nl inhkhodl{{|kl{hvi{* so} jo y|l {l} vjhni si}i ljji ji bh{bi}l`ji$ Lj s}on|k~o nl iy|ljjo{ no{ dbl}o{ {l lw"s}l{i* |di vlq {lsi}ino lj fik~o} 0* kobo ;> ;7 22 '0 > % 6( '0 < % ;( 2 0 '> 0 < % > ; % 6


19/99

~l}o{ l{ h`|ij ij }l{~o nlj s}on|k~o nl {|{ }l{~o{$ Lj}l{~o nl 6 ; 2 97 ij {l} nhvhnhno so} 0 vijl >* y|l l{~ibmhd lj }l{~o nl ;> ;7 2 9=8= ij nhvhnh}jo so} 0$

Ki}j F}hln}hkg @i|{{* y|l f|l jjibino S}hdkls{bi~glbi~hko}|b so} {|{ kol~dlo{* hd~}on|ao ld {|kjlm}l om}i Nh{y|h{h~hodl{ i}~hgbl~hkil * s|mjhkini ld9739* lj fo}bijh{bo nl jo{ dbl}o{ kod`}|ld~l{* nlji{ kji{l{ nl }l{~o{ x nl jo{ bn|jo{* bl}kln ij k|ijl{ so{hmjl }lfo}b|ji} kod ljlìdkhi jo{ i{l}~o{ s}lkl"nld~l{$ [l nhkl y|l i x m {od kod`}|ld~l{ bn|jo b{h ~hldld lj bh{bo }l{~o ij nhvhnh}jo{ so} b5 {l l{k}hmlld~odkl{ i m 'bon b( x {l jll i l{ kod`}|ld~l i mbn|jo b$ L{~l }l{~o* o }l{hn|o* {l nldo~i i bon b$^ldlbo{ i{ y|l 8 bon 0 2 =; bon 0 2 =$ Kod l{~i{do~ikhodl{* ji{ no{ s}oshlninl{ ld y|l {l f|dni jis}|lmi nlj d|lvl {l lws}l{id nl fo}bi b|x kodkh{i1

'i % m( bon b 2 'i bon b % m bon b( bon b* x'i m( bon b 2 'i bon b m bon b( bon b$Ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl kj{hki {l om~hldl ~obidno jo{

}l{~o{ nl ji{ nhvh{hodl{ so} 8* jo y|l ly|hvijl i kij"k|ji} bn|jo 8$

No{ om{l}vikhodl{$ Ji s}hbl}i1 l{ omjhìno {l} s}|"

nld~l$ Ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl do ni ì}id~i sjldi nl jivijhnlq nlj }l{|j~ino$ Ld lflk~o* no{ dbl}o{ kod"`}|ld~l{ bn|jo 8 ni}d lj bh{bo }l{~o ij nhvhnh}jo{so} 8$ [h ij lflk~|i} ji osl}ikhd {l kobl~l |d l}}o}y|l {li bj~hsjo nl 8* kobo {|klnl ld lj ki{o nl y|l{l sl}b|~ld no{ khf}i{* ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl do jo{liji}* so}y|l lj }l{|j~ino ko}}lk~o x lj l}}dlo {l}dkod`}|ld~l{ bn|jo 8$ So} lalbsjo* ij nhvhnh} so} 8jo{ dbl}o{ 6=09* 690= o 60=9 {l om~hldl* ld ~ono{jo{ ki{o{* |d }l{~o 0$ Ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl ~hldl b{nl s}oklnhbhld~o si}i ji nl~lkkhd nl l}}o}l{ y|l nlb~ono nl nlbo{~}ikhd$ Gix nokld~l{ y|l ld d|l{"~}o{ ni{ {l vijld nl ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl si}i lalb"sjhfhki} ji{ dokhodl{ nl kodnhkhd dlkl{i}hi x nl kod"

nhkhd {|fhkhld~l$ [h |di osl}ikhd i}h~b~hki gi {hnomhld lflk~|ini* dlkl{i}hibld~l gim} nl k|bsjh} jis}|lmi nlj d|lvl$ Lj fijjo ld ji s}|lmi l{ {|fhkhld~lsi}i ~ldl} ji kl}~lqi nl y|l {l gi kobl~hno |d l}}o}$Sl}o do l{ {|fhkhld~l y|l ji osl}ikhd {|sl}l ji s}|l"mi si}i ~ldl} ji kl}~lqi nl y|l lj kjk|jo gi {hnoko}}lk~ibld~l lflk~|ino$

So} o~}i si}~l* i|dy|l ld ji kobs}omikhd so} kod"`}|ldkhi {l s|lnl |~hjhqi} k|ijy|hl} dbl}o* ji s}|lminlj d|lvl gi {hno ji b{ lbsjlini nlmhno i ji `}idfikhjhnin kod y|l {l om~hldl lj }l{~o nl |di nhvh{hdso} 81 mi{~i {|bi} ~oni{ ji{ khf}i{ nlj dbl}o y|l {lgi nl nhvhnh}* x }lsl~h} l{~l s}okl{o gi{~i y|l {l om"~ldì |d dbl}o bldo} y|l 8* y|l {l} lj }l{~o$ Ldlflk~o* ij nhvhnh} so} 8 k|ijy|hl} so~ldkhi nl 93 lj}l{~o l{ h`|ij i 9$ Ji s}oshlnin nlj s}on|k~o nl kod"`}|ldkhi{ do{ gikl vl} y|l lj }l{~o nlj ~}bhdo ko}}l{"sodnhld~l i kini |di nl ji{ so~ldkhi{ nl 93 nl y|lkod{~i |d dbl}o l{ h`|ij ij kolfhkhld~l nl nhkgi so"~ldkhi$ Ij {|bi} bn|jo 8 l{~o{ kolfhkhld~l{ {l om"~hldl lj }l{~o nl nhvhnh} lj dbl}o so} 8$ ôno{ jo{ l{"koji}l{ kodokid l{~i }l`ji ijj ld jo{ m|ldo{ ~ hlbso{$

Bdini{ x sh~bldo{

Ji gh{~o}hi nl ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl {l }lbod~i i jo{sh~i`}hko{* nlj {h`jo V id~l{ nl d|l{~}i l}i$Xbmjhko* fhj{ofo dlosji~dhko dikhno ld Kijkh{*

ld ji ik~|ij [h}hi* l{k}hmh i s}hdkhsho{ nlj {h`jo HV nld|l{~}i l}i d|lvl jhm}o{ kod{i`}ino{ i ji {lk~i sh"~i`}hki$ \do nl ljjo{* ~h~|jino [om}l ji hd~}on|kkhdnl ji i}h~b~hki nl Dhkbiko nl @l}i{i * }lkoshji ko"bld~i}ho{ }lji~hvo{ i |di om}i nl l{~l dlosji~dhkonlj {h`jo H n$K$ Jo{ sh~i`}hko{ i~}hm|id vh}~|nl{ l{"slkhijl{ i ji{ so~ldkhi{ nl 93* i ji{ y|l nldobhdi"

I{ {l |~hjhqi ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvlJi s}|lmi nlj d|lvl l{ |d s}oklnhbhld~o nl kobs}omi"khd nlj }l{|j~ino nl |di osl}ikhd x {l f|dni ld jikobsi}ikhd nl jo{ }l{~o{ om~ldhno{ ij nhvhnh} so} 8 jo{osl}idno{$ [| fikhjhnin nl lbsjlo {l nlml i y|l* si}iom~ldl} nhkgo{ }l{~o{* mi{~i {|bi} ji{ khf}i{ y|l kobso"dld jo{ dbl}o{$ Hj|{~}lbo{ lj s}oklnhbhld~o kod ji{|bi nl ji shqi}}i nl ji nl}lkgi$ Lj }l{~o nl ji nhvh{hdso} 8 nl =;6 l{ =* y|l gijjibo{ i{1 = % ; % 6 2 99* x 9 %% 9 2 =$ Nl h |ij fo}bi* lj }l{~o nl 9= l{ ;$ L{~o{ }l{~o{

{l ~}i{jinid i jo{ jino{ nl}lkgo l hqy|hl}no nlj i{si* x{l {|bid1 ; % = 2


20/99

97 HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

mid bdini{ '~}bhdo y|l s}oklnl nl |di }iq `}hl`iy|l {h`dhfhki |dhnin($ Jo{ `}hl`o{ do so{lid lj{h{~lbi nl d|bl}ikhd so{hkhodij* x jjibimid bdi"ni{ nl s}hbl} o}nld i ji{ |dhninl{ nl |dhninl{* b"dini{ nl {l`|dno o}nld i ji{ |dhninl{ nl nlkldi{* xi{ {|kl{hvibld~l$

Xbmjhko ld|dkhi |di s}oshlnin {o}s}ldnld~l nl

ji{ {|bi{ nl bdini{1 ~oblbo{ ~}l{ dbl}o{ kod{l"k|~hvo{* nl jo{ y|l lj bixo} {li nhvh{hmjl so} ;* x {|b"bo{jo{$ Kijk|jlbo{ nl{s|{ ji {|bi nl ji{ bdini{nl ~ono{ jo{ }nldl{ y|l gixi ld lj }l{|j~ino* x }lsh~i"bo{ lj s}okl{o1 {hlbs}l ldkod~}i}lbo{ 6$ Vl}hfhy|lbo{y|l i{ ok|}}l kod jo{ dbl}o{ 709* 70= x 70; 'y|ll{ nhvh{hmjl so} ;($ [|bid =696$ L{~i {|bi so{ll {lh{bdini{ nlj s}hbl} o}nld* |di nlj {l`|dno o}nld* l~k$[| {|bi* 9* x {l b|j~hsjhki so} lj }l{~o nl =;* y|lvijl


21/99

Y|hldl{ s}l~ldnld gikl} s}oflki{ so} blnho nlkjk|jo{ x nl dbl}o{ '$$$( ifh}bid y|l si}i ~ono d"bl}o gix |d sh~bldo$ Ld lj ki{o nl jo{ bhjji}l{* gix~id~i{ bdini{ kobo bhjji}l{1 so} lalbsjo* lj sh~"bldo nl {lh{ bhj* {lh{ bdini{ '$$$($ X ld lj ki{o nlji{ kld~ldi{* ~id~i{ bdini{ {l}d {|{ sh~bldo{ kobokld~ldi{ gixi '$$$($ X ld lj ki{o nl ji{ bdini{* ji{s}oshi{ bdini{ {od jo{ sh~bldo{* so} lalbsjo* nld|lvl* d|lvl5 nl okgo* okgo '$$$($ Nlmlbo{ ik~|i} nlh`|ij bidl}i ld lj ki{o nl ji{ '$$$( sijim}i{* so}y|lkini jl~}i ko}}l{sodnl i |d khl}~o dbl}o5 so} lalb"sjo* ji jl~}i * y|l }ls}l{ld~i lj dbl}o khdk|ld~i*~hldl ij < so} sh~bldo '$$$($

Gix y|l {iml} y|l lj {h{~lbi nl d|bl}ikhd `}hl`ol}i ijfim~hko$ Ji{ jl~}i{ * * * * * $$$ * * * * ** $$$* * * * * * $$$ }ls}l{ld~imid* }l{slk~hvibld~l*i jo{ dbl}o{ 9* =* ;* >* 3* 33* 76* lb"sjlimid ji lws}l{hd ij"ha~hmi} mh ~h{i* {obl~hno i jis}|lmi nlj d|lvl$

Ji ~}ivl{i nlj Blnh~l}}dloLj hdlvh~imjl Jlodi}no Fhmodikkh* jjibino Jlodi}nonl Sh{i* hd~}on|ao l{~l b~ono ld Okkhnld~l$ Josoko y|l {l {iml nl j s}oklnl nl jo{ ni~o{ y|l do{s}oso}khodi ji b{ kjlm}l nl {|{ om}i{* ljJhml} imikh*kobs|l{~i ld 9=3= x }lvh{ini ld 9==7$ K|ld~i y|l {|sin}l* y|l l}i kod~imjl nl jo{ bl}kinl}l{ nl Sh{i* jljjlv i ji in|idi nl Mlaihi* ld Eimhjhi$ Lj aovld Jlodi}nonl{k|m}h ijj lj kjk|jo kod ji{ khf}i{ hdnhi{* k|xolbsjlo do nlai i si}~h} nl ld~odkl{ nl s}lkodhqi} ldOkkhnld~l$ Jo{ {hl~l s}hbl}o{ kis~|jo{ nlj Jhml}imikh l{~d nlnhkino{ ij kjk|jo blnhid~l lj {h{~lbinl d|bl}ikhd so{hkhodij hdno}iml5 ld lj kis~|jo V*

Fhmodikkh lwsodl |di nlbo{~}ikhd nl ji s}|lmi nljd|lvl l hdnhki y|l ~ibmhd l{ so{hmjl |~hjhqi} jis}|lmi so} 0 x so} 99$

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33> 98

LJ S]HBL] FOJHO nl |d bid|{k}h~o nlj Jhml} imikh* nl Jlodi}noFhmodikkh* kobs|l{~o ld 9==7* ld lj y|l lj i|~o} }lfhl}l {| ld"k|ld~}o kod ji d|bl}ikhd ghdn x s}onh`i jo{ kod{lao{ si}i ji |~h"jhqikhd nl {| om}i$ Ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl {l lwsodl ld lj kis~|jo V$


22/99

Ji s}|lmi nlj d|lvl jjl` i{ iOkkhnld~l* nodnl {l sl}sl~|$ Jildkod~}ibo{ {om}l ~ono ld ji [|bbinl J|ki Sikhojh '9>>


23/99


24/99

Ld ~o}do i |di lkodoL{ b|x `}idnl lj hd~l}{ y|l {|{kh~id ji{ shji{ nl kobm|{~hmjl$

[hd lbmi}`o* do }l{|j~i ~i}li fkhj nl{i}}ojji} |di lkodobi y|l nlsldni nlj ghn}`ldo

== HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>


25/99

Ld o~oo nl =33;* i jo{ soko{ bl{l{ nl y|llj s}l{hnld~l M|{g id|dkhi}i |d s}o`}ibinl hdvl{~h`ikhd nl ki{h 9


26/99

kod~ibhdikhd nl{nl igo}i bh{bo$Jo{ kokgl{ kod shji{ nl kobm|{~h"mjl* ld kibmho* id ~i}ni}d ld jjl"ì}$ [l l{sl}id ld flkgi{ kobsi"}imjl{ i ji{ nlj v|ljo ~}hs|jino iBi}~l nl ji DI[I x kod |d dhvljnl vl}o{hbhjh~|n si}lkhno$

L{~l {o}s}ldnld~l }l~}i{o }lvljiji{ hdk`dh~i{ x om{~k|jo{ y|l ai"jodid ji ki}}l}i gikhi |di lkodobimi{ini ld lj ghn}`ldo* ld ji y|lji bixo} si}~l nl ji ldl}ì {l hd"vl}~h}i ld ji s}on|kkhd nl ghn}"`ldo* y|l j|lò {l nh}h`h}i i |dishji nl kobm|{~hmjl si}i `ldl}i}ljlk~}hkhnin$ [l gid s|l{~o b|kgi{l{sl}idqi{ ld lj nl{i}}ojjo nl sh"ji{ nl kobm|{~hmjl x ld ji so{hmh"jhnin nl |di lkodobi nlj ghn}"`ldo b{ jhbshi* y|l iflk~i}i do{jo ij ~}id{so}~l* {hdo ~ibmhd iji nh{~}hm|khd nl ldl}ì i vhvhld"

ni{ x o~}o{ lnhfhkho{$ Lj si{ino do"vhlbm}l* lj {lk}l~i}ho l{~ino|dhnld{lnl Ldl}ì* [sldkl} Im}igib* bi"dhfl{~ id~l gobjoò{ nl 9> si"{l{ x nl ji \dhd L|}osli y|l ljghn}`ldo }lvoj|khodi}i lj b|dnold y|l vhvhbo{$ [jo ld jo{ L{~ino{\dhno{* jo{ vlgk|jo{ bo~o}hqino{'b{ nl =33 bhjjodl{( kod{|bldkl}ki nl no{ ~l}kho{ nl jo{ =3 bh"jjodl{ nl mi}}hjl{ nl sl~}jlo y|l{l ì{~id i nhi}ho ijj$

Sl}o lj ghn}`ldo ~hldl |d ko{~llkodbhko x ibmhld~ij$ Ji shji nlghn}`ldo kobm|{~hmjl k|l{~i* so}|dhnin nl so~ldkhi s}on|khni* ki{hkhld vlkl{ b{ y|l |d bo~o} nl lw"sjo{hd$ Si}i {l} kobsl~h~hvo{ lds}lkho* lj pi~~ gim}i y|l vldnl}{li |do{ k|i~}o kd~hbo{ nl l|}o5 {hdlbmi}ò* {l l{~ of}lkhldno i ki{h~}l{ l|}o{ x blnho* }lk|l}ni ^hb]$ Nip{lx* nl ji kobsii Li{~bidKglbhkij* fim}hkid~l nl sojbl}o{

si}i shji{ nl kobm|{~hmjl$ Ld k|id~oi ji |dhnin nl ldl}ì |~hjhqimjl* ljghn}`ldo ~ibmhd }l{|j~i |di{ khd"ko vlkl{ b{ ki}o y|l ji ì{ojhdi$Lj ko{~l ibmhld~ij {l kld~}i ld jikod~ibhdikhd nl}hvini nl ji ldl}"ì y|l {l }ly|hl}l si}i s}on|kh}ghn}`ldo$ X i|d k|idno l{i ldl}ìs}ovldì nl |di f|ld~l }ldovimjl*{oji} o ljhki* s|lnl y|l ~ldì isjh"kikhodl{ b{ hdofld{hvi{ si}i ljld~o}do y|l ji s}on|kkhd nl ghn}"`ldo$ Ji nh{~}hm|khd x lj ijbikl"dibhld~o nlj ghn}`ldo* i{ koboji {l`|}hnin ld {| bidhs|jikhdlj ì{ b{ jh`l}o nlj |dhvl}{osjid~lid o~}i{ nhfhk|j~inl{ ~kdhki{x nl hdf}il{~}|k~|}i$ K|ijy|hl} s}o"s|l{~i vhimjl ld fivo} nl ji lko"dobi nlj ghn}`ldo nlml} imo}"ni} ~oni{ l{~i{ k|l{~hodl{$

S}on|kkhd nl ghn}`ldoJi{ shji{ nl kobm|{~hmjl nl ghn}"`ldo of}lkld no{ i~}ik~hvo{ lvhnld"~l{$ Ld s}hbl} j|ì}* do kod~ibh"did Uvi{l Lj vlgk|jo nlj kibmho*so} Jip}ldkl N$ M|}d{* A$ Mx}odBkKo}bhke x Kg}h{~osgl} L$ Mo}}o"dh"Mh}n5 HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI*nhkhlbm}l nl =33=R$ Ld {l`|dno j|"ì}* lj ghn}`ldo {l om~hldl i si}~h}nl b|j~h~|n nl f|ld~l{$ Nl glkgo*do s|lnl kod{hnl}i}{l |d kobm|{"~hmjl* ld lj {ld~hno kobd nlj ~}"bhdo$ So} kobm|{~hmjl ld~ldnlbo{|di {|{~idkhi y|l {l ldk|ld~}i ldji di~|}ijlqi* kobo lj ki}md* oy|l {l }lfhdi i si}~h} nl |d s}o"n|k~o di~|}ij* kobo lj ì{jlo 'y|lnl}hvi nlj sl~}jlo(* x {l y|lbij|lò si}i om~ldl} ldl}ì$ Ld d|l{"~}o sjidl~i* lj ghn}`ldo s|}o 'G=(do {l ldk|ld~}i ld ji di~|}ijlqi5si}i om~ldl}jo* nlmlbo{ }lk|}}h} i~}i~ibhld~o{ |d ~id~o ijibmhkino{$

[l ~}i~i* s|l{* nl |d vlk~o} ldl}`"~hko* |d i`ld~l y|l ijbikldi x ~}id{"so}~i ldl}ì nl{nl |di f|ld~l o}h"`hdij gi{~i |di by|hdi `ldl}ino}inl ljlk~}hkhnin$ Ld sijim}i{ nl NivhnE$ @i}bid* {lk}l~i}ho ina|d~o nl jiofhkhdi nl Lfhkhldkhi Ldl}`~hki xLdl}ì{ ]ldovimjl{ nlj NOL* jimljjlqi nlj ghn}`ldo }l{hnl ld jinhvl}{hnin nl kobm|{~hmjl{ y|l in"bh~l$ Do om{~id~l* kini f|ld~l ~hldl{|{ hdkodvldhld~l{$

Lj ghn}`ldo {l om~hldl* so} lalb"sjo* blnhid~l lj s}okl{o nl ljlk~}"jh{h{* y|l {l {h}vl nl ko}}hld~l ljk"~}hki si}i nl{kobsodl} ji bojk|jinl i`|i$ Ji ljlk~}hkhnin {|bhdh{"~}ini s}ovldn}i nl kj|ji{ {oji}l{*`ldl}ino}l{ ljhko{* kld~}ijl{ gh"n}oljk~}hki{ o }lik~o}l{ d|kjli}l{nl s}whbi `ldl}ikhd* b{ {l`|"}o{ Uvi{l D|lvi `ldl}ikhd nl ji

ldl}ì d|kjli}* so} Aibl{ I$ Jiel*]ijsg @$ Mlddl~~ x Aogd F$ Eo~le*HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* bi}qonl =33=R$ îbmhd {l l{~ hdvl{~h"ìdno lj |{o nl bhk}oo}ìdh{bo{si}i ~}id{fo}bi} ld ghn}`ldo jimhobi{i* y|l hdkj|h}i si}~l{ nl ji{ko{lkgi{ y|l gox ki}lkld nl vijo}lkodbhko$ Ld flm}l}o nl l{~l ionl =33>* ji \dhvl}{hnin nl Bhd"dl{o~i x ji nl Si~}i{ s}l{ld~i}od|d }lik~o} y|bhko y|l `ldl}i gh"n}`ldo i si}~h} nl |di blqkji nll~idoj x i`|i$ Sl{l i {| i~}ik~hvo*~oni{ l{~i{ ~kdhki{ so} igo}i }l{|j"~id hd~}id{fl}hmjl{ ij kh}k|h~o kobl}"khij5 jo b{ s}omimjl l{ y|l {hìdi{ b|kgo{ io{$

[l s|lnl s}on|kh} ghn}`ldo bl"nhid~l ji ljlk~}hkhnin `ldl}ini so}ji kobm|{~hd nl ki}md* ji f|ld~lnl ldl}ì b{ mi}i~i ld b|kgi{}l`hodl{$ Sl}o {h lj ki}md f|l}i ljhd`}lnhld~l m{hko nl ji lkodobinlj ghn}`ldo* ji{ lbh{hodl{ nl nh"whno nl ki}modo s}obovl}id lj ki"jld~ibhld~o jomij gi{~i dhvljl{ b|x

sljh`}o{o{$O~}i so{hmjl f|ld~l nl ldl}ì si}iji s}on|kkhd nl ghn}`ldo l{ ljbl~ido kod~ldhno ld lj ì{ di~|}ij'i{ kobo lj bl~idoj | o~}o kob"m|{~hmjl ghn}oki}m|}o($ Lj ì{ di"~|}ij* ij }likkhodi} kod viso} nli`|i* s}on|kl ghn}`ldo x nhwhnonl ki}modo$ [hd lbmi}ò* lbsjli"no si}i ji ki}ì nl shji{ nl kob"m|{~hmjl* lj ì{ di~|}ij sl}nl}i {||~hjhqikhd hdn|{~}hij b{ vld~iao{igox ni1 ji kobm|{~hd ld ~|}mhdi{

=> HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

]l{|bld/Lkodobi nlj ghn}`ldo Ji{ shji{ nl ghn}`ldo of}lkld |d }ldnhbhld~o y|l nomji lj nl jo{bo~o}l{ nl lwsjo{hd |{|ijl{$ I nhfl}ldkhi nl {~o{* ji{ shji{ nlkobm|{~hmjl {jo nl{s}ldnld viso} nl i`|i x kijo}$

Lj ghn}`ldo s|}o do {l ldk|ld~}i ld ji di~|}ijlqi$ [| s}on|kkhdnlsldnl nl ji{ f|ld~l{ nl ldl}ì ik~|ijl{1 ko{~o{i{ x nl ikkl{hmhjh"nin }l{~}hd`hni 'ljlk~}jh{h{ blnhid~l ldl}ì{ }ldovimjl{ kobo ji {o"ji}* ljhki o ghn}oljk~}hki( o b|x kod~ibhdid~l{ 'nlmhno i ji{ lbh"{hodl{ nl ì{l{ hdvl}dinl}o y|l nl}hvid nlj |{o nl ki}md | o~}o{kobm|{~hmjl{ f{hjl{($

[h mhld lj ghn}`ldo do kod{~h~|xl ji sidikli* { s|lnl }l{|j~i} is}o"shino si}i khl}~i{ isjhkikhodl{$ Ld~}l ljji{ ~ij vlq do fh`|}l lj ~}id{"so}~l$


27/99


28/99

lj {~ido nl |di ki{i y|l lw~}ihìghn}`ldo nlj ì{ di~|}ij x jo ~}id{"fo}bl ld ljlk~}hkhnin si}i imi{~l"kl} ji vhvhldni* lj }ldnhbhld~o {l}ihdkj|{o bixo} {h* so} lalbsjo* {lis}ovlkgi}i lj kijo} nl{s}ldnhno so}ji shji si}i kijld~i} lj i`|i$(

Lwh{~l |d s}oklnhbhld~o y|l sl}"bh~l lvij|i} k|j {l}i ji blao}fo}bi nl is}ovlkgi} |d kobm|{~h"mjl$ [l ~}i~i nlj b~ono nlj soqoi ji{ }|lni{* y|l kobsi}i lj }ld"nhbhld~o ldl}`~hko nl ~oni{ ji{ ~k"dhki{ y|l lwh{~ld si}i gikl} `h}i}ji{ }|lni{ nl |d vlgk|jo$ Lj ljl"bld~o m{hko nl l{~l idjh{h{ l{ lj}ldnhbhld~o nl ji kodvl}{hd* y|lbhnl ji s}nhni nl so~ldkhij ldl}`"~hko nlj kobm|{~hmjl y|l {l s}o"

n|kl ld kini |di nl ji{ l~isi{ nlji kinldi nl ldl}ì* nl{nl lj mob"mlo nlj k}|no 'nlj soqo( gi{~i{| kobm|{~hd ld lj bo~o} 'iji{ }|lni{($

Ji s}hbl}i si}~l nl l{~i lvij|i"khd ldl}`~hki ko}}l{sodnl i jil~isi nlj soqo ij nls{h~o$ [l kld"~}i ld jo{ ko{~l{ nl fim}hkikhd xld~}lì nlj kobm|{~hmjl$ K|idno ljì{ di~|}ij {l k}iy|li si}i om~ldl}ghn}`ldo* {l shl}nl ij}lnlno} nlj>3 so} khld~o nl ji ldl}ì$ ôbi}

ji ljlk~}hkhnin nl ji }ln nl nh{~}h"m|khd si}i s}on|kh} ghn}`ldo so}ljlk~}jh{h{ nlj i`|i iki}}li |dis}nhni nlj 07 so} khld~o$ 'Sl{l i{| miao }ldnhbhld~o* ji ljlk~}jh{h{s}omimjlbld~l s}lnobhdi} ld jo{s}hbl}o{ l{~inho{ nl |di lkodobinlj ghn}`ldo nlmhno i {| kobonh"nin1 lj ghn}`ldo {l s}on|kl ijjnodnl {l dlkl{h~i x* so} ~id~o* {llvh~id jo{ s}omjlbi{ nl ~}id{so}~l$(Ld kibmho* mobmli} k}|no nl{nllj soqo* ~}id{so}~i}jo i ji }lfhdl}i*kodvl}~h}jo ld ì{ojhdi x jjlvi}jo i|di l{~ikhd nl {l}vhkho o}h`hdi s}"nhni{ ld ~o}do ij =9 so} khld~o nljso~ldkhij ldl}`~hko$ Ld ji om~ld"khd nl ì{ di~|}ij x {| kobs}l"{hd ld |d nls{h~o {l shl}nl {oji"

bld~l |d 9< so} khld~o$Ji {l`|dni si}~l* nlj nls{h~oi ji{ }|lni{* kod{h{~l ld lvij|i}ji f}ikkhd nl ji ldl}ì kod~ldhnild lj nls{h~o nlj vlgk|jo y|l}lijbld~l {l |~hjhqi si}i bovl} ji{}|lni{$ Ld |d bo~o} nl ì{ojhdil{~dni} {l shl}nl lj 7< so} khld~onl l{i ldl}ì$ Ld {|bi* lj {h{~l"bi ld~l}o nlj soqo ij nls{h"~o x nlj nls{h~o i ji{ }|lni{{|f}l |di s}nhni ~o~ij nlj 77 so}khld~o$

Ji shji nl kobm|{~hmjl ~}i{fhl}lij}lnlno} nlj ;0 so} khld~o nl jildl}ì nlj ghn}`ldo i ji{ }|lni{$[h lj ghn}`ldo {l om~hldl nlj ì{di~|}ij }lfo}bino kod viso}* ji s}"nhni nlj soqo i ji{ }|lni{ l{ nlj07 so} khld~o$ [h {l om~hldl bl"nhid~l ljlk~}jh{h{ kod ljlk~}hkhnin`ldl}ini so} ki}md* ji s}nhni nljsoqo 'ld l{~l ki{o* |di bhdi( ijnls{h~o i{khldnl ij 07 so} khld~o5{|bino ij 6; so} khld~o y|l {l shl}"nl ld ji shji* ji s}nhni `jomij {lkodvhl}~l ld |d 8= so} khld~o$

Pijjx ]hsslj* hd`ldhl}o nl ji kob"sii Il}oVh}odbld~* y|l si}~hkhsld lj nl{i}}ojjo nlj kokgl ljk~}hkoLV"9 nl @ldl}ij Bo~o}{ x nlj ivhdljk~}hko {oji} Gljho{ nl ji DI[I*

of}lkl |d ldfoy|l ij~l}di~hvo$ [l`d{|{ kjk|jo{* ld |d kokgl s}os|j"{ino so} |d bo~o} ljk~}hko* lj eh"jopi~~"go}i |~hjhqino si}i }lki}ì}ji{ mi~l}i{ jl sl}bh~h} ividqi} lj~}hsjl nl ji nh{~idkhi y|l }lko}}l}i{h lj bh{bo ehjopi~~"go}i {l |~hjh"qi}i si}i s}on|kh} ghn}`ldo si}i|di shji nl kobm|{~hmjl$

L{~o{ glkgo{ isoxid ji ~l{h{ nljo{ y|l }lkobhldnid do |~hjhqi} ljlk"~}hkhnin si}i s}on|kh} ghn}`ldo*si}i j|lò }l`ldl}i} l{i bh{bi ljlk"

=6 HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

3

=3

>3

63

73

933

Bo~o}KHnlì{

ojhdi

]ldnhbhld~oldl}`~hko'so}kld~ial(

^hso nl vlgk|jo

Gm}hno

ljk~}hko"ì{

ojhdi

Bo~o}KHn

h{lj

G

m}hno

ljk~}hko"n

h{lj

Bo~o}KH

nlì{di~|}ij

Bo~o}KHnlghn}

`ldo

kobs}

hbhno

Shji

nlkobm|{~hmjl

nlì{

ojhdi

Shji

nlkobm|{~hmjl

nlbl

~idoj

Shji

nlkobm|{~hmjl

nll

~idoj

Shji

nlkobm|{~hmjl

nlghn}`ldo

'}lfo}binokodviso}(

Shji

nlkobm|

{~hmjl

nlghn}

`ldo

'ljlk~}hkhninnlji

}ln(

]ldnhbhld~o ~o~i

j]ldnhbhld~o nlj vlgk|jo 2]ldnhbhld~o nl ji kinldi nlj kobm|{~hmjl

J\KX

]LINHD@5F\LD^L1

NLSI]ÎBLDÔ

NL

LDL]@HI

LJ ]LDNHBHLDÔ ldl}`~hko ~o~ij kobs}ldnl do {jolj f|dkhodibhld~o nlj vlgk|jo* {hdo ~ibmhd ji ldl}ì}ly|l}hni si}i s}on|kh} lj kobm|{~hmjl$ Lj s}okl{o y|limi}ki ji lw~}ikkhd nlj k}|no* {| }lfhdikhd x lj ~}id{"

so}~l nl ji ì{ojhdi gi{~i jo{ {|}~hno}l{ y|l imi{~lkldjo{ bo~o}l{ nl lwsjo{hd o kobm|{~hd hd~l}di 'KH(of}lkl |d }ldnhbhld~o bixo} y|l lj nl ji s}on|kkhdnl ghn}`ldo si}i ji{ shji{ nl kobm|{~hmjl$

]LDNHBHLDÔ LDL]@L^HKO NLJ SOQO I JI[ ]\LNI[


29/99

~}hkhnin ld |di shji nl kobm|{~hmjlmiao lj kis nlj kokgl$ [hd lbmi}"ò* lwh{~l |di }iqd nl sl{o si}i}lk|}}h} i ji{ kodvl}{hodl{ bj~hsjl{nl miao }ldnhbhld~o1 {od b{ mi}i"~i{$ Nl{nl lj s|d~o nl vh{~i lkod"bhko do }l{|j~id ~id hdlfhkhld~l{$X {h ~ldlbo{ ld k|ld~i y|l lj nh"dl}o gi {hno gi{~i igo}i lj i`ld~ly|l gi kodfh`|}ino lj bl}kino ldl}"`~hko* i|dy|l ji{ shji{ nl ghn}"`ldo nl{sl}nhkhld }lk|}{o{* {h ji{nhfl}ldkhi{ ld lj ko{~l nl ji ldl}ì{od ~id ldo}bl{* so} y| do b|"ni}do{ i |d {h{~lbi y|l do{ sl}bh"~i ik|nh} ijj nodnl ji ldl}ì {lib{ mi}i~i?

Pij~l} [kg}olnl}* nl S}o~od Ldl}"`x [x{~lb{* kobsii nlnhkini ily|hso{ ljlk~}oj~hko{* lwsjhki jo{i}`|bld~o{ lkodbhko{$ Lj ki}md*i jo{ s}lkho{ ik~|ijl{ y|l s}omi"

mjlbld~l {l bid~ldn} b{ o bl"do{ ld jo{ s}whbo{ io{* k|l{~i|do{ l|}o{ so} bhjjd nl ehjokijo"}i{$ Ji ì{ojhdi 'ij s}lkho ik~|ijld L{~ino{ \dhno{ nl ij}lnlno} nlblnho nji} so} jh~}o* y|l* i|dy|lgox si}lkl ij~o* son}i {l} hdfl}ho}ij nlj f|~|}o( vldn}i i ko{~i} b{

nl {l~ld~i nji}l{ so} bhjjd nlehjokijo}i{$ Kod{l`|h} y|l ji{ ki"jo}i{ nlj ki}md {l ~}id{fo}bldld kijo}i{ kisikl{ nl s}os|j{i}|d kokgl vhldl i {l} kobo kodvl}~h}i`|i ld vhdo$ [kg}olnl} jjibi i {|nh{so{h~hvo* y|l kodvhl}~l lj i`|ild ghn}`ldo* by|hdi nl i}mh~}i"

al$ 'I}mh~}ial l{ lj ~}bhdo y|ljo{ midy|l}o{ o jo{ i`ld~l{ nl moj{i|~hjhqid si}i nl{k}hmh} |di osl}i"khd nl kibmho nl vijo}l{ bl}kid"~hjl{ ld ji y|l {l m|{ki ji ìdidkhiis}ovlkgidno ji nhfl}ldkhi nl s}l"kho{ ld~}l |di{ sjiqi{ x o~}i{$( K|ij"y|hl} soj~hki }iqodimjl nlml {l}kod{khld~l nl jo{ ldo}bl{ nhfl}ld"khijl{ 'nhfl}ldkhi{ ld~}l s}lkho{( y|llwh{~ld ld lj bl}kino nl vijo}l{ldl}`~hko{$

^}id{so}~l

x nh{~}hm|khd nlj ghn}`ldoJi{ nhfl}ld~l{ f|ld~l{ nl ldl}ì*{hd lbmi}ò* y|hq do s|lnid hd"~l}kibmhi}{l ~id fkhjbld~l kobo ljnhdl}o ld |d i}mh~}ial$ [|bhdh{~}i}ghn}`ldo nl fo}bi kboni x mi"}i~i do }l{|j~i {ldkhjjo* ij bldo{ {hgi nl om~ldl}{l nl f|ld~l{ }ldovi"

mjl{ kobo ji ldl}ì {oji}* ghn}o"ljk~}hki o ljhki* is}ovlkgimjl{ {jold khl}~i{ }li{ `lo`}fhki{$

Lj ghn}`ldo s}oklnld~l nl il}o"`ldl}ino}l{* so} lalbsjo* l{ kob"sl~h~hvo ld L{~ino{ \dhno{ kod jiì{ojhdi k|idno ji ldl}ì ljhkik|l{~i ~}l{ kld~ivo{ so} ehjopi~~"go}i$ L{~o {|klnl ld j|ì}l{ nodnl{hlbs}l {osji lj vhld~o x* so} ~id~o*soko somjino{ 'ld jo{ LL$\\$* jif}idai y|l vi nl{nl Bod~idi x ib"mi{ Nieo~i{ gi{~i ^lwi{($ L{~ildl}ì ljk~}hki nl o}h`ld ljhko~ldn} y|l }lko}}l} |d ji}ò ~}ixlk~ogi{~i jo{ |{|i}ho{ fhdijl{* s}on|"khdno{l s}nhni{ hdlvh~imjl{ ld ji}ln nl nh{~}hm|khd$ Si}i {|sl}i}ji{ jhbh~ikhodl{ nl ji ~}id{bh{hdljk~}hki* ~ij vlq son}i kod{~}|h}{l|d ì{on|k~o y|l ~}id{so}~i}i*ld fo}bi nl ghn}`ldo* ji ldl}ì

ljhki `ldl}ini ld Nieo~i gi{~iKghkiò lj bl}kino i|~obovhj{"~hko b{ s}whbo$

[hd lbmi}ò* ~ibsoko {~i kod{"~h~|xl |di l{~}i~l`hi fik~hmjl$ Niniji miai nld{hnin nlj ghn}`ldo* {|nh{~}hm|khd }l{|j~i b|kgo b{ nhf"khj y|l ji nlj ì{ di~|}ij* so} lalb"

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33> =0

Lbh{hodl{ nl ì{l{ hdvl}dinl}o '`}ibo{ so} bhjji }lko}}hni(

Lbh{hodl{ nlj vlgk|jo

Lbh{hodl{ nl ji kinldinlj kobm|{~hmjl

^hsonlv

lgk|

jo

Bo~o} KH

nl ì{ojhdi

Gm}hnoljk~}hko"ì{ojhdi

Bo~o} KH nh{lj

Gm}hnoljk~}hko"nh{lj

Bo~o} KHnl ì{ di~|}ij

Bo~o} KH nl ghn}`ldokobs}hbhno

Shji nl kobm|{~hmjlnl ì{ojhdi

Shji nl kobm|{~hmjlnl bl~idoj

Shji nl kobm|{~hmjlnl l~idoj

Shji nl kobm|{~hmjlnl ghn}`ldo

'}lfo}bino kod viso}(

Shji nl kobm|{~hmjlnl ghn}`ldo

'}lfo}bino kod viso}(

3 >33;33=33933


30/99

sjo$ Lj ~}id{so}~l nl k|ijy|hl} ì{ld `}idnl{ vojbldl{ lwh`l kob"s}hbh}jo5 nl jo kod~}i}ho* lj ì{o"n|k~o gim}i nl ~ldl} lj bh{bo nh"bl~}o y|l lj f|{ljial nl |d ivhd$Ji kobs}l{hd }ly|hl}l |d ~}imiaoy|l {|{~}il id b{ ldl}ì nlj s}o"kl{o s}on|k~hvo ~o~ij$ So} {h f|l}isoko* ji bidhs|jikhd nlj ghn}`ldol{ b{ kobsjhkini y|l ji nl o~}o{ì{l{ kobm|{~hmjl{$ \d }lkhld~l l{"~|nho jjlvino i kimo so} \jf Mo{{lj*Mijn|} Ljhi{{od x @o}nod îxjo}*{liji y|l lj ghn}`ldo kobs}hbhnoi 083 i~b{fl}i{ so{ll bldo{ nl|d ~l}kho nl ji ldl}ì nlj bl~idos}l{ld~l ld lj ì{ di~|}ij i l{ibh{bi s}l{hd$

Ji bh{bi hdvl{~hìkhd }lvlji y|l|d kibhd kisiq nl {|bhdh{~}i}=>33 ehjo`}ibo{ nl ì{ di~|}ij i |d|{|i}ho {jo s|lnl ki}ì} =77 eh"

jo`}ibo{ nl ghn}`ldo kobs}hbhnoi ji bh{bi s}l{hd$ Ld o~}i{ siji"m}i{* {l dlkl{h~i}id |do{ 9< ki"bhodl{ si}i ki}ì} kod lj ghn}`ldodlkl{i}ho si}i s}os|j{i} lj bh{bo

dbl}o nl i|~obvhjl{ y|l imi{"~lkl |d {ojo kibhd nl ì{ojhdi$ [h{l |~hjhqi}i ghn}`ldo ld l{~ino j"y|hno* ~}l{ kibhodl{ mi{~i}id si}ikod{l`|h} lj bh{bo omal~hvo5 sl}oji jhk|lfikkhd nlj ghn}`ldo lwh`l|d l{f|l}qo do~imjlbld~l bixo}$ Lj~}id{so}~l {l}i b{ fkhj {h {l gh"khl}i ld fo}bi nl bl~idoj 'y|l {l}lfo}bi}i i mo}no nlj vlgk|jo si}is}oso}khodi} ghn}`ldo(5 sl}o* |divlq b{* l{~i ~}id{fo}bikhd inh"khodij kodjjlvi |di sldijhqikhdldl}`~hki$ So} ~id~o* }l{|j~i b{kodvldhld~l |~hjhqi} lj ghn}`ldo ld{| j|ì} nl s}on|kkhd* y|l s|lnlnh{~i} nl jo{ s}hdkhsijl{ bl}kino{nl kobm|{~hmjl{ si}i ji i|~obokhd$

[li k|ij f|l}l ji fo}bi nl nh{"~}hm|h} lj ghn}`ldo* ig do ikimidji{ nhfhk|j~inl{ y|l ld~}ii ji bi"dhs|jikhd nl l{~l ì{ l{k|}}hnhqo$

O~}o nl {|{ hdkodvldhld~l{ }l{hnlld {| `}id hdfjibimhjhnin$ ôno{ jo{kobm|{~hmjl{ ì{lo{o{ i}nld i kod"kld~}ikhodl{ kobs}ldnhni{ ld~}l|do{ vijo}l{ bwhbo x bdhbo$ Lj

bi}`ld nlj ghn}`ldo l{ {hd`|ji}"bld~l ibsjho1 nlj = ij 0< so} khld~o$Lj ì{ di~|}ij* ld kibmho* i}nl ikodkld~}ikhodl{ nlj < ij 9< so}khld~o$ So} ~id~o* {h |di f|ì nlì{ di~|}ij }l{|j~i sljh`}o{i* b{jo {l} |di f|ì nl ghn}`ldo* s|l{{l hdkldnhi} nld~}o nl |d hd~l}"vijo nl kodkld~}ikhodl{ b|kgo bi"xo}$ Ji ldl}ì bdhbi dlkl{i}hisi}i ji h`dhkhd nlj ghn}`ldo ~ib"mhd l{ b|kgo bldo} y|l si}i ljì{ di~|}ij$

So} {h f|l}i soko* lj ghn}`ldoi}nl nl fo}bi hdvh{hmjl$ Ld |d bi"d|ij nl {l`|}hnin s|mjhkino so} jiDI[I* {l }lkobhldni vh`hji} jo{ hd"kldnho{ nl ghn}`ldo {o{~ldhldno|di l{komi kod lj m}iqo lw~ldnhnox kobs}omidno {h ji{ siai{ nlj lw"~}lbo i}nld$ ]l{|j~i sivo}o{o* ldlflk~o* s|l{ do {l om{l}vi jjibi

ij`|di$ Bhkgilj N$ Ibh}hnh{* nl ji\dhvl}{hnin nl Ki}ojhdi nlj [|}* ld"~hldnl y|l |d i|~obvhj s}os|j"{ino so} shji{ nl kobm|{~hmjl nl"ml} osl}i} kod dhvljl{ nl {l`|}hnin

=7 HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

Ld~}ininl kobm|{~hmjl

LJLK^]OJH[H[ ]LFO]BINO KOD VISO]

L{kisl

Hbs|}lqi{

F|ld~l nl ldl}ì

K~onoIdono

Ghn}`ldo

I`|i

Ow`ldo

Ghn}`ldoi ji shji

nl kobm|{~hmjl

Kbi}inl kobm|{~hd

Kbi}inl s|}hfhkikhdnlj ghn}`ldo

Ih}l ibmhld~ij

]lfo}bino} nl viso}

[JHB

FHJB[5F\LD^L1

HNI^LKG

OM^LDKHOD NL GHN]O@LDOLD D\L[^]O SJIDLÎ* lj ghn}`ldo s|}o 'G=( do {l ldk|ld~}i ld ji di~|}ijlqi$ [l kodokld no{ b~ono{ si}iom~ldl}jo$ Ji ljlk~}jh{h{ 'hqy|hl}ni( {l {h}vl nl ko}}hld~l ljk~}hki si}i nl{kobsodl} ji{ bojk|ji{ nl i`|i 'G =O($Lj k~ono '~l}bhdij dlì~hvo( i~}il jo{ ~obo{ nl ghn}`ldo5 lj dono 'so{h~hvo(* jo{ nl ow`ldo$ Ibmo{ ì{l{ fo}"bid m|}m|ai{ y|l {ijld i ji i~b{fl}i x s|lnld kis~|}i}{l$ Ld lj }lfo}bino kod viso} ' nl}lkgi(* |d ghn}oki}m|}okobo lj bl~idoj 'KG;OG( {l viso}hqi ld |di kbi}i nl kobm|{~hd kijnlini$ J|lò* ld lj }lfo}bino} nl viso}*

|d ki~ijhqino} blnhi ji }likkhd ld~}l lj kobm|{~hmjl x lj viso} nl i`|i* y|l s}on|kl* ld~}l o~}o{ kobsodld~l{*ghn}`ldo$ So} fhd* {~l {l i{ji x {l kodn|kl i |di shji nl kobm|{~hmjl$


31/99

so} jo bldo{ ly|hvijld~l{ i jo{ nljkokgl ik~|ij$ Nl glkgo* ld jo{ s}h"bl}o{ l{~inho{ nlj nl{i}}ojjo nl |dikinldi nl {|bhdh{~}o nl ghn}`ldokobm|{~hmjl* `}id si}~l nlj ~}imiao{l gi kld~}ino ld ji kod{~}|kkhdnl hd{~}|bld~o{ nl iji}bi kisikl{nl nl~lk~i} lj ì{ ghn}`ldo kodld~l}i fhimhjhnin$

Lj sislj nlj ghn}`ldoSl{l i jo{ om{~k|jo{ ~kdhko{ x nlhdf}il{~}|k~|}i* ~ij vlq do{ l{~lbo{is}owhbidno i |di lkodobi nljghn}`ldo$ Ld ~ij ki{o* l{ b|x so"{hmjl y|l {l si}lqki ij bl}kino nljo{ sl}f|bl{* ld lj y|l {l kobl}"khijhqid kid~hninl{ ~id bhd{k|ji{y|l jo{ s}lkho{ |dh~i}ho{ hbso}~idsoko* i nhfl}ldkhi nl jo y|l ok|}}lld lj bl}kino nl kl}lijl{* so} lalb"sjo* nodnl |di jh`l}i vi}hikhd nlj

s}lkho nlj ehjo`}ibo nl s}on|k~o{l ~}in|kl ld |di `}id nhfl}ldkhild lj s}lkho ~o~ij nl ji ~}id{ikkhd*s|l{ ji bl}kidki {l kobs}i x {lvldnl so} ~odljini{$ L{ s}omimjl y|l{l lbshlkl so} jo{ ~ljfodo{ klj|"ji}l{ x jo{ o}nldino}l{ so}~~hjl{* ik|xo{ |{|i}ho{ do jl{ hbso}~i} si"ì} ij}lnlno} nl 93 l|}o{ so} lj eh"jopi~~"go}i s}oklnld~l nl shji{ nlkobm|{~hmjl$ Ji s}oshi hdn|{~}hi l{"~hbi y|l l{~l bh{bo io {l lbsl"qi}d i vldnl} isi}i~o{ hd~l`}ino{

ld o}nldino}l{ so}~~hjl{$ Lvld"~|ijbld~l* lj kibmho son}i jjlì}i d|l{~}i{ vhvhldni{* nodnl |di so"~ldkhi ld ~o}do i jo{ khdko ehjo"pi~~{ mi{~i}i si}i {i~h{fikl} |dinlbidni nl ljlk~}hkhnin kod{~id~l*y|l lj ki}md do {hlbs}l jo`}i imi{"~lkl}$ Ld ji{ ki}}l~l}i{* ld kibmho*}l{|j~i soko s}omimjl y|l jjl`|lbo{i vl} b|kgi{ shji{ nl ghn}`ldo*nino y|l |d i|~obvhj lwh`l |dildl}ì ~o~ij nl |do{ $

^GL GXSL IMO\^ GXN]O@LD$ Ao{lsg A$ ]obb$H{jidn S}l{{* =33>$

Mhmjho`}ifi kobsjlbld~i}hi

[JHB

FHJB[5F\LD^L1DI^\]L

JI BH[BI KID^HNIN NL GHN]O@LDO LD NHFL]LD^L[ VOJ\BLDL[JJLVI] I MO]NO NL \D I\ÔBOVHJ lj ì{ b{ jh`l}o nlj |dhvl}{o sjid~li |d }l~o$ I{ jo lvhnldkhid ji{ nhfl"}ldkhi{ nl voj|bld ld~}l ji{ nh{~hd~i{ fo}bi{ nl ijbikldi} jo{ k|i~}o ehjo`}ibo{ nl ghn}`ldo y|l {l }ly|hl}ldsi}i }lko}}l} >33 ehjbl~}o{$ 'K|i~}o jh~}o{ nl ghn}`ldo kod~hldld is}owhbinibld~l ji bh{bi ldl}ì y|l 9< jh~}o{nl ì{ojhdi5 {hd lbmi}ò* ninoy|l lj }ldnhbhld~o nl ji{ shji{nl kobm|{~hmjl l{ is}owhbini"

bld~l lj nomjl y|l lj nl jo{bo~o}l{ nl lwsjo{hd* jo{ > ehjo"`}ibo{ nl ghn}`ldo s}oso}kho"di}id |d }inho nl ikkhd h`|ijij nl ;3 jh~}o{ nl ì{ojhdi$( Ji{{oj|khodl{ ik~|ijl{* hdkj|{o jo{nls{h~o{ nl ì{ kobs}hbhnoo ghn}`ldo jy|hno* ok|sidnlbi{hino l{sikho$ [l l{~lwsl}hbld~idno kod ghn}|}o{bl~jhko{ | o~}o{ kobs|l{~o{{jhno{* y|l son}id nl{s}ldnl}ghn}`ldo miao nlbidni x }l"ki}ì}{l nl{s|{5 sl}o ~ibmhdsjid~lid hdkodvldhld~l{1 {| ljl"

vino sl{o x lj ko{~l ldl}`~hkonl ji{ ~}id{fo}bikhodl{ y|bh"ki{ hbsjhkini{$

Ghn}`ldo ì{kobs}hbhno'i =33 mi}(

Ghn}`ldo jy|hno'i bldo{ nl =>9 `}i"

no{ kld~`}ino{

JiDh


32/99

Ld 9876 lj ly|hso ldkimlqino so}Slnl}{ld nl{k|m}h ld lj ì~o|d vh}|{ {hbhji} ij y|l s}on|kl jihdb|donlfhkhldkhi g|bidi 'VHG(*nldobhdino vh}|{ nl ji hdb|do"nlfhkhldkhi fljhdi 'VHF(* y|l {l i{l"blai ij g|bido ld {|{ ki}ik~l}{"~hki{ bo}foj`hki{* kod{~h~|khd`ldo~shki x l{~}|k~|}ij x k|in}o kj"dhko nlj idhbij hdflk~ino$ So} l{~i}iqd lj VHF {l |~hjhqi kobo bo"nljo nl l{~|nho{ si~o`dhko{* ~l"

}is|~hko{ x vik|dijl{ nl ji ~lbhnildfl}blnin g|bidi '[HNI($Ij h`|ij y|l lj VHG* lj VHF l{

|d Jld~hvh}|{ sl}~ldlkhld~l i ji fi"bhjhi ]l~}ovh}hnil$ Si}lkl* {hd lb"mi}ò* y|l jl s}lklnh ld lj ~hlbso*xi y|l jo{ l{~|nho{ }l~}o{slk~hvo{nlb|l{~}id ji lwh{~ldkhi nl ji hdflk"khd so} VHF ld lj ì~o nl{nl bl"nhino{ nl 9867 ld LL$\\$ x ld Ai"sd* nl{nl 980= ld I|{~}ijhi x nl{nl980> ld F}idkhi$ Do {h`dhfhki ljjoy|l {l hdhkhi}i ld l{i{ flkgi{* {hdoy|l do gi sonhno nlbo{~}i}{l {|isi}hkhd kod id~l}ho}hnin$

Lwh{~ld ij`|di{ nhfl}ldkhi{ hb"so}~id~l{ kod ji hdflkkhd g|bidi$Lj vh}|{ nl ji hdb|donlfhkhldkhifljhdi ~hldl |di bldo} kisikhninnl ljimo}i} hd~}i l hd~l}{|m~hso{ onl b|~i} ld lj ì~o hdflk~ino$ Ld jil{slkhl fljhdi {l }lkodokld khdko{|m~hso{ 'I* M* K* N x L($ Jo{ y|lòqid nl |di bixo} nh{~}hm|khd{od I x M 'vi{l ji fh`|}i 9($ Nh"vl}`ld ~ibmhd ld ji vi nl ~}id{"bh{hd5 ld lj ì~o ok|}}l so} bo}"

nln|}i$ Ld kibmho* ji ~}id{bh{hdi ~}iv{ nl b|ko{i{* f}lk|ld~l ldjo{ g|bido{* l{ }i}i ld~}l jo{ fl"jhdo{$

Ji ldfl}blnin fljhdi sl}{h{~l ji}ò~hlbso$ Kobhldqi kod |di fi{l m}lvl'|di{ {lbidi{ i |do{ bl{l{( y|l{|ljl si{i} hdinvl}~hni o b|l{~}ihdflkkhodl{ jlvl{ y|l }l{sodnld ij~}i~ibhld~o$ Lj VHF {l b|j~hsjhkild ~lahno{ jhdfohnl{ x `jdn|ji{ {i"jhvijl{5 lj ì~o {l kodvhl}~l xi ldhdflk~id~l$

[l l{~imjlkl i kod~hd|ikhd |dsl}ono i{hd~ob~hko nl ; i 93 io{$

Ld lj k|}{o nlj bh{bo* lj ì~o l{~{ido ld isi}hldkhi* sl}o ji b|j~h"sjhkikhd v}hki s}o`}l{i$ Lj vh}|{s|lnl {l} ih{jino nl jhdfokh~o{ {id"`|dlo{* {|l}o* sji{bi* jy|hno kl"fijo}}iy|nlo* {lbld* ~lahno{ jhd"fohnl{ x {ijhvi$

Ij s}osho ~hlbso* x ld si}ijljo*lj ì~o b|l{~}i |di ljlvini ~i{i nlid~hk|l}so{ l{slkfhko{ f}ld~l ij vh"}|{5 do {od {|fhkhld~l{ si}i ljhbh"di} ji hdflkkhd* s|l{ ji s}o~lkkhdnlml l{~imjlkl}{l ~ibmhd kod |diinlk|ini }l{s|l{~i nl kj|ji{ nl"fld{hvi{ y|l nl{~}|xid ji{ kj|ji{hdflk~ini{$ N|}id~l l{~i fi{l {l om"

{l}vi ji s}nhni s}o`}l{hvi nl jhd"fokh~o{ ^ KN>% x ^ KN7%* l{ld"khijl{ si}i ji }l{s|l{~i hdb|dl f}ld~li hdflkkhodl{$ [l ~}i~i nl |di fi{llw~}lbinibld~l sljh`}o{i si}i jinh{lbhdikhd nl ji hdflkkhd* ij donhfl}ldkhi}{l kjdhkibld~l jo{ ì"~o{ so}~ino}l{$ [jo son} hnld~hfh"ki}{l i jo{ hdflk~ino{ blnhid~l jinl~lkkhd nl id~hk|l}so{ 'vi{l jifh`|}i =( l{slkfhko{* lj ih{jibhld~ox ji }likkhd ld kinldi nl ji sojh"bl}i{i$

Ji s}o`}l{hvi nl{~}|kkhd nl k"j|ji{ ^ nl{lbmoki} ld ji fi{l fh"

;3 HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

K HLDKHI X [OKHLNIN[hni fljhdoVik|di

K* M

I*K

I* M

L* MI

K

I

M* N* I* K

I* M* K

FHVSko

FHVObi

M*I

[|m~hso{ nl FHVld ì~o nob{~hko1I* M* K* N x L

[|m~hso{ ld fjhno{{ijvial{1S|bi SkoJld Obi

9$ Nh{~}hm|khd `lo`}fhki b|dnhij nl jo{ {|m~hso{ nlj vh}|{nl ji hdb|donlfhkhldkhi fljhdi$ ]ls}on|khno kod sl}bh{onlj IHN[* voj$ =* d$o 7* im}hj =33=$


33/99


34/99

;= HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

N|}id~l ji{ no{ j~hbi{ nkini{*ji vh~ibhdi L 'VL o "~okofl"}oj( x lj khno "jhsohko 'IIJ* khno~hk~hko o jhsoi~o( gid kld~}ino d|"bl}o{o{ l{~|nho{ fi}bikoj`hko{$So} {| ki}k~l} id~howhnid~l* nhkgo{

kobs|l{~o{ son}id kod~}i}}l{~i} jo{lflk~o{ dokhvo{ nl}hvino{ nl s}o"kl{o{ owhnid~l{$ Ld nhkgo{ s}okl"{o{ {l `ldl}i |d lwkl{o nl }inhki"jl{ jhm}l{ 'bojk|ji{ kod |do o b{ljlk~}odl{ nl{isi}lino{( y|l kod"~}hm|xld ij ldvlalkhbhld~o l hd~l}"vhldld ld ldfl}blninl{ nl`ldl}i"~hvi{ kobo ji dl|}osi~i nhim~hki*lj Ijqglhbl}* lj jl|kobi x ji i}~}h"~h{ }l|bi~ohnl* ld~}l o~}i{$ Lj IIJx ji VL {l s}l{ld~id kobo so~ld"khijl{ i`ld~l{ ~l}is|~hko{$ Ld~}l{|{ s}oshlninl{ nl{~ikid {| ibsjhinh{sodhmhjhnin ld ji nhl~i nl bi"bfl}o{* m|ldi ~ojl}idkhi so} vio}ij* miao ko{~o x ~owhkhnin bdhbio ki{h d|ji$

Nl{nl gikl b{ nl |d nlkldho {lgi vldhno om{l}vidno y|l lj sonl}

id~howhnid~l nlj IIJ nlsldnl nl jikodkld~}ikhd nl VL$ Ji hd~l}ikkhdnl ibmi{ {|{~idkhi{ }l{|j~i kji}i"bld~l {hd}`hki$ L{~|nho{ hd vh~}o xlwsl}hbld~o{ nl h{y|lbhi"}lsl}f|"{hd ki}nhiki 'nh{bhd|khd"}lk|sl"

}ikhd nlj fj|ao {id`|dlo( nlbo{"~}i}od y|l* ld i|{ldkhi nl VL* ljIIJ do hdghml ji owhnikhd i|~o"ki~ij~hki y|l nl`}ini jo{ fo{foj"shno{ nl ji blbm}idi klj|ji} 'jh"sosl}owhnikhd($ So{~l}ho}bld~l {lkobs}om hd vhvo y|l l{~i blqkji nlid~howhnid~l{ }ln|ki ji jhsosl}owh"nikhd* blao}imi ji ik~hvhnin ki}"nhiki* s}l{l}vimi ji kod~}ik~hjhnin xnh{bhd|i ji hdkhnldkhi nl i}}h~bhi{ki}nhiki{ so{~hdfi}~o$ I{ s|l{* jikobmhdikhd nl IL x IIJ }l{|j~ib|kgo b{ lfhkiq y|l lj kod{|bonl {jo |di nl ji{ no{ {|{~idkhi{$

]lkhld~lbld~l nlbo{~}ibo{ y|lji inbhdh{~}ikhd koda|d~i nl IIJx VL n|}id~l ;3 ni{ s}lvho{ i |dih{y|lbhi kl}lm}ij fikhjh~i ji so{~l"}ho} }lk|sl}ikhd nlj ~lahno jl{ho"

dino1 ikljl}i ji }lk|sl}ikhd f|d"khodij bo~o}i* }ln|kl lj ~ibionlj hdfi}~o 'ij fivo}lkl} ji {|sl}"vhvldkhi nl ji{ dl|}odi{ ld ji qodiniini so} fij~i nl }hlò {id`|"dlo(* nh{bhd|xl ji s}ojhfl}ikhd nli{~}okh~o{ 'kj|ji{ nlj {h{~lbi dl}"vho{o kld~}ij y|l {l ~o}did }lik~h"vi{ x fo}bid ji khki~}hq `jhij( i{kobo ji }l{s|l{~i hdb|dl kl}lm}ij5~ibmhd l{~hb|ji ji lws}l{hd nls}o~ldi{ }ljikhodini{ kod ji }l"bonljikhd dl}vho{i '{hdis~ofh{hdix @IS">;( x }ln|kl jo{ dhvljl{ nljhsosl}whno{ ld {id`}l 'fo{fojsh"no{ y|l gid {|f}hno |di nl`}ini"khd owhni~hvi hdn|khni so} }inhki"jl{ jhm}l{ x* so} ~id~o* kod{~h~|xld|di blnhni nlj l{~}{ owhni~hvo($

îbmhd l{~|nhibo{ lj lflk~o nlji blqkji id~howhnid~l k|idno {~i{l inbhdh{~}i hdblnhi~ibld~l nl{"

s|{ nlj lsh{onho h{y|bhko$ I|dy|ldo }ln|kl {h`dhfhki~hvibld~l lj ~i"bio nlj hdfi}~o* { s}on|kl {om}l"lws}l{hd nl ji{ s}o~ldi{ }ljikho"dini{ kod }lbonljikhd dl}vho{i$îbmhd nh{bhd|xl ji }lik~hvhninnl jo{ i{~}okh~o{ 'khki~}hq `jhij(* nlfo}bi kobsi}imjl i ji om{l}vini ldlj ~}i~ibhld~o id~howhnid~l s}lvhoi ji h{y|lbhi$

Ji l{~hb|jikhd nl ji }lbonlji"khd dl|}odij l hdghmhkhd nl ji kh"ki~}hq `jhij {l kod{hnl}id lvld~o{mldfhko{ n|}id~l ji }lo}ìdhqikhdbo}foj`hki x f|dkhodij y|l ~hldlj|ì} ~}i{ |di jl{hd nlj ~lahno dl}"vho{o$ [l gi {|`l}hno y|l jo{ lflk"~o{ id~howhnid~l{ dl|}os}o~lk~o}l{nl ji kobmhdikhd nl VL x IIJfivo}lkld nhkgi }lbonljikhd dl}"

{hvi5 kodfhl}l hdb|dhnin b|x kob"sjl~i blnhid~l id~hk|l}so{ dl|~}i"jhqid~l{* kh~oy|hdi{* hdb|dhnin bl"nhini so} kj|ji{ ^ koinx|vid~l{x kj|ji{ ^ kh~o~whki{$ Ji vik|di{|sodl do {jo |d `}id ividkl ldji j|kgi f}ld~l i ji hdflkkhd fl"jhdi* {hdo ~ibmhd |di d|lvi l{"

sl}idqi ld ji j|kgi f}ld~l ij {hnig|bido$

B$I NLJ KI]BLD [HBD VIJLDKHIB$I VHKÔ]HI BI]^DLQ IJFOD[O

\dhnin nl Ldfl}blninl{ Hdflkkho{i{x Lshnlbhojoì

Fik|j~in nl Vl~l}hdi}hi* Qi}iòqi

Dl|}okhldkhi{Lj |{o nl id~howhnid~l{ ld lj ~}i~ibhld~o nl ji{ {lk|lji{nl ji h{y|lbhi kl}lm}ij

Bhk}ofo~o`}ifi nl i{~}okh~o{ nl ghsokibso nl sikhld~l{ h{y|bhko{ '>3 i|bld~o{($ [l om{l}vi y|l ji }lik~hvhnin i{~}okh~i}hi }l{|j~ibixo} ld lj `}|so kod~}oj 'i( y|l ld lj `}|so ~}i~ino kod ji blqkji id~howhnid~l nl khno jhsohko x vh~ibhdi L 'm($

i m


35/99

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33> ;;

Ji nh{~}hm|khd vi}himjl ld lj~hlbso x lj l{sikho nl jo{ ljlk"~}odl{ jhm}l{ nl ji hodo{fl}i l{ nl`}id hbso}~idkhi si}i nhvl}{o{ b"mh~o{ nl ji khldkhi x ji ~kdhki$

Ji hodo{fl}i l{ |d sji{bi {h~|inold ji si}~l {|sl}ho} nl ji i~b{"fl}i$ [l lw~hldnl* is}owhbinibld~l*nl{nl jo{ 63 gi{~i jo{ 9333 ehj"

bl~}o{ nl ij~|}i kod }l{slk~o i ji{|sl}fhkhl ~l}}l{~}l$ Ji `ldl}i {o"m}l ~ono ji hodhqikhd {oji}5 ~ib"mhd hd~l}vhldl ji s}lkhsh~ikhd nlsi}~k|ji{ ~}i{ ji{ ~o}bld~i{ {oji"}l{$ Ji s}l{ldkhi nl ljlk~}odl{ jh"m}l{ ld ljji s}ovoki ld ji{ {lijl{ljlk~}obi`d~hki{ y|l ji i~}ivhl{id|d }l~}i{o* f|dkhd nl ji f}lk|ld"khi nl ji{ bh{bi{ 'l{ nlkh}* ji hodo{"fl}i l{ |d blnho nh{sl}{hvo($

S|lnl kodokl}{l ji nh{~}hm|khdljlk~}dhki ld ji hodo{fl}i `}ikhi{ i

jo{ ni~o{ nl jo{ }lkls~o}l{ nlj {h{"~lbi nl so{hkhodibhld~o `jomij'@S[($ Si}i kod{l`|h} |d {odnlob{ kobsjl~o* {l s|lnld kobsjl"bld~i} l{~o{ ni~o{ kod om{l}vikho"dl{ lflk~|ini{ kod hodo{odni{* {h{"~lbi{ lbh{o}l{"}lkls~o}l{ nl s|j{o{ljlk~}obi`d~hko{* }inhkino{ ld~hl}}i* y|l of}lkld hdfo}bikhd nl

ji nh{~}hm|khd vl}~hkij nl ljlk~}o"dl{ ld ji hodo{fl}i$Lj {h{~lbi @S[ kod{~i nl |di kod{"

~ljikhd nl => {i~jh~l{ nh{~}hm|hno{ld 6 sjido{ o}mh~ijl{* {h~|ino{ i |do{=3$=33 eb so} ldkhbi nl ji {|sl}"fhkhl ~l}}l{~}l$ Kini |do nl nhkgo{{i~jh~l{ ~}id{bh~l |d koda|d~o nl{lijl{ bon|jini{ ld = f}lk|ldkhi{'9*==06 `h igl}~q x 9*


36/99

;> HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

~}i~hvo nl l{~i dlkl{hnin {l b|l{"~}i ld lj }lk|in}o($

Ji{ hodo{odni{ of}lkld jo{ ni~o{dlkl{i}ho{ si}i blao}i} ji jhbh~ini}l{oj|khd vl}~hkij nl jo{ ni~o{ @S[~l}}l{~}l{$ L{~o{ hd{~}|bld~o{ is}o"vlkgid ji di~|}ijlqi nh{sl}{hvi nlji hodo{fl}i si}i ~}id{bh~h} s|j{o{i nh{~hd~i{ f}lk|ldkhi{$ [|{ }lmo~l{nid hdfo}bikhd s}lkh{i nl kbo{l nh{~}hm|xld vl}~hkijbld~l jo{ ljlk"~}odl{ jhm}l{ nl ji hodo{fl}i$ Jikoml}~|}i nl l{~o{ hd{~}|bld~o{*kobsi}ini kod ji nl jo{ }lkls~o}l{@S[* }l{|j~i jhbh~ini* so} jo y|lof}lkld soki }l{oj|khd go}hqod~ij$

[hd lbmi}`o* ji{ s}oshlninl{ kob"sjlbld~i}hi{ nl jo{ ni~o{ nl ~hl}}iom~ldhno{ kod lj @S[ x kod hodo"{odni{ of}lkld ji so{hmhjhnin nl{|sl}i} ld khl}~i blnhni lj s}omjlbinl ji soki }l{oj|khd vl}~hkij$ Si}i

ljjo gix y|l kobmhdi} nl bidl}iinlk|ini jo{ no{ ~hso{ nl ni~o{ om"~ldhno{ nl |di }ln nl l{~ikhodl{ nl~hl}}i @S[ x vi}hi{ hodo{odni{$ Nll{~l bono* ji fij~i nl }l{oj|khd vl}"~hkij nl jo{ ni~o{ @S[ {l kobsld{ikod jo{ ni~o{ nl ji{ hodo{odni{5 ji}l{oj|khd vl}~hkij nl {~i{ {l lw"sidnl ld jod`h~|n/ji~h~|n `}ikhi{ ij|{o nl jo{ ni~o{ @S[$

Ji }l{oj|khd vl}~hkij nl l{~l b"~ono l{ jhbh~ini* xi y|l lj dbl}onl vi}himjl{ {l hdk}lbld~i i blnh"ni y|l {l iinld kljni{ vl}~hkijl{$L{~l s}omjlbi {l s|lnl sijhi} }ln|"khldno ji }l~k|ji i |di }l`hd5 i{{l s|lnld kod{l`|h} }l{oj|khodl{vl}~hkijl{ nl


37/99

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33> ;0

}l`h{~}o{ nl kijibi}l{ `hìd"~l{ 'I}kgh~l|~gh{ n|w( ld ji ko{~iokkhnld~ij nl I{~|}hi{$ Nl {~o{*ki{h lj 0< , ko}}l{sodnld i idhbi"jl{ vhvo{ kis~|}ino{ so} i}}i{~}l}o{y|l fildid ld~}l >33 x 733 bl~}o{nl s}of|dnhnin ld lj lw~ld{o kiji"nl}o nl Ki}}idnh* |mhkino ld ji{s}owhbhninl{ nl ~}l{ kiodl{ {|m"bi}hdo{* s}hdkhsijbld~l si}i kis"~|}i} mikijinhjji 'Bhk}obl{h{~h|{so|~i{{o|($

Lj }h~bo di~|}ij nl |d }l`h{~}oid|ij nl kijibi} `hìd~l ld l{i{i`|i{ lwsl}hbld~ |d {h`dhfhki~hvoi|bld~o ld no{ oki{hodl{$ Ld~}l lj9; nl {ls~hlbm}l x lj =; nl ok~|"m}l nl =339 khdko kijibi}l{ `hìd"~l{ {l gijji}od vi}ino{ kl}ki nl jo{j|ì}l{ nodnl jo{ mi}ko{Mi}}ik|nix Dhdi Gix 3 e` nl sl{o* bhld~}i{ lj dovldol}i |d bikgo bin|}o nl 66 e`$

[hl~l nl l{~o{ lalbsji}l{ l{~dkod{l}vino{ ld lj I|ji nlj Bi} nlKLSL[BI ld J|i}ki* o~}o ld ji{lnl nl ji [okhlnin @ijjlì nlGh{~o}hi Di~|}ij ld Fl}}oj* x lj }l{"~id~l ld lj B|{lo nlj Bi} y|l jiNh}lkkhd @ldl}ij nl Sl{ki nljS}hdkhsino nl I{~|}hi{ ~hldl ld@had$

Ji glbm}i b{ `}idnl '9>3 e`(*y|l vi} ld ji sjixi nl Koj|dì lj9; nl {ls~hlbm}l nl =33;* ~ldi |dbid~o k|xo `}o{o} l}i nl ;< bb xbo{~}imi |di midni nl >; kb nlidkgo ld ji qodi kld~}ij nlj bid~okod `}ivl{ jl{hodl{ ~h{|ji}l{ vh{h"mjl{$ Ji{ ~dhki{ lw~l}di l hd~l}di

nl koj`ldo y|l ldv|ljvld ji b|{"k|ji~|}i nlj bid~o {l`|id hd~ik"~i{* bhld~}i{ y|l ji{ fhm}i{ b|{k|"ji}l{ x }inhijl{ y|l gix ld~}l ibmi{~dhki{ isi}lkid nl{~}oqini{ x kod"vl}~hni{ ld sly|lo{ ~}oqo{$ Lj `}o"{o} nl ji qodi iflk~ini l}i nl =3 bbx bo{~}imi hd~ik~o lj }l~hk|jino }ob"mohnij nl fhm}i{ nl koj`ldo y|l gixld~}l ji{ kisi{ b|{k|ji}l{ nlj bid~onl l{~i{ x o~}i{ l{slkhl{ nl kiji"bi}l{$ So} o~}i si}~l* {l om{l}vy|l ~ono{ jo{ ~}oqo{ nl fhm}i{ b|{"k|ji}l{ l{~imid lbmlmhno{ ld |djy|hno k|xi kodkld~}ikhd nl ibo"dho l}i ljlvini$

Inlb{ nl ji nl{~}|kkhd nhfl"}ldkhij nl ji{ si}lnl{ nlj bid~o*l{~i glbm}i bo{~}imi ji bixo}inl jo{ }ìdo{ hd~l}do{ s}k~hki"bld~l nl{glkgo{* fo}bidno |d ibi"{hao nl ~lahno{ nld~}o nl ji kivhninsijlij1 jo{ }ìdo{ nlj ~}ik~o nh"`l{~hvo ~ldid vi}hi{ ji}ì{ x s}o"f|dni{ jjiì{ ld nh{~hd~i{ qodi{*

Ld `lof{hki* lj kodokhbhld~o nljo{ ljlk~}odl{ jhm}l{ nl ji hodo{fl}il{ nl `}id |~hjhnin si}i ji kob"s}ld{hd nl l{~i bh{bi x nl jo{fldbldo{ f{hko{ l h}}l`|ji}hninl{y|l ld ljji {l nl{i}}ojjid$ Ld b"mh~o{ b{ isjhkino{* ji{ kob|dh"kikhodl{ so} lalbsjo* {| hbso}~id"khi l{~}hmi ld y|l ji hodo{fl}isl}bh~l ldjikl{ hd~l}kod~hdld~ijl{blnhid~l lj }lmo~l nl {lijl{ }i"nholjk~}hki{ ld {|{ kisi{ hdfl}ho"}l{$ Ld ji divlìkhd nl {i~jh~l{*isi}lkld kini vlq b{ isjhkikho"

dl{ y|l lwh`ld |d l}}o} nl so{h"khodibhld~o sly|lo$ Si}i {i~h{fi"kl} nhkgo{ }ly|l}hbhld~o{ x divlì}kod s}lkh{hodl{ {|mnlkhb~}hki{* l{dlkl{i}hi |di m|ldi is}lkhikhd nlji hodo{fl}i$

BHY\LJ @I]KI FL]DDNLQNs~o$ Bi~lb~hki{$

@}|so nl I{~}odobi x @lob~hki*\dhvl}{hnin Sojh~kdhki

nl Ki~ij|i '\SK(Mi}kljodi

Kijibi}l{ `hìd~l{ vi}ino{Vk~hbi{ nl lwsjo}ikhodl{ ik{~hki{

9$ Bisi nodnl {l hdnhkid jo{ ~}l{ kiodl{ y|l {l inld~}id ld ji sji~ifo}bi nl ji ko{~i i{~|}hidi x lj kld~}o `lo`}fhko nlj kijinl}onl sl{ki nl Ki}}idnh$


38/99

;6 HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

l{slkhijbld~l ld lj khl`o5 ji `jd"

n|ji nh`l{~hvi l{~imi }lvld~ini* x{| kod~ldhno* |d fj|hno si}n|{konl kod{h{~ldkhi ojlo{i* l{si}khno {o"m}l lj }l{~o nl ji bi{i hdfo}bl nl~lahno{5 ji kisi lw~l}di nlj lsh~ljhold koj|bdi nl ibmo{ ko}iqodl{m}idy|hijl{ {|f}i nl{`i}}o{ ld vi"}hi{ qodi{* nidno ji hbs}l{hd nlgiml} lwsjo~ino5 ji{ m}idy|hi{* b|xbi`|jjini{* bo{~}imid vi}ho{ kish"ji}l{ }o~o{5 lj ovi}ho l{~imi }o~o ldvi}ho{ slniqo{ x d|bl}o{o{ ovokh"~o{ nl{s}ldnhno{ {l gimid l{si}"khno so} ~oni ji kivhnin nlj bid~o$I|dy|l {l m|{ki}od* do {l om{l}"

vi}od {h`do{ nl kod`l{~hd vi{k|"

ji} o bhk}oglbo}}i`hi{$ Ljjo son}inlml}{l ij }lji~hvibld~l sly|lovoj|bld {id`|dlo 'is}owhbini"bld~l |d


39/99

o~}i{ so{hmjl{ ki|{i{ nl b|l}~l di"~|}ij o nl kis~|}i ikkhnld~ij$

So} lj kod~}i}ho* ~id~o ji{ jl{ho"dl{ om{l}vini{ kobo ji kodk|}}ld"khi ld~}l lj {|{~idkhij hdk}lbld~onl jo{ vi}ibhld~o{ x ji s}l{ldkhi nljo{ mi}ko{ }lijhqidno s}o{slkkho"dl{ `lof{hki{ kod kiodl{ nl ih}lkobs}hbhno* {|`hl}ld y|l ji b|l}~lnl l{~o{ idhbijl{ s|no `|i}ni} }l"jikhd kod lflk~o{ {|mjl~ijl{ o jl"~ijl{ s}on|khno{ so} lj hbsik~o nlodni{ ik{~hki{$

Lj hbsik~o nl ji{ ~kdhki{ ik{"~hki{ bi}hdi{ {om}l lj ibmhld~l xjo{ o}ìdh{bo{ bi}hdo{ }lvh{~l si}"~hk|ji} hd~l}{* {om}l ~ono ld jo }l"fl}ld~l ij lflk~o jl~ij y|l ji{ od"ni{ nl s}l{hd nl nhfl}ld~l o}h`ldx di~|}ijlqi s|lnld ki|{i} ld jo{ono{ x ld ji ik~hvikhd nlj ì{ {o"m}l{i~|}ino s}l{ld~l ld ji {id`}l nl

jo{ bibfl}o{ bi}hdo{ x ld {|{ k"j|ji{ nl nhfl}ld~l{ ~lahno{* fo}bidnobhk}om|}m|ai{ y|l s|lnld s}ovo"ki} lbmojh{bo{ ld }ìdo{ vh~ijl{$L{~l i{|d~o gi nino j|ì}* ld~}lo~}o{* ij ~}imiao nl S$ N$ Als{od xkojimo}ino}l{* s|mjhkino ldDi~|}li fhdijl{ nl =33;* kod }sjhki x kod"~}i}}sjhki b|x }lkhld~l{$ Do om{"~id~l* kobo {l gi kobs}omino ldd|bl}o{i{ }l|dhodl{ hd~l}dikhodi"jl{* {l kodokl b|x soko {om}l ljhbsik~o nl ji{ ~kdhki{ ik{~hki{bi}hdi{* ~id~o {om}l jo{ lko{h{~lbi{kobo {om}l jo{ o}ìdh{bo{ bi}h"do{* x b|kgo bldo{ ld lj ki{o nljo{ klfijsono{$

Gi{~i ji flkgi* inlb{ nl jo{d|lvl lalbsji}l{ kh~ino{* glbo{lwibhdino nhlkh{hl~l b{* vi}ino{ld nhfl}ld~l{ si}~l{ nl ji ko{~i l{"sioji* x o~}o{ {lh{ s}oklnld~l{ nlDibhmhi$ L{~i l{ ji s}hbl}i vlqy|l {l gi om{l}vino lj ~hso nl jl"{hodl{ }l{lini{ ld ji bixo}i nlji{ glbm}i{$ Jl{hodl{ y|l* so} {|hbsik~o nhfl}ldkhij ld ~lahno{ nl

nh{~hd~i kobso{hkhd y|bhki x bh"k}ol{~}|k~|}i* i{ kobo ji i|{ldkhinl jjiì{ o gl}hni{ lw~l}di{ ld ljbid~o* do s|lnld i~}hm|h}{l ij vi"}ibhld~o o ji kis~|}i$

So} o~}i si}~l* ji s}l{ldkhi nlnio{ ld jo{ }lkls~o}l{ nl odni{ nlj{h{~lbi nlj ly|hjhm}ho kodn|kl i{|`l}h} lj {h`|hld~l blkidh{bo y|llwsjhki}i {| b|l}~l1 l{i{ jl{hodl{son}id giml} s}ovokino |di hb"so}~id~l nl{o}hld~ikhd ld jo{ idh"bijl{* i{ kobo |di nh{f|dkhd ld

ji hdfo}bikhd {ld{o}hij y|l sl}"bh~l }l`|ji} {| so{hkhd `ldl}ij xji nl ij`|di{ si}~l{ nl {| k|l}so*ld si}~hk|ji} id~l jo{ `h}o{$ Inlb{nl l{i nl{o}hld~ikhd* ji{ odni{ik{~hki{ son}id ~ibmhd giml}jo{i~|}nhno* nlmhno i y|l {od mi{~id~l{ld{hmjl{ i vhm}ikhodl{ nl miai f}l"k|ldkhi$

Nl{o}hld~ino{ x i~|}nhno{* l{~o{klfijsono{ bonl}inibld~l ik~hvo{x kod fjo~imhjhnin dl|~}i son}id gi"ml} i{kldnhno gikhi ji {|sl}fhkhl*si{idno nl i`|i{ s}of|dni{* k|xi~lbsl}i~|}i vi}i ld~}l 93 x 9=*< oK*i kisi{ nl i`|i{ b{ {|sl}fhkhijl{*nodnl ji ~lbsl}i~|}i s|lnl {|sl"}i} jo{ 9< oK ld ji soki nlj iold y|l {l s}on|al}od jo{ ikod~lkh"bhld~o{$ Ojl M}hw nlbo{~} y|l jikisikhnin nl ~}id{so}~l nl ji gl"bokhidhdi nh{|lj~i ld ji {id`}l nljo{ kijibi}l{ `hìd~l{ nh{bhd|ik|i~}o vlkl{ k|idno ji ~lbsl}i~|}i

si{i nl 6*> i 9< oK$ ôno ljjo giklmi{~id~l sji|{hmjl sld{i} y|l d|l{"~}o{ kijibi}l{ son}id giml} b|l}~oi{fhwhino{$

S|l{~o y|l jo{ kijibi}l{ `hìd"~l{ fjo~id nl{s|{ nl b|l}~o{ x {od{|fhkhld~lbld~l `}idnl{ kobo si}iy|l {|{ kinvl}l{ ~i}nld ld {l} nl"vo}ino{ so} jo{ ki}}ol}o{* {| s}l"{ldkhi son}i {l} |d hdnhkino} nljhbsik~o y|l lal}kld ji{ odni{ nls}l{hd ik{~hki ld lj ibmhld~l xld ji fi|di bi}hdi nl s}of|dnhnin$

So} o~}i si}~l* jo{ kinvl}l{ gijji"no{ ld I{~|}hi{ y|hq {jo {lid jis|d~i nl |d hklml}` y|l l{~ {li"jidno lflk~o{ hbso}~id~l{ {om}l o~}i{l{slkhl{ bi}hdi{* ij`|di{ nl ljji{nl hbso}~idkhi kobl}khij$

L{ hdn|nimjl y|l* si}i kodokl}i fodno jo{ lflk~o{ nl jo{ s|j{o{ik{~hko{ nl nhfl}ld~l hd~ld{hnin xf}lk|ldkhi ld jo{ o}ìdh{bo{ bi"}hdo{ nl s}of|dnhnin* l{ dlkl{i}hohd~ld{hfhki} jo{ l{~|nho{ f{hko{* fh"{hoj`hko{ x l~oj`hko{$ [hd lb"mi}ò* id~l ji i|{ldkhi nl {|fhkhld~l{kodokhbhld~o{* l{ }lkobldnimjlinos~i} |di ik~h~|n s}lki|~o}hi$ Do{l ~}i~i ~id~o nl s}oghmh} l{~l ~hsonl ~kdhki{* k|xi |~hjhnin l{ `}idnl*k|id~o nl y|l ~ono{ jo{ i`ld~l{hbsjhkino{ ikls~ld x if}od~ld ljs}omjlbi$ Kod{hnl}ibo{ y|l {l nl"ml}i {l} b|x ki|~o i ji go}i nl|~hjhqi} |di ~kdhki ik{~hki gi{~iy|l {| hbsik~o ld jo{ lko{h{~lbi{

x o}ìdh{bo{ {l kodoqki {|fhkhld"~lbld~l$

I$ @\L]]I* I$ F$ @ODQJLQ*F$ ]OKGI x A$ @]IKHI

LKOMHOBI]$Hd{~h~|~o nl Hdvl{~hìkhodl{ Bi}hdi{*

K[HK* Vhò

B$ VLKKGHODLB|{lo Dikhodij nl Gh{~o}hi Di~|}ij*

Hd{~h~|khd [bh~g{odhid*Pi{ghd`~od

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33> ;0

>$ Glbm}i hdbin|}i nl 03 e` nl I$ n|w kis~|}ini so} |d sl{y|l}o ld ji qodi

b{ okkhnld~ij nlj kijinl}o nl Ki}}idnh ld ok~|m}l nl =33=$


40/99


41/99

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

=$ K|bos{h{ `oon{h}$ K|~k|ji kod l{~}|k~|}i l{kibo{i'o}hld~ini gikhi inljid~l( x {lni{ {ld{o}hijl{ s}o~l`hni{ld sly|li{ nls}l{hodl{* y|l }l{|j~id l{ldkhijl{ si}il{slkhl{ kod |di vh{hd soko nl{i}}ojjini$

;$ K|bljji jhbhkoji$ K|bklo y|l vhvl ldlj jh~o}ij$ [|{ oao{ mhld nl{i}}ojjino{ kis~idjo{ kibmho{ nl hd~ld{hnin nl ji j|q$ Ij i~i}"nlkl} lbshlqi {| bh`}ikhd vl}~hkij gikhi ji{|sl}fhkhl$

>$ Sji~x{xbs|{ ~xshk|{ $ K|bklo y|l gimh~ild jo{ fodno{ fid`o{o{ mi~hijl{ nlj I~jd~hkookkhnld~ij x nlj Blnh~l}}dlo$ [| fo}bi isjidinijl sl}bh~l |d ld~hl}}o f}od~ij$


42/99

Ji }ll{~}|k~|}ikhd

nlj @S[Lj {h{~lbi nl jokijhqikhd `jomij xi s}l{~i {l}vhkho i b{ nl ;3 bhjjodl{ nl |{|i}ho{*{lid lwk|}{hodh{~i{ o shjo~o{ y|l nlmld i~l}}hqi} kod vh{hmhjhnin d|ji$

\di bh}ini i jo y|l vi i vldh}

Sl} Ld`l


43/99

Ji{ s}l{~ikhodl{ nlj [h{~lbi nlJokijhqikhd @jomij* |dhvl}"{ijbld~l kodokhno so} {| {h`jild hd`j{* @S[* vid i blao}i}nl iy| i 93 io{$ Lj d|lvo @S[do {jo kod~i} kod |di {l`|"

}hnin x |di fhimhjhnin b|kgo bixo}l{y|l ji{ so{hmjl{ gox ld ni* {hdo y|l jo"kijhqi} kod b|kgi bixo} s}lkh{hd5 {|bi}`ld nl l}}o} {l} nl |d bl~}o$ Jiblao}i {l f|dni ld |di {l}hl nl sl}flk"khodibhld~o{ nlj {h{~lbi1 ji lbh{hd nlb{ x b{ so~ld~l{ {lijl{ nl{nl jo{{i~jh~l{* ji {|sl}vh{hd nlj f|dkhodi"bhld~o* lj kjk|jo nl jo{ l}}o}l{ bwh"bo{* ji hd{~ijikhd nl id~ldi{ hd~ljh`ld~l{y|l {ljlkkhodid ji{ nh}lkkhodl{ nl lbh"{hd o }lklskhd nl ji{ {lijl{* ji hd~l"`}ikhd nlj {h{~lbi ld ji{ }lnl{ nl ~l"jlvh{hd x nl ~ljlfodi bvhj$

Lj {h{~lbi @S[ nl d|lvi `ldl}ikhdsl}bh~h} |d lw~ld{o }lsl}~o}ho nl d|l"

vi{ isjhkikhodl{$ Si}i ji `lojokijhqikhd*ji koml}~|}i imi}ki} nl{nl ji{ }|~i{ nl{ldnl}h{bo x ji{ vi{ bi}~hbi{ gi{~ijo{ hd~l}ho}l{ x o~}i{ qodi{ kod biji }l"klskhd* miao |di{ }ibi{ so} lalbsjo$L{ s}omimjl y|l ji{ lbs}l{i{ nlnhkini{ij ~}id{so}~l* {li ~l}}l{~}l* bi}~hbo oi}lo* ji nh{~}hm|khd nl ldl}ì* ji{ ~l"jlkob|dhkikhodl{* ji kod{~}|kkhd* ji bh"dl}i* ji ~oso`}ifi o ji i`}hk|j~|}i {lmldlfhkhld kod ji ibsjhikhd nl jo{ {l}"vhkho{$ O~}o ~id~o jl{ ok|}}h} i ji{ khld"khi{ `lo`}fhki{ x `lof{hki{$ Do om{"~id~l* lj bixo} s}ovlkgo {l} si}i ljla}kh~o* kobo s}l~ldnid jo{ kod{~}|k"~o}l{ nlj {h{~lbi o}h`hdij$ Bl}kln i jibixo} fhimhjhnin nlj @S[ }lfo}qino* |divhd son} i~l}}hqi} kod vh{hmhjhnin d|ji*o |d isi}i~o bhjh~i} so{i}{l {hd sljh`}old ji k|mhl}~i nl |d so}~iivhodl{ y|l{l mibmojli ld ji o{k|}hnin$ Ld io{vldhnl}o{* y|hq gi{~i ì}id~hkl ji {l"`|}hnin nl y|hldl{ vhiald so} ki}}l~l}i{i|~obi~hqini{$

Lj khljo l{ lj jbh~l

Lj {h{~lbi @S[ ld~} ld {l}vhkho ld 9807kod lj jidqibhld~o nlj s}hbl} {i~jh~lDiv{~i} so} lj Nlsi}~ibld~o nl Nlfld"{i l{~ino|dhnld{l$ I|dy|l jo{ s}oxlk"~h{~i{ nlj {h{~lbi kodfhimid ld y|l ~|"vhl}i isjhkikhodl{ ld ji vhni khvhj* {|hd~ldkhd ld iy|lj ld~odkl{ l}i s}oso}"khodi} i |do{ >3$333 |{|i}ho{ bhjh~i}l{|d {h{~lbi nl divlìkhd so} ~hl}}i* bi}o ih}l nl ij~i s}lkh{hd$ Jo{ khvhjl{ lb"slqi}od i {iki} si}~hno nlj {h{~lbi ldjo{ io{ okgld~i* x ij h} jjlìdno jikod{~ljikhd o}mh~ij nl {i~jh~l{ @S[ ijdbl}o bdhbo nl jo{ => }ly|l}hno{si}i s}l{~i} {l}vhkho hdhd~l}}|bshno* joy|l ok|}}h i kobhldqo{ nlj nlkldho{h`|hld~l* do ~i}ni}od ld b|j~hsjhki}{lji{ isjhkikhodl{ o}hld~ini{ i `}idnl{bl}kino{$

[od ld ji ik~|ijhnin |do{ ;3 bhjjo"

dl{ y|hldl{ }l`|ji}bld~l {l vijld nlj@S[ si}i nl~l}bhdi} ndnl {l ldk|ld"~}id$ Ji{ |dhninl{ }lkls~o}i{ fikhjh~idji kodn|kkhd nl vlgk|jo{ ~l}}l{~}l{*lj shjo~ial nl mi}ko{ x il}odivl{ x ljkod~}oj nl jo{ kokgl{ nl ijy|hjl}5 {h}"vld ~ibmhd si}i b|kgo{ |{o{ }lk}li"~hvo{$ ôno{ jo{ bl{l{ {od lwslnhno{ij bl}kino b|dnhij b{ nl =33$333}lkls~o}l{ si}i |{o khvhj* so} vijo}* ldlj io =33;* nl b{ nl ;333 bhjjodl{nl l|}o{$ L{~i khf}i son}i ijkidqi} jo{93$333 bhjjodl{ i si}~h} nlj io =393*{l`d |d l{~|nho }lkhld~l nl F}o{~ &[|jjhvid* |di fh}bi nl hdvl{~hìkhd nlbl}kino{$ Ld ~ijl{ khf}i{ do {l gid kod"~ino jo{ hd`}l{o{ ko}}l{sodnhld~l{ i jikod{~}|kkhd* jidqibhld~o o kod~}oj nl{i~jh~l{* dh ~ibsoko jo{ nl ji{ lbs}l"{i{ }ljikhodini{ kod lj @S[* kobo ji{nl `l{~hd nl fjo~i{ nl vlgk|jo{ nl }l"si}~o$ Nl ik|l}no kod lj l{~|nho* ijòb{ nl ji bh~in nl ji{ vld~i{ nl ly|h"so{ ko}}l{sodnld i kod{|bhno}l{ hdnh"vhn|ijl{* |d >3 so} khld~o i lbs}l{i{x lj 7 so} khld~o }l{~id~l i ji{ f|l}qi{i}bini{$

Sl}o do {od jo{ Div{~i} l{~ino|dhnld"{l{ jo{ dhko{ {i~jh~l{ `lojokijhqino}l{y|l {l gijjid ld }mh~i$ Jo{ {i~jh~l{ }|"{o{ @JODI[[ kobsi}~ld l{l bh{bo l{"sikho f{hko x f|dkhodij5 nld~}o nl so"ko{ io{ jo gi} ji kod{~ljikhd @ijhjlonl {i~jh~l{ l|}oslo{$ Ji \dhd [ovh~hkikod{~}|x lj {h{~lbi @JODI[[ n|}id~lji @|l}}i F}i si}i kobsl~h} kod lj la}"kh~o l{~ino|dhnld{l$ Ld l{~o{ j~hbo{io{ @JODI[[ gi kino ld nl{|{o so}"y|l {|{ osl}ino}l{ do s|lnld ko{~li} lj}limi{~lkhbhld~o nl {|{ {i~jh~l{$ [l l{"

LJ @S[* kini vlq b{ |~hjhqino* iny|h}h}ji fhimhjhnin {|fhkhld~l si}i isjhkikhodl{ nodnlji {l`|}hnin l{ l{ldkhij* kobo ji kodn|kkhdi|~ob~hki nl vlgk|jo{ ~l}}l{~}l{ o i}lo{$

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44/99

>= HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33>

sl}i y|l lj {h{~lbi nl ji Kob|dh"nin L|}osli ld~}l ld {l}vhkho ld ljnlkldho ld k|}{o$ Lj hdkld~hvo l{lj i|bld~o lwsjo{hvo s}lvh{~o ldlj bl}kino nl |{|i}ho{ fhdijl{* kod"fo}bl vixid {hldno hdko}so}ino{jo{ }lkls~o}l{ nl @S[ i jo{ i|~o"bvhjl{ x i jo{ ~ljfodo{ bvhjl{$L|}oslo{ x }|{o{ l{~d kodvldkhno{nl y|l si}i si}~hkhsi} dlkl{h~id{h{~lbi{ s}osho{ nl {i~jh~l{ nl di"vlìkhd$ Jo{ nh}lk~hvo{ nlj @S[ xnl @ijhjlo gid l{~imjlkhno }lkhld"~lbld~l ik|l}no{ {om}l ji hd~l}ik"khd nl ibmo{ {h{~lbi{$

Kini vlq y|l |d }lkls~o} nl @S[nl~l}bhdi {| so{hkhd {om}l ji {|"sl}fhkhl nlj sjidl~i* lflk~i |di ~}h"ji~l}ikhd 'ijò si}lkhno i |di~}hid`|jikhd( nl {| nh{~idkhi lwik~ii |d bdhbo nl k|i~}o {i~jh~l{ @S[vijhdno{l nl {lijl{ ~ljlb~}hki{

lbh~hni{ so} {~o{ 'vi{l lj }lk|i"n}o I{ f|dkhodi lj @S[($ Ld l{ld"khi* ji{ {lijl{ nl }inho* y|l l{~dkonhfhkini{ nl |d bono l{slkhij*ik~id i bono nl bl~}o{ hdvh{hmjl{y|l lvijid ji nh{~idkhi nl{nl jo{{i~jh~l{ ij }lkls~o}$

Ji s}lkh{hd nl |d }lkls~o} bi"d|ij y|l k|l{~l khld~o x shko l|}o{{h~i ij |{|i}ho nld~}o nl |d }inhonl |do{ < i 93 bl~}o{ ij}lnlno} nl{| i|~d~hki |mhkikhd$ \di |dhninbhjh~i}* nl bixo} s}lkho* nl~l}bhdi{| so{hkhd kod |d bi}`ld nl bl"do{ nl khdko bl~}o{$ Blnhid~l om"{l}vikhodl{ {hb|j~dli{* ld ~dnlb*ld ji{ y|l lj }lkls~o} k|ld~i kodko}}lkkhodl{ nl l}}o} s}oso}khodi"ni{ so} o~}o }lkls~o} l{~ikhodi}ho*hd{~ijino ld |d s|d~o nl koo}nldi"ni{ kodokhni{* l{ so{hmjl ijkidqi}s}lkh{hodl{ nl blnho bl~}o$ L{~o{{h{~lbi{ nl f|dkhodibhld~o ld ~d"

nlb }lkhmld lj dobm}l nl @S[ nh"fl}ldkhij$

Jo{ ni~o{ y|l jjlìd nlj l{sikhoSi}i is}lkhi} indnl {l ldkibhdi lj@S[ kodvldn} lkgi} s}hbl}o |dibh}ini i {| f|dkhodibhld~o ik~|ij$Ji s}lkhsh~ikhd nl ni~o{ ~}id{bh"~hno{ so} jo{ {i~jh~l{ @S[ {l si}l"kl i |di ~ld|l jjovhqdi$ \d {i~jh~l@S[ }inhi {lijl{ kod |di so~ldkhinl


45/99

HDVL[^H@IKHD X KHLDKHI* a|j ho* =33> >;

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I[H F\DKHODI LJ @S[LJ [H[^LBI NL JOKIJHQIKHOD @JOMIJ '@S[* @jomijSo{h~hodhd` [x{~lb( l{ |d {h{~lbi nl divlìkhd y|l k|m}lji {|sl}fhkhl ~l}}l{~}l$ Kod{~i nl no{ nokldi{ nl {i~jh~l{x nl l{~ikhodl{ ~l}}l{~}l{ i{okhini{$ Blnhid~l |d s}oklnh"

bhld~o {hbhji} i ji ~}hid`|jikhd* ji ~}hji~l}ikhd* lj @S[kijk|ji ji{ nh{~idkhi{ lwh{~ld~l{ gi{~i* ij bldo{* k|i~}onl jo{ {i~jh~l{$ [od vi}ho{ jo{ fik~o}l{ y|l* kobmhdino{*sl}bh~ld |di `lojokijhqikhd s}lkh{i$

L[FL]I[ [LKID^L[[|sodìbo{ y|l |d }lkls~o} nl @S[ nl~l}bhdi y|l jinh{~idkhi i |d {i~jh~l l{ nl ==$333 ehjbl~}o{$ Kod{l"k|ld~lbld~l* lj }lkls~o} nlml ldkod~}i}{l ld ji {|sl}fhkhlnl |di l{fl}i nl ==$333 ehjbl~}o{ nl }inho k|xo kld~}ol{ lj {i~jh~l$ [|sodìbo{ y|l lj }lkls~o} l{~hbi ~ibmhdy|l ji nh{~idkhi i o~}o{ no{ {i~jh~l{ l{ nl =;$333 x=>$333 ehjbl~}o{* }l{slk~hvibld~l$ Lj }lkls~o} gi nl ld"kod~}i}{l* so} dlkl{hnin* ld ji hd~l}{lkkhd nl l{~i{ ~}l{l{fl}i{ ~ljlb~}hki{$ ^}l{ l{fl}i{ nl nh{~hd~o kld~}o dos|lnld ko}~i}{l ld b{ nl no{ s|d~o{$ [jo |di nl l{"~i{ no{ so{hkhodl{ son} l{~i} jo {|fhkhld~lbld~l s}whbii ji {|sl}fhkhl ~l}}l{~}l kobo si}i ko}}l{sodnl} i ji |mh"kikhd nlj }lkls~o}$

[LIJL[ NL K]ODOBL^]IAL

Ji lvij|ikhd nl ji nh{~idkhi i |d {i~jh~l {l jo`}i k}odobl"~}idno lj ~hlbso y|l ~i}ni |di {lij lbh~hni so} lj {i~jh~lld jjlì} ij }lkls~o}$ Lj s}on|k~o nlj ~hlbso nl vhial so} jivljokhnin nl ji {lij ji vljokhnin nl ji j|q* i|dy|l si}ibixo} s}lkh{hd gim} y|l ~ldl} ld k|ld~i {| nlsldnldkhinl ji{ kodnhkhodl{ ljk~}hki{ nl ji i~b{fl}i s}oso}khodi jinh{~idkhi }lko}}hni$ Lj s}omjlbi l{ ji blnhkhd nlj ~hlbso nlvhial$ \di kobsjlai {lk|ldkhi nl ni~o{ mhdi}ho{* lj jjibino}|hno s{l|noijli~o}ho ']SI(* kod~}hm|xl i }lijhqi} nhkgi ~i}li$Kini {i~jh~l ~hldl |d knhò s}osho x slk|jhi}* si}i lvh~i}y|l lj }lkls~o} kodf|dni ji{ {lijl{$

NL[FI[L[ LD JO[ KONH@O[

Si}i kobs}ldnl} ji fo}bi ld ji y|l jo{ knhò{ ]SI sl}bh"~ld ji blnhkhd nl nh{~idkhi{* ~oblbo{ l{~l {bhj1 {|sodì"bo{ y|l ~id~o lj {i~jh~l kobo lj }lkls~o} lbslqi{ld i ~o"ki} |di bh{bi kidkhd lj knhò ]SI ij bh{bo ~hlbso$Ji vl}{hd lbh~hni nl{nl lj l{sikho jjlì}i kod khl}~o }l"~}i{o kod }l{slk~o i ji kidkhd nl }lfl}ldkhi nlj }lkls~o}$Bhnhldno k|d~o ~i}n |di nl~l}bhdini do~i |d {l`bld~onlj knhò ]SI ld jjlì} nl{nl lj {i~jh~l* lj {h{~lbison}i nl~l}bhdi} lj ~hlbso nl vhial$ B|j~hsjy|l{l l{l~hlbso so} ji vljokhnin nl ji j|q* x lj }l{|j~ino {l} ji nh{"~idkhi ij {i~jh~l$

[HDK]ODHQIKHOD NL ]LJOAL[

Lj ~hlbso {l kod~}oji b|x l{~}hk~ibld~l i mo}no nl jo{ {i~jh"~l{ @S[1 kini |do nl ljjo{ vi no~ino nl |d }ljoa i~bhko$ Ldkibmho* jo{ }lkls~o}l{ ~hldld y|l i}}l`j}{lji{ kod |d }ljoanl k|i}qo nl soko s}lkho* k|xi s}lkh{hd l{ b|kgo bldo}$I ki|{i nl ji{ nlfhkhldkhi{ hdgl}ld~l{ ij k}odobl~}ial* ji{ ~}l{l{fl}i{ nl ji ~ljlbl~}i do {l hd~l}{lkid lwik~ibld~l 'jdli{nl s|d~o{ dl`}i{($ Si}i {hdk}odhqi} jo{ }ljoal{ {h~|ino{ ld }"mh~i kod jo{ |mhkino{ ld ~hl}}i* x kobsld{i} i{ lj l}}o} nlk}odobl~}ial* lj @S[ gi nl lflk~|i} |di blnhni i |d k|i}~o{i~jh~l$ Lj vijo} om~ldhno nl~l}bhdi |d dhko kolfhkhld~l nlko}}lkkhd* y|l gi} kohdkhnh} ji{ ~}l{ blnhkhodl{ nl ~ljlbl~}ikod ji i|~d~hki |mhkikhd nlj }lkls~o} '{lijini ld }oao($


46/99

~|n$ [h jo{ }ljoal{ f|l}id sl}flk~o{*mi{~i}i |di {oji blnhni si}i {h~|i}ij s|d~o ld ji {|sl}fhkhl nl |di l{"fl}i kod kld~}o ld lj {i~jh~l x }i"nho s}l{k}h~o$ No{ blnhkhodl{ nl @S[}l{~}hd`ld ji so{hkhd nlj |{|i}ho iji hd~l}{lkkhd nl no{ l{fl}i{* bhld"~}i{ y|l ~}l{ jo {h~id ld |d dhkos|d~o* nlfhdhno so} ji{ ~}l{ l{fl}i{x ji {|sl}fhkhl nl ji ^hl}}i$ Nl l{~lbono* lj }lkls~o} gim}i nl }l{ojvl}|d {h{~lbi nl ~}l{ lk|ikhodl{ kod~}l{ hdk`dh~i{* ji ji~h~|n* ji jod`h"~|n x ji ij~h~|n$

Sl}o jo{ }ljoal{ sl}flk~o{ do lwh{"~ld* x so} ljjo jo{ }lkls~o}l{ nl @S[~hldld dlkl{hnin nl }l{ojvl} |dik|i}~i hdk`dh~i1 ji nl}hvi ld~}l lj}ljoa hd~l}do nlj }lkls~o}* nl miao

s}lkho* x lj ~hlbso nl ji }ln @S[*y|l l{~ kod~}ojino kod |d l}}o} nlbldo{ nl |di bhjbhjjod{hbi nl{l`|dno blnhid~l }ljoal{ i~bhko{5ld kibmho* lj }ljoa nlj }lkls~o} so"n}i {|f}h} |d l}}o} nl |d {l`|dno*o b{* ij ni$ Lj l}}o} nl ~hlbso {lkodvhl}~l ld |d l}}o} nl nh{~idkhiij b|j~hsjhki}jo so} ji vljokhnin nlji j|q$ L{~i nl}hvi iinl |d dbl"}o hdk`dh~o i ji nh{~idkhi l{~hbiniso} kini {i~jh~l* jo y|l lwsjhkiso} y| ji{ blnhkhodl{ nl jod`h~|n}lkhmld lj dobm}l nl blnhkhodl{s{l|no~ljlb~}hki{$ Fljhqbld~l* jinl}hvi ld ~hlbso l{ ji bh{bi kod}l{slk~o i ~ono{ jo{ {i~jh~l{* so}jo y|l |di blnhkhd ~obini nl |dk|i}~o {i~jh~l sl}bh~l y|l lj }l"

kls~o} }l{|ljvi ji{ k|i~}o lk|ikho"dl{ dlkl{i}hi{ si}i ji nl~l}bhdikhdnl ji{ k|i~}o hdk`dh~i{1 jod`h~|n*ji~h~|n* ij~h~|n x ~hlbso$

Nlmhno i y|l jo{ |{|i}ho{ s|l"nld kibmhi} nl so{hkhd }shnibld"~l* jo{ }lkls~o}l{ nl @S[ ik~|ijl{{|sl}vh{id ~ibmhd ji fj|k~|ikhd ldf}lk|ldkhi nl ji{ {lijl{ ld~}id~l{i~}hm|hni ij lflk~o Nossjl}* l{ nlkh}*ji{ vi}hikhodl{ nl ji jod`h~|n nl od"ni nl ji{ {lijl{ }lkhmhni{ nlmhni{ij bovhbhld~o$ Ld lj ki{o nl y|l lj|{|i}ho {l l{~ ijlaidno nlj {i~jh~l*si}lkl} y|l i|bld~i ji jod`h~|nnl odni nl ji {lij5 {h lj |{|i}ho {lb|lvl gikhi lj {i~jh~l* ji jod`h~|nnl odni {l iko}~i}$ Kini {i~jh~lvhldl i {l} kobo |d ~}ld y|l si{ia|d~o i |di sl}{odi 'lj }lkls~o}($K|idno {l ikl}ki* lj ~odo nlj {hj"mi~o {l v|ljvl b{ i`|no5 k|idno

{l ijlai* b{ `}ivl$ Ji {|sl}vh{hdnl l{~i{ vi}hikhodl{ ld ji jod`h~|nnl odni sl}bh~l i l{o{ ly|hso{ jil{~hbikhd nl ji vljokhnin nlj |{|i"}ho nl fo}bi nh}lk~i x b{ s}lkh{i$

]l{|j~i do~imjl y|l jo{ }lkls~o"}l{ nl @S[ kod{h`id jjlvi} i kimoji kobsjlai ~i}li nl ji `lojokijh"qikhd {hd ~}id{bh~h} {lij ij`|di$@}ikhi{ i ljjo* jo{ }lkls~o}l{ y|l{l hd{~iji}d ld f|~|}o{ ~ljfodo{bvhjl{ {l}d b|x lkodbhko{1 doko{~i} kini |do dh < l|}o{$

I ~}iv{ nl ji hodo{fl}iJo{ ly|hso{ hd{~ijino{ i mo}no nljo{ {i~jh~l{ @S[ lbh~ld {| hdfo}"bikhd blnhid~l odni{ nl }inho"f}lk|ldkhi ']F( l{~dni}$ Ji so}~i"no}i nl ]F l{ ji kj{hki {hd|{ohnl5{| f}lk|ldkhi hdnhki lj dbl}o nlkhkjo{ so} {l`|dno 'kobs|l{~o{ kini|do so} |di khbi x |d vijjl($ Ji~kdhki nl @S[ ik~|ij |~hjhqi no{midni{ nl f}lk|ldkhi* J9 x J=* {h"~|ini{ ld ji }l`hd nl bhk}oodni{nlj l{slk~}o ljlk~}obi`d~hko$ I ji

midni J9 {|ljl jjib}{lji {lijkhvhj* i sl{i} nl y|l l{~l }lk|}{o{l kobsi}~l kod ji{ f|l}qi{ i}bi"ni{$ L{ ikkl{hmjl i ~ono{ x {oso}~iji ki{h ~o~ijhnin nl ji{ isjhkikhodl{khvhjl{ ik~|ijl{$ Ji midni J= l{ nl|{o ki{h lwkj|{hvibld~l bhjh~i}$ L

investigación y ciencia 334 - julio 2004

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