investigación y ciencia 328 - enero 2004

7/30/2019 Investigacin y ciencia 328 - Enero 2004

1/99

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2/99

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3/99

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4/99

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Lb{zrjagu ?;;5 [rhf|d Ljhfunjld \&D& Cxfudfhr)


5/99

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|x idobrdubrjb gdf lbchf}deb zd d|jfuhuj}dr cbilxid| gorjed| dfdi#ajlb#ejajudih|) d{ud| {drd id eh|urxl#ljf |hihluj~d eh archfh|&

Id ~j|jf aibodi

Dchejed txh |h jehfujnjldf fxh#~b| ahfh| eh D_F dluj~b hfib| jfurbfh| z hi DEF jfuhrafjlb)udfub ujhc{b bi~jedeb|) |h eh|~d#fhlh id jcdahf eh {b|hhr xf ij|#

udeb lbc{ihub {drd hi gbcorh b lxdi#txjhr burd h|{hljh |x{hrjbr& D ejnh#rhfljd eh ib| ahfh| {rbexlubrh| eh{rbuhfd|) lxzd |hlxhfljd h|u ij#cjuded {br |hdih| eh jfjljb z njf)ib| ahfh| eh |ib D_F ~drdf udfub)txh ib| {rbardcd| jfnbrcujlb| fblbf|jaxhf ehuhludrib| hf id| |h#lxhfljd| eh DEF&

[drd h|ujcxidr id ulfjld) hi Jf|#ujuxub h|udebxfjehf|h eh Jf~h|ujad#ljbfh| ehi Ahfbcd Gxcdfb gd jf#~hrujeb cjiibfh| eh eidrh| hfxf dcojljb|b {rbzhlub= id Hfljlib#{hejd eh Hihchfub| eh DEF& Hfurh| db|) |h {rhuhfeh ldudibadr ubebuj{b eh {rbuhfd| z D_F |jfuhuj}d#eb| d {drujr eh xf h|lbajeb xfb {brljhfub ehi ahfbcd gxcdfb&

Fdejh |doh ubed~d tx {dfbrdcdahfujlb |h fb| dorjr xfd ~h} |diadd id ix} h|d ld{d eh jfnbrcdljf

dgbrd blxiud& Hi DEF rhexfedfuhtxh dfudb |h eh|hlg {br jafbrdr|h|x nxfljf) {berd txj} lbf~hrujr#|h hf hi nxfedchfub eh id lbc{ihmj#ede gxcdfd& D| ib d~didf {|hxeb#ahfh|) D_F dfuj|hfujeb) cjlrbD_Fz rjoblbfcxudebrh|& Hi D_F dluj~b)lbcb |h hc{jh}d d |dohr dgbrd) lbf#urjoxzh d lbfurbidr id h|urxluxrd ah#fhrdi eh ib| lrbcb|bcd| z diaxfd|eh |x| cbejnjldljbfh| txcjld| lrx#ljdih|0 ejlgb eh burb cbeb) lbf|uj#uxzh xfd fxh~d ld{d eh jfnbrcdljfh{jahfujld&

JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5 4) {a|& 4?>;#4?>


16/99

Hf 4:1? |h lbfblhf Gxag Cbfuabchrz) mb~hfhw{hrub hf uhbrd eh fchrb|) z Nrhhcdf Ez|bf)

n|jlb) hf Nxie Gdii) xfb eh ib| hejnjljb| ehiJf|ujuxub eh H|uxejb| D~df}deb| eh [rjflhubf&Cbfuabchrz ih lxhfud d Ez|bf txh id| lbrrh#

idljbfh| hfurh {drh| eh {xfub| eh ib| lhrb| eh id nxf#ljf }hud eh _jhcdff bohehlhf d

Ez|bf |h cdrd~jiid& \h gd edeb lxhfud ih {rh#axfud d Cbfuabchrz eh txh |h urdud eh id nxfljfeh lbrrhidljf hfurh {drh| eh dxub~dibrh| eh xfd cd#urj} ghrcujld dihdubrjd2 Z eh txh h| hi cbehib ehib| fj~hih| eh hfhrad eh xf flihb {h|deb) eh) ejad#cb|) hi X#?


17/99

{hlurb eh ej|udfljd| di ~hljfb c| lhrldfb hf hi ld|beh id ej|urjoxljf dihdubrjd= id nrhlxhfljd eh xfd |h#{drdljf w lxditxjhrd h| {rb{brljbfdi d hw& H|ud ihzhw{bfhfljdi fhaduj~d hfurdd txh id |h{drdljf c|{rbodoih hfurh ~dibrh| h| id cfjcd& D xfd {dxud cb#~jed ih lbrrh|{bfeh xfd lxr~d dldc{dfded= ib| jfuhr#~dib| ehnjfjeb| {br ib| ~hljfb| c| lhrldfb| |h dujh#fhf d xfd ej|urjoxljf adx||jdfd&

Id nxfljf eh lbrrhidljf {br {drh| chfljbfded {brCbfuabchrz z Ez|bf ld{ud {druh eh id cj|cd jfnbr#cdljf txh hi h|{hlurb eh ib| ~hljfb| c| lhrldfb|){hrb id ldilxid eh ejnhrhfuh cbeb& Id nxfljf eh lbrrh#

idljf lxhfud) {drd lded ej|udfljd w) lxfub| {drh| eh~dibrh| h|uf |h{drdeb| {br w) |jf txh jc{bruh |j lb#rrh|{bfehf d ~hljfb| jfchejdub| b fb& Id nxfljf ehlbrrhidljf {br {drh| eh xfd ej|urjoxljf {xrdchfuhdihdubrjd h| xfd rhlud gbrj}bfudi) {xh| ubeb| ib| jfuhr#~dib| |bf htxj{rbodoih|& Lbfnbrch id ej|urjoxljf |h~d gdljhfeb c| brehfded) d{drhlhf hf id nxfljf xfd|hrjh eh mbrbod| z bfexidljbfh|& Hf hi ld|b eh xfd ej|#urjoxljf {hrjejld) id arnjld |h lbc{bfh eh xfd |h#rjh eh daxed| {xfud|&

Gdlh urhjfud db|) G& J& Ijbx) Mdch| _djfqduhr z |x|lbidobrdebrh| eh id Xfj~hr|jede eh Lbixcojd cjejh#rbf lbf ardf {rhlj|jf ib| fj~hih| eh hfhrad ehi f#

lihb ducjlb eh xfd ujhrrd rdrd) hi hrojb#4>>& Xfhwdchf |x{hrnjljdi eh h|h h|{hlurb fb {hrljojr rhax#idrjedeh| h~jehfuh|0 fb bo|udfuh) |x uhwuxrd ejnjhrhcxlgb eh id lbrrh|{bfejhfuh d xfd ej|urjoxljf {xrd#chfuh dihdubrjd& Hf {drujlxidr) hi h|{hlurb ehi hrojbujhfh chfbr fchrb eh fj~hih| cxz {rwjcb| txh xfdej|urjoxljf dihdubrjd& H| lbcb |j ib| fj~hih| eh hfhradfxlihdr lbfudrdf lbf cxhiih| txh ib| cdfux~jh|hf |h#{drdeb|& H|ud rh{xi|jf eh fj~hih| ldrdluhrj}d d ub#eb| ib| flihb| {h|deb|&

Hrojb z dxub~dijbTx uj{b eh h|urxluxrd cduhcujld {berd eh|lrj#ojr xf h|{hlurb d|2 Dtx h| ebfeh hfurdf hf idh|lhfd ib| dxub~dibrh|) b ~dibrh| {rb{jb|) eh id| cdurj#lh| ghrcujld| dihdubrjd| chfljbfdeb| di {rjflj{jb& Id|hfxflj lbf h|ud njfdijede) hf hi ehlhfjb eh 4:8;) hin|jlb Hxahfh [& Qjafhr) txh udcojf hf|h hf [rjflhubf&Jcdajfhcb| txh |h ib hw{ijld d xf dixcfb xf {blb ihfub=

Qjafhr= ^dcb| d ~hr lcb |h lbf|urxzh xfd cdurj}ghrcujld dihdubrjd& Hc{h}dcb| lbf xf ld|jiihrb lxd#erdeb) lbcb xf udoihrb eh dmherh}) z hf lded ld|jiid{bfhcb| xf fchrb hihajeb di d}dr&&&

JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5 48

{hrjejld dihdubrjd cb~jed hrojb ~dibrh|{rb{jb|

lhrb|eh }hud

fchrb|{rjcb|

{xhfuh| nhrrbldrrji dfjiib|ehi urbflb

|h|cb| {d|hb|hf ojljlihud

4& LDED XFD EH H\UD\ EJ\U_JOXLJBFH\ xfjejchf|jbfd#ih| lbf|ud eh 4;; fj~hih|& Ib| h|{hlurb|) eh ehrhlgd d j}#txjhred) lbrrh|{bfehf d= xfd nbrcdljf {hrjejld eh i#fhd| htxjej|udfuh|0 xfd |xlh|jf dihdubrjd0 xfd nbrcdljf{hrjejld {hruxroded {br xf ijahrb odjih dihdubrjb ehlded fj~hi0 ib| h|udeb| hfhraujlb| ehi flihb ehi hrojb#4>>) ubeb| lbf ib| cj|cb| fchrb| lxfujlb| eh h|{f z{drjede0 ib| 4;; dxub~dibrh| lhfurdih| eh xfd cdurj} |jc#urjld dihdubrjd eh brehf


18/99

4> JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5

H|uxejdfuh= Tx lid|h eh fchrb2 _hdi2 Lbc{ihmb2Qjafhr= Lxditxjhrd eh ib| eb| |jr~h) {hrb) {br |hf#

ljiih}) txhecbfb| dtx |ib lbf fchrb| rhdih|&H|uxejdfuh= Z lbf tx uj{b eh dihdubrjhede2 Gdf

eh uhfhr ej|urjoxljf xfjnbrch) adx||jdfd b&&&2Qjafhr= H| lb|uxcorh ubcdrib| lbf xfd ej|urjoxljf

adx||jdfd eh chejd ; z ~drjdf}d 4) {hrb fb h| h|hf#ljdi gdlhrib d|& Ib h|hfljdi h| txh id cdurj} |hdghrcujld& Id| cdurjlh| ghrcujld| d| iidcded| hfrhlxhreb ehi cduhcujlb nrdfl| Lgdrih| Ghrcjuh {b#|hhf xfd |jchurd {hlxijdr& \x ejdabfdi {rjflj{di) txh~d eh|eh hi faxib |x{hrjbr j}txjhreb gd|ud hi jfnhrjbrehrhlgb) ~jhfh d |hr lbcb xf h|{hmb) eh cdfhrd txhib| hihchfub| ehi urjfaxib |x{hrjbr txhedf rhnihmdeb|hf hi urjfaxib jfnhrjbr&

H|uxejdfuh= Hfubflh| id cdurj} fb h| dihdubrjd ehi

ubeb) ~hrede2Qjafhr= \j |h hc{hd x|uhe) id iidcdrhcb| |hcjd#

ihdubrjd& Iihfdcb| id cjude |x{hrjbr) lbf fchrb| rhd#ih|) lbcb ghcb| lbf~hfjeb {drd txh |hd c| |hflj#iib) ubcdeb| di d}dr) z eh|{x| ib| lb{jdcb| hf id cjudejfnhrjbr& Uhfhcb| d| xfd cdurj} ghrcujld dihdubrjd zlxdfeb ldilxidcb| |x| dxub~dibrh|&&&

H|uxejdfuh= [hrb&&& lcb gdab {drd ldilxidrib|2Qjafhr= ^dzd d Cduido) hi {rbardcd eh brehfdebr)

z xujijlh id nxfljf hja$Ib| dxub~dibrh| b ~dibrh| {rb{jb| rhljohf xfd ej#

~hr|jede eh fbcorh|) ubeb| jaxdichfuh b{dlb|= ~dib#rh| ldrdluhr|ujlb|) rdlh| iduhfuh|) h|{hlurb eh id cd#

urj}& Id| ehnjfjljbfh|) {br |x {druh) |bf udcojf c|fxchrb|d| txh ujih|& Dtx) {drd fxh|urb {rb{|jub)od|uh ehljr txh ubed cdurj} lxderded FF iih~d d|b#ljded xfd hlxdljf {bijfcjld eh ardeb F) z txh ib|dxub~dibrh| |bf id| rdlh| eh udi hlxdljf 'gdor) {xh|)F eh hiib|) ej|ujfub| b fb*& Hf hi ld|b eh cdurjlh| lxd#ih|txjhrd) |h urdudr) hf ahfhrdi) eh fchrb| lbc{ih#mb|) jflix|b dxftxh ib| hihchfub| eh id cdurj} |hdffchrb| rhdih|) {hrb id |jchurd eh id| cdurjlh| ghrc#ujld| adrdfuj}d txh ubeb| |x| ~dibrh| {rb{jb| |hrf rh#dih|& [berhcb|) {xh|) brehfdrib| eh chfbr d cdzbr dib idrab eh xfd rhlud) lbcb |j nxhrdf fj~hih| eh hfhrad&Ej|{xh|ub| eh h|d nbrcd) |h {drhlhf cxlgb d ib| fj#~hih| hfhraujlb| eh xf flihb {h|deb& Lidrb h|u) ib|dxub~dibrh| fb lbjfljehf) ~dibr {br ~dibr) lbf hi h|#{hlurb eh fjfaf flihb {drujlxidr) {hrb id |hchmdf}dh|ude|ujld h| ardfeh&

Id {rjchrd ~h} txh b gdoidr eh id lbfmhuxrd eh idcdurj} dihdubrjd hf n|jld fxlihdr) ib txh c| ch |br#{rhfej fb nxh txh {xejhrd |hr ljhrud) |jfb txh diaxjhf|h gxojh|h ub{deb lbf hiid& [hrb fb |h urdudod eh xfd|x{b|jljf hwlfurjld& Hf id nbrcxidljf eh id chl#

fjld lxfujld eh Qhrfhr Ghj|hfohra) hi h|udeb jfuhrfbeh xf ubcb) b eh xf flihb) h|u rh{rh|hfudeb {brxfd cdurj} ghrcujld) lxzb| dxub~dibrh| |bf ib| fj~h#ih| hfhraujlb| ehi h|{hlurb& \j lbfbljrdcb| ubeb|ib| hihchfub| eh lded njid z lbixcfd eh h|ud cdurj}){berdcb| ldilxidr hi h|{hlurb lbf ubed hwdlujuxe& Fbuhfhcb|) lbcb h| bo~jb) h|h lbfbljcjhfub) {hrb |hafid lbfmhuxrd eh Qjafhr ib| {drchurb| h|ude|ujlb| ehih|{hlurb fb dlx|df xfd ardf |hf|jojijede d ib| hih#chfub| h|{hlnjlb| eh id cdurj}& [br ib udfub) |j fb|ijcjudcb| d ubcdr xfd cdurj} u{jld xfd cdurj} ardfeh)lxzb| hihchfub| gdzdf |jeb hihajeb| duhfejhfeb d xfdljhrud ej|urjoxljf h|ude|ujld) id| {rhejlljbfh| eh#ohrdf |hr d{rbwjcdedchfuh lbrrhlud|& Ez|bf z burb|hidobrdrbf eh|{x| id| {rhejlljbfh| ehi cbehib lbfcdzbr ehudiih&

Hxihrjb z rjhcdffjb

Ehmhcb| dgbrd id n|jld fxlihdr z ~dzdcb| d id uhb#rd eh fchrb| z id nxfljf }hud&Id |xlh|jf c| ndcb|d eh id uhbrd eh fchrb| h|

id eh ib| fchrb| {rjcb|= ?)


19/99

[drd dfdij}dr h|ud ej|urjoxljf) d{druh eh hw{ibrdrejrhludchfuh ib| fchrb| {rjcb|) ldoh ubcdr xf rb#ehb= id nxfljf }hud eh _jhcdff& H|ud nxfljf) {druheh lxzb fbcorh ih nxh edeb {br hi {rb{jb Ohrfgdre_jhcdff) id burd hf gbfbr |xzb) gdod |jeb h|uxejdedzd {br Ihbfgdre Hxihr hf hi |jaib W^JJJ) txjhf id eh#njfj lbcb id |xcd) hwuhfejed d ubeb| ib| fchrb| fd#uxrdih|) eh id |jaxjhfuh |hrjh=

Lbf burd| {didord|) |h ubcd lded fchrb fduxrdi f)eh|eh 4 gd|ud jfnjfjub) |h ih hih~d d id {buhfljd |) |hubcd hi ~dibr rhl{rblb z |h |xcd ubed id |hrjh& Id|xcd h| njfjud |jhc{rh txh | |hd cdzbr txh 4& [brhmhc{ib) Hxihr ehcb|ur txh '?* h| jaxdi d ?">)d{rbwjcdedchfuh) 4)>58=

Hxihr ehcb|ur udcojf xfd fbudoih jehfujede txh jaxdidid nrcxid ehi |xcdubrjb) txh ujhfh xf urcjfb {br

lded fchrb fduxrdi) d xf {rbexlub jfnjfjub txh lbf#ujhfh xf ndlubr {br lded fchrb {rjcb& H|ud |haxfedehnjfjljf h|udoihlh=

Hf h|uh ld|b) id rhlhud lbf|j|uh hf ubcdr lded f#chrb {rjcb {) eh|eh ? gd|ud jfnjfjub) hih~drib d id {b#uhfljd |) z eh|{x|) urd| diaxfb| lilxib| drjucujlb|)cxiuj{ijldr ib| ndlubrh| lbrrh|{bfejhfuh| d ubeb| ib|~dibrh| eh {& Hi rh|xiudeb h| hi cj|cb txh hf id |xcdjfnjfjud& Id lbfhwjf hfurh xfd |xcd hwuhfejed d ub#eb| ib| hfuhrb| z xf {rbexlub |borh ubeb| ib| fch#rb| {rjcb| hrd zd xf jfejljb eh txh id nxfljf }hud{berd uhfhr diab txh ehljr |borh id ej|urjoxljf eh ib|fchrb| {rjcb| hf hi lbfmxfub eh ib| hfuhrb|& Id| eb||hrjh|) hf hnhlub) h|uf fujcdchfuh rhidljbfded|&

Id lbfurjoxljf eh _jhcdff) hf 478:) lbf|j|uj hfhwuhfehr hi ebcjfjb eh id nxfljf }hud) eh cbeb txhnxhrd d{ijldoih fb |ib lxdfeb | h| xf fchrb rhdicdzbr txh 4) |jfb lxdfeb | h| xf fchrb lxditxjhrd{b|juj~b b fhaduj~b) rhdi b lbc{ihmb) lbf id fjldhwlh{ljf eh ib| fchrb| lxzd {druh rhdi h| jaxdi d 4&Id nxfljf b|ljid eh|ch|xrdedchfuh |borh ardf {druhehi {idfb lbc{ihmb) lrx}dfeb jfnjfjud| ~hlh| eh ib| ~d#ibrh| {b|juj~b| d ib| fhaduj~b|& \h iidcd d ib| {xfub|eh lrxlh) ebfeh '|* 3 ;) lhrb| eh id nxfljf }hud& Hwj|#

uh xfd |xlh|jf jfnjfjud eh h|ub| lhrb| d ib idrab ehi hmhrhdi fhaduj~b) d ib| txh fb |h lbflheh ardf jfuhr|&_jhcdff iidc id duhfljf |borh xfd ejnhrhfuh |xlh|jfjfnjfjud eh lhrb|) |juxdeb| {br drrjod z {br ehodmb ehihmh rhdi hf id nrdfmd ~hrujldi ehi {idfb lbc{ihmb txh lbf#ujhfh d ubeb| ib| fchrb| lxzd {druh rhdi |h hflxhfurdhfurh ; z 4& _jhcdff ldilxi id {b|jljf eh ib| urh| {rj#chrb| eh h|ub| lhrb| z eh|lxorj txh |h gdiidf mx|ud#chfuh hf hi lhfurb eh id nrdfmd) |borh id rhlud lrujldnbrcded {br ib| lbc{ihmb| lxzd {druh rhdi h| 4"?& _jhcdff)od|feb|h hf h|ud h~jehfljd z hf |x jflrhoih jfuxjljf)lbfmhuxr txh ubeb| ib| lhrb| lbc{ihmb| eh id nxfljf}hud |h hflxhfurdf |borh id rhlud lrujld& H|ud lbfmhuxrd

h| id iidcded gj{uh|j| eh _jhcdff) dc{ijdchfuh uh#fjed {br hi gxh|b c| exrb eh rbhr z mxab|b eh ubed idcduhcujld lbfuhc{brfhd&

Hf ib| db| urdf|lxrrjeb| eh|eh txh _jhcdff lbf|j#axj ibldij}dr ib| urh| {rjchrb| lhrb| eh id nxfljf }hud)gdf |jeb eh|lxojhrub| xfb| {btxjub| c|& Xfd rhe ehlc{xub lbb{hrduj~b iidcded ]hudArje) bradfj}ded {br\hod|ujdf Qhehfjq|`j) eh JOC) gd lbc{rbodeb

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20/99


21/99


22/99

Hfmdcorh| eh rbobu|[drd ib| ej|hdebrh| eh rbobu| eh gbz ed)

ib {htxhb fb |ib h| ghrcb|b) |jfb txh bnrhlh ardfeh| {b|jojijedeh|

_bohru Ardobq|`j) Ixj| H& Fd~drrb \hrchfu z [rdehh{ @& @gb|id

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[B_UIDFE


23/99

E

D_[D 'id dahfljd h|udebxfjehf|h eh {rb#zhlub| d~df}deb| {drd id ehnhf|d* {idf#uh hf 4::7 xf {rboihcd d ib| jf~h|uj#adebrh| eh id rboujld& Ehodf lrhdr xfb|rbobu| eh rhlbfbljcjhfub udf ejcjfxub|)txh d xf |biedeb ih nxhrd {b|joih iih~drib|lbf|jab z h|{drljrib| {br hi |xhib lbcb

|j nxhrdf |hcjiid|& Ib| |hr~jljb| eh obcohrb| z ib|htxj{b| eh o|txhed z rh|lduh {berdf drrbmdrib| di jf#uhrjbr eh ~j~jhfed| b hejnjljb| ehrrxcodeb| {drd ib#ldij}dr d {b|joih| ~lujcd| durd{ded| hf |x jfuhrjbr bhflbfurdr cduhrjdih| uwjlb|& Fb h|u gbz d fxh|urb di#ldflh diab d|& \jf hcodrab) ib| cjfjrrbobu| gdf ch#rhljeb id duhfljf eh ib| {rjflj{dih| {rbzhluj|ud|& Hfixadr eh lhfurdr|h hf xfd| lxdfud| {idudnbrcd| ardf#eh|) rh{ihud| eh |hf|brh|) |h d{ijldf d id lbf|urxlljfeh nibujiid| eh rbobu| |hfljiib|) ijahrb| z {htxhb|&

Hf {rjflj{jb) h|ub| rbobu| ejcjfxub| {rh|hfudrdffxchrb|d| ~hfudmd| |borh |x| {drjhfuh| c| ~bixcj#fb|b|& [berdf jfnjiurdr|h {br hi jfuhrjbr eh id| lbf#

exlljbfh|) jf|{hlljbfdr rxjfd| urd| xfd ldu|urbnh b dad#}d{dr|h hf ixadrh| {blb lbf|{jlxb|& Xf arx{b ehhiib|) ojhf bradfj}deb) jfuhrldcojdrd id jfnbrcdljfeh |x| |hf|brh| lbf hi njf eh ldrubardnjdr bomhub| txhfb rh|xiud|hf nljih| eh lbc{rhfehr eh|eh xf |bib {xfubeh bo|hr~dljf& Lxdfeb xfb ldzh|h b gxojhrd eh h|#ldidr xf bo|ulxib) burb| ih dzxedrdf& Hi rh|{bf|doihehi arx{b ehljejrd hi fchrb b{bruxfb eh rbobu| |h#af id |juxdljf& \j xfb eh ib| rbobu| |xnrh xfd d~h#rd) fb {br hiib |h {hrehrd id cj|jf hfuhrd= ib| ehc|{xhehf lbfujfxdrid&

[drd lbf|urxjr rbobu| ejcjfxub| gdz txh rhlxrrjr dfxh~b| {idfuhdcjhfub| hf hi ej|hb& D ejnhrhfljd eh ibtxh blxrrh lbf ib| eh cdzbr udcdb) {drd hiib| udfubhi h|{dljb lbcb id nxhr}d cburj} |bf ojhfh| h|ld|b|0fb {xhehf diohradr ubeb| ib| lbc{bfhfuh| fhlh|drjb|{drd iih~dr d ldob xfd cj|jf eded& D xf rbobu {h#txhb) xfd lcdrd eh ~ehb) {br {htxhd txh |hd) ih{h|dr ehcd|jdeb& Ib| |hf|brh|) ib| |j|uhcd| eh {rb#lh|dcjhfub eh edub| z id {buhfljd n|jld gdf eh rh{dr#ujr|h hfurh ~drjb| rbobu| txh urdodmhf di xf|bfb) lbcbid| gbrcjad| hf hi gbrcjaxhrb= eojih| z ~xifhrdoih|xfd d xfd) {behrb|d| lxdfeb xfhf |x| nxhr}d|&

Xfd ~drjhede eh nbrcd|

Gdf |jeb ~drjb| ib| cubeb| deb{udeb| {drd dobr#edr ib| {rboihcd| eh id lbf|urxlljf eh rbobu| dh|d h|ldid0 hfurh hiib|) hi ojbiajlb) txh urdud eh rh#

chedr durjoxub| eh ib| jf|hlub| b eh burb| dfjcdih|&D|) {br hmhc{ib) ib| {rbzhluj|ud| eh rbobu| eh idXfj~hr|jede Ld|h#_h|hr~d ehi Bh|uh gdf eh|drrbiidebxfd {idudnbrcd eh ardf cb~jijede jf|{jrded hf id lx#ldrdlgd& Xfb| chldfj|cb| gorjeb| eh rxhed| z {dud|ih {hrcjuhf hi eh|{id}dcjhfub {br uhrrhfb eh|jaxdi&Xf htxj{b eh id Xfj~hr|jede eh Cjlgjadf hf Dff Drobrgd {rbexljeb xf rbobu o{heb lbf hwurhcjedeh| druj#lxided| z {rb~j|ud| eh ~hfub|d| lbf id| txh {xheh urh#{dr {br {drheh|) d |hchmdf}d eh xfd brxad&

Id ojbibad gd jf|{jrdeb fb |ib id lbfnjaxrdljf n#|jld eh ib| rbobu|) |jfb udcojf |x| |j|uhcd| eh lbf#urbi& Ib| jfahfjhrb| eh rboujld ehi Jf|ujuxub eh Uhl#fbibad eh Cd||dlgx|huu| gdf jf~hfudeb rbobu| ehiudcdb eh {hibud| eh abin) txh chrbehdf hf ox|ld ehdijchfub lbcb |j nxhrdf gbrcjad|& \h ~dihf eh |hflj#iib| |hf|brh| eh ix} {drd hw{rh|dr|h hcbljbfh| xfb|d burb| z ubcdr ehlj|jbfh| eh nbrcd lbihluj~d& H|d|jf~h|ujadljbfh| |jaxhf id |hfed dojhrud {br _befhzD& Orbb`|& Hf ib| diabrjucb| eh lbfurbi od|deb| hf id

lbfexlud) eh ib| txh Orbb`| nxh {rhlxr|br) lded rboburhdlljbfd d ib| h|ucxib| ibldih|& Fb gdz xf {idf lhf#urdi) fj xf lbrbfhi di cdfeb eh id| urb{d|0 id chrd jf#uhrdlljf eh ib| rbobu| ahfhrd id dluxdljf njfdi ehihtxj{b& [br jffb~debr txh {xhed |hr h|uh hfnbtxh)|xo|j|uhf cxlgb| {rboihcd|& Df fb gd edeb nrxub&Id| cj|jbfh| txh ujhfhf xfd njfdijede rhtxjhrhf dl#ljbfh| ehijohrded| z {idfh| lbflhojeb| di hnhlub0 idlbfexlud h|{bfufhd fb {xheh {rb{brljbfdr fj ibxfb fj ib burb) di chfb| {br dgbrd&

Id Xfj~hr|jede eh Cjffh|bud gd cbfudeb rbobu| hw#{ibrdebrh| txh |h {xhehf drrbmdr d urd~| eh id| ~hf#udfd| lbcb |j nxh|hf ardfded| eh cdfb& H|ub| ej|{b#|juj~b|) ebudeb| eh eb| rxhed|) ujhfhf nbrcd eh idud ehlbf|hr~d| z h|uf htxj{deb| lbf lcdrd| eh ~ehb txh{hrcjuhf d xf x|xdrjb lbfurbidrib| d ej|udfljd& Dfib#adchfuh [D_L 'dfuh| Whrbw [D_L*) eh [dib Diub) hfLdijnbrfjd) gd lrhdeb xf rbobu#|jhr{h cxz drujlxidebtxh |h {xheh ejrjajr d ej|udfljd chejdfuh ~ehb& H|uhrbobu rh{ud |borh ib| bo|ulxib| b {br hi jfuhrjbr ehldhrd|& Fb bo|udfuh) hf id dluxdijede debihlh) dijaxdi txh ib| rbobu| hw{ibrdebrh|) eh jf|xnjljhfuh ld#{dljede |hf|brjdi ibldi= gd eh |hr xf b{hrdebr gxcdfbtxjhf ubch id| ehlj|jbfh|& Udi jflbf~hfjhfuh gdlh{blb {rlujld) gbz {br gbz) id xujij}dljf eh hfmdc#orh| eh rbobu| eh h|uh uj{b&

D ib idrab eh h|ub| iujcb| db| |h gdf lbchrljdij#

}deb ~drjd| {idudnbrcd| rboujld|& @gh{ghrd) xf rbobuehi udcdb eh xf ej|lb eh gbl`hz eh|drrbiideb hf \xj}d)|h gd ghlgb {b{xidr hfurh ib| jfuhrh|deb| hf ib| {rb#lh|b| eh lbfurbi od|deb| hf id lbfexlud& Hi cubeb~dih udcojf {drd mxadr& Id lbc{dd ldijnbrfjdfd Ij~jfaCdlgjfh| gd |dldeb d id ~hfud xf ejcjfxub rbobu {rb#ardcdoih) hi [bl`hu#Obu& Ihab Cjfe|ubrc|) eh Ihab)hi ndorjldfuh eh lbf|urxlljbfh| eh mxaxhuh) {bfh di di#ldflh ehi {oijlb ahfhrdi id lbf|urxlljf z cdfhmb ehrbobu| |hfljiib|) txh zd |h xujij}df hf diaxfd| h|lxh#id|& [hrb ib| |hf|brh| z id ld{dljede eh lbfurbi eh h|#ub| ej|hb| lbchrljdih| |jaxhf |jhfeb cxz rxejchf#udrjb|&

JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5 ?4

4& IB\ CJIJOBU\) {htxhb| rbobu| lbf|urxjeb| {br ib|dxubrh| eh h|uh drulxib) gdf eh urdodmdr hf htxj{b0lxhfudf lbf udf {blb h|{dljb) txh fb {xhehf gdlhrardf lb|d |bib|& Id brxad oidfld lhfurdi h| xfdldehfd eh cjijobu| hfadr}deb| {drd |xojr h|ldihrd|&Id h|lbiudf burb| uj{b| eh cjijobu|) lded xfb {rh{drdeb{drd xfd udrhd lbflrhud&


24/99

?? JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5

H|ld|h} eh hfhrad

Hf id Xfj~hr|jede Ldrfhajh Chiibf ghcb| ghlgb gjf#ld{j hf id nihwjojijede eh cb~jcjhfub|& Ghcb|lbf|urxjeb xf htxj{b eh xfd eblhfd eh cjijobu|0 ldedxfb cjeh xfb| ljflb lhfuchurb| eh ideb& D h|d h|#ldid zd fb| nxh {b|joih xujij}dr lbc{bfhfuh| lbchr#ljdih| {drd id| udrhd| eh {rblh|dcjhfub z eh lbfurbi)dxftxh ubed~d gxojcb| eh ej|hdr d id chejed ib|ljrlxjub| jc{rh|b| z ib| hihchfub| lbfurbidebrh|& Ldedrbobu lbf|ud eh urh| cexib| {rjflj{dih|= eh iblbcb#ljf) eh lbfurbi z eh |hf|brh|& Hi cexib eh iblbcb#ljf |h hflxhfurd hf id {druh jfnhrjbr& \x| eb| cbub#rh| dlljbfdf brxad| lbf|urxjed| lbf {htxhd| mxfud|urjld|& Id ~hr|jf dluxdi {xheh eh|{id}dr|h {br hi |xhibehi eh|{dlgb z |borh id| dinbcord| d xfd ~hibljedecwjcd eh xfb| ?; lc"|ha 'dirhehebr eh id |hwud{druh eh id ~hibljede fbrcdi eh cdrlgd eh xfd {hr#|bfd*& \j eh|drrbiidcb| fxh~b| cexib| eh cb~jijede){berhcb| hfldmdrib| |jf fhlh|jede eh rhej|hdr hirh|ub ehi rbobu&

Hi cexib lhfurdi ujhfh d |x ldrab hi {rblh|dcjhfubz hi lbfurbi& Hi ej|hb dluxdi lbfujhfh xf cjlrblbf#urbidebr eh blgb oju|) |jcjidr d ib| jflixjeb| hf ib| br#ehfdebrh| {hr|bfdih| eh gdlh ?; db|& Dxftxh |x{buhfljd fb |hd lbc{drdoih lbf id eh xf brehfdebrcbehrfb) h|ub| {rblh|debrh| {xhehf ubed~d hfldr#adr|h ehi lbfurbi ehi rbobu hf ujhc{b rhdi& Hi cexibeh |hf|brh|) |juxdeb hf ib diub) ej|{bfh eh |hf|brh| eh|fdr z eh jfnrdrrbmb lhrldfb {drd chejr id ej|udfljdd bo|ulxib| ~hljfb|) d| lbcb |hf|brh| eh id odfedchejd ehi jfnrdrrbmb 'lbcb ib| xujij}deb| hf ib| eh#uhlubrh| eh cb~jcjhfub* eh|ujfdeb| d {hrljojr lxhr{b|{br |x ldibr0 {brud udcojf xfd lcdrd eh ~ehb {drd~jajidfljd z xf rdejbcehc {drd id lbcxfjldljf lbfburb| rbobu| b lbf id od|h&

Id ijcjudljf c| |hrjd txh |xnrhf h|ub| z burb| {h#txhb| rbobu| h| id hfhrad cburj}& Id| oduhrd|) ~b#ixcjfb|d| z {h|ded|) fb |h ded{udf ojhf di ldcojb ehh|ldid= iihad xf cbchfub) lxdfeb |h rhexlh |x ud#cdb) hf txh id| oduhrd| zd fb {xhehf |xcjfj|urdr fjid hfhrad fhlh|drjd {drd cb~hr |x {rb{jb {h|b& Id|

eb| oduhrd| rhldradoih| FjCG eh uhinbfb c~ji ehfxh|urb| cjijobu| blx{df dirhehebr eh id uhrlhrd {druhehi h|{dljb ej|{bfjoih& Id hfhrad txh |xcjfj|urdf

|ib ed {drd dijchfudr xf ijcjudeb |j|uhcd eh |hf|brh|exrdfuh xf ujhc{b eh nxfljbfdcjhfub eh


25/99

JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5 ? eh dflgb z rhlxhredf d ib| {rjcjuj~b| udftxh|eh id [rjchrd Axhrrd Cxfejdi& Eh brejfdrjb chrbehdf{br |h{drdeb) lded xfb {br |x lxhfud0 ujhfhf id nihwj#ojijede eh cb~jcjhfub| |xnjljhfuh {drd {d|dr |borh {h#txhb| bo|ulxib|& [hrb lxdfeb fhlh|judf |di~dr xfd}dfmd b xf urdcb eh h|ldihrd {xhehf dlb{idr|h hfurh| z nbrcdr xfd ldehfd&

Id ldrdluhr|ujld txh lbfnjhrh ~drjhede eh cb~jcjhfub|d id ldehfd h| xfd mxfud h|{hljdi eh dlb{idcjhfub hf#urh ib| cjijobu|& D ejnhrhfljd ehi hfadflgh hfurh ~d#abfh| b hfurh xf lblgh z |x rhcbitxh) hi ehi cjijobulxhfud lbf xf {buhfuh cbubr) ld{d} eh ajrdr id drujlx#idljf gdljd drrjod b dodmb lbf hi {dr |xnjljhfuh {drddi}dr d ~drjb| cjijobu|& \j gd eh urh{dr {br xfd h|ld#ihrd) id ldehfd hc{xmd lbfurd id od|h ehi {rjchr {hi#edb& Xfb eh ib| cjijobu| |juxdeb| lhrld ehi lhfurb ehid ldehfd ih~dfud id {druh nrbfudi eh id cj|cd& Dtxhiib|

cjijobu| txh dildf}df ib diub ehi bo|ulxib {xhehf hf#ubflh| ujrdr eh ib| |juxdeb| dodmb '~d|h hi rhlxderbLdehfd| eh cjijobu|*& Hf hi {rh|hfuh) hi {rblh|b |habojhrfd chejdfuh lbfurbi rhcbub) {hrb id ldehfd eh#ohrd iihadr d |xojr h|ldihrd| dxubcujldchfuh&

Id duhfljf eh ib| jf~h|ujadebrh| hc{jh}d d fb lhf#urdr|h zd udfub hf ib| d{drdub| cj|cb| lbcb hf hi ej#|hb eh |j|uhcd| eh lbfurbi c| hnjldlh|& Fb gdortxh ejrjajr xfb| lxdfub| rbobu|) |jfb lhfuhfdrh| b cj#iidrh|) xf {rboihcd rdejldichfuh ejnhrhfuh txh hwjajrlbfbljcjhfub| ubcdeb| eh ldc{b| dnjfh|) lbcb idhlbfbcd) id iba|ujld cjijudr h jflix|b id| ljhfljd|{biujld|&

Xfd eh id| ~d| txh lbfuhc{idcb| {drd hi lbfurbi dardf h|ldid eh |j|uhcd| rboujlb| h| id mhrdrtxj}dljf&Ib| rbobu|) ib cj|cb txh hf hi hmrljub) |h ej|urj#oxjrdf hf htxj{b| c| rhexljeb| lbfurbideb| {br xfmhnh ibldi& H|uh iehr |hrd rh|{bf|doih dfuh xfd dxub#rjede |x{hrjbr& Ib| cjijobu| h|uf |jhfeb zd ejrjajeb|{br rbobu| cdzbrh|) txh rhlxhredf d udftxh|) lxzb|{rblh|debrh| [hfujxc |bf ld{dlh| eh gdor|hid| lbfib| lbc{ihmb| lilxib| txh hwjahf id ldrubardnd z idibldij}dljf& H|ub| rbobu| cdzbrh| {xhehf iih~dr d rh#cbitxh ubed xfd rj|urd eh cjijobu| z) hf ld|b fhlh|d#rjb) eh|{ihadrib| hf }bfd| eh jfuhr|& [br |x {druh) gdfeh edr lxhfud eh |x| dlub| d ib| ~hglxib| rboujlb|ubebuhrrhfb eh fxh|urb arx{b) txh lxhfudf lbf ciuj#{ih| brehfdebrh|) lcdrd| eh ~ehb) xfjedeh| A[\ zxfd dxubfbcd eh ljhfub| eh `jichurb|& Id jehd h|txh ib| rbobu| cdzbrh| eh|{ijhaxhf ib| chfbrh| hf id|rhd| ebfeh ih| rh|xiuhf jfdllh|joih|) cdfuhfjfeb|hhf id| lhrldfd| {drd {rb{brljbfdr d{bzb z ejrhlljf&


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BZIH\

Xfj~hr|jedeehCjffh|bud


28/99

Uhbrd eh lxhred|

_hnihwjbfh| jfnbrcdih||borh |x nxuxrb

Hf ib| iujcb| db|) hi {rjflj{jb gbibarnjlb gd di#ldf}deb df c| {rbcjfhfljd z lrhejojijede& Gdljdid cjude eh ib| db| fb~hfud) d {blb eh hfxfljdr|h)|h hc{jh}d d lbf|ujuxjr xf lbc{ihmb eh jehd| gbibar#njld|) od|ded| hf id| ldrdluhr|ujld| eh ib| daxmhrb|fharb|) eh xfd fduxrdih}d do|urdlud z c| ojhf ~dad=id hfurb{d eh ib| daxmhrb| fharb| rh|jeh hf |x |x#{hrnjljh0 {br udfub) txj} rh|jedf udcojf hf hiid |x|ardeb| eh ijohrude 'id| ~drjdoih| txh ldrdluhrj}df {br

lbc{ihub d xf |j|uhcd*0 {xheh txh ~diad h|ub cj|cb{drd lxditxjhr rhajf lbf xf gbrj}bfuh) txh ~diad jf#lix|b {drd ib| gbrj}bfuh| lb|cbiajlb|& Txj}) {xh|)h|uhcb| ~j~jhfeb hf xfd rhajf l|cjld lxzb| ~hred#ehrb| ardeb| eh ijohrude |h gdiidf ihmb|& Jehd| eh xfdrdrh}d cdrd~jiib|d) {hrb |jf cxlgb txh id| rh|{died|h&

[hrb h|ub ldcojd lxdfeb |h ujhfh hf lxhfud hi urd#odmb eh Mxdf Cdiedlhfd 'ehi Jf|ujuxub eh H|uxejb|D~df}deb| eh [rjflhubf*& Hflbfur hf id {rb{jd uhb#rd eh lxhred| xf hmhc{ib hw{iljub ebfeh id n|jld ehi~bixchf hi cojub txh lbf|jehrdcb| rhdi |h rh#nihmd lbf hwdlujuxe hf id n|jld eh xfd |x{hrnjljh&Dcod| eh|lrj{ljbfh| ejnhrjrdf cxlg|jcb hf |x| eh#udiih| lbflrhub|) {hrb fb ldord ej|lrjcjfdr hfurh hiid||ib {br |x ld{dljede eh hw{rh|dr njhichfuh ib txh{d|d& Xfd ej|{bferd eh ljflb ejchf|jbfh|) id burd ehlxdurb= {drhlh txh fj |jtxjhrd ldoh ehuhrcjfdr hi f#chrb eh ejchf|jbfh|) zd txh gdord eh|lrj{ljbfh| di#uhrfduj~d| txh rhnihmdrdf lbf id cj|cd njehijede ib|nhfchfb| n|jlb| txh |h bo|hr~df&

D cj cbeb eh ~hr) id| jehd| do|urdlud| |h lbf~jhr#uhf ardljd| d h|h rh|xiudeb hf diab lbflrhub) txh fb|hc{xmd d lrhhr hf hiid|& H jflix|b dxftxh ib| ehudiih|eh id uhbrd eh lxhred| ldcojhf) {jhf|b) lbcb cxlgb|burb| dxftxh fb ubeb|) txh id jehd gbibarnjld {hr#|j|ujr z fb| axjdr& \j h| ~hredehrdchfuh id jehd) fbib |& Fb ib lrhb& [hrb ojhf {berd |hr xfb eh ib| gj#

ub| hf hi ldcjfb gdljd ib h|hfljdi eh id uhbrd&

Ard~hede lxfujld eh oxlih|Id ard~hede lxfujld eh oxlih| gd ghlgb urhchfeb|{rbarh|b|& Df gdz cxlgd| lxh|ujbfh|) cxz nxfed#chfudih|) txh fb {jhf|b txh gdzd rh|xhiub |duj|ndl#ubrjdchfuh) {br ib chfb| {drd c& Ej|ud eh |hr jc{b#|joih txh) |jaxjhfeb ib| eh id| lxhred| fxh|urb ldcjfbgdljd id ard~hede lxfujld z ib| uhrjlb| eh ib| ox#lih| hi |xzb) di njfdi xfb| z burb| lbfnixzdcb| hf xfcj|cb ixadr&

Xf {xfub eoji eh id uhbrd eh lxhred| h| |x eh#{hfehfljd ehi nbfeb& Ehoh {drujr eh xf h|{dljbujhc{b

{rhhwj|uhfuh hf hi txh |h cxh~hf id| lxhred|& [hrb|h h|{hrdrd) |jf hcodrab) txh hi h|{dljbujhc{b hchr#ajhrd eh id| hlxdljbfh| nxfedchfudih| eh xfd ~hred#ehrd uhbrd lxfujld eh id ard~hede& Ib| eh id ard~h#ede lxfujld eh oxlih|) hf ldcojb) lxhfudf lbf xfdnbrcxidljf jfeh{hfejhfuh ehi nbfeb= |x h|{dljbujhc{bhchrah eh id {rb{jd uhbrd& [br burb ideb) ib| eh id|lxhred| hfurdcb| hf lbfudlub cxz ejrhlub lbf id rh#iduj~jede ahfhrdi eh Hjf|uhjf d h|ldid| ardfeh|& Id ~h#cb| hf fxh|urd| hlxdljbfh|& Ib| eh ib| oxlih| ujhfhfdiaxfd ejnjlxiude {drd lbfudludr lbf id ard~hede brej#fdrjd& Txj} |h {berdf |xcdr id| nbrudih}d| eh ldeduhbrd0 {drhlh od|udfuh fduxrdi&

[h|h d |x eh{hfehfljd ehi nbfeb h|{dljbuhc{brdi)id uhbrd eh lxhred| ~d dlidrdfeb {blb d {blb id fd#uxrdih}d {rbnxfed ehi h|{dljb z hi ujhc{b& D|) ghcb|

eh|lxojhrub id |jchurd eh h|{hmb 'fb ehoh lbfnxfejr|hlbf id |jchurd hfurh xf bomhub z |x jcdahf h|{hlx#idr0 dtx id hw{rh|jf |h rhnjhrh di hnhlub eh xfd urdf|#nbrcdljf txh ehmd jfcxuded| id| ihzh| n|jld| {hrbcbejnjld hi h|{dljbujhc{b*= {xheh gdohr eb| h|{dljb#ujhc{b|) {hrb xfd |bid n|jld& Ghcb| d{rhfejeb txhhi cjlrblb|cb| txj} |h rjmd {br xfd ahbchurd fblbfcxuduj~d) hf id txh id cxiuj{ijldljf eh lbbrehfd#ed|) di lbfurdrjb eh ib txh |xlheh lbf ib| fchrb|rhdih|) eh{hfeh ehi brehf hf txh |h gdad&

Id |jchurd eh h|{hmb Pxfd eh id| {rjflj{dih| lbf#urjoxljbfh| eh Arhhfh) gdr xfd eblhfd eh db|S fb ej#~brljd {br lbc{ihub hi h|{dljbujhc{b eh id ahbchurd

?> JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5

L JHFLJD Z \BLJHEDE

\j nxrdcb| xfd lxhred) hi h|{dljbujhc{b fb|{drhlhrd diab d|= lbf |hj| ejchf|jbfh| hwurd lxr~d#

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29/99


'lxzd lbfhwjf h| hi chbiib ehi {rbardcd hjf|uhjfjd#fb*& \ib jfejld txh |h h|u bi~jedfeb id cjude eh idlxh|ujf& Id ijad}f hfurh ahbchurd z n|jld h| cxznxhruh) {hrb xfh n|jld z eb| ahbchurd|& Tx ahbchurd|h txjhrd ubcdr) h| diab txh ubld ehljejr& Gdor ~h#lh| hf txh lbf xfd ahbchurd |h ~hd lbf c| {rb#nxfejede txh lbf id burd&

Ahbchurd fb lbfcxuduj~d

Eh|eh id {bld eh Eh|ldruh| |dohcb| txh h| cxzuji eh|jafdr ib| {xfub| chejdfuh lbbrehfded|) zd|hdf id idujuxe z id ibfajuxe hf id Ujhrrd b) hf hi h|#{dljb urjejchf|jbfdi) id| urh| lbbrehfded| ldruh|jdfd|w) z z }& Z |jhc{rh |h gd {hf|deb txh udih| fchrb||bf lbcb ib| fchrb| brejfdrjb|) lxzd cxiuj{ijldljffb eh{hfeh ehi brehf eh ib| ndlubrh|= < {br 8 h| 8{br ;*'4;>;) ?;1;*'?;1;) 44;) 14?;*'14?;) 74;) 4?&41;*'4?&41;) 4;) :?;*':?;) 41:;*'41:;) ?>8;*'?>8;) 44;) >:1;*'>:1;) 175;*'175;) 71;;*

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30/99

?7 JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5

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Chu#Chw [hbih| gd ubcdeb zd ~drjd| chejed| {drdrhexljr id| hcj|jbfh|0 ehi lbfurbi eh id| cj|cd| |h hf#ldradf id| dxubrjedeh| dcojhfudih| chwjldfd|& Udcojf|h urdodmd hf id eh|lbfudcjfdljf eh |xhib| z hf idrhcbljf eh {bi~b| ehi rhd eh Ubrrhf&

Id ejchf|jf ehi {rboihcd z |x ejnlji rhlbfexlljf{bfhf eh cdfjnjh|ub id fhlh|jede eh lbfurbidr) ex#rdfuh ib| {rwjcb| db|) id h~bixljf eh ib| fj~hih|eh {ibcb hf ib| |xhib| txh ljrlxfedf id nxfejljf&H|uh |haxjcjhfub gd eh {hrcjujr ~hrjnjldr id hnjldljd ehid| chejed| eh rhexlljf eh hcj|jbfh|) d| lbcb ib|rh|xiudeb| eh id| udrhd| eh rhlx{hrdljf ehi chejb&Ib| cubeb| dfdiujlb| eh rhnhrhfljd {drd chejr hi{ibcb z burb| chudih| z chudibjeh| |bf id h|{hlurb#churd {br do|brljf ducjld z id h|{hlurbchurd {br{id|cd jfexluj~dchfuh dlb{ided& Dcob| rhtxjhrhf ehjf|urxchfub| ldrb| z eh {hr|bfdi diudchfuh h|{hljdij#

}deb& \h rhtxjhrh) {xh|) xfd jc{brudfuh jf~hr|jf nj#fdfljhrd&Hi Jf|ujuxub Uhlfbiajlb eh Id Idaxfd) xojldeb hf

Ubrrhf) z id Xfj~hr|jede Dxufbcd eh Odrlhibfd h|uflbidobrdfeb hf hi eh|drrbiib eh |hf|brh| {buhf#ljbcurjlb| txh {xhedf d{ijldr|h d id ~jajidfljd ehuhrrhfb| lbfudcjfdeb|) lbcb ib| |xhib| xrodfb| ehUbrrhf& H|ub| ej|{b|juj~b|) od|deb| hf id chejljfehi {buhfljdi hilurjlb) rh|xiudf c| |hfljiib|) hlbf#cjlb|) nljih| eh b{hrdr z) {buhfljdichfuh) {bruujih|&\jr~hf {drd id chejljf r{jed z odrdud eh ib| fj~hih|eh lbfudcjfdljf) d| lbcb {drd hi lrjodeb {rh~jb ehid| cxh|urd| txh {hrcjud b{ujcj}dr hi hc{ihb eh ib||bnj|ujldeb| cubeb| dfdiujlb| eh rhnhrhfljd&

Ib| |hf|brh| txh h|udcb| eh|drrbiidfeb lbf|udf ehchcordfd| {bijcrjld| txh |h eh{b|judf |borh urdf|#exlubrh| {buhfljbcurjlb| eh h|udeb |ijeb& H|ud| chc#ordfd| |h dluj~df lbf jbfnbrb|) lbc{xh|ub| txh rh#lbfblhf |hihluj~dchfuh ehuhrcjfdeb| jbfh|) hf h|uhld|b hi {ibcb& Id jfuhrdlljf hfurh hi jbfnbrb z hi jbfchuijlb ahfhrd xf {buhfljdi hilurjlb) nljichfuh chf#|xrdoih) lxzd cdafjuxe |h rhidljbfd lbf id lbflhf#urdljf ehi chudi&

Id {rh|hfljd eh ljhrub| chudih| 'ldecjb) dr|fjlb z}jfl* hf id| cxh|urd| eh Ubrrhf dnhlud fhaduj~d#chfuh id rh|{xh|ud ehi |hf|br= {berdf lbfnxfejr|hlbf hi {ibcb& Hi ldecjb) burb lbfudcjfdfuh ehi hf#

ubrfb) lbf|ujuxzh hi jfuhrnhrhfuh {rjflj{di& [drd |bi~hf#udr h|uh {rboihcd) ghcb| eh|drrbiideb xf dfdij}debrdxubcduj}deb txh jfuhard xfd hud{d eh {rhlbflhfurd#ljf |hihluj~d= dfuh| eh dlbchuhr id chejljf lbf hi|hf|br) |h urdud id cxh|urd {drd dxchfudr |x lbflhf#urdljf eh {ibcb& Lbf h|uh {rhurdudcjhfub |h rhexlhfid| jfuhrnhrhfljd| eh burb| chudih|0 d id ~h}) |h lbf#|jaxh chmbrdr hi icjuh eh ehuhlljf ehi |hf|br& Hi fxh~bdfdij}debr {xheh d{ijldr|h d id ehuhrcjfdljf ehi lbf#uhfjeb ubudi eh {ibcb hf |xhib| z d id ehi {ibcb ojb#ej|{bfjoih& H|uh iujcb h| hi d|jcjideb {br fxh|urb br#adfj|cb0 |h urdud) {xh|) ehi c| {hijarb|b eh|eh hi{xfub eh ~j|ud eh id |dixe {oijld&

Hi htxj{b eh|drrbiideb gd {hrcjujeb h~dixdr hi jc#{dlub eh ib| {rbzhlub| txh Chu#Chw [hbih| \&D& gdhc{rhfejeb {drd rhexljr id lbfudcjfdljf hf Ubrrhf&Ib| rh|xiudeb| bouhfjeb| gd|ud hi {rh|hfuh cxh|urdftxh) exrdfuh hi {hrbeb lbc{rhfejeb hfurh ?;;; z ?;;?)id lbflhfurdljf eh {ibcb hf ib| |xhib| txh rbehdfid nxfejljf |h rhexmb d{rbwjcdedchfuh d id cjude&

Hf id dluxdijede h|udcb| hw{ibrdfeb burd h|urduhajdod|ded hf hi x|b |jcxiufhb eh ~drjb| |hf|brh| dluj#~deb| lbf chcordfd| txh {rh|hfudf |hihluj~jede lrx#}ded& \jcxidf xfd ihfaxd hihlurfjld& [drd gdlhrib|urdf|{brudoih|) id| chcordfd| |h eh{b|judrf |borhurdf|exlubrh| cjfjduxrj}deb|& H|ub| htxj{b| cxiuj|hf#|br {hrcjujrf ehuhludr |jcxiufhdchfuh id {rh|hfljdeh {ibcb z eh burb| chudih| uwjlb| txh lbfudcjfdfhi |xhib z id duc|nhrd eh Ubrrhf&

N_DFLJ\LB ^DIE\ [H_H]AD\ADJf|ujuxub Uhlfbiajlb eh Id Idaxfd) Cwjlb

MXIJF DIBF\B LGDCD__BXfj~hr|jede Dxufbcd eh Odrlhibfd

Hi {ihadcjhfub eh id| {rbuhfd|Hi ebcjfjb \G< lbcb cbehib

Hf 4:1? Lgrj|ujdf Dfnjf|hf rhljoj hi {rhcjb Fbohieh txcjld {br |x ehcb|urdljf eh txh id| {rb#uhfd|) |jfuhuj}ded| jfjljdichfuh hf ldehfd| hwuhfej#ed|) deb{udodf eh nbrcd h|{bfufhd |x lbfnbrcdljfurjejchf|jbfdi fduj~d& Id lbflix|jf jfchejdud eh ib|gdiid}ab| eh Dfnjf|hf lbf|j|ud hf txh id |hlxhfljdeh dcjfbljeb| eh lded {rbuhfd '|x h|urxluxrd {rj#cdrjd* lbfuhfd ubed id jfnbrcdljf fhlh|drjd {drd{ihadrid hf |x lbfnjaxrdljf nxfljbfdi) xfd bo|hr~d#ljf |br{rhfehfuh |j lbf|jehrdcb| hi ~d|ub fchrb ehnbrcd| txh {xhehf deb{udr ubeb| ib| rh|jexb| txhlbf|ujuxzhf xfd {rbuhfd& H|ub| urdodmb| {jbfhrb| gdflrj|udij}deb hf xfb eh ib| eh|dnb| c| nd|ljfdfuh| ehid ojbibad cbehrfd= id lbc{rhf|jf eh ib| nhfchfb|nj|jlbtxcjlb| |xozdlhfuh| odmb hi {ihadcjhfub eh id|{rbuhfd|&

Hwj|uhf ~drjd| uhbrd| diuhrfduj~d| txh urdudf eh hw#{ijldr hi {ihadcjhfub& Dxftxh lded xfd eh hiid| h| ej#nhrhfuh) lbjfljehf hf lbf|jehrdr hi hnhlub gjerbnojlblbcb xfb eh ib| ndlubrh| {rjflj{dih|& Hi hnhlub gj#

erbnojlb) id uhfehfljd eh ib| arx{b| d{bidrh| d |hrhwlixjeb| ehi chejb dlxb|b) |h nbchfud lbf hi dxchfubeh hfurb{d eh id| cbilxid| ehi |bi~hfuh) txh lbc#{hf|d id ej|cjfxljf eh hfurb{d hi dxchfub eh br#ehf txh dlbc{dd di {ihadcjhfub eh xfd {rbuhfd&Dfuh| eh dobredr id ~d|ud lbc{ihmjede eh ib| {rblh#|b| eh {ihadcjhfub) |h gd hc{h}deb {br hf|dzdr lbfcbehib| hw{hrjchfudih| |hfljiib|& Xfb eh hiib|) txj}|hi c| hwjub|b eh id iujcd elded) h| hi ebcjfjb\G;#78dcjfbljeb|& Udih| {rbuhfd| ldrhlhf eh dluj~jede ld#udiujld) {xhfuh| ej|xinxrb) lbndlubrh| b cbejnjldljbfh|


31/99

JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5 ?:

{b|urdexlljbfdih|& \x |jc{ijljede ib lbf~jhruh hf xfcbehib jefhb {drd hi h|uxejb ehi {ihadcjhfub&

Ib| ebcjfjb| \G< |h ldrdluhrj}df {br {b|hhr eb|

icjfd| eh ?#< ghord| lded xfd eh hiid|) txh |hhc{dtxhudf hfurh | hf xfd h|urxluxrd cxz lbc{dludlbf xf flihb gjerbnojlb lhfurdi '~d|h id njaxrd*& Hi{d{hi txh eh|hc{hdf jf ~j~b ib| ebcjfjb| \G< fbh| chfb| jfuhrh|dfuh& [rh|hfuh| hf cxiujuxe eh {rb#uhfd|) lxc{ihf nxfljbfh| rhidljbfded| lbf id lbcx#fjldljf jfuhrlhixidr z id |hdij}dljf jfurdlhixidr& D|)ib| ebcjfjb| \G< |h gdf d|bljdeb lbf id ibldij}dljfjfurdlhixidr eh {rbuhfd|) lbf ~drjd| nbrcd| eh lflhrz lbf id dluj~dljf eh id nb|ndujejijfb|jubi


32/99

;; cjiibfh| eh db|

Id rhlbf|urxlljf eh id ej|urjoxljf ahbarnjld eh lbf#ujfhfuh| z bldfb| d ib idrab eh id gj|ubrjd ahbi#ajld eh fxh|urb {idfhud h| xfd udrhd txh lbf|xchxfd oxhfd {druh ehi ujhc{b z ib| rhlxr|b| eh xf ardffchrb eh jf~h|ujadebrh| ehejldeb| d id| ljhfljd| ehid Ujhrrd hf ubeb hi cxfeb& H|ud udrhd |h gdlh c|drexd z lbc{ihmd d chejed txh rhurblhehcb| hf hiujhc{b ahbiajlb) |borh ubeb lbf dfuhrjbrjede di Mxr|jlb)zd txh fb hwj|uhf rh|ub| eh lbruh}d blhfjld {rh#Mxr|jld txh gdzdf {rh|hr~deb {br chejb eh id| dfb#cdid| cdafujld| ib| d~dudrh| eh id| ej|ujfud| {idld|ijub|nrjld| txh lbc{bfhf) b gdf lbc{xh|ub) fxh|urb{idfhud&

Xfb eh ib| ardfeh| lbfujfhfuh| bomhub eh cdzbrej|lx|jf h| Abfeqdfd) chfljbfdeb {br {rjchrd ~h}hf 4778 {br hi ahibab dx|urdlb H& \xh||& Ubcd |x

fbcorh eh id rhajf eh id Jfejd hf txh nxh jehfujnj#ldeb& H|uh |x{hrlbfujfhfuh) eh lxzd hwj|uhfljd gdz{rxhod| txh |h rhcbfudf d gdlh c| eh >8; cjiib#fh| eh db|) jfuhardod) gd|ud |x eh|chcordcjhfub dib idrab eh id Hrd Lhfb}bjld) {druh| eh id| dluxdih|Dnrjld) \xedcrjld) Dfurujed) Dx|urdijd h Jfejd) z xfd{brljf lbf|jehrdoih eh Hxrb{d chrjejbfdi) jflixjed id{hff|xid Jorjld& H|uh lbfujfhfuh nbrc {druh eh idiujcd [dfahd 'id dcdiadcdljf eh ubeb| ib| lbfuj#fhfuh|* urd| lbij|jbfdr lbf Idxrd|jd gdljd hi njfdi ehid Hrd [dihb}bjld 'hf hi {hrbeb Ldrobfnhrb*) gdlhxfb|


33/99

JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5 ;; cjiibfh| eh db| eh ib| ej|ujfub| nrda#

chfub| txh jfuhardf h|uh rbc{hldoh}d| gdlh fhlh#|drjd id xujij}dljf eh ghrrdcjhfud| txh {hrcjudfh|udoihlhr rhidljbfh| eh {rbwjcjede b {drhfuh|lb hf#urh id| ej|ujfud| {jh}d|& Id c| x|ded dluxdichfuh h|hi h|uxejb eh rhd| nxhfuh eh ib| |hejchfub| chejdfuhulfjld| eh edudljf ahblrbfbiajld eh ehuhrcjfdeb|cjfhrdih|) h|{hljdichfuh hi ljrlf '|jijldub eh ljrlb#fjb*) xf cjfhrdi ehi lxdi h| gd|ud ljhrub {xfub nlji lb#fblhr id hede z txh dlud lbcb xfd gxhiid edlujidrehi rhd eh ebfeh {rb~hfadf ib| |hejchfub|& Chejdfuhid edudljf eh ib| ljrlbfh| |h {xhehf) {br udfub) h|#udoihlhr rhidljbfh| eh {rbwjcjede b {drhfuh|lb hfurhib| |hejchfub| eh xfd rhajf ehuhrcjfded z hi ixadreh ebfeh {rb~jhfhf&

Id edudljf eh ib| ljrlbfh| |h rhdij}d chejdfuh hi|j|uhcd j|bu{jlb xrdfjb#{ibcb 'X#[o*& Urh| ghlgb| nxf#edchfudih| lbf~jhruhf di ljrlf hf hi cjfhrdi h|urh#iid eh id edudljf X#[o= j* |x {rh|hfljd hf id cdzbr{druh eh id| rbld| afhd|) chudcrnjld| z |hejchfud#rjd| ehurujld|0 jj* id jflbr{brdljf eh xrdfjb hf |x rhelrj|udibarnjld exrdfuh |x nbrcdljf0 jjj* id jflbr{brd#ljf eh ldfujedeh| cfjcd| eh {ibcb exrdfuh |x lrj|#udij}dljf& Ehojeb d h|ud| eb| iujcd| ldrdluhr|ujld|)id jfchf|d cdzbrd ehi {ibcb txh |h hflxhfurd hf hiljrlf h| rdejbafjlb) h| ehljr) {rblheh eh id eh|jf#uhardljf rdejdluj~d ehi xrdfjb& Dxftxh id lbc{ihmjededfdiujld rhdi h| lbf|jehrdoih) ldoh eh|lrjojr eh nbrcd

|hfljiid id edudljf X#[o= lbf ej~hr|d| ulfjld| h|#{hlurbcurjld| |h cjehf id| {rb{brljbfh| eh ib| ejnh#rhfuh| j|ub{b| eh {ibcb z xrdfjb hf hi cjfhrdi dfd#ij}deb z id hede 'hi ujhc{b urdf|lxrrjeb eh|eh id nbrcdljfehi cjfhrdi* |h ldilxid chejdfuh id| hlxdljbfh| txhrhidljbfdf id| {rb{brljbfh| eh ib| j|ub{b| {derh hgjmb '?


34/99


35/99

JF^H\UJADLJF Z LJHFLJD) hfhrb) ?;;5


36/99

;>;#7;7;#4;;4;;#4?;4?;#45;

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37/99



38/99


EH LH_LDOhabd ^hferhii) _jldreb Axhrrhrb z Chrlheh| Ohridfad

Hlb|j|uhcd| cfjcb|

Cjrdfeb id| hwuhf|d| rhd| darjhuded| z eh#|jhrud| txh blx{df oxhfd {druh eh id| ujhrrd|ehiudjld| z {dfudfb|d| rhlbrehcb| idLdcdrad nrdflh|d b hi ehiud ehi Horb ) rh#

|xiud ejnlji jcdajfdr txh h|d| }bfd|) rbud| z rh|txh#ordmded|) diohraxhf xf |jfnf eh bradfj|cb|&

Ib txh d {rjchrd ~j|ud {drhlh ujhrrd h|urji) |h lbf#~jhruh) di bo|hr~dr|h lbf cdzbr njfxrd) hf xf cdr eh

ud{jlh| cjlrbojdfb| ebfeh gdojud xfd ardf ej~hr|jedeeh bradfj|cb|) {h|h d id| gdojuxdih| lbfejljbfh| hw#urhcd| 'dcojhfuh| od|udfuh |dijfb|*& H|ud| nbrcdljb#fh| cxiujidcjfdrh| eh lbcxfjedeh| cdzbrjudrjdchfuh{rbldrjujld| txj} |hdf ib| lbhufhb| eh ib| {rjch#rb| hlb|j|uhcd| uhrrh|urh|) rh{rh|hfudeb| {br ib| h|#urbcdubijub| n|jih|& H|ub| ud{jlh| |h nbrcdrbf d {drujreh id nb|jij}dljf eh id dlxcxidljf eh ld{d| eh br#adfj|cb| cxhrub|) xfjeb| {br xfd cdurj} eh ldrobfdubliljlb& Ib| ud{jlh| h|urbcdubiujlb| c| dfujaxb| ujh#fhf xfd dfujahede eh


39/99



40/99

[DU_DQIJFA\"\DJL

Hi rhcbildebr

eh d|uhrbjeh|Xf rhcbildebr h|{dljdi htxj{deb lbf cbubrh| eh {id|cd{berd h~judr hi lgbtxh eh xf d|uhrbjeh lbfurd id Ujhrrd

hc{xmfebib exrdfuh idrab ujhc{b

_x||hii I& \lgqhjl`dru) Heqdre U& Ix) [jhu Gxu z Lidr` _& Lgd{cdf

Xfd fblgh lxditxjhrd) c| eh 4;; cjiibfh| eh rh|jexb| jfuhr{id#

fhudrjb| hfurdf hf id duc|nhrd uhrrh|urh& [br |xhruh) id cdzbrd

eh h|ub| {hed}b| eh d|uhrbjeh| z lbchud| |bf lbcb {htxhb|

axjmdrrb|& Hi {h|b ubudi eh h|ud iix~jd fb {d|d eh xfd| ubfhid#

ed|0 id duc|nhrd eh fxh|urb {idfhud ujhfh ehf|jede |xnjljhfuh

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49/99

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53/99

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55/99

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investigación y ciencia 328 - enero 2004

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