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Cincia ciutadanaCitizen science

Ciencia ciudadana

GaudPoeta de la pedra, eri de lart

Poet of stone, artistic hedgehog

Poeta de la piedra, erizo del arte

Entrevista / Interview

Neil A. Gershenfeld /Vicente Guallart

Editorial

2

The self-sufficient city

On the inside cover, twoimages of the

Manufacturing Athenaeumin Les Corts, the firstcentre opened in the

framework of theBarcelona Fab City project.On page 1, on the left, the

second of these manufacturing

athenaeums in operation,in Ciutat Meridiana.

The two images on thispage are of the

manufacturing laboratoryfor the Institute for

Advanced Architecture ofCatalonia, and on the next

page, the Citilab inCornell.

Photos: Albert Armengol

This September we commemorate the tercentenary of theend of the War of the Spanish Succession. During the longmonths of the siege of Barcelona, the city displayed remark-able self-sufficiency and civic organisation in its resistance.Three hundred years later, that heroic Barcelona, which hadenough self-confidence to concede and save itself fromdestruction, is an open city that has surpassed all manner ofphysical and psychological barriers. As a city that hassuffered sieges and bombardments throughout history, itdoes not base its strength on trying to defeat external forcesor relying on them, but on its ability to generate its ownresources. Indeed, if, as the saying goes, every countrymakes its own war, then every city makes its own market.Nevertheless, and despite its status as an open city,Barcelona is living, paradoxically, under the pressure of anew siege.

This is not a military siege, but an economic one: underthe banner of globalisation, its industry has been disman-tled and production has shifted to developing countries. AsMIT professor Neil Gershenfeld said in an interview for thisissue of Barcelona Metrpolis, the factory productionmodel of the 19th and 20th centuries has given way to aservice economy and led to a situation where products areimported and jobs exported. Our current crisis is largely aresult of this economic siege.

The notion of an economic siege takes us back to theparadigm of the self-sufficient city, as described so well byVicente Guallart, chief architect at the Barcelona City Coun-cil and promoter of fab labs and digital manufacturing asso-ciations. The challenge for cities in the 21st century isbecoming productive again, says Guallart. Now, more thanever, our self-sufficiency needs to be connected, global.Replace self-sufficiency with sovereignty, and you get asentence with a viable political solution for the city and thecountry. The challenge, then, is to move from the model ofa city that receives products and generates waste to a differ-

ent model in which information comes in and goes out. Aninnovative city is one that allows its citizens to think glob-ally and produce locally, affirms Gershenfeld.

Hence, Barcelona is not immune to global sieges. Like allbig cities in the world, it must be prepared for threats suchas climate change, which may bring a multitude of naturaldisasters, and terrorism. It is not enough for a city to behighly self-sufficient if it doesnt belong to a network thatenables it to establish universal protocols. After all,connected self-sufficiency offers greater protection againstglobal collapse. Nor is it a coincidence that Barcelona hasbecome the world capital of urban resilience, one of thefoundations that must allow the smart cities of the futureto enjoy greater energy self-sufficiency and be in a positionto cope with energy blackouts caused by accidents or sabo-tage.

However, a smart city is not just a city with sensors.Being a mobile capital and having protocols to make it asmart city will be useless without science and public in nova-tion. It is not enough to create apps that merely integratepeople into the smart cities of the future. We also need apublic that is open and ready to participate, and above allprepared to share in innovation.

No wall will help us deal with these threats. It is not,therefore, a question of building new barriers, but quite theopposite. Only through imagination and public cooperationwill we be capable of overcoming the sieges of the future.

Marc Puig i GurdiaDirector of

Communications andCitizen Service

44

Bernat Puigtobella

A conversation withNeil A. Gershenfeld and Vicente Guallart

Think globally, fabricate locally

Neil A. Gershenfeld is a professor at MIT and the head ofthe Center for Bits and Atoms at the same technologicalinstitute, a sister lab to the MIT Media Lab. His researchstudies are predominantly focused in interdisciplinary stud-ies involving physics and computer science, in such fields asquantum computing, nanotechnology, and personal fabri-cation. Gershenfeld is one of the most prominent advocatesof the notion of personal fabrication and has been an inspi-ration for many scientists and engineers working in fab labstoday across the globe.

Vicente Guallart, for his part, is the Architect in Chiefof the City of Barcelona and the founder of Barcelonasnetwork of fab labs. Guallart is the author of The Self-Suffi-cient City (Actar Publishers, 2012), a luminous book on thefuture of the city, reviewed in this issue of BarcelonaMetrpolis. We have interviewed them during the 10thInternational Fab Labs Conference and Fab Festival, cele-brated in Barcelona.

Mr Gershenfeld, you claim that the digital revolution hasnot come out yet to the physical world. We are going nowfrom programming bits to programming atoms. We havereached the first stage of the digital revolution, but we haveyet to move to another level. Where are we now?Neil A. Gershenfeld: There is a very precise historical anal-ogy that shows where we are now. As computers evolved,we first had mainframe computers, followed by a second-ary stage with mini computers, and after that came thehobby computer, and finally the personal computer. So thatwas the history of digitising communication and computa-tion. We are retracing that history now for fabrication indifferent stages, so in an initial stage you would have themain frames of fabrication, that is, the big machines andfactories. We are in the minicomputer era of digital fabrica-tion.

So the fab labs work today like the minicomputers, andthe minicomputers were the moment in history when the

Growing numbers of people live in cities and are increasingly connected, butonly productive societies will be able to decide their future. A plan has beenimplemented in Barcelona to place technology within everybodys reach, allowing the community to work together.

INTERVIEW

Photo: Pere Virgili

Interview

45

Internet was invented. Now fab labs are working onmachines that make machines, so fab labs make fab labs(those were the hobby computers) and the research we aredoing is leading up to the personal fabricator. That is still aresearch project one machine that can make anything but the historical lesson is: You didnt have to wait 20years from the invention of the PC before you could startusing the internet. So the revolution is here today. Thereare still many years to work on the technology, but the revo-lution has already arrived.

Mr Guallart, in your book The Self-Sufficient City, youmake a striking assertion: The Internet has changed ourlives but it hasnt changed our cities, yet. How will thedigital revolution change the way we live now?Vicente Guallart: The architecture of cities is the last tochange when society undergoes a transformation such asthe one we are experiencing now. We usually build our ideaof society according to the technologies we have at hand ata given time and place. In the 21st century we are all glob-ally connected, and thanks to the Internet we have gainedaccess to all sorts of information generated around theworld. This information will enable us to produce our owngoods in a self-sufficient way. We are not there yet, but wewill be able to produce locally only if we are globallyconnected. So, we sense that a big change is looming on thehorizon but it hasnt happened yet. We see that we live in adifferent way and use technologies in a new way, but theway that cities work with the idea of fabrications, the waywe produce food, the way we recycle materials All thesepoint to a larger change, so we are waiting to see the tech-nologies that will transform our cities. For now, we can seethat the way we move around and the way we produceenergy is going to change in the near future. N.G.: Today our cities import goods and produce trash thatwe can only partially recycle. We are still immersed in thePITO model (Product In, Trash Out) but we are movingtowards a new model in which the flow of information willbe the key. The DIDO model (Data In, Data Out) will enableinformation to flow so that production can be based locally.If we decrease the flow of matter, the flow of informationwill increase.

How is this change going to come about?V.G.: In the city of the near future, all houses and businesseswill necessarily be connected to the Internet. The city ofthe future should be a metropolis of neighbourhoods, whereeverybody should be able to walk to work or have a bakeryor a swimming pool or a fab lab within walking distance.Barcelona is implementing a plan to have a fab lab for everydistrict and thus create a public network of fab labs in orderto make technology accessible to everyone.

It has been said that the first fab lab at MIT appeared as ifby accident. How did it come about? N.G.: From CBA and MIT the answer is very narrow. We hada big grant from the National Science Foundation and theyasked us to show the social impact of the research and wehad no idea, so we just set up a lab as a requirement for thegrant, and then they have been doubling it for ten years

since. Barcelona has been one of the earliest and biggestand most important labs for this history because the cityhas a fabulous tradition of design and 50% youth unem-ployment. There is this great knowledge base, and thenthere is this broken economy. What is happening here in fablabs in Barcelona and in this international meeting is reallyprofound it is actually creating a new economy that chal-lenges the fundamental assumptions about how the econ-omy works and so on, all over the world, and Barcelona is areal leader in this. Digital fabrication leads to personal fabri-cation, which is leading to a new economy.

Vicente, how has the MIT lab shaped Barcelonas fab lab?What sort of inspiration...N.G.:Well, let me correct the question. We started it at MIT,but Barcelonas lab is bigger than MITs. The notion of fablabs has been invented by the world. MIT was a little seedand we are still involved, but what goes on in fab labs is theresult of a global community collaboration. V.G.: In our case, Neil has always said that MIT is a safeplace for strange people. So we are some of those strangepeople that engaged in thinking how to invent the future. Ihave some previous experience with digital production, butwe realised that if we were not able to work in collaborationwith other people, we would never be able to produceanything and would be reduced to consumers. We createdour lab, and our Master of Advanced Architecture arosewhen we could work with Neil to create the Media HouseProject together. The idea of a fab lab is having a communitywith which you can share ideas and solutions while you usethe same kind of technology, and from that point of view weare trying to learn as much as we can from MIT. We comefrom the Cistercian tradition, which springs from the MiddleAges, when monasteries replicated each other. We decidedto replicate ourselves in other laboratories, here inBarcelona, but also in Lima and Addis Ababa, so we canbecome a kind of proactive partner with the fab academy inorder to make the revolution possible.

Fab labs in Africa. Valentina, an 8-year-old girl in ruralGhana, can do something by herself that we currently needdifferent people to assemble... Now three students at MITare scaling innovation done by an 8-year-old in Africa... N.G.: The bigger lesson is not the students at MIT, whichafter all fits a few thousand people. They are bright andinventive, but they are only a few thousand, whereas in theplanet there are a few billion. What is driving the lab storyis that you find exactly the kind of profile of bright inventivepeople in rural African villages or above the Arctic Circle.The existing advanced education industry does not reachthe brain power of the planet. So its not changing MIT, butscaling MIT. We are finding people all over the world butthere is no place for them, and this is the gap fab labs aretrying to fill.

So what can fab labs do for democracy today?V.G.: We are in a global crisis that affects both the way wework and the way we organise ourselves. We are movingtowards a world in which people will live mostly in citiesand will be more and more connected, but in the future only

On the previouspage, from left toright, Vicente Guallart, Chief Architect of the CityCouncil and founderof the Barcelonanetwork of fab labs,and Neil A. Gershenfeld, professor at the MassachussettsInstitute of Technology (MIT)and director of theCenter for Bits andAtoms.

Interview

the countries and cities that are productive will be abledecide their own future. This is why the city of Barcelonahas decided to create a plan similar to the one that wasdeveloped 100 years ago with the libraries. Recently I wasat the Boston Public Library, and at the entrance there is amotto that says FREE TO ALL, which is an invitation toopen the knowledge of academics to all citizens. Until now,technology was closed to universities and we have decidedto open it to everyone. This is why in Barcelona we aredeveloping a plan to set up a laboratory in each district inthe same way that we have libraries, schools, health centres,etc. We work to make technology accessible to everyone,we create a network that allows the community to worktogether... and this is fundamental to grant people the rightto decide their future for themselves. Today many peopleare calling for a revolution, but we are already making arevolution, empowering the citizens, allowing them to havethe tools to connect with other people and to share knowl-edge. We also want to empower cities, because often citieshave collapsed, not only economically but also intellectu-ally when confronted with the question, What to do next?In the 50s, after the Second World War, the economy wasbeing pushed forward by democracy, mostly in America,and we were all growing together. Today, though, the moneyis coming from places that are not very democratic, likeChina or Russia or the Middle East... so we need to inventother ways to manage the economy in order to empowerand to connect economic growth to democracy.

What are the current main obstacles that make cities resist-ant to change, or contrary to the emergence of new cities?It seems that the logic of big companies is that people aremeant to consume rather than to create technology...N.G.: No, thats not exactly the problem. Remember thatwhen the personal computer appeared, the leadingcomputer companies all failed because they considered PCsa toy; they did not see them as a threat. In the same way, biggovernment or big business are not threatened becausethey see fab labs as toys; they dont understand them. Thebiggest challenge for fab labs is not confrontation but organ-ization: building an organisational capacity. What Vicenteand his colleagues have done is profound. They have essen-tially taken over running the city to build that capacity.There arent direct obstacles The hard part is to build theorganisational capacity to support this revolution. So wehad to spin off a fab foundation and a fab academy to helpsupport this growing network, and projects like the oneVicente is leading in Barcelona are building the civic infra-structure. Its a real invention: he is inventing new ways toorganise the city around a new notion of infrastructure. Andso thats the limitation, sort of inventing a new city, becauseif anybody can make anything, how can you live, work andplay?

In an article published in Foreign Affairs in 2012, you saidthat the hype for 3D printers can be compared with theinterest that newspapers showed for the microwave oven inthe 50s, when it was seen as a substitute for cooking. Nowwe know that microwave ovens have improved our lives, butthat we still need the rest of the utensils to cook. The fab

labs would be the kitchen and the microwaves would justbe the 3D printers.N.G.: The research we are doing at my lab at MIT is to takeall the tools in a fab lab and merge them in a very deep way,fundamentally structuring the properties of materials.Today, in a fab lab like the Architecture Institute inBarcelona, the 3D printer may actually be the least-usedtool. There are bigger machines that involve much morecomplex processes. Right now there is a bit of hype in themedia about 3D printers, but it is silly because the articlesare written by journalists who dont even actually use them.There is a revolution today, which is digital fabrication,which means turning data into things and things into data,and the 3D printer is a small corner of that big space.

In Barcelona we have marked 300 years since the siege.You might have seen the show M.U.R.S. by La Fura delsBaus. The idea of the siege is relevant to the rise of fablabs, since you aim to create cities that become more self-sufficient, as Vicente Guallarts book title points out. If weare to be under siege, we should be prepared to produceour own goods...V.G.: The original title for the book was The ConnectedSelf-Sufficient City. The ideal is not to be isolated. The waywe are connected with others is different from the way wewere in the past. The question is to empower local produc-tion. Basically because we must do it in order to be leadersof our future, but we will only be able to do this if we areconnected to the world. N.G.: Barcelona is under siege today. The economy isbroken; people far away take your money and your jobs. Youare under siege. Its today.

How do you envision the city of the future?N.G.: Think globally, fabricate locally.V.G.: The city of the future will be multi-scalar, because thecity of the future will be a network of cities. We will all beconnected, and this implies that we will live in differentplaces at the same time somehow. The city of the future isa metropolis of neighbourhoods. The future is not having arich centre and a poor periphery, but a city in which manyneighbourhoods are empowered and have the right facili-ties in order to be able to produce nearly everything.

How many things are you wearing that you have producedyourself?N.G.:When you came to this interview I was working on theinternals of the software that controls the machines thatmake machines the engineering processes. One of thethings that most excites me is the workflows, so I am wear-ing this laptop. The software in here is what I make. I ammore interested in the workflows in the lab rather than theproducts of the lab. So thats what I wear.

And you Vicente, what are you wearing that you haveproduced yourself?V.G.:What I wear is myself...N.G. (interrupting): No, no, I can answer for you. Its thecity. Look at this hall, look at Barcelona full of fab labs. Ithink the answer for Vicente is he is wearing Barcelona.

46

Past

Todays financial, environmental, social and political crisesare the result of a production model that has been forgedover a period of more than a hundred years. This model isbased on oil as a source of energy and a raw material, onmass production and on a standardised global economicsystem. Modern industrialisation feeds on the naturalresources of Africa and the Americas, on oil from the MiddleEast and on cheap labour in Asia.

Today, the technology, resources and administrativeorganisation of our cities (generally based on models thatemerged in very different economic, social political, envir -onmental and technological conditions decades and evencenturies ago) are very nearly obsolete, while our currentlevel of consumption is threatening their sustainability forfuture generations.

The model that shaped the industrial city put produc-tion centres right at its heart and absorbed much of therural population. Later on, manufacturing left the city andmoved thousands of miles away, which led to an increase inconsumption of fossil fuels, reduced work opportunitiesand worst of all separated consumption operations fromproduction processes. Cities have turned into vast rubbishfactories and their survival depends on the technology thatis produced far away. They are the physical manifestation ofour current consumption-based model.

Cities (which are mankinds most complex creation, thescene of most of our interactions and where the biggestchallenges for the future lie) need technology to work, toprovide their inhabitants with conveniences and to meet

their needs. But, as well as this, they need to innovate andcreate their own technology to share with other urbancentres; to develop solutions by way of the city and itspopulation.

From arts and crafts to globalisationIn medieval cities, most manufacturing took place withinthe city walls. The purpose of craftsmanship was to meetlocal demands and needs, and only after they were met wasthere any connection with other settlements. After that,industrialisation drove a rift between the manufacturingprocess and the reality that surrounded it. Manufacturingthen expanded to accommodate regional, national andglobal interests and even a standardised production systemthat eventually created what we see today: a person in NewDelhi uses the same microprocessor in his or her computeras a person in Buenos Aires, Cape Town or Washington. But,actually, people in different places do not have to use thesame cups or tables, the same toys or tools. In the case of akitchen utensil, this may not be that important, but itbecomes more so when it concerns public lighting in thecity, the transport system or the furniture in our livingrooms. Most of these objects and solutions were designed tosuit a different environmental context and different users.They fit into a common pattern that makes up a global aver-age; a standardised kit made for consumerism.

The military industry has developed much of the tech-nology that we consume today and that defines our dailylives. The two world wars gave us tools such as microwaves,

48

Toms DezDirector of Fab Lab Barcelona

From fab labs to fab citiesThe goal of the Fab City project is to develop a fully productive city whoseinhabitants share their knowledge to solve local problems and set up newbusinesses and education schemes. Barcelona already has two manufacturingathenaeums which take inspiration from this philosophy.

Eva Vzquez

49

compact cameras and personal computers. Later on, theCold War gave birth to the Internet when Vint Cerf and hiscolleagues designed a system of interconnected nodes tomaintain a flow of information in the event of a nuclearattack. The Internet has turned out to be the most influen-tial recent invention of all, shaping the way we live, shareand produce.

Vicente Guallart, Barcelonas Chief Architect, recentlywrote a book called The Self-Sufficient City (2014) inwhich he develops the idea that a multi-scalar approachbased on the convergence of ICT, urban planning and ecol-ogy will change our current city model, just as it waschanged a hundred years ago by the oil industry and massproduction. The industrialised model is in crisis and we arenow transitioning towards the development of new toolsthat will redefine and reshape our reality. Giving the publicinformation and production tools appears to be a key factorin this process, according to Guallart: The regeneration ofcities following the model of connected self-sufficiency canonly be meaningful if people are allowed to have morecontrol over their own lives and more power as members ofa social network.

ICT provides new forms of participation in decision-making that affects daily life. We can access open code toolsand platforms and use them to report irregularities andcrimes, share an event, give our neighbourhood a new voiceor build relationships with our community. In 2012 a mediatrend was spurred by the fascinating case of Martha, a nine-year-old British girl who took photos of her school lunches,shared them on her blog and raised awareness of childrensnutrition. But as well as using existing tools in the form ofwebsites, apps and other traditional formats, public involve-ment in taking responsibility may soon be altered by theintroduction of tools to create tools.

A global brain for local actionFab labs are digital fabrication laboratories equipped withstate-of-the-art technology, democratising access to produc-tion and invention. What started as a participationprogramme at the Center of Bits and Atoms (CBA) of theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has turnedinto a global network of people, projects and schemes thatshare an open philosophy when it comes to digital produc-tion.

These laboratories provide the means to be inventive sothat anybody can achieve practically anything: gettingresults is what counts. The labs in Lyngen, Norway, came

about because of a project to monitor lost sheep; in India,they were set up to develop filters to measure the amountof fat in milk; in Detroit they began as a scheme to createurban kitchen gardens on empty plots of land, and so on.

In fact, the success of the first fab labs surprised every-one, including their founders. As CBA Director NeilGershenfeld once remarked, Its all a big accident, on thecentres providing a community in Boston with a set of toolsand machinery as part of its social responsibilityprogramme. Over the first decade of this century, fab labsbegan to spread to Ghana, Norway and India, and then toBarcelona, Amsterdam and other cities across the world.Today, there are almost 350 labs in more than 40 countriesand on every continent. They share the same stock ofmachinery and the same processes, linking up through theInternet and videoconferences to form one of the largestcommunities of creators in the world.

The productive city: Barcelona 5.0Today, our cities import goods and produce waste. Theslogan From PITO to DIDO (PITO: Product In, Trash Out;DIDO: Data In, Data Out) proposes a new model based onproduction inside the city, on recycling materials and meet-ing local needs through local inventiveness. With the newDIDO model, a citys imports and exports would mostly bein the form of bits (information) and most of the atomswould be controlled at the local level.

This is the Fab City project: to develop a fully produc-tive city made up of citizens who share knowledge to solvelocal problems and set up new businesses and educationschemes. The Fab City concept is a vindication of the ideaof the citizen as the true centre of knowledge, the start andend point of a chain that links together researchers, univer-sities, industry, commerce, the government, etc. Its aboutproducing locally, using both cutting-edge and basic tech-nology, and sharing it to drive the development of new solu-tions at any given moment, anywhere in the world.

Imagine productive neighbourhoods equipped with digi-tal fabrication laboratories (fab labs) that, in turn, are linkedup with other neighbourhoods and cities across the world toexchange know-how and solve community problems relat-ing to things such as public lighting, playgrounds, environ-mental conditions, energy production, food production andeven local production of goods. They use waste as a rawmaterial, recycle plastic to do 3D printing or use old house-hold appliances to produce new devices.

Barcelona is one of the cities committed to developingthis new model. The Fab City project in Barcelona plans toopen several fab labs, at least one in every district, over thenext few years. The first one opened a year ago in the pros-perous district of Les Corts. This was recently followed byanother in Ciutat Meridiana, an area on the periphery of thecity based on a 1960s model of urban development withhigh-rises and high levels of youth unemployment. The thirdone is soon to be set up in Barceloneta.

Fab labs provide themeans to be inventive sothat anybody can achieve

practically anything:getting results is what

counts.

Citizen science

Dossier: past

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The appearance of new tools and technology in our dailylives has transformed what we learn and how we learn it.Up until the 1960s, most work took place in computerlessoffices: the materials used in universities were printedand the average business did its accounting in notebooksall filed away on shelves. In the 1970s, computers startedto be accessible for small and medium enterprises andorganisations, necessitating new skills from employees.Finally, in the 1980s, they became widely popular, reach-ing every household. In the early 1990s, most schools inthe Western world introduced them into their classroomsand libraries, and learning how to use word processors orimage editing software began to form part of any normalcurriculum. But as most of us know, this job model (aperson in front of a computer) is now obsolete; the finan-cial crisis of 2008 was maybe just the start of a massivecollapse of the system.

It seems that the work first, rest later mantra hasbecome completely invalid, as has the time is money equa-tion, which we use to quantify and qualify what, how andwhen we do things. Most unemployed people currently havetime but lack money; the meltdown of the system is dueprecisely to the fact that nothing moves without money, acondition that we try to cure with willpower. The Internetgives us access to high quality courses on computer science,neurology, physics and electronics as well as simplercourses on Photoshop and programming languages such asC and Python (Codeacademy, Kahn Academy). Learning isno longer linked to a formal institution: anybody can get it,anywhere, at any time and free of charge. In the same waythat we learn to use Word, Excel or PowerPoint, we will

learn to do 3D modelling, operate a laser cutter andprogram a microcontroller. These new skills will determineour power to influence the way reality is shaped, as we willhave access to the tools that do it.

Recently, a number of media organisations havereported on the importance of learning to program or writecode. According to the BBC, learning code could becompared to learning Latin two thousand years ago; andfurthermore, to learn code is to forge a new way of thinking.Not only coding, but also using moulding and software scan-ning tools, and any other skill that allows us to connect thephysical with the digital world, will become compulsorytopics in schools, universities and curricula.

Technology and the human factorA once-shuttered warehouse is now a state-of-the art labwhere new workers are mastering the 3D printing that hasthe potential to revolutionise the way we make almosteverything (Barak Obama. State of the Union Address, 12February 2013). President Obama was referring to 3D print-ing as one of the main drivers of todays production model,but this view may be somewhat simplistic. 3D printing isjust the tip of the iceberg; personal and distributed manu-facturing is much more complex and it could take yearsuntil we can print objects that are fully functional.

Neil A. Gershenfeld said in his most recent article in themagazine Foreign Affairs (2012) that the 3D printing fevercould be compared to the media coverage of microwaves inthe 1950s, when it was considered a substitute for the entirekitchen. Microwaves improve our lives, but we still need allthe other kitchen utensils to prepare more complex dishes.Fab labs can be compared to the kitchen, and 3D printers tothe microwave. Instead of food, what is made in these labsare new inventions at a speed that is faster than that ofindustry and universities.

3D printing on its own may not change the world, but itis the spark that sets off a much wider-reaching movement.We appear to be facing a new era of history in which crafts-manship is given new mediums and tools with which tocreate, collaborate and produce technology. It seems thatthe human factor is the only thing that has remained thesame, because most of the processes we talk about todayhave formed part of a previous period of human history.What is really changing are the means we use to carry outthese processes and how we connect things that previouslyseemed incompatible.

The coming years will be a time of transition, crucial tothe building of what will probably be known as the SecondRenaissance or the High-Tech Middle Ages.

Towards a second Renaissance

Arts and crafts work uses new mediums and tools to create, collaborate and produce technology.

One of the Digitalmanufacturing

machines from FabLab Barcelona, in

the Poblenou neighbourhood,available to the

Masters students ofthe Institutefor AdvancedArchitecture

for use in theirprojects.

Albert Armengol