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Pax Georgiana

`afxazuri sakiTxi~qarTuli presis dRis wesrigSi

2002-2010 wlebi A

maia gogolaZexaTuna maisaSvililia toklikiSvili

Tbilisi2015

madlierebas gamovxatavT:

saerTaSoriso fondis, `Serigebis re sur sebis~, mimarT, romlis grantmac Se saZ le beli ga xada kvlevis `afxazuri sa kiTxi qar Tuli presis dRis wesrigSi~ Sesruleba;

aseve, piradad batoni paata zaqarei Svi lisadmi, romlis wvlilic kvlevis daskvnebsa da mignebebSi fasdaudebelia;

aseve, piradad batoni irakli beriZisadmi, romlis uangaro daxmarebam SesaZlebeli gaxada saxelmZRvanelos gamocema.

es wigni aris mcdeloba „afxazuri sakiTxis“ ganxilvisa politikuri dikursisa da mediadiskursis gadamkveT velSi. misi Seqmnis idea da interesi aris, uCvenos TiToeuli politikuri Tu mediaCarCo, romelic qmnis „afxazuri sakiTxis“ mniSvnelobas sazogadoebaSi. vrceli empiriuli masala (2002-2010) gaanalizebulia Tanamedrove kvleviTi meTodologiiT.

wigni gankuTvnilia politikisa da mediasferos gamocdili Tu dam-wyebi profesionalebisTvis, maT Soris - studentebisTvis, igi aseve daak-mayofilebs mkiTxvelTa farTo wris interessa da gemovnebas.

Pax Georgiana

avtorebi: xaTuna maisaSvili maia gogolaZe lia toplikaSviliydis diazini: Temur edilaSvili

© xaTuna maisaSvili, maia gogolaZe, lia toplikaSvili

ISBN 978-9941-0-6914-7

Sps gamomcemloba Semoqmedi [email protected]

sarCevi

Sesavali ........................................................................................................................7

Tavi 1

axlos da Sors – politikasa da mediaSi ..................................................12

sazogadoebrivi azri, sazogadoebriv-politikuri dakveTa da àfxazuri sakiTxi~ ............................................................13

kvlevis mizani, meTodi da Teoriuli argumentebi ..................23

nulovanjamovani TamaSi .........................................................................34

àfxazeTis damoukidebloba~ – identobis premodernuli,postmodernuli Tu fiqciuri proeqti? ..........................................49

afxazeTis damoukidebloba 1990-iani wlebis globaluriperspeqtividan da pasuxgaucemeli SekiTxvebi .................................50

media da àfxazebis erovnuli adgili~.Teoriuli argumentebi .............................................................................56

eTnosi, eri Tu daqsaqsuli Temebis simravle? ............................62

galis drama, anu maradiuli mZevlebi ...............................................77

Tavi 2

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti – mediadiskursi da politikuri sistema ..................................................82

miznobrivi `qarTul-afxazuri~ mediaproeqtebi qarTul mediaSi 2004-2008 wlebi .....................................................................82

Mkampaniuri komunikaciis sirTuleebiafxazuri sakiTxis irgvliv ....................................................................83

komunikatorTa tipebi daSetyobinebis Taviseburebebi ...............................................................93

komunikatori da komunikaciis ena ........................................................93komunikatori da komunikaciis mizani ..................................................97komunikatori da Serigebis ena ...............................................................98komunikatori da misi mowodeba ..............................................................99komunikatori da konfliqtis dinamikis Sefaseba ..........................100

mSvidobis Jurnalistika VS omisa da Zaladobis Jurnalistika ....................................................101

Seuswavleli konfliqti da pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi .........108konfliqtis dinamika ...............................................................................109konfliqtis monawile mxareebi .............................................................109konfliqtis simetriuloba an asimetriuloba ................................110konfliqtis sagani ....................................................................................110

Serigebis safuZvlebi. qarTvelebi da afxazebi erTmaneTis TvaliT ...................................112qarTvelebi da afxazebi erTmaneTis TvaliT ...................................114mxareTa saerTo interesebi ...................................................................115mxareTa urTierTsapirispiro interesebi ........................................116qarTul-afxazuri molaparakebebis procesis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi .......................................................116Serigebis safuZvlebisa da Serigebis resursebis Zieba ...............117kompromisi ..................................................................................................117

Tavi 3

2003-2007 wlebi: saqarTvelos ori xelisuflebispolitika afxazeTisTvis ..............................................................................118

politikosebi da politikuri instituciebi:mediafiltriTa da mis gareSe .............................................................119

vin monawileobs politikaSi .................................................................120politikuri aqtorebis damokidebuleba afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis kursTan .......................................131ruseTis faqtori ......................................................................................148saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ...............................................................161

danarTebi .......................................................................................................174

meTodis aRwera da statistikuri procedurebis Sedegebi pirveli TavisTvis ...............................................................176

faqtoruli analizi ..................................................................................190

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti – mediadiskursi da po litikuri sistemameTodis aRwera meore TavisTvis ......................................................198

7

Sesavali

radganac jer kidev arseboben omebi, konfliqtebi, kri zisebi, arsebobs omis, konfliqtis, krizisis, riskebis Jur nalistikac. arsebobs omisa da konfliqtis mediaSi war-mo Ce nis kanonzomierebebi da arsebobs Jurnalistur pub-li ka ci ebSi asaxuli da Senaxuli omebi da konfliqtebi, ro-gorc socialuri da kulturuli produqti.

omis an SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis cxeli fazis mediaSi warmoCena bevrad ufro advilad emorCileba kanonzomie-rebebs, vidre gangrZobadi, gaWianurebuli konfliqturi si tuaciis asaxva. konfliqtis cxeli faza xasiaTdeba: Se da-rebiT mokle droiTi periodiT, dapirispirebuli mxareebis gamokveTili uSualo urTierTqmedebebiT, specifikuri di-namikiTa da prognozirebadi gamovlinebebiT.

gangrZobiTi konfliqtisas, droTa ganmavlobaSi, Ta-vad konfliqti icvlis mimdinareobis bunebas, `gril de-ba~, an periodulad `cxeldeba~, ikargeba konfliq tis Tvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavdapirveli niSan-Tvisebebi. domi-nan tu ri politikuri diskursis gavleniT mniSvnelobas ic vli an is Rirebulebebi, romlebmac Tavis droze kon-fliq ti gamoiwvies, ifanteba konfliqtis gadmocemis, re-por tirebis ad gili da saomari Teatri adgils uTmobs sxva-dasxva deiqtikur centrebs. am dros ver xerxdeba mxareTa poziciebis Ta nazomierad warmoCena, radgan mxareTa sako-munikacio veli imdenad scildeba erTmaneTs, rom isini ga-da ukveTav sibrtyeebad iqcevian.

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti amgvar gangrZobad kon-fliq tTa tips miekuTvneba. 2014 wlis agvistoSi suprana-ci onalurma organizaciebma am konfliqts `gaWianurebuli konfliqtis~ statusi miakuTvnes.

Cveni mcdeloba, SeviswavloT da gamovcadoT socia-lur-politikuri dakveTisa da politikuri diskursis gav-lena `afxazeTis sakiTxis~ mediur reprezentaciaze, erT-erTi pirveli mcdelobaa am mimarTulebiT. specifikuri droiTi periodis – 2002-2010 wlebi – Seswavlam gviCvena

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is `TeTri laqebi~ da `xafangebi~, romlebsac gangrZobadi konfliqti uqmnis Jurnalistebs da gviCvena, rogor ic-vlian bunebasa da funqcias sxvadasxva ganzomilebebis mqo-ne sakomunikacio efeqtebi konfliqtis `cxeli~ da `gri li~ periodebis mediaSi gadmocemisas.

kerZod:sivrce – Tuki omis an konfliqtis cxeli fazis warmo-

Cenisas mediuri Setyobinebis mimRebisTvis mniSvnelovania, Seexeba Tu ara mas es konfliqti piradad da uSualod, an ramdenad axlos an Sors aris misgan omi da misiT gamowveuli yvela safrTxe, sicocxlis xelyofis CaTvliT, ̀ gril~ peri-od Si es sivrciTi ganzomileba mniSvnelobas kargavs da mim-Rebi sjerdeba mxolod `codnis~, anu informaciis miRebas konfliqtis adgilidan.

Zalaufleba – omis an cxeli konfliqtis periodSi mi Rebuli nebismieri Setyobineba mimRebis mier aRiqmeba rogorc garkveuli qcevisken wamqezebeli mowodeba uSua-lod mis mimarT, rogorc garkveuli Zalauflebis mqone in-dividuumisadmi. konfliqtis `gril~ periodSi es efeqtic grildeba da mimRebic ara imdenad bihevioristuli, aramed ufro metad kognitiuri efeqtebis velSi eqceva.

dro – omisa da `cxeli~ konfliqtis mediacia mimReb-Si amZafrebs sakuTari warsulisa da momavlis aRqmas, rad ganac es omi, konfliqti, msxverpli swored warsul-mo mav lis mijnaa, gangrZobadi konfliqti ki, awmyos adinami-u robisa da momavlis bundovanebis gamo, mimRebs mxolod warsuls ùtovebs~ gadasaazreblad.

identoba – konfliqtis cxeli fazisgan gansxvavebiT, `gril~ fazaSi SesaZlebelia, moxdes mimRebis identobiTi di sa cociacia konfliqtis identobiTi safuZvlebisgan. amis yve laze ufro cxadi magaliTia cvlilebebi, romlebic gan grZo badi konfliqtisas paradigmaSi `Cven~- ìsini~ iCe-nen Tavs. mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT `Cven~ ufro me tad inarCunebs erTmniSvnelovnebas, vidre ìsini~. `Cven~ yo-vel Tvis qarTuli mxarea, qarTveli xalxi da saqarTvelos xelisufleba, ìsini~ ki konfliqtis fazebis cvlilebis kva lad icvlian konotaciur mniSvnelobebs. ìsini~ mudam

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`Cven Tan~ arian dapirispirebulebi, oRond sxvadasxva bune-biT da sxva das xva motivaciiT, ìsini~ xan `Cvenis~ sepa ri-rebuli na wi lia (ùcxoTa~, magaliTad, rusebis gavleniTa da waqezebiT), xan Tavad arian ùcxo~ da `mteri~, xan – `Cven-gan gansxvavebulni~ da gansxvavebuli miznebis mqoneni.

rogorc vxedavT, realurad, gangrZobadi konfliqti bu nebrivad iwvevs bevri komunikaciuri efeqtis Secvlas. es garemoeba gavlenas axdens konfliqtis bunebisa da mas Tan asociaciurad dakavSirebuli cnebebisa da maTi mniS vne lo-bebis mediaSi warmoCenaze.

zogadad, mediuri diskursi yalibdeba sazogadoebrivi azris, sazogadoebrivi dakveTisa da politikosebis mier sa zogadoebrivi dakveTis aRqmis gavleniT, Tumca Sinaarssa da gamoxatvis formas mediis, rogorc sakuTar Sinagan lo-gikas daqvemdebarebuli sistemis, ufro zustad ki – misi socialur-kulturuli da normatiul-operaciuli kanon-zo mierebebis mixedviT iZens.

magaliTad, Tuki qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis cxel fa za Si `teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena~ da `kon fliq-tis gadaWra~ faqtobrivad identuri mniSvnelobis cne be-bia, gangrZobad da `gagrilebul~ konfliqtSi isini prag ma-tikulad Sordebian erTmaneTs: `teritoriuli mTli a no bis aRdgena~ mizania, xolo `konfliqtis mogvareba, gadaWra~ am miznis misaRwevad Sesasrulebeli amocana. kon fliqtis gangrZobadoba xels uwyobs da ganapirobebs axa li bu-fe ruli cnebebis Cadgomas am or konstruqcias Soris. ma ga liTad, erT-erTi aseTi buferuli terminia `re in-teg racia~. igi Cndeba maSin, roca qarTul-afxazuri ur-Ti er Tobebis mediuri xatebi da saxeebi kargaven kon fliq-tis niSan-Tvisebebs, an konkretuli procesebis aRqma qmnis ilu zias, rom konfliqti Tavisi zusti mniSvnelobiT amo-iwura. am SemTxvevaSi `reintegracia~ xan uTanabrdeba mniS-vnelobiT `konfliqtis gadaWras~, xan misi antagonisti ter mini xdeba, xan ki `reintegracia~ warmoCindeba im sa-Sualebad, romliTac miRweul unda iqnas mizani – `kon-fliqtis gadaWra~, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sxva mizans em-saxureba – `teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas~. es, er Ti

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Se xedviT, martivi `terminologiuri da teqnikuri gaugeb-roba~ damaxinjebuli dekodirebis mizezi xdeba. mediuri Sinaarsi gviCvenebs, rom igive konstruqcia `teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena~ mediur diskursSi arsebiTad ic-vlis Sinaarss da umetes SemTxvevebSi `konfliqtis mog-va rebad~ transformirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es ori kon struq cia percefciis doneze imdenad mWidrod aris da kav Sirebuli, rom SesaZlebelia maTi gaigiveba gar kve-ul konteqstSi, mediuri nimuSebis Sinaarsobrivi da mniS-vne lobiTi CarCoebi ufro metad arsebuli konfliqtis ni San-Tvisebebsa (maT mimdinare mdgomareobaze, maT sxva-das xva xarisxze) da `konfliqtis mogvarebazea~ morge-bu li, vidre `teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenaze~, da me diaSi war moCenili Temebisa da sakiTxebis diapazoni `kon fliq tis mogvarebas~ ufro rTul amocanad saxavs, vidre `teritoriuli mTlianobis~ aRdgenas. SeiZleba amas vuwodoT konfliqtis perspeqtivis specifikuri versiis Seqmna, romelic ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: xanmokle per speq tivaSi qarTul sazogadoebas afxaz xalxTan da sa zo ga doebasTan integracia ufro ainteresebs, vidre teri to riuli mTlianobis aRdgena, romelic xangrZliv per speq tivaSi, SesaZloa, am integraciis Sedegi aRmoCndes.

Tumca `konfliqtis gauvnebelyofa~ ewinaaRmdegeba ro gorc do minanturi politikuri diskursis interesebs, ise me diis Rirebulebriv kriteriumebs, amitom efeqtebis Se nar Cunebis mizniT iqmneba mediaciis iseTi strategiebi, romlebic Setyobinebis mimRebs mudmivad abrunebs kon-fliq tis saTaveebTan. es aris `simarTlis Tqmis~, `mara-di uli rusis da maradiuli specsamsaxurebis~ da `egzem-pli fikaciis~ strategiebi. `afxazuri sakiTxis~ wiaRSi xdo mi le bebis klebis kvalad yovel jerze mediaSi Cndeba vinme pirovneba, romelic `simarTles ambobs~ afxazeTis, afxazebis, qarTul-afxazuri omis Sesaxeb. gaurkvevelia, vis Tvis iTqmeva es simarTle: xelisuflebam isedac icis si marTle (anu ra moxda realurad), mosaxleobis umravle-sobas mravalgzis, sxvadasxva mediasaSualebis mier aqvs mos menili `mravali simarTle~. simarTlis konstruirebas

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amyarebs egzemplifikacia, anu Semzaravi, dramatuli maga-liTebis moyvana qarTul-afxazuri omis istoriidan, rom-lebic yvela drois yvela omis miTebis kategorias gane kuT-vneba: magaliTad, afxazebi gagris stadionze qarTvelebis moWrili TavebiT fexburTs TamaSobdnen, Crdilokav ka si-elma boevikebma qarTvel orsul qalebs cecxlwakidebuli saburavebi gadaacves da ase Semdeg.

2008 wlidan 2014 wlamde afxazuri sakiTxis mediaSi Cve neba ruseTis faqtoris, rogorc gadamWreli, sakvanZo faqtoris, SemotaniT xdeba. Ees garemoeba àfxazuri sakiT-xis~ konteqstSi anulirebas ukeTebs qarTuli da afxazuri mxareebis motivacias konfliqtSi da maT nebas konfliqtis mogvarebis perspeqtivaSi (Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom sakiTxis amgvari dispozicia axali ar aris – es `tradicia~ momdina-reobs jer kidev im droidan, roca àidgilara~ da àdamon nixasi~ qarTulma politikurma diskursma ara afxazi da osi xalxebis nebis gamoxatulebad, aramed ruseTis specsamsa xu-rebis proeqtad daasaxela da Sesabamisi iarliyic miaweba).

roca mimdinare konkretul momentSi realur xdomi-lebaSi konfliqtis niSnebi ikargeba, dgeba `konfliqturi si tu aciis~ mediaSi prezervaciis aucilebloba, rogorc `sa sur veli sakiTxavisa~. sasurvel sakiTxavs ki Tavisi ni-San-Tvisebebi aqvs: ena, romelic SeiZleba iyos omis an mSvi-dobis, aqtantebi, romlebic am enis, diskursis gamoyenebiT sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan Setyobinebas qmnian, da mxareTa Soris urTierTobebis yalibebi, romlebic yovel-Tvis dominacia-subordinaciis vertikalzea ganlagebuli.

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Tavi 1

axlos da Sors – politikasa da mediaSi

xaTuna maisaSvili

13

sazogadoebrivi azri, sazogadoebriv-politikuri dakveTa

da àfxazuri sakiTxi~

afxazuri sakiTxi 1988 wlidan, afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi separatistuli ganwyobebis gaRvivebisa da misi pirveli niSnebis gamoCenisTanave iqca SeSfoTebis sagnad qarTuli politikuri istebliSmentisTvis, arasa xe-li suflebo elitisTvis (inteligenciisTvis) da sazogado-e bisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar gagvaCnia im periodis sazogadoebrivi azris Tanmimdevruli reprezentatuli kvlevebi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, mediaSi warmoCenilili da Senaxuli Sinaarsi gviCvenebs am SeSfoTebis sxvadasxva as-peqts, romlebic erTi niSnis – teritoriuli mTlianobisa da saxelmwifoebriv-erovnuli erTobis rRvevis safrTxis irgvliv aris gaerTianebuli.

1990-ian wlebis qarTuli mediaSi sxvadasxva tipis wya-ros SetyobinebebSi naTlad Cans, rogor iyeneben liderebi (politikuri elita da inteligencia) TavianT sajaro enasa da komunikaciis process, raTa Seqmnan, gaakontrolon, ga-av rcelon da gamoiyenon mediuri Setyobinebebi, ro gorc `politikuri resursi~; rogor Cndeba maT diskur sSi say-vareli erovnuli simboloebi, raTa politikurma lide -rebma ukeT SesZlon sazogadoebrivi emociis mobilizeba òsu ri~ da ̀ afxazuri~ krizisis periodSi. qarTuli kultu-ruli eli tis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben, ossa da afxazs daanaxon Tvisobrivad axal saxelmwifoSi erToblivi cxov-rebis mimzidveloba im saxelmwifo wesrigis pirobebSi, ro-melsac damoukidebeli saqarTvelo Seqmnis. magaliTad: àf xazeTi~ warmoadgens sinonims sityvisa `saqarTvelo~... uTxra qar Tvels, rom afxazeTs SeuZlia gavides saqarTve-lodan (me ganvmartav: erebis struqturas da ara realobas) – es daaxloebiT igivea, rom uTxra: `saqarTvelos SeuZlia gavides Tavisi Tavidano~1; an: „me vityodi – arsebobda

1 D droni, 1991, agvisto, citata merab mamardaSvilTan interviudan.

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qris tianuli afxazuri eTnosi, romelsac didi wvlili mi-uZRvis qarTul saxelmwifoebriobaSi, igi misi Seqmnis aq-tiuri monawile iyo. aseve aqtiuri monawile iyo qarTuli politikisa, magram, aba, wadi da gaagebine es dRevandel sab-WoTa afxazs, cxovrebis sabWoTa kanoniT gamotvinebuls. is iseTive gamotvinebulia, rogoric sabWoTa qarTveli. aseTi situaciebidan xalxebi gamodian mxolod erTad, erTad!~2

1992-1993 wlebSi afxazeTis sakiTxis mediacia sruliad gansakuTrebulia omis mdgomareobis gamo, amitom mis gan-xilvas arsebuli kvlevis farglebSi ver movaqcevT.

1994 wlidan ̀ afxazuri sakiTxi~ ukve winasaarCevno (1995 wlis saparlamento arCevnebamde) ritorikaSi Semodis, igi-ve xdeba 1998 welsac, 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis win. aq Zalian mniSvnelovania, gamovyoT sakiTxis mniSvnelo bis mediaSi amoqmedebis, anu aqtualizaciis oTxi Sre: (1) sazo-ga do eb rivi azri sakiTxis an sakiTxTa erTobliobis Sesa xeb; (2) sazo gadoebrivi dakveTa imave sakiTxis Sesaxeb; (3) po-li tiko sebis mier aRqmuli sazogadoebrivi dakveTis arsi, buneba da moculoba da (4) mediur diskursSi transformi-rebuli politikuri da sazogadoebrivi diskursi.

sazogadoebrivi azrisgan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoeb-rivi dakveTa sazogadoebasa (amomrCevelsa) da politikoss Soris komunikaciis, garigebis procesSi formirdeba. es aris sazogadoebis mowodeba politikuri moTamaSeebis-Tvis, imoqmedon garkveuli mimarTulebiT. sazogadoebrivi dakveTa Tavisi bunebiT konsensuria. im mizans, romlis misaRwevadac sazogadoeba politikosebs qmedebas sTxovs, gradualuri xasiaTi SeiZleba hqondes, anu ganxorcieldes garkveuli xarisxiTa da moculobiT, politikuri moTa-maSis SesaZleblobisa da mizanSewonilobis farglebSi.

magaliTad, Tuki sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevaSi kon-struqcia `teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena~ absolu-tu ri Rirebulebrivi da mniSvnelobiTi kategoriaa, sazo-gadoebriv dakveTaSi igi fardobiTad warmogvidgeba da Se iZ leba, gulisxmobdes teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdge-

2 M mamuli, 1990, dekemberi

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nis ken mimarTul politikur ganzraxvebs, iniciativebsa da qmedebebs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki es komunikaciis pro-cesi, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo (vTqvaT, an demokratiis nak-lebobis, an amomrCevelsa da politikoss Soris socialuri garemosa da misi aRqmis mkveTri gansxvavebis, an sxva ram mizezebis gamo) xarvezebiT mimdinareobs, sazogadoeba dgeba damaxinjebuli dekodirebis Sedegebis winaSe. roca ar xdeba politikosis mier sazogadoebis mier gagzav ni li Setyobinebis mniSvnelobis adekvaturad gaxsna, dama xin-jebuli dekodirebis Sedegad iqmneba am Setyobinebis Ta-visuflad interpretirebuli, e.w. falsificirebuli mat-rica, romelic asaxvas politikosis ritorikaSi hpovebs.

vinaidan Cvens sakvlev interess 2002 wlidan 2010 wlam-de periodi warmoadgens, gadavxedoT am periodis sa zo ga-do eb rivi azris kvlevis Sedegad miRebul monacemebs, sazo-ga do eb rivi dakveTisa da politikosebis mier misi aRqmis ma for mirebel faqtorebs. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis sa-zogadoebrivi azris kvlevebis dinamika gviCvenebs, rom te-ri toriuli mTlianobis problema rva wlis ganmavlobaSi (2003-dan 2010 wlis CaTvliT) saxeldeboda problemebis im pirvel sameulSi (pirvel, meore an mesame adgilze), romlebsac saqarTvelos mosaxleoba yvelaze aqtualur da sa Su rad gadasaWrel problemad usaxavda xelisuflebas3.

2003 wlisTvis, anu im wlisTvis, rodesac SevardnaZis xelisufleba saakaSvilis xelisuflebam Secvala, saerTa-Soriso respublikuri institutis mier 2003 wlis mais-Si Catarebuli gamokiTxva gviCvenebs, rom teritoriuli mTlianoba, rogorc problema, gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis azriT, mesame adgils ikavebs – 16%-iT; gamokiTxulTa 31% ar sebuli mTavrobis udides Cavardnad teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevas miiCnevs (1 adgili); gamokiTxulTa 93%-is azriT, afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan dakav Sire-

3 sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis yvelaze relevantur bazad miviCnieT SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso respublikuri institutis yovel-wliuri kvlevebi ramdenime mizezis gamo: 1) reprezentatiulobis maRa-li xarisxi; 2) uwyvetoba; 3) yovelwliurad ganmeorebadi kvlevis meTo-di da kiTxvaris standartuli forma, rac Sedegebis Sedarebas vali-durs xdis.

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buli problemebis gadaWra Zalian mniSvnelovania. gamokiT-xulTa TiTqmis naxevari (49%) afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis statusis gansjisas maTTvis saqarTvelos erT-erTi rigiTi (anu avtonomiis gareSe) regionis statuss aniWebs upiratesobas (afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiur statuss saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi mxars gamokiTxulTa 43% uWers). sainteresoa, rom mogvianebiT, 2006 wlis mais-ivnisSi Catarebul gamokiTxvaSi, roca sa-qarTvelosa da mis xelisuflebas ukve gadatanili hqondaT 2004 wlis zafxulis brZola cxinvalSi (rac gamokiTxulma mosaxleobam mTavrobis udides CavardnaTa Soris mesame adgilze (7%) daasaxela), gamokiTxvaSi monawileTa 48%-ma afxazeTis statusis gansazRvra samxreT oseTis statusTan SedarebiT ufro saSur saqmed miaCnia. SekiTxvaze, ro gor unda gadaiWras afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan dakav Si-rebuli problemebi, gamokiTxulTa 80% mSvidobiani gzas (molaparakebebis gazs) asaxelebs, Zalis gamoyenebas auci-leb lad miiCnevs gamokiTxulTa 14%.

didia albaToba imisa, rom mosaxleobis umravlesoba in formacias afaxazeTSi mimdinare procesebis, saqarTve-los xelisuflebis politikuri gadawyvetilebebis, uSu-a lod qarTul-afxazuri Tu Sereuli molaparakebebis, sa-qar Tvelos sxva regionebSi mimdinare procesebis Sesa xeb, romlebsac SeuZliaT, gavlena iqonion politikur pro ce-sebze afxazeTSi, mediidan (ZiriTadad, qarTuli mediidan) iRebs. gamokiTxulTa 70% mediisadmi ndobas adasturebs.

sazogadoebrivi azri naTelia: teritoriuli mTlia-noba erT-erTi upirvelesi problemaa, romelic qveynisa da misi mTavrobis winaSe dgas, igi mSvidobiani gziT unda iyos gadaWrili da, sasurvelia, rom afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTs, saqarTvelos rigiTi regionis statusi hqondeT; an maTi statusi, SeiZleba, ganxilvas da gansjas daeqvemdebaros, politikuri miznSewonilobidan gamomdinare. magram ra iyo saWiro imisTvis, rom es azri sazogadoebrivi da politi-kuri dRis wesrigis nawili gamxdariyo da momxdariyo misi transformireba sazogadoebriv dakveTad politikosebis winaSe; an momxdariyo mediis, rogorc socialur-kul tu-

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ruli sistemis, yvela SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba ̀ afxazeTis sakiTxis~ sazogadoebriv dRis wesrigSi axali kuTxiT, rea-luri saWiroebidan gamomdinare, dasayeneblad.

sazogadoebrivi azris amgvari konfiguraciis fonze disonansuria nacionaluri moZraobis winasaarCevno kampa-niaSi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, kampaniis im versiaSi, rome lic mediis mier aris reprezentirebuli da Senaxuli) araga mok-veTili aqcenti teritoriul mTlianobaze. es aqcenti ase ve aramkveTria nacionaluri moZraobis liderebis ritori kaSi ufro winare periodSi: 2002 welsac. SeiZleba, vivarau doT, rom nacionaluri moZraoba im periodis politikuri eli-tis damkvidrebul, meinstrimul strategiul komuni ka-cias mihyveba da mxolod reagirebs SevardnaZis gare moc-vi sa da misi politikuri mxradamWerebis ritorikaze, anu maT winasaarCevno lozungebis reversul versias sTava-zobs amomrCevels. es aris politikuri TamaSis konku ren-ciul versiaSi Sobili, mis Sedgad Seqmnili ritorika: ro-ca erTi moTamaSe reagirebs mxolod meore moTamaSis (misi politikuri oponentis) taqtikaze, xolo sazogadoeba mis-Tvis am TamaSis monawiled ar miiCneva. `am [konkurenciul] modelSi politikuri partia moTamaSea, xolo moqalaqe – ma yurebeli, da politika ufro elitebis saqmea, vidre sazogadoebisa. politika, romelsac gamarjvebuli partia gaatarebs, ufro am Sejibris gverdiTi produqtia, vidre TviTmizani SejibrSi monawile moTamaSeTaTvis.~ (marina musxeliSvili, `sazogadoebis dabruneba~, krebulSi `Zala-uf leba da sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi~, gamomcemloba `uni ver sali~, Tbilisi, 2009). sociologi emzar jgerenaia (kre bulSi «Аспекты грузино-абхазского конфликта, 9, Материалы гру зино-абхазской конференции «Первые итоги», Москва, 4-8 июля, 2002, 14-15, 16) saubrobs im problemebze, romlebsac qmnis politikosebis mier araswori, realur saWiroebaze dau-fuZ ne beli dRis wesrigis Seqmna: `Cvens sazogadoebaSi po-li tikosebi Zalian arian damokidebulni amomrCevelze. roca gamodis SevardnaZe an romelime sxva politikosi, isini yovelTvis iyeneben nacionalur ritorikas, radgan fiqroben, rom mosaxleobisTvis yvelaze mTavari problema

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aris nacionaluri problema. isini fiqroben, rom es Tema kargad iyideba, da diskusiac nacionalisturi gamosdiT. sinamdvileSi ki adamianebs konkretuli problemebi aqvT, magram aravis SeuZlia ilaparakos konkretulad an gadaw-yvitos konkretuli sakiTxebi. amitom Cvens sazogadoebaSi mudmivad Tavs iCens religiuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxebi, Cndeba vinme mklaviSvili, mimdinareobs raRac brZola seq-tebis winaaRmdeg saqarTveloSi. politikosebi fiqroben, rom es Tema kargad iyideba da amomrCeveli sixaruliT iRebs da aRiqvams aseT Temas... rac Seexeba nadareiSvilsa da mTavrobas, romelic TbilisSia, isini fiqroben, rom rom agresiuloba – kargia. Tuki isini mtkiced gamovlen afxazeTis, soxumis winaaRmdeg da ityvian, rom saWiroa maTze Seteva, rom problema Zalismierad unda gadaiWras, isini fiqroben, rom devnilebi ukeT miiReben aseT saubars, rom maTTvis aseTi metyveleba misaRebia. es amtkicebs, rom Cveni politikosebi – nadareiSvilis mTavrobac da mTli-anad Tbilisis mTavrobac – ar icnoben TavianT xalxs da ar icnoben im problemebs, romlebic sinamdvileSi arsebobs~.

Sesabamisi empiriuli masalis uqonlobis gamo, Cven ar SegviZlia, vimsjeloT, prioritetebis ierarqiaSi rea-lu rad ra adgils aniWebda teritoriuli mTlianobis prob lemas `reformatorTa~ gundi (momavali vardebis re vo lu ci one rebi), rogori iqneboda maTi politika kon-fliq tiT moculi regionebis mimarT, Tumca mTliani sa-ko mu nika cio foni da calkeuli liderebis an aqtivis-tebis gamonaTqvamebi gvibiZgeben, vifiqroT, rom an: a) nacionaluri moZraoba garkveuli mizezebis gamo Tavs ari-debda afxazeTis sakiTxis aqcentirebas: an b) aRiqvamda mas SevardnaZis pirad problemad, erT-erT rigiT regionul (aWaris msgavs) problemad, romelic SevardnaZis wasvlis Semdeg TavisiT, avtomatur reJimSi mogvardeboda da sa-qarTvelo SevardnaZis gareSe iseTive momxiblavi gaxde-boda afxazebisTvis da maTi politikuri elitisTvis, ro gorc Tavis droze saqarTvelosgan separacia. aseve Seg viZlia, mxolod vivaraudoT, ra SeiZleboda yofiliyo amgvari xedvis mizezi.

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daSveba pirveli. Tuki nacionaluri moZraobis ide-ologia ar iyo TavisTavadi Rirebulebebis matarebeli da misi diskursi garkveuli globaluri (e.w. `neoliberalu-ri~) Zalebis mxardaWeriT iqmneboda, `afxazuri sakiTxi~ ar moTavsdeboda maT winasaarCevno ritorikaSi, swored zedmetad `nacionalisturi~ (radganac neoliberalizmi upirvelesad aRiarebs `xalxis suverenitets~ da ara nacionalistur Rirebulebebs, Tumca am cnebebis (`xalxi-sa~ da `naciis~) Tavsebadobaze saubari sakiTxis arsebiTi ganxilvisas gveqneba – x. m.) bunebis gamo.

daSveba meore. reformatorebis gundis umravlesobas ar hqonda gadatanili es omebi/konfliqtebi Tavis pi rad ga-mocdilebaSi, xolo maTi saxelmwifoebrivi Tu sazo ga do-ebrivi mexsierebis doneze aRqmis mniSvnelobis gacno bi ereba uZneldebodaT politikuri praqtikis uqonlobis gamo.

daSveba mesame. politikur da sazogadoebriv dRis wes-rigs meinstrimulad qmnida SevardnaZe, da, vinaidan `afxa-zuri sakiTxis~ win wamoweva Zalian wamgebiani Tema iyo Se var dna Zis Tvis, igi, Sesabamisad, arc aisaxeboda mis wina-sa ar Cevno ritorikaSic. nacionaluri moZraoba ki Sevar-dna Zis politikis sarkisebur kampanias awarmoebda. nacio-naluri moZraobis sakomunikacio politikis metaforad Se iZleba gamoviyenoT sarke, romelic mxolod garkveuli kuT xiTa da moculobiT aireklavda realobas. anu naci o-naluri moZraobis ritorikaSi ixsneboda mxolod is kodebi, romlebsac SevardnaZe da misi mxardamWerebi debdnen Ta-vianT SetyobinebebSi.

Tumca, qarTul presaSi afxazeTis sakiTxis mediuri rep rezentaciis analizi gviCvenebs, rom mogvianebiT, naci-onaluri moZraobis qveynis saTaveSi yofnisas, roca ukve TviTon qmnida meinstrims da aRar uwevda metoqeobrivi Sida ideologiis `mogerieba~, politikuri strategiuli ko mu nikaciis velSi sazogadoebrivi dakveTa imgvar `mkvdar~, `vakuumur~ zonaSi moeqca, romelSic igi aRar war moadgenda faqtors: igi arc wyaro iyo da arc mimRebi.

mediuri nimuSebis analizisas gamokveTili, im perio -disTvis damaxasiaTebeli sami niSansveturi momenti mi sa-

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Rebad xdis imis daSvebas, rom komunikacia sazogadoebasa da lider politikur moTamaSeebs Soris xarvezebiT an Ta -nam devi semantikuri `xmauris~ fonze mimdinareobs, da po-litikuri moTamaSeebi TavianT strategias ageben maT mier savaraudod aRqmul sazogadoebriv dakveTaze. qarTul pre-saSi afxazuri sakiTxis reprezentaciis (rogorc mimdinare informaciebSi, ise miznobriv mediur proeqtebSi) analizi gamohyofs amgvari daSvebis gamamyarebel sam aspeqts:

• liderma politikurma moTamaSeebma ar ician is ena, romliTac afaxazeTis sakiTxis, mis irgvliv, mis Sesaxeb da gamo unda isaubron (esaubron qarTul sazogadoebas, esaubron afxazebs, esaubron dasavleTs an ruseTs), amis Sedegad iqmneba sruli diskursuli qaosi da narativis Wreli konglomerati. koleqtiurma saakaSvilma SeiTavsa, monopolizeba gaukeTa yvela manamde arsebul diskurss, romlebsac TavianTi avtorebi an gamxmovaneblebi hyavdaT: erovnul narativs, ioane zosimedan dawyebuli zviad gamsa-xurdiaTi damTavrebuli, agresiul eTnocentristul pat-ri o tul ritorikas (Tamaz nadareiSvilisa da partiza nu-li moZraobis warmomadgenlebis), saerTaSoriso in sti tu-te bis leqsikas, wonasworobis wertilis uqonel, omi sa da mSvi dobisken erTdroulad mowodebas, an dumils, roca xelisuflebas, gamokveTili strategiis uqonlobis ga-mo, saTqmeli araferi hqonda. roluri modelis cvli le -be bis miuxedavad, ucvleli rCeboda postulati, rome lic emsaxureboda sazogadoebis TvalSi saakaSvilis xeli suf-lebis poziciis gamyarebas: saxelmwifos daSlis SiSiTa da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisTvis gare (rusuli) safrTxe-e biT manipulireba. yoveli axali wamowyebis pirvelive wa-rumatelobisTanave diskursi an radikalurad icvle bo-da, an ori urTierTgamomricxavi mowodebebi erTdrou-lad, paralelurad miewodeboda sazogadoebas. am logikam saakaS vilis xelisufleba afxazebTan urTierTobis mkvdar per speqtivamde miiyvana.

• lideri politikuri moTamaSeebi `wammzomis po li ti kis~ far glebSi moqmedeben, romlis Sedegad xde ba da geg mili Tu sasurveli movlenebis droSi pres

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truq tu ri re ba, anu iluzoruli droisa da re a lo bis Seq mna. Tuki eduard SevardnaZe aqcents afxa zeT Si dab-runebis `Rirseulobaze~ akeTebda da aras dros uTi Teb -da dabrunebis dros, piradad mixeil saakaS vil ma af xa -zeT Si dabruneba Tu afxazeTis dabruneba sa zo ga do e bas Tavisi prezidentobis pirvelive vadaSi aRuT qva. Sem de-gac, sxvadasxva amplitudisa da efeqtis mqo ne mov le nebis ganviTarebis fonze, xelisuflebis rito ri kaSi mudam Cnde-boda raRac iseTi mniSvnelovani hipoTe turi xdo mileba, romelic aucileblad moxdeboda moma val Si, da mTeli po-litikuri narativi igeboda am pres truq tu ri re bu li mov-lenis mniSvnelobaze, romelsac mimdinare konteqstSi mxo lod yuradRebis moduneba da ara a dek va turi reaqciis ga mow veva Tu SeeZlo nebismieri, samizne Tu SemTxveviTi po-ten ciuri mimRebis mxridan.

• politikuri dRis wesrigi qmnis afxazeTis politikuri da socialuri cxovrebis dinamikis sazoga do eb rivad moTxovnad saxes. es aris `afxazeTis damo u kideb loba – identobis premodernuli an fiqciuri proeqti~. informaciebi, romlebic am Tvalsazrisis gam ya re bas emsaxureba, afxazeTis teritoriidan aris gad mo ce mu li: misi politikuri centridan, soxu midan, sa ku ror to zo-nebidan, galis raionidan. es ar aris axlad nao mari mxare, omis Semdeg sakmao droa gasu li da Se de gebic ukve unda arsebobdes. afxazeTis damou ki deb lo bis proeqtis mediu-ri saxis warmoCenisas aqcenti dais mis pre mo der niz misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvi se beb ze: `Ca ketili~, eTno cen tru-li, Temuri cnobie re biT Sep yro bi li kvazi sazogadoeba, romelic Slis da anad gu rebs masSi so cialuri praqtikis, tradiciebis ZaliT Ca ner gil da gamyarebul identobiT safuZvlebs (qar Tve leb Tan); ro mel Tanac sisxlismier loi-a lobas Crdi lo kav ka si e le bi mxolod saomar viTarebaSi am-JRav neben, magram par tnio robas ar uweven mSvidobis dros; kvazi sa xel mwi fo eb rivi warmonaqmni, romlis, rogorc da-mo u ki de beli sa xel mwifos, atributebis gaZliereba aq tu-a liz deba ru se Tis mier mxolod antiqarTul kon teq stSi; sadac de-faqto prezidentis legitimurobis xa ris xi mis-

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da mi eT ni ku ri afxazebis erTgulebiTa da mxar da We ris xa-ris xiT izomeba; afxazeTisTvis ruseTi saSiSia, Tum ca igi usaf rTxoebis garantia, da afxazeTi realur damo u ki deb-lobas usafrTxoebaze cvlis; regioni mZime socialur-eko-no mikuri mdgomareobiT; regioni, sadac ar Rveven ada mi anis uflebebs da ugulebelhyofen saerTaSoriso samar Tlis, maT Soris humanitaruli samar Tlis, normebs (qve teq sti: sa-dac humanuroba uaryo fi lia (galis magaliTi), iq moder nul sazogadoebasa da saxel mwifoze laparakic ki zedmetia).

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kvlevis mizani, meTodi da Teoriuli argumentebi

kvlevis mizania: sxvadasxva periodulobis, gansxvavebu-li saredaqcio politikis mqone oTxi qarTuli gazeTis me-diur nimuSebze dayrdnobiT vuCvenoT sazogadoebrivi da politikuri dakveTisa da politikuri diskursis gavlena àfxazuri sakiTxis~ mediuri reprezentaciis moculobaze, valentobiT dinamikasa da mediuri resursis, rogorc politikuri resursis, mniSvnelobasa da diskursze 2002-2010 wlebSi.

sakvlev wyaroebad aRebulia: yoveldRiuri gazeTebi `re zonansi~ da `24 saaTi~ da yovelkvireuli gazeTebi `kvi-ris palitra~ da àxali 7 dRe~. am gazeTebis arCeva ganpi-ro be bulia maTi wvdomis erovnuli masStabiT, ndobiT sa zo gadoebis mxridan da maTSi gadmocemuli medi u ri ma-salis diskursuli mravalferovnebiT. kerZod, `rezo nan-si~ da `kviris palitra~ kvlevas emsaxureba rogorc baza àfxazuri~ sakiTxis yoveldRiuri qronikis, misi Tematuri aqcentebis gasaanalizeblad; xolo `24 saaTi~ da àxali 7 dRe~ warmoadgenen im mediur wyaroebs, romlebisTvisac àfxazuri sakiTxi~ saredaqcio politikis erT-erTi mTa-vari fokusia, da amitom maTi miznobrivi proeqtebi àf-xa zeTis sakiTxis~ Sesaxeb Tvisobrivad sxva tipisa da sxva daniSnulebis mediateqstebis sistemas qmnian. Tuki `24 sa-aTi~ da àxali 7 dRe~ TavianTi specializebuli Sinaarsis mqone proeqtebis gamo moxvdnen ùpirvelesi interesis~ sakvlev wyaroebs Soris, mimdinare àfxazuri qronikis~ wyaroebis SerCeva winaswar testirebas, sapilote kvlevas daeqvemdebara. kvlevisTvis relevanturi, reprezentatu-li wyaroebis arCevis mizniT, mkvlevrebma sapilote etap-ze Seiswavles 2002-2010 wlebSi uwyvetad gamomavali oTxi qarTuli gazeTis: yoveldRiurebis – `rezonansisa~ da àxa-li Taobis~, kviraSi oTxjer (sami gamoSveba kviris dReebSi da erTic sakvirao gamoSveba) gamomavalis àlias~ da yo-velkvireulis `kviris palitris~ SemTxveviTi SerCeviT

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aRe buli gamoSvebebi (2002, 2005 da 2008 wlis yoveli me-5 ga-moSveba). sapilote kvlevam gamokveTa, rom: 1) ̀ rezonansi~ da `kviris palitra~, erTad aRebuli, afxazeTis sakiTxs ufro meti sixSiriT (saSualod 1,8-jer metad) aSuqeben, vidre àlia~ da àxali Taoba~, erTad aRebuli; 2) `rezonanssa~ da `kviris palitraSi~, erTad aRebulSi, afxazeTis sakiT xi saSualod 2,3-jer ufro xSirad xvdeboda mowinave stati-ebSi, saredaqcio werilebSi, aseve e.w. upirvelesi interesis mqone gevrdebze, vidre àliasa~ da àxal TaobaSi~, erTad aRebulSi; 3) `rezonanssa~ da `kviris palitraSi~, erTad aRebulSi, afxazeTis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili nebismieri pub likacia pirvel gverdze iyo daanonsebuli, rac yo vel-Tvis ar xdeboda àxal Taobasa~ da àliaSi~. am gare moebebis gaTvaliswinebiT swored `rezonansi~ da `kviris palitra~ iqcnen ZiriTad sakvlev wyaroebad afaxazeTis sakiTxis mediuri warmoCenis analizisTvis.

sxvadasxva (rogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tvisobrivi) sak-vle vi teqnikiT gaanalizebulia: mimdinare Sinaarsis Te-matur-valentobiTi aqcentebi da miznobrivi àfxazuri~ pro eqtebis diskursuli maxasiaTeblebi, anu `CarCoebi~.

àfxazuri sakiTxi~ – es konstruqcia aerTianebs mediur nimuSebs, romlebic Seexeba:

• qarTuli da afxazuri politikuri elitebis warmo-mad genlebis urTierTobas molaparakebebis yvela mo-ce mul doneze da yvela reprezentirebul formatSi;

• saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis (de-faqto) xelisuf le-bisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis iniciati veb-sa da wamowyebebs erTmaneTis mimarT;

• konfliqtis mogvarebis/gadawyvetis arsebul da po-ten ciur resursebs; konfliqtis monawile da masSi Car Tuli mxareebis interesebs;

• afxazeTis, afxazebis istoriul, mimdinare da pers-peq tiul saxes (mediuri ambebis gadmocemis yvela mo-cemuli adgilmdebareobisa da droiTi konti nuumis mixedviT);

• qarTvelTa da afxazTa identobiT mimarTebebs re le-van turi kategoriebis mixedviT;

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• procesebs, mimdinareT saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi, romlebsac SeuZliaT, gavlena iqonion afxazeTSi mimdinare an mosalodnel movlenebze;

• eTnikuri qarTvelebis mdgomareobas afxazeTSi. rodesac vsaubrobT afxazuri sakiTxis mediur rep re-

zentaciaze, vacnobierebT, rom reprezentacia aris mim-Rebi auditoriisaTvis „mis miRma arsebuli~, „misgan da So-re buli~ realobis met-naklebad sruli da zusti war mo Cena am realobis informaciuli Rirebulebis, sare daq cio po-litikis SerCeviTobis kriteriumebisa da so ci a lur-po-li ti kuri konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. repre zen tacia me di is Tvis damaxasiaTebeli rolebisa da funqci e bis fon-ze xor ci eldeba, da igi moicavs ara mxolod teqstis dis-kursul gan zo milebebs da teqstSi Cadebul mniSvnelo bebs, aramed sa ko munikacio procesis yvela rgols, rad ganac rep re zen tacia kon stru i rebadi cnebaa. es kon struq cia ki war moadgens gan saz Rvruli CarCoebis, sqema te bis er Tob-liobas, romelTa gavlis Semdegac faqti da mov lena mediur mov lenad da teqstad iqceva. `CarCos~ idea axal ambebsa da sxva diskursis mqone mediur teqstebTan mimarTebaSi dRes farTo da Tavisufali interpretaciiT gamoiyeneba iseTi cnebebis Casanacvleblad, rogorebic aris: `mimarTebis kuTxe~, ̀ konteqsti~, ̀ Tema~ da ̀ axali ambebis reprezentaciis kuT xe~. Jurnalistur konteqstSi CarCo imdenad aris mniS-vne lo vani, ramdenadac Jurnalisturi teqstebi mniS vnelo-bas ama Tu im faqtis, movlenis sainformacio Rirebule bis romelime konkretul kategoriasTan mi marTe baSi iZenen, romelic gamaerTianebeli CarCo xdeba erTi ro melime da misi msgavsi movlenebisTvis (Goffman (1974), Tuchman (1978), McQuail (2005 da momdevno gamocemebi)). ami tomac, afxazuri sakiTxis mediuri daCarCoebis sqemis Wril Si ganxilva ram-denime mizezis gamoa gamarTlebuli: 1) sazogadoebriv-politikuri movlenebis aqtualizaciis gamo: is, rac ar xvdeba gazeTis gverdebze, sazogadoebrivi dRis wes ri-gis miRmaa. 2) mediis meSveobiT socialur-politi ku ri konteqstis kodebis gaxsnis gamo: is, rac gazeTis gver-deb ze xvdeba, ramdenime mizanze orientirebuli pro duq-

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tia: a) problemis gansazRvrebis; b) SemTxvevebis diagnos-tirebis; g) moraluri gansjisa da d) problemis dasaZlevi saSualebebis SeTavazebis; 3) daCarCoebisas ikveTeba soci-alur-politikuri konteqstis, rogorc erT-erTi CarCos, mniSvneloba, radganac robert entmanis (Robert Entman, “Fra-ming: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm”, in Journal of Communication, 4 (1992)) Teoriis mixedviT, swored kulturaa da Car Coebis sawyisi da sasruli wertili. 4) daCarCoebis proce durisas gamoiyofa am konkretuli mediaproduqciis eqsklu ziuri droiT-sivrcobrivi, diskursuli da ganzrax-viTi niSan-Tvisebebi.

1990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, qarTulma mediam Tavi-si funqcia gansazRvra rogorc erovnuli identobis Semxse-neblis, maT Soris – afxazeTis, rogorc Sida erovnuli siv-rcis `cxeli~, Tumca ganuyofeli nawilis, Semxseneblis fun qcia. nebismieri faqti da movlena, romelic Seexeboda `af xa zur sakiTxs~, yovelTvis akmayofilebda informaciis Rirebulebriv kriteriumebs (rogorc wesi, ramdenimes er-Tdro u lad). TviT yvelaze ordinaruli faqtebic ki me di a Si ganixileboda, rogorc safrTxe erovnuli da sazo ga do eb-ri vi erTobisTvis. Tumca, am konfliqtis mTe li gan vi Ta-rebis amsaxveli mediuri qronika maRali tempe ra tu risaa, media winaswarganzraxulad ar warmoaCens arc erT faqts ordinarulad. sazogadoebrivi dakveTa me diis mxridan (Ta vad mediis warmomadgenlebis mier aR qmu li4 presisagan mo iT xovda afxazuri sakiTxis rep re zen tirebis sixSires (me di aSi gadmocemis, asaxvis maRa li sixSire Sida Rirebuli siv rcis rep re zen taciis maxa si aTe belia), informaciebis ampli tudas (rac ufro mas Sta buri, mZime da dramatuli iq ne-bo da movlena – miT uke Tesi), eT no cen trulobas da, aqe dan gamomdinare, qar Tve li mim Re bisTvis Sinaurobas, Sesa ba misobas mimRebis molo di neb Tan da prognozebTan, gan grZoba dobas (maSinac ki, roca iklebda amplitudis diapazoni, gangZobadoba da sixSire kom pensacias uwevda am danakliss).

4 wyaro: xaTuna maisaSvili, ̀ erovnuli identobis reprezentacia qarTul

beWdur mediaSi. 1990-1991 wlebi~, 2010 weli, Tbilisi

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winamdebare kvlevisTvis aqtualuria komunikaciuri pro cesis rgolebis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sqematebis (ko mu nikatori, teqsti, mimRebi, kultura) analizi. kvle-vis mizans ar warmoadgens imis dadgena da analizi, ra xdeba am CarCos miRma – mag., ra gavlena da efeqti aqvs mas mimReb auditoriaze, rogor izomeba misi mimRebi audi to ria da a.S.

gazeTis gverdebze moxvedramde xdomilebas ukve aqvs gar kveuli CarCo socialur realobaSi, entmanis saxel de-biT – kulturaSi. raTa mediur movlenad iqces, man un da ga iaros komunikatoris CarCo (gamocemis saredaqcio po-li ti kis ganawesi, JurnalistisUintencia, eTikuri da pro-fe si uli mosazrebebi), mniSvnelobis SeZenis CarCo, anu mi iRos Se sabamisi forma, aivsos Sesabamisi SinaarsiT (Camo-ya libdes teqstad) da isev daubrundes kulturas, romlis Semadge neli nawilic aris socialur-politikuri kon teq-sti da romlis ucodinradac mediuri teqsti ver `wai kiT-xeba~. mxolod mediamovlenad qcevis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba msje loba imaze, ramdenad Seesabameboda esa Tu is faqti da mov le na sazogadoebis molodinebsa da prog no zebs. xdomi-le bis CarCoebi socialur realobaSi sxva das xva gva ria: a) faq tebi TavisTavad xdeba, mediisa da politikuri moTama-Se ebisgan damoukideblad; b) politikuri moTamaSe ebi ewevian garkveuli movlenebis, xdomilebebis kultiva ci-as masobriv sakomunikacio velSi mosaxvedrad, anu gar kve-uli movlenebi mediisTvis idgmeba. am movlenebis amsax ve-li teqstis mniSvnelobis efeqti da gavlena sazogadoe ba ze ori perspeqtividan SeiZleba waikiTxos: sociocen tru li midgomiT, media mxolod asaxavs socialuri Zalebis qmede-bis Sedegs, da mediur produqcias socialur-poli tikuri konteqsti ganapirobebs; xolo mediacentruli midgomiT, media warmarTavs socialur procesebs da mis mier arCeuli socialuri konteqstis CarCoc da mniSvnelobiTi CarCo e-bis SerCeviTobis princips eqvemdebareba. teqstSi Cade buli mniSvnelobebis daCarCoebisas cxadi xdeba mniSvne lo biTi struqturebis ierarqiuli mimarTebebi: dominatu ri klasis momsaxure, dominantoba-subordinaciis wesrigs da mor Cile-buli Tu sxva bunebis mniSvnelobebisa (Fiske, 1987: 126).

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radganac socialur-politikuri konteqstis kodebi me-diateqstSi ikiTxeba, mniSvnelovania, CvenTvis saintereso sakvlev periodSi gamovyoT gansazRvruli droiTi monak-veTebi, rogorc mediaSinaarsis ganmapirobebli sqematebi, da TiToeul maTgans is kodebi mivusadagoT, romelTa gax-snis varaudic politikuri diskursis konteqstidan gamom-dinare arsebobda:

2002-2003 weli – SevardnaZis xelisuflebis bolos wina da bolo weliwadi. stagnaciis, Cixuri situaciisa da kri zi-sis kodebi;

2003-2004 agvisto – saakaSvilis xelisuflebis dasaw-yisi, politikuri gamarjveba aWaraSi. afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi aWaruli scenaris importis warmatebis rwmena da humanitaruli intervencia. eiforiisa da `TiTqmis dabru-ne buli teritoriebis~ kodebi;

2004 wlis agvisto – 2006 wlis maisi – kompleqsuri sam-Svi dobo procesi alternatiuli (Zalismieri) scenaris arse bobis gancdiT.

2006 wlis maisi – 2008 wlis agvisto – mxareebis mier ur TierTmimarTuli iniciativebis ganuviTarebloba an ugu le bel yofa, kodoris, rogorc qarTuli saxelmwifos, forpostis, piari da konfliqtebSi monawile Tu CarTuli mxaris Ria saomari ritorika, agvistos omi.

Tuki saomari qmedebebisas mosalodnelia sinergia axa-li ambebisa da omis mkeTeblebs Soris, SedarebiT `gril~ peri od Si am sinergiis albaToba iklebs. ZiriTadi problema, romelsac mediuri nimuSebis analizisas wavawydiT, iyo gad-mo cemuli faqtisa da movlenis informaciuli kompo nen te-bis (ra, sad, rodis da ratom, romel wyaroze dayrdnobiT) nakleboba, ramac teqstis analizi sakmaod gaarTula. qar-Tul gazeTebs ar hyavT sakuTari an specialuri ko res-pondentebi qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis keraSi, maT mier mopovebuli informacia eyrdnoba: a) qarTveli eqspertebis informacisa da mosazrebebs, romlebic, savaraudod, pir-veli wyaroebidan an pirvel wyaroebTan daax lo ebuli wya-ro ebidan iReben informacias; b) iSviaTad pir dapir da uf ro xSirad sxva wyaroebis mier interpretirebul ci-

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ta tebs molaparakebebis procesis monawile poli ti ko-se bisa; g) rusul da afxazur sainformacio saSualebebs, romelTa mediaciuri intencia gansxvavebulia qarTu li sainformacio wyaroebis intenciisagan; d) araiden ti fi-ci rebul wyaroebs, romlebic teqstSi `sando~ da `arao-fi ci aluri~ wyaroebis statusiT arian wardgenilni. am-ri gad, maRalia albaToba imisa, rom ormagad an sammagad gaSualebuli Setyobineba komunikaciis daiqronul, dro-Si vertikalurad ganfenil procesSi, wyaroTa cvlis kva-lo baze kargavdes avTenturobas da zust mniS vne lo bebs. magram es, nakluli informaciuli Rire bu lebis mqo ne, ara srulyofili teqsti Seicavs myar lin gvis tur in deq-sebs, romlebic afxazuri Temis mediuri rep re zen taciis praqtikaSi qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mim di na re o-bi sas Camoyalibda. es lingvisturi, diskursuli in deq-sebi gansaxvavebulia ori droiTi kontinuumisTvis: Cve-u leb rivi dReebisa da ori istoriuli TariRisTvis: 14 ag visto, afxazeTSi konfliqtis dawyebis dRe, da 27 seq-tem beri, soxumis dacemis dRe. am or dRes qarTul mediaSi dro `Cerdeba~: yovelwliurad Cvens mier ganxilul qar-Tul gazeTebSi 14 agvistosa da 27 seqtembers msgavsi va-len tobiTi mimarTebebis werilebi Cndeba, romlebSic TiT qmis xeluxleblad gadmodis da cocxldeba 1990-iani wlebis qarTuli mediisTvis (da zogadad qarTuli sa zo-ga do ebisTvis) damaxasiaTebeli lingvisturi masala da mi marTebiTi veqtorebi afxazeTis miwis qarTulobis, af-xazebis, rusebis, Crdilokavkasielebis mimarT (ix. cxri-lebi1, 2 danarTSi). es lingvisturi masala da mimar Te-bebi am dReebisTvis gamonaklisuria, isini, rogorc we si, yoveldRiuri Tanamedrove afxazuri qronikis rep re zen-taciisas ar gvxvdeba. is terminebi, romlebmac 1990-ian wlebSi Caanacvles afxazi (`afsuaTi~) da afxazuri poli-ti kuri istebliSmenti (`separatistebiT~, `xroviT~), Tavis droze, rogorc minimumi, sam mizans emsaxureboda:

• es alternatiuli terminebi warmoadgenda im ni San-sig -nals, im lingvistur stimuls, romelic Setyo bi ne bis mimRebisgan Sesabamis pasuxs da reaqcias moiT xovda;

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• isini exmarebodnen saxelisuflebo elitas sazoga do-

ebrivi mxardaWeris mobilizaciis mizniT ̀ separatiz-mis winaaRmdeg samarTlian brZolaSi~;

• igi warmoadgenda magaliTs oficialuri istoriis Ca nacvlebisa araoficialuri, `namdvili~ (qarTuli ver si iT) istoriiT;

2002-2010-iani wlebis zogadi mediuri àfxazuri~ nara-tivis fonze, masSi gabatonebul tonalobaSi, SesaZloa, es signalebi Tavdapirveli simZafriT ar aRiqmebodes mimRe-bis mier, Tumca isini garkveuli xarisxiT mainc inarCune-ben daniSnulebiT da funqciur kodebs. narativis am tips `konfesiuri nacionalizmis ritualuri komunikaciis~ na ra tivi SeiZleba vuwodoT, simboloebis myari da foku-sirebuli wyobiT. aq nacionalizmi aRmsareblobas uTanab-rdeba, xolo mediateqsti – ritualur teqsts, misTvis da maxasiaTebeli `kodebiT-konstantebiT~, romlebSic es swored mudmovobaa ZiriTadi efeqtis Semqmneli. Tumca am ori TariRis msgavs mediaciaSic aris erTi arsebiTi gan-sxva veba. kerZod, Tuki 14 agvisto, rogorc konfliqtis, omis, sisxlisRvris, gaucxoebis dasawyisis TariRi, er-Tna iri mniSvnelobiTa aris gadmocemuli rogorc qarTve-lisTvis, ise afxazisTvis, 27 seqtemebris, rogorc niSan-sveturi TariRis, mniSvneloba gaormagebul kodiT ixsne ba. aSkarad ikveTeba mediis mier dagegmili efeqti am Setyo-bi ne bebis mimRebze: qarTvels unda sjerodes, rom af xa zi 27 seqtembers mxolod afxazTa gamarjvebas ki ar ze i mobs, aramed zeimobs qarTvelebis marcxs, sircxvils, glo-vas, qar Tveli vaJkacebis (Jiuli Sartavasa da misi Tana-meb rZolebis) sikvdils. sircxvilis gancda da glova ki TavisiT, impliciturad gadadis risxvasa da SurisZiebaSi.

komunikatoris CarCo da misi struqtura sami gazeTis-Tvis (`rezonansi~, `kviris palitra~ da àxali 7 dRe~) iden-turia – es aris am gazeTebis Jurnalisti da saredaqcio mmarTveloba. rac Seexeba `24 saaTs~, mis specializebul àfxazur~ kontents saerTaSoriso fondi `Serigebis re-sur sebi~ uWers mxars, romelsac Tavis midgomebi da po-li tika aqvs afxazeTis sakiTxis mimarT, rac specifikuri

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Sinaarsis maformirebeli faqtori xdeba. Tavad fondis saxelwodeba `Serigebis resursebi~ ukve aris gansazRvru-li kodi mediamasalis reprezentaciis bunebisTvis, romel-mac, savaraudod, Serigebis, anu xelaxali unifikaciis safuZ vlebi unda gamokveTos.

daCarCoebis analizisas mniSvnelobas iZens mediuri am bebis ad gilmdebareoba da maTi gadmocemis adgili, rad-ga nac es garemoeba gavlenas axdens mediuri teqstebis mi-mar TebiT da SefasebiT kategoriebze. sakvlev populaciaSi aseTi deiqtikuri centri ramdenimea: a) Tbilisi (qarTuli politikis centri), soxumi (afxazuri politikis centri), afxazeTis teritoria, galis gamoklebiT (ZiriTadad me-direbulia afxazuri da rusuli wyaroebis mixedviT), gali (gadmocemulia uSualod TviTmxilvelebis, e.w. `pirveli wyaroebis~ monaTxrobze dayrdnobiT), adgilebi, sadac imar Teba molaparakebebi, saqarTvelos sxva da sxvadasxva sta tusis mqone regionebi, romlebSi mimdinare procesebsac SeuZliaT, gavlena iqonion afxazeTze. mediuri nimuSebis analizisas es deiqtikuri centrebi ganxilulni iqnebian rogorc `Sida~ da `gare~ sivrce, àxlos~ da `Sors~, xolo maTSi moqmedi specifikuri faqtorebi ki rogorc mediuri teqstebis mniSvnelobis maformirebeli faqtorebi (deiq-tikuri centris gavleniT warmoqmnili mniSvnelobis nimu-Si ixileT danarTSi: SeniSvna 1).

TavisTvis àxlos da Sors~ (romelic sami nawilisgan: `nulovanjamovani TamaSi~, àfxazeTis damoukidebloba – identobis premodernuli, postmodernuli Tu fiqciuri proeqti?~ da `galis drama, anu maradiuli mZevlebi~ Sed-geba) 2002 wlidan 2010 wlamde àfxazuri sakiTxSi~ sakiT-xebis/Temebis daCarCoebis Sedegad gamoiyo:

• politikasa da saxelmwifosTan dakavSirebuli sa kiT-xebi: a) politikuri kampaniebi da propaganda; b) moqa-la qeTa monawileoba da demokratia; g) omi, mSvidoba, te ro riz mi; d) sagareo politika.

• saxelmwifosTan, erTan, socialur kulturasTan da-kav Sirebuli sakiTxebi: a) identoba;

• sociumTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi: a) danaSauli, Za-la doba; b) soc. gamocdilebis bunebis gansaz Rvreba.

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• `afxazuri sakiTxis~ amsaxveli 1752 nimuSis gene ra-lizebuli, anu daCarCoebuli Sinaarsis kontent-ana-lizis meTodiT (meTodis aRwera ixileT danarTSi) damuSavebis Semdeg gamoiyo mediaSi `afxazeTis sa-kiT xis~ maformirebeli faqtorebi:

• arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezinteg ra-ci uli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

• arasamxedro politikuri faqtorebi (integraciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

• arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (potenciurad integraciuli, politikuri partiebisa da sazogado-ebrivi gaerTianebebis doneze)

• samxedro-politikuri faqtorebi (sxvadasxva veq to-ri sa da sxva das xva aplitudis monawile da CarTul mxa re ebs Soris)

• identobiTi faqtorebi (samoqalaqo, eTnikuri, reli-gi uri, miwis/teritoriis da zed mcxovrebi adamia-nebis igiveoba)

• socialur-kriminaluri faqtorebi eTnikur niadagze afxazeTSi

• socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebiTiTeuli am faqtoris saxeldeba moxda mediaSinaarsSi

Jurnalistis mier gamoyofili Tematuri da valentobiTi aqcentebisa da maTi mniSvnelobebis maqsimalurad dacvis mizanSewonilobiT. ufro Tavisufal da zogad planSi es maformirebeli faqtorebi SeiZleba oTx ZiriTad faqtorze daviyvanoT: politikuri faqtorebi, samxedro faqtorebi, erovnul-identobiTi da socialur-ekonomikuri faqto-rebi, – da maT SigniT calke gamovyoT integraciuli da dezintegraciuli mimarTebebi da valentobebi, Tumca am-gvari gadajgufeba ar Secvlis kvlevis Sedegebis suraTs. faqtorulma analizma (ixileT faqtoruli analizis Sede-gebis ganxilva danarTSi) daadastura, rom debulebebi swo-red im ganzomilebas Seesabameboda, romelsac isini mie-kuTvneboda; yvela Fdebuleba maRal korelaciaSi aRmoCnda kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli debulebebis jgufTan. gamoiyo li-deri faqtorebi:

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faqtori 1 arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezin tegraciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze); socialurekonomikuri faqtorebi;

faqtori 2 arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (poten ciurad integraciuli, politikuri partiebisa da sa zogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis doneze); samxedropoli tikuri faqtorebi (sxavdasxva veqtoris, sxvadasxva amplitudis);

faqtori 3 arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (in tegraciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze); identobiTi faqtorebi (samoqalaqo, eTnikuri, re ligiuri, miwis/teritoriis da zed mcxovrebi ada mianebis igiveoba);

meeqvse debuleba socialurkriminaluri faqtorebi eTnikur niadagze afxazeTSi faqtorTa romelime jgufSi ar gaerTianda.

Tumca imisTvis, rom dagvedgina, ramdenad zustad asa-xavs Cvens mier Sedgenili debulebebi Sesabamis kultu ra-lur ganzomilebebs, miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze ga mo viTvaleT kronbaxis alfa koeficienti. debulebebs Soris korelaciis gaanalizebis Semdeg dadginda, rom al fa koeficienti gviCvenebs, rom kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli debu-le bebi ar gamoxatavs erTian skalas da isini erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad unda ganvixiloT.

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nulovanjamovani TamaSi

1990 wels samxreT oseTSi, 1992 wels afxazeTSi da 2008 wels isev samxreT oseTSi omis mizezi saqarTvelos mxridan konstituciuri wesrigis (anu mSvidobis) aRdgena-damyareba gaxldaT. omi, rogorc wesi, `saukeTeso survilebiT~ (de-mokratiis, mSvidobis, adamianebis uflebaTa dacvis, erT- er Ti mxarisTvis sakuTari mosaxleobis dacvis saxe-liT) iwyeba xolme. oms iwyeben konfliqtis mxareebi (maT Soris garkveuli parametrebis proporciulobisa da Ta-na zomadobis miuxedavad), Semdeg masSi sxva daintere se-bu li mxareebis erevian (interesi sxvadasxvagvari SeiZ-le ba iyos), am dainteresebuli mxareebisTvis es Careva arse biTad sxvaTa samoqalaqo omSi Carevas niSnavs, radgan maT, wesiTa da rigiT, am omSi arc gamarjveba SeuZliaT da arc damarcxeba, radgan isini konfliqtis mxareebs ar war-moadgenen. zogierT konfliqts msoflio mquxare taSiT miesalmeba (magaliTad, amerikul kampaniebs axlo aR mo sav-leTSi, eraysa da avRaneTSi), zogierTs dumiliT (Tan xmo-biT?) xvdeba (magaliTad, putinis `Zlevamosil gamarjvebas CeCneTSi~). saomari kampaniebisas amerikeli generlebi msof-lio masStabiT (rasakvirvelia, msoflio am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxavs saomari qmedebebis adgils: erays, avRaneTs) gmirebi xdebian, rusi generlebi mxolod TavianTi eri-sa-xelmwifosTvis arian gmirebi (magram, rogorc noem Comski uTiTebs Tavis wignSi `Zalaufleba da terori~, romelime amerikel generals ise Zlevamosilad rom daesrulebina erayisa da avRaneTis kampania, rogorc es putinma da mis-ma generlebma SesZles CeCneTSi, isini orgzisa da samgzis gmirebi gaxdebodnen). Pax Georgiana Tavdapirvelad msof-liosTvis Zalian periferiul, `nacionalisturad cxel~ ad gilas daiwyo, amitom arc taSi da arc dumili am samSvi-dobo strategias msoflioSi ar gamouwvevia. Tuki edu ard SevardnaZe Tavis sajaro gamosvlebSi zustad aras dros uTiTebda Tavisi qmedebebis veqtors, TiTqmis ar iye neb-da mamobilizebeli efeqtis mqone leqsikas, mixeil saa kaS-

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vilis xelisuflebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli motivi kon-fliqtiT moculi regionebis mimarT gacxadebulad iyo misi Pax Georgiana-s ganuyofeli nawilis, qarTuli saxel-mwi fos demokratiuli Rirebulebebis, `saqarTvelos gzis~ warmatebebis popularizacia nebismieri taqtikiT.

2002-2003 wlebSi, SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis ukanaskne-li ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, mediur nimuSebSi (gansakuTre-biT 2002 wels) cxadad ikveTeba konfliqtis gadaWris po-litikis (an gadaWrisadmi midgomis) birTvis gafantva ofi cialuri Tbilisidan da oficialuri soxumidan. me-diis mier warmoCenil politikur avanscenaze efeqtur (am SemTxvevaSi: moqmed – dadebiTi an uaryofiTi niSniT) aqtorebad ar Canan SevardnaZe da arZinba (am ukanaskneli qmeduunaroba qarTuli mediis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro tiraJirebadi sakiTxia). mediaSi warmoCenili es procesi Tavisi bunebiT SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc krizisuli, roca politikur centrs ar SeuZlia moqmedeba mkafiod dek larirebuli strategiiTa da taqtikiT da axdens po-litikis calkeuli aspeqtebis delegirebas sxvadasxva, Ria an farul aqtantebze (am aqtantebis romelime erTi kon-kretuli centridan marTva da kontrolis xarisxi sxva-dasxvaa). magaliTad:

• molaparakebebis procesi mTlianad saerTaSoriso or-ganizaciebzea mindobili, romelTa qmeduunarobasa da kriziss media TiTqmis rutinulad qceuli axali ambebis doneze gadmoscems;

• samSvidoboebis formatis inerciuloba veRar uz run-velhyofs konfliqtis nulovan doneze SenarCunebas da im status-kvos, romelsac SevardnaZis politika Pax Georgiana-s kultad isaxavda;

• afaxazeTis `karis gasaRebis~ moZebnas aWaris li ders aslan abaSiZes avaleben, rac mediaSi – eqspertebisa da Jurnalistebis doneze – gangaSis safuZveli xdeba;

• 2001 wlis Semodgomidan qarTul mediaSi (da af xa -zurSic) vrceldeba xmebi pankisidan afxazeTis mimar -TulebiT daZruli, TiTqosda saqarTvelos xelisuf-lebis mxridan ndobiT aRWurvili, gilaevis bandebis

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Sesaxeb, risi efeqtic Cvens mier ganxilul wyaroebSi erTmniSvnelovnad fasdeba rogorc axali safrTxe saqarTvelosTvis; ikve Teba destabilizaciis SiSi, ro melic pankisidan kodorSi gadainacvlebs.

• afxazeTis legitimuri mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli Ta-maz nadareiSvili da qarTveli partizanebis lidere-bi 2002-2003 wlebSi im erTaderT motivirebul Za-lad gani xi lebian, romelsac afxazeTis dabruneba SeuZliaT Se sa bamisi politikuri nebis pirobebSi. Tuki am or Zalas mo tivaciis xarisxi da mediaSi war-moCenis maRali sixSire aTanabrebs, moqmedebis Ta-visuflebis mxriv isini mkveTad gansxvavdebian er-TmaneTisgan: nadareiSvils mxolod ri torika aqvs neba darTuli, xolo partizanebs qmedebis Tu TviT-Semoqmedebis meti Tavisufleba aqvT (mogvianebiT na da reiSvili da partizanebis liderebi mkveTrad emijnebian erTmaneTs). 2002-2003 wlebSi gazeT `re-zonansSi~ media kampaniis saxes iRebs Tamaz nadare-iSvilis midgomis popu larizacia `afxazeTis sakiT-xis~ Zalismieri meTodebiT (an ti kri mi naluri da an-titeoristuli operaciebis saxe liT) an saer Ta So-riso samarTlis sanqciebiT gadaWris Sesaxeb.

• afxazeTis nacvlad ruseTi moqmedebs: 2002 wels me-diaSi misi mxridan agresiis muqara ikveTeba, rasac 2003 wels `loSCininis rusufikatoruli doqtrina~ cvlis, ro melic mediuri wyaroebis mier xSirad mo-ixsenieba, rogorc `mcocavi aneqsia~.

• afxazeTSi qaoturi politikuri procesebi ukidu-resad mZime socialur-ekonomikur da kriminalur fonze mimdinareobs (miuxedavad imisa, afxazeTis ro meli nawili dan gadmoicema faqtebi da movlenebi – galidan Tu afxa zeTis danarCeni nawilidan). af-xazeTis msoflio ekono mikaSi integraciis gza mxo-lod saqarTvelosTan erTad yofnaze da region Si samoqalaqo mSvidobaze gadis – af xazeTs mxo lod saqarTvelosTan erTad SeuZlia, gax des dasavle Tis-Tvis saintereso, didi saerTaSoriso energe tikuli da infrastruqturuli proeqtebis monawile.

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realurad, Cven erTi daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba gveZleva: qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebis formatis Sem-qmnel yvela doneze mimdinare procesebi mediis, anu sazo-gadoebrivi dRis wesrigis, aqtualuri nawilia; maTi medi-uri konstruirebis mizanSewonilobis (wyaroebis SerCeva, sagnebisTvis, movlenebisTvis upiratesi da sasurveli mniSvnelobebis miniWeba, romelime gansazRvruli tipis dis kursis aqtualizacia, dominatur-subordinaciuli ver ti kalebis Seqmna ̀ afxazeTis sakiTxSi~), aSkarad gamokve-Tili dezin teg raciuli mimarTebebis (yvela doneze, yve la mi mar TulebiT) `namdvilobis~ dadgenas aZnelebs me diuri wyaroebis mier reprezentirebuli faqtebisa da ten den-ciebis (sruli moculobiT) `CarCoebis~ Sedarebis Se uZ leb-loba sxva, dokumenturi tipis wyaroebTan. magram àfxa-zeTis sakiTxis~ amgvari moculoba da valentobebi, aseve is garemoeba, rom ori popularuli damoukidebeli gazeTi – `rezonansi~ da ̀ kviris palitra~ realobis paralelur, ara-wi na aRmdegobriv reprezentacias qmnis, gvibiZgebs daS ve-bisken, rom im periodis sazogadoebaSi arsebobs moTxovna am diskursze.

am daSvebas adasturebs 2003 wels mediaSi àfxazeTis sakiTxis~ amsaxveli mediuri nimuSebis raodenobis kle-ba (1,3-jer), rac axali politikuri realobiT da axali mi mar Tebebis mqone sazogadoebrivi dakveTiT aris gan-pi robebuli. àfxazuri sakiTxis~ reprezentatulobis Se nar Cunebas met-naklebad uwyobs xels winasaarCevno kam pa nia (2003 wlis noembris arCevnebis win), romlis msvle-lo bi sas po litikuri moTamaSeebi dRis wesrigSi ubra-lod for malurad ayeneben afxazeTis sakiTxs da ima sac – mxolod saerTaSoriso berketebis gamoyenebis efeq tu-robis WrilSi (magaliTad, `romis statutis~ efeq tu roba SezRuduli adgilobrivi iniciativebis fon ze). naci o na-luri moZraobis aqtivistTa (romlebic imavdroulad sa-qar Tve los parlamentis wevrebi arian) ritorikaSi frag-men tu lad Cndeba saxe afxazeTis, rogorc erT-erTi ri giTi regionuli problemis, àfxazTaTvis sa Zulveli~ Sevar dna-Zis piradi problemis, romelic am uka nas knelis was vlis-

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Tanave TavisiT gadawydeba. maTi azriT, afxazeTis prob-le ma mogvardeba maSin, roca dasruldeba centris mier ne ba darTuli `urCi regionebis~ politikis waxaliseba (ma-ga liTad, aWaris) (`rezonansi~, 2002 wlis 12 agvisto, gamo-kiTxva `ra gziT unda davibrunoT afxazeTi~).

afxazeTis sakiTxis sxvadasxva specifikuri Temebisa da sakiTxebis periodulad gaaqtiureba politikuri dis kur-sidan gamomdinare gviCvenebs, rom politikuri diskursi is dominanturi diskursia, romelic ganszaRvravs medi-uri diskursis niSan-Tvisebebs (SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom mediuri diskursi mxolod politikuri diskursis kal ki-rebuli matricaa, romlis maxasiaTeblebsac ubralod, me-diasa da politikas Soris komunikaciis niSan-Tvisebebi ga napirobebs da es niSan-Tvisebebi mxolod komunikaciis mo-delebis Taviseburebebis TvalsazrisiTaa mniS vne lo vani).

2004 wlis dasawyisSi, ufro sworad, mis pirvel naxevar-Si ikveTeba xelisuflebis, kerZod ki mixeil saakaSvilis, konfliqtur regionebTan komunikaciis modelis niSan-Tvisebebi. es aris ̀ pablisituri modeli~, romelsac saja ro sivrcis ekranze TvalsaCinoebani gamoqvs: magaliTad, zus ti TariRi, rodis Cava TbilisSi dawyebuli avtobani soxumam-de, socialur-infrastruqturuli modelebi, romlebic afxazebisa da samxreTeli osebisTvis saqarTvelosTan in-teg raciis stimuli unda gaxdes, armiis gaZliereba da `ka-muflirebuli~ patriotizmi, Tumca mTavari Setyobineba amgvari komunikaciis modelSi politikuri xasiaTisaa: aWa ris gaTavisufleba aslan abaSiZis reJimisgan, Zle va-mo silad da mSvidobianad. es modeli ara aqtiur mimRebs, aramed mayurebels moiTxovs. mayurebelTa Soris aris konfliqtebSi CarTuli (sxvadasxva xarisxiT, mizniTa da funqciiT) yvela mxare da, rac mTavaria, mayureblis rols Tanxmdeba damoukidebeli qarTuli media (am cnebis qveS am SemTxvevaSi Cvens mier ganxilul sakvlev wyaroebs vgu-lis xmob). am politikuri komunikaciis pirvel signalebs media transmiteris (mxolod gadamcemis) funqciiT mih-yveba, xelisuflebis pablisitisTvis nayofieri fonis Seq mniT: afxazeTis umZimesi socialuri da ekonomikuri

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vi Ta rebis intensiuri CvenebiT, gansakuTrebiT – galSi). mag ram pablisituri modelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ori ni-San-Tviseba: misi nulovanjamovaneba da `uwarsuloba~ da `sa Tuo momavali~ (anu mxolod awmyoze orientireba), misi afun qci uroba da disfunqciuroba maleve xdeba mediis gangaSis mizezi. am politikis amsaxveli mediuri nimuSebi uCvenebs, rom es komunikaciuri procesi nulovanjamovania (da aqedan gamomdinare – funqciis uqonelia) imis gamo, rom displeuri tipis politikaze daxarjuli dro sxva, alternatiuli politikis warmoebisTvis ikargeba; xolo Setyobinebis `uwarsulobas~ da myisier sareklamo efeq tze gaTvlas Cafiqrebuli da navaraudevi Sedegis sapirispi ro (disfunqciuri) Sedegi moaqvs. amis magaliTia xelisuf-lebis azriT efeqturi Sedegis momtani `humanitaruli intervenciis~ realur politikaSi sruli kraxis amsaxveli mediacia, romelic agebulia mtkicebaze, rom yuradRebis mipyrobis faqti ar niSnavs yuradRebis maRal da dadebiTi, integraciuli niSniT moqmed xarisxs (`kviris palitra~, 25 agvisto, 2004; `rezonansi~, 21-25 ag visto, 2004). 2004 wlis agvistoSi cxinvalSi ganviTarebuli mov lenebi (rom-le bic sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebSi mo ix se nieba rogorc `cxinvalis brZola~) wertils usvams pabli si-tur politikaze Tanxmobas mediis mxridan. Semdeg jer-ze, 2006-2007 wlebSi, roca xelisufleba kvlav iwyebs pab li si turi modelis amuSavebas sajaro komunikaciis siv-rceSi: ganmuxuris patriotTa banakis popularizaciiT, general Cabanis persona non gratad gamocxadebiT pir-dapir satelevizio eTerSi da ara diplomatiuri notiT, kodoris, rogorc alternatiuli da administraciulad srulfasovani afxazeTis promouSeniT, `qarTulad gan-wyo bili da afxazeTis separatistul reJimTan dapiris-pirebuli~ personebis gadmobirebis politikiT, damo-u ki de beli beWduri media (saxelisuflo mediumebisgan gan sxva vebiT) aRar iRebs am models ukritikod. xdeba pi riqiT, iqmneba xangrZliv efeqtze gaTvlili mediuri CarCo, romelic Semdegi Sinaarsis gzavnilad ikiTxeba: xe-li suflebis es, formiTa da teqnikiT mimzidveli, mo de-

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li emsaxureba faqtebisa da movlenebis namdvili mniS vne-lobebis SeniRbvas, namdvili mniSvnelobebisgan daclas sa zogadoebis TvalSi. am periodSi medias aqvs ukve imdeni ga mocdileba, rom axali pablisituri politikis mimRebad kon fliqtiT moculi regionebis da-faqto administraciebi aRar ganixilos; saqarTvelos xelisufleba mayureblis fun qcias dasavleTs da ruseTs akisrebs, ra Tqma unda, sa-qar Tvelos moqalaqeebTan erTad.

Tuki 2004 wlis agvistomde `afxazeTis sakiTxis~ medi-aSi warmoCenis struqtura (politikuri da mediuri dis-kur sis Tanxvedra) primitiulia, Semdgom periodSi: 2004 wlis agvistodan 2006 wlis maisamde – TiToeuli procesi, Ti Toeuli Setyobineba, romelic am sakiTxis nawilad ga-ni xileba, mediis mier polisemiurad (anu mravlobiTi mniS-vnelobis mqoned) warmoCindeba. media politikuri Set yo-bi nebebis ara gamtari, aramed mimRebi xdeba, TviT aR qmuli rolebisa da funqciebis Sesabamisad xsnis am Setyobinebe-bis kodebs da qmnis maT interpretirebul mniSvnelobebs. Tumca es polisemiuroba, erTi faqtisa da movlenis mra-valCarCoianoba (mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT) ar aris yve-la SemTxvevaSi Tanabari efeqtis mqone. afxazeTis sakiTxis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi Rirebulebidan gamomdinare, xelisuflebisadmi garkveuli xarisxiT undoblobis ga-moc xa debis fonze, media ver Zlevs `sasurveli sakiT xa vis~ (romlis saTave isev da isev politikuri diskursia) Seq mnis cdunebas. mediuri nimuSebis analizma gviCvena, rom sa ko mu-nikacio procesis efeqtebis mxriv SeiZleba, gamoiyos sami mimarTuleba (Sesabamisi empiriuli masalis, am gazeTebis gamomcemlebTan, redaqtorebTan da JurnalistebTan in-ter vi uebis Sedegebis, uqonlobis gamo Cven ar SegviZlia, vimsjeloT, ramdenad dagegmili an daugegmavia es efeqtebi): a) realuri mniSvnelobiTi diskursis Seqmna; b) iluzoruli (gaflanguli da fuWi) mniSvnelobebis, rogorc `sasurveli sakiTxavis~ (preferred reading) Seqmna da g) informaciebis Ta-visufali nakadi.

realuri mniSvnelobiTi diskursis Seqmna. am efeq-tis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebad da warmatebul me-

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dia ni muSebad SeiZleba miviCnioT publikaciebis is sim rav-le, romlebic Seexeba: a) molaparakebaTa process, ro gorc formalur, ise araformalur dialogs mxareTa So ris; b) molaparakebaTa procesSi monawile mxareebis kon fi gu ra-cias, maTi funqciebidan da uflebamosilebidan, gamoc di-lebis xasiaTidan da gavlenis xarisxidan gamomdinare; g) devnilebis dabrunebis sakiTxs.

am periodis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul (Tumca, ara meinstrimul) mosazrebas (xelisuflebisadmi loialuri eq speretebisa da politologebis mier inicirebulsa Tu gax movanebuls) warmoadgens molaparakebebis procesidan ruseTis gamorTvis, aseve molaparakebebis procesSi evro-kavSirisa da SeerTebuli Statebis CarTvis aucilebloba. zogierTi qarTveli eqsperti kategoriuladac ki aRniSnavs, rom ̀ putini ruseTSi da buSi amerikaSi – afxazeTis dabrunebis winapirobaa~. media (ufro metad ki gazeTi `rezonansi~) am sakiTxis Sesaxeb da gamo farTo diskursul vels qmnis. kerZod, ara uSualod imave publikaciaSi, romelSic xse-nebuli eqspertebi am mosazrebebs gamoTqvamen, Tumca dro-Si momijnave gamoSvebebSi, sakiTxis gangrZobadobis uz-run velsayofad da misi sruli mniSvnelobis Sesaqmnelad media cdilobs sakiTxis Tu iniciativis, Tu daSvebis Se-madgenel komponentebad daSlas da am komponentebs Soris urTierTmimarTebebis (Tanxvedrisa Tu konfliqtis) warmo-Ce nas. saxeldobr, gamoiyofa komponentebi: a) inicia ti vis uzrunvelmyofi politikuri meqanizmis Seqmnis SesaZ leb-loba, pro da kontra; b) msoflio da regionul politi ka-Si ZalTa ganlagebis ra konfiguraciis SemTxvevaSi iq ne ba SesaZlebeli am cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba; g) ra Seic vle-ba am cvlilebebiT qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris ur Ti-er To baSi da Tu moitans es cvlileba qarTvelebisa da af-xa zebis gaerTianebis rame racionalur (ganxorcielebad) sa fuZvels; d) rusuli da msoflio mediis xedva afxazeTisa da afxazeTSi mimdinare procesebisa, romelic ar war mo-ad gens erTi romelime konkretuli Jurnalistis an gamo-ce mis xedvas. es publikaciebi asaxavs am sazogadoebebSi Ca nergil stereotipebs afxazeTis Sesaxeb, magaliTad:

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`da mo ukidebeli~, `aR mavlobis gzaze myofi~, `saxelmwifo cno bi erebis ga maZli erebeli~, `qar Tvels daSorebuli~ da `qar Tve lis saWi roebis armqone~, `ruseTTan asocirebuli po li tika rogorc afxazeTis gadarCena~ da ase Semdeg (ru-su li xedva); `soxumi er Tdroulad groznosa da maiami biCs hgavs~ (ame rikuli xedva). rusuli xedva pozitivzea age buli, amerikuli – kon trastze, rac Tavad afxazeTSi, mis sa zo-gado ebaSi, mis cxov rebaSi mimdinare konfliqtebis ga mo aS-kara vebs emsaxureba.

mniSvnelobebis sakmaod rTuli konstruqcia igeba yo ve-li publikaciis irgvliv, romelic devnilebs da maTi afxa-zeTSi dabrunebis spontanur Tu politikurad SeTan xme bul process Seexeba. es konstruqcia SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc: a) horizontulad ganlagebuli sa kiT xebis er-Tob lioba, romelSic mTavari Setyobineba hu ma nitaruli xasiaTisaa, misi mTavari kodebi devnilebis mdgomareobisa da statusis gansazRvrebas emsaxureba rogorc saqarTvelos, ise afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebebisTvis, magaliTad, `SimSili TbilisSi~, `monoba galSi~, `saarCevno resursi~ da ase Semdeg; b) vertikalurad ganfenili sakiTxebis simravle, romelic devnilebis sakiTxis adgils (dominatoba-subor-dinaciis vertikalze) warmoaCens politikur procesebsa da molaparakebebis formatSi, magaliTad: sakiTxis prio-ritetulobas politikur procesebSi – `axali afxazuri politika devnilebis dabrunebiT unda daiwyos~; b) sakiTxis konfiguracias molaparakebebis formatSi – `ramdenad mi-zanSewonilia humanitarul-socialuri sakiTxis mibma sxva politikur (garigebas daqvemdebarebul) sakiTxebTan da misiT manipulireba?~ da ase Semdeg.

iluzoruli mniSvnelobebis, rogorc `sasurveli sakiTxavis~ Seqmna. am efeqtis magaliTad SeiZleba davasa-xeloT sergei baRafSis pirveli saprezidento arCevnebis amsaxveli qarTuli mediaqronika. arCevnebis mimdinareo-bis, ruseTisa da xajimbas momxreebs mier daZabuli si tua-ciis asaxvis, Tavad sergei baRafSis gancxadebebis gver diT (rac, ZiriTadad, rusuli da afxazuri wyaroebis gamo ye-nebiT xdeba) Cndeba publikaciebi baRafSisa da ankvabis `da-

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dasturebulad proqarTuli orientaciis~ Sesaxeb, maTi kavSirebis Sesaxeb qarTul politikur elitasTan (maga-li Tad: `aleqsandr ankvabi: `vamayob imiT, rom TbilisSi vmu Saobdi~ (`rezonansi~, 24 noemberi, 2004), `avTandil io-seliani: `me da ankvabi megobrebi varT. aleqsandr ankvabma afxazeTSi mcxovrebi uamravi qarTuli ojaxi gadaarCina awiokebas~ (`rezonansi~, 1 dekemberi, 2004) da sxva. am pub-likaciebis moculoba, wyaroebis avtoritetuloba, emo-ci ur-damajerebel-familaruli tonaloba qmnis qar-Tul-af xa zu ri ur Ti er To bebis perspeqtivebis sruliad ilu zo rul mniS vne lobebs, ufro metic, isini mniSvnelo bebs uc vli an baRafSisa da ankvabis oficialur gancxade beb sac af xa ze Tis saqar Tve losTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb (rom-le bic mniS vne lobiTi kodebis mxriv radikalurad gan sxvav-deba zemoT mox seniebuli medirebuli mniSvnelobebisgan). am `sasurveli sakiTxavis~ Seqmnisas media iZens ara gzamkvle vis, aramed interlokutoris funqcias, ris gamoc ige ba kvazi-interaqciaze dafuZnebuli scenarebi (isev da isev po litikuri diskursis kalkireba).

informaciebis Tavisufali nakadi. am Tavisufal na-kad Si igulisxmeba im informaciebis simravle, romlebic: a) diskursulad warmoadgenen sainformacio SeniSvnebs, in formaciul interviuebs, anu mxolod mimdinare faq te-bis konstatacias; b) intenciurad isini ar arian winas war-gan zraxulni; g) xdomilebis mixedviT xdebian mediisgan da-moukideblad; d) saredaqcio politikis `karibWis dacvis~ mxriv naklebad emorCilebian mosazrebiTi SerCeviTobis principebs; e) tonalobis mixedviT – informaciul-teq-nikuri tonaloba aqvT. es nakadi SeiZleba komunikaciis procesis mozaikuri modelis specifikur versiad ganvi-xiloT, romelSic realur mniSvnelobas ara calkeuli faq-ti, aramed erTgvarovan faqtebs Soris kavSiri da wyveta-bma qmnis. am mozaikur modelSi, Tuki CvenTvis saintereso faqtebs da tendenciebs Sesabamisi indeqsebiT movniSnavT, mkafiod gamoCndeba, rom:

• politikur da molaparakebebis procesebSi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT icvleba politikuri iniciativebisa

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da molaparakebis pirobebis mimRebi mxare: vela pa-rakebiT afxazebs – velaparakebiT rusebs da afxazebs erTad – velaparakebiT rusebs afxazeTis Sesaxeb – ve laparakebiT dasavleTs da afxazebs erTad – ve-laparakebiT dasavleTs afxazeTis Sesaxeb – veravis velaparakebiT, radgan mola parakebas qvemdebare sa-kiTxebi iwureba;

• saqarTvelos xelisuflebas molaparakebebis veli -dan Tan daTanobiT gahyavs Tavisi mTavrobis maRa li Tanam debobisa da gavlenis mqone pirebi da mola pa ra-kebebi for malobamde dadis;

• saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, erTi SexedviT – sazo-gadoebisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis maRali Car Tulobis uzrunvelsayofad, – afxazeTis sakiTxi politi kis mkeTeblebis sferodan sazogadoebrivi az-ris mkeTeble bis (e.w. opinion-makers) velSi ga da aqvs, Tum-ca maTi inicitive bisa da koncefciebis gau zi a reb lo-ba, araformaluri dialo gis blokada mTavrobis mier fiqciad aqcevs Pax Georgiana-s sazogadoebriv xasiaTs;

• molaparakebebis procesi nulovanjamovania, rad-gan is, rac saqarTvelos mxridan aris inicirebuli da mi saRe bia saqar Tve losTvis, sruliad miuRebe-lia af xaze bisTvis da maTi politikuri istebliS-men tisTvis; aseve – piriqiT: nebismieri afxazuri ini-ciativa miuRebelia sa qarTvelosTvis. ukanaskneli aseTi iniciativa TbilisSi afxazeTis sagareo saq-meTa ministris, sergei Sambas viziti da afxazeTis politikuri proeqti `momavlis gasaRebi~ gaxldaT. 2006 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos mxridan `momavlis gasaRebi~ afxazeTis damoukideblobis deklaraciad Sefas da da igi uaryofil iqna, rogorc ganxilavs dauqvem de barebeli sagani.

`afxazeTis sakiTxis~ mediacia 2006 wlis maisidan 2008 wlis agvistomde SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc riskebis komunikacia (politikuri diskursis mediur diskursSi gaxsna, rogorc riskebisa). Teoriulad, riskebis komunikaciisas ganxilvisas angariSgasawevia sami nakadi: (1) mediis mier

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riskebis bunebisa da maTi hipoTeturi Sedegebis gadmoce ma-reprezentacia, (2) risk-faqtorebis mniSvneloba da gavlena politikur da socialur realobaSi da (3) riskis aRqmis xarisxi sazogadoebaSi, anu sazogadoebrivi SiSebi. mediis mier gadmocemuli/reprezentirebuli riskebi, sabolood, momavali omis Sesaxeb gafrTxilebaa: `mtredebis~ wasvla saqarTvelos mTavrobidan – omis momaswavebeli niSania, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis krizisi àfxazeTis sakiTxSi~ omiT SeiZleba damTavrdes (Tumca, igi omiT ar ganimuxteba), kosovos precedentis proeqcia riskis Semcvelia `qarTu-li mSvidobisTvis~ afxazeTSi, samxedro operacia saqar-Tvelos xelisuflebis mxridan realuria, aseve realuria provokaciebis safrTxe ruseTisa da afxazeTis mxridan, realuria Crdilokavkasiuri faqtoris amoqmedeba – dax-mareba afxazeTis dasacavad qarTuli agresiisgan, afxazebs ar surT saqarTvelosTan integracia, afxazeTi – meore fronti, procesebi ruseT-saqarTvelos omisken midis da ase Semdeg. Tumca imave mediuri nimuSebidan Cans, rom is, rasac media Jurnalistis mosazrebaSi, eqspertTa SetyobinebebSi an sazogadoebis warmoamdgenlebis gamokiTxvebSi riskebad warmoaCens, xelisuflebis warmoamdgenelTa gancxadebebSi reprezentirebulia, rogorc àxali afxazuri politika~; is, rac mediisTvis òmia~, xelisuflebis ritorikaSi `sapo-licio operaciaa~, radgan saqarTvelos xelisufleba àr apirebs samxedro SeiraRebis gamoyenebas Tavis teri-toriaze (anu afxazeTsa da oseTSi), sakuTari xalxis (af-xazebisa da osebis) winaaRmdeg~; Tuki mediisTvis ruseTis faqtori saomar viTarebis pirobebSi angariSgasawevia, xe-lisuflebis warmomadgenlebis gancxadebebiT, `ruseTi ve-Rar Caereva saqarTvelos saqmeebSi im formiT, ra formiTac igi 1990-ian wlebSi ereoda, ruseTi ar an ver aRiarebs afxazeTisa da oseTis damoukideblobas~, an: `ruseTs esmis, rom saqarTveloSi dawyebuli omi aucileblad gadava CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da es ar Sedis ruseTis interesebSi~. komunikaciis am procesSi aSkarad Cans Setyobinebis adek-vaturad aRqmisTvis Zalian saxifaTo procesi – konfliqti sakvanZo sagnebisa da ideebis arssa da maT saxeldebas So-

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ris, anu Setyobinebis aRqmis pragmatikul aspeqti sru li bundovanebiT aris moculi. rodesac Setyobinebis aR qmis pragmatuli strutura darRveulia, Zalian didia alba-Toba imisa, rom riskebis komunikaciis procesSi media mo-raluri panikis damTesvelad moevlinos sazogadoebas. sa-zogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvaSi panika ara, magram omis SiSi didi procentiT fiqsirdeba.

xelisuflebis mxridan lingvisturi da diskursuli er Te ulebis mniSvnelobebis zedapiruli struqturebiT ma ni pu lirebis karg magaliTs warmoadgens saqarTvelos xe li suf lebaSi arsebuli, konfliqtebis gadaWraze momu-Sa ve samTavrobo struqturisTvis saxelis gamocvla da mis Tvis `re in tegraciis sakiTxebis~ saxelmwifo minis tris in stitutis saxelis miniWeba. axali ministri Temur ia ko-baSvili ase xsnis am semiologiuri aqcentis gadanacvlebas: `meTodologiurad reintegracia sruliad gansxvavdeba kon fliq tis gadawyvetisgan. es sxva procesia. Cven, albaT, aras worad viqceodiT, roca konfliqtis gadawyvetis meqa-nizmebs vamuSavebdiT, radgan konfliqtis gadawyveta mxare-Ta daSoriSorebas ufro niSnavs, vidre maT daaxloebas. [Cven gvsurs] ara mSvidobismyofelebi, aramed yoveldRiuri saqmiani urTierTobebi, erTmaneTTan vaWroba, mimosvla, kul tu ruli urTierTobebi, ayvanili oficialur, sa xel-mwi foebriv rangSi~ (`axali 7 dRis~ gamocema `sityva~, 2008, 3). imave interviuSi iakobaSvili uaryofs konfliqtis ar-sebobas: `sad aris konfliqti? Cven da afxazebi erTmaneTs ar vesvriT. isini TavisTvis arian, Cven – CvenTvis, anu mog va re bulia yvelaferi. Cven aseTi mogvareba xels ar gvaZlevs~. xelisuflebis logikiT, qarTul-afxazuri urTi-er Tobebis warumatebloba am urTierTobis bunebis aras-wori saxeldebiTa da signifikaciiT iyo gamowveuli, ami tom wavidnen xelisuflebidan is moxeleebi, romlebic am ur Ti-erTobas konfliqtad aRiqvamdnen da saqmianobiTac swo red konfliqtis gadaWras emsaxurebodnen, roca, Turme kon-fliq ti ar arsebobda (!).

riskebis komunikaciis faza 2008 wlis agvistoTi, ru-seT-saqarTvelos Soris 5-dRiani omiT mTavrdeba, da iwyeba

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`qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebis mkvdari perspeqtivis~ (mediis mier damkvidrebuli, Tumca eqspertebis mier Semo-Rebuli termini) reprezentaciis faza. Tbilisi, rogorc deiqtikuri centri, Tematuri da valentobiTi CarCoebis mixedviT SezRudul diapazonSia warmoCenili. Tbilisidan reportirebuli informaciebi, saeqsperto mosazrebebi, TbilisSi Seqmnili analitikuri werilebi erT aqcentzea fokusirebuli: saqarTvelos brZolaze diplomatur fron-tze – ra resursebi aqvs saqarTvelos afxazeTis damou-kideblobis SesaCereblad da rogor SeuZlia mas erTaderTi qmediTi saerTaSoriso institutis, evrokavSiris damkvir-vebelTa misiis gamoyeneba. soxumi, rogorc deiqtikuri cen-tri, ukve gare (anu saqarTvelosTvis araSinauri) sivrcis nawilia: àfxazebma damoukidebloba usafrTxoebaze gac-vales~, àfxazeTi – erTi didi rusuli samxedro baza~, `ru seTs teritoriuli pretenziebi aqvs afxazeTis mi-marT, xolo afxazeTs – saqarTvelosTan~. erTaderT deiq-ti kur centrad, sadac qarTuli da afxazuri cocxlad exe ba erTmaneTs, gali rCeba, magram galic sruliad mar-gi na lizebulad aris warmodgenili rogorc qarTuli mxaris, ise afxazuri mxaris mimarT; Tumca realurad, ara afxazeTisa da saqarTvelosTvis, aramed ruseTis mier dam yarebuli okupaciis reJimisTvis aRmoCnda Zalian um niS vnelo is socialuri Tu identobiTi asimilaciis maRali xarisxi (àxlooba~), romelic gals gaaCnia rogorc saqarTvelosTan, ise afxazeTTan.

dezintegraciulma politikurma faqtorebma (CarTu-li da monawile mxareebis doneze), aseve negatiurad gan-vi Tarebadma socialur-ekonomikurma faqtorebma gana-pi robes qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobebis, rogorc pro ce sis, am gvari dinamika. maT TavianTi mniSvnelovnebiTa da gav le niT gadafares yvela met-naklebad an potenciurad integ raciuli faqtorebi da Sedegad samxedro faqtorebis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvies.

rac Seexeba politikuri diskursis dominatobas mediur diskursSi, am garemoebis ganpirobebulobis safuZveli un-da veZeboT im SiSSi, romelsac ganicdida qarTuli media,

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mediur diskursSi ar Semoetana da ar ganeviTarebina iseTi Temebi da sakiTxebi, romlebic daarRvevda sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmul doqtrinas qarTul-af-xa zuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad vertikalze gan-la ge bul ierqrqias; romlebic daarRvevda Camoyalibebul war mod genebsa da ganwyobebs molaparakebebis, rogorc fe-no me nisa da aprobirebuli negatiuri praqtikis, mimarT, war-mo ad genebs afxazebis `Caketilobis~ Sesaxeb da ase Semdeg.

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`afxazeTis damoukidebloba~ – identobis premodernuli,

postmodernuli Tu fiqciuri proeqti?

mTliani sakvlevi populaciidan, 1752 mediuri erTe-u lidan, 331 erTeuli saxeldebuli iqna rogorc iden to-biTi mimarTebebis mqone da faqtoruli analizisas mkvle-varebis mier maT identobiTi faqtorebis kvalifika cia mi eniWa. analizis es erTeulebi warmoadgenen nebismi eri Jan ris mediur produqts, romlebSic piris, jgufis an ko-leqtivis adgilisadmi, Temisadmi, eTnosisadmi, erisad mi, religiisadmi, saxelmwifosadmi mikuTvnebuloba ganixi le-ba rogorc garkveuli mimarTulebiT da/an daniS nu le biT moqmedi faqtori ̀ afxazeTis sakiTxSi~. erov nul-iden to bi-Ti, kulturul-identobiTi faqtorebi eTno-po li tikuri kon fliq tis reprezentaciisas warmoaCenen: a) myar iden-to biT fons, romelzec politikuri da samxed ro pro-cesebi viTardeba da romelic gansazRvravs am pro ce se bis bunebas; b) afxazeTis da afxazebis saxes iden tobiTi ka te-goriebis mixedviT (saqarTvelos, ruseTis, Crdi loeT kav-ka siis, TurqeTis, Tavad afxazeTis mosaxle obis cal ke-uli eTnikuri, afxazi Tu araafxazi jgu febis mimarT); g) damoukidebeli afxazeTis arsebobis ganpiro bebu lobas da SesaZleblobas kvazi-saxelmwifosa Tu eri-saxel mwi fos konteqstSi; es ukanaskneli mimarTeba gansa kuT rebiT aqtu-a luria, radgan afxazuri politikuri dis kur si afxazeTs `de-faqto~ Semdgar saxelmwifod moixseniebs.

statistikuri procedurebis validurobis mizniT faq-to rul analizSi identobiTi faqtorebis qveS gavaerTi-aneT mxolod mkafio identobiTi mimarTebebis mqone pub-likaciebi, Tumca naratiul analizSi, identobiTi suraTis sisrulis mizniT, agreTve im daSvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom erTeul sagazeTo Setyobinebebsac SeuZliaT Seqmnan sazogadoebrivi azri, ganxilulia is nimuSebic, romlebic iribad an asociaciurad ukavSirdebian identobiT faqto-rebs. ganxilvisas gaTvaliswinebulia yvelaze dabali rep-re zentatulobis mqone mimarTebiTi CarCoc ki.

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vacnobierebT, rom, vinaidan TiToeuli faqti, rome-lic afxazebisa da afxazeTis erad da saxelmwifod yof nas Seexeba, `qarTul mediur filtrSia~ gatarebuli, auci-leb lad gasaTavliswinebelia am filtris potenciali, SeniRbos gansazRvruli, erTi tipis tendenciebi da gada-Warbebuli aqcentebi dasvas meore tipis tendenciebze; amitom, maqsimaluri obieqturobis dasacavad, romlis sa Sualebebsac mediuri nimuSebis mniSvnelobiTi CarCo iZleva, ganxilvisas gaTvaliswinebulia yvela tipis komu-nikatori, yvela tipis Setyobineba, romelic CvenTvis aq-tualur erovnul-identobiT mimarTebas Seexeba.

mTliani empiriuli masalis faqtoruli analizi uCve -nebs, rom identobiTi faqtorebi, gavleniTa da mniSvne-lobiT, mesame faqtoria, naklebad gavleniani da mniSvne-lovani, vidre dezintegraciuli politikuri faqtorebi da socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi (Tumca, es ukanaskneli faqtorebi asociaciurad identobiTi kategoriebis simya-res ukavSirdeba). magram identobiTi faqtorebi, ro-gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, fonur faqtorad SeiZleba dava-xa siaToT, romelic gansazRvravs raodenobrivad ufro reprezentatuli da mniSvnelobisa da gavlenis mxriv ufro aqtiuri faqtorebis dinamikas.

afxazeTis damoukidebloba 1990-iani wlebis globaluri perspeqtividan da pasuxgaucemeli SekiTxvebirogori SemarTebiTac post-sabWoTa da sxva `naciona-

listurad cxel~ sivrceSi afxazeTi da sxva mravali, misi msgavsi mxare 1990-iani wlebis axal politikur wesrigSi axa-li statusiT cdilobda damkvidrebas, politikis filoso-fiis Teoretikosebi aseTive SemarTebiT cdilobdnen, se pa raciis es modelebi marqsistuli da modernistuli epo qebis dasasrulis konteqstSi moeqciaT da am axali, Tundac aralegitimuri, erTeulebisTvis postmodernul sam ya ro Si moeZebnaT adgili da arsebobis safuZveli. sxva sit yve biT rom vTqvaT, es iyo axali mocemuloba – `suprana-

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ciona lu ri identobis winapirobebi~, rogorc epoqis ni Sani, rogorc axali wesrigi, romelsac Tavisi dialeqtika hqon-da da romelsac safuZvels ideologia umyarebda, anu es iyo ideologiuri kanonzomierebis doneze axsnili da ax sna-di procesi, romelsac saxelad ubralod `modernistuli iearaqiebis rRveva~ erqva. arsebobda daSveba, rom es, ka-nonzomierebas damyarebuli rRveva, pirvel etapze Se-degad moitanda daZabulobasa da konfliqts mxareTa So ris, magram, vinaidan rRvevis am process ukusvlis po-ten ciali ar gaaCnda, es konfliqti droTa ganmavlobaSi mineldeboda da Semdeg saerTod gaqreboda. ierarqiuli rRvevis Sedegad Seqmnili damoukidebebli erTobebi ki aRar iqnebodnen tradiciuli modernuli nacionaluri erTobebi, `virtualuri, xelovnuri sinTeziT gamoyvanili megakoleqtivebi~, ufro metic, isini droTa ganmavlobaSi Tavad daeqvemdebarebodnen ufro momcro ierarqiebis rRvevas da fragmentaciis es procesi, romlis Sedegad Seqmnili erTeulebis raodenoba sasruli iyo, yvelaze mom-cro samSoblos SeqmniT dasruldeboda. vulgarulad rom vTqvaT, es iqneboda `matrioSkis~ principiT `gamoCekili~ erTobebis Sobisa Tu kultivaciis aqamde arnaxuli pro-cesi, romelSic aranairi mniSvneloba ar eqneboda arc mxareTa sawyis poziciebs konfliqtamde (administarciuli statusi, urTierTdaqvemdebareba da a.S.), arc maTi erTad Tanacxovrebis istoriasa da gamocdilebas da arc bunebriv, politikur Tu lingvistur sazRvrebs. maikl biligi (1995) yofili sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo teritoriis fragmentacias erovnuli niSniT nacionalizmisa da pos-tmo dernizmis mimarTebis diskursSi ganixilavs: `Tuki axa-li, patara erebi warmatebas miaRweven damoukideblobis mo povebis gzaze, isini ver datkbebian nacionalizmis aR-ze vebis epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli suverenitetiT. Ees axa li saxelmwifoebi saWiroeben supranacionalur orga-nizaciebSi SeRwevas. garda amisa, maT emuqreba safrTxe, swored, im qvenacionaluri procesebis mxridan, romleb-mac SesaZlebeli gaxades maTi dabadeba. Sobilni erovnuli fragmentaciis procesebis Sedegad, isini mowyvladni ari-

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an msgavsi procesebis mimarT, – rom maT SigniT ufro mom-cro warmosaxviTma identobebma momcro samSoblo sivrce gamoacxadon.~5 postmodernulobisa da nacionalizmis Se-sa xeb msjelobisas maikl biligs magaliTad post-sabWo-Ta da post-komunisturi sivrce mohyavda: `sabWoTa kav-Siri ganasaxierebda ruseTis hegemonias 14 legalurad arsebul mokavSire respublikaze, romelTa SigniT arse-bob da legalurad aRiarebuli asobiT `erovneba~.6 zus tad iseve, rogorc respublikebi daiZrnen erovnuli damou-kideblobisaken, zogierTi ̀ erovneba~ axali damoukidebeli res publikebis winaaRmdeg daiZra~.7 biligi warmoaCenda sqemas, romelic modernizm-postmodernizmis gasayarze erov nebasTan dakavSirebul yvela Tavsatexs TiTqos xsnida: yovel jerze garkveuli jgufi gamoeyofa saxelmwifos, gamoacxadebs axal saxelmwifos Tavisi saxeliT, Semdeg am axal saxelmwifoSi macxovrebeli umciresoba (jgufi) saxelmwifo statuss acxadebs an am statusis maZiebeli xdeba. `es erTeulebi, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlebelia, iyvnen kulturulad izolirebuli erTeulebi. isini CarTulni arian informaciis ufarToes qselSi, romelsac arc bu-nebrivi, arc politikuri da arc lingvisturi sazRvrebi ar gaaCnia. amgvarad, postmodernizmi momavali msoflios xedvas gvTavazobs. am samyaroSi erovnuli teritoria aRar warmoadgens adgils, saidanac identobebi, mibmulobebi, cxovrebis wesebi da yalibebi warmodgebian. dakveTa erov-nul samyaroze axal Suasaukuneebs gvTavazobs. saz RvrebiT Semofargluli erovnuli saxelmwifoebis adgil ze ganvi-Tardebian mravlobiTi terrae...~8

swored amave periodSi Cndeba frensis fukuiamas `li-beraluri revoluciis~ (1992) doqtrina. maSin fukuiama werda, rom `demokratiis idea sul ufro Zlevamosili da ga marjvebuli gaxdeba. ar arsebobs sxva ideologia, ro-melic metoqeobas gauwevs liberalur demokratias da

5 Billig, M. (1995): 133-1346 Breuilly, J. (1992) NationalismandtheState. Manchester University Press7 Billig, M. (1995): 1338 iqve

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ar arsebobs sxva aranairi legitimuri principi, garda xal xTa suverenitetisa~ (gv. 45). fukuiama amtkicebda, rom na cionalizmi, rogorc Zvel ideologiaTagan erT-erTi, gardauvlad gaqreboda `axal liberalur msoflio wesrigSi~, Tumca biligi akritikebs fukuiamas cnebebis Tavisuflad moxmarebis gamo: igi amtkicebs, rom SesaZloa, fukuiamam uarhyo `cxeli da eTnikuri nacionalizmi~, mag-ram ̀ xalxi~ Tanamedrove politikur formaciul dik sur sSi sxva araferia, Tu ara `eris~ sinonimi.

`nacionalizmiT Sepyrobil~ periferiebSi ki am eTno-politikuri konfliqtebis mediuri asaxva isev `Zveli~, na cionalisturi msoflmxedvelobiT mimdinareobda, iq-mne boda nacionalisturi sintaqturi da semantikuri struqturebi: gazeTebi yoveli sityviT miuTiTebdnen erebis samyaros arsebobaze da im erovnuli adgilis da-kargvis mtkivneulobaze, romelic `warmosaxviTi samSob-los~ SigniT mdebareobda. nacionalisturi azrovneba, serJ moskoviCisa9 da maikl biligis10, filip Slezingerisa da stiuart holis mixedviT, moicavs „Cven, eris~ gagebis gzebs, erisa, romelsac unda hqondes unikaluri bedi, xvedri da daniSnuleba; aseve moicavs „maTi, ucxoelebis~ gagebisa da aRqmis gzebs, romelTaganac „Cven Cvenive Tavs~ gansxvavebulebad aRviqvamT. nacionalisturi azrovneba moicavs ufro mets, vidre oden valdebulebas jgufis mimarT da am jgufis sxva jgufebisagan gansxvavebulobis gancdas. igi iRebs erisa da erovnebis, adamianisa da sam-Soblos kavSiris ideas, rogorc TavisTavads; erebis samya-ros arsebobis bunebas, romelic sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisagan gamocalkevebul samSobloebad aris dayofili11.

mogvianebiT daskvnebi postmodernistuli da libera-luri universaluri msoflio wesrigis Sesaxeb `naC qa rev daskvnebad~ iqna miCneuli (rogorc mkvlevrebis umrav-

9 Moscovici, S. (1983) ‘The Phenomenon of Social Representations’, in R. Farr and S. Moscovici (eds), Social Representations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

10 Billig, M. (1985) ‘Prejudice, CategorizationandParticularization: FromaPerceptual toRhetoricApproach’, in European Journal of Social Psychology: 49-55

11 Billig, M. (1995) BanalNationalism: 60-61

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lesoba aRniSnavs, am daskvnebis safuZveli gaxldaT pos-tmodernis dadebiTi esTetikuri konotaciebis me qani-kuri gadatana politikur postmodernze da libera lizmis ide is sayovelTao momxibvleloba); magram im Sem Txve va-Sic ki, Tuki es mosazrebebi popularobas da aRi arebas SeinarCunebdnen, eTnokonfliqtebis kerebSi, anu iq, sa-dac konfliqtis mravalwliani praqtikuli da medi re bu-li gamocdileba arsebobda, Cndeboda SekiTxvebi, rom-lebzec pasuxi arc postmodernizms da arc liberalur demokratias ar hqonda. kerZod, Tu erovnuli identoba da nacionalizmi aRar warmoadgenda am gayofil erTeulebs Soris urTierTobebisTvis faqtorebs, maSin:

ratom moitana Sedegad konstituciurma separaciam da saxelmwifo ierarqiis rRvevam Sovinizmi, qsenofobia, er-Tma neTis uaryofa da SiSi?

ratom ver moinaxa liberalur-demokratiul ideolo-giaSi afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli ideolo-giuri/Rirebulebrivi `SeTanxmebis~ platforma?

ratom uarhyves afxazebma sruliad postmodernistu-li `ori saqarTvelos~ (saqarTvelo da afxazeTi, rogorc saqarTvelo) idea?

ratom aqvT am konfliqtebs ara samoqalaqo omis, ara-med samamulo omisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sedegebi? (maga-li TisTvis: qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis bunebis daxa-siaTebisas termini ̀ samoqalaqo omi~ mxolod saerTaSoriso organizaciebis adreul angariSebSi gamoCnda ramdenjerme, arc qarTvelisTvis da arc afxazisTvis es omi samoqalaqo ar yofila, radgan omis erT-erT sagans miwa, rogorc erad yofnis erT-erTi mTavari atributi da nacionalisturi Ri-rebuleba, warmoadgenda).

ratom Cans qarTul mediaSi mibmuloba ara mTlianad geografiul afxazeTTan, aramed im adgilebTan, romlebic warmosaxviTi samSoblos konteqstSia aqtualuri: galTan, sadac eTnikurad qarTveli afxazebi cxovroben, da ilor-Tan da bediasTan, sadac qarTuli qristianuli Zeg lebi dgas, anu sadac arsebobs erovnuli memkvidreoba, rogorc qarTvelTa samSoblos dadastureba afxazeTis miwaze?

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am mcire mimoxilvas or umniSvnelovanes sakiTxamde mivyavarT: a) medirebuli gamocdilebiT ra tipis konfliqts hqonda adgili qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris; da b) ra mimarTebebiT aris warmodgenili mediaSi afxazeTis damo-ukidebloba, rogorc erovnul-identobiTi proeqti, anu niS navs Tu ara afxazeTis damoukidebloba damoukidebel Tanamedrove afxazur er-saxelmwifos?

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media da àfxazebis erovnuli adgili~.Teoriuli argumentebi

erovnuli da socialur-kulturuli identoba àfxa-zeTis sakiTxis~ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli komponentia. identobis, eTnosisadmi, erisadmi, kultu-risadmi mikuTvnebulobis gaziarebuli gancdis Seqmna, Se-narCuneba da ganviTareba mocemuli erTobis (eTnosis, eris, sazogadoebis) wevrebisTvis mediis erT-erTi umTavresi funqciaa.

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis keraSi garkveuli tipis procesebis gavleniTa da maT Sedegad, teritoriul-admi-nis traciuli erTeuli, romlis ukanaskneli, saerTa So ri-sod aRiarebuli saxelwodeba àfxazeTis sabWoTa socia-lis turi avtonomiuri respublika~ gaxladaT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosgan faqtobrivad gamoyofilia. misi TviT ga-moc xadebuli saxelwodeba da statusi àfxazeTis damo u-kidebeli respublika~ uRiarebelia saerTaSoriso saxel-mwi fo samarTlis mier. saqarTvelosa da misi mokav Sire saxelmwifoebisTvis afxazeTi – `ruseTis mier okupi re-buli zonaa, romelic imavdroulad saqarTvelos ganu yo-fel nawils warmoadgens~. faqtia, rom afxazeTi ar aris mxolod geografiuli ubani, Tavisi grZivebiTa da ga-ne debiT, miwiTa da zRviT, aramed es aris adgili Tavisi unikaluri istoriuli mexsierebiT, romlisganac gansaz-Rvruli kategoriis koleqtiuri identobebi warmodgeba da romelTanac es identobebi asocirdeba. am identobebis gaziarebuli gancda ki damaxasiaTebel politikur pro-cesebsa da aspiraciebs uqmnis safuZvels.

am Tavis amocana specifikuria – afxazebisa da afxa ze-Tis im koleqtiuri identobiTi mimarTebebis mediuri mo cu-lo bi sa da valentobebis Cveneba, romlebic, TavinTi po ten-ci a liT SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnan rogorc afxazebis Tvis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis Seqmnis winapiroba.

winaswar daSvebad miiReba, rom es reprezentacia qar-Tulcentrulia (anu masSi bevri tradiciulad `qarTuli~

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stereotipuli xedva SeiZleba iyos gadmocemuli), aqedan gamomdinare – mikerZoebulia da winaswarganzraxuli. mag ram qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi – misi didi nawilisTvis, romelsac praqtikuli Sexeba ar gaaCnia konfliqtTan, afxazeTTan da afxazebTan, swo-red amgvari mediaciis Sedegad miiReba afxazeTisa da af-xazebis saxe. wignis am TavisTvis gamoyenebuli mediuri nimuSebi sxvadasxva tipis wyaros eyrdnoba: a) afxazur da rusul sainformacio wyaroebs, romlebic gadmoscemen mim dinare movlenebs afxazeTSi da romlebic SeiZleba miviCnioT afxazeTSi arsebuli erovnuli, socialuri, poli tikuri da kulturuli garemos gansazRvrebebis Sem-cvel daxasiaTebebad; b) devnilobaSi myof moqalaqeebs; g) qarTveli meomrebis monaTxrobs 1992-1993 wlebis omis Sesaxeb; d) afxazeTis legitimuri mTavrobis warmo-madgenlebis gancxadebebs qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis erovnul-identobiTi fesvebis Sesaxeb. wyaroebis amgvari konfiguracia mediuri nimuSebis orgvar efeqtze miuTi-Tebs: a) pirdapir efeqtze; gadmocemuli faqtebi myi-si e ria, naklebad gaSualebuli (anu mxolod erTi wya ro Ti gaSualebuli), uniformuli da dakvirvebas daq-vem de barebuli; mediuri Sinaarsis cvladebia: faqtis dama-xasiaTebloba da tipuroba socialur realobaSi, realizmi da garkveuli motivaciis Seqmna; auditoriis cvladi ar aris gamokveTili, anu Setyobinebas samizne auditoria, kon kretuli tipis mimRebi ar gaaCnia; da b) ganpirobebul efeqtze; gadmocemuli faqtebi, movlenebi, mosazrebebi emsaxureba garkveuli mimarTebebis intensivobis gamyarebas, isini kognitiuri da emociuria, gaTvlilia gansazRvruli qceviTi yalibebis Seqmnaze (magaliTad: `mters mtrulad unda moeqce~, an: `Cven – afxazebsa da qarTvelebs, er-TmaneTisTvis bodiSi gvaqvs mosaxdeli – darRveuli Zmo bis Tvis~ da a.S.); mediaSinaarss ar aqvs gamokveTili cvla debi: igi SeiZleba iyos realur faqtebze agebuli, stereotipul gadmocemebsa da miTebze dafuZnebuli da a.S (anu mravalgzis gaSualebuli)); auditoriis cvladebis mixedviT, es aris socialuri (erovnuli) kategoriebi.

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zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, marTebulia imis daSve ba, rom am SemTxvevaSi `winaswarganzraxuloba~ da `mikerZo-e buloba~ aRniSnavs, miuTiTebs, rom mosalodnelia ara ro melme calkeuli faqtis, aramed mTlianad socialuri rea lobis damaxinjeba, faqtebisa da movlenebis qarTul-centruli perspeqtividan SerCevisa da aqcentebis gadana-wilebis gamo. Tumca darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, gansxvavebiT 1990-iani wlebisgan, afxazeTisa da afxazebis Cveneba Sinaarsis kulturuli xarisxisa da normatiuli standartebis dacviT xdeba. qarTuli media ar iyenebs siZulvilis enas, am diskursis (miuxedavad imisa, rom igi garkveuli xarisxiT stereotipizebulia) mizani ar aris afxazis arc marginalizeba da arc stigmatizeba.

2008 wlis agvistom konfliqti gayina, afxazeTs da-mou kideblobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba moutana (am aRia-rebis nebayoflobiTobis, realuri politikuri mizan-Sewonilobis, winapirobebisa da xarisxis Sefaseba ar aris Cveni kvlevis mizani), jerjerobiT verc movlenaTa qronika da verc sxvadasxva warmoSobis avtoritetuli wyaroebis Sefasebebi erTmniSvnelovan pasuxs ver scems SekiTxvebs:

iyo Tu ara es 20-wliani periodi (1988 wlidan 2008 wlamde) afxazi eris erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebisa da damoukidel saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis periodi?

aris Tu ara dRevandeli Sedegi is Sedegi, romelsac afxazi xalxi eswrafvoda?

aris Tu ara dRes afxazeTi, Tundac, kvazi-eri-saxe-lmwifo?

ra identobiTi da administraciuli faqtorebi uwyobda xels mis swrafvas erad yofnisken da damoukidebeli sa-xelmwifoebriobisaken?

ramdenad Seesabameba fenomeni `afxazi xalxi~ Tanamed-rove demokratiul politikaSi damkvidrebul `xalxis~ dis kursul formaciul fenomens, romelic ̀ eris~ sinonimia (Hall and Held, 1989)?

SesZlo Tu ara afxazeTma damkvidreba samyaroSi, ro-mel sac `Cvenisa~ da `maTis~ fenomenebi institucionalize-buli aqvs?

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aris Tu ara mxolod politikuri diskursi sakmarisi eris Sesaqmnelad?

am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema ar warmoadgens winamde-bare kvlevis amocanas, Tumca àfxazeTis sakiTxis~ konteq-stSi gansazRvruli identobiTi da jgufuri loialobis mimarTebebis mediuri reprezentacia saSualebas mogvcems, gamovkveToT, ra roli iTamaSa identobebis (erovnuli/eTnikuris, socialuris, kulturulis, religiuris da sxva) rRveva-Senebis tendenciebma arsebuli Sedegis miRebaSi; romeli kategoriis identobebis SenarCuneba rogor dina-mikas SesZens am process.

yvelaze ufro mizanSewonil midgomad sakvlevi amoca-ni sadmi fenomenologiuri midgoma gvesaxeba. èris~, ro-gorc fenomenis, damkvidrebuli gansazRvreb(eb)idan ga-mov yofT am cnebis maformirebel sakvanZo terminebs, ro gorc indeqsur markerebs, romelTa mimarTac moxdeba im calkeuli niSan-Tvisebebis bunebis Cveneba, romelTa mi-xedviTac afxazebs TavianTi Tavis unikalurad (rogorc eTnosis, eris, erTobis, saxelmwifos/kvazi-saxelmwifos) ganxilva SeuZliaT.

arsebobs èris~/èri-saxelmwifos~ ramdenime aTeuli gansazRvreba, romelTaganac TiToeuli istoriulad dam-kvidrebuli (primordialuri) Tu modernuli epoqis mier Semotanili specifikuri niSan-Tvisebebis erTobliobas mi-iCnevs erad yofnis safuZvlad. yvelaze ufro gavrcele bu-li SexedulebiT, eris arsebobis upirvelesi prerekvizi te-bia: teritoria, ena da gaziarebuli istoriul-kulturu li memkvidreoba. teritoria eTnosis daxasiaTebasa da defi-niciaSic gvxvdeba, magram gansxvavebuli datvir TviT (am gansxvavebulobis bunebas odnav qveviT, entoni smi tis mier mocemul erisa da eTnosis daxasiaTebaSi vnaxavT). rogorc aRvniSneT, eris, erovnebis, eTnosis (rogorc ethnie-s da ara eTno-demografiul jgufis), erovnulobis, nacionalizmis – rogorc ideologiisa da rogorc identobis – gansaz-Rvreba damokidebulia mkvlevaris msoflmxedvelobriv po ziciaze, anu imaze, erebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba maT mier ganixileba primordialisturi Tu modernistuli per-

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speq ti vidan. zogadad rom vTqaT, primordialistebi ers gan saz Rvra ven rogorc erTobas, romelic Rrmad fes vgad-gmu lia istoriaSi, kulturaSi, miTebsa da adamianis bu-nebaSi. mis sapirispirod, modernistebi miiCneven, rom eri `Tanamedrove gamogonebaa~, romelic ufro politikuri Zalebisa da politikuri Zalisxmevis Sedegia, vidre kul-turuli gamoRviZebisa.

magaliTad `eris~ definiciis ramdenime aRiarebul ma-ga liTs moviyvanT:

eri, maqs veberis azriT, aris „grZnobiTi erToba, ro-me lic adekvaturad gamoxatavs Tavis Tavs sakuTar sa-xel mwifoSi; aqedan gamomdinare, eri aris erToba, ro me-lic, rogorc wesi, iCens swrafvas sakuTari saxel mwifos Camoyalibebisaken.~12 eri, entoni smiTis (1971) mixedviT, aris „didi, vertikalurad integrirebuli da teri to-riulad mobiluri jgufi, romelsac axasiaTebs saerTo moqalaqeobrivi uflebebi da koleqtiuri grZnobebi erTi an meti saerTo maxasiaTeblis mimarT, romelic ganasxvavebs mis wevrebs im msgavsi jgufebisagan, romlebTanac maT aqvT mokavSiruli urTierToba an konfliqti.~13 smiTi ga-moarCevs eris Svid maxasiaTebels: zomas, ekonomikur in-teg racias, teritoriul mobilobas, damaxasiaTebel kul turas, sagareo urTierTobebs, Tanaswori uflebebs wev re bi saTvis da jgufur loialobas. (SedarebisTvis: `eT nosis~ definiciaSi smiti (1986: 24) gamohyofs eqvs ma xa-si aTebels: koleqtiuri saxeli, saerTo miTi eTno sis war-momavlobis Sesaxeb, gaziarebuli istoria, damaxasiaTebeli gaziarebuli kultura, asocirebuloba/dakavSirebuloba konkretul teritoriasTan (romelic ar aris misi saxel-mwifo teritoria), da solidarobis grZnoba eTnosis wev-rebs Soris).

enToni gidensi amgvar ganmartebas aZlevs er-saxel-mwifos: „eri-saxelmwifo aris mmarTvelobis instituciuri formebis erToblioba, romelic uzrunvelhyofs da inar-Cunebs administraciul monopolias sazRvrebiT Semo-

12 WeberMaxinGerthandMills, 1948: 17613 Smith, A. (1971) TheoriesofNationalism. 1st ed. London: Durkworth: 175

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far glul teritoriaze, misi mmarTveloba sanqcirebulia kanoniT da romelic axorcielebs kontrols Sida da gare iZulebis saSualebebze.~14

erisa da nacionalizmis Sesaxeb primordialistur da modernistul Sexedulebebs maikl ignatiefi gansaz-Rvravs, rogorc „eTnikur~ da „samoqalaqo~ nacionalizms15. misi azriT, eTnikuri nacionalizmi cxelia, efuZneba „sisxlismieri loialobis~ sentiments16, da es SeurigebelTa nacionalizmia. samoqalaqo nacionalizmi ki, ignatiefis azriT, aris politikuri kredo, romelic gansazRvravs saerTo moqalaqeobas, da es aris Camoyalibebuli saukeTeso evropuli demokratiebis nacionalizmi. Tumca maikl bi-ligi (1995) akritikebs ignatiefs imis gamo, rom igi am saukeTeso evropuli nacionalizmis axsnisas ar aRwers, rogor ayalibeben „samoqalaqo nacionalistebi~ er-saxel-mwifos TavianTi miTebiT; rogor axdenen samoqalaqo ere-bi TavianTi moqalaqeebis gawvevas omianobis dros; ro-gor icaven isini TavianT sazRvrebs; rogor gamoarCeven isini „sxvebs~ TavianTi sazRvrebis miRma; rogor uweven isini winaaRmdegobas – saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Zalis gamo-yenebiTac ki, – im moZraobebs, romlebic am sazRvrebis gadasinjvas eswrafvian; da ase Semdeg.

aroni, ernest barkeri da seton-uotsoni cdiloben, erT paradigmaSi gaaerTianon primordialisturi da mo-der nis tuli Sexedulebebi da ers axasiaTeben, rogorc `po litikuri erTobis, politikuri nebisa da kulturuli er Tobis srul damTxvevas da erovnuli saxelmwifos srul da mo ukideblobas gare samyarosTan mimarTebaSi~ (aroni, 1966: 750).

14 Giddens, A. (1981) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. London: MacMillan:190

15 Ignatieff, M. (1993) BloodandBelonging: Journeys intotheNewNationalism. London: Chatto&Windus: 2

16 iqve: 6

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eTnosi, eri Tu daqsaqsuli Temebis simravle?

afxazeTis damoukidebel saxelmwifod arsebobisa da erad Camoyalibebis perspeqtiva arc saqarTvelos poli-tikuri elitis, arc sazogadoebisa da arc mediis mier qarTul-afxazuri ocwliani dapirispirebis arc erT etap ze ar ganixileboda rogorc politikuri dis kur sis se ri ozuli sakiTxi. miT umetes, aravis ucdia afxa zeT-Si arsebuli viTareba da calkeuli erovnuli Tu saxel-mwifoebrivi atributebi eris arsebiTi maxasia Teb lebis-Tvis miesadagebina da gansazRvruli daskvnebi gamoetana. am atributebis mediuri saxeebi da xatebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, am mxriv pirveli mcdeloba ganvaxorcieloT.

zoma. arseboben didi erebi, Tumca erebis umravleso-ba mcirea. zoma mniSvnelovania im maxasiaTeblebis mimarT, romelTa buneba da moculoba faqtoris Zalas raodenobis TvisobriobaSi, xarisxSi gadasvlisas iZens. nebismieri xe-lisuflebis legitimurobisa da mmarTvelobis xarisxi pir dapirproporciulia adamianebis im raodenobasTan, ro mel zec es mmarTveloba vrceldeba. eris `mcire zoma~ saxel mwi foebriobis Seqmnisa da SenarCunebis Tval saz-risiT, kompensirdeba ekonomikuri integraciis maRali xa risxiT da maRali SemosavliT erT sul mosaxleze (ma-galiTad, luqsemburgi). miuxedavad imisa, rom arsad Cvens mier ganxilul wyaroebSi ar aris pirdapiri moxsenieba da referencia afxazebis mcirericxovnobisa, mravali me-di rebuli faqti uCvenebs, rom afxazeTSi SeSfoTebis sag nad aris qceuli am mxaris eTno-demografiuli prob-lemebi da misi mosaxleobis erTob arahomogenuri buneba. SesaZloa, es problemebi afxazeTis realur socialur da politikur suraTSi sulac ar idges ase mwvaved, ro-gorc amas qarTuli media (Tumca rusul da afxazur wya ro ebze dayrdnobiT) uCvenebs, kerZod: a) afxazeTi eZebs mo hajirebis STamomavlebis dabrunebis gzebs, iT-xovs am mimarTebiT saerTaSoriso daxmarebas, da am po-

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li tikis mizani sulac ar aris mxolod istoriuli sa-mar Tlianobis aRdgena, aramed upirvelesad igi unda mo em saxuros eTno-demografiuli balansis aRdgenas, eko-no mikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis resursebis mo-zid vas, usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas da afxazuri enis SenarCunebas (àfxazebi mohajirebis Camorekvas ver mo-axerxeben~, `rezonansi~, 2 ivnisi, 2005 weli; an: `ba Raf-Si TurqeTidan mohajirebis dabrunebas apirebs~ (iqve, 18 Te bervali, 2005). mohajirebis dabrunebis es pro eq-ti, afxazebis azriT, ver xorcieldeba imitom, rom sa-qarTvelos waqezebiT, ruseTs eSinia afxazeTis isla mi-zaciis. Bb) afxazeTi cdilobs, harmoniulad daukavSiros erTmaneTs afxazuri TviTidentifikacia da zogadadiRe-uri TviTidentifikacia, da am mizniT afxazeTis mTav ro ba mudmiv sacxovrebels sTavazobs (Sesabamisi sacxovrebe-li farTis uzrunvelyofiT) aTas adiReur ojaxs, rom le-bic, qarTuli mediis cnobiT, am SemoTavazebaze ar Tan-xmdebian, da repatriaciis es proeqtic kraxs ganicdis. es ori magaliTi sruliad mkafiod gviCvenebs premodernul Sexedulebebs erze, rom afxazebi eswrafvian eris, ro-gorc erTobis, xarisxSi (am SemTxvevaSi: eTnikur monoli-TurobaSi, eTnikur `sisufTaveSi~) gadasul zomas, eZeben ara moqalaqeebs, aramed afxazuri genis menaSene mamrebs da mdedrebs, romlebic Tavad arian `jariskacebic~ da po-tenciuri jariskacis mSoblebic. am `sisufTavis~ damadas-turebeli magaliTia eTnikurad qarTvelebis, megrelebis/Casaxlebuli raWvelebis `gaafxazebis~ politika (garkve-uli mizezebis gamo, es ufro advilad xdeba, vidre eTni-kuri somxebis, berZnebis an estonelebis àfxazebad~ Ca-wera). sxva mediuri nimuSebi agrZeleben am Temas, oRond sakiTxis reprezentaciis sxva CarCoSi: es aris afxazebis mudmivi èWvianoba~ maTgan eTnikurad gansxvavebul moqalaqeebze (romlebsac èris zomis~ gamo iTmenen): galel qarTvelebsa da afxazeTis sxva qalaqebsa da raionebSi mcxovreb somxebze, ukanaskneli ocwleulis ganmavlobaSi 20-jer metad gazrdil (Camosaxlebulebis xarjze) rusul mosaxleobaze. magram Tu SeSfoTeba galeli qarTvelebisa

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da adgilobrivi somxebis mimarT, mediis gadmocemiT, af-xazeTSi Riad ismis, rusebis mzardi mosaxleoba mxolod demografiul statistikaSi fiqsirdeba. sergei baRafSis mimarT gamoTqmuli ukmayofilebani imis Sesaxeb, rom ba-RafSi prezidentad orivejer galeli qarTvelebisa da somxebis xmebma gaxades, adasturebs Tanamedrove erTan da er-saxelmwifosTan SeuTavsebel xelisuflebis legi-timaciis eTnikuri xarisxis prioritetulobas.

socialurekonomikuri mdgomareoba da ekonomikuri integracia. mTeli sakvlevi periodis ganmavlobaSi gadmocemuli informaciebi afxazeTSi rTuli ekonomikuri viTarebis arsebobas adasturebs. es informaciebi Seexe ba: afxazeTis mTliani Sida produqtis miaxloebiT dafiqsi-rebul umcires moculobas, am produqtis ganawilebis uTa nab robas, cxovrebis dabal dones (2-jer an 2,5-jer da bals, vidre saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi), dargebis ga-nuvi Ta reb lobas, mTliani, organizebuli ekonomikuri da fulad-sakredito sistemis uqonlobas, afxazeTis ekono-mikur blokadas, romelic umZimes ekonomikur da so ci-alur fons qmnis (SeuTavsebels damoukidebel saxel mwi-fosTan), galeli qarTvelebisTvis mcire biznesis ke Te bis SeuZleblobas (afxazebis mxridan araloialuri da un do-beli damokidebulebis gamo), rusul investiciebs da `mib-mul~ daxmarebebs (roca ruseTis mier afxazeTSi ekonomi-kur Tu infrastruqturul proeqtebze gaTvlili fulis didi nawili isev rusebis mier aiTviseba – x. m.), rusebis mier afxazeTSi arsebuli qonebis iafad, xSirad naturiT da ukanonod Sesyidvas (`mimtaceblur~ privatizacias), mci re ric xovan Turqul investiciebs (magaliTisTvis: `af xa zeTSi rusuli da Turquli kapitalisTvis isev `sei-lia~. rusi investorebi safasurs xSirad fqviliT, saqriT da tan sac mliT ixdian~, – acxadebs afxazeTis ekonomikis mi nistri~ (`rezonansi~, 27 maisi, 2005)); saqarTvelos Strix kods saerTaSoriso bazarze gatanil afxazur pro-duq ciasa da afxazuri Rvinoebze, `Cavardnil~ da `saSiS~ tu ristul sezonebs, kriminalebis nadirobas turis teb-ze, afxazeTSi turistuli infrastruqturis sim wi res da

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moumzadeblobas turizmisgan soliduri Semosav lis mi-sa Rebad, afxazeTis unikalur Sanss, mxolod sa qar Tve-losTan erTad gaxdes msoflio mniSvnelobis eko no mikuri proeqtebis nawili, saqarTvelodan afxazeTSi `Savad~ Se-sul kvebis produqtebsa da medikamentebs da ase Semdeg. mTeli mediuri suraTi emsaxureba ekonomikuri integ-raciis TvalsazrisiT qaoturi (er-saxelmwifosTan SeuTav-sebeli) suraTis warmoCenas: Sida ekonomikuri integ ra-cia araorganizebulia, mimdebare regionebTan (ar aqvs mniSvneloba – isini mokavSireebad ganixilebian da dapiris-pirebulebad) integracias ki an `Savi~ an Zaladobriv-korufciuli xasiaTi aqvs; erTobis wevrebi ar arian uz-runvelyofilni Tanabari politikuri da ekonomikuri saq mianobis uzrunvelmyofi uflebebiT.

teritoriuli mobiloba. teritoriuli mobiloba mxo lod srul yofili saxelmwifos pirobebSia SesaZle-be li. sabWoTa kavSirisa da omamdeli saqarTvelos piro-bebSi afxazeTis nebismieri mcxovrebi Tavisuflad da Se-u z Ru davad ga daadgildeboda rogorc sabWoTa kav Si ris, ise sa qarTvelos respublikisa da afxazeTis avto no mi-uri respublikis mTels teritoriaze. miuxedavad imi sa, rom `teritoriuli mobiloba~ mediur nimuSebSi ar aris gamokveTili rogorc specifikuri saxeldebiTi/mniS vne-lobiTi CarCo, misi buneba mainc ikveTeba sxva Tematuri Car Coebis gavliT da Sedegad viRebT: 1) gadaadgilebis Ta-visuf leba afxazuri erTobis wevrebs SerCeviT eniWebaT; galsa da mis raionebSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebi iZulebiT arian mijaWvulni TavianT sacxovrebel qalaqsa da soflebs; 2) afxazeTis teritoriaze moqmedi rusuli gasamxedroebuli gamSvebi reJimi zRudavs afxazeTis TiT-qmis yvela mcxovrebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas; 3) ganu-viTarebeli ekonomikuri integracia klavs teritoriuli mobilobis moTxovnilebas;

teritoria. `rezonansisa~ da `kviris palitris~ is pub likaciebi, romlebic qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis is torias mogviTxroben, qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi uni ka lur fenomenad gamohyofen afxazeTis teritorias,

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ro mel Tanac mibmuloba, rogorc samSoblosTan, erTdro-ulad or ers (an – ersa da eTnoss) aqvs: qarTvelebsa da afxazebs. istoriuli diskursis matarebel werilebSi (in terviuebSi, saavtoro statiebSi da sxva) aqcentirde-ba ruseTis politikis gavlena afxazebis erovnul TviT-cno bi erebaze XX saukunis damdegisTvis. swored ru se Tis mier amierkavkasiaSi gatarebuli erovnuli poli tikis wyalobiT, afxazeTSi Camoyalibda genetikurad dakav Si-rebuli adamianebis koleqtivis TviTcnobiereba, romelic eswrafvoda, gamxdariyo calke eri sxva aRiarebul erebs Soris da es èrovnuloba~ Seevso eris cnebisTvis au ci-le beli atributebiT: teritoriiT, unikaluri isto ri-ul-kul turuli memkvidreobiT da, bolos, saxel mwi foTi. am miswrafebis realizaciis mcdelobebi mog vi ane biT, XX sa ukunis dasasruls daiwyo, sabWoTa kav Si ris daS-lis Semdeg. 1990-iani wlebis qarTul mediaSi af xa zeTis te ri toriis afxazuroba (rac qarTvelobas ud ris), me o-re kon fliq turi regionis, samxreT oseTis teri to ri is-gan gan sxvavebiT, ar dgeba eWvqveS. qarTveli da afxazi am diskursSi igiveobrivi identobebia, romlebic jer ca-ristuli ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa ruseTis politi kis gavleniT (da XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi afxazeTSi àdiRe uri tomis afsuebis~ Camosaxlebis Semdeg), iqcnen me to qe ob riv an mtrul identobebad. 2002-2005 wlebSi ga moq vey ne bul mediur masalebSi cxadad ikveTeba konfliq ti afxa zeTis miwisa da zed mcxovrebi adamianebis mimarT damo ki debule-baSi rogorc qarTuli, ise afxazuri mxri dan. magaliTad, `qarTvelebi afxazebTan saomrad ki ara, afxazeTSi saomrad midiodnen~ (`rezonansi, 2002 weli, 14 agvisto), an: `dae, nuravis Seeqmneba iluzia galis raionisadmi afxazeTis xel-mZRvanelobisa da xalxis damokidebulebis gamo. es – Zir-Zveli afxazuri teritoriaa da afxazeTis xelisuflebis yuradReba am raionis mimarT arasdros modundeba~ (`kviris palitra~, àpsnipresze~ dayrdnobiT), an: àfxazeTSi af-xazebisgan nakrZali SevqmeniT~ (`rezonansi~, 2003 weli, 10 oqtomberi), an: `Cemi fexi afxazeTSi, Cems miwaSia da-marxuli~ (`rezonansi~, 2008 weli, 15 ivlisi). pirvel maga-

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liTSi sakvanZo Setyobineba afxazeTis miwaa, rogorc upir velesi Rirebuleba qarTvelisTvis, rogorc misi `war-mo saxviTi~ samSoblo da saxelmwifos teritoria, romlis-Tvisac qarTveli Tavs swiravs; es teritoria Tundac ad-ministraciulad mowydes saxelmwifos iurisdiqcias, war mosaxviTi samSoblos wiaRSi yovelTvis darCeba, (ro-gorc es, vTqvaT, `saingilos~ SemTxvevaSi moxda). meore ma-ga liTSi (citata afxazeTis de-faqto prezidents ser gei baRafSs ekuTvnis) sakvanZo Setyobineba afxazeTis, ro-gorc saxelmwifos teritoriis ganuyoflobaa, Tumca qve-teq stSi kargad ikiTxeba konfliqtis ori Sre: baRafSis legitimurobis dabali xarisxi (missave TviTaRqmiT) galSi (anu qarTvelTa Sida sivrceSi) da galis miwisa da misi mo-saxleobis gaigivebis problemebi, rogorc ori `ZirZveli afxazuri~ fenomenisa. mesame magaliTi politikuri xa si a Tis Setyobinebaa, igi asaxavs erTi eTnosis warmomad gen le bis gaumarTlebel politikur prioritets miwaze, romelic am eTnossac iseve ekuTvnis, rogorc qarTvels, romlis ne bi Ta da TanxmobiT es àparteiduli nakrZali~ Seiqmna (aqtan ti, subieqti – qarTvelia, mimRebi da obieqti – afxazi). meoTxe nimuSi mebrZolis monologidanaa, romelSic afxazeTis mi-wa `samSoblos~ sakraluri gagebiTaa warmoCenili (`rome-li miwidanac Seiqmen – imave miwaSi emarxo~). teritorii-sa da zed macxovrebeli xalxis identobiT konfliqtSi mniSvnelobas iZens xalxis erTobis saxeldeba, rogorc mi-si kategorizacia erovnuli iarliyiT da saxeldebis uni-kaluri kodiT, anu afxazTa an qarTvelTa `Cven~ mxolod `Cvens~ ki ar unda niSnavdes, aramed universalur erovnul niSans àfxazsa~ da `qarTvels~, romelTa saxelis gavleniT iqmneba maTi teritoriebis saxelebic: afxazeTi, afxazTa samSoblo da saqarTvelo – qarTvelTa samSoblo. swored amitom, konfliqtis dasawyisSive qarTuli politikuri eli tisa da inteligenciis nawili Zalian dainteresebuli iyo afxazebis àfsuebad~ saxeldebiT, signifikaciiT, radga nac es enobrivi niSani konotaciurad ukve niSnavda ucxos da am miwasTan emociurad miubmels. dRes arsebuli viTa rebis mediaciisas saxeldebasTan dakavSirebuli kon-

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fliq ti aRar ikveTeba, wina planze gamodis im gancdis aq-cen tireba, romelsac qarTvelica da afxazic unda izi-arebdnen: maTi teritoriis okupirebuli statusi ruseTis mier, rac afxazeTis, rogorc damoukidebelobis msurveli saxelmwifos sruli kraxad ganixileba.

damaxasiaTebeli kultura, ena. saerTo istoriul-kul turul fesvebSi religiac unda vigulisxmoT. am da ma xasiaTebeli kulturis medirebuli gamocdileba gviC venebs, rom afxazeTSi qarTuli kulturis kvali mizan-mi mar Tu lad iSleba, saerTo istoriisa da kulturuli mem-kvid reobis damadasturebeli qristianuli Zeglebi (rom-lebmac, wesiT, erTobis gaziarebuli gancda unda Seqmnan) ganxeTqilebis safuZveli xdeba, radganac maT xelyofaSi qarTvelebi da afxazebi erTmaneTs adanaSauleben. Tum-ca ganxeTqilebas ara mxolod omis dros Cadenili vanda-luri faqtebi, aramed mSvidobiani periodis tendenciebic aRrmaveben. es unikaluri Zeglebi imgvarad eqvemdebare bi an restavrirebas, rom garegnulad ufro gviandeli perio dis rusuli saeklesio arqtireqturis nimuSebs emsagavsebi an. afxazeTis eklesiac, rogorc biurokratiuli institu-cia, separatistuli procesebis gavlenas ganicdis – af-xazi mRvdelTmsaxurebis erTi nawili molaparakebebis gzas irCevs saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan afxa ze-Tis eklesiis proteqtoruli, Tumca gansakuTrebuli sta-tusis Sesaxeb, xolo meore nawili, e.w. `axali aTonis frTa~, romelic, mediis gadmocemiT, ufro mravalricxovani da po litikurad gavleniania, eswrafvis, afxazeTis mar-Tlma di de be li eklesia rusuli eklesiis nawilad aqci-os. es mediuri nimuSebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, ti pur separatistul procesebs asaxavs, sinamdvileSi Zali an did safrTxeze miuTiTebs afxazuri eTnosisTvis: damaxa-si aTebeli kulturis, istoriuli memkvidreobisa da mex si e re bis uaryofiT safuZveli ecleba miTs saerTo war mo Sobis Sesaxeb, rac eTnosis erT-erTi umTavresi Sema-kav Sirebeli faqtoria (saerTo gaziarebul miTs sxvadas-xva daqsaqsuli, anu gauziarebeli versiebi anacvlebs). rac Se e xeba enas, am sakiTxis mediuri dafarva uCvenebs, rom: 1)

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saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli nebismieri pro eq ti an wamowyeba, romelic unikaluri afxazuri enis TviT myo-fa dobis SenarCunebasa da ganviTarebas emsaxureba, udi-des mniSvnelobas iZens, radganac es saqarTvelos meo re saxelmwifo enis dacvisken aris mimarTuli; 2) afxazeT Si arsebuli mravalenovaneba seriozul problemas uqmnis iqa uri sazogadoebis/Temebis erT sivrceSi integracias. afxazeTis teritoriis enobrivi dafarvis TvalsazrisiT media aseT suraTs xatavs: 1) gali – ZiriTadi sakomunikacio ena, ganaTlebis ena qarTulia, rac xSirad adgilobrivi mosaxleobis diskriminaciisa da meorexarisxovan adami-anebad klasificirebis mizezi xdeba; aq cudad icin ru-suli da kidev ufro cudad – afxazuri. dominanturi enis Canacvlebis procesi Zalian mtkivneulad midis, rac Se uZ-lebels xdis galis mosaxleobis moqalaqeobriv da kul-turul integracias im sivrceSi, romelSic igi saxlobs; 2) afxazeTis politikuri elita yovelTvis iyo da axlac rCeba rusul-afxazuri bilingvizmis aRmsareblad, rusu-li enis primatis aRiarebiT, maTTvis afxazuri – mxo lod lingvisturi saxelmwifoebrivi niSania, rusuli – po li-tikuri komunikaciisa da ganaTlebis ena; 3) mosaxleobis is nawili, romelic CrdiloeT afxazeTSi omis Semdeg ru-seTidan Camovida sacxovreblad, mxolod rusulad la-parakobs; 4) afxazuri ena SezRuduli moxmarebis (rogorc raodenobrivad, ise xarsixobrivad) enad iqca.

multienobriobis neitralur fenomenad ganxilva SeuZ-le belia misi, rogorc koleqtiuri identobis mafor mi-rebeli umniSvnelovanesi komponentis, funqciidan gamom-dinare. rogorc aRniSnavs joSua fiSmeni (Fishman, 1968: 60) lingvisturi heterogenuloba, SemTxvevaTa umravlesoba-Si, xels uwyobs premodernuli Sexedulebebis gamyarebas adamianTa erTobebSi, ekonomikur dezintegracias, xels uSlis ideologiur da politikur stabilurobas, aqve i-Tebs ganaTlebisa da Semosavlis dones. igive fiSmeni enob-riv homogenuroba/heterogenurobas korelaciaSi aq cevs mTlian Sida produqtTan – rac metad homogenuria (enis Tval saz risiT) erToba, miT ufro didi moculobisaa mTli-

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ani Sida produqti da piriqiT, rac metad daqsaqsulia er-Toba enis TvalsazrisT, miT dabali ganviTarebisaa igi. me dia, mimdinare procesebis mediaciiT, varaudobs, rom lin gvisturi homogenurobis procesi afxazeTSi ar wa ri-marTeba afxazuri enis dominantobis sasargeblod da ga naT-lebisa da ganviTarebis enad rusuli ena iqceva. rusuli ena ki maSin iqceva centrad, roca afxazebi Tavadve aRiareben TavianT enas periferiulad da meorexarisxovnad.

mokavSireoba da konfliqti. mediur masalebSi afxa-ze Tis ruseTisadmi mibmulobis maRal xarisxs bevri ana li-tikosi da istorikosi ori faqtoriT xsnis: 1) miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi afxazeTis istoriaSi yvelaze didi dam-pyrobelia, mainc ruseTis imperiis erovnulma politikam Camouyaliba Crdilokavkasiel xalxebs (maT Soris – afxa-zebs) swrafva saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisken; 2) rusuli ena, rogorc ufro maRali kulturis mqone eris ena, rogorc gabatonebuli klasis, elitis diskursis ga-mom xatveli, afxazebisTvis gravitaciul centrad (`bed ni-erebis sakuTar Sinagan centrad~ – maZinisa da herderise-u li konotacia enisa, citirebuli entoni smitis mier (1981: 45)) iqca. mediaSi gadmocemuli faqtebi, movlenebi, tendenciebi, rusi da afxazi politikosebis gancxadebebi, aqcentirebuli samxedro, agresiuli, diplomatiurad aneqsiuri qmedebebi erTmniSvnelovnad uCvenebs, rom ru-seTisa da afxazeTis urTierToba ar SeiZleba movaqcioT klasikuri `mokavSireobis~ formatSi. mediur konteqstSi ruseTi metropoliaa, afxazeTi – misi periferia, sadac metropoliuri signalebis adgilobrivi gaJRereba da in-terpretacia xdeba; ruseTi meurvea, proteqtoria, afxa-zeTi – misi proteJe; rom ruseTma afxazeTi gamoacxada sa-kuTar iuridiul sivrced, yovelgvari garantiebis gareSe afxazebisTvis.

fraziT, romelic afxazeTis de-faqto prezidentma TurqeTSi vizitisas Tqva, sergei baRafSma ruseTi da af-xazeTi Tavisdauneburad daalaga dominatoba-subor dina-ciis vertikalze mxareebis poziciebis saxeldebiT: `xan-daxan informaciis masobriv saSualebebSi vrceldeba cru

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in formacia afxazeTis Sesaxeb, romelic xels uSlis inves-ti ciebis mozidvas. saqme iqamdec dadis, rom weren ruseTis mier afxazeTis dapyrobis Sesaxeb, rom afxazeTi ruseTis gubernia gaxda~ (xazgasma Cemia – x. m.; `apsnipresi~, 2011 wlis 8 aprili, http://apsnypress.info/newsw/2938.html); an: `Cven ramdenime saxelmwifom gvaRiara, pirveli maT Soris iyo ruseTi – msoflios udidesi saxelmwifo~ (iqve, xazgasma Cemia – x.m.). udidesi-amRiarebelTa Soris upirvelesi – dampyrobladac ki aRqmuli – superlatiuri konotaciebis es jaWvi, Tundac maTi uaryofis mizniT warmoTqmuli (mag-ram am SetyobinebaSi erTi Zalian `myvirala~ pragmatikuli erTeulia – `xels uSlis~) qmnis Rrma mniSvnelobebs ru-seT-afxazeTis urTierTobis Sesaxeb, rac SeumCneveli arc Turqul mxares darCeboda. mediur nimuSebSi TurqeTi ga-nixileba rogorc afxazebis mier potenciur mokavSired aRqmuli saxelmwifo, Tumca am mokavSireobis diapazoni hi-poTetur zogadmuslimanur solidarobaze Sors ver midis TviT afxazeTis politikuri elitis diskursSic ki. Tumca Turqi analitikosebi varaudobdnen, rom is faqti, rom TurqeTis mTavrobam samkurnalod Casul baRafSs afxazur diasporasTan (eTnikuri niSniT Seqmnil asociaciebTan `ka-fedTan~ da `afhazfedTan~ Sexvedris ufleba misca, iyo garkveuli signali mokavSireobaze TanxmobisTvis.

Crdilokavakasielebis, rogorc afxazebis monaTe sa ve eTnikuri jgufebis erTobliobis, mokavSireoba, rom leb-mac TavianTi loialoba afxazebis mimarT 1992-1993 wleb Si afxazeTis omSi afxazTa mxares meomrobiT daadastu res, Cvens mier ganxiluli periodis mediaSi winaaRmdegobri vad aris reprezentirebuli. erTis mxriv, kodorSi mimdi nare movlenebi, procesebi gadmoicema im informaciebis fon ze, romlebic warmoaCenen Crdilokavkasielebis mzadyofnas da solidarobas, daexmaron afxaz moZmeebs, magram, meores mxriv, xSiria publikaciebi imis Sesaxeb, rom omma CeCneTSi (romelic qronologiurad afxazeTis oms mohyva), osur-inguSurma konfliqtma (romelic, eqspertebis umravleso-bis azriT, qarTul-osuri konfliqtis gagrZeleba iyo), ase ve Crdilokavakasieli boevikebis calkeuli jgufebis

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mza obam da qmedebebma, ibrZolon ara tomobrivi solida-robis, aramed angarebis gamo, erTdroulad ramdenime Tan-xvedri mimarTulebis veqtori aamoqmeda, ramac afxazebisa da Crdilokavkasielebis mokavSireoba daaviwrova am uka-nas knelTa savaraudo monawileobamde mxolod saomari qme-de bebisas.

is saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac afxazeTis damoukideb-loba aRiares, mediaSi ar ganixilebian realur, daintere-sebul mokavSireebad.

rac Seexeba konfliqts, mediur nimuSebSi igi mxolod saqarTvelosTan da qarTvelebTan aris gamoxatuli urTi-erTobis, identobis yvela doneze. Cvens mier ganxiluli periodis yvela Setyobineba adasturebs, rom afxazebis Tvis miuRebelia rogorc qarTvelebTan samoqalaqo identoba (erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeobriobis doneze), aseve saer-To kulturis, warsulis, istoriis, erToblivi socialu-ri praqtikis gaziarebuli gancda. media gadmoscems mrav-lobiT Setyobinebas imis Sesaxeb, rom afxazeTSi `axali, namdvili, oficialuri istoria~ iwereba – rasakvirvelia, qarTvelebis gareSe da maTi ugulebelyofiT. anu, afxazu-ri nacionalizmi, XIX saukuneSi gaCenili evropuli da XX saukunis damlevis qarTuli nacionalizmebis msgavsad, Te-murobis principiT xelmZRvanelobs: Txzavs eris isto ri-as, romelic `Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi struqturiT araf riT gansxvavdeba pirvelyofili da arqauli Temebis miTebis-gan~ (giorgi maisuraZe, `Caketili sazogadoeba da misi da-rajebi~, 2011).

Tanabari uflebebi wevrebisTvis. mediaSi maRali rep -rezentatulobiT aris warmodgenili uflebebis legalu-ri da faqtobrivi, politikuri koniunqturiT ganpiro be-buli Selaxva eTnikuri da socialuri niSniT: a) qar Tveli devnilebis afxazeTSi darCenili qonebisadmi uka nono, wi na aRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba; b) erTobis wev rebis na wi lis diskriminacia eTnikuri niSniT, rogorc eko no mi-kuri saqmianobis subieqtebisa; g) diskriminaciuli samar-Tleb rivi baza devnilebis dasabruneblad, magali Tad, mi-ye nebuli zaralis anazRaureba – samSobloSi dabrunebaze

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uaris Tqmis sanacvlod; an qarTveli devnilebis datove-buli qonebis diskriminaciuli xelaxali regis tracia (`eT nikuri wmendis meore etapi, afxazeTis TviT ga moc xa-debuli respublikis xeliuflebam kerZo sakuTrebis xe-la xali registacia daiwyo~ (`rezonansi~, 20 maisi, 2005); aseve im adamianebis CauTvleloba devnilebad, vinc mo-nawileobas saomar qmedebebSi iRebda (im motivaciis ga uT-valiswineblad, Tu ram aaRebina xelSi iaraRi am adamians); d) nebarTva eTnikurad qarTveli devnilebis mxolod gal-Si dabrunebaze; d) xelisuflebis mier nebadarTuli da waxalisebuli (dausjeli) reketi araafxazur anklavSi; e) jgufuri, organizebuli araloialoba adgilobrivi eT-nikuri somxebis mimarT.

sergei baRafSis qvemoT moyvanili sityvebi adastu-rebs, rom afxazeTis adamianuri erTobisTvis araviTari ga ma Ta nab rebeli moqalaqeobrivi (eTnikur crurwmenebze amaR le buli) faqtori teritoriuli mobilobisa da ufleb-rivi Tanasworobis mxriv ar arsebobs, ufro metic: poli ti-kuri diskursi krZalavs am gaTanabrebulobas: `qar Tve li devnilebis Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelovnad vityvi: isini dab run-dnen galis raionSi da agrZeleben dabrunebas. rac Seexeba maT dabrunebas afxazeTis sxva raionebsa da qalaqebSi – es ar moxdeba. kmara (rusulad – ̀ Все!~). istoriam gansaja, isto-ri am gagvyo da sxva mocemuloba ar arsebobs. imitom ki ara, rom Cven sastiki xalxi varT da ar gvesmis maTi tragediisa, vinc aqedan wavida, aramed imitom, rom istoriis ukuRma Semobruneba SeuZlebelia. es – axali omia. es arasdros moxdeba (15 noemberi, 2004 weli, `apsnipresi~). is garemoeba, rom eTnikurad arafaxazi adamianebis teritoriuli mobi-loba da uflebrivi Tanasworoba politikuri diskursis mier safrTxis Semcvelad ganixileba, miuTiTebs am diskursis viwro (intenciurad) moxmarebis bunebaze da afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebis arasaxelmwifoebriv cnobierebaze, miT umetes, rom afxazeTi ar aris eTnikurad erTgvarovani qar Tveli devnilebis gareSec. politikuri diskursi sak-maod saxifaTo proeqciebs qmnis sxva eTnikuri jgufebis war momadgenelebisTvisac, rac seriozulad aqveiTebs er-

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Tobis integrirebulobis xarisxs. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom qarTul mediaSi saerTod ar Cans afxazuri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis damokidebuleba da Zalisxmeva erTobis wev-re bis Tvis Tanabari uflebebis uzrunvelsa yofad, an Tun-dac sa zo gadoebrivi prioritetebi, raze da fuZnebul er To bas aniWebs afxazeTis arasaxelisuflebo elita da in-te li gen cia upiratesobas (saerTo Temur warmomavlobaze Tu garkveuli interesebis Tanxvedraze), rogoria maTi az riT `samoqalaqo SeTanxmebis~ safuZveli, ro melze day-rdno biTac moxdeba afxazi sazogadoebis konsolidacia. qarTuli media ar interesdeba sakiTxiT, rogor uyu rebs afxazTa moqalaqeobrivad moazrovne Tundac mcirericxo-vani jgufi am Temur Tu TemTaSoris erTobaSi arsebul im dapirispirebas, romelic samoqalaqo omis Tu ara, mas-Staburi samoqalaqo konfliqtis potencials Seicavs.

politikuri diskursiT ganpirobebul kvazisa xelmwi foebriv atributebad mediaSi ori ram aris war mod ge ni-lia: a) arCevnebi; b) jarSi gawveva da jaris fun qci o ni re ba. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul mediaSi rep rezen ti re bu li afxazuri arCevnebi Tavisuflebisa da samar Tliano bis Tval-saz risiT Zalian xSirad seriozuli xar vezebis mqone pro-cesis saxes iRebs, aseve xSiria mi Ti Teba imaze, rom af xazebs kanonebsac rusebi uweren, rep re zentaciis es kuTxe gav le-nas ver axdens arCevnebze, rogorc faqtze da xalxis ne ba ze.

zemoT ganxiluli mediaSi reprezentirebuli calkeuli indeqsebis sistemurad ganxilva ramdenime daskvnis gamo-tanis saSualebas gvaZlevs:

• afxazuri politikuri diskursi mimarTulia ara af-xa zeTis, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos, Ca mo-ya libebaze, aramed mxaris usafrTxoebis uz run vel-yofaze. erovnuli identobis sakiTxebis per ma nentuli mibma erov nul usafrTxoebaze adas turebs xangrZliv krizisul periods `de-faqto damou ki-deblobisTvis~; afxazeTis po litikur diskurss qmnis `ori agresoris diskursi~: `patara agresoris (saqarTvelos) demonizeba~ da `SiSi da mowiweba didi agresoris (ruseTis) winaSe~.

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• afxazeTis mosaxleobis struqturaSi Semavali eTni-kuri jgufebis erTmaneTisgan izolirebuloba, er-Tobis wev rebis araTanabari uflebebi, ekonomiku ri/sameurneo de zin tegracia, urTierTSiSi, undoblo-ba, mravalenovaneba safrTxes afxazebis, araTu ro-gorc eris, aramed rogorc teritoriasTan asocire-buli eTnosis, arsebobasac ki; `afxazeTis de-faqto saxelmwifo teritoria~ ar aRiqmeba `warmosaxviT samSoblod~ TviT politikuri elitis wev re bis mier maT strategiul politikur komunikaciaSi;

• realuria safrTxe, rom afxazeTSi, sazogadoebis nac vlad, Seiqmnas calkeuli daqsaqsuli eTnikuri da enob rivi jgufebisa da Temebis simravle.

• erTobis valdebuleba, romelsac politikuri dis-kur si Tavs axvevs, ar aris am erTobis realurad Semakav Sirebeli Zala.

ganxiluli wyaroebis: `rezonansisa~ da `kviris palit-ris~ gamomcemlebis, redaqtorebisa da Jurnalistebis, Car -Tuli mediaeqspertebis mosazrebebis ucodinrad SeuZle-belia dasabuTebuli msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, ramdenad wi nas war gan zraxuli da propagandistulia afxazeTis da-mo uki deblobis saxis Cveneba, rogorc identobis pre mo-dernuli proeqtisa, neokolonializmis gamokveTili niS-nebiT. miT umetes, rom Cvens mier warmoCenili aqcentebi da das kvnebi ar warmoadgens araTu meinstrimul, aramed divergenciul politikur da mediur diskurssac ki. spe-cifikuri mniSvnelobebis mqone mediur Setyobinebebze midevnebam, maTma sistematizebam SesaZlebloba mogvca, ga mogvekveTa Zalian mniSvnelovani erovnul-identobiTi as peqtebi afxazeTis damoukideblobisa, romlebic, erTi SexedviT latenturia, Tumca, Sesabamisi kodebis gaxsnis SemTxvevaSi advilad aqtualizebadi xdeba. riT SeiZleba aixsnas am Sinaarsobrivi kodebis moxvedra mediur Sina-arsSi? upirvelesad imiT, rom nebismieri informacia, ro-melic negatiuri mniSvnelobis matarebelia afxazeTis damo u kideblobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tanabrad ipyrobs sazo ga doebis, politikosebisa da mediis yuradRebas; es

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ne ga tiuri (afxazur garemoSi) kodebi pozitiur kode bad transformirdeba qarTul realobaSi: es ar aris pri mi-tiuli formula `rac cudia afxazisTvis – kargia qar Tve-lisTvis~, aramed amgvari mediaciiT yalibdeba mat rica: afxazeTi, rogorc Seumdgari damoukidebeli er Toba, isev `qar Tul warmosaxviT sivrces~ ubrundeba. me ore mi-zezi aris integraciuli politikuri procesebis mar cxi. dezintegraciuli, warumatebeli (qarTvelTaTvis) poli-ti kuri procesis mediacia wonasworobis wertils iTxovs da gamawonasworebeli elementis funqcias afxazeTis, ro-gorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos, Seumdgarobis mediacia (Tundac, araintenciuri) iTavsebs.

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galis drama,anu maradiuli mZevlebi

mediasistemis kuTvnilebaSi myofi `gali~ politiku-rad damuxtuli dramis adgilia. Sida mediuri dakveTa ga-lis reprezentaciaze aseTia: `qarTuli drama~ unda Se-narCundes, muxti ar unda daikargos (ix. cxrili danarTSi 5). mTeli ganxiluli periodis ganmvalobaSi galidan erTi da imave Tematuri kuTxis, erTi tonalobis, erTsa da imave efeqtze gaTvlili informaciebi gadmoicema, da efeqtis dagegmili buneba ukve publikaciis hedlainebidan (saTa-uri, qvesaTauri, foto) ganmeorebadi lingvisturi stimu-lebiT mJRavndeba. àfxazebma da rusebma galidan 30 mZe va li aiyvanes~ (`rezonansi~,16 ianvari, 2002), `samur zaya noSi qarTvelebze nadiroba grZeldeba~ (`rezonansi~, 24 oqtomberi, 2002); àfxazebma omis damTavrebis Semdeg galSi 17000 mSvidobiani mosaxle daxvrites~ (`rezonan-si~, 1 noemberi, 2002); `qarTvelebi afxazebs xarkis saxiT 50 kilo Txils uxdian~ (`rezonansi~, 26 noemberi, 2002); `238 mkvleloba or welSi da `klasikuri aparteidi~; `Tbilisi galSi saerTaSoriso policiis amoqmedebas mo iTxovs~ (`re zonansi~, 27 maisi, 2005); ̀ afxazeTis or gzis gmiri aafeTqes~ (`rezonansi~, 28 noemberi, 2005); `ratom iRupebian eTnowmendaSi monawile afxazeTis gmi rebi gaurkvevel vi Ta-rebaSi?~ (`rezonansi~, 29 noemberi, 2005); ̀ galSi qarTvelebs isev arbeven~ (`kviris pa litra~, 12 dekemberi, 2005); àfxazi policielebi naR mze afeTqdnen~ (`kviris palitra~, 28 noemberi, 2005); `qar Tvelebs galSi aRar uSveben~ (`kvi-ris palitra~, 14 no em beri, 2005); àr ilaparako qar Tulad, Torem~ (`kviris pa litra~, 11 dekemberi, 2006); `gal-Si iZulebiTi pas portizacia gaaprotestes~ (`kviris pa lit ra~, 30 ianvari, 2006); àfxazeTSi faSizmi mZvinva-rebs~ (`kviris pa litra~, 17 seqtemberi, 2007); `35 galeli axal gazrda afxazebis tyveobaSi rCeba~ (`rezonansi~, 9 ian vari, 2008): `galelebs raionis datovebas aiZuleben~ (`kvi ris palitra~, 29 seqtemberi, 2009); `separatistebma 50

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ojaxi dasajes~ (`kviris palitra~, 2 marti, 2009); `galis raionis pedagogebs ultimatumis vada amoewuraT~ (`kvi ris palitra~, 16 Tebervali, 2009); `rusebi aRa ravis in doben~ (`kviris palitra~, 2 Tebervali, 2009); `soxumis xe lis uf-lebas dagegmili aqvs, galis raions av tonomia mianiWos~ (`rezonansi~, 14 maisi, 2005) an ganmeorebadi sezonuri te-roris (Txilis, mandarinis mo savlis gamo) amsaxveli mra-vali informacia. [xazgasma yvel gan Cemia – x. m.].

yvela sxva procesis amsaxveli mediuri nimuSebisagan gansxvavebiT, TiToeuli Setyobineba galidan an galSi mim-dinare movlenebis Sesaxeb agebulia modelze `Setyobine-ba SetyobinebaSi~ (roca Setyobinebis mTeli Sinaarsi gan-pirobebulia erTi sakvanZo sityviT. magaliTad, igive: `sa murzayanoSi qarTvelebze nadiroba grZeldeba~. aq gali, misi qarTulobis dasadastureblad moxseniebulia misi istoriuli saxelwodebiT `samurzayano~; afxazTa mxridan galelebis mimarT ganxorcielebul qmedebas sis-xli ani saxeli `nadiroba~ ewodeba, xolo sityva `grZeldeba~ Zaladobis uwyvet bunebaze mianiSnebs; an sityva `xarki~ TavisTavad xdis naTels, ris safasurad inarCuneben galeli qarTvelebi TavianT saxlebSi cxovrebis ufle-bas). konotaciurad es aris diskriminaciisa da moZalade-msxverplis urTierTobis, uucxoobis, `afxazTaTvis saSi-Sobis~ aRmniSvnelebis uwyveti jaWvi. am aRmniSvnelebis ganmeorebadoba da gamoyenebis sixSire zrdis dramis efeqts da amyarebs ramdenime damkvidrebul Sexedulebas: a) Sexedulebas galze, rogorc `Zalian zust Secdomaze~, romelic qarTvelebma da afxazebma erTad dauSves: `saqar-TvelosTvis gali saqarTveloa, magram ratomRac af xa-ze Tis SemadgenlobaSi; afxazebisTvisac gali saqar Tve-loa, magram ratomRac afxazeTis SemadgenlobaSi~; b) am ya rebs mosazrebas, rom afxazeTis xelisuflebas gal-Si sa moqmedod mxolod erTi alternativa aqvs: an `See gu-os~ galis `qarTulobas~, an ZaliT moerios mas. miuxe da-vad imisa, rom galis `qarTulobasTan~ Seguebis poli tika mediur reprezentaciaSi bevrad ufro farTo da mraval-waxnagian cnebad aris warmoCenili, vidre eTnikur niadag-

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ze Cadenili kriminalis an mizanmimarTuli eTnikuri niS niT diskriminaciis lokaluri alagmvaa, igi, ro gorc po li-tikuri arCevani, Zalian SezRudul opcionebs mo i cavs. `Segueba~ iZulebiTi nabijia – afxazeTis de-faq to xe li-suf leba garkveuli politikuri sargeblis (saer Ta So ri-so Tanamegobrobis TvalSi humanurad da kanon mor Ci lad warmoCena da galelebis perspeqtiuli `gaafxazeba~, anu eTnikuri afxazebis raodenobrivad gazrda) gamo Tan-xmdeba devnilebis dabrunebaze galSi, Tumca icis, rom 50 aTasi eTnikuri qarTveli mas sakmaod did problemebs Se-uq mnis; iZulebas `Seguebaze~ is Zaladobrivi, zedmetad ad mi nis traciuli xerxebiT, xandaxan Zalis gamoyenebiTac ki pasuxobs. Zaladoba ki sapasuxo Zaladobas warmoSobs (magaliTad igive publikaciebi moviyvanoT: àfxazeTis or gzis gmiri aafeTqes~ (`rezonansi~, 28 noemberi, 2005); `ra tom iRupebian eTnowmendaSi monawile af xa ze Tis gmirebi gaurkvevel viTarebaSi?~ (`rezonansi~, 29 no em be ri, 2005); àfxazi policielebi naRmze afeT qdnen~ (`kvi ris pa litra~, 28 noemberi, 2005). devnilebis faq tob riv dab-ru nebas win molaparakebebis xangrZlivi da mravalpiro-bi ani da mravalkomponentiani procesi uZRvis. mediis mi er ga mok veTili erT-erTi aqcenti aris dabru ne bis ad-gi lad mxolod galis da dasabrunebelTa Soris mxo lod ga le li devnilebis aRiarebis politikuri mizanSewo ni-le ba. `karg~ da `cud~ devnilebad dayofa afxazuri poli-ti ku ri diskursis mier seriozuli ganxeTqilebis sagnad SeiZleba iqces Tavad devnilTa TemSi da galelebis, ro-gorc àfxazebisTvis misaRebi qarTvelebis~ marginalize-ba gamoiwvios. meore problemuri aqcenti, romelsac me dia akeTebs, Seexeba gadaulaxav gaucxoebas, romelic dab ru ne-bul galelebsa da afxazebs Soris arsebobs. ras emsaxureba es dabruneba? mxolod imis Cvenebas, rom am gaucxoebuli adamianebis erTad cxovreba SeuZlebelia? Tu mxolod ma-Sin gaxdeba SesaZlebeli am gaucxoebis gadalaxva (anu `Se-gueba~), Tuki afxazebi galelebs, ara qarTvelebad, aramed megrelebad, xolo gals `megrul anklavad~ moixsenieben?

`Seguebis~ politikas media didwilad galis adminis-traciis xelmZRvanels ruslan qiSmarias ukavSirebs. qiSma-

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rias komentarebi galSi momxdar Zaladobis faqtebTan da kav SirebiT, romelsac qarTuli media gadmoscems, emsa xu-re ba kriminalis eTnikuri safuZvlebis Serbilebas, SeniR-bvas da wina planze socialuri da kriminaluri faqtorebis wa mo wevas, gansakuTrebiT galis samxreT, samegrelos re gi-on Tan uSualod mosazRvre (!) nawilSi (magaliTad, `galSi afxazebsac itaceben~ (`rezonansi~, 11 ianvari, 2006).

rogorc gviCvenebs cxrili 5 (ix. danarTi), Tavisi qar-Tu li Tu ormag-identobiTi bunebis gamo gali is ad gi lia, romelzec gaaTmagebuli ZaliT proecirdeba qar Tul-af-xazur konfliqtTan asocirebul yvela deiq ti kur cen-trSi momxdari Tu Cafiqrebuli nebismieri po li ti ku ri cvli leba (Tbilisi, soxumi, kodoris xeoba, re alu ri Tu xe lov nurad provocirebuli xmebi af xa ze bis pre ten zieb-ze samegrelos teritoriis mimarT da sxva). gali mow yvla di adgilia yvela politikuri avan ti u rasa Tu pro vo ka ci is-Tvis. gali qarTveli da afxazi poli ti ko sebisTvis is avan-scenaa, romelzec nebismieri scenari SeiZleba mo isinjos.

galelebi – orive mxaris xelisuflebisTvis saarCevno resursia. baRafSis pirvel arCevas de-faqto prezidentad galSi xanmokle simSvide mohyva (`galSi qarTvelebs aRar awiokeben~, `rezonansi~, 19 marti, 2005), galis sul ufro met adgils ikavebda axali prezidentis ritorikaSi. qar-Tuli mediis mier baRafSs miewereba sityvebi: `Tu gali Cvenia, maSin rogorc saWiroa, ise mivxedoT, xolo Tu es ar SegviZlia, maSin es TqviT, da gali saqarTvelos mivceTo~ (`rezonansi~, 3 ivnisi, 2005). 2008 wlis ianvarSi galelebs apatimreben saqarTveloSi saprezidento arCevnebSi mona-wi leobis sababiT samegrelos regionis teritoriaze (`re-zonansi~, 9 ianvari, 2008). 2008 wlis agvistos omamde gali saqarTvelos xelisuflebis diskursSi ganixileboda, ro-gorc berketi, sababi, mizanSewonilobis safuZveli gar-kve uli tipis qmedebebisTvis. magaliTad, Jurnalistis Se kiT xvaze: `xom SeiZleba, Seiqmnas iseTi viTareba, rom iZu-lebuli gavxdeT, davarRvioT samSvidobo kursi?~, rein-teg raciis saxelmwifo ministri Temur iakobaSvili aseT eq stre malur viTarebad gals asaxelebs: `ra Tqma unda,

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SeiZ leba. Tu galSi aTas kacs yels gamoWrian, ver davelo-debiT aTas meerTe qarTvelis sikvdils~. (`axali 7 dRis~ yovelTviuri gamocema `sityva~, 2008, 5).

semiologiuri aspeqtis garda, galis reprezentaciis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqtia uSualod reportirebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (magaliTad, adgilis specifika da adamianebis istoriebi am adgilze). informaciis gali-dan gadmocemis faqti ukve qmnis garkveul molodins am informaciebSi reportirebuli faqtebisa da movlenebis bunebis Sesaxeb (rogorc, magaliTad, winaswar aris cnobi-li im faqtebis buneba, romlebic sasamarTls, policiis, parlamentis an saavadmyofos Senobidan gadmoicema (uol-ter lipmeni, 1922)). am istoriebSi yovelTvis miTiTebulia wyaro, isini yovelTvis uSualod TviTmxilvelebis naam bobs eyrdnobian, yovelTvis miTiTebulia monawile adamiane bis vinaoba, dro da iseTi detalebi, romlebic adasturebs, rom informacia mizanmimarTulad, `sainformacio badis~ (taCmeni, 1978) gamoyenebiT iqna mopovebuli.

media iyenebs mis xelT arsebul upiratesobas – spe ci-fikuri viTarebis gamo galisa da galelebis saxes mxolod media qmnis (socialuri garemo da personaluri gavlenebi ver cvlis da verc veranair gavlenas axdens mediis mier Seqmnil damokidebulebebze) – da monopoliurad ayalibebs `galis warmoCenis dRis wesrigs~:

galis moqceva `Sida~ qarTul sivrceSi;yvela faqtis politikuri ganpirobebuloba; faqtebis

xdomilebis motivacia, rogorc winaswarganzraxulis;faqtebis daxasiaTeba, rogorc tragediis;emociuri sakvanZo sityvis Semotana neitralur infor-

maciul tonalobaSi;galis, rogorc mediasistemis Temis, SenarCunebis auci-

lebloba.

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Tavi 2

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti – mediadiskursi da politikuri sistema

miznobrivi `qarTul-afxazuri~ mediaproeqtebi qarTul mediaSi.2004-2008 wlebi

Mmaia gogolaZe

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kampaniuri komunikaciis sirTuleebiafxazuri sakiTxis irgvliv

nebismieri konfliqtis gaSuqeba mediaSi, iqneba es Si-da saxel mwifoebrivi, saxelmwifoTaSorisi, eTniku ri, Tu sxva, dakavSirebulia sirTule eb Tan, rom lebsac qmnis me-di uri sistemis urTier Tqmede ba po litikur sis te mas Tan, romelic uSualod aris pasu xis mge beli Si da sa xel mwi foeb-rivi, sa xel mwi fo Ta So risi Tu sxva ti pis kon fliq tebis war moqmnaze, msvlelobasa da mog va re baze. me dia sis tema aris Tavisufali, araierarqi u li sazo ga do eb rivi sistema, romelic funqcionirebs sa ku Ta ri Sina gani lo gi kis Tanax-mad, sakuTari sistemur-ima nenturi we sebiT, rom lis Tvi sac ucxoa mkacrad ierar qiuli poli tikuri sis temis lo gika, dafuZnebuli gamar jveba-da mar cxebis, brZa neba-Ses ru le-bis, iZuleba-daqvem de bare bis kate go rieb ze. mediasis te mis mTavari Rirebuleba – Ta vi su fali komu ni kacia – upi ris-pir deba politikuri sis temis mTa va ri Ri re bu le bis mi er damkvidrebul mkacrad fun qci uri, kon tro li re ba di ko-munikaciis principebs. Pproblema war mo iq mneba im etap ze, roca dgeba politikuri diskursis me di a dis kur sad gar-daqmnis saWiroeba, rac politikuri sis te mis gan moiT xovs, Tavi Seikavos sakuTari principe bi sa da kode bis sxva, am Sem-TxevaSi, mediur sistemaze ganvrco bis cdu ne bis gan.

swored am sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis gaSuqebac. Ees konfliqti, rogorc Te ma aris mediasistemis kuTvnileba, rogorc movlena, xdo -mileba anu praqtikuli realoba, politikuri sistemis kuT-vnilebaa. imaze, Tu rogor moxdeba am realobis Temad da komunikaciis sagnad transformireba, damokidebulia bevri ram, upirvelesad ki is, rogor iqneba ganxorcielebuli sa-zogadoebis ufleba, miiRos zusti informacia, realobis sruli suraTi, masSi orientirebis, daskvnebis gamotanis, xed-vis Camoyalibebis, ukukavSiris ganxorcielebis saSualeba.

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis gaSuqeba qarTul medi-aSi mkveTri TavisebirebebiT xasiaTdeba, romelTaganac arc

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gazeTebis: `24 saaTisa~ da `axali 7 dRis~ qarTul-afxazu-ri konfliqtisadmi miZRvnili proeqtebia Tavisufali. qar Tul-afxazuri konfliqtis mediuri asaxvis specifika gan pirobebulia ara imdenad qarTuli mediis imanentur-sistemuri TaviseburebebiT, ramdenadac qarTul-afxazu-ri konfliqtis da, zogadad, dakarguli teritoriebis Te mis mniSvnelovnebiT qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis, qar-Tu li saxelmwifosTvis, qarTuli politikuri da sazoga-do ebrivi sistemisTvis da, Sesabamisad, mediis, rogorc mi si Semadgeneli nawilisTvis. mTavari problema imaSi mdgo ma reobs, rom afxazeTis Tema qarTul mediaSi kargavs mediuri produqciis, Jurnalisturi paradigmebis niSnebs da iZens politikuri komunikaciis niSan-Tvisebebs. igi ga-dis Tavisufali mediuri sistemis CarCoebidan da xdeba ie rarqiuli politikuri sistemis nawili. Tema imdenad mtkivneuli da mniSvnelovania, rom qarTuli media Ta vad axdens pasuxismgeblobis delegirebas politikur siste-maze. amaze metyvelebs qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Te-ma ze Seqmnili mediuri teqstebis erTferovneba, Jurna-listuri gamoxatvis formebis katastrofuli simwire, Te maturi erTferovneba. informaciis umetesi nawilis ara saku Tari, Jurnalisturi, aramed politikuri wyaroebidan mopoveba, aqtanti-komunikatorebis SerCevis specifika, Txro bis standartizebuli forma, politikuri kliSeebisa da politikuri miTebis tiraJireba.

politikuri procesebisa da konfliqtebis gaSuqebis kampaniuri xasiaTi, politikuri aqtantebisa da maTi inte-resebis prezentacia politikur mizanSewonilobaze da mo ce muli politikuri momentis saWiroebaze day rdno-biT, qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis CarTva da gamoye ne ba xelisuflebisTvis brZolis, Sidapolitikuri dapiris pi-rebis konteqstSi. anu saxezea mediis nebayoflobiTi in-strumentalizeba, politikuri sistemisadmi daqvemdeba-reba, rac gansakuTrebiT arasasurvelia konfliqtis ga Su qebisas, radgan swored medias ekisreba im Sualeduri, Ta vi sufali rgolis, im arxis roli, romliTac mxareebi er TmaneTs Setyobinebebs ugzavnian. rac ufro Ria iqne-

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ba es arxi, rac metad Tavisufali iqneba konfliqtis war-mom Sobi politikuri sistemis zegavlenisgan, miT ufro Se saZ lebeli iqneba dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris kavSi-ris ganxorcieleba, miT ufro sruli da realuri sura Ti SeeqmnebaT mxareebs erTmaneTis Sesaxeb, miT ufro adek va-turi iqneba maT mier erTmaneTisken an erTmaneTis sapiris-pi rod gadadgmuli nabijebi.

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mediuri asaxva am mxri-vac specifikuria. gazeTebis: `24 saaTisa~ da `axali 7 dRis~ mediur proeqtebSi, romlebic qarTul-afxazur kon fliq-tebs aSuqeben, komunikacia xorcieldeba qarTuli mxa ris mier qarTuli mxarisTvis. saxezea asimetriuli komuni ka-cia, romelSic afxazuri mxare mwirad aris warmodgenili rogorc aqtanti-komunikatori, rogorc informaciis wya-ro, da naklebad aris moazrebuli, rogorc mimRebi. amgva-rad minimumamdea dayvanili mediebis, rogorc mxareebs Soris komunikaciis arxis, komunikaciis saSualebis, fun-qcia, rasac, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi aqvs.

kampaniuri komunikacia politikuri sakomunikacio stra te giis erT-erTi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. mi si fun qciaa miznad dasaxuli politikuri qmedebis sain-for macio uzrunvelyofis xangrZlivi procesis warmar-Tva. Ppirvel etapze xdeba Temis wamoweva, misi aqtualizeba nebis mieri sababiT, momdevno etapze – konkretuli qmede-bis auci leb lobis dasabuTeba nebismieri, maT Soris, propa-gan distuli meTodebiT da arakeTilsindisieri argumen-tiT komunikatorTa SeZlebisdagvarad farTo wris mier. me same etapi eTmoba ganxorcielebuli politikuri qmede-bis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis informirebas, momxdaris dadebiTi efeq tebis da sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani Sedegebis demon-stri rebas, ris Semdegac Tema ikargeba sainformacio siv-rcidan, rogorc amowuruli, iseve swrafad, rogorc gaCnda.

gazeT `24 saaTis~ proeqtSi `Tqveni afxazeTi~ ramdeni-me aseT kampanias vxvdebiT. afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos Tav mjdo ma ris winaaRmdeg warmoebuli kampania swored ase Ti ko munikaciis klasikuri nimuSia. ltolvilTa SimSi-lo bis sa ba biT xdeba Temis aqtualizeba, romelsac mohyve-

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ba aqtanti komunikatorTa mier politikuri sivrci dan ga say vani figuris diskreditireba yovelgvari faq tob ri-vi dasabuTebis gareSe, misi usafuZvlo mxileba fsev do-pat riotizmSi, farisevlobaSi, korufciaSi, partizanTa dev naSi, `CaSvebasa~ da likvidaciaSi TanamonawileobaSi, msof lios mier qarTvelTa genocidis aRiarebis procesis gaWianurebaSi da a.S. Tavdasxmebis simZafre da intensovoba izrdeba da mas Semdeg, rac nadareiSvili arc Tu am kampaniis miuxedavad, fizikurad gadis politikuri siv rci dan da Sesabamisad qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis dis ku siidan, kampania iseve uecrad wydeba, rogorc daiwyo. aRaravis ainteresebs im danaSaulebebis gamoZieba, romel Sic Riad da sajarod sdebdnen brals iseTi maRali Tanam de bobis da didi gavlenis mqone pirs, rogoric iyo Tamaz nadareiSvili.

aseTive, Tumca zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT naklebad mZi-me da araeTikuri iyo kodoris xeobis zemo afxazeTad ga-mocxadebis kampania, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier pan-kisis xeobaSi ganxorcielebuli specoperacias qveyanaSi wes rigis damyarebis aucilebel RonisZiebad da gonivrul politikur nabijad warmoCena. naklebad gamoxatul, magram mainc kampaniur xasiaTs atarebda vardebis revoluciis da aWaris movlenebis afxazeTze ganvrcobis Teoriuli SesaZ-leblobis propaganda gazeT `24 saaTis~ proeqtSi.

gazeT `axal 7 dReSi~ ar gvxvdeba politikur kampaniaSi nebayoflobiTi CarTvis magaliTebi. calkeul SemTxveva Si Jurnalisti mxolod eqceva politikuri sistemis gav le-nis qveS, romelic yvela arsebuli propagandistuli saS u a-lebiT cdilobs movlenebis ganviTarebis misTvis sasurve li modelis inscenirebas. Pwarmatebuli inscenirebis ze gav-lena garkveulwilad aisaxeba gazeTis publikaziebis sa er-To tonalobaze. am mediasaSualebaSi Jurnalisti ar aris ne it raluri, magram igi cdilobs, iyos obieqturi da zusti.

radgan ganxorcielebuli proeqtis farglebSi gamoye-nebuli masalebis udidesi nawili intervius, monologis an dialogis JanrSia, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens ko mu-nikatoris faqtori: vin SemohyavT gamocemebs qar Tul-af-xazuri konfliqtis diskursSi da vis xdian mis monawiled?

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gazeT `24 saaTis~ proeqtSi `Tqveni afxazeTi~ aqcen-ti komunikatorebis sakmaod mravalferovani speqtria war mod genili. Eeseni arian rogorc afxazeTidan devni li qar Tvelebi, aseve pirebi, romlebic ar arian afxaze Tis mkvid rni, magram realurad monawileobdnen kon fliq teb-Si: mebrZolebi, samxedro meTaurebi, poli ti ko sebi, sa xel-mwifo moxeleebi, romlebic iRebdnen gadaw yve ti le bebs da gavlenas axdendnen konfliq tis msvlelobaze. Kko mu-nikatorebad gamodian aseve pire bi, romelTac kon fliqti uSualod ar Sexebia: eqsper te bi, diplomatebi, saer Ta So-riso sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi.

proeqtSi monawile komunikatorTa 70% swored pir vel kategorias ganekuTvneba, 30% – meores. rogorc pir vel, aseve meore Kkategoriis komunikatorebs sxvadasxva so ci-aluri mdgomareoba aqvT. maT 19%-s Seadgenen saxel mwi fo moxeleebi, Cinovnikebi, funqcionirebi, 81%-s ki sazoga-doebis warmomadgenlebi, mecnierebi, kulturis muSakebi, rigiTi moqalaqeebi, arasamTavrobo seqtoris eqspertebi, eqspertebi, romlebic politikur saqmianobas ewevian, mag-ram ar arian xelisuflebaSi.

proeqtSi warmodgenilia sul ramdenime komunikatori, romelic afxazur mxares warmoadgens. rusul mxares war-moadgens ruseTis elCi saqarTveloSi, vladimer Cxik viS-vili, da erTi anonimi komunikatori, saqarTveloSi dis-lo cirebuli samSvidobo jaris rusi oficeri. gazeT `24 saaTis~ proeqtSi ukiduresad iSviaTad gvevlineba gazeTis warmomadgeneli Jurnalisti damoukidebel komunikato-rad anu komunikatorad, romelic gamoxatavs sakuTar azrs qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Sesaxeb, sTavazobs mkiT-xvels sakuTriv mis mier mopovebul Jurnalistur masalas, sakuTar originalur Temas an problemis xedvas.

am mxriv ramdenadme gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa ga-zeT `axali 7 dRis~ publikaciebSi. Jurnalisti bevrad uf-ro xSirad gamodis damoukidebeli komunikatoris rol Si, gamoxatavs sakuTar pozicias, gamoTqvams kritikul damo-kidebulebas politikuri procesebisa da masSi monawile aqtivebisadmi, ismis sakuTriv Jurnalistis xma, romelic

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cdilobs iyos sakuTari diskursis Semqmneli subieqti. Tumca gazeT `axali 7 dRis~ publikaciebs aseve axasiaTebs politikuri diskursis dominireba mediur diskursze, rac gamoixateba Jurnalisturi gamoxatvis formebis simwiriT, Tematuri da enobrivi erTferovnebiT, Sinaarsobrivi da enobrivi politikuri kliSeebis tiraJirebiT, sakuTari in formaciis, Jurnalisturi kvlevis naklebobiT. orive me diasaSualebaSi qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis gaSuqebi-sas naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba an srulad gamoricxeba sagamoZiebo Jurnalisturi paradigma. Yyvela es niSanTvi-seba metyvelebs swored mediuri sistemidan gasvlaze, Jur-nalistikis, rogorc paradigmis, ugulebelyofaze, uaris Tqmaze Jurnalistikis mTavar principze – asaxos mraval-saxovani, mravalwaxnagovani, mravalSriani realoba, misi sruli suraTi, rac SesaZlebelia mxolod Janrobrivi mra-valferovnebiT da miuwvdomelia mxolod intervius, mo-nologis an dialogis formiT. ra Tqma unda, interviu Jur-nalisturi Janria, magram intervius iseTi intensovobiT gamoyeneba, rogorsac Cvens mier gansaxilvel praqtikaSi vxvdebiT, imaze metyvelebs, rom mediasistemas esaWiroeba da iyenebs am Janris gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs, romelic ar aqvT sxva Janrebs. intervius unikaluri Janrobrivi Tvisebebi ki swored imaSia, rom is iZleva komunikatoris mier TviTreprezentaciis, sakuTari partikularuli Tu in-sti tuciuri interesebis tiraJirebis, sakuTari in for ma-ciis gavrcelebis, modelirebuli analizis, gansaz Rvruli garemoebebis gverdis avlis, sakuTari pozi ciebis gamya re-bis SesaZleblobas. swored amitom gamoiyeneba interviu ase intensiurad sazogadoebriv urTierTobebsa da politikur komunikaciaSi. intervius Janris aseTi intensivobiT ga-moyeneba gansakuTrebiT aviwrovebs Jurnalisturi diskur-sis sazRvrebs maSin, roca Jurnalists, rogorc amas gazeT `24 saaTis~ proeqtSi vxvdebiT, ar aqvs sakuTari xma im SemTxvevaSic, roca gazeTi iyenebs dialogis formas. gazeT `24 saaTis~ dialogebSi komunikatorTa xmebi, maTi identuri, msagavsi Tu gansxvavebuli poziciebi, ar aris gaSualedebuli Jurnalistis mier mediaciis an sakuTari azris gamoTqmis mcdelobiT.

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gazeT `axal 7 dReSi~ komunikatorebad umeteswilad (95%-ze meti) gvevlinebian sazogadoebis warmomadgen le-bi: eqspertebi, politologebi, saxelmwifo-instituciuri ierarqiisgan Tavisufali politikosebi, mecnierebi, li-teraturisa da xelovnebis sferos warmomadgenlebi. Tum-ca TviT qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis gaSuqebis obieq-turi Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nebismieri ko munikatori, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, TiTqos neba-yof lobiT iqceva politikuri diskursis nawilad, iTvi-sebs mis Tematur, enobriv standartebs. afxazeTidan dev-ni li rigiTi moqalaqe, eqsperti, mwerali, politikosi da fun qcioneri, rogorc komunikatirebi, bevriT araf riT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. Tanabaria maTi cxo ve li in-teresi da CarTuloba qarTul-afxazuri konfliq tis gan-xilva-gaazrebaSi; mis gadawyvetaSi uSu a lo mona wi leobis sur vili, kom pe tenturobis donis miuxe davad; yo vel maT-gans, iqneba es eqsperti, studenti Tu mwe ra li, aqvs kon-fliq tis gadaWris sakuTari gegma, yoveli maT gani dar-wmunebulia, rom swored misi xedva da gegma aris swo ri da utyuari, yoveli maTgani xistad upirispirdeba gan sxva ve-buli xedvis da poziciis mqone mxares. anu saxezea po li ti-kuri diskursis Zireuli principi – dapirispirebis, Zle vis, damarcxeba-gamarjvebis modeli, romlisganac arc Jur na-lis ti-komunikatorebi arian Tavisufali.

gazeT `24 saaTis~ proeqtSi sxvadasxva tipis komunika-torebi, iqneba es akademiuri sferos warmomadgeneli, af xa zeTis universitetis profesori, Temur CilaCava, fun qci o neri politikosi zurab erqvania, eqsperti-kon-fliq to logi giorgi xuciSvili Tu Jurnalisti zaza fa Cu aSvili, erTnairad arian CarTulebi garkveuli po-li ti kuri Zalebis mier Zalauflebis mopovebis an daT-mo bis procesis mediur da sainformacio uzrunvel yo fis procesSi. proeqtis `Tqveni afxazeTis~ ko mu ni ka tor Ta 75%-ze meti Sesabamis droiT periodebSi swo red af xa ze Tis TemiT erTveba vardebis revoluciis mom za debis, mxar da-Weris, gamarjvebisa da mis Sedegad mosu li xelisuflebis nebismieri qmedebis gamarTlebis kam pa niaSi. politikur

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dis kurss daqvemdebarebuli komuni ka to rebis umravle-so bis enobrivi wyoba, leqsika da Setyo bi nebis emociuri Se fe riloba umetes SemTxvevaSi iden tu ria. maTi, ro gorc komu ni katoris, mizani ki aris ara mkiTxvelis infor mi-re ba, aramed personis an politikuri jgufis TviT rep-re zentacia, maTi poziciis agresiuli gamoxatva. Sida po-litikuri dapirispirebisasAam tipis komuni ka torebis ena xdeba agresiuli, metaforuli, gadat vir Tuli bundovani qveteqstebiTa da konkretuli poli ti kuri mowodebebiT. xolo konfliqtis mogvarebis sagareo konteqstsa da me-qanizmze, an uSualod afxazur mxareze saubrisas ma Ti Set-yobinebis ena aris sqematuri, ganzogadebuli, abstraqtuli da rigiduli. aseTi komuni ka ciuri standartis nimuSs war-moadgens zurab erqvanias publikacia – ìluzia, rea lo ba, perspeqtiva~. Kkomunikatori gvamcnobs axali sazoga do-eb rivi moZraobis – `samoqalaqo mSvidoba~ – dafuZnebas, romlis Tavmjdomarec TviTon aris, mis miznebs da amo ca-nebs, moqmedebis mimarTulebebs. komunikatori politikur mowinaaRmdeged miiCnevs arsebul xelisuflebas (Sevardna-Zis xelisufleba) da amxels mis ùniWo strategias~ kon-fliqtis mogvarebis sakiTxSi. Ppolitikur oponentebs, ro melTac konkretulad ar asaxelebs, moixseniebs `vai po litikosebad~, òdiozur figurebad~. maT politikur saq mianobas ki ase afasebs: `demagogia, farisevloba, nacar-qeqioba, layboba, ampartavneba, faruli egoizmi...~ maT mi-marT komunikatori xSir SemTxvevaSi iyenebs bundovan me-taforebs, magaliTad: `cxenze Semjdari toreadorebi dev nilTa sasicocxlo interesebis ugulebelyofiT cecxls eTa ma Sebian. dakarguli afxazeTis `politikuri pri va ti zeba~ dResac grZeldeba~. arsebuli xelisuf le-bisa da misi po litikis mxilebis Semdeg komunikatori warmoaCens kon fliqtis mogvarebis sakiTxSi axali sa-zogadoebrivi or ganizaciis xedvas da gegmebs. Sina ar-sobrivad sqematuri da ganzogadebuli Setyobineba gad-moicema rTuli, abstraqtuli leqsikiTa da aseve, rTuli, imavdroulad, gaumarTavi, sintaqsuri wyobiT. Set yo bi-nebis enobrivi qsovili Sedgeba globaluri politikis

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ter minologiis Semcveli, bundovani metaforebis, iste-riuli tonis da gakicxva-damunaTebis sruliad arapoli-tikuri leqsikisgan. Aagresiuli toni, ekleqturi ena da gamoxatvis sqematuri da bundovani forma gaugebars an Znelad aRsaqmels xdis mis Setyobinebas. komunikatori ki warmoCindeba, rogorc politikur brZolaSi Cabmuli aqtanti, romelsac surs oponentebis Zleva da imavdrou-lad im obieqturi komunikatoris rolis morgeba, romelic globaluri politikis RirebulebebiT xelmZRvanelobs. amgvarad, misi, rogorc komunikatoris arakompetenturoba ukargavs sandoobas mis Setyobinebas da efeqturobas mis mier gamoTqmul pozicias, romelic, TavisTavad, dadebi-Ti tendenciis matarebelia da mouwodebs araZaladobis, konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebis, afxazebTan pirispiri dialogis, ndobis aRdgenisken. ganxiluli publikacia imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom masSi gamokveTili da gamZafrebu-li saxiTaa warmodgenili garkveuli tipis komunikaciaTa ena da komunikaciuri yalibi, romeliv gazeT `24 saaTis~ pro eqtSi garkveuli saxecvlilebebiT mravlad gvxvdeba. magaliTad, naklebad agresiuli, magram aseve ekleqturi, sqematuri da Camouyalibebelia 2003 wlis arCevnebis win Seqmnili jgufebis `gaerTianebuli demokratebis~ afxa-ze Tis samxareo organizaciis Tavmjdomaris, soxu mis uni ver sitetis profesoris, Temur CilaCavas, sakomu ni-ka cio ena. misi saavtoro publikaciidan cxadi xdeba ko mu-ni ka toris politikuri miznebi, CarTuloba winasaarCevno mzadebaSi, afxazeTis Temisadmi midgoma axali politikuri relobis pirobebSi. gaugebaria mxolod is, rogor Tav-sde ba erT komunikatorul yalibSi amaRlebuli poe tu ri sityvaTawyoba, yoveldRiuri yofiTi leqsika, poli to lo-giuri terminebi da partiuli lozungebi, aseve agresiu-li da isteriuli toni optimaluri mSvidobiani politikis gatarebis dapirebebTan. Kkomunikatoris ena mniSvnelovania imdenad, ram de nadac mas miaqvs mkiTxvelamde Setyobineba qarTul-af xazuri konfliqtis mdgomareobisa da misi mog-varebis per speq tivis Sesaxeb, romlidanac recipientma un da miiRos zusti da sruli informacia, romelic un da

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da exmaros mas Seqmnil viTarebaSi orientirebaSi, saku Ta-ri azris CamoyalibebaSi an ganmtkicebaSi, momavlis da-gegmvaSi, qmedebis gegmis SemuSavebaSi. zemoT aRwerili ko munikaciuri eniT gadmocemuli Setyobineba ki misi bun-do vanebis, sirTulis, ek leqturobis, gaumarTaobis gamo ver Se as rulebs am funqciebs, aferxebs komunikaciis pro-cess, afunqciurs da destruqciuls xdis mas, rac gansakuT-rebiT savalaloa, roca saqme exeba iseT mtkivneul, fa qiz da mniSvnelovan sa kiTxs, rogoric aris qarTul-af-xazuri konfliqti, da proeqts, romelic swored imi tom xorcieldeba, rom Sedges efeqturi, Sedegze orien ti re-buli komunikacia qarTul-af xazuri konfliqtis Sesa xeb sazogadoebriv sistemebs, mo qa laqeebs, mxareebs, insti tu-tebs da organizaciebs Soris.

konfliqtis gaSuqebisas aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs publikaciis, Jurnalisturi produqciis xarisxs, Jurna-listis ostatobas. mniSvnelovani faqtobrivi masalis mo-po veba, misi Rrma analizi, Janris swori SerCeva, gamarTuli ena, saintereso dramaturgia da Txroba aaTmagebs pub li-kaciis efeqts, mis gavlenas mkiTxvelze zrdis recipientTa ricxvs da qmnis sazogadoebriv rezonanss. mediadiskursis Semqmnelmac da misma mimRebmac kargad icis, ra Zala aqvs kargad daweril reportaJs, kargad wayvanil intervius, os taturad daweril saavtoro svets. Aam moTxovnebs Cvens mier ganxiluli proeqtebis, gansakuTrebiT `Tqveni af xa-zeTis~, erTeuli publikaciebi akmayofileben. Tu am pro-eq tebis mizani qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mog va re bis-Tvis xel Sewyoba, mniSvnelovani unda iyos maT for mat Si gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis efeqtureba, anu maTi xarisxi.

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komunikatorTa tipebi daSetyobinebis Taviseburebebi

komunikatori da komunikaciis enakomunikatorTa enis kvlevam aCvena, rom erTi tipis

komunikatorTa ena mniSvnelovanwilad erTnairia. Ffunqci-o neri politikosebis ena, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, rom-lebzec mogvianebiT visaubrebT, aris dinamikas moklebu li, araagresiuli, araemociuri ena, neitraluri politiku-ri leqsikiTa da aramkafio SetyobinebebiT, xSiria aseTi frazebi: `samwuxarod, samSvidobo molaparakebebi rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia~; `Sedegis miRweva ase uceb ar xdeba~; `yvelaze mniSvnelovania msoflio sazogadoebis mo nawileoba konfliqtis mogvarebaSi~; `SeiZleba mec mqon-des daukmayofileblobis grZnoba saerTaSoriso organi-za ciebis mimarT~; `afxazebis mier rekomendaciebis mud-miv uar yofas SeiZleba cudi Sedegi mohyves~; `dRes rame kon kre tu lobaze saubari Znelia~; `Semdeg saTqmeli mainc gveqneba, rom qarTuli mxaris mzaobis miuxedavad, Sedegs ver mivaRwieT~ da a.S. (amonaridebi interviudan gansakuT-rebul saqmeTa ministr malxaz kakabaZesTan).

specifikuria aseTi komunikatorebis Setyobinebac. ti-puri funqcioneri komunikatorebi arasdros ganixilavens qarTuli mxaris mier konfliqtis sakuTari ZalebiT mog-varebis SesaZleblobas. maTi xedva Camoyalibebulia, gegma – zogadi, dro – bevri, ZiriTadi mowodeba ki – mivyveT procesebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis didi imediT.

sagangebo saqmeTa ministri malxaz kakabaZe SevardnaZis epoqis funqcioneria, magram zustad imave Taviseburebe-biT xasiaTdeba vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi periodis funqcioner-komunikatorTa sakomunikacio ena da komuni-kaciis stili. maTi sakomunikacio ena cocxali da agresi-uli, xolo Setyobinebebi – mkafio da Camouyalibebeli mxolod maSin xdeba, roca isini (imis miuxedavad, arian Tu ara devnilebi), erTvebian kampaniuri xasiaTis politikur procesebSi an asruleben konkretul politikur dakveTas

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(magaliTad, aWaris movlenebis afxazeTSi gagrZelebis pro-paganda; Tamaz nadareiSvilis devna da komprometireba; kodoris zemo afxazeTad gamocxadebis mxardaWera).

funqcioner komunikatorTa Soris vxvdebiT ramdenime gamonakliss, romelTa ena, komunikaciiis stili da Set-yobinebis specifika sruliad gansxvavdeba am tipis komu-nikatorTa umravlesobis enis, komunikaciuri stilisa da Setyobinebis Taviseburebebisgan. Eeseni arian Tamaz na dareiSvili (afxazeTis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare var debis revoluciamde), goga xaindrava (saxelmwifo mi-nis tri) Dda irakli alasania (afxazeTis avtonomiuri res-pub likis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare). maTi ena aris mka fio, gasagebi, sagnobrivi da konkretuli. poziciaTa gan sxva-vebulobis miuxedavad, maT aqvT konfliqtis mog va rebis Camoyalibebuli xedva, konkretuli gegma, mkafio moT-xovnebi, isini mouwodeben qmedebebisken, aqti u ro bis-ken, Tavad, sakuTari ZalebiT konkretuli gegmis ganxor-cielebisken. maTTvis dro ar iTmens da ar aris mibmuli politikur koniunqturaze. sagulisxmoa, rom samive maTgani sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva garemoebebSi gayvanili iqnen qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarebis diskursidan.

mediadiskursSi CarTuli rigiT devnilTa sakomunika-cio ena aris emociurad Seferili, dinamiuri da mkafio. es aris siyvarulisa da Serigebis ena. Setyobinebebi agebu-lia faqtebis logikasa da dramaturgiuli qargis Semcvel Txrobaze, aqvT siuJeturi RerZi, romlis kulminacia ume-tes SemTxvevaSi aris afxazebis an romelime konkretuli af xazis mier qarTvelebisadmi siaxlovis, Zmobisa da siy-varulis dadastureba. aseTi Setyobinebebis finali opti-misturia, Ddaskvna – qarTvelebisa da afxazebis Serigeba da momavalSi erT saxelmwifoSi Tanacxovrebis gardauvaloba – realurad survili da ocneba ufroa, romelic ar ga-momdinareobs arc Setyobinebis logikidan, arc viTarebis sa erTo suraTidan. gansakuTrebulia galeli qarTvelebis sa komunikacio ena – ukiduresad dramatuli, eqspresiuli, mowodebiTi intonaciebiT. maTi lakonuri Setyobinebebi Sed geba tragikuli faqtebis aRweriTa da saqarTvelos xe-li suflebisadmi xvewna-mudaris an braldeba-mowodebisgan.

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orive proeqtSi komunikatorTa mniSvnelovan jgufs warmoadgenen sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi: politolo-gebi, eqspertebi, saxelmwifo-instituciuri daqvedmeba re -bisgan Tavisufali politikosebi, arasamTavrobo organi-zaci ebi, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi. es ar aris komunikatorTa homogeniuri jgufi. gansxvavebu lia maTi midgomebi qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis genezisisa da ganviTarebis, misi gadaWris gzebisa da perspeqtivebi sad-mi. Mmagram maTi sakomunikacio ena didwilad ho mogenuria. es aris zomierad mSrali, neitraluri, dinamiuri, mkafio, sagnobrivi gansjisa da analizis ena. Sinaarsobrivad komu-nikatorTa am jgufis Setyobinebebi, maTi poziciidan ga-momdinare, erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavdeba komunika-ciuri miznebiT, konfliqtis dinamikis SefasebiT, misi mogvarebis gzebisa da saSualebebis xedviT. gansxvavebulia maTi, rogorc komunikatorTa, mowodebebis specifika da Sinaarsic, Tumca yoveliv es ar aisaxeba maiT sakomunikacio enis gansxvavebulobaze.

Jurnalistis, rogorc komunikatoris, enis specifika, Cvens mier ganxilul proeqtebSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvav de-ba erTmaneTisgan. gazeT `24 saaTis~ proeqtSi Jurnalistis ena da tonaloba damokidebulia mocemul momentSi arse-bul politikur koniunqturasa da politikuri viTarebis Taviseburebaze. Jurnalisti naklebad aqtiuria, rogorc sakuTari poziciis mqone komunikatori. Mmisi funqciaa mkiTxvelis informireba da sxva aqtanti-komunikatorebis wardgena. Aam funqciebis Sesabamisia misi enac – mSrali, informaciuli, neitraluri. Jurnalistis xma ismis mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca mediasaSualeba erTveba politikuri momentiT ganpirobebul kampaniur komunikaciaSi, iqne-ba es `zemo afxazeTis dabadeba~ Tu jorj buSis Tbilis Si vizitis wina periodSi afxazeTis problemis swrafi mog-varebis SesaZleblad warmoCena da afxazeTis faqtob-ri vi xelisuflebis mxileba. Jurnalisti jorj buSis vi zitis wina periodSi gamoqveynebul publikaciaSi kva-zisarkastuli toniT aRwers afxazeTSi vizitis dros aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis ufros mrCevel stiven mansa

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da saqarTveloSi aSS-is elC riCard mailsze xajimbasa da baRafSis mier mixdenil STabeWdilebas. Jurnalisti fsevdosatiruli xerxebiTa da mouqneli metaforebiT mogviTxrobs, ra sainteresoa ìmis axlodan naxva, Tu rogor grZnobs Tavs ganwiruli ideis mqone subieqti mis garSemo aRmarTul politikur galiaSi~, rogor Seecadnen aSS-is maRali Cinovnikebi am galiis gaxsnas da rogor SeuRrina maT xajimbam (zaza faCuaSvili, àmerikuli Tvali afxazeTSi~, N89). sainteresoa, rogor aRiqvamdnen stiven mani da riCard mailsi maTi vizitis aseT aRweras. sxva publikaciis SesavalSi ki ruseTis xelisuflebis saameblad separatestebis mier momzadebul specifikur gancxadebas Jurnalisti ùxeiro ZaRlis mosazidad dawyebul wru-puns~ adarebs (zaza faCuaSvili, àneqsiis piras~ N143). agresiuli xdeba Jurnalisti-komunikatoris Setyobinebis Sinaarsic: aleqsandre anqvabis interviusadmi darTul SesavalSi Jurnalisti mkiTxvels amcnobs, rom Tu afxazebi ar miiReben prezident saakaSvilis mier SeTavazebul farTo avtonomias, `maSin saqarTvelos xelisuflebisgan, rogorc saakaSvili acxadebs, samSvidobo incidentebis ufro agresiuli nabijebs unda velodoT, rac Sedegs au-cileblad gamoiRebs (sxvagvarad msoflio wesrigi unda dairRves)~ (zaza faCuaSvili, `damoukidebloba damo uki-deblobis gareSe~ N100). sainteresoa, rom gazeT `24 saaTis~ proeqtSi aqtant-komunikatorTa umravlesoba ar avlens agresias da sarkastul damokidebulebas afxazuri mxaris mimarT, konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebis, Serigebis, urTierTpatiebisa da urTierTgagebis momxrea. maTi ab-soluturi umravlesoba ki sruliad koreqtulia enobriv da leqsikur doneze. M

gansxvavebulia gazeT àxali 7 dRis~ Jurnalist-ko mu-nikatorTa ena da komunikaciis stili. am mediasaSuale ba Si Jurnalisti damoukidebeli komunikatoria, romelic ga-moTqvams sakuTar pozicias nebismier politikur mo men-tSi. Jurnalisti koreqtulia konfliqtis afxazuri mxa-ris mimarT. misi emociurad Seferili ena da Setyobinebis dra matuli JReradoba gamoricxavs sarkastul tonalobas,

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Tumca unda iTqvas, rom gazeTi `axali 7 dRe~ `24 saaT ze~ ufro xSirad uTmobs Tavis gverdebs im aqtant-ko mu ni ka-to rebs, romlebic qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Za lis mi-eri gadawyvetis momxreni arian da pirdapir Tu iri bad ga-moTqvamen azrs, rom aucilebelia afxazuri mxaris iZu leba, afxazeTSi mSvidobis Zalismieri gziT damyareba. ami tom Jur nalist-komunikatoris mier konfliqtis ga daw yve tis mSvidobiani gzis deklarireba ramdenadme ewina aR mde geba gamocemis mier aqtant-komunikatorTa SerCevis prin cips.

komunikatori da komunikaciis mizanikvlevis mizans aseve Seadgenda imis dadgena, ra iyo

konkretuli komunikatoris mizani: recipientis, anu mkiT -xve lis, informireba, sakuTari poziciis gamoxatva, pirov -nebis an jgufis TviTreprezentacia Tu mkiTxvelis dar-wmuneba. kvlevam daadgina, rom arsebobs uSualo kavSiri ko munikatoris tipsa da komunikaciis mizans Soris.

funqcioner da saxelmwifo-instituciur ierarqias daq vemdebarebul komunikatorTa Setyobinebebis umTav-resi mizani, sul ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, pirovnuli an instituciuri TviTreprezentacia ufroa, vidre mkiT-xvelis informireba an misi ama Tu im poziciaSi dar-wmuneba an ganmtkiceba. komunikatoris zogad ganazrebebs, sqematizebul, arakonkretul da arasagnobriv msje lo-bas (magaliTad, dialogi afxazeTis ministrTa sab Wos Tavmjdomaris pirvel moadgilis, gia Ciqovanis, mona wi-leobiT, `Tanacxovrebas alternativa ar gaaCnia~ N65; in-ter viu afxazeTis legitimuri xelisuflebis jandacvis ministris moadgilesTan, dalila xoravasTan, `guliT vam-bob, omi ar SeiZleba!~ N20) realurad ar gaaCnia mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebis moxdenis araviTari meqanizmi, informaciuli TvalsazrisiT ki aseTi Setyobinebebi ukiduresad mwiria.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, saerTaSoriso sazoga-do ebis warmomadgenelTa Setyobinebebi emsaxureba mkiT-xvelis informirebas, maTTvis iseTi zusti informa ciis miwodebas, romelTa safuZvelzec recipients SeeZleba

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Seq mnili viTarebis realisturi aRqma, masSi orientireba da daskvnebis gamotana. imave mizans isaxavs sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebis, eqspertebis, saxelmwifo instituciuri ierarqiisgan Tavisufali politikosebis, mecnierebis komunikaciuri Setyobinebebi. Tumca, rig SemTxvevaSi am tipis komunikatorTa CarTuloba koniunqturul poli ti-kur kampaniaSi, gavlenas axdens maT komunikaciur miznebze. mTavar miznad iqceva mkiTxvelze gavlenis moxdena da dakveTili poziciis indoqtrinacia. aseTi Setyobinebebi gamoirCevian araargumentirebuli, magram mkafio gancxa-debebiT, dausabuTebuli mtkicebebiT, usafuZvlo daSve-bebiT (Tornike beriSvili, `afxazebma unda icodnen, saqar-TvelosTan urTierToba saSiSi aRaraa~, N18).

komunikatori da Serigebis enakvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom komunikaciis ena da

sakomunikacio Setyobinebis Tavisebureba ganpirobebulia komunikaciis ama Tu im tipisadmi kuTvnilebiT. komunika-torTa ena erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba emociuri Seferi-lobiT, xarisxiT, dinamikiT da eqspresiiT, logikuri da sabuTebulobis xarisxiT, leqsikiT. Mmiuxedavad am gan-sxva vebulobisa, Cvens mier gamokvleul proeqtebSi komu-ni katorTa 97%-is sakomunikacio enas axasiaTebs erTi sa erTo Tviseba: konfliqtis meore mxaresTan maTi komuni-kaciis ena aris Serigebis, Zmobis, siyvarulis ena, daclili yovelgvari agresiisgan. Tavad is komunikatorebi, rom-le bic ukidures SemTxvevaSi konfliqtis Zalismieri, iZu-lebis gziT gadaWrisken ixrebian, enobriv doneze rCe bi-an Serigebis enis CarCoebSi, arc leqsikur, arc emo ci ur doneze ar gamoTqvamen agresias afxazi xalxis da afxazi sa zogadoebis mimarT. maTi Zalismieri arCevani gamo i-xa teba konkretuli nabijebisadmi (magaliTad, gaeros me-7 muxlis amoqmedeba, haagis sasamarTlo, partizanebis mxardaWera) mowodebaSi, romelic, TavisTavad, sruliad araagresiuli, neitraluri stiliTa da leqsikiT aris gad-mocemuli. enobriv doneze agresiis niSnebi afxazeTis de-

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faqto xelisuflebisadmi (mxolod xelisuflebisadmi da ara afxazi sazogadoebisadmi), separtistebis uaryofiT konteqtSi moxsenieba, maT mimarT sarkastuli toni mZaf-rdeba da xSirdeba maSin, roca komunikatorTa garkveuli nawili da Tavad mediasaSualeba erTveba xelisuflebis mier wamowyebul politikur kampaniaSi. aseT kampaniebSi metwilad erTvebian komunikatori-funqcionerebi da ko-munikatori-Jurnalistebi. Ees tendencia naTlad aris ga-zeT `24 saaTis~ proeqtSi, Tumca kodoris movlenebTan dakavSirebul kampaniaSi garkveulwilad gazeT `axali 7 dRis~ Jurnalistebic erTvebian.

komunikatori da misi mowodebakvlevam aseve daadgina, rom ar arsebobs kavSiri ko-

munikatoris tipebsa da maTi Setyobinebis ZiriTad mowo-debas Soris. komunikatorTa 73%-is Setyobinebebis Ziri-Tadi mowodebaa konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvareba, omsa da Zaladobaze uaris Tqma. Mmxolod komunikatorTa 17% miiCnevs qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis gadaWris efeqtur gzad, mSvidobiani molaparakebebis warmatebulobis Sem-Txve vaSi, afxazuri mxaris sxvadasxva saSualebebiT iZu-lebas. iZulebis momxre komunikatorTa didi nawili iZu lebis saSualebad ganixilavs rusi samSvidoboebis Ca-nac vlebas saerTaSoriso sapolicio ZalebiT, mSvidobis damya rebas gaeros wesdebis me-7 muxli amoqmedebiT, ekono-mikur blokadas, haagis sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvas afxa-zebis mier qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg Cadenili genocidisa da eTnowmendis gamoZiebis moTxovniT. maTi mxolod mciredi nawili saubrobs afxazeTSi qarTvel partizanTa moZrao-bis gaSlis da misi mxardamWeris aucileblobaze, aseve qar-Tu li jaris gaZlierebaze (anu gardauvali aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi samxedro Zalis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaze).

aRsaniSnavia, rom im komunikatorTa udidesi nawili, romlebic gamoricxaven qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis af-xazTa iZulebis gziT mogvarebas, ar akritikebs saqarTve-los xelisuflebis agresiul tons da Sefarul muqaras

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af xazuri mxaris mimarT, militaristuli suliskveTebis gancxadebebs da piaraqciebs. Mmxolod erTeuli komunika-torebi upirispirdebian prezident saakaSvilis orazrovan ritorikas da araTanmimdevrul politikas.

komunikatori dakonfliqtis dinamikis Sefasebakvlevam aCvena, rom aseve ar arsebobs kavSiri komuni-

katorTa ama Tu im tipisadmi kuTvnilebasa da konfliqtis gadawyvetis dinamikis Sefasebas Soris. komunikatorTa ume-tesi nawili – 80%-ze meti – ver xedavs dadebiT dinamikas qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarebis procesSi. sainteresoa, rom miuxedavad amisa, igive komunikatorTa aseve didi nawili acxadebs, rom qarTvelebisa da afxa-zebis Serigeba, ndobis aRdgena da momavalSi maTi erT sa-xelmwifoSi Tanacxovreba gardauvalia.

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mSvidobis JurnalistikaVS

omisa da Zaladobis Jurnalistika

gazeTebis: `24 saaTisa~ da `axali 7 dRis~ qarTul-af-xazuri konfliqtebisadmi miZRvnili proeqtebi ori erTma-neTisgan gansxvavebuli komunikaciuri sivrcisa da ve-li sagan Sedgebian. erTis mxriv, proeqtebSi gaSuqebulia qar Tuli mxaris mier konfliqtis xedva, misi mizezebisa da Se degebis, Seqmnili viTarebis analizi, konfliqtis ga daW-ris gzebis Zieba. meores mxriv, Cvens mier ganxilul pro-eqtebSi warmodgenilia afxazuri mxaris pozicia, mis mier qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mimdinare eta pis ana li zi da konfliqtTa mxareebis momavali urTier To be bis xed-va. Aafxazuri mxare orive proeqtSi monawileobs ara uSu-a lod, ara rogorc komunikatori, romelsac surs, mi mar-Tos konfliqtis meore mxares da aqvs saT qme li qar Tu li sa zo gadoebisTvis, aramed rogorc mis ken zur giT Seb ru-nebuli koleqtiuri komunikatori, rom lis xmac qar Tul sazogadoebamde mxolod rusuli an af xa zuri sa in for macio saSualebebis gavliT aRwevs. proeq tebSi ga moq veynebuli TiTqmis yvela publikacia, romel Sic ko mu ni katorad konfliqtis afxazuri mxaris war mo mad gen lebi gvev li-ne bian, gadmobeWdili rusuli an afxazuri sa in for macio saSualebebidan. gamonakliss warmoadgens mxo lod ori pub likacia, romelSic saqarTvelos axali xe li suflebis ormxrivi da agresiuli gancxadebebiT SeS fo Te buli afxa-zi sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi mi mar Ta ven qar Tuli sa-zogadoebis warmomadgenlebs, Se a Ce ron kon fron taciis axa-li talRa. afxazuri mxare mo iT xovs, ga i marTos telexidi soxumi-Tbilisi, raTa mox des Seqmnil vi Tarebaze msjeloba da ganimuxtos situ a cia. Ees er Ta der Ti SemTxvevaa, roca afxazuri mxaris ko leq ti uri ko mu ni katori mzad aris, icvalos poza da Cae bas si met riuli komunikaciis procesSi, yovelgvari Suale du ri sakomunikacio sivrcis gareSe dae-laparakos qarTul mxares.

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Seswavlili masalebis analizi cxadyofs, rom afxazuri sakomunikacio sivrce im veqtoriT aris marTuli, romelic arasdros gadakveTs qarTul sakomunikacio sivrces.

garda amisa, afxazuri mxaris is warmomadgenlebi, rom -lebic am asimetriul sivrceSi komunikatorebad gvev-li ne bian, afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebis maRali Ta nam debobis pirebi arian. rigiTi afxazebis, afxazuri sa-zo gadoebis xma gandevnilia qarTul-afxazuri komunikaciis siv rcidan. Aam viTarebas ver cvlis saerTaSoriso ara sam-Tavrobo organizaciebis, maT Soris `Serigebis re sur-sebis~, ZalisxmeviT gamarTuli pirdapiri dialogi qar-Tvelebsa da afxazebs Soris. londonSi, stambolsa da mos kovSi organizebuli Sexvedrebi qarTvel da afxaz Jur-nalistebs, politikosebsa Tu yofil mebrZolebs Soris qarTuli sakomunikacio sivrces ubrundeba Setyobinebad, romelSic isev qarTuli mxare (ufro iSviaTad mesame mxare – saerTaSoriso organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi) iuwyeba Semdgari dialogis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebisTvis miwodebuli informacia ki aris mwiri, zedapiruli da araarsebiTi qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarebisTvis. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi sazRvargareT gamarTul qarTul-afxazur Sex vedrebze warmarTuli dialogis Sinaarsi ucnobi rCeba qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis, radgan Sexvedris formati iTvaliswinebs dialogi Sinaarsis konfedencialurobas.

gazeTebis: `24 saaTisa~ da `axali 7 dRis~ qarTul-af-xazuri konfliqtisadmi miZRvnili proeqtebi srulad ak-ma yo fi le ben `mSvidobis Jurnalistikis~ saerTaSoriso me di apraqtikaSi sayovelTaod aRiarebul kriteriumebs (kri -te riumebi SemuSavebulia 1998 wels iohan galTungis mier).

mSvidobaze orientirebuli Jurnalistikis pirvel niS nad galTungi asaxelebs konfliqtis genezisis, misi aR mo ce nebis mizezebis, masSi monawile mxareebis miznebisa da mamoZravebeli motivaciebis kvlevas. igi aseve aRniSvnas, rom mSvidobaze orientirebuli Jurnalistika ganixilavs ara wageba-mogebis, aramed mogeba-mogebis modelis SesaZ leb lobas.

Cvens mier ganxilul proeqtebSi didi adgili eTmoba swored konfliqtis genezisisa da mizezebis mrvalmxriv

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kvlevas. aqtant-komunikatorTa umravlesoba cdilobs, ga a analizos konfliqtis warmoSobis mizezebi, misi isto-ri uli aspeqti (afxazTa gadasaxleba, maTi Seviwroveba XX saukunis dasawyisSi), politikuri genezisi (rogorc sab-Wo Ta, ise postsabWoTa periodSi), misi adamianuri mxare. pro eq tebis publikaciebSi gamokvleulia konfliqtis mxa-re Ta miznebi da Tanaarsebobisa da konfliqtis gadaWris is SesaZlo modelebi, romlebic gamoricxaven mogeba-wagebis konfiguracias da ganixilaven mogeba-mogebis SesaZ leblo-bas. mravali publikacia eZRvneba qarTuli mxaris mier af-xazebisTvis SeTavazebuli da SesaTavazebeli wina da debis ganxilvas. nebismieri Setyobineba, romelic qar Tu li sako-munikacio sivrcis nawilia, anu qarTul mxares war mo ad-gens, iqneba es Jurnalisti, rigiTi devnili Tu ma Rali Ta-nam debobis piri, Tavisi Setyobinebis formiT da Si na arsiT akmayofilebs `mSvidobis Jurnalistikis~ am krite riums.

Jurnalistur diskursSi dros didi monakveTisa da vrceli geografiuli sivrcis, kulturuli da istoriuli Sreebis CarTvas galTungi aseve miiCnevs `mSvidobis Jur-nalistikis~ niSnad. gazeTebis `24 saaTisa~ da `axali 7 dRis~ proeqtebi am mxrivac `mSvidobis Jurnalistikis~ nimuSebad gvevlineba. maTSi moqmedebis adgilad sruliad evraziuli sivrce ganixileba. kavkasia, ruseTi, dasavleTi, uaxloesi muslimanuri garemocva, msoflio wesrigi da msoflios ga-danawileba – yvela es sivrce da aspeqti CarTulia qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis diskursSi. qarTuli saxelmwifos, qarTvelTa da afxazTa Tanacxovrebis istoriuli warsuli iseve intensiurad aris CarTuli am diskursSi. qarTvelebisa da afxazebi saerTo kulturul-religiuri da istoriuli fesvebs ki araerTi vrceli publikacia eZRvneba.

galTungis klasifikaciiT, `mSvidobis Jurnalistika~ aris Jurnalistika, romelic fardas xdis konfliqtis yve laze dafarul aspeqtebs, aaSkaravebs orive mxaris mi-er Cadenil danaSaulebebs, farul garigebebs, tyuils. `mSvidobis Jurnalistika~ warmoaCens orive mxaris xed vas, uTmobs tribunas orive dapirispirebul mxares da cdi-lobs, gaigos mowinaaRmdegis pozicia. GgazeT `24 saaTisa~ da

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`axali 7 dRis~ proeqtebSi SesaSuri sizustiT da skru pu-lozurobiT aris gamokveTili da aseve SesaSuri simkacriT gamomzeurebuli konfliqtis qarTuli mxaris mier Cadeni-li danaSauli, omis wamomwyebad miCneuli prezidentis, edu-ard SevardnaZis, faruli motivebi, daSvebuli Secdomebi Tu konkretul Sedegze gaTvlili mizanmimarTuli `mavneb-loba~. TiTqmis yoveli meore aqtanti komunikatori mo-uwodebs qarTul saxelmwifosa da qarTul sazogadoebas, bodiSi mouxados afxazur mxares qarTvelebis mier Ca de-nili danaSaulis, daSvebuli Secdomebis, im tkivilis gamo, romelic afxazeTSi wamowyebuli omiT miayena mas.

raoden gasakviri da aralogikuric unda iyos, qarTuli mediasaSualebebi naklebi interesiT da simkacriT ud ge-bian afxazuri mxaris mier Cadenil danaSaulebebsa da daS-vebul Secdomebs. ra Tqma unda, am proeqtebis farglebSi gaanalizebuli da dasuraTebulia qarTul-afxazuri kon-fliqtis gaRvivebasa da mis dramatul ganviTarebaSi af-xazuri mxaris monawileobac, magram es xazi ar aris war-modgenili iseTi intensivobiTa da simZafriT, rogoriTac konfliqtis SidaqarTuli Senakadi. arZinba umetes Sem Txve-vaSi iseTive damnaSaved miiCneva, rogoradac Sevar dnaZe. SevardnaZis xelisuflebis Cinovnikebi ki konfliqtis mog-varebis iseTive xelisSemSlelebad, rogoradac arZinbas xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi. Ees ar aris qarTuli sa-komunikacio sivrcis calkeuli aqtantis originaluri po-zicia. Ees aris azri, romelic orive proeqtis araerT pub-li kaciaSi amoikiTxeba.

amgvarad, `24 saaTisa~ da `axali 7dRis~ mediaproeqte-bi `mSvidobis Jurnalistikis~ am kriteriumebsac akmayofi-leben, metic, aSuqeben afxazuri mxaris poziciasac. Mmiuxe-davad imisa, rom es ukanaskneli araviTar survils ar ga moTqvams, monawileoba miiRos qarTul mediur diskursSi da uari Tqvas qarTul mxaresTan mimarTebaSi mis mier dam-kvid rebul asimetriul komunikaciaze.

`mSvidobis Jurnalistikis~ kidev erTi kriteriu mia Seq mni li konfliqturi viTarebis problemad aRqma da misi ga daW ris gzebis, Serigebis safuZvlis, Serigebis resur-

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se bis Zieba. orive mediaproeqti Tanabrad akmayofilebs am kri te riumebs. Kkonfliqtis garaWris gzebis, Serigebis sa fuZ vlis, Serigebis resursebis Zieba am proeqtebis pir-ve li rigis amocanaa, romelsac eqvemdebareba rogorc ko-mu ni katorebis SerCevis principi, aseve publikaciebis Te-maturi speqtri. qarTul sakomunikacio sivrceSi Serige bis re sursad ganixileba qarTvelebis da afxazebis saer To is to riuli warsuli, tradiciebisa da zne-Cveulebe bis iden turoba, me gobruli, naTesauri kavSirebi, af xa zeT Si dar Cenili qar Tuli saflavebi, omiT miyenebuli saer To tki vili, saerTo tragedia. nebismieri politikuri cvli-leba saqarTveloSi Tu TviTaRiarebul afxazeTSi ga ni xi-le ba, rogorc konfliqtis gadaWris dadebiTi dinamikis mo maswavebeli. mediaproeqtebSi asaxulia qarTuli sazo ga-doebrivi sistemebis SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis gadaWra erTnairad mniSvnelovania yve la sistemisTvis, yvela insti tuciisTvis, yvela aqtan-tis Tvis.

da bolos, `mSvidobis Jurnalistika~ warmoudgenelia orive mxaris mier gancdilis gadmocemis, masze refleqsiis gareSe. mediasaSualebebisaTvis, romlebic konfliqtis ro-melime mxares warmoadgenen, yvelaze rTuli am kriteriu mis Sesrulebaa. Tumca `24 saaTisa~ da `axali 7 dRis~ proeqte-bi garkveulwilad am kriteriumsac akmayofileben, razec metyvelebs publikaciebi qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi da Rupuli qarTveli da afxazi meomrebis dedebis urTi-er Tobebze; `kavkasiuri saxlis~ mier gadaRebul filmze, romelic swored afxazebis mier qarTul-afxazur omSi gancdilsa da gadatanaze mouTxrobs mayurebels; `cxov-rebiseuli istoriebi~, romlebSic qarTveli avtorebi sa-ubroben qarTvelebisa da afxazebis saerTo ubedurebaze da gamoTqvamen im sinanuls momxdaris gamo, romelic mudam ismis qarTul mediasivrceSi.

komunikatorebi, romlebic konfliqtis afxazur mxares warmoadgenen, qarTul mediasivrceSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, sa-ku Tari nebis gareSe arian CarTulebi. maTi Setyobinebebi qar Tul mediaSi gadmotanilia afxazuri an rusuli sain-

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for macio saSualebebidan, radgan afxazuri mxare uars am bobs qarTul mediasivrceze, anu komunikaciaze qarTul mxa resTan.

qarTuli mediasaSualebebis mier gadmobeWdil publi-kaciebze dayrdnobiT, SesaZlebelia afxazuri mediuri sa komunikacio sivrcis modelireba da misi analizi gal-Tungis kriteriumebiT. Mmasalis Seswavla da analizi cxad-yofs, rom afxazuri sakomunikacio sivrce da masSi gamoq-veynebuli publikaciebi ver akmayofileben `mSvidobis Jur nalistikis~ verc erT kriteriums.

afxazuri komunikatorebis SetyobinebaSi ar aris kon-fliqtis genezisis gaazrebis mcdelobis, konfliqtSi mo-na wile mxareebis miznebisa da mamoZravebeli motivebis kvleva. komunikatorebi Semoifarglebian mxolod `damna-Savis~ dasaxelebiT da misi agresiuli miznebis primitiul-plakaturi warmodgeniT, xazs usvamen afxazuri mxaris gamarjvebas da xels uwyoben konfliqtis mxareebis inte-resTa polarizebas. komunikatorebi ar ganixilaven moge ba-mogebis models. maTTvis misaRebia mxolod is mdgo mareoba, romelSic srulad iqneba ugulebelyofili qar Tuli sa-xelmwifosa da devnili qarTveli mosaxleobis in te resebi – anu mogeba-wagebis modeli.

afxazuri sakomunikacio sivrce SezRudul sivrcesa da dros moicavs. komunikatoris interesis sagania mxo-lod afxazeTis teritoria da mxolod drois mocemuli monakveTi. komunikatorebi acxadeben, rom maT ar ain te-resebT, ra xdeba saqarTveloSi. arc globaluri geopo-litikuri sivrce warmoadgens maTi interesis sagans. isini ar saubroben warsulze. misi gaazreba ar warmoadgens af-xazuri sakomunikacio sivrcis Tematur Semadgenel nawils. erTaderTi sakiTxi, romelic afxazur sakomunikacio siv-rceSi warsulidan ainteresebT, aris is, vin daiwyo omi da vin gadadga pirveli nabiji konfliqtisken. galTungis kla sifikaciiT, es omisa da Zaladobis Jurnalistikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia.

afxazur mediasivrceSi komunikatorebi arasdros sa-ub ro ben afxazi mxaris danaSaulebebze an, Tundac, mis

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Sec do mebze. maTi TvalTaxedviT, damnaSave mxolod qar-Tu li mxarea, damnaSaveebi mxolod qarTvelebi arian, rac, gal Tungis Tanaxmad, aseve cxadyofs, rom afxazuri sako-munikacio sivrce orientirebulia òmisa da Zaladobis~ Jurnalistikaze. qarTuli sakomunikacio sivrcisgan gan sxva vebiT, afxazur sakomunikacio sivrceSi ar ismis sinanulis xma. metic, àfxazur istoriebSi~, sadac ko-mu nikatorebad rigiTi afxazebi gvevlinebian da ara se-paratisti liderebi, aravin laparakobs qarTul mxareze, qarTvelebsa da saqarTveloze. afxazi komunikatorebis-Tvis droisa da sivrcidan amoRebuli is monakveTi, roca da sadac isini qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrobdnen; arc qarTvelebTan omsa da konfliqtzea Tqmuli rame afxazur istoriebSi, Tu ar CavTvliT calkeul, umniSvnelo epi-zodebs, sadac gakvriT aris naxsenebi, magaliTad, `qar-Tveli mezobeli~ an `megrelebi~. xolo im erTaderT ìs-toriaSi~ sadac omis epizodzea moTxrobili (afxazuri is toria, `Tavisuflebis sixaruli~ N138), teqstSi ar aris sityva `qarTuli~. afxazuri vertmfrenis Camovardnis, qar-Tvelebis mier afxazebis tyved ayvanis da tyveTa gacvlis ambavi isea naambobi, rom konfliqtis meore mxare ar aris identificirebuli, rogorc `qarTuli~ da `qarTvelebi~, rac imas niSnavs, rom `qarTuli~ da `saqarTvelo~ amok-veTilia afxazTa leqsikuri sivrcidanac.

konfliqtur viTarebas ki afxazuri mxaris komunika-to rebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aRiqvamen problemad, Tu saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi maT aZlevT SiSis sa fuZvels, rom qarTuli mxare moindomebs afxazeTSi Ta-visi uflebebis aRdgenas. sxva SemTxvevaSi afxazi komu-ni katorebi ar saubroben konfliqtis gadaWris auci leb-lobaze, arc Serigebis safuZvelsa da resursebze, arc qarTuli mxaris, afxazeTis qarTvelebis mier gadatanil ubedurebaze.

aAmgvarad, afxazuri sakomunikacio sivrce akmayofi-lebs òmisa da Zaladobis Jurnalistikis~ yvela umTavres kriteriumebs.

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Seuswavleli konfliqti dapasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis tipobrivi identi fi ci-reba mniSvnelovania ara mxolod Teoriuli msjelobisa da diskursisTvis. konfliqtis tipis dadgena mniSvnelovania misi ganviTarebis prognozirebis da gadaWris gzebis ZiebisTvis.

konfliqtebis klasificirebas konfliqtebis Tanamed-rove Teoriebi Semdegi kriteriumebis safuZvelze axdenen:

1. konfliqtis xangrZlivoba. xangrZlivi konfliqte-bis Tanamedrove socialuri mecniereba aRar uwo-debs ga yinuls – xangrZlivi konfliqtebi gani xi le ba `paTologiur~ (maTias keplangeri, 1989) kon fliq-tebad. paTologiis mize zebis kvleva da misi daZ-levis gzebi ki mxolod misi paTo logiurobis dad-genis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli.

2. konfliqtis ganviTarebis mimarTuleba. am krite-ri umiT ganisazRvreba, rogoria konfliqtis gan vi-Tarebis veqtori. moZraoben konfliqtis mxare e bi erTmaneTis Tu erTmaneTis sapirispiro mi mar Tu le-biT, Rrmavdeba Tu mcir deba urTi er Tda pi ris pi reba.

3. konfliqtSi monawile mxareTa raodenoba. arsebobs monaduri (konfliqti erTi subieqtis Semadgenel na wilebs Soris), duaduri (konfliqti or subieqts Soris); triaduli (konfliqti sam subieqts Soris) da a.S. konfliqtebi.

4. konfliqtis simetriuloba an asimetriuloba. Tu kon-fliqtis monawile mxareebi Tanabari statusis mata-reblebi arian (igulisxmeba saxelmwifoebrivi, insti-tuciuri, organizaciuli an individualuri statu si), konfliqti simetriulia. sxva SemTxvevaSi konfliq ti asimetriulad iTvleba.

5. konfliqtis sagani. Kkonfliqtis sagani SeiZleba iyos konkretuli RirebulebiTi normebis (politikuri, zneobrivi, ekonomikuri, eTnikuri an religiuri) dam kvidreba, dacva an uaryofa an konkretuli resur-sebis ganawileba (miwa, socialuri sikeTeebi da a.S.).

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qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti, romelic ukve ori aTe-uli welia, grZeldeba, ar aris Seswavlili, klasifici-rebuli da identificirebuli qarTul socialur mecni-e rebebSi da mTlianad aris moqceuli politikuri praq ti kis daqvemdebarebaSi, romlis araTanmimdevruloba, wi na aRmdegobrioba da qaoturoba kidev ufro bundovans xdis kon fliqtis realur konturebs da arTulebs misi ga-daW ris racionaluri da realisturi gzebis Ziebas.

erTaderTi kriteriumi, romelic TavisTavad dadge-ni lia da ar saWiroebs damatebiT Seswavlas, es aris kon-fliq tis xangrZlivoba. rac Seexeba sxva kriteriumebs: kon fliqis dinamikas, masSi CarTul mxareebs, simetriuloba-asimetriulobas da konfliqtis sagans, maTze ar arsebobs mkafio pasuxebi, romelTac unda daeyrdnos politikuri praqtika konfliqtis mogvarebis gzebis Ziebisas.

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis klasificireba imiT aris mniS vne lovani, rom moiTxovs pasuxis gacemas konfliq tis mog varebisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis Semdeg kiTxvebze:

konfliqtis dinamikarogoria konfliqtis dinamika? davSordiT Tu davu ax-

lovdiT afxazebs? raSi gamoixateba daSoreba an da ax loeba? Seuwyo Tu ara xeli konfliqtis dadebiT di na mi kas saxalxo diplomatiis da saerTaSoriso arasam Tav ro bo organiza ci-e bis Zalisxmevam? ra zegavlena moax dina qarTuli saxelmwi-fos, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier gan xorcielebulma po-litikurma kursma konfliqtis dinamikaze?

konfliqtis monawile mxareebiaris Tu ara qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti Sidasaxel-

mwifoebrivi (monaduri) anu qarTuli saxelmwifos wiaRSi, mis organul Semadgenel nawilebs Soris warmoqmnili kon-fliqti? eTnikuri dapirispirebis ra niSnebs atarebs es konfliqti? ramdenad wamgebiani an momgebiania qarTuli saxelmwifosTvis qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis eTnikuri niSnebis matarebel konfliqtad warmoCena, afxazebis mxa-red aRiareba da maTTan, rogorc mxaresTan pirdapiri

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di alogi? qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis triadul (ru-se Tis mxared gamocxadeba) konfliqtad aRiarebis SemTxve-vaSi, ra damatebiTi sirTuleebi Seiqmneba an ra arsebuli problemebi da winaaRmdegobebi gadailaxeba qarTul-af-xazuri konfliqtis mogvarebis gzaze?

konfliqtis simetriuloba an asimetriulobaaris Tu ara qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti or – qarTvel

da afxaz – xalxs Soris warmoqmnili dapirispireba? aris Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi konfliqti simetriuli, anu ganixilebian Tu ara qarTuli saxelmwifos Semqmneli qarTvelebi da SedarebiT mcirericxovani, eris niSnebis matarebeli xalxi, afxazebi konfliqtis Tanawonad mxareebad? aris Tu ara qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti dapirispireba centrsa da regions Soris, anu asimetriuli konfliqti? ruseTis mxared gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi, rogor konfiguracias iRebs konfliqti or saxelmwifos – ruseTsa da saqarTvelos – Soris? romel mxares da ra statusiT ganekuTvnebian am SemTxvevaSi konfliqtSi monawile afxazebi?

konfliqtis saganiris gamo warmoiSva konfliqti qarTvelebsa da afxa-

zebs Soris? ra iyo is Rirebulebebi, romlebic Selaxa kon fliqtis erT-erTma an orive mxarem? iyo Tu ara aseTi Rirebuleba sabWiuri politikur-ekonomikuri sistema da demokratiis sabWouri gageba an rusuli saxelmwifoebrivi sivrce, romlis datoveba ar surdaT afxazebs? iqca Tu ara dapirispirebis mizezad qarTuli saxelmwifos kul-ti da qarTuli erovnuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic dro -Sad aafriala saqarTvelom damoukideblobis xel me o red mopovebis Semdeg, ramac daafrTxo afxazebi, ro mel Tac mudam problemurad esaxebodaT qarTvelebTan Tanas wo-ruf lebiani Tanacxovreba? ra Rirebulebebis Selaxva ver apaties qarTvelebma afxazebs? ra resursebi da sikeTeebi ver gaiyves qarTvelebma da afxazebma? iyo Tu es politiku-ri Zalaufleba, finansuri wyaroebi, socialuri keTildRe-oba Tu ubralod miwa da saxl-kari?

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es is sakiTxebia, romlebze gacemuli zusti, konkretu-li, mecnierulad argumentirebuli da politikur-socia-luri praqtikiT dadasturebuli pasuxebi unda iqces safuZ-vlad qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarebis strate giis gansazRvris da konkretuli gegmis SemuSavebisTvis. Aami tom konfliqtis tipis identificirebas Rrmad praqtiku li mniSvneloba da daniSnuleba aqvs.

mediasistemis funqciaSi ar Sedis pasuxis gacema aseT kiTxvebze, mas SeuZlia mxolod asaxos sxva sazogadoebrivi sistemebis mier am kiTxvebis dasmis da maTze pasuxebis ga-cemis procesi da misi Sedegebi. Cveni kvlevis sagans ar war-moadgenda imis dadgena, ramdenad sworad da srulad asaxa mediasistemam es procesi. Cveni mizani iyo asaxulis Seswavla.

gazeTebis `24 saaTisa da `axali 7 dRis~ qarTul-af-xazuri konfliqtisadmi miZRvnili mediaproeqtebis kvle-vam aCvena, rom konfliqtis siRrmiseuli analizi da mi si tipobrivi identobis dadgena ar warmoadgenda kon fliq-tis yovelmxriv Seswavlaze pasuxismgebeli politi kuri da mecnieruli sistemebis diskursis nawils. aqtanti-komu-nikatorebi (calkeuli gamonaklisis garda) ganixilaven kon fliqts ara sistemurad, siRrmiseulad, aramed fragmen-tulad da zedapirulad. im mecnierTa erTi nawili, rom-lebic gazeT `24 saaTSi~ komunikatorebad gvevlinebian, CarTulni arian politikuri sistemis mier inicirebul mediur kampaniaSi da ama Tu im politikuri jgufis in-teresebis reprezentaciiT gadian rogorc mediuri, aseve sakuTriv mecnieruli diskursisgan.

saxelmwifo-instituciur ierarqias daqvemdebarebuli politikuri komunikatorebis umravlesoba ki sakuTar Set-yobinebaSi mxolod axmovanebs da amarTlebs politikuri elitis intenciebs. amitom maT SetyobinebebSi naklebad unda velodoT pasuxebs arakoniunqturul kiTxvebze. Eeq-sperti-komunikatorebi ki aqcents ZiriTadad – aseve cal-keuli gamonaklisis garda – mimdinare procesebis ana lizze akeTeben, rasac maT ukveTavs da maTgan moiTxovs mediuri diskursis CarCoebi.

garda amisa, sxvadasxva tipis komunikatorTa nawils ub-ralod ar yofnis kompetencia konfliqtis tipobrivi Ta-viseburebebis gasaanalizeblad da Semdgomi daskvnebis ga-

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mosatanad, rac arc ise martivia, igi sagnobriv codnasa da mecnierul unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs. es mecnierebis, ro-gorc socialuri sistemis, funqciaa, romelic man, Tu me di-aproeqtebis masalebze dayrdnobiT vimsjelebT, ar Seas ru la.

Amgvarad, Seuswavleli rCeba konfliqtis tipobrivi iden tificirebis procesSi Sesaswavli araerTi sakiTxi da pa suxgaucemeli imave procesSi wamoWrili araerTi kiT-xva, rac arsebiT zegavlenas axdens qarTul-afxazuri mSvi-dobisa da Tanxmobis perspeqtivaze. swored es tendencia aisaxa Cvens mier Seswavlil proeqtebSi.

Serigebis safuZvlebi.qarTvelebi da afxazebi erTmaneTis TvaliTkonfliqtis mediuri asaxva, konfliqtis uaxlesi Teo-

ri ebis Tanaxmad, publicisturi konfliqtis diskurss war-mo Sobs. anu Cvens mier Seswavlili mediaproeqtebi, rom-lebic qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis gaSuqebas eZ Rvne ba, swored publicisturi konfliqtis nimuSebia, rac imas niSnavs, rom masSi monawile konfliqtis mxareebi pub likis (am SemTxvevaSi mkiTxvelis) Tvalwin masobrivi komu ni ka-ciis saSualebaTa arxebis gamoyenebiT erTmaneTs upiris-pir de bian sakuTari SetyobinebebiT konfliqtis sagnis Sesa xeb (maTias keplingeri, 1989). am ganmartebis Tanaxmad gaze Tebis `24 saaTisa~ da `axali 7 dRis~ proeqtebi ar aris pub li cisturi konfliqtis klasikuri nimuSebi, radgan maTSi mxareebis ar upirispirdebian erTmaneTs am sakiTxis pirda piri gagebiT.

realuri konfliqti – omi da Zaladoba – garkveul-wi lad, warsulSi darCa. Cvens mier Seswavlil masalebSi af xazuri mxare ar saubrobs warsulze, ar ixsenebs omsa da Zaladobas, qarTuli mxare ki warsulis movlenebis gax se nebisas TiTqmis yovelTvis arbilebs afxazuri mxa-ris danaSauls. magaliTad, qarTvelebis mimarT galSi Ca-ta rebuli eTnikuri wmendisadmi miZRvnil publikaciaSi (ra fael gelantia, kaxaber Toria, `pirveli wmenda~, @~24 saaTi~, N36) komunikatori tragikuli movlenebis aRwe-ram de wers, rom afxazeTSi Serigeba moxdeba, rom sxva al-ter nativa qarTvelebs, afxazebsa da afxazeTSi mcxovreb

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sxva xalxebs ar aqvT. afxazeTis mier qarTvelebis sastiki wamebis faqtebis CamoTvlis Semdeg ki ambobs, rom afxazebi momxdariT ar amayoben da sinanuls ganicdian Cadenilis gamo. erTeuli gamonaklisis garda, qarTuli mxaris Set-yo binebebSi konfliqti warsulis kuTvnilebad aris gamoc-xa debuli, misi daviwyebis, anu awmyoSi ararsebobis, safuZ-vlad ki – sinanuli, bodiSi da Serigebis molodini, rome lic sasurveli realobis konstruirebis principiT afxa zeb-sac miewerebaT, Tumca Tavad afxazi komunikatorebi ar gamoTqvamen arc sinanuls da arc Serigebis survils. am-gvarad, konfliqtma mediadiskursSi misi umTavresi niSani – dapirispirebuloba – imdenad dakarga, rom publicistur konfliqts safuZveli gamoacala.

sainteresoa, rom Cvens mier Seswavlil proeqtebSi mci re zomis sainformacio Setyobinebebi Seicaven awmyo-Si mxareebs Soris dapirispirebis calkeul faq tebs, mag-ram im de nad araTanazomierad Zlieri da inten siu rad ga-moxa tulia dapirispirebis Serbilebisa da mi si mox snis ten dencia, rom konkretuli faqtebi ikarge ba me di a dis-kur sis saerTo JReradobaSi. realuri qar Tul-afxazuri konfliqti iqceva TamaSis Teoriaze dafuZ nebuli poli-ti kuri modelirebis praqtikad. yoveli mxare cdilobs Seqmnas meoresTan Tanaarsebobis sakuTari modeli, romel-sac sTavazobs am ukanasknels. SeTavazebis adresati mxa re uaryofs miRebul SeTavazebas da Tavad sTavazobs dapi-rispirebul mxares sakuTar models. mTavari da gadam-wyveti ki is garemoebaa, rom mxareebis mier Seqmnili mo delebi imdenad gansxvavebuli mastruqturire be li ele-men te bis gan Sedgebian, imdenad sapirispiroa maTSi Ca de bu-li Ta naarsebobis meqanizmebis warmmarTveli veqto rebi, rom isi ni realur drosa da sivrceSi verasdros ga dak ve-Ten er TmaneTs, rac mniSvnelovnad ukargavs qar Tul-af-xazur konfliqts gadaWris perspeqtivebs. kon fliq tebis is toriaSi ar arsebobs TamaSis Teoriaze dafuZ nebuli mo delirebis gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da mis gan xor ci-elebaze orientirebul midgomad da praqtikad gar daq-mnis magaliTi. Ggadawyvetilebis miRebasa da mis gan xor ci-elebaze orientirebuli midgoma eyrdnoba kon fliqtis mxareTa poziciebis Semadgeneli nawilebis, mxare ebis mier

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erTmaneTis xedvis analizs, maTi miznebis SeTav sebadobis xarisxis dadgenas, am monacemebze day rdno biT ki savaraudo kompromisebis, maTi realobad qcevis da konfliqtis mog-varebis procesze maTi gavlenis SesaZleblobas.

Cvens mier Seswavlili mediaproeqtebi iZleva aseTi analizis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. maTSi asaxulia ro gorc mxareebis mier erTmaneTis xedva, aseve maT mier mSvidobi sa da Serigebis gageba, maT mier danaxuli sakuTari Tu saer To momavlis konturebi. Seswavlili masala imasac cxadyofs, ra kompromisebia misaRebi da dasaSvebi konfliqtis mxa-reebis mier. yvela es komponenti qmnis realur suraTs, ro-melic SegviZlia miviCnioT pasuxad kiTxvaze, rogoria qar-Tul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarebis prespeqtiva?

qarTvelebi da afxazebi erTmaneTis TvaliTafxazuri mxare, afxazi komunikatorebis Setyobinebe-

bis Tanaxmad, ar gamoxatavs raime tipis interess qarTvele-bisa da saqarTvelos mimarT. is komunikatorebi, romle-bic afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi arian, Riad acxadeben, rom maT ar ainteresebT, ra xdeba saqarTveloSi. rigiTi afxazebi, romlebic `cxovrebiseuli istoriebis~ avtorebad gvevlinebian, metwilad sakuTar cxovrebasa da problemebze mouTxroben auditorias. sit-yvebi qarTveli da saqarTvelo faqtobrivad gamqralia ma-Ti sakomunikacio enidan. afxazur sazogadoebas qarTve lebi da saqarTvelo axsendebaT mxolod maSin, roca miaCniaT, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo emuqreba maT usafrTxoebas. af xa zebs eSiniaT saqarTvelos konsolidirebisa (anu gaZlie re bisa), radgan varaudoben, rom konsolidirebuli saqarTve lo moindomebs qveynis gamTlianebas da daemuqreba afxaze Tis damoukideblobas. Tumca afxazuri mxare dainteresebu-lia politikuri stabilurobiT saqarTveloSi, rac, maTi azriT, gamoricxavs avantiuristi politikosebis impul-sur qmedebebs afxazeTis interesebis sazianod.

qarTuli mxare cxovel interess iCens afxazeTSi Seq-mnili viTarebis da mimdinare movlenebisadmi. mediur Set yobinebebSi xSirad vxvdebiT afxazeTSi Seqmnili mZime socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis, politikuri

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arastabilurobis aRweras, adamianis uflebebis darRvevis faqtebs. mediebze zewola, demokratiis ZiriTadi prin-cipebis ugulebelyofa, sazogadoebis daSineba, koruf-cia, kriminali – aseTia qarTvelebis TvaliT danaxuli dRe vandeli afxazeTi. mxolod calkeuli komunikatorebi aR niSnaven mdgomareobis ramdenadme gaumjobesebas. Set-yobinebebSi pirdapir ar ikiTxeba, magram iqmneba STa beW-dileba, rom afxazeTSi Seqmnili mZime viTareba qar Tul mxares aZlevs afxazebisa da afxazeTis qar Tul (mo wes-rigebul, demokratiul, ganviTarebad) saxel mwi fo ebriv sivrceSi dabrunebis imeds. amitom qarTuli mxa re ar aris dainteresebuli socialuri da politikuri sta bi lurobiT afxazeTSi, misi ekonomikuri winsvliTa da gan vi Ta rebiT. gamonakliss Seadgens calkeuli komunikatorebis pozicia.

mediaproeqtebis farglebSi gamoqveynebul publika-ci aTa umetesobaSi gacxadebulia, rom afxazebs, gansakuT-re biT rigiT moqalaqeebs, surT qarTvelebTan erTad sa-erTo saxelmwifoSi cxovreba, da asec iqneboda, rom ara afxazebisa da qarTvelebis aseTi Tanacxovrebis faqtob-rivi akrZalva, afxazebis daSineba da maTi marTva ruseTis mier. sainteresoa, rom saerTaSoriso wyaroebi sxva realo-bas warmoaCenen, rom araferi vTqvaT afxazur wyaroebze. ucxoeli eqspertebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis war momadgenlebi, romlebic uSualod muSaoben afxazur mxa resTan, afiqsireben aseT realobas: afxazebs ar surT Serigeba; afxazebi ar arian mzad SerigebisTvis.

mxareTa saerTo interesebimxareTa saerTo interesebi arc ise mravalricxovania.

qarTvelebsa da afxazebs ramdenadme aerTianebT is gare moeba, rom maT ar surT afxazeTze ruseTis gavlenis gaZ liereba, rasac afxazuri mxare Riad ar acxadebs, magram mediur Set-yobinebebSi asaxuli faqtebis analizi amaze metyvelebs.

qarTvelTa da afxazTa saerTo interesad SeiZleba Ca-iT va los konfliqtis samxedro gziT mogvarebaze ua ris Tqma da politikuri stabiluroba saqarTveloSi, agreT ve TanamSromloba ekonomikisa da satransporto komuni ka-ciebis, kriminalTan brZolis sferoSi.

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mxareTa urTierTsapirispiro interesebimxareebs sxvadasxvagvarad esmiT Serigeba da konfliq-

tis mogvareba. qarTuli mxarisTvis Serigeba da konfliq-tis mogvareba calsaxad niSnavs erTiani qarTul-afxazu-ri saxelmwifos Seqmnas, afxazeTis dabrunebas saerTo sa xelmwifoebriv sivrceSi. afxazuri mxarisTvis Serige-ba niSnavs keTilmezobluri urTierTobebis damyarebas, konfliqtis mogvareba ki qarTuli saxelmwifosa da afxa-zuri saxelmwifos mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas. am sawyisi da pirispirebis RerZze ganlagdeba qarTul da afxazur mxareebs Soris arsebuli yvela sxva dapirispireba.

qarTuli mxaris interesebSia qarTul-afxazuri kon-fliqtis mogvarebis procesze ruseTis faqtoris gavlenis gamoricxva da evrokavSirisa da natos faqtorebis gaZ li-ereba. afxazuri mxaris gacxadebuli interesebi qarTulis sapirispiroa: ruseTis, rogorc afxazeTis saqarTvelosgan damoukideblobis garantis monawileoba konfliqtis mog-va re bis procesSi da evrokavSirisa da natos faqtorebis gamoricxva.

qarTuli mxaris sasicocxlo interesia afxazeTidan devnili qarTvelebis dabruneba afxazeTis mTel teri to-riaze. afxazuri mxare ki dasaSvebad miiCnevs devnilebis dabrunebas mxolod galis raionSi.

afxazuri mxaris sasicocxlo interesia saqarTvelos mier afxazeTisTvis dawesebuli ekonomikuri blokadis mox sna. qarTuli mxare ar miiCnevs mizanSewonilad aseT na-bijs, Tumca embargos moxsnis ideas qarTul mxareSic hyavs erTeuli mxardamWerebi.

qarTul-afxazuri molaparakebebis procesis xelSemwyobi faqtorebiafxazuri mxare efeqturi molaparakebebis winapi ro-

bad ganixilavs qarTuli mxaris mier sami pirobis Sesru-le bas: saqarTvelos mier konfliqtis gadaWris Zalis mi er gzaze uars, sakuTari danaSaulis aRiarebas da afxa zeTis damoukideblobis cnobas; qarTuli mxaris mier efeq tu-ri molaparakebebis winapirobad miCneulia ruse Tis Cau-rev loba qarTul-afxazur konfliqtSi, misi ganeit ra-

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le ba; saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis aqtiuri monawileoba kon fliq tis mogvarebis procesSi; qarTuli mxaris mier Zalis demonstrireba, romelic aiZulebs afxazebs ganixi-lon kompromisebisa da daTmobebis SesaZlebloba; eko-no mikurad Zlieri da politikurad stabiluri qar Tu li sa xelmwifos Seqmna, romelic mimzidveli iqneba afxaze-bis Tvis; afxazeTisTvis gansakuTrebuli, damoukidebeli saxelmwifos statusTan miaxloebuli statusis SeTavazeba.

Serigebis safuZvlebisa da Serigebis resursebis Ziebaafxazuri mxare ar axdens refleqsias Serigebis safuZ-

vleb sa da resursebze. afxazuri politikuri, socialu-ri da, Sesabamisad, mediuri diskursidanac amoRebulia es aspeqti. igi funqciurad usargebloa afxazuri mxaris Tvis. qar Tu li mxare ki Serigebis safuZvlebsa da SesaZleb lo-bebs ji u tad, dauRalavad da siRrmiseulad eZebs yvela-ferSi, dawye bu li globaluri politikis peripetiebidan, damTavre bu li afxazuri eTnosis fsiqologiuri Tavi se bu-rebebiT.

kompromisierTaderTi kompromisi, romelsac uSvebs afxazuri mxa-

re, aris qarTveli devnilebis dabruneba galis raionSi.qarTuli mxare mzad aris nebismieri kompromisisTvis,

garda erTisa – qarTuli saxelmwifos mTlianobis rRvevaze daTanxmebisa.

qarTul-afxazuri SerigebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi yve-la am pro da contra komponentis Seswavla iZleva konfliq tis mogvarebis perspeqtivis realistur xedvas, romelsac un da daeyrdnos konfliqtis daZlevis strategia da misi ganxor-cielebis etapobrivi gegma.

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Tavi 3

2003-2007 wlebi:saqarTvelos ori xelisuflebispolitika afxazeTisTvis

lia toklikiSvili

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politikosebi da politikuri instituciebi:

mediafiltriTa da mis gareSe

gazeTebis: `24 saaTisa~ da `axali 7 dRis~ 2003-2007 wle-bis afxazeTis Tematikis masalebis mimoxilviTi analizi miznad isaxavs Semdegi tendenciebis dadgenas: Seicvala Tu ara xelisuflebaTa cvlilebis Sedegad afxazeTis, ro-gorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi sivrcisgan mowyveti-li nawilis, mimarT politikuri kursi; rogori perspeq ti-va Seuqmna saqarTvelos axalma xelisuflebam afxazeTis problemis mogvarebas; ra saxis aqtivobebi fiqsirdeba na cionaluri moZraobis politikaSi misi xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi; ram gamoiwvia afxaze Tis problemis mogvarebis stagnacia – subieqturma faqtoreb-ma, realurad arsebulma da Seuqcevadma faqtorebma Tu orive saxis faqtorebis erTobliobam?

am saerTo miznis misaRwevad saintereso aRmoCnda sa-ga ze To publikaciebis kvleva Semdegi mimarTulebebis mi-xedviT:

1. vin arian politikis aqtantebi, vin monawileoben af-xazeTis problemis mogvarebaSi politikuri da sa-moqalaqo speqtridan (saqarTvelos teritoriaze ar sebuli orive faqtobrivi politikur-saxelmwi-foebrivi erTeulidan); rogoria am politikuri su-bieqtebis mxridan afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis mimarT diferencirebuli damokidebuleba, maTi kon-ceptualuri xedva;

2. ra roli akisriaT saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, ro -gorc afxazeTis problemis mogvarebisTvis momuSave do nor da Suamaval organizaciebs; ramdenad aris daculi maTi mxridan aRiarebuli principebi da ro-goria maTi muSaobis efeqturobis xarisxi Cveni kvle-visTvis saintereso droiT SualedSi;

3. ra rols asrulebs ruseTis faqtori afxazeTis prob -lemis mogvareba-mougvareblobis sakiTxSi. ro me li

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klasifikatoruli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT Se iZ leba misi funqciisa da rolis gansazRvra am kon fliqtSi;

4. rogoria qarTul-afxazuri urTierTSexedulebebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv-politikur instituciaTa doneze da ra faqtorebis mixedviT icvleba isini.

àxali 7 dRisa~ da `24 saaTis~ SerCeva sakvlev obieq-tebad ganapiroba ramdenime faqtorma:

1. orive gazeTi daaxloebiT erTsa da imave periodSi axorcielebda msgavsi Sinaarsis proeqtebs: `Tqveni afxazeTi~ (`24 saaTi~) da `Cemi saxli (àxali 7 dRe~). Aam proeqtebis mizani iyo qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis gaSuqeba rogorc politikur doneze, agreTve rigiTi adamianebis urTierTSexedulebebis doneze (`24 saaTis~ proeqtSi am segments aSuqebda qverubrika `cxovrebiseuli istoriebi~).

2. orive gazeTi erTi da imave periodulobiT aSuqebda Cveni proeqtis sakvlev sakiTxs – àxali 7 dRe~, ro-gorc afxazeTis TematikiT dainteresebuli yo vel-kvireuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri gazeTi; `24 sa-aTi~, romelsac aseve yovelkvireuli periodu lo biT hqonda rubrika afxazeTis Temaze `Tqveni afxazeTi~.

3. am gazeTTagan erTi `24 saaTi~ rubrika `Tqvens af-xazeTs~ axorcielebda saerTaSoriso-donori or-ga ni zacia `Serigebis resursebis~ mxardaWeriT, am de nad, es mediuri proeqti umeteswilad unda gan-vi xi loT, rogorc saerTaSoriso organizaciis Se-xe du le be bisa da principebis reprezentacia da am mxriv sa in te reso. gazeTi àxali 7 dRe~ afxazeTis prob lemis gaSuqebisas gamoxatavda mxolod sakuTar da mo ki de bu lebas da misi proeqti SeiZleba Sefasdes, ro gorc sa kuTriv mediis xedva da CarTuloba afxaze-Tis problemis mogvarebis politikaSi.

vin monawileobs politikaSi afxazeTis politikaSi monawile subieqtebis klasifi-

katorul maxasiaTeblad Tu avirCevT problemis mogva-rebis gzebTan da formebTan (Zala/mSvidoba) maT damokide-

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bulebas, Semdeg suraTs miviRebT: afxazeTis problemis mSvidobiani gzebiT mogvarebis momxreebi, romelTa So-ris deklarirebulad aris rogorc 2003 wlis noembris revoluciamdeli, ise revoluciis Semdgomi periodis sa xe-lisuflebo da arasaxelisuflebo politikuri speq tris, agreTve samoqalaqo seqtoris didi nawili; afxaze Tis problemis mogvarebisTvis Zalis gamoyenebis mom xreebi, romelTa rigebSi 2003 wlis revoluciamdel peri odSi saxelisuflebo politikuri speqtridan Riad Cans, faq-tob rivad, erTi politikuri jgufi – afxazeTis avto-nomiuri respublikis legitimuri xelisufleba (misi sa kanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli Stoebi), romlis aRia-re bu li lideria afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomare Tamaz nadareiSvili; amave gzis momxreebi arian poli ti kaSi monawile calkeuli pirebi, romlebic sakuTar Sexe du-le bebs jerjerobiT ar aformeben politikuri struq tu-rebis da organizaciebis saxeliT (samecniero-akademiuri wreebis – maT Soris, afxazeTidan devnilTa erTi nawili, politologebi da politikuri eqspertebi, romelTa abso-luturi umravlesoba 2003 wlis revoluciis Semdeg uer-Tdeba xelisuflebaSi mosul nacionalur moZraobas an ga-er Tianebul demokratebs).

mesame jgufSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT is politikuri pirebi, romlebic aseve personalurad (da arasdros – po-litikuri da organizaciuli struqturebis saxeliT) mxars uWeren problemis mogvarebis sinTezur gzas, rac niSnavs Zalismieri meTodebis gamoyenebisTvis mzadyofnas –

1. samSvidobo kursis efeqturi gamoyenebisTvis;2. an mas Semdeg gamosayeneblad, rac samSvidobo re sur-

si amoiwureba.am e. w. klausevicis Teoriis mimdevarTa erTi nawili

samxedro da politikur eqspertTa wres miekuTvneba. maT -gan zogierTi 2003 wlis revoluciis Semdgomi xeli suf-lebis cnobili warmomadgeneli xdeba da amagrebs axal xe lisuflebaSi problemis Zalismieri meTodebiT mog va-rebisTvis mzadebis kurss. revoluciis Semdeg samec ni ero-akademiur wreebSi maT soliduri mxardamWerebi hyavT.

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Cveni azriT, qarTul politikur speqtrSi mkveTri zRva-ri mainc ar ivleba im politikur jgufebs Soris, ro mel-Tagan erTi ganvsazRvreT, rogorc Zalis gamoyenebis mom xre, xolo meore – rogorc Zalis, rogorc damatebiTi faqtoris, samSvidobo kursisTvis xelSemwyobi faqtoris, gamoyenebis momxre. Ppolitikuri speqtris vercerT war momadgenels ver davasaxelebT afxazeTis problemis mogva rebisTvis Zalis upirobo da misi samxedro agresiis for miT gamoyenebis moTxovnis avtorad. Zalis gamoyenebis mom xreTa yvelaze radikaluri frTa (rogorc 2003 wlis re vo luciamde, ise revoluciis Semdeg) afxazeTis iZu lebiT (Zalis gamoyenebiT) dabrunebis politikaSi dekla ri rebulad moiazrebs gae-ros wesdebis me-7 muxlis amoq me debas (mSvidobis ZaliT damyarebas), rac xorcieldeba eta pob rivad da, rac mTavaria, gaeros organizebiT, kon tin gentiTa da kontroliT, an xorcieldeba sakuTari ZalebiT, magram sa erTaSoriso organizaciebis mxardaWeriTa da inspeq ti re biT.

sakvlevma masalam dRis wesrigSi daayena afxazeTis prob-lemis mogvarebis politikaSi monawile subieqtebis klasi-fikacia kidev erTi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT: politikuri subieqtebis Ria (xiluli) da faruli politikuri CarTuloba.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis kursis gabundovanebasa da gaurkvevlobas afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis sakiTxSi, rogorc 2003 wlis revoluciamde, ise mis Semdeg, iwvevda saxelisuflebo elitis qmedebebis orgvari: Ria da faruli, deklarirebuli da aradeklarirebuli dinamika. 2003 wlis revoluciamde arsebuli xelisuflebis pirveli piri saxe-lisuflebo speqtris gamoyenebiT afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis politikas `TamaSobda~ auditoriis sxvadasxva segmentisTvis: mis arsenalSi (mis xelisuflebaSi) iyvnen:

1. afxazeTis Zalismieri gziT dabrunebis momxre Tamaz nadareiSvili, romelic auditoriis im segmentis in-teresebs gamoxatavda, romelic fiqrobs, rom af-xazeTis dabrunebis erTaderTi gza aris iZulebiTi dabrunebis gza, radgan ruseTi ar dauSvebs aranair dialogs da pirdapir urTierTobas qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris (`axali 7 dRe~, 6-13 Tebervali, 2003).

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2. aslan abaSiZe, prezidentis rwmunebuli afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis sakiTxSi, romelic acxadebs, rom afxazeTis problemas ruseTis politikis war-momadgenlebTan erTi finjani yavis dalevisas moag -varebs (`axali 7 dRe~, 14-20 Tebervali, 2003) es kad ri afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis poli ti kaSi Se var-dnaZes sWirdeba, erTi mxriv, ruseT Tan ur Ti er Tobis dasaregulireblad (xazgas ma – ara ruseTis sa Su-alebiT problemis mogvare bis Tvis, aramed ruse Tis dasaSoSmineblad – prob lemis mi Zi nebisa da stag-naciisTvis), agreTve qar Tveli sazogadoebis im seg-mentis interesebis gasaT va lis wi neb lad, rome lic ru seTTan mSvidobiani da keTil me zobluri urTi er-To bis momxrea.

3. kidev erTi uwyeba, romelic SevardnaZis xelisuf-lebaSi kurirebs afxazeTis problemis mogvarebas, aris sagangebo saqmeTa saministro da misi xelmZRva-neli malxaz kakabaZe. Ees aris Sualeduri politikuri pozicia abaSiZesa da nadareiSvils Soris. malxaz ka kabaZe, romelic, Tamaz nadareiSvilisgan gansxva-ve biT, deklarirebulad aRiarebs afxazeTis dabru-nebis samSvidobo kurss, Tavadac monawileobs saer-TaSoriso molaparakebebSi, farulad emxroba oms. igi akeTebs aseTi tipis gancxadebebs: `rom ara ru-seTi, afxazeTis problemas 2 dReSi gavarkvevdiTo, – nadareiSvilma ase Tqva, me ki am dros 24 saaTamde daviyvandi~ (`24 saaTi~, 6 agvisto, 2003).

xelisuflebis ramdenime uwyebaSi problemis mogva re-bis gadanawilebis arakoordinirebuli kursi grZeldeba xelisuflebaSi nacionaluri moZraobisDmosvlis Semde-gac: afxazeTis problemis mogvarebaze muSaoba evaleba par la mentis Sesabamis komitets vasil maRlaferiZis xel-mZRva ne lobiT (romelic xisti da principuli politikuri kursis momxrea; `axali 7 dRe~, 23-29 ianvari, 2004), romel-sac mogvianebiT analogiuri komitetis xelmZRvaneli So Ta malaSxia cvlis (saxelmwifos mowyobis unitaruli mode-lis momxre), afxazeTis legitimuri xelisuflebis or Stos

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(afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomare Temur mJa via ewi naaRmdegeba afxazebisTvis federaciuli wevris sta-tusis micemas; mTavrobis Tavmjdomare irakli alasania fe deralizmis momxrea); sagangebo saqmeTa saministros, romlis funqcias mogvianebiT gadascemen konfliqtebis mogvarebis sakiTxSi saxelmwifo ministris kabinets. Aarse-bul uwyebaTa Soris isev ar arsebobs koordinacia, rac iwvevs struqturebs Soris moqmedebaTa SeuTanxmeblobas da uwyebis xelmZRvanel pirTa gadinebas xelisuflebidan. 2003-2007 wlebis ganmavloabaSi saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi afxazuri politikis segmentidan midian giorgi xaindrava (saxelmwifo ministri konfliqtebis daregulirebis sakiT-xSi), Temur mJavia (avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sab Wos Tavmjdomare), irakli alasania (afxazeTis mTavro-bis xelmZRvaneli). es ukanaskneli 2006 wlidan gaeroSi saqarTvelos prezidentis piradi warmomadgeneli xdeba. Cndeba azri, rom alasania, romelic afxazebis mxridan sim-patiiT sargeblobs (`isini cdiloben ara problemis gaR-rmavebas, aramed mis gadawyvetas~, – ase afasebs soxumis xelisufleba alasanias; ̀ 24 saaTi~, marti, 2006), prezidenti aSorebs saqmes da amiT e.w. militaristul frTas aZlierebs.

2005-is bolodan 2006-is dasawyisamde periodSi afxaze Tis problemis mogvarebis ideologia mTlianad rCe ba afxa zebTan radikaluri da xisti urTierTobis mom xre poli tikur jgufs, romelsac sajarod (presaSi mona wi leoba) war moadgenen: SoTa malaSxia (`24 saaTi~, marti, 2006), nika gva ramia, nika rurua, paata daviTaia (`24 saaTi~, maisi, 2006). Zalovani struqturebis warmomadgenlebi ar iyeneben tri bunas, ar Canan presaSi, isini saqmes praqtikulad axor cie le ben).

winaaRmdegoba mSvidobiani gzebisa da Zalismieri gze-bis momxreTa Soris, rac prezidentis garemocvaSi gavle-nis gazrdis mizniT mimdinareobs, Ria fazaSi gadadis 2005 wlis meore naxevridan (paata daviTaia: `damnaSaveebi arian, pirvel rigSi, alasania da zurab lakerbaia da amisTvis pasuxi moeTxovebaT~ (`axali 7 DdRe~, 19-25 maisi, 2005)).

orive xelisuflebis periodSi afxazeTis politika Si did rols asrulebs arasaxelisuflebo speqtridan gan-

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sa kuT rebiT aqtiurobs arasamTavrobo seqtori (am mi mar-Tu lebiT politikuri opoziciis inertuloba gansa kuT-rebiT TvalSisacemi xdeba 2003 wlis revoluciis Semdeg. aqedan moyolebuli, xelisuflebis oponirebis loko-mo tivi xdeba samoqalaqo seqtori, romelic amave fun-qcias revoluciamde politikur opoziciasTan erTad as-ru lebda). am segmentSi moRvawe organizaciebis ricxvi mkveT rad izrdeba 2004 wlidan. 2003 wlis revoluciamde am speqtrSi arasamTavroboTa erTi nawili moqmedi xelisuf-lebis irgvliv ganlagebulad gamoiyureba. maT Soris Se-iZleba dasaxeldes konfliqtebisa da molaparakebebis sa er TaSoriso centri, romlis xelmZRvaneli giorgi xu-ciS vili acxadebs, rom Sida politikuri konfliqtebi (sa-u ba ria 2003 wlis revoluciis wina periodSi dawyebul Si da politikur konfliqtebze, romelTa erT-erTi safuZ veli afxazeTis problemis mougvareblobaa) iwvevs gare (te-ri toriuli) konfliqtebis inspirirebas da ami tom wam ge-biania politikuri speqtris dapirispireba Sevar dna Zes Tan (`axali 7 dRe~, 23-29 ianvari, 2003).

SevardnaZis aqtivSi unda ganvixiloT noembris revo-luciamde cota xniT adre Seqmnili moZraoba `samoqalaqo samSvidobo iniciativa~, romelsac saxelmwifo dazvervis departamentis Tavmjdomaris moadgile zurab erqvania xel mZRvanelobs (`24 saaTi~, 10 seqtemberi, 2003). maTi sap-rogramo dokumentidan, agreTve interviudan moZraobis xelmZRvanelTan ikveTeba SevardnaZis xelisuflebis mizani – sazogadoebis TvalSi Zveli kadrebi axali kadrebiT, fsev dosamoqalaqo seqtoris kadrebiT gadafaros, raTa, erTi mxriv, im braldebebisTvis, romelTac samoqalaqo seqtori uyenebs SevardnaZes, da romelTa Soris erT-erTi wamyvani afxazeTis problemis mougvareblobaa, gantevebis vaci hyavdes (aseTad irCevs nadareiSvils), meore mxriv ki, Seq mnas afxazeTis problemebze momuSave samoqalaqo seq-tor Tan TanamSromlobis iluzia.

2004 wlidan afxazuri problemis mogvarebis politi-kaSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ramdenime axali arasamTavro-bo organizacia iqmneba: `qalTa sabWo~, `qarTul-afxazuri

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Sereuli ojaxebi~, afxazeTSi humanitaruli da socialuri ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondi, afxaz da qarTvel Se-moqmed qalTa kavSiri ̀ miteveba~, romlebic am niSaze moqmed Zvel arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan erTad cdiloben qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis aRdgenisa da problemis mSvidobiani gziT gadaWris politikaSi monawileobas. mag-ram axlad Seqmnili arasamTavrobo organizaciebis monawi-leoba am politikaSi nominaluria. isini, ZiriTadad, mu Sa oben socialur an kulturul proeqtebze, rasac afxa-zeTis dabrunebis politikaze mxolod Soreuli, distan-ciuri gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia. Tumca, arasamTavrobo seqtorSi aris ramdenime organizacia da sainiciativo jgu fi, romlebic axerxeben afxazeTis problemis mogva-rebis politikaSi aqtiur monawileobas da xSir SemTxve-vaSi – sazogadoebrivi azris maTTvis saintereso mimar Tu-le biT warmarTvas. isini sakuTari koncefciebiT (sam xreT kavkasiis regionuli urTierTobis institutis kon cef-cia, sainiciativo jgufis koncefcia `saqarTvelos sa-xel mwi foSi afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli statusis Se sa-xeb~) aR we ven sazogadoebrivi interesis stimulirebas af xaze Tis problemis irgvliv. afxazeTis politikaSi gan-sa kuTrebuli gamococxleba Seaqvs koncefcias `sa qar-Tve los saxelmwifoSi afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli sta-tu sis Sesaxeb~. es koncefcia xdeba erTgvari generatori politikuri jgufebisa da personebis mxridan afxazeTis dabrunebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebis gamomuSavebisa da dag-rovebisTvis. Aam koncefciis saSualebiT xdeba erTgvari lustrirebac xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli im pirebisa, romlebic mxolod sityviT uWeren mxars afxazeTis mSvi-dobiani dabrunebis kurss, maTi mosazrebebi ki, romlebic zemoT xsenebuli koncefciis Sesaxeb gamoiTqmeba, sul sxvas adastureben (`24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2005, `kidev erTi polemika koncefciis garSemo~; `24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2005, `saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis samuSao gegma-proeqti; àxali 7 dRe~, 28 ianvari – 3 Tebervali, 2005; `brZola afxazeTisTvis~; àxali 7 dRe~, 4-10 Tebervali, 2005; àfxazeTisken savali gzebi~). Aase warmoCindeba xeli-

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suf lebis SemadgenlobaSi e. w. unitaristTa sakmaod mra-val ricxovani frTa, romelSic Sedian SoTa malaSxia, nika gvaramia, Temur mJavia, gia Ciqovani (alasanias moadgile).

2003 wlis revoluciis Semdeg mosul xelisuflebasac, rogorc mis winamorbeds, hyavs Tavisi, marTuli samoqa-laqo seqtori, romelic sWirdeba oficialuri kursis mxar da saWerad da samoqalaqo seqtoridan am kursis dak-veTis gasaformeblad. aseT rols saakaSvilis xeli suf le-bisTvis, romelic mxolod droebiT TamaSobs samSvi dobo da Zalismier kursebs Soris, asrulebs arasam Tav robo or ga nizaciebi: `Cven TviTon~, `dabruneba~, ro me lic mog-vi a nebiT erTiandeba devnil arasamTavrobo orga ni za-ci aTa ligaSi; moZraoba `saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTli a no bis aRdgenisTvis~. isini gamodian afxazeTis dab-ru ne bis Tvis Zalis gamoyenebis politikis moTxovnis lo-zun gebiT (daviT lacuzbaia, sazogadoebrivi moZraoba `dab ru nebis~ aRmasrulebeli mdivani: `afxazeTis avtono-mi uri respublikis mTavrobis amdenwliani xmauri propa-gan distuli xmauri aRmoCnda~ (`24 saaTi~, 24 dekemberi, 2003) – igulisxmeba Tamaz nadareiSvilis Zalismieri kur-sis `propagandistuloba~, misi ararealuri saxe, is, rom nadareiSvilis Zalismieri politika ver ganxorcielda.

sainteresoa politikis aqtantebis cvlilebis dinamika afxazur sivrceSi. iq daaxloebiT iseTive gadanawileba xdeba, rogoric Tbilisis politikis subieqtebs Soris mox da ori xelisuflebis cvlilebis Sedegad 2003 wels. odnav mogvianebiT, 2004 wels, soxumSic gardauvali xdeba arZinbas wasvla, rac logikur molodins badebs afxa ze Tis problemis mogvarebiT dainteresebul orive sazoga do-ebaSi. iqmneba molodini imisa, rom afxazeTis politi kur speqtrSic moxdeba omis figurebis Canacvleba alter na-tiuli kadrebiT. `afxazeTi didi cvlilebebis winaSe dgas, arZinbas wasvla igivea, rac saqarTveloSi SevardnaZis was-vla~ (`24 saaTi~, aprili, 2004) `xalxi quCaSia, urTierToba xelisuflebasa da opozicias Soris krizisamde iZabeba~ (`24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2004).

2004 wlis afxazeTis de-faqto respublikis sapre zi-dento arCevnebis Sedegi aCvenebs afxazuri politikis dis-

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tan cirebas moskovis politikuri centridan: moskovi ver axerxebs Tavisi kandidatis gayvanas arZinbas Semcvlelad. mniSvnelovania, rom arCevnebSi imarjvebs arZinbasTan dapi-rispirebuli didi politikuri aliansi, romlis kandidatia baRafSi. aliansSi arian ̀ erTiani afxazeTi~, romelic war mo-ad gens moqmedi parlamentarebisa da biznesmenebis kavSirs; àitaira~, romelSic gaerTianda TiTqmis mTeli arasam Tav-robo speqtri; àmcaxara~, romelic afxazeTis omis ve te-ranTa kavSiria (àxali 7 dRe~, 8-14 oqtomberi, 2004). rac mTavaria, baRafSis mxardamWeria galis qarTveli mosaxle-obis 82% (àxali 7 dRe~, 8-14 oqtomberi, 2004).

baRafSis mosvliT soxumis xelisuflebaSi icvleba mTa-vari – damokidebuleba sakuTriv afxazur interesebTan – `Cveni kursi aris proafxazuri~ (àxali 7 dRe~, 18-24 marti, 2005); `Cveni prezidenti aris ara is, vinc airCies, aramed xalxi~ (iqve).

im mravalricxovani Sefasebebidan, romlebic baRaf-Sis misamarTiT keTdeba qarTul politikur speqtrSi, ag reTve mis mier micemuli interviuebidan, romlebsac qar Tulenovan mkiTxvels sTavazoben àxali 7 dRe~ da `24 saaTi~, ar marTldeba qarTveli sazogadoebis molo-di nis erTi nawili – ar dasturdeba arc baRafSis omSi armonawileobis faqti (ìgi piradad meTaurobda oCamCiris sabrZolo moqmedebebs~, àxali 7 dRe~, 13-21 oqtomberi, 2004) da maleve qarwyldeba misi proqarTulobis iluzia (xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan ramdenime TveSi baRafSi prin-cipul damokidebulebas iTxovs galis qarTvelebis mi-marT, maT miiCnevs yofil afxazebad da moiTxovs maTTvis qarTulis nacvlad afxazuri enis dabrunebas (àxali 7 dRe~, 18-24 marti, 2005); Sedegad galis qveda zonis soflebSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ixureba qarTuli sko le-bi. Aamave periodSi galis qarTveli axalgazrdebisgan qmni-an samxedro SenaerT `jimas~, rogorc pirvel Tavdamcav Se naerTs saqarTvelos mxridan agresiis SemTxvevaSi (àxa-li 7 dRe~, 21-27 oqtomberi, 2005). marTldeba mxolod er-Ti prognozi – baRafSis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg af xa zeTis de-faqto respublika cdilobs politi ku ri

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kur sis nel-nela Semobrunebas prorusulidan proafxa-zu risken (`xelisufleba ufro proafxazuria, opozicia – ufro prorusuli, radgan isini ruseTTan integraciaze saubroben~ – àxali 7 dRe~, 9-15 aprili, 2007). am kursis av-to rad miiCneva arZinbasTan (da mis politikur kursTan) da pirispirebuli al. anqvabi, marTavs èrTian af xa zeTs~, àitairas~, àmcaxaras~ – anu mis xelT aris de mok ratiuli, finansuri da samxedro Zalis arsenali. Aam ar se naliT ki sruliad realurad gamoiyureba prorusuli ori en-taciidan afxazeTis proafxazur interesebze gadas vla.

baRafSis xelisufleba, cxadia, ar aris proqarTuli da arc arasdros xdeba amis deklarireba, Tumca misi ram-denime iniciatividan cxadi xdeba, rom igi, ase vTqvaT, kbils usinjavs saqarTvelosTan dialogsa da urTi er-To bis perspeqtivas. Zalze frTxilad, magram mianiSnebs sa qarTvelos xelisuflebas, rom ar gamoricxavs er Ti-ani qarTul-afxazuri saxelmwifoebrivi sivrcis Seq mnas. `jer kidev 1994 wels SevTavazeT qarTul mxares kon fe-de raciuli urTierTobebi, magram uari miviReT. axla ra vqnaT, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiis saxiT dav-brundeT? es Cven absoluturad arafers gvaZlevs~ (`24 saaTi~, agvisto, 2005).

SesamCnevia, rom afxazeTis de-faqto xelisufleba ana-logiuri gancxadebebis gakeTebisas xSirad iyenebs SeniR-bvis erTgvar saSualebebs – mis gancxadebebSi xSirad ikiT-xeba ori Sinaarsi erT teqstSi, romlebsac pirobiTad Se iZleba davarqvaT politikuri gancxadebis Sinaarsi sa-qar TvelosTvis da politikuri gancxadebis Sinaarsi ru-seTisTvis an afxazeTis politikur sivrceSi moskovis mi er Canergili politikuri personebisTvis, romlebic ba Raf Sis opozicias qmnian. amitom xasiaTdeba afxazi politiko se bis mediuri teqstebi urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi Sinaar se biT – aseTi urTierTgamomricxavia zemoT xsenebuli inter vi us ori erTmaneTze mibmuli abzaci:L

1. `Cven... SevTavazeT qarTul mxares konfederaciuli urTierTobebi (`24 saaTi~, agvisto, 2005).

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2. `Cven araerTxel mivmarTeT ruseTs (mis farglebSi Sesasvlelad)... `saqarTvelodan gayvanili ruseTis bazebi afxazeTSi rom ganalagon, realuria~ (iqve).

teqstis pirveli nawili aris Setyobineba saqarTve los -Tvis, romelic `gadafarulia~ ruseTisTvis Seqmnili teq-sturi nawiliT.

am Tu sxva SetyobinebebiT baRafSis xelisufleba pir -vel wlebSi SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc namdvilad ara-prorusuli, araproqarTuli, mkveTrad proafxazuri da dialogisTvis mzad myofi xelisufleba. amas adasturebs is faqtic, rom TbilisSi noembris revoluciis, xolo so-xumSi baRafSis xelisuflebis mosvlis Semdeg, 2005 wlis gazafxulze, xdeba ori xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa pirveli Sexvedra da, rac mTavaria, uprecedento im Tval-sazrisiT, rom afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebis war-momadgenlebi xvdebian afxazeTis legitimuri xelisuf le-bis warmomadgenlebs – alasanias (`24 saaTi~, aprili, 2005).

baRafSis xelisuflebis gansxvavebul damokidebule-bas qarTul mxaresTan urTierTobis mimarT adasturebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan soxumis politikur speqtrSi arsebuliOviTarebis Sefasebac, romelsac akeTebs buSis vizitis win soxumSi Casuli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamentis ufrosi mrCeveli stiven mani. igi, praqtikulad, ambobs, rom xajimbas evaleba baRafSis kontroli da dablokva, radgan baRafSi aris kadri, ̀ romelTanac laparaki SeiZleba~... ̀ baRafSs gverdiT uzis xajimba da igi destruqciuli saubriT gamoirCeva~ (`24 saaTi~, aprili, 2005).

afxazur politikur speqtrSi deklaraciis doneze sa qarTvelos mimarT loialurad ganwyobilad SeiZleba da saxeldes erTaderTi jgufi – afxazuri diasporis mi-er Seqmnili `afxazTa aliansi~ da misi prezidenti inal ka zani, romelic gamoxatul aqtiurobas iwyebs 2003 wlis revoluciis Semdeg. igi sakuTar koncefcias sTavazobs saqarTvelos prezidents da aRiarebs saqarTvelos Semad-genlobaSi afxazeTis gansakuTrebul statuss. cxadia, inal kazani da misi aliansi ver CaiTvlebian im politikur su bi-

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eq tebad, romelTac SeuZliaT qarTul-afxazuri problemis mogvarebis kursSi arsebiTi rolis TamaSi. maT SeuZliaT mxo lod werilobiTi TxovnebiTa da mimarTvebiT iyvnen Car Tuli afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis politikaSi (`24 saaTi~, maisi, 2005). es aris am jgufis TviTrealizaciis maqsimumi.

politikuri aqtorebis damokidebuleba afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis kursTan2003 wlis revoluciamdeli xelisuflebis politikuri

kursi afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis sakiTxSi SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc stagnaciuri. xelisufleba dgas erT adgilas, magram ise, rom sazogadoebisTvis qmnis poli ti-kuri kursis moqmedebis iluzias. es aris moqmedebis iseTi taqtika, roca xelisuflebis sxvadasxva struqturas mi-cemuli aqvs moqmedebis Tavisufleba, magram – daSvebul zRvramde. xelisuflebis am kurss gasdevs erTi mTavari niSani – umaRlesi xelisufleba aRiarebs, nawilobriv ki Tavadac qmnis problemis Cixur, gamouval mdgomareobas da mTeli afxazuri politika misTvis am gacnobierebul CixSi TamaSdeba. politikurma subieqtebma ar ician, an ar aRiareben problemis gamouvalobas da amitom realuri politikuri miznebis miRwevisTvis am CixSi moqmedeben. aseT politikur kurss atarebinebs saxelmwifos pirveli piri Tavisi xelisuflebis wevrebs, romlebic afxazuri politikis segmentSi muSaoben – afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomares – Tamaz nadareiSvils, romelic 2003 wels ukve akeTebs gancxadebas imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos prezidenti mxolod deklarirebulad an pirad saubrebSi uWers mxars mis iniciativebs gaeros wesdebis me-7 muxlisa da haagis tribunalis amoqmedebis Taobaze, saqmiT ki ar mihyveba, piriqiT, xels uSlis mas.

`uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze yvelam, da prezidentmac, mxari dauWira gaerosadmi gagzavnil moTxovnas me-7 muxlis amoqmedebis Sesaxeb~ (`axali 7 dRe~, 14-20 Tebervali, 2003), magram `sxdomis Semdeg damipirispirda mTeli politikuri

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speqtri – isini iCemeben mxolod mSvidobian gzas (àxali 7 dRe~, 6-13 Tebervali, 2003).

nadareiSvilis iseTi xarisxis gaaqtiurebas, romelic prezidentis mier daSvebul zRvars scildeba, mosdevs ga-manadgurebeli dartymebi nadareiSvilze. aseTi iyo fraq-cia àRorZinebis~ wevrTa Tavdasxma parlamentis sxdomis dros, meomarTa kavSiris SimSiloba pirdapir nadareiSvi lis misaRebSi... `Cem mimarT ganxorcielebuli yvela provoka-cia prezidentis garemocvidan modis~ (Tamaz nadareiSvi li, àxali 7 dRe~, 14-20 Tebervali, 2003).

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis politikur kursSi nada-re iS vi lis Zalismieri politika, romelic, saboloo jam-Si, ruseTTan dapirispirebas niSnavs, eduard Sevar dnaZes dabalansebuli aqvs prorusuli politikiT (am xazs mi si xelisuflebis bolo wlebSi atarebs prezidentis rwmu ne-bu li afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis sakiTxSi – a. abaSiZe). erTi xelisuflebis SigniT fiqsirdeba ori saxel mwifo uwyebis ara gansxvavebuli, aramed radika lu rad da pi ris-pirebuli poziciebi – es aris ori urTi er Tga momric xa vi politikuri strategia erTi xeli suf lebis Tvis:

Tamaz nadareiSvilis strategiuli kursi afxazeTis dab runebisTvis moiazrebs qveynis natoSi gawevrianebas, evrostruqturebSi CarTvas, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier afxazeTSi qarTvelTa genocidis aRiarebis miRwevas.

aslan abaSiZis strategiuli kursi moiazrebs ruseTis bazebis saqarTveloSi darCenas, ruseTis politikur da samxedro elitasTan mtkice kavSiris SenarCunebas. `lebedi, graCovi, luJkovi, zatulini – àfxazeTis gmirebi~ yovel wels aWaraSi isveneben~ (àxali 7 dRe~, 14-20 Tebervali, 2003).

xelisuflebis aseT politikas misi eqspertebisa da ga-remocvis mier saxelad erqmeva samSvidobo politika. aseTi fsevdosamSvidobo politikis erT-erTi negatiuri Sedegi ki, sxva mravalTan erTad, isic aris, rom sazogadoebaSi Zlierdeba sayovelTao nihilizmi dakarguli teritoriis mSvidobiani gzebiT dabrunebis mimarT: `saqarTveloSi vercerTi momavali prezidenti veRar ityvis, rom Cven unda vibrZoloT mSvidobiani gzebiT, Tu mas realobasTan

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kontaqti eqneba da ise ar iqneba mowyvetili am realobisgan, rogorc Cveni dRevandeli prezidenti~ (`axali 7 dRe~, 25-31 ivlisi, 2003); `sanam xelisufleba SeinarCunebs iseT qveyanas, sadac axalgazrdebi mxolod im mizniT Caabareben saswavlebelSi, rom jaridan daixsnan Tavi, afxazeTs araferi eSveleba~... `mSvidobam araferi moutana afxazeTis dabrunebis saqmes... Tu omi daiwyo, waval afxazeTis dasab-runeblad~ (`axali 7 dRe~, sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxva, 14-20 marti, 2003).

sazogadoebaSi arsebul am ganwyobas kargad grZnobs da iyenebs SevardnaZesTan dapirispirebuli politikuri partiebisa da moZraobebis umetesoba, romlebic 2003 wli-dan erT politikur centrSi erTiandebian. Mmcire gamonak-lisis garda, isini SevardnaZis xelisuflebas brals sde ben ara urTierTgamomricxavi da mizanmimarTulad dabloki-li politikuri kursis gamo, aramed imaSi, rom mSvidobi-ani politika uvargisi da uSedegoa. brZolas ucxadeben lozungs: `Cven unda vibrZoloT mSvidobiani gzebiT~, TiT-qos es lozungi (brZola mSvidobiT!) SevardnaZis lozun gi yofiliyos. `saqarTveloSi vercerTi momavali preziden-ti veRar ityvis, rom Cven unda vibrZoloT mSvidobiani gzebiT~... `gaerTianebuli demokratebis programis erT-erTi mTavari principia Tanamedrove da maRali xarisxis jaris Seqmna... da saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis dabruneba~ (`24 saaTi~, 19 noemberi, 2003).

opoziciuri politikuri speqtri, romelic xelisuf-lebaSi mosasvlelad emzadeba (nacionalebi, gaerTianebu-li demokratebi) erTi SexedviT Tamam, sinamdvileSi ki populistur arCevans akeTebs. Tu 2003 wlamde moqmedi xelisufleba moRvaweobis miwuruls Tavisi rigebidan er-TmaneTis miyolebiT istumrebs an politikurad Ziravs af xazeTis dabrunebis radikaluri kursis momxreebs (Ta-maz nadareiSvili: `Cem mimarT ganxorcielebuli yve la provokacia prezidentis garemocvidan modis~; Tanamde-bobas tovebs ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis ministri valeri vaSakiZe, romelic aseve radikaluri kursis momxrea (`24 sa-aTi~, 8 oqtomberi, 2003), opozicia iRebs xalxis ganwyobas,

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imas, rom `sazogadoebas aqvs afxazeTis sakiTxis omiT dam-Tavrebis survili~ (`24 saaTi~, 3 dekemberi, 2003) da Tavis afxazur politikas da dapirebebs mTlianad xalxis am im-pulsze awyobs.

Zneli saTqmelia, ratom ar akeTebs amas eduard Sevar-dnaZis xelisufleba. SesaZloa, imitom, rom misi Zalismie-ri gza aprobirebuli da orgzis sastikad damarcxebulia (1992-93 wlebi, 1998 wlis maisi) da kidev erT Sanss verc moiTxovs da arc miscems mas qveyana; SesaZloa, imitom, rom mas jer kidev ar aqvs bolomde gaanalizebuli opoziciis moqmedebis mTavari principi – xalxiT manipulireba; yve-laze metad ki albaT dasaSvebia is, rom SevardnaZem am dros ukve sabolood airCia dayrdnoba ruseTze Tavisi opo nen-tebis sawinaaRmdegod, romlebic dasavleTs acxadeben Ta-vis mxardamWerad.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, eduard SevardnaZis xelisuflebis TamaSi Zalasa da mSvidobas Soris, rasac SevardnaZe, ru-seTis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, yovelTvis calmxrivi daT mobisa da politikuri danakargebis sasargeblod am-Tav rebs (`SevardnaZis mier orjer aris uaryofili parla-men tis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba ruseTis samSvido-bo jaris gayvanis Sesaxeb~, `24 saaTi~, 19 noemberi, 2003. `maqvs informacia, rom ialtaSi saqarTvelos prezidenti dahpirda ruseTis prezidents, rom xels moawers afxazeTSi samSvidobo jarebis yofnis uvadod gagrZelebas~, `axali 7 dRe~, 7-12 ivnisi, 2003), erTi mxriv, ukiduresobamde Zabavs Sida politikur urTierTobebs, aZlierebs sazogadoebis protests xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, agebs dros afxaze-Tis dasabruneblad, ganamtkicebs ruseTis interesebs af-xazeTSi, meore mxriv ki, saSualo niSnulze inarCunebs qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis daZabulobas, rac dapi-rispirebuli mxareebisTvis dialogis pirobebs qmnis. `ar-sad aris iseTi gamalebuli dialogi, rogorc qarTul-afxazur urTierTobebSi~ (paata zaqareiSvili, `24 saaTi~, 2003 wlis zafxuli); `qarTvelebi da afxazebi ara mxolod usmenen erTmaneTs, aramed urTierTgagebis unarsac amJRav-neben~ (ivliane xaindrava, `24 saaTi~, 29 oqtomberi, 2003).

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logikuria, rom noembris revoluciis talRaze mosuli xelisufleba ver SeZlebs qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis daZabulobis SenarCunebas saSualo niSnulze, es ar moe-woneba revoluciis eiforiaSi myof xalxs. mTavari is aris, romOopozicias ar aqvs afxazeTis dabrunebis araviTari programuli dokumenti, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseT programas ar icnoben nacionaluri moZraobis irgvliv gaerTianebuli politikosebi – ivliane xaindrava: ̀ maT ar aqvT sakiTxisadmi sistemuri midgoma~ (`24 saaTi~, 29 oqtomberi, 2003). axali xelisuflebisTvis afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis Zal-ze mgrZnobiare da specifikuri sakiTxi revoluciis gziT dauyovnebliv mosagvarebel sakiTxTa Soris ikavebs erT-erT adgils. `xaverdovanma revoluciam daamtkica, rom sa zogadoebam Tu moindoma da gaerTianda, yvelafers mi-aRwevs... vTxov `rusTavi2-s~, aqtiuri roli Seasrulos am problemis aqtualizaciaSic... xaverdovanma revoluciam da igor ivanovis elviseburma vizitma daadastura, rom ruseTi ukan ixevs, Tu qveyanas eqneba principuli, myari da Tanmimdevruli pozicia~ (Tornike beriSvili, `Serigebis resursebis~ mxardaWerili proeqtis – `Tqveni afxazeTis~ koordinatori, `24 saaTi~, 28 noemberi, 2003).

mixeil saakaSvilis mier mogvianebiT gakeTebul saomar gancxadebebs, swored, samoqalaqo seqtoris erTi nawilis aseTi mowodebebi uZRvis win. revoluciis gziT mosuli saxelisuflebo triumvirati sajarod mxolod aseT fonze akeTebs im gancxadebebs, romlebsac igive samoqalaqo seq-tori dRes mas xSirad axsenebs: nino burjanaZe – Tu sam Sob-los dasWirda, erT Svils afxazeTis, meores ki cxinvalis dasabrunebel brZolaSi gavgzavni! Mmixeil saakaSvili: qvey-nis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRsadgenad jars vamzadeb da mzad var, samxedro forma Cavicva da yazarmaSi daviZino! (`24 saaTi~, 10 dekemberi, 2003); `saqarTvelos prezidentma rumineTSi vizitis win Tqva, rom aWaris revolucia afxazeTSi gagrZeldeba~ (`axali 7 dRe~, 21-37 maisi, 2004).

saakaSvilis xelisuflebas revoluciis pirvel wels ar sWir deba Zalismieri kursis SeniRbva. Uufro swo rad, ar sWir deba revoluciebis (Tbilisi, aWara) monawi le qar-

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Tveli sazogadoebis winaSe. am dros ki mis gancxa de bebs arc hyavs sxva adresati – maT Soris, afxazi xalxi, rome-lic ukiduresad SeSfoTebulia saakaSvilisa da misi xe-lisuflebis revoluciuri dapirebebiT. Eafxazi sazoga-doeba qarTvel sazogadoebaze adre grZnobs da gangaSs texs imis gamo, rom Zalismieri gza cxaddeba am periodSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis erTaderT prioritetad af-xazeTis dabrunebis politikaSi. `unda viyoT mzad Za lis-mieri meTodebiT dasabruneblad... mSvidobiani dabruneba afxazuri mxarisTvis mainc iZulebiTi iqneba... iZulebis Tavi rom gvqondes, Zlieri jari unda gvyavdes~ (vasil maRlaferiZe, `axali 7 dRe~, 23-29 ianvari, 2004).

tyupiscaliviT hgavs erTmaneTs SevardnaZis xelisuf-lebis e. w. Zalismieri frTis (nadareiSvili da afxazeTis deputacia) da revoluciis Semdgomi xelisuflebis Ziri-Tadi principebi da prioritetebi afxazeTis dabrunebis politikaSi.

nadareiSvilis politikuri kursis ZiriTadi punqtebi iyo:

1. gaeros wesdebis me-7 muxlis amoqmedeba da haagis tribunalze qarTvelTa genocidis aRiarebis miRweva.

2. kodoris, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli obi eqtis, gamoyeneba (`SevardnaZis xelisufleba ar aRiarebs, rom kodoris xeoba umniSvnelovanesi stra-tegiuli obieqtia... emzar kvicianis damsaxurebaa, rom xeobas am mniSvnelobiT ver viyenebT~ (Tamaz nadareiSvili, ̀ axali 7 dRe~, 27 ivnisi – 3 ivlisi, 2003).

3. partizanuli moZraobis, rogorc afxazeTis poli ti-kis muSaobisTvis saWiro erT-erTi mTavari resursis mxardaWera. `me vmfarvelob partizanul moZraobas afxazeTis dabrunebisTvis~... ̀ partizanul moZraobas SeuZlia, daaCqaros movlenebi Cvens sasargeblod~ (Tamaz nadareiSvili, `24 saaTi~, 6 agvisto, 2003).

igive prioritetebi ikveTeba axali xelisuflebis afxa-zur politikaSi mosvlisTanave. Uufro metic, Jvania-saa-kaS vili-burjanaZis jgufi uWerda mxars nadareiSvilis mier uSiSroebis sabWoSi Setanil yvela iniciativas gaeros

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me-7 muxlis moTxovnis Sesaxeb – `nu SevxedavT, rom es aris sru liad axali xelisufleba... uSiSroebis sabWoze Cem mier wardgenil sakiTxs Jvania uWerda mxars, roca wevri iyo, Semdeg burjanaZe da saakaSvili~ (Tamaz nadareiSvili, àxali 7 dRe~, 23-29 ianvari, 2004).

2003 welsve ikveTeba (Semdeg ki TandaTan Zlierdeba) sa-akaSvilis xelisuflebis ZalismierTa Soris erTi jgu fi, romelic sityvasityviT imeorebs nadareiSvilis lozun-gebs. isini afxazeTis dabrunebis Zalismier gzaSi gulis-xmoben saerTaSoriso struqturebis zewolas afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebasa da maT mfarvel ruseTze, eseni, rogorc nadareiSvilis jgufi, gamoricxaven afxazebTan dialogs, radgan, maTi azriT, meore mxare aris mxolod ruseTi, ruseTze zewola ki mxolod saerTaSoriso Zale-biT SeiZleba. `sakmarisi iqneba mxolod qarTuli mxaris iniciativa, romelic dRevandeli xelisuflebisadmi gare Zalebis mxardaWeris gamo Sedegs gamoiRebs~... `romis kon-vencias miuerTda saqarTvelo, romlis me-8 muxlis Ta nax-mad, saqarTvelo Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisgan, Tu ganxorcielda qmedebebi, romlebic mimarTulia (TviT sam-xed ro danaSaulis CaTvliT) teritoriuli mTlianobis aR dge nisken~... `gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo Tu daTanxmdeba, evro kav Siri afxazeTSi samSvidobo misias ganaxorcielebs~ (S. malaSxia, `24 saaTi~).

kodoris samxedro strategiuli mniSvnelobiT gamoye-nebis kursic, romelic starts axal xelisuflebaSi jer kidev 2004 wlis dasawyisSi iRebs, Zveli Zalismierebis programidan aris aRebuli. Aaxlebi kodorSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis `SenarCunebas~ iTxoven Tundac saerTaSo-risod aRiarebuli xelSekrulebebis darRvevis fasad. àf xazeTis legitimuri xelisufleba aucileblad unda SevinarCunoT im nawilSi, romelic dakarguli ar aris – kodorSi... xelSekrulebebi veranairad SegviSlis xels, Tu DCven afxazeTis dasabruneblad rames gavakeTebT... xel-Sekrulebebi imisTvis ideba, rom orive mxarem (an erT-erTma) moigos dro~ (vasil maRlaferiZe, àxali 7 dRe~, 23-29 ianvari, 2004).

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sainteresoa, rogori gansxvavebulia ori xelisufle-bis damokidebuleba erTi da imave amocanis gadaWrasTan – nadareiSvili miiCnevs, rom kodorSi axali realobis Sesaqmnelad ̀ unda moxdes yvela im dokumentis dezavuireba, romlebic 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seiqmna~ – `axali 7 dRe~ – igulisxmeba 1994 wlis moskovis SeTanxmebis dezavuirebac, romlis Tanaxmad, mxareebs ar aqvT ufleba, xeobaSi Seiyva-non SeiaraRebuli formirebebi (swored, es xelSekruleba miiCnia 2006 wlis kodoris operaciis dros qarTuli mxa -ris mier darRveulad saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam; ama ve xelSekrulebas gulisxmobda parlamentari vasil maRla-feriZe, roca ambobda: xelSekrulebebi arsebobs imitom, rom mxareebma dro moigon...).

Tamaz nadareiSvilis politikuri kursis mesame re-sur sic – partizanuli moZraoba, rac afxazeTis de-faq to xelisuflebaSi mudmivi destabilizaciis Seqmnasa da sa-qar Tvelos mxridan mudmivi protestis gamoxatvas emsa-xu reba, axali xelisuflebis politikaSi Zveli da axali for mebiT grZeldeba: `sanam saqarTveloSi iqneba partiza-nu li mowodebebi da muqara, manam afxazebi ruseTs ver moscildebian~, (profesori giorgi anCabaZe amis Sesaxeb xelisuflebas 2005 wels afrTxilebs). 2003 wlis dekember-Si, saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan erT TveSi, ga-naxlda kriminalur-diversiuli jgufebis moqmedeba. sa mar Tli anoba moiTxovs, xazi gaesvas faqtebis zust qro-no lo gias: oCamCiris raionis sofel primorskoedan ita ce-ben sam afxaz mesazRvres. Aafxazebi imiT pasuxoben, rom ga-lis raionis sofel gagidaSi milicielTa 40-kaciani razmi Seh yavT, awiokeben sofels da mZevlad iyvanen 10 qarTvels (`24 saaTi~, 24 dekemberi, 2003).

Tu 2003 wels jer kidev ar SeiZleba gadaWriT imis Tqma, rom msgavsi eqscesebis gamo pasuxismgebloba xelisuflebas ekisreba (Tumca, aseTi Sexeduleba Cndeba orive – qarTvel da afxaz sazogadoebebSi Tundac mxolod imis gamo, rom xelisufleba ar afasebs aseT faqtebs – ar emijneba maT), amis Tqma ukve Tamamad SeiZleba momdevno wlebSi. 2005 wlis seqtemberSi axalgazrduli moZraoba `patriotis~ forumze

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sa qarTvelos Tavdacvis ministri irakli oqruaSvili ake-Tebs gancxadebas, romelSic ambobs, ramdenime dRe viya vi afxazeTis tyeebSio... (`24 saaTi~, seqtemberi, 2005) cxa dia, afxazur politikur speqtrSi es gancxadeba erTmniS vne-lovnad aRiqmeba, rogorc saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier partizanuli moZraobis marTva, yovel SemTxvevaSi, masTan xelisuflebis pirdapiri kavSiri. 2007 wlis afxazeTis de-faq to saprezidento arCevnebis win iwyeba qarTuli mxa-ris aqciebi enguris xidze da am aqciebs afxazeTis kul-tu risa da ganaTlebis saministros axalgazrdul saqmeTa sammarTvelo marTavs. maTi mizania afxazeTis de-faqto sap re zidento arCevnebis gaprotesteba (àxali 7 dRe~, 2-8 marti, 2007); 2006 wlis dekembris bolos qarTveli samar-Tal damcvelebi akaveben galis raionis qvemo barRebis admi-nistraciis ufros kaCi berias, rac iwvevs soflis mcxov-reblebis protests, isini enguris xids uketaven sakuTar – saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, wesrigis dasacavad galis ra ionis qveda zonis soflebSi afxazuri milicia SehyavT (àxali 7 dRe~, 29 dekemberi – 4 ianvari, 2007). òri kviris Semdeg galSi mokles afxazuri miliciis ori TanamSromeli: oTar turamba da alik axiSba. amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom 28 dekembers pirvel da meore otobaiaSi, agreTve fiCoraSi Sevidnen afxazi SeiaraRebulebi~ (àxali 7 dRe~, iqve).

miuxedavad imisa, rom 2003 wlis revoluciis Semdgom xelisuflebas afxazeTis dabrunebis politikis TiTqmis yvela principi aRebuli aqvs wina xelisuflebis ZalismierTa politikidan, personalurad maT daSvebaze Tavis rigebSi uars ambobs (Tamaz nadareiSvili: `Tu saakaSvils sWirdeba nadareiSvili da misi radikaluri pozicia, maSin me gavag-rZeleb Cems saqmianobas, Tu sxva gzas airCevs, me aRar davbrundebi~, àxali 7 dRe~, 23-29 ianvari, 2004). saakaSvili agrZelebs ̀ mis radikalur pozicias~, magram ndareiSvils ar abrunebs afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris postze. amis mizezi Zalian gvian, 2006 wlis kodoris movlenebis Semdeg, xdeba naTeli, roca saqarTvelos xelisuflebidan afxazeTis Zalismieri gziT dabrunebis politikis kidev erTi, yvelaze aqtiuri figura – Tavdacvis ministri, ko-

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do ris operaciis erT-erTi avtori irakli oqruaSvili midis. òqruaSvili gadaayoles kodoris operacias. Ees iyo reveransi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Tvalis asaxvevad. Mmeore mxriv ki, scenaze saakaSvils aRar hyavs konkurenti àgresiaSi~. saqarTveloSi agresiul politikas hyavs bevri momxre, mTeli maTi simpatia gadadis saakaSvilze (àxali 7 dRe~, 29 dekemberi – 4 ianvari, 2007). swored, es aris nadareiSvilis àxal~ politikaSi dauSveblobis mizezic.

Tu davakvirdebiT, mixeil saakaSvili cdilobs, er-Tdro ulad iyos afxazeTis politikis sxvadasxva, erTmane-Tisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli kursis lideri – mis pi rad iniciativasTan da ideasTan unda asocirdebodes yve la-feri: saprogramo dokumentebis, koncefciebis Seqmna, af-xazebTan urTierTobis formatis gansazRvra, kodoris politikur-administraciul centrad gamocxadeba da TviT rigiTi piaraqciebic ki patriotTa banakebSi. saakaSvilis plitikis es Strixebi kargad Cans saerTaSoriso eqspertTa SefasebebSi: ìmis dapirebam, rom konfliqtebis mogvareba misi uSualo meTvalyureobiT moxdeba, saakaSvilis reitin-gi mkveTrad gazarda da daukavSira mis pirad legitimu-robas da ara mogvarebis meqanizmebs~ (louren brueris wig-nidan `SeuzRudavi Zalaufleba~, `24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2006).

xelisuflebis pirveli piris am ambicias ewirebian ara mxolod Zalismieri kursis liderebi, aramed mSvido bis kursis liderebic. Tu xelisuflebidan maTi gayvanis faq-tebs gverdigverd davalagebT (irakli alasanias, gior gi xaindravas, irakli oqruaSvilis). cxadi gaxdeba, rom Ti-Toeuli maTgani politikidan gaiyvanes Tavisi popularo-bis Zalian maRali donidan. afxazeTis legitimuri mTavro-bis Tavmjdomaris, irakli alasanias, da konfliqtebis da regulirebis dargSi saxelmwifo ministr giorgi xain-dravas avtoriteti afxazeTis samSvidobo politikis mom-xreTa Soris maqsimalurad gaizarda. Tavad afxazeTis de-faqto xelisuflebam da samoqalaqo seqtorma aRiares alasania mTavar figurad samSvidobo politikaSi, roca daTanxmdnen ormxrivi molaparakebebis formatSi irakli alasaniasTan Sesaxvedrad JenevaSi Casvlaze – miuxedavad

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imisa, rom alasania afxazeTis legitimuri mTavrobis, afxa-zeTis de-faqto xelisuflebis alternatiuli mTavrobis, Tavmjdomare iyo (`24 saaTi~, marti, 2005).

irakli alasania xdeba afxazeTis politikur kursSi no vaciuri lozungis avtori (romelic man samoqalaqo seq-toridan wamoiRo): mivceT gza afxazebs dasavleTisken, es ruseTisgan maTi izolirebis gza iqneba... `afxazebisTvis dasavleTisken gzis gaxsna qarTuli mxaris interesebSic Sedis~ (`24 saaTi~, agvisto, 2005).

rogorc movlenaTa dinamika aCvenebs, qarTul-afxa-zu ri dialogi yvelaze konstruqciuli, swored, maSin xde ba, roca xelisuflebidan masSi erTdroulad mona-wi le oben xaindrava da alasania. `adre afxazebi xSirad gvax se neb dnen saakaSvilisa da oqruaSvilis agresiul gan-cxa debebs, axla ki arc SeuxsenebiaT da, piriqiT, aRniS-nes sakmaod dadebiTi roli axali xelisuflebisa afxazu-ri arCevnebis mSvidobianad CatarebaSi~ (`24 saaTi~, 2005). Se samCnevia, rom afxazeTis de-faqto xelisufleba ara mxolod deklarirebulad aRiarebs samSvidobo figureb-Tan TanamSromlibis perspeqtivas, aramed saqmiTac ake-Tebs amas. irakli alasanias erT-erT gancxadebas Jene-va Si, rom baRafSis xelisufleba devnilebis saxlebis pri va ti zacias apirebs, moskovidan baRafSis Semxvedri axsna-ganmarteba, faqtobrivi Tavis marTleba mohyva. es faqtic adasturebs, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi moR vawe samSvidobo frTam SeZlo ormxrivi komunikaciis damyareba soxumTan. Aam komunikaciis subieqti, afxazeTis politikis dadebiTi konteqstis gmiri ki ver gaxda mi xe-il saakaSvili. is sxva liderebis CrdilSi darCa. Amas saer-TaSoriso da adgilobrivi eqspertebi da lamis mTeli sa zogadoeba miiCneven afxazeTis politikis mTavar subi-eqtebze (alasania-xaindrava) damokidebulad, iwyeba sauba-ri saqarTvelos prezidentisa da afxazeTis de-faqto pre-zidentis Sexvedris SesaZleblobaze (`davrwmundi, rom sa akaSvilisa da baRafSis Sexvedra aucilebelia. Cemi az-riT, komunikacia SeiZleba daiwyos saakaSvilsa da baRafSs Soris, Tundac satelefono~ – paata zaqareiSvili, `24 sa-

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a Ti~, 2005). afxazeTis politikis samSvidobo kursSi yvela aseT ̀ SesaZleblobas~ prezidents ukve Zalian popularuli jgufi uqmnis.

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 2004 wlidan 2005 wlis gazafxulamde sruliad mSvidobianad gamoiyureba Tavad saakaSvilis gancxadebebic, romlebic aqamde gajerebuli iyo Tbilisisa da aWaris revoluciebis impulsiT. saqar-Tvelos prezidenti sazRvargareTulUpresasTan Tu adgi-lob riv SexvedrebSi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli mxri dan omi dauSvebelia. `1992 wlis Semdeg ruseTTan kon fliq tis ganmeoreba katastrofa iqneba~ (`24 saaTi~, oq tom beri, 2004). `saqarTvelos xelisufleba mzad aris, di a logi awarmoos am xelisuflebasTan, piradad baRaf-STan... darwmunebuli var, arc afxazebisTvis da arc qar-Tve le bisTvis dialogs alternativa am etapze namdvilad ar aqvs~ (`24 saaTi~, dekemberi, 2004). 2004 wlis dekembris bolos mixeil saakaSvili uSiSroebis sabWos avalebs, rom umokles vadaSi SeimuSaos qveynis Sida konfliqtebis da re-gulirebis koncefcia, Camoayalibon winadadebebi afxa ze-Tis gansakuTrebuli statusis Sesaxeb. mouwodebs arasam-Tavrobo seqtors, rom waradginon koncefciebi. `iseT sta tuss SevTavazebT afxazebs (uprecedentos), rom rusebi xmas ver amoiReben~ (`24 saaTi~, dekemberi, 2004). uSiSroebis sabWoSi Setanili aTamde koncefciis miuxedavad (samxreT kavkasiis regionuli usafrTxoebis institutis koncefcia; sainiciativo jgufis koncefcia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo-Si afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli statusis Sesaxeb; nodar na-TaZis `qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis garantirebuli mogvarebis koncefcia~, vaxtang xmalaZisa da avtorTa jgu-fis ekonomikuri xasiaTis proeqti; nodar sarjvelaZisa da avtorTa jgufis proeqti da sxvebi), prezidents arc erT maTganze ar gamouTqvams azri. cota xanSi cxadi gaxda, rom samoqalaqo seqtorTan TanamSromlobis survilma saqar-Tve los prezidents gadauara.

ramdenime faqtori SeiZleba davasaxeloT imis mizezad, ratom damTavrda uSedegod mixeil saakaSvilis inicia tiva, afxazeTis mSvidobiani gziT dabrunebis koncefcia Seq-mniliyo samoqalaqo seqtorTan TanamSromlobiT.

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pirveli da mTavari aris is, rom sruliad gansxvavebu-lia saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa da soxumis de-faqto xe lisuflebis Sexedulebebi konfliqtis mogvrebis taq-tikaze da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo seqtoris didi nawili am taqtikas uWers mxars. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis poli-tikuri kursi aris maqsimalizmze awyobili (jonaTan koeni, `24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2005), soxumis xelisuflebis kursi aris nabij-nabijis principze awyobili. `statusze ar ari an Tanaxma, magram soWisa da Jenevis molaparakebebTan dakav-SirebiT surT saubari~ (`24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2005). sergei ba-RafSi: `Cveni eqspansia iqneba is, rom Cveni mezobeli sa qar-Tvelo ekonomikurad Cvenze Cqara ganviTardeba... aseT dros molaparakebebi Zalze rTuli iqneba~ (`24 saaTi~, ivlisi, 2005); `arasdros davTanxmdebiT, rom sadRac SegvaTrion... vawarmoebT mxolod molaparakebebs rkinigzis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT~ (aleqsandre anqvabi, `24 saaTi~, aprili, 2006). saqarTvelos samoqalaqo seqtori moqmedebis, swored, iseT kurss uWers mxars, romelic gulisxmobs maqsimaluris miR-wevas minimaluri, mcire-mcire nabijebis Sedegad. arasam-Tavrobo seqtoris am nawilis azriT, radgan afxazebi da qarTvelebi sruliad sxvadasxva realobidan uyureben prob lemas (afxazebs surT damoukidebloba, qarTvelebs – te ritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena; afxazebs undaT ruseT-Tan integrireba, qarTvelebs – evropasTan...), amitom sa-Wiroa `mogeba-mogebaze orientirebuli dialogi~ (nodar sarjvelaZe, `24 saaTi~, 1 seqtemberi, 2004), romlis dros moxdeba daTmobebi orive mxridan (raTa Senc dagiTmon). am dros winadadebaTa da SeTavazebaTa paketi unda kon-centrirdes or mTavar SeTavazebasTan: ekonomikuri blo-kadis moxsna afxazebisTvis (blokada mxolod ruseTis eko-nomikaze abams okupirebul mxares) da qarTul-afxazuri ekonomikuri, kulturuli, humanitaruli proqtebis gan-xor cieleba (afxazebis integrirebisTvis qarTul ekono-mikur da kulturul sivrceSi. `maqsimumis moTxovniT sa-surveli Sedegis miRebis principi araTu ar gamogvadgeba, kidev ufro daaSorebs mxareebs. Uunda moiZebnos saerTo interesis sferoebi~ (`axali 7 dRe~, 18-24 Tebevrali, 2005);

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`Cven unda movxsnaT ekonomikuri blokada, romelic mainc formaluria. es iqneba ori mimarTulebiT Sedegiani: jer erTi, ruseTs xelidan gamovacliT afxazeTis marTvis eko-nomikur berketebs, da meore – daxmarebis xels gavuwvdiT afxazebs~ (paata zaqareiSvili, `24 saaTi~, dekemberi, 2004); `vaskdebiT da vaskdebiT am samSvidoboebis gayvanas... sxva ram gavakeToT... uamravi iseTi ramis gakeTeba SegviZlia, raSic rusebi xels ver SegviSlian~ (paata zaqareiSvili, `24 saaTi~, Tebervali, 2006); `afxazebs avuxsnaT, rom nato politikuri organizaciac aris... evrointegraciisTvis sa Wiro... evropa ar aRiqmeba militaristul da vinmesadmi mtrulad ganwyobil organizaciad... rom evropa mcire ere-bis uflebebs icavs...~ (iv. xaindrava, `24 saaTi~, marti, 2006).

saqarTvelos xelisuflebisTvis cxadi xdeba, rom mi-si politikuri kursis maqsimalizmi sruliad miuRe be-lia samoqalaqo seqtorisTvis. TanamSomloba SeuZleb-lad mi iCneva. Ees kidev erTxel gamomJRavnda saqar Tve los sa mo qa laqo seqtoris damokidebulebaSi, erTi mxriv, sa-qar Tve los xelisuflebis mier warmodgenil koncefci-as Tan (sagzao ruka) da, meore mxriv, afxazuri mxaris mier war mod genil `momavlis gasaRebTan~. rogori ucnauric unda iyos, samoqalaqo seqtorisTvis ufro gasagebi meore proeqti aRmoCnda, radgan, strategiuli SeuTavseblobis miuxedavad, afxazur proeqtTan SeTavsebadi iyo proble-mis mogvarebis maTeuli taqtika. `sagzao ruka danawevre-bu lad ver warmoaCens problemas, erTbaSad, TavSi gamo-aqvs teritoriuli mTlianobisa da devnilebis dabrunebis sakiTxi... afxazebma ki warmoadgines proeqti, romelic problemis mogvarebas iTvaliswinebs nabij-nabij~ (paata zaqareiSvili, `24 saaTi~, ivlisi, 2006).

meore mniSvnelovani faqtori, ris gamoc saqarTve-los prezidenti uars ambobs arasamTavroboebis mier war-modgenil koncefciebTan TanamSromlobaze, aris, erTi mxriv, am proeqtebis arapopularoba sazogadoebaSi da, me-ore, am proeqtebis sruli miuRebloba prezidentis gare-mocvis sakmaod mravalricxovani da gavleniani nawilis-Tvis. isini gansakuTrebiT aqtiurdebian 2005 wlidan,

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swo red mas Semdeg, rac uSiSroebis sabWoSi grovdeba pro-eq te bi, romlebic xelisuflebas sTavazoben saqarTvelos federaluri mowyobis models, rogorc saqarTvelos kon-stituciur sivrceSi afxazeTis Semoyvanis erTaderT gzas. federalizmis idea gatolebulia samSoblis RalatTan, umecrebasTan, qveynis daRupvis mowadinebasTan – aseTi Se-fasebebi gaismis rogorc sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv-po li-tikuri instituciidan, agreTve xelisuflebis rigebidan: `federalizmis idea Tavis droze hqondaT elcinsa da gra Covs... rogor gaaformebs xelSekrulebas afxazeTis saxel mwifosTan, Tu ar cnobs mis xelisuflebasa da mis arsebobas~ (arasamTavrobo organizacia `dabruneba~, `24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2005); `es statusi niSnavs xval saxel mwi-fo ebriv problemas~ (S. malaSxia, iqve); `davarqvaT fe de-ralizmi, oRond SinaarsiT unitaruli iyos~ (S. axalaia, so-xumis universitetis profesori, ̀ 24 saaTi~, marti, 2005); ̀ es proeqti moewonaT moskovSi. afxazebsac moewonaT albaT, magram drois gayvana undaT... saqarTvelo unda darCes ise-Tive unitarul saxelmwifod, rogoric iyo istori u lad~ (z. kvaracxelia, saqarTvelos prezidentis administra ci-is erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobis ganyofilebis gamge, `24 saaTi~, marti, 2005).

prezidentis garemocvaSi `mogeba-mogebis~ principis mxardamWerTa jgufs (irakli alasania, goga xaindrava) mu-dam sWarbobda radikaluri zomebis mxardamWerTa frTa. es kursi maSinve gadmodioda wina planze, rogorc ki alasania-xaindravas kursi etapobriv warmatebas aRwevda.

faqti 1 – 2005 weli, agvisto. Aalasania-xaindravas uwye-be bis mier wardgenil dokuments ̀ Tbilissa da soxums Soris uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis Sesaxeb~ mxars uWers gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo (`24 saaTi~, seqtemberi, 2005).

seqtemberSi qveynis Tavdacvis ministri akeTebs gancxa-debas, rom afxazeTis tyeebSi iyo ramdenime dRe, sadac, afxazTa mtkicebiT, qarTveli partizanebi arian, rac af-xazebisgan iwvevs protests (`24 saaTi~, seqtemberi, 2005).

amave periodSi gaeros generaluri asambleis sesiaze saqarTvelos prezidenti afxazeTis konfliqtis Sesaxeb

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saub risas iyenebs termins àmoraluri aneqsia~, rac afxa-zebisa da rusebisgan aseve mwvave reaqcias ganapirobebs (`24 saaTi~, oqtomberi, 2005).

faqti II – saxelmwifo ministri giorgi xaindrava aRwevs SeTanxmebas soxumSi adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan, rom qarTulma da afxazurma mxareebma erTmaneTs warudginon konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebis proeqtebi.

amave periodSi parlamenti iRebs gadawyvetilebas af-xa ze Tidan ruseTis samxedro bazebisa da mSvidobiani kon-tingentis dauyovnebeli gayvanis Taobaze da ultimatums uyenebs ruseTs, rac, TavisTavad, mniSvnelovani gadawyve-tilebaa, magram xels uSlis xelisuflebaSi `mogeba-mo-gebis~ principiT momuSave alasania-xaindravas jgufs.

Cveni azriT, afxazeTis politika zustad imave prob-le mebs awydeba, rac wina xelisuflebis politikis mTavari problema iyo: xelisufleba erTi xeliT samSvidobo kon-cef ciebs wers, meore xeliT – saomar ultimatumebs. `sa qar-Tvelos xelisufleba afxazeTis mimarT raRac mega fo nur diplomatias axorcielebs... aris ormagi standarti: Za laze saubari, mSvidobaze saubari~ (`24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2005)

Cveni azriT, erT-erT mTavar rols imaSi, rom xeli-suf leba nel-nela irCevs Zalismier gzas da midis samSvi-dobo gzis saboloo uaryofamde, asrulebs isic, rom Za lis mieri kursis momxreebad xelisuflebas Tavad samo-qalaqo seqtorisa da politikuri opoziciis uamravi war-momadgeneli eguleba. maTgan yvela ar deklarirebs am po-zicias, Tumca eqstremelur situaciaSi Zalismier gzas uWers mxars. AmarTlac, SesamCnevia, rom am speqtris mxolod TiTo-orola warmomadgeneli emijneba 2006 wlis zafxulSi kodorSi Catarebul operacias. umetesoba ara mxolod mxars uWers, aramed xotbas asxams SeiaraRebuli jgufebis Seyvanas kodorSi. `yvelam unda aRiaros, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebas aqvs aseTi gadawyvetilebis ufleba~, – arCil gegeSiZe (àxali 7 dRe~, 11-17 agvisto, 2006); àm nabijiT msoflios davanaxeT, rom afxazeTSi kosovis variantis ga-TamaSeba SeuZlebelia, – zurab Sengelia (iqve); àm etapze sruli pasuxismgeblobiT SemiZlia ganvacxado, rom swor

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politikas axorcielebs qarTuli mxare, – ada marSania (àxali 7 dRe~, 4-10 agvisto, 2004).

mkveTri gamyofi xazi saakaSvilis xelisuflebis samSvi-dobo da Zalismier kursebs Soris droiTi TvalsazrisiT ivleba 2005 wlis maisis Semdeg. Tavisuflebis moedanze aSS-is prezidentis gamosvlas, romelic ori mTavari mesijis-gan Sedgeboda (pirveli – saqarTvelos transkavkasiur ali-ansSi gasawevrianeblad konfliqti mSvidobiani gziT unda mogvardes; da meore – afxazebs unda hqondeT avtonomiuri uflebebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi), saqarTvelos xeli-suf lebis radikaluri frTa igebs, rogorc saqarTvelos unitaruli modelis mxardaWeras, romelSic afxazebi unda daTanxmdnen avtonomiur uflebebze. `gavixsenoT buSis sit yva, sadac man avtonomia axsena`; an: `mTavrobac ase Ca-mo yalibda da SeCerda afxazeTis avtonomiur statusze uni tarul saxelmwifoSi~ (afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos Tav-mjdomare Temur mJavia, `24 saaTi~, maisi, 2005).

2005 wlis maisidanve iwyebs saubars xelisufleba sam-xedro gziT afxazeTis dabrunebis SesaZleblobaze (samar-Tlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom aseT gancxadebebSi sam xedro gza dasaxelebulia, rogorc alternatiuli da mxo lod mSvidobiani resursebis Semdeg asamoqmedebeli. ase Ti gancxadebebis avtorebisTvis mSvidobiani gza ukve an TiT qmis amowurulad miiCneva). `Slainingis proceszec ar mov ri debivar gancxadebebs, rom namdvilad ar mimaCnia mSvido biani gza ualternativod~ (nika gvaramia, `24 saa Ti~, maisi, 2005); `separatistebTan molaparakeba ukve SeuZ le-belia. erTmaneTisgan unda gavarCioT damnaSaveni da xalxi~ (paata daviTaia, maisi, 2005); `prezidenti garkveviT ambobs, jars imitom vaZlierebT, rom afxazi xalxi davicvaT sepa-ratistebisgano~ (Temur mJavia, iqve).

2006 wlis dasawyisSi eqspertebi ukve acxadeben, rom ìs fanjara, romelic Cvensa da afxazebs Soris afxazeTis arCevnebis dros gaiWra, nel-nela iketeba~; àmave periodSi qarTuli mxaris mizeziT afxazur mxaresTan ramdenime se-riozuli Sexvedra CaiSala~ (paata zaqareiSvili, `24 saaTi~, Tebervali, 2006).

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2006 wlis zafxulSi imarTeba stambolis Sexvedra, ro melsac iseve ar eswrebian saqarTvelos xelisuflebis war momadgenlebi, rogorc ramdenime wina Sexvedras. am Sex vedris qarTveli monawileebi SeniSnaven, rom mxareebs Soris gaucxoveba da daZabuloba maqsimums aRwevs (`24 sa-aTi~, ivnisi, 2006).

samSvidobo kursis meqanizmebi da personebi sabo-lo od midian politikidan. SesamCnevia, rom aseTi pirebi xelisuflebidan wasvlamde fragmentulad, drois mcire monakveTSi, iReben kompromisul gadawyvetilebas da dge-bian xelisuflebis Zalismieri kursis mxares. maTi kur sis tran sformireba nawilobriv ganpirobebulia maTi Ta nam-debobrivi movaleobebiT, Tumca aseT movaleobaze, sa bo-loo jamSi, uars acxadeben. afxazebma personaluri un dob-loba gamoucxades saxelmwifo ministrs konfliqte bis da regulirebis sakiTxSi giorgi xaindravas misi xisti gan-cxadebebis gamo (`man ruseTs faSisturi saxelmwifo uwo-da~) da moiTxoves misi gayvana molaparakebaTa for matidan (`24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2006). am droisTvis ukve SeCerebulia gansakuTrebul davalebaTa rwmunebulis, saqarTveloSi sa ko or dinacio komisiis aRmasrulebeli mdivnis, zurab la ker baias, funqcia. mas Tavs esxmis xelisuflebis ra di ka-luri kursis mxardamWerTa frTa. am Tavdasxmebis ad resats SeZlebisdagvarad icaven qarTul-afxazuri urTi er To bis dalagebis mxardamWerebi. paata daviTaias erT-erTi ci lis-wamebisgan dacva lorik marSaniam ase scada: `paata da vi Ta-ias zurab lakerbaia leonide lakerbaia hgonia, romelic pirveli vicepremieria~ (`24 saaTi~, Tebervali, 2005).

ruseTis faqtoriwesebi, romliTac ruseTi afxazeTis problemis saku-

Tar mniSvnelobaze mobmulobas inarCunebs, mxolod er Ti SexedviT aris martivi. misTvis, rogorc didi da geo po li-tikur sivrceSi angariSgasawevi qveynisTvis, ar aris saWiro patara qveynebTan TamaSis gansakuTrebuli wesebis Se moReba. erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos misamarTiT mSvidobiani, ke Til-

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me zob luri deklaraciebi, meore mxriv – afxazeTis Tan da-Ta nobiTi da sruli integrireba ruseTis politikur da eko nomikur sivrceSi iSviaTad awydeba winaaRmdegobas sa qar-TveloSi 2003 wlis revoluciamdeli xelisuflebis mxridan.

2003 wlis revoluciis Semdeg mosuli xelisufleba, piriqiT, afxazeTis Temaze ruseTTan molaparakebis ram-de nime uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg irCevs ruseTTan wina-aR mdegobisa da dapirispirebis gzas. Sedegi orive Sem-Txve vaSi (winaaRmdegoba – minimaluri, winaaRmdegoba – maq si maluri) erTnairia – saqarTvelo Zvelebur dis-tan ciaze rCeba afxazeTidan. ruseTis politikis mTa va-ri berketi qarTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris aseTi mdgo ma-re obis SesanarCuneblad aris ori konfliqturi mxa ris mier imis mudmivi aRiareba da gacnobiereba, rom kon-fliq tis mTavari gmiri aris ruseTi, rom mxareebi kon-fliq tis Sesaxeb mxolod mas unda elaparakon. 2003 wlis re voluciamdeli xelisuflebis afxazur politikaSi ur-TierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebis arsebobis miuxe da-vad, mTeli saxelisuflebo speqtri am wess emorCileba – erTni (e.w. prorusebi, romlebic mogvianebiT aslan abaSiZis irgvliv gaerTiandnen) afxazeTis problemis mogvarebas api reben ruseTTan partniorobiT. magaliTad – aslan aba-SiZe: `afxazeTis problemas ruseTis xelisuflebis war-mo madgenlebTan erTi finjani yavis dalevisas movag-va reb~ (`axali 7 dRe~, 14-20 Tebervali, 2003); meoreni – e. w. na dareiSvilis frTac aRiarebs, rom ruseTi qarTul-afxazuri problemis mogvarebisTvis aris ara erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, aramed TviT afxazebze mTavari subieqti: `rom ara ruseTi, afxazeTis problemas or dReSi movagvarebdiT~ (ix. zemoT); malxaz kakabaZe, gansakuTrebul saqmeTa ministri SevardnaZis xelisuflebaSi: `problemis gasaRebi aris ara TbilisSi anda soxumSi, rogorc ruseTis elCma Tqva, aramed moskovSi~ (`24 saaTi~, ivlisi, 2003)

miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvierad da deklarirebulad ruseTis xelisufleba sapirispiro gancxadebebs akeTebs (`Cven moxarulebi viqnebiT, Tuki qarTvelebi da afxazebi Suamavlis gareSe daelaparakebian erTmaneTs~ an `rogorc

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ki romelime mxari gvetyvis, an qarTuli, an afxazuri, rom Cven iqidan unda wavideT, wavalT~ – `24 saaTi~, ivlisi, 2003), maTi gancxadebebis kontenti mainc amxels ruseTis ambicias, iyos maradiuli da Seucvleli momrigebeli qarTul da afxazur mxareebs Soris. vladimer CxikviSvili: `ruseTi cdilobs, ar daJangdes is boqlomi, romelSic es gasaRebi unda moergos~; anda `vfiqrobT, rom sxvebiT Cveni Canacvleba ar aris mizanSewonili~ (iqve); 2003 wlis dekemberSi ruseTis federaciis sabWo iRebs putinis mo-sazrebas, rom ruseTis samxedro kontingenti qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis zonaSi im dromde darCeba, vidre erT-erTi mxare mis gasvlas ar moiTxovs~. Tumca ruseTi aseT gancxadebebs wyvets 2004 wlis oqtombris de-faqto afxazeTis saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi moskovisTvis naklebad sasurveli politikuri gundis mos-vlisTanave, radgan garantirebuli mxardaWera soxumidan aRar aqvs.

cxadi xdeba, rom, rogorc ki erT-erTi mxare konfliqtur mxareebs Soris qmnis perspeqtivas, rom ruseTi, SesaZloa, amovardes konfliqtis sam ZiriTad monawiles Soris mTa-vari rolidan, maSinve cvlis moqmedebis taqtikas, xolo Tu aqvs garantirebulad daZabuli urTierToba mxareebs Soris, maSinve ubrundeba Zvel rols – misi deklarirebuli politika xdeba harmoniuli, loialuri, saerTaSoriso stan dartebs morgebuli.

2003 wlis miwuruls xelisuflebaSi mosuli nino bur-janaZe da mixeil saakaSvili akeTeben saomar gancxadebebs (nino burjanaZe: `orive Svils omSi gavgzavni!~; Mmixeil sa akaSvili: `Cavicvam farajas da yazarmaSi daviZineb!~) rac aforiaqebs afxazur mxares da amyarebs qarTul mxa-resTan misi dapirispirebis motivacias. afxazebi isedac aRniSnavdnen, rom `saakaSvilis vardebs saqarTveloSi ek-lebi mohyva~ (naTela akaba, `axali 7 dRe~, 20-29 Tebervali, 2004). male qarTuli mxaris saomar gancxadebebs galSi diversiul-partizanuli moZraobis ganaxlebis damadas-tu rebeli faqtebi mohyva: sofel primorskoedan gaitaces sami afxazi mesazRvre. Ppasuxad afxazebma sofelSi 40-kaci-

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ani razmi Seiyvanes, sofeli aawiokes da qarTvelebi mZev-lad aiyvanes. aseT fonze miiRo ruseTis federaaciis uSiS-roebis sabWom gadawyvetileba, rom qarTul-afxazuri kon fliqtis zonidan maSinve gaiyvanda Tavis samxedro kon-tingents, rogorc ki amas erT-erTi mxare moiTxovda.

magram 2004 wlis oqtombris de-faqto saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg, roca soxumis xelisuflebaSi ver mo-dis moskovis uSualo kadri, ruseTi yvelafers akeTebs imis Tvis, rom ar Sesustdes misi umTavresi roli da mniS-vneloba konfliqtis `daregulirebaSi~. misTvis aq iq mne ba erTaderTi saSiSroeba – ar moxdes konfliqturi mxa re ebis daaxloeba, maTi urTierTobis gasvla ruseTis kon tro-li dan. cxadia, kremlSi kargad ician, rom soxumis xeli-suf lebaSi mosul baRafSs (anqvabs: àitairas~, èrTian af-xazeTs~, ̀ amcaxaras~) ar aqvs araviTari proqarTuli interesi da orientacia, magram es gundi ar aris mTlianad marTuli ruseTis mier, isini acxadeben, rom aqvT proafxazuri interesebi (`Cven gvaqvs proafxazuri interesi~, – baRafSi. xazgasma proafxazurze niSnavs imas, rom is ar aris mi-marTuli – `pro~ sxva qveynebis – ruseTis – interesisken); aqvT proevropuli orientacia, aRiareben dasavlur Rire-bulebebs (àitaira~); aiRes galis qarTvelebis xmebis 82% da Sesabamisad – erTgvari valdebulebac maT winaSe; baRafSs, romelic prezidentad airCia afxazeTis mosaxleobam, aqvs proqarTuli orientaciis mqone politikosis iarliyi. ar aqvs mniSvneloba, aris Tu ara realurad proqarTveli. amomrCeveli amas xom ver amowmebs; rac mTavaria, afxazeTis mosaxleobam imis gamoc ki ar misca xma prorusul figurebs (arZinbas – xajinbas), rom `maT uzrunvelyves sarkinigzo mimosvla ruseTTan da soxumi-soWis saavtomobilo mar-Srutis gaxsna~ (zurab Sengelia, àxali 7 dRe~, 8-14 oqtom-beri, 2004) – sakmarisze meti argumenti grovdeba imisTvis, rom ruseTma gadamWreli zomebi miiRos: igi kargavs kon-fliqtSi mTavar rols.

pirveli, rasac is akeTebs, aris arCevnebis ganmeorebiTi turis daniSvna da premierad sakuTari kadris gayvana, rasac Sedegad mosdevs is, rom `baRafSs gverdiT uzis xajinba

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da igi destruqciuli saubriT gamoirCeva~ yvelasTan, vinc moskovis gverdis avliT Seecdeba dialogs soxumis xelisuflebasTan (aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis mrCe-veli stiven mani). afxazeTis sazogadobidan seriozu li wi naaRmdegobebis miuxedavad (afxazeTis televizia ar emorCileba kremlis mier premierministrad daniSnul no-dar xiJbas gankargulebas, rom televiziam droebiT mauw-yebloba Sewyvitos – `24 saaTi~, noemberi, 2004; imarTeba baRafSis mxardamWeri aqciebi. momitingeebi moiTxoven, ar damorCildes baRafSi moskovis direqtivebs da inauguracia Caataros), moskovi axerxebs afxazuri winaaRmdegobis daZ-levas, baRafSi da misi mxrdamWerebi kompromisze midian.

miuxedavad movlenebis ase damTavrebisa, aRniSnuli etapi unda Sefasdes, rogorc afxazebisa da qarTvelebis erToblivi Sansi, gaeyvanaT ruseTi qarTul-afxazuri ur-TierTobis konteqstidan. samarTlianoba moiTxovs imis aR niSvnas, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebam sworad aRiqva da Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba. erT-erTi Secdoma, romelic man am Sefasebebisas dauSva, albaT, iyo is, rom afxazebTan pirdapiri urTierTobis dasamyareblad man airCia Tavisi politikuri kursis deklarirebis gza, ramac, erTi mxriv, gaaaqtiura ruseTis sifxizle (da kontroli afxazebze, meore mxriv, Tavad axal afxazur xelisflebas Seuqmna zed meti barierebi. `saqarTvelos xelisufleba mzad aris, dialogi awarmoos am xelisufdlebasTan, piradad baRaf-STan, romelic afxazebis umravlesobis mxardaWeriT sar-geblobs~ (mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis institutis TanamSromlebTan, `24 saaTi~, dekemberi, 2004); afxazebma dainaxes, rom ruseTisTvis maTi eTnosi arafers warmoadgens, rom ruseTisTvis afxazeTi aris mxolod iaraRi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg~ (irakli alasania, `24 saaTi~, dekemberi, 2004). xmamaRal Sefasebebs akeTebs samoqalaqo seqtoric. `ruseTma afxazeTSi Tavisi dampyrobluri politika Riad gamoamJRavna da amiT San-si misca saqarTvelos~ (paata zaqareiSvili, `24 saaTi~, de-kemberi, 2004); `afxazi xlxis mier baRafSis arCeva ruse-Tisadmi damokidebulebis maCvenebelia~ (zurab Sengelia, `axali 7 dRe~, 8-14 oqtom beri, 2004).

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sworad gacnobierebuli sinamdvilis miuxedavad, sa-qar Tvelos xelisufleba bolomde ar iyenebs Sanss qar-Tul-afxazuri urTierTobis axali etapidan ruseTis ga-mosa ricxad, saakaSvilis xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave af xaz sazo gadoebaSi igrZnoba molodini, rom igi gadad-gams wina xelisuflebisgan gansxvavebul or nabijs (`Se-uZ lia gadadgas ori saWiro nabiji: 1. gamoacxados, rom gamoricxavs afxazeTis problemis mogvarebas samxed ro gziT; 2. moxsnas ekonomikuri blokada:; jonaTan koe ni, `Se-rigebis resursebis~ kavkasiuri programebis koordi na-tori, `24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2004).

am komentarSi udavod sworad aris Sefasebuli afxaze-bis ruseTTan mibmis ori mTavari mizezi: saqarTvelosgan mosalodneli samxedro Setevisgan Tavdacva ruseTis dax-marebiT unda SeZlon afxazebma; saqarTvelos mier ga moc-xadebul saerTaSoriso ekonomikur blokadas de-faqto afxazeTis mimarT ar emorCileba mxolod ruseTi, romlis ekonomikuri proeqtebi aris afxazi xalxis materialuri ga darCenis erTaderTi gza. `ekonomikurma blokadam saqar-Tvelos araferi misca, rusi biznesmenebi am akrZalvas arafrad agdeben da afxazeTSi investiciebs deben. amitom xdeba afxazeTi ruseTze damokidebuli da misken ixreba. saakaSvilis legitimaciis xarisxi Zalian maRalia, mas Se-uZlia, gaauqmoos blokada~ (jonaTan koeni, iqve.)

rac Seexeba samxedro agresiis molodins saqarTvelo-dan, es SiSic mudam igrZnoba afxaz sazogadoebaSi da mu dam ruseTis sasargeblod TamaSobs. afxazebs aSfoTebT sa-qarTvelos samxedro gaZliereba, afxazur presaSi aJiotaJi atyda svaneTSi antikriminaluri operaciis Catarebis ga-mo: `amis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebam maT gauCina aseTi kiTxva: Tqven svaneTidan gindodaT dartyma?~ (`24 saaTi~, noemberi, 2003); sergei Samba saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi cvlilebebisTanave akeTebs gancxadebas da gamoTqvams mzad yofnas, gaagrZelon molaparakeba qarTul mxaresTan Jenevis formatSi sabrZolo moqmedebaTa ganuaxleblobis saerTaSoriso garantiebis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb (`24 saaTi~, noemberi, 2004).

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saqarTvelos xelisufleba ar iyenebs afxazur kon-fliqtSi ruseTis faqtoris Sesustebis arcerT gzas: ar auq-mebs ekonomikur blokadas de-faqto respublikis winaaR-mdeg. is arc Zalis ganuaxleblobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaze Tanxmdeba.

sakvlevi masalidan cxadi xdeba, rom Zalis gamouye-neblobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaze uaris Tqma saqarTvelos xelisuflebas yvela SemTxvevaSi mouwevda, radgan, jer erTi, SeuZlebelia ruseTisa da afxazeTis winaaRmdeg Za-lis gamouyeneblobis sakiTxTa gamijvna (ruseTTan ki, ro-gorc sagareo politikaSi samxedro enaze molaparake sa-xelmwifosTan, qarTuli mxare Zalis gamouyeneblobisa da dauSveblobis pirobas ver gaaformebs) da meore, – rogorc Tavad eqspertebi varaudoben, ruseTi `moaxdens samxedro Zalis gamoyenebis provocirebas~, radgan `SesaZloa, af-xazebma ruseTs zurgi aqcion da saqarTvelosken gamo-ixedon~. ruseTis provokaciebisgan dacvis garantia ki, roca saqme exeba, erTi mxriv, ruseTis SeuzRudav samxedro da politikur gavlenas okupirebul teritoriaze, meore mxriv ki, saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikur (maT So ris, saxelisuflebo) sivrceSi Zalismieri gzebiT af-xazeTis dabrunebis seriozul mxardaWeras, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ar SeuZlia misces arc qarTvel da arc afxaz xalxs. saakaSvilis xelisuflebam aseTi garantiis gacema sakuTar Tavze ar aiRo. es axsnadi xdeba afxazeTidan momdinare mudmivi samxedro muqaris fonze. miT umetes, rom samxedro muqara afxazeTidan yovelTvis ar ganixileba saqarTvelodan saomari gancxadebebis anda qmedebebis pasuxad. afxazeTSi moRvawe ruseTis armiis generlebi, rom lebsac sxvadasxva statusi aqvT afxazeTis de-faqto respublikis Tavdacvisa da SeiaraRebis sferoSi, mudmivad axseneben dapirispirebul mxareebs, rom omi maT Soris mudam ganaxlebadad unda CaiTvalos, rom `afxazi xalxi iaraRiT xelSi daicavs Tavis damoukideblobas, rogorc ki saqarTvelos xelisufleba mas Seexeba~. rom saqarTvelos samxedro gaZlierebis sapasuxod mimdinareobs afxazeTis gamalebuli SeiaraReba, rom `saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis

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regions ruseTi ar daTmobs~... `rusi samxedroebi afxazebis interesebs bolomde daicaven: (`24 saaTi~, oqtomberi, 2003 weli; ianvari 2005).

rac Seexeba ekonomikuri blokadis moxsnas afxazeT-ze ruseTis gavlenis Semcirebis mizniT, saqarTvelos xe-lisuflebam Sualeduri varianti airCia. ekonomikuri blokada ar moxsna, magram afxazur mxaresTan daiwyo se-riozuli TanamSromloba erToblivi ekonomikuri pro eq-tebis ganxorcielebisTvis. es gzac Sedegze orientire-bu li iqneboda misi bolomde miyvanis SemTxvevaSi, Tum ca Tavidanve ar iZleoda imis srul garantias, rom ru seTis ekonomikur sivrcesTan integrirebas qarTul eko no mi-kasTan integrirebiT srulad Caanacvlebda, radgan qar-Tuli mxare mainc blokadis avtoris, afxazi xalxis mimarT (`afxazi xalxis da ara afxazeTis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli es blokada~, – giorgi anCabaZe) agresoris, arakeTilganwyobilis imijs inarCunebda, ruseTi ki am proeqtebiTac ganimtkicebda afxazi xalxis erTaderTi patronisa da mxardamWeris imijs, radgan es proeqtebi isev misi monawileobiTa da nebarTviT xorcieldeboda (niu iorkSi gaeros generaluri mdivnis kofi ananisa da ruseTis federaciis uSiSroebis sabWos Tavmjdomaris sergei mi ro-novis Sexvedraze rusulma mxarem isaubra sakuTar wvlilze qarTul-afxazuri ekonomikuri proeqtebis amoqme de bis-Tvis: mironovma moaxsena kofi anans, rom ialtis dsT-is samitma Cauyara safuZveli mTavar ekonomikur proeqtebs: rkinigzis, engurhesis, galSi devnilebis dabrunebis (`24 saaTi~, 2003).

imaSi, rom qarTul-afxazuri ekonomikuri proeqtebi ver gaxda qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis `daregulirebis~ procesidan ruseTis gayvanis saSualeba, Cans saqarTvelos xelisuflebis erTi mniSvnelovani pozicia – is ruseTis CarTulobas am konfliqtSi aRiqvams, rogorc Seuqcevad realobas da cdilobs ara am realobis Secvlas, aramed aseTi realobis mixedviT moqmedebis kursSi ruseTisaTvis wamyvani rolis `warTmevas~, acxadebs pretenzias, rom es monawileoba misi wesebis mixedviT unda warimarTos. `ru-

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seTi aris ZiriTadi sagareo safrTxe saqarTvelosTvis, ami tom SeZlebisdagvarad unda CavabaT konfliqtis mogva-rebis saqmeSi, magram saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan er-Tad (irakli alasania, `24 saaTi~, dekemberi, 2004); `ruseT-Tan urTierTobis Ydaregulirebis resursi arsebobs~... `ru seTTan unda daidos CarCo xelSekruleba. ruseTi unda movaqcioT samarTlebriv sibrtyeSi, raTa SevZloT pasuxis moTxovna am yvelafris gamo~ (Temur mJavia, `axali 7 dRe~, 3-9 dekemberi, 2004).

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam moskovi-soxumi-Tbilisis politikur samkuTxedSi mTavari rolisTvis brZola saer-TaSoriso meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT gadawyvita. SesamCne-via, rom samoqalaqo seqtoric, romelic konfliqtSi ru seTis rolis Sesasusteblad qarTul-afxazuri urTi-er Tobis ganmtkicebas uWers mxars (ekonomikuri bloka-dis moxsna da Zalis gamouyeneblobaze SeTanxmeba), ru-seT ze saerTaSoriso meqanizmebis zewolas ganixilavs miz nis miRwevis erT-erT, magram ara erTaderT gzad. am Se xe dulebis mixedviT, ruseTze zewolis saerTaSoriso meqa nizmi mxolod qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis gan-mtki cebis paralelurad amuSavdeba (ori nabiji: samxed-ro Zalis gamouyenebloba, ekonomikuri blokadis moxsna). `saqarTvelos xelisuflebam unda ganacxados, rom sam-Svidobo Zalebi aRar sWirdeba, radgan ar apirebs samxedro Zalis gamoyenebas... ruseTi ar Seasrulebs moTxovnas, magram daiwyeba brZolis axali etapi, sadac ruseTi warmoCindeba konfliqtis mxared~ (paata zaqareiSvili, `24 saaTi~, 2005).

am mosazrebisgan mxolod erTi punqtiT gansxvavdeba parlamentis mier ruseTis samSvidobo da samxedro kon-tingentis gayvanis sakiTxis ratificirebis Semdeg gake Te-buli komentari, romelic xelisuflebis erT-erT cnobil saxes, kote gabaSvils, ekuTvnis: `saqarTvelom mxolod maSin daiwyo ruseTis bazebisa da samSvidoboebis gayvanis moTxovna, roca fexze dadga da miiRo garantia evropisa da aSS-is gverdze dadgomisa~ (`24 saaTi~, dekemberi, 2005).

Tavi rom davaneboT imaze kamaTs, miiRo Tu ara sa-qarTvelom dasavleTis gverdze dadgomis garantia, xe-

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li suflebis warmomadgenlis gancxadebaSi Riad da gaur-kvevlad rCeba erTi sakiTxi – ruseTis samSvidoboebis gas vlis Semdeg rogor formatSi warimarTeba urTierToba afxazebTan, Tuki winaswar ar iqneba maTTan komunikacia, partnioroba, ndoba, keTilganwyoba. es pasuxgaucemeli kiT xvebi (federacia? avtonomia? saerTaSoriso samSvidobo ZalebiT inspeqtireba?) ruseTis koziria rogorc afxazebis, ise saerTaaSoriso azris sakuTar mxareze gadasayvanad:

`daadebiTad unda Sefasdes ruseTis roli sepa ra tis-tuli teritoriebis militarizaciis sakiTxSi~ (lourens brueri, `24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2006);

`ruseTma ganaxorciela kidev erTi demarSi da gaeros aRiarebina, rom mTavari aris is da ara kofi anani~... (`24 saaTi~, Tebervali, 2006); ̀ ruseTma gaeros miaRebina rusi sam-xedroebis mxardamWeri rezolucia~ (`24 saaTi~, marti, 2006);

2006 wlis zafxulis kodoris operaciis dros ki ru-seTma sabolood daumtkica saqarTvelos, rom saerTaSori-so meqanizmebiT masze zewola absurdia.

kodorSi saqarTvelos policiuri razmebis Seyvanam ru seTs or politikur frontze moutana warmateba:

1. gaerTianebulma organizaciebma mas dauWires mxa-ri (rezolucia 1716, gaerTianebuli erebis orga-ni zacia, 13 oqtomberi, 2006): `mxars vuWerT da mi ve salmebiT... ruseTis federaciis, rogorc xelSem-wyobi Zalis daxmarebas...~ `kmayofilebiT aRvniS navT dsT-is samSvidobo Zalebisa da gaeros damkvir ve-belTaerToblivi patrulirebis ganaxlebas... (gae-ro) adasturebs dsT-is samSvidobo jarisa da gae ros damkvirvebelTa mniSvnelovan rols qarTul-afxa zur konfliqtSi (`axali 7 dRe~, 20-28 oqtomberi, 2006).

2. afxazebma sabolood airCies ruseTis politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro mfarvelobis qveS yofna. kodorSi Seqmnilma viTarebam `afxazeTis ekonomi-kaze mZime gartyma moaxdina~. aseTi gancxadebebi ga-is moda am dros afxazeTidan. maTi azriT, qarTve-lebma kodoris operaciisTvis zafxuli specialu rad SearCies, Sedegsac miaRwies – `damsveneblebi wavid-

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nen afxazeTidan, sakurorto sezoni CaiSala~ (`24 saaTi~, oqtomberi, 2006) soxumSi baRafSis opoziciam, romelic Tavisi orientaciiT mkveTrad prorusulad iyo miCneuli, baRafSis xelisuflebas brali dasdo qar Tve leb Tan garigebaSi kodoris operaciis dros, aRiniSneboda, rom baRafSis qarTvelebTan garigeba gamovlinda mis mier erToblivi ekonomikuri pro-eqtebis mxardaWerisas. A

amis Semdeg afxazeTSi qarTvelebTan yovelgvari eko no mikuri kavSirebi Sewyda. baRafSi iZulebuli gax-da, yve lafriT daemtkicebina oponentebisTvis, rom ara-vi Tari proqarTuli orientacia ar hqonia, misi gancxa-debebi qarTvelebis mimarT iseTive mkacri da pretenziuli gaxda, rogoric misi winamorbedi xelisuflebis dros iyo. afxazeTma Tavi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg sab rZo lo poziciaze mdgarad gamoacxada – `saqarTvelo srul mas-Sta biani omisTvis emzadeba~ (`24 saaTi~, agvisto, 2006); `Cven vemzadebiT TavdacvisTvisa da ara TavdasxmisaTvis~... `rezervistebs saxlebSi aqvT iaraRi da xalxi pirvelive signalze gamova~ (`24 saaTi~, maisi, 2006).

rodesac xelisuflebis politikuri kursis Secdo-mebze, araswor gaTvlebsa da mZime Sedegebze vsaubrobT ruseTTan mimarTebaSi, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da opoziciuri politikuri speqtris prognozebisTvisac iseTive aqilev-sis quslia, rogoric xelisuflebisTvis. TvalSi sacemia mcdari prognozebi, romlebsac isini akeTeben. `saqarTve-lom kidec rom moindomos, afxazeTis damoukideblo bis aRiareba ar moxdeba, ruseTi amas ar dauSvebs, radgan es misi problemebisTvisac saxifaTo iqneba~, – ivliane xaindrava (`24 saaTi~, 29 oqtomberi, 2003); `soxumSi leqciaze erTma studentma mkiTxa, ramdenad SesaZlebelia afxazeTis da-moukideblobis cnobao. Tanamedrove msoflio da TviT ruseTic ar dauSveben aseT saSiS precedents~, – `Serigebis resursebi:, jonaTan koeni; (`24 saaTi~, 19 noemberi, 2003); `ruseTi ar apirebs saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas~, – paata zaqareiSvili (`24 saaTi~, 3 dekemberi, 2003); `Tavad

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ruseTi ar dauSvebs afxazeTis damoukideblobas imitom, rom aqvT CeCneTisa da daRestnis problemebi~, – Tornike beriSvili (`24 saaTi~, seqtemberi, 2004).

aRniSnul prognozebSi arsad figurirebs piroba, ro-mel Sic ruseTma, SesaZloa, dauSvas saqarTvelos teri to-riaze TviTgamocxadebuli respublikis damoukideblobis aRiareba, ar igulisxmeba arc is, rom aseTi piroba, SesaZloa, Seqmnas Tavad saqarTvelom. erT prognozSi ki, swored, imazea aqcenti, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebis `mondomebis~ (anu Secdomebis, araswori politikis) Sem-TxvevaSic ki ar aRiarebda afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblobas. 2005 wlis bolodan, roca ruseTma da-iwyo separatistuli mxareebis damoukideblobis cnoba, eq-spertebs ar ganumartavT, ram gamoiwvia maTi prognozebis gaumarTlebloba, ra damatebiTi faqtori Seiqmna saqar-Tvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaSi 2003 wlis Semdeg.

2004 wlis TebervalSi erTmaneTs xvdebian saqarTve-losa da ruseTis prezidentebi. Sexvedra megobrul da ndobis viTarebaSi warimarTeba. `saakaSvilma ruseTTan rbili politika airCia da es kargia…... rac ufro met saerTos moZebnis ruseTTan, miT ufro advilad movagvarebT mSvi-dobiani gziT afxazeTis problemas~ (guram odiSaria, `axa-li 7 dRe~, 20-24 Tebervali, 2004).

2004 wlis aWaris movlenebis Semdeg TbilisSi Camo-dis ruseTis federaciis uSiSroebis sabWo mdivani iva no-vi, romelsac xvdebian mixeil saakaSvili da zurab Jva nia, saqarTvelo ruseTTan afxazeTze saubars aWaris mov le-nebis Semdeg iwyebs. Aafxazebi gamoxataven protests, rad-gan saqarTvelo maTTan ar saubrobs maT problemebze, afxazebis problemebze saqarTvelo ruseTs esaubreba (`24 saaTi~, maisi, 2004), saqarTvelo ver aRwevs ruseTTan Se-Tanxmebas, rom es ukanasknelebi ar Caerevian afxazeTis problemaSi;

2004 wlis oqtomberSi strasburgSi, evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleaze, imarTeba debatebi saqarTve lo-sa da ruseTis federaciis delegaciebs Soris, delegaci is xelmZRvanelma ruseTi ormagi standartebiT moqmedeba-

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Si daadanaSaula. ruseTis deputaciam protesti gamoxata saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis saerTaSoriso are naze gatanis gamo, radgan es problemebi mxolod regi-onis Sida problemad miaCnia (`24 saaTi~, oqtomberi, 2004).

2004 wlis de-faqto arCevnebis Sedegebs ruseTi Ta-vis sasargeblod asworebs – moskovSi dabarebul ba RafSs aiZuleben, daTanxmdes xajinbas premierobas. `ruseT ma moaxerxa, rom baRafSi aRar iyos damoukidebeli prezi-denti. xajimba iqneba premieri~ (`24 saaTi~, dekemberi, 2004).

2005 wlis maisSi, saqarTveloSi aSS-is prezidentis Ca-mosvlis win, amerikis saxelmwifo departamentis warmo-madgeneli estumra soxums. esEviziti mkveTrad amkacrebs ruseTis gancxadebebs, ruseTi iTxovs pasportizaciisa da saxelmwifo obieqtebis privatizaciis procesis daCqare bas (`24 saaTi~, aprili, 2005).

2005 wlis bolodan jer ruseTis calkeuli regionebi, Semdeg ki ruseTi iwyebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze TviT-gamocxadebuli respublikebis damoukideblobis aRiarebas. 2006 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli gaeroSi organizaciis wevr qveynebs sTxovs daxmarebas ruseTis aseTi arasamarTlebrivi qmedebis aRsakveTad (`24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2006).

2006 wlis 13 aprils saqarTvelos parlamenti iRebs gadawyvetilebas ruseTis samxedro bazebisa da samSvido-bo ebis gayvanis Taobaze da ultimatumiT mimarTavs ru-seTs. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa yofilma ministrma sa lome zurabiSvilma maSin samarTlianad aRniSna, rom gadaw yvetilebis misaRwevad saqarTvelos isev is gza aqvs, romelic aqamde hqonda – `zewola ruseTze saerTaSoriso organoebis mxridan da zewola Tavad afxazebis mxridan (`24 saaTi~, 2005). Ffaqtebis aseTma Tanmimdevrobam Semdegi suraTi gviCvena:

1. afxazeTis sakiTxSi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTier To-bis tendencia stabilurad uaryofiTia 2004 wlis da-sawyisidan.

2. saqarTvelos erTaderTi resuri konfliqtis mogva-re bisa da ruseTis distancirebisTvis aris saer Ta-So riso mxardaWera;

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3. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ar iziareben saqar-Tvelos pretenzias, rom ruseTi destruqciul rols asrulebs qarTul-afxazuri problemis mogvarebaSi.

4. ruseTi dauSveblad miiCnevs kavkasiis regionSi axa-li geopolitikuri viTarebis Seqmnas, axali moTa-maSis Semoyvanas, misi principi: problema unda mog-vardes regionis subieqtebs Soris da aravisTan sxvas Tan – angariSgasawevi da misaRebia yvelasTvis, saqarTvelos garda, radgan misi principia problemis mogvareba ara regionis SigniT da sakuTari ZalebiT, aramed saerTaSoriso Zalebis zewoliT – ris garan-tiasac ver iZleva ruseTi, romlis xelSi darCa kon-fliqtis marTvis sadaveebi.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebiqarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarebis saqmeSi sa-

er Ta Soriso oganizaciebis CarTulobisa da monawileobis sakiTxis kvleva saintereso aRmoCnda Semdegi mimarTule-bebis mixedviT: rogor afasaben am organizaciebis Car-Tulobasa da rols konfliqtis mogvarebaSi, erTi mxriv, qrTuli, meore mxrov ki, afxazuri mxareebi; rogoria sa-erTaSoriso organizaciebis programuli Sexedulebebi prob lemis mogvarebis sakiTxze; ra xelis SemSleli faqto-rebi moqmedebs maTi saqmianobis winaaRmdeg konfliqtSi monawile subieqtebis mxridan (saqarTvelo, ruseTi, afxa-zeTis de-faqto respublika); ras miiCneven es organizaci-ebi qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarebis sakiTxis stag naciisa da droSi gangrZobadobis mizezad.

Cven mier ganxilul masalebSi konfliqtis mogvarebaSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis monawileobasTan damokide-buleba rogorc qarTuli, aseve afxazuri sazogadoebriv-po litikuri sivrcidan aris an mkveTrad dadebiTi, an mkveT-rad uaryofiTi (mkveTrad dadebiTSi vgulisxmobT 2003 wlis noembris Semdgomi xelisuflebis pozicias saerTaSo-riso organizaciebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis mimarT kon-fliqtis mogvarebaSi). arc erTi saxelmwifoebriv-po li-

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ti kuri erTeulis warmomadgeneli xelisufleba an sxva sa zo ga do ebriv-politikuri instituciebi ar ganixilaven sa er Ta Soriso orga nizaciebis monawileobas misi dade-biTi da uar yofiTi mxa reebis mixedviT, danawevrebulad, segmenturad.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mimarT uaryofiTi damo-ki debulebis didi wili, cxadia, modis sakuTriv afxazur sa-zogadoebaze, romlisTvisac saerTaSoriso struqturebi aRiqmeba calsaxad qarTuli mxaris mxardamWerad. Aafxa-zebi ara molod aSS-is monawileobas, aramed èvropul struqturebsac ki eWvis TvaliT ucqeren, hgoniaT, rom isini qarTul saqmes akeTeben~ (goga xaindrava, `mSvidobis bairaRebi~, `24 saaTi~, maisi, 2004). Aafxazur politikur speqtrSi saqarTvelos mimarT deklarirebulad yvelaze loialurad ganwyobili àfxazTa aliansic~ ki (inal kaza-nis mier Seqmnili afxaz emigrantTa gaerTianeba), ro-me lic mudam mouwodebs afxaz xalxs saqarTvelosTan par tni o robisken (da am mowodebebiT arafers riskavs, rogorc afxazuri politikuri konteqstidan amovardnili erTeuli), kategoriul pozicias ikavebs, rodesac saqar-Tvelos prezidents gaeros 59-e sesiaze gansaxilvelad gaaqvs qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis mowesrigebis geg-ma `ndobis aRdgena~ da moiTxovs samSvidobo Zalebis in-ter nacionalizacias gaerosa da euTos ZalebiT. inal ka-zani acxadebs: ès dauSvebelia, radgan gaeroc da euToc proqarTuli organizaciebia~ (`24 saaTi~, oqtomberi, 2004).

rac Seexeba im politikur speqtrs, romelic saTaveSi udgas afxazeTis de-faqto respublikas, misTvis verc erTi saerTaSoriso struqtura ver xdeba qarTul mxaresTan urTierTobis biZgis mimcemi, Tu es urTierToba ar aris SeTanxmebuli moskovis politikur centrTan. SeuZlebelia, es arCevani mxolod qarTuli mxaris mier afxazur mxaresTan urTierTobaSi daSvebuli SecdomebiT avxsnaT. 2004 wlis noemberSi, rodesac axali Catarebulia saprezidento ar-Cevnebi afxazeTSi da fragmentulad TiTqos igrZnoba kidec mzadyofna qarTul mxaresTan TanamSromlobisTvis, afxazebi uariT istumreben gaeros misiis xelmZRvanels,

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romelic evrokomisiis dafinansebiT aRsadgeni obieqtebis gansazRvrisTvis specialuri komitetis Seqmnas da am komi-tetSi qarTvelebisa da afxazebis Seyvanas sTavazobs. ma-Ti uaris mizezi Aaris is, rom qarTvelebTan ver iTanam-Sromleben am komitetSi (`24 saaTi~, noemberi, 2004).

2005 wlis ianvarSi afxazebi saerTaSoriso organi za-ciebis kidev erT iniciativas blokaven, `Cven kategoriu-lad vewinaaRmdegebiT galSi gaeros adamianis uflebaTa ofisis gaxsnas im motiviT, rom analogiuri ofisi ukve funqcionirebs soxumSi~ (`24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2005).

afxazuri mxridanO saerTaSoriso struqturebTan damo-ki de bulebis pozitiuri faqtebi TiTze CamosaTvlelia. erT-erTi aseTi gamorCeuli faqti moxda 2005 wlis maisSi, saqarTveloSi aSS-is prezidentis vizitis win. maSin ba-RafSis xelisuflebasTan Sesaxvedrad Cavidnen Aamerikis elCi saqarTveloSi riCard mailsi da amerikis saxelmwifo departamentis mrCeveli stiven mani. maT aRiqves soxumis xelisuflebis ori frTis mxridan gamovlenili ori sxva-dasxva damokidebuleba. stiven mani: baRafSs gverdiT uzis xa jimba da is destruqciuli saubriT gamoirCeva... xa jimbaze igi ambobs: pirvelad vnaxe adamiani, romelTan saubaric SeuZlebelia.

es faqti kargad xsnis saerTaSoriso struqturebTan afxazebis negatiuri damokidebulebis realur safuZvels: es aris mudmivi rusuli kontroli soxumis xelisuflebaze, rasac am Sexvedris dros axorcielebs xajimba – moskovis uSualo kadri, romelic 2004 wlis saprezidento arCevne-bis SedegSi xelebis faTurad daujda moskovs. SesamCnevia isic, rogor icvleba amerikeli stumrebis am erTi vizitiT gaRizianebuli moskovis politika afxazeTSi mimdinare movlenebis mimarT, garda imisa, rom xisti da mkacri gax-da misi gancxadebebi, moskovma daCqarebis politikaze ga-daawyo aqamde nela da TiTqos Tavisi gziT mimavali pro ce-si (daCqarda ruseTis pasportizacia afxazeTSi).

afxazebma ician is yvelaferi, razec maT xSirad esa-ubrebian qarTvelebi, rom evropuli struqturebi iZle vi-an mcire erebis garantirebuli ganviTarebis saSualebas,

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rom nato ar aris mxolod samxedro organizacia, rom is politikuri organizaciac aris da misken swrafva, masTan integrireba maTi uflebebis dacvas moemsaxureba, magram isini imasac acnobiereben, rom afxazeTis problema geo-politikaSi monawile did qveynebs Soris vaWrobis sagnad aris qceuli da am qveynebidan maT mxares, ufro zustad ki, maTi ̀ damoukideblobis~ mxares mxolod ruseTia. es aRiqmeba mTavar da, SesaZloa, erTaderT mizezadac imis asaxsnelad, ratom uxuravs soxumi kars saerTaSriso organizaciebis yvela iniciativas (Tundac ideaSi afxazebisTvis momgebi-ansac). afxazebisTvis arsebobs pirveli da meore rigis prob lemebi, maTTvis yvela problema meore rigSi dgas, erovnuli damoukideblobis iuridiulad gaformebis gar-da. amis garantias ki mas mxolod ruseTi aZlevs (da mogvi-anebiT aRiarebs kidec mis damoukideblobas) da ara saer-TaSoriso organizaciebi.

magram afxazuri mxaris kategorizmi, rom is ar dab-run deba saqarTvelosTan erT saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi, gamyarebulia ara mxolod rusuli mxardaWeriT, aramed imiTac, rom:

1. isini grZnoben saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxri-dan gamovlenil pativiscemas erovnuli damoukideblo-bisken maTi swrafvis mimarT (`Serigebis resursebis~ kav-kasiuri programebis koordinatori jonaTan koeni: `pa tivs vcemT yvela eris swrafvas damoukideblobisken~); lon-donis universitetis profesori hiuti aqtiurad eweva in-glisel mecnierTa da politikosTa Soris afxazeTis da-moukideblobis propagandas (`axali 7 dRe~, 25 aprili –1 maisi, 2003) – evropaSi iqmneba mcire, erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo, magram afxazebisTvis didi stimulis mimcemi kerebi, saidanac maTi damoukideblobis mxardaWera xdeba. msaxiobi abi harsfolti Tavisi speqtaklebis honorarebs agzavnis afxazeTSi, aseTi faqtebi maT atyobinebs, rom maTi protesti dasavleTSi SesaZloa ar esmis saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso struqturebis biurokratias, magram esmiT sxva adamianebs, kulturuli, samecniero inteleqtualuri wreebis moRvaweebs: `roca wlebis win `nezavisimaia gazetam~

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ga mo aqveyna protokoli erTiani qarTul-afxazuri saxel-mwi fos Seqmnis Sesaxeb, amas afxazebisgan saSineli protes-ti mohyva, – ambobs kaliforniis universitetis profesori, konfliqtologi pola garbi, romelic ar malavs Tavis simpatias afxazebis mimarT, maT moixseniebs `Cemi afxazebi~, rac konfliqtis meore mxarisTvis aRiqmeba, rogorc leqsi-kuri simbolo imis mauwyeblad, rom qarTvelebi ar arian misi xalxi (`24 saaTi~, 17 dekemberi, 2008). `isini mSvidobis mSeneblobaze leqciebiT Cadian evropaSi, xolo saqarTve-los presisTvis micemuli interviuebiT gvafrTxileben, rom af xazma xalxma sruli damoukideblobis sasargeblod arCevani gaakeTa~ (giorgi xuciSvili, ̀ 24 saaTi~, ivlisi, 2004).

2. afxazebma ician, rom marTalia, dasavleTi mxars uWers saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas, magram mis-Tvis mTavaria regionis stabiluroba. `dasavleTis inte-resebSi regionis stabiluroba Sedis am teritoriebiT Tu mis gareSe~ (`axali 7 dRe~, 25-31 ivlisi, 2003). dasavluri organizaciebis umTavaresi aqcenti keTdeba ara konfliq-tis mogvarebasa da gadaWraze, aramed qarTul-afxazur urTierTobaSi daZabulobis asatan (regionisTvis) zRvram-de dawevaSi. maTTvis misaRebia konfliqtis gayinva daZabu-lobis gamovlenis dabal fazaSi, vidre konfliqtis ga daW-risTvis qmediTi RonisZiebebi, Tuki maT Sedegad regionis stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebis darRveva mohyveba. `msof lio sazogadoeba mxolod maSin gaCumdeba, Tu (Seia-raRebuli gziT – l. t.,) gamarjvebas swrafad miaRwevT. ga-Wianurebis SemTxvevaSi ki xmas aimaRlebs~ (jonaTan koeni, `Serigebis resursebi~, 19 noemberi, 2003).

3. rac mTavaria, afxazurma mxarem icis, rom saer Ta-Soriso gadawyvetilebebze gavlenas axdens ruseTi, qveya na, romelic afxazeTis damoukideblobis erTaderTi mom xrea. afxazebisTvis amosavali postulatia swored amis cod-na – ruseTs SeuZlia, iseT solidur organizaciebsac ki, rogoric gaeroa, miaRebinos rusul-afxazuri interesebis mxrdamWeri gadawyvetileba, rogori argumentebuli da da sabuTebulic unda iyos qarTuli mxaris pretenziebi af xazeTis problemebis mogvarebaSi, teritoriuli mTli-

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anobis aRdgenis saqmeSi Seqmnili xelovnuri problemebis gamo. `msoflio politikuri koniunqtura jer mzad ar aris, kavkasiis regions mianiWos iseTi mniSvneloba, ro-goric balkaneTs~ (ivliane xaindrava, `24 saaTi~, 29 oq-tomberi, 2003); ùfro aqtiurad unda imuSaos bodenis do kumentze gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom, mxareebTan reko-mendacia unda gauwios, gansakuTrebiT afxazebTan, romel-Tac misi ganxilva ar surT da amaSi gadamwyvet rols ru-seTi TamaSobs~ (saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saminis tros sagangebo davalebaTa elCi zaza gogsaZe, `24 saaTi~, 29 oqtomberi, 2003). `gaero mudam rekomendaciebiT ifar-gleba, ruseTs aqvs vetos ufleba, aqvs gavlena gaeros wevr bevr qveyanaze. 1997 wels gaeros winaSe saqarTvelos xelisuflebam daayena sakiTxi dsT-is jarebis Canacvlebis Sesaxeb gaeros egidiT Seqmnili samSvidobo ZalebiT. mxa-ri ar dauWira arcerTma qveyanam. euTom eTnowmendis statusiT Seafasa qarTvelebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli eTnowmenda, magram gaeros wevrma qveynebma am sakiTxs ar dauWires mxari – èsec ruseTis gavleniT moxda~ (arCil gegeSiZe, àxali 7 dRe~, 28 maisi – 3 ivnisi, 2004); afxazuri mxaris mier saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ugulebelyo-fas aRniSnul safuZvelze kidev mravali faqti adastu-rebs: gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom, romlis wevria ruseTi, uari ganacxada ruseTis samSvidobo kontingentis gayvanis sakiTxis ganxilvaze, saqarTveloSi gaeros damkvirvebelTa misiis xelmZRvanelma haidi taliavinim es gadawyvetileba erT-erTi preskonferenciis finalSi amcno qarTvel sa-zogadoebas: `gaero samSvidoboebis gayvanis sakiTxs ver ganixilavs~ (`24 saaTi~, noemberi, 2005); 2006 wlis kodo-ris operaciis Semdeg gaeroSi saqarTvelos prezidentis warmomadgenelma irakli alasaniam Riad daasaxela saqar-Tve los mimarT rezolucia 1617-is mkacri da katego ri-uli tonis mizezi qarTuli mxaris mimarT: ès rezo lu-cia gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos erT-erTi qveynis zewo liT Seiqmna. rezoluciaSi ignorirebulia afxazeTSi (saqar-Tvelo) mimdinare gaZlierebuli militarizaciis amsaxve-li cnobebi, de-faqto xelisuflebis mier SeTan xmebaTa

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darRvevis faqtebi, rusi samSvidoboebis umoqme dobis faq-tebi~ (`24 saaTi~, oqtomberi, 2006).

ukmayofilebis, gaRizianebis, undoblobis ganwyobe biT aRiniSneba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mimarT qar Tul mxares arsebuli Sexedulebebis didi nawilic. saer Ta So-riso organizaciebis muSaobiT qarTuli mxaris ukma yo fi-lebis mizezi xSir SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom es organizaciebi àfxazeTSi mimdinare procesebSi (ruseTis pasportebis aRe ba, sanapiro zolis privatizacia) mxolod `Semfaseblis~ roliT kmayofildebian (giorgi xuciSvili, àxali 7 dRe~, ian vari, 2003) an is, rom qmediT da gadamwyvet zomebze acxadeben uars (Tamaz nadareiSvilis ukmayofileba gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciiT, romelSic Cadebulia afxa-zeTis dabruneba mxolod mSvidobiani gziT (gaeros wesdebis me-6 muxli) da ara mSvidobis ZaliT damyarebis gziT (gaeros wesdebis me-7 muxli), àxali 7 dRe~, 6-13 Tebervali, 2003). …

qarTuli mxare zogjer ara mxolod absolutur umoqme-dobaSi sdebs brals saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, aramed zogjer imasac uSvebs, rom am organizaciis biurakratiuli aparati afxazeTis konfliqts, rogorc sxva mravals, iye-nebs karierisa da finansuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT. `gamoicvala gaeros generaluri mdivnis oTxi pi-radi warmomadgeneli, romelTac saqarTveloSi SesaniS-navi kariera gaikeTes~ (Tamaz nadareiSvili, `24 saaTi~, 20 agvisto, 2003); `zogierT biurokrats saerTaSoriso or ga-nizaciebidan, SesaZloa, xels aZlevdes konfliqtis gaWi-a nureba, radgan sakmaod solidur xelfass iReben ama Si~ (ar Cil gegeSiZe, àxali 7 dRe~, 28 maisi – 3 ivnisi, 2004); `zogierTi saerTaSoriso organizacia blokavs kon fliq-tis mogvarebisken mimarTul RonisZiebebs... omi didi fu-lia maTTvis... afinanseben raRac uazro wignebsa da proeq-tebs~ (organizacia `Sereuli ojaxebis~ Tavmjdomare revaz bendeliani, `24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2005).

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mimarT saqarTvelos pretenziis mizezad SeiZleba vigulisxmoT is, rom qarTu-li mxare saerTaSoriso organizaciebs imaze met wonas, mniSvnelobas da valdebulebebs akisrebs, vidre maT Tavad

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aqvT aRebuli. Tu noembris revoluciis Semdeg saqarTve-los xelisuflebaSi mosul gunds Tavdapirvelad kargad esmis, ra aris saerTaSoriso organizaciebis pasiuribis mizezi afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebis saqmeSi (vasil maR laferiZe: `roca Tavad Sen ar xar Camoyalibebuli, arc erTi saerTaSoriso oranizacia Tavs ar aitkiebs~, – àxali 7 dRe~, 23-29 ianvari, 2004), es ukve aRar esmiT xeli-suflebaSi mosvlidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg. Cans, rom xelisuflebam sabolood airCia problemis mogvarebis min-doba mxolod saerTaSoriso organizaciebisTvis, Tavad ki saerTaSorisoebis am mimarTulebiT muSaobis kontrolis funqcia SeiZina. cal keul kriminalur faqtebze reagirebas da maT mogvarebasac ki saqarTvelos xelisufleba àva lebs~ saerTaSoriso organizaciebs. `soxumis defqato xe lisuf-lebasTan muSaobis nacvlad saqarTvelo kvlav euTos, gaerosa da sxvebs mimarTavs (`24 saaTi~, marti, 2006). ri-giTi problemebis garda (Jurnalistebis dapatimreba, ga-lis raionSi momxdari sxva eqscesebi), saqarTvelos xeli-suf lebis gaTvliT, cxadia, saerTaSoriso oganizaciebma unda moagvaron qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis mTa va ri problemebic. mTlianad am molodinzea agebuli parla men-tis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis komitetis mi er (Tavmjdomare SoTa malaSxia) Seqmnili `saqarTvelos te-ritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis samuSao gegma-proeq-ti~, romelic 2005 wlis dasawyisSi gamoqveynda. saqar-Tveelos xelisufleba afxazeTis problemis mogvarebis erTaderT garantorad acxadebs saerTaSoriso sazoga-doebas, apriorad miiCnevs mis mxardaWeras saqar Tve los xelisuflebisadmi da am mxardaWeras acxadebs afxazeTis problemis mogvarebisTvis saWiro erTaderT da sakmaris faqtorad, `sakmarisi iqneba mxolod qarTuli mxa ris ini-ciativa, dRevandeli xelisuflebisadmi gare Zale bis mxar-daWeris gamo realur Sedegs gamoiRebs~ (`24 saaTi~, ianvari, 2005). komitetis Tvmjdomares CamoTvlili hyavs yve la or-ganizacia, romlebmac saqarTvelos saxelmwifoeb riv siv-rceSi afxazeTis dabrunebaze unda imuSaon: `saqarTvelo romis konvencias miuerTda~... èvrosabWoSic unda ga va-

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aqtiuroT am mimarTulebiT muSaoba~, èvrokavSiri afxa-zeT Si samSvidobo misias ganaxorcielebs~ (`24 saaTi~, iqve).A

amave princips emyareba meore dokumenti àfxazeTis mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli konfliqtis mowesrigebis Zi-riTadi principebi~: `saqarTvelo mimarTavs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas (gaeros, evrokavSirs, aSS-s, ruseTs), Seas-rulos afxazeTis gansakuTrebuli statusis garantiis funqcia~ (`24 saaTi~, Tebervali, 2005).

aseTia xelisuflebis pozicia. miuxedavad imisa, rom es pozicia Tavad saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo seqtorisa da sxva sazogadoebriv-politikuri institutebis mxridan kritikisa da SeniSvnebis sagani ara-erTxel gamxdara, mis mTavar Secdomad ki oponentebis mi-er miCneulia ara saerTaSoriso organizaciebis resursis gamoyenebis mcdeloba konfliqtis mosagvareblad, ara-med mxolod am resursiT Semofargvla, sakuTari rolisa da fuqciis minimumamde Semcireba an masze saerTod uaris Tqma. `saerTaSoriso organizaciebi afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebaSi mniSvnelovan rils TamaSoben, magram ver iqneba is gadamwyveti... saerTaSoriso politikaSi imdeni problema dagrovda, afxazeTis sakiTxi mTavari ar aris, saqarTvelom Tavis Tavs TviTon uda mixedos~ (jonaTan koeni, `24 saaTi~, 19 noemberi, 2003); `buSis Camosvla sxvisi imediT yofnas niSnavs, Tu Cveni saxelmwifo ar gaZlierda politikurad, ekonomikurad, mxedrulad, verc buSi gviSvelis da verc sxva~ (soxumis universitetis docenti daviT dolbaZe, `24 saaTi~, maisi, 2005).

xelisuflebas aviwydeba ori ram: ar arsebobs msofli-oSi precedenti, rodesac saerTaSoriso organizaci e bis Carevas (Tu masTan erTad ar moqmedebs konfliqtis mogva-rebis sxva resursi) konfliqti gadaeWras (ìugoslaviaSi pirdapir gaeros jaris Tvalwin xocavdnen xalxs~ – pa ata zaqareiSvili, `24 saaTi~, noemberi, 2005); da meore – sa er-TaSoriso organizaciis moqmedebas, konfliqtis mogva re-baSi CarTulobis xarisxsa da mimarTulebas ganapirobebs konfliqtis mTavari aqtantebis poiziciebi – rogorc er-TmaneTis mimarT, agreTve saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli de-

170

mokratiuli da humanuri principebis mimarT. saqarTvelos xelisufleba ver warmoaCens saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis TvalSi, rom is teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenaSi, af-xazebis erTian saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi dabrunebaSi dax marebas imsaxurebs. saerTaSoriso struqturebi xSi-rad mouwodeben mxareebs, daicvan konfliqtis meore mxa-res Tan urTierTobaSi am organizaciebis mier aRiarebuli principebi. gaero `dabejiTebiT mouwodebs qarTul mxa res, seriozulad moekidos afxazuri mxaris samarTlian SeS fo-Tebas usafrTxoebis gamo... qarTulma mxarem Tavi Seikavos saomari ritorikisa da politikuri qmedebebisgan... (gaeros rezolucia, 1716, àxali 7 dRe~, 20-28 oqtomberi, 2006).

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mTavari rekomendacia aris mxareebs Soris daaxloebisTvis saWiro yvela SesaZ-leblobis gamoyeneba da amis gakeTeba, upirvelesad, qar-Tul mxares evaleba, radgan is deklarirebs afxazebTan dabrunebis, erT saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebis politikas da ara afxazuri mxare, romlis deklarirebuli da praqtikuli politika aris qarTuli mxarisgan gandgomis, gasvlis, gan-kerZoebis politika.

afxazebi qarTvelebTan urTierTobis elementarul for mebzec ki uars acxadeben, isini TiTqmis arasdros ga-moxataven qarTvelebTan ara mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi er Ti anobis aRdgenaze Tanxmobas, aramed konkretul so-ci alur-ekonomikur proeqtebSi TanamSromlobazec ki ka-tegoriul uars acxadeben (gamonaklisad SeiZleba CaiTva-los ramdenime faqti). `meore mxridan ismis mxolod àra~! adamianis uflebaTa dacvaze – àra~! qarTul swavlebaze – àra~! saerTaSoriso komponentze – àra~! (goga xaindrava, `24 saaTi~, maisi, 2005).

radgan qarTul mxares ekuTvnis afxazebTan Tanacxov-rebis lozungebi, amitom logikuria, rom saerTaSoriso sa zogadoeba qarTuli mxarisgan moiTxovs am lozungebis saqmed qcevas. amiT unda aixsnas konkretuli winadadebebic, romlebsac isini aZleven qarTul mxares (ori nabiji – eko-nomikuri blokadis moxsna da Zalis gamouyeneblobaze Se-Tanxmebis gaformeba – jonaTan koeni, `Serigebis re sur se-

171

bi~). saerTaSoriso organizaciebis aseTi winadadebe bi, Cve ni azriT, qarTuli mxarisTvis riskis Semcveli wi na da de bebia, magram maT sxva rekomendaciebiT daxmareba ar SeuZliaT.

Tumca, afxazeTis de-faqto respublikis mimarT eko-nomikur sanqciebs Tavis droze, swored, saerTaSoriso sa zo gadoebam dauWira mxari. saqarTveloSi bevri fiq-robs, rom es iyo cudi eqsperimentis mxardaWera maTi mxri dan, radgan, erTi mxriv, sabolood dausva wertili qar Tvelebis mimarT afxazi xalxis keTilganwyobis perspeq-tivas (es blokada mimarTulia xalxis da ara de-faqto xe-li suflebis winaaRmdeg – giorgi anCabaZe, zemoT), meore mxriv ki, gaafuWa imave afxazebis urTierToba saerTa-So riso sazogadoebasTan, is calsaxad miiCnia afxazebis interesebis mowinaaRmdeged da qarTuli `agresiis~ mxar-damWerad, undobloba gamoucxada mas da am undoblobis sapirwoned kidev ufro gaamyara urTierToba ruseTTan. Eeqsperimentis Sedegebis gamosworeba misi dasawyisidan mra vali wlis Semdeg dagvianebuli aRmoCnda. Bblokadam Ta visi negatiuri (da dadebiTic) Sedegebi ukve gamoiRo. erTi mxriv, de-faqto respublika Caketili aRmoCnda sxva qveynebis ekonomikuri proeqtebisTvis, meore mxriv ki, mTli anad im qveynebze mibmuli (Riad an farulad), rom leb-mac, sanqciebis miuxedavad, finansur-ekonomikuri kavSiri daamyares TviTgamocxadebul afxazeTTan.

arasdros aRniSnaven, rom, ruseTis garda, afxazeTis de-faqto respublikasTan ekonomikuri TanamSromloba da iw yes Tur qulma kompaniebmac – da xSir SemTxvevaSi ru-sul kom pa niebsa da saxelmwifo struqturebze ufro aq-ti uradac (`ratomRac TurqeTis gemebi afxazeTSi Semo-dian, ruseTis – ara~ – stanislav lakoba, `24 saaTi~, 2005). `afxazeTi ekologiuri safrTxis winaSea – Turquli kom-paniebi anadgureben afxazeTis bunebas, gaaqvT xe-tye, mi-iRes Tevzis rewvis SeuzRudavi ufleba~ (giorgi gaCeCila-Ze, `24 saaTi~, maisi, 2004).

miuxedavad imisa, rom orive qveyana, romelic arRve s saerTaSoriso ekonomikur sanqciebs, aris evrosabWosa da gaeros wevri qveyana (xolo TurqeTi natos wevric aris), xo-

172

lo evrosabWosa da gaeros qarTuli mxridan mudmivad mi e-wo deba informaciebi aseTi darRvevebis Sesaxeb, arc erTi organizacia ar ereva sadavo sakiTxebSi.

gaeros asambleis 53-e sesiaze saqarTvelos sagareo saq meTa maSindeli ministro irakli menaRariSvili moiT-xovs daxmarebas saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi ruseTis uxeSi Carevis SesaCereblad~ (`24 saaTi~, oqtomberi, 2003); erTi wlis Semdeg nino burjanaZe evropis saparlamento asambleaze gamodis amave TxovniT, qarTuli deputacia debatebs marTavs rus kolegebTan (`24 saaTi~, oqtomberi, 2004); 2006 wlis seqtemberSi gaeros generaluri asambleis 61-e sesiaze ganixileba afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebi da ruseTis negatiuri monawileobis sakiTxi maTSi (`24 saaTi~, seqtemberi, 2006). 2006 wlis noemberSi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo oficialur uars acxadebs ru-seTis samSvidobo Zalebis afxazeTidan gayvanis sakiT-xis ganxilvaze (`24 saaTi~, noemberi, 2004). ramdenad qme-diTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos is winadadebebi, romelTac sa erTaSoriso organizaciebi awvdian saqarTvelos? ase-Ti praq ti kuli winadadeba bevri ar aris, SevCerdeT erT-erTze. qarTul mxares kidec rom gaeTvaliswinebina 2004 wels saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (`Serigebis resur-se bis~) rekomendacia `ori nabijis~ Sesaxeb, Cveni azriT, Sedegs ver miiRebda, radgan sanqciebis wlebma faqtobri-vad ruseTis ekonomikur da samxedro sivrcis nawilad aqcia afxazeTi, am sivrcidan afxazeTis CamosaSoreblad qarTuli mxaris politikuri, ekonomikuri da finansuri resursebi ki ruseTis resursebTan SedarebiT mkveTrad araTanabari iyo, rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso resursebis mo nawileobas saqarTvelos mxridan `ori nabijis~ gan-xorcielebaSi, udavoa, rom ukve ruseTis ekonomikuri ber ketebis qveS mTlianad moqceuli afxazebi mas mxo-lod ruseTis kontrolis qveS Tu miiRebdnen, rac imis srul garantias aZlevda ruseTs, rom afxazebis misgan dis tancireba ar momxdariyo. ruseTTan afxazeTis eko no-mikuri mibmulobis gaTiSva SeeZlo ganuzomlad didi eko-no mikuri, finansuri, politikuri da inteleqtualuri

173

resursebis dapirispirebas ruseTis resursebTan, risi aku-mulireba qarTul mxares damoukideblad gauWirdeboda, sa er TaSoriso struqturebi ki, romlebze mibmis gziTac SeeZlo qarTul mxares amis gakeTeba, Riad acxadebdnen, rom saerTaSoriso politikaSi dagrovili uamravi problemis fonze `saqarTvelos sakiTxi mTavari ar aris, saqarTvelom Tavis Tavs TviTon unda mixedos~ (jonaTan koeni, ix. zemoT). Y O

174

danarTebi

cxrili 1: 19901991 wlebis qarTul mediaSi afxazebis mimarT gamoyenebuli epiTetebi

epiTeti procenti

aranairi 5,6%

afsua 61,1%

amayi 5,6%

Camosaxlebuli 5,6%

eqstremisti 5,6%

separatisti 22,2%

Cveni Zmebi 5,6%

cxrili 2: 19901991 wlebis qarTul mediaSi afxazeTis teritoriis aRsaniSnad gamoyenebuli sityvebi

afxazeTis teritoriissaxeldeba/aRniSvna

procenti

droebiT problemuri 5,9%

separatistulad ganwyobili 5,9%

afxazeTi 41,2%

saqarTvelos [ganuyofeli] nawili/regioni

35,5%

gawonasworebuli 5,9%

aranairi 5%

175

wyaro: xaTuna maisaSvili, èrovnuli identobis repre zentacia qarTul beWdur mediaSi. 19901991 wle bi~ (2010). na xevrad standartizebuli kiTxvari 18 responden tis Tvis: gaze Te bis gamomcemlebisTvis, redaqtorebisTvis, Jurna lis tebisTvis.

SeniSvna 1. 2007-2008 wlebSi Catarebul gamokiTxvaSi 1990-1991 wlebSi moqmedma qarTvelma gamomcemlebma, re-daq torebma da Jurnalistebma upasuxes SekiTxvas: `ro go ri iyo im periodis rusul mediaSi (ruseTis mediaSi) rep re zen-ti rebuli `qarTvelisa~ da àfxazis~ specifikuri niSan-Tvi sebebi.~ monacemebis damuSavebis Semdeg gamoikveTa ase-Ti suraTi:

a) rusul mediaSi reprezentirebuli qarTveli yo: ìm-pe ri alisturad moazrovne~, `Zveli da mcire eris kom pleq-siT Sepyrobili~, `mCagvreli~, `korumpirebuli~, ùkul tu-ro~, `lico kavkazskoi nacionalnoswi~;

b) àfxazi~ – àmayi~, `mTieli~, `qarTvelis mier daCag-ruli~, `qarTvelisgan gansxvavebuli~, `TavisTavadi~, `pri-vi legiebis Rirsi~, `Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis Rir si~, `Tavisuflebis moyvare~.

wyaro: xaTuna maisaSvili, èrovnuli identobis repre zentacia qarTul beWdur mediaSi. 19901991 wlebi~ (2010). naxevrad standartizebuli kiTxvari 18 res ponden tisTvis: gazeTebis gamomcemlebisTvis, redaq to rebisTvis, JurnalistebisTvis.

176

meTodis aRwera da statistikuri procedurebis Sedegebi pirveli TavisTvis

sakvlevi populacia: yoveldRiuri gazeTi `rezonansi~, yovelkvireuli gazeTi `kviris palitra~. naerTi Sinaarsi.

droiTi CarCoebi: 2002 wlis ianvari – 2010 wlis dekemberi.sakvlevi teqnikebi: kontent-analizi da faqtoruli

ana lizi.sazrisiseul erTeulad arCeul iqna nebismieri infor-

macia an sxva Janris publikacia, romelic Seexeboda:• qarTuli da afxazuri politikuri elitebis warmo-

madgenlebis urTierTobas molaparakebebis yvela mo-cemul doneze da yvela reprezentirebul formatSi;

• saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis (de-faqto) xelisuf le-bisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis iniciativebsa da wamowyebebs erTmaneTis mimarT;

• konfliqtis mogvarebis/gadawyvetis arsebul da po-tenciur resursebs; konfliqtis monawile da masSi Car Tuli mxareebis interesebs;

• afxazeTis, afxazebis saxes (mediuri ambebis gadmo-cemis yvela mocemuli adgilmdebareobisa da droiTi kon ti nuumis mixedviT);

• qarTvelTa da afxazTa identobiT mimarTebebs re le-vanturi kategoriebis mixedviT;

• procesebs, mimdinareT saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi, romlebsac SeuZliaT, gavlena iqonion afxazeTSi mimdinare an mosalodnel movlenebze;

• eTnikuri qarTvelebis mdgomareobas afxazeTSi. mTliand orive wyarosTvis gaanalizda 1752 erTeuli

(mediuri nimuSi). analizis pirvel etapze publikaciebis generalizebuli Sinaarsi daklasificirda maTi wamyvani Tematuri da valentobiTi mimarTebebis, CarCoebis mixed-viT. publikaciebis Janrebisa da Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, zogierTi erTeuli publikacia ramdenime kategoriaSi mox-vda. kodirebas awarmoebda ori mkvlevari. 1752 erTeulidan isini 1701-ze SeTanxmdnen, ris Sedegadac sandoobis koe-ficientma holstis formulis mixedviT .97 Seadgina, rac kvle vas validurs xdis.

177

cxrili 3: ganzogadebuli naerTi mediaSinaarsi. rezonansi~, `kviris palitra~, 20022010

3.1 2002 weli

reprezentaciis TematurvalentobiTi CarCo N %

daZabuli/umarTavi kriminaluri viTareba afxazeTSi 32 13

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis uunaroba, awarmoos efeqturi politika afxazeTis mimarT/saqarTvelos xelisuflebis uiniciativoba

21 9

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis araTanmimdev ru li poli-tika da qmedebebi rusi samSvidoboebis mimarT

12 5

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis araefeqturi qmedeba qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis regulirebis procesSi

11 5

kodoris xeoba safrTxis winaSe – misi proeqcia afxa-zeTze

13 5

partizanebi, rogorc erTaderTi qmediTi da motivi-rebuli Zala afxazeTis dasabruneb lad

19 8

afxazeTis legitimuri xelisuflebis pozicia: ga-mosavali Zalismier politikaSia/samxedro da antik-riminaluri specoperaciis aucilebloba afxazeTSi

22 9

ùCinari~ arZinba da Riad moqmedi ruseTi/mimdinare movlenebi da perspeqtiva

18 7

afxazeTi – saqarTvelos xelisuflebis erT-erTi regionuli problema

11 4

pankisis xeobaSi mimdinare procesebis proeqcia afxa-zeTze/safrTxis proporciuloba

15 6

àWaruli~ politika, rogorc àfxazuri~ politikis faqtori

6 2

ruseTis faqtori afxazeTSi/pirdapiri agresia, fa-ruli agresia, rusifikacia

17 7

islamisturi solidarobis faqtori afxazeTSi 5 2

Crdilokavkasiuri identobiTi solidarobis faqtori afxazeTSi

9 4

saerTaSoriso socialur-ekonomikuri da infrastruq-turuli proeqtebi rogorc afxazeTis saqarTvelo-sTan integrirebis realuri Sansi

2 1

178


aSS-is, evrokavSiris, Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis CarTvis aucilebloba qarTul-afxazuri konfliq tis mogvarebaSi

5 2

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis erovnul-identobiTi da politikuri fesvebi

5 2

afxazeTis miwa da afxazebi/identobiTi konfliqti 7 3

qarTul-afxazuri kriminalis saerTo interesebi da fesvebi

7 3

rusuli da Turquli investiciebi afxazeTSi 8 3

3.2. 2003 weli


ruseTis faqtori afxazeTSi/faruli agresia, rusifi-kacia/ruseTTan asocirebis politika

19 10

saerTaSoriso organiazaciebis reaqcia ruseTis `moZa-lade~ politikaze afxazeTSi

9 5

devnilebis alternativa: monoba galSi Tu SimSili TbilisSi

10 5

afxazeTis sakiTxis gamkveTreba rusul-qarTul mo-laparakebebSi

5 2

aSS-is, evrokavSiris, Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis CarTvis aucilebloba qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis mogvarebaSi

8 5

kodoris xeoba safrTxis winaSe – misi proeqcia afxazeTze 11 5

religiuri separatizmi/rusuli eklesiisa da afxaze-Tis TviTmarqvia eklesiis agresia saqarTvelos ekle-siis afxazeTze gavlenis winaaRmdeg

2 1

afxazeTis legitimuri xelisuflebis politika: saer-TaSoriso samarTlis normebis amoqmedebis aucileb-loba separatistuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg

14 7

daZabuli/umarTavi kriminaluri viTareba afxazeTSi 23 12

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis araTanmimdevruli poli-tika da qmedebebi rusi samSvidoboebis mimarT

13 7

179


afxazeTis legitimuri xelisuflebis pozicia: sam-xedro da antikriminaluri specoperaciis aucile-bloba afxazeTSi

9 5

afxazeTis mzadeba omisTvis. pretenziebi foTis akva-toriaze

7 3

partizanebi, rogorc erTaderTi qmediTi da motivi-rebuli Zala afxazeTis dasabruneblad

5 2

`uCinari~ arZinba da Riad moqmedi ruseTi/mimdinare movlenebi da perspeqtiva

11 5

socialuri daZabuloba galSi eTnikur niadagze 14 7

afxazeTi politikuri partiebis winasaarCevno progr-amebSi

13 7

rusuli investiciebi afxazeTSi 2 1

mZime ekonomikuri viTareba afxazeTSi 2 1

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis efeqturobis gansja qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis regulirebis proces-Si/romis statute

9 5


7 3

axali rusul-amerikuli politika da cvlilebebi `af-xazur~ politikaSi

2 1

rusul presaSi asaxuli damoukidebli afxazeTi 3 1

3.3 2004 weli


afxazeTis legitimuri lideris (nadareiSvili) da saqarTvelos prezidentis poziciebis Tanxvedra

4 2

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis axali da maRali Sansebi afxazeTis dasabruneblad

13 6

sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi: afxazeTis kari eko-nomikuri gasaRebiT gaiReba

5 2

180


`humanitaruli intervencia~ samx. oseTsa da afxa zeTSi – qmediTi polit. nabiji Tu gauazrebeli avantiura

11 5

`vardebis revoluciis~ eqsporti afxazeTSi/aWaruli scenaris gameorebis perspeqtivebi afxazeTSi

8 4

samxreT oseTSi mimdinare procesebis proeqcia afxa-zeTze

13 6

partizanuli moZraobis daisi 3 1

devnilebis dabruneba – sawyisi wertili qarTul-afxa-zuri molaparakebebis procesis gansaaxleblad

11 5

devnilebis dabruneba – upirobod gansaxilveli sa kiT -xi Tu molaparakebis procesis kombinaciuri elementi

10 4

rusuli faqtoris Zala da gavlena/rusebi afxazebs `qarTuli safrTxiT~ aSineben

25 11

omi da mSvidoba erTdroulad/saqarTvelos xelisu-flebis ormagi standartis politika

8 4

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saomari ritorikiT dam-frTxali afxazebi TavdacvisTvis emzadebian

17 8

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis araefeqturi qmedeba qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis regulirebis procesSi

7 3

saprezidento arCevnebi afxazeTSi: ruseTis karnaxiT mimdinare procesi

11 5

saprezidento arCevnebi afxazeTSi/axali kandidatis `proqarTveloba~

12 5

saprezidento arCevnebi afxazeTSi/dilemma: Caerios Tu ar Caerios saqarTvelo winasaarCevno procesis marTvaSi

13 6

saprezidento arCevnebi afxazeTSi/kandidatebis SesaZleblobebi, resursi da perspeqtivebi

16 7

saprezidento arCevnebi afxazeTSi/dapirispireba mona wile mxareebs Soris

19 8

saprezidento arCevnebi afxazeTSi: galis mosaxleoba, rogorc baRafSis saarCevno resursi

9 4

urani afxazeTSi 3 1

qarTul-afxazuri molaparakebaTa formatis Secvlis aucilebloba

7 3

181

3.4 2005 weli


ruseTi baRafSis winaaRmdeg 5 2

afxazeTis saqarTvelosTan integraciis alternati-uli koncefciebi, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da ga er Tianebebis iniciativebi

7 3

kosovos precedentis proeqcia afxazeTze 10 4


3 1

iZulebiTi pasportizacia da afxazur jarSi gawveva rogorc galelebis kidev erTi devnilobis sababi

7 3

socialuri daZabuloba galSi eTnikur niadagze 12 5

omi da mSvidoba erTdroulad/saqarTvelos xelisu-flebis ormagi standartis politika

37 17

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saomari ritorikiT dam-frTxali afxazebi TavdacvisTvis emzadebian

16 8

Zaladobia aqtebi afxazeTSi: qarTveli partizanuli terori Tu ruseTis specsamsaxurebis provokacia

8 3

saSiSi turistuli sezoni 5 2

galis sakiTxi afxazur politikaSi 11 5

religiuri separatizmi 3 1

rusuli da Turquli investiciebi afxazeTSi 3 1

antisomxuri ganwyoba afxazeTSi 6 3

rkinigza afxazeTSi: pro da kontra 8 3

sergei Sambas viziti saqarTveloSi 5 2

damoukidebeli afxazeTi rusul presaSi 5 2

partizanuli moZraobis aRorZineba galSi 11 6

daZabuloba or frontze: samxreT oseTSi mimdinare procesebis proeqcia afxazeTze

55 25

rusi samSvidoboebis gayvanis sakiTxi konfliq tis zonidan

9 4

182

3.5. 2006-2007


devnilebis dabruneba – upirobod gansaxilveli sakiT-xi Tu molaparakebis procesis kombinaciuri elementi

21 7

kriminalebisa da afxazi policielebis Seteva galze 32 11


antisomxuri ganwyoba afxazeTSi 11 4

omi – saqarTvelos xelisuflebis krizisi? 22 7

pasportizacia galSi rogorc axali devnilobis sababi 11 4

saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis arsebuli formatis araefeqturoba

19 6


ruseTis molaparakebebidan gamoTiSvis amocana: kon-struqciuli politikuri nabiji Tu gauazrebeli avan tiura?

10 3

molaparakebebi afxazebTan: winapirobebiT Tu winapi-robebis gareSe?

13 4

qarTuli kvalis mTlianad waSla afxazeTSi 15 5

`momavlis gasaRebi~ – integracia saqarTvelosTan Tu afxazeTis damoukideblobis deklaracia?

15 5

socialur-kriminaluri daZabuloba galSi eTnikur niadgaze

18 6

saSiSi turistuli sezoni 10 3

movlenebi kodorSi – qarTuli saxelmwifos warmateba, piari Tu axali daZabulobis kera?

44 14

`mtredebis~ wasvla saqarTvelos mTavrobidan – omis momaswavebeli niSani?

22 7

183

3.6 2008 weli


daZabuloba galSi socialur/eTnikur/samxedro niadagze

11 6


gali afxazebisTvis: ara qarTuli, aramed megruli anklavi

5 2

samxedro operaciis realuroba saqarTvelos xelisu-flebis mxridan

10 6

afxazebs ar surT saqarTvelosTan integracia 3 2

somxuri eqspansiis SiSi afxazeTSi 5 2


provokaciebis safrTxe ruseTisa da afxazeTis mxridan 12 6

qarTul-afxazuri dialogis aRdgenis perspeqtivebi (2008 wlis agvistomde)

6 3

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis politika: gadmobireba mo-laparakebis nacvlad/muSaoba galis administraciaze

6 3

samSvidoboebis formatis Secvlis aucilebloba 10 5

Crdilokavkasiuri faqtori/daxmareba afxazeTis da-sacavad qarTuli agresiisgan

9 4

gali rogorc xidi afxazebTan da ara fari 12 6

afxazeTi – meore fronti 17 8

procesebi ruseT-saqarTvelos omisken midis 16 8

samxreT oseTSi mimdinare procesebis proeqcia afxa-zeTze

23 11

okupacia da urTierTobebis radikalurad Secvla/konfliqtis gayinva

24 12

ra airCies afxazebma: damoukidebloba Tu usafrTxoeba? 7 3

religiuri separatizmis gaRrmaveba 4 2

184

3.7 2009-2010


saerTaSoriso institutebis, rogorc berketis, Senar-Cunebis aucilebloba afxazeTSi

9 3

evrokavSiri – erTaderTi saerTaSoriso berketi afxa-zeTSi

9 3

konfliqti rus da afxaz samxedroebs Soris 17 5

afxazeTi – erTi didi rusuli samxedro baza 36 11

qarTul-rusuli sazRvao dapirispireba 18 5

ra Sedegebi moitana qarTul-afxazuri araformaluri dialogis blokadam saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier

3 1

ra airCies afxazebma: damoukidebloba Tu usafrTxoeba? 31 9

galis marginalizacia orive mxridan 41 12

aris Tu ara baRafSi eTnikuri afxazebis prezidenti 15 4

ruseTis gegma: afxazeTisa da samx. oseTis konfederacia 3 1

religiuri separatizmis gaRrmaveba 18 5

ruseTis teritoriuli pretenziebi afxazeTis mimarT/afxazeTis teritoriuli pretenziebi saqarTvelos mimarT

11 3

uSedego molaparakebebi JenevaSi 17 5

ruseTi baRafSis winaaRmdeg 17 5

Turquli faqtori afxazeTSi 8 2

eTnikuri afxazebi – mosaxleobis umciresoba (repat-riaciisa da Crdilokavkasielebis Camosaxlebis CaSlili proeqti)

18 5

qarTuli diplomatiis SesaZleblobebi afxazeTis damoukideblobis aRiarebis SesaCereblad

28 9

gali – uaryofili Sexebis cocxali wertili qarTve-lebsa da afxazebs Soris

9 3

afxazeTis legitimuri mTavroba populariza cias uw-evs afxazi erovnebis moqalaqeebis gadmobirebas

10 3

okupacia da urTierTobebis radikalurad Secvla/konfliqtis gayinva

20 6

185

analizis meore etapze es wlebis mixedviT Tematurad klasificirebul Sinaarsi faqtorebis jgufebad daiyo. faqtorebis buneba da veqtori ganisazRvra Sinaarsobrivi kategoriebidan gamodinare:

• arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezinteg ra-ciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze);

• arasamxedro politikuri faqtorebi (integraciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze);

• arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (potenciurad integraciuli, politikuri partiebisa da sazogado-ebrivi gaerTianebebis doneze);

• samxedro-politikuri faqtorebi (sxvadasxva veq to-risa da sxvadasxva aplitudis monawile da CarTul mxa re ebs Soris);

• identobiTi faqtorebi (samoqalaqo, eTnikuri, re-ligiuri, miwis/teritoriis da zed mcxovrebi adami-anebis igiveoba);

• socialur-kriminaluri faqtorebi eTnikur niadag-ze afxazeTSi;

• socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi.kodirebas awarmoebda ori mkvlevari. analizis pir-

vel etapze gamoyofili 138 Sinaarsobrivi kategoriidan mkvlev rebi 131 SeTanxmdnen, ramac sandoobis koeficienti hol stis formulis mexedviT gansazRvra rogorc .94.

186

cxrili 4: klasificirebuli faqtorebi ganzogadebuli naerTi mediaSinaarsis mixedviT. `rezonansi~, `kviris palitra~, 20022010 wlebi.

4.1. 2002 weli

faqtoris dasaxeleba erT. raod. (N)

arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezinteg ra-ciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

67

arasamxedro politikuri faqtorebi (integraciu-li, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

0

arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (potenciurad integraciuli, politikuri partiebisa da sazoga-doebrivi gaerTianebebis doneze)

0

samx.-polit. faqt. (sxvadasxva veqtorisa da sxvadas-xva aplitudis monawile da CarTul mxareebs Soris)

53

identobiTi faqtorebi (samoqalaqo, eTnikuri, religiuri, miwis/teritoriis da zed mcxovrebi adamianebis igiveoba)

75

soc.-krim. faqtorebi eTnikur niadagze afxazeTSi 39

socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi 11

4.2. 2003 weli


arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezinte-graciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

92

arasamxedro politikuri faqtorebi (integraci-uli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

2


13

samx.-polit. faqt. (sxvadasxva veqtorisa da sxvadas-xva aplitudis monawile da CarTul mxareebs Soris)

35

identobiTi faqt. (samoq., eTn., religiuri, miwis/teritoriis da zed mcxovrebi adamianebis igiveoba)

35



187

4.3. 2004 weli


arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezintegra-ciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

105

arasamxedro politikuri faqtorebi (integraciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

45


7

samxedro-politikuri faqtorebi (sxvadasxva veqto-risa da sxvadasxva aplitudis monawile da CarTul mxareebs Soris)

60

identobiTi faqtorebi (samoqalaqo, eTnikuri, re-li giuri, miwis/teritoriis da zed mcxovrebi ada mi-anebis igiveoba)

34



4.4. 2005 weli


arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezin teg ra-ci uli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

107

arasamxedro politikuri faqtorebi (integ ra ci u-li, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

13


7


59

identobiTi faqtorebi (samoqalaqo, eTnikuri, re li giuri, miwis/teritoriis da zed mcxovrebi adamianebis igiveoba)

35



188

4.5. 2006-2007 wlebi


arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezinte-graciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

114

arasamxedro politikuri faqtorebi (integraci-uli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

28


0


45


37



4.6. 2008 weli


arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezinteg ra-ciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

108

arasamxedro politikuri faqtorebi (integraciu li, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

16


0


87


23



189

4.7. 2009-2010 wlebi


arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezintegra-ciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

138

arasamxedro politikuri faqtorebi (integraciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)

18

arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (potenciurad in tegraciuli, politikuri partiebisa da sazoga-doebrivi gaerTianebebis doneze)

2


71


92

socialur-kriminaluri faqtorebi eTnikur niadagze afxazeTSi

41


mocemuli faqtorebi faqtoruli analizis teqnikiT damu Savda.

190

faqtoruli analizi

monacemTa analizis pirvel etapze gaanalizda kvlevis instrumenti, raTa dagvedgina, ramdenad Seesabameboda de bulebebi swored im ganzomilebas, romelsac isini mie-kuTvneboda. yvela Fdebuleba maRal korelaciaSia kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli debulebebis jgufTan.

Communalities

Initial Extraction

A1 1.000 .947

A2 1.000 .774

A3 1.000 .979

A4 1.000 .942

A5 1.000 .881

A6 1.000 .964

A7 1.000 .972

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

faqtorulma analizma Tavdapirvelad gamoyo oTxi faq to ri, romelTa mixedviTac kvlevis mier gamokveTili de bu lebebi ase dajgufda:

faqtori 11. arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezintegra-

ciuli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)2. socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi

faqtori 21. arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (potenciurad

integraciuli, politikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis doneze)

191

faqtori 31. samxedro-politikuri faqtorebi (sxavadasxva veq-

toris, sxvadasxva amplitudis) 2. socialur-kriminaluri faqtorebi eTnikur niadag-

ze afxazeTSi

faqtori 41. arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (integra ciu-

li, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze)2. identobiTi faqtorebi (samoqalaqo, eTnikuri, re-

li gi uri, miwis/teritoriis da zed mcxovrebi adamianebis igi ve oba)

Rotated Component Matrix(a)

Component

1 2 3 4

A1 .814 .192 .033 .496

A2 .168 .132 .010 .853

A3 .104 -.983 .019 -.028

A4 .164 .532 -.745 .279

A5 .517 .428 .023 -.656

A6 -.004 .113 .967 .125

A7 -.942 .242 .130 .094

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a Rotation converged in 12 iterations.

Tumca grafikuli analizis Tanaxmad mizanSewonilia mxolod im faqtorebis ganxilva, romlebic qvemoT mocemul grafikze 1-ze nakleb mniSvnelobas iZens. am kriteriumis mixedviT debulebebi mxolod sam faqtorze daiyvaneba:

192

Scree Plot

Component Number

faqtori 11. arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (dezinteg ra-

ci uli, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze);2. socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi.

faqtori 21. arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (potenciurad

integraciuli, politikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis doneze);

2. samxedro-politikuri faqtorebi (sxavdasxva veq-to ris, sxva dasxva amplitudis).

faqtori 31. arasamxedro, politikuri faqtorebi (integra ci u-

li, monawile da CarTuli mxareebis doneze);2. identobiTi faqtorebi (samoqalaqo, eTni ku ri, re li gi-

uri, miwis/teritoriis da zed mcxov rebi adamianebis igiveoba).

Eige

nval

ue

193

Rotated Component Matrix (a)

Component

1 2 3

A1 .948 .151 .092

A2 .528 .270 .640

A3 .087 -.779 -.063

A4 .269 .895 -.127

A5 .171 .109 -.740

A6 .049 -.461 .486

A7 -.805 .230 .513

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a Rotation converged in 8 iterations.

1. amjerad meeqvse debuleba socialurkriminaluri faqtorebi eTnikur niadagze afxazeTSi faqtorTa rome-lime jgufSi ar gaerTianda.

imisTvis, rom dagvedgina ramdenad zustad asaxavs Cvens mier Sedgenili debulebebi Sesabamis kulturalur gan zo-milebebs, Catarebuli monacemebis safuZvelze gamo viT va-leT kronbaxis alfa koeficienti.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized

Items(a)

N of Items

.002 -1.513 7

a The value is negative due to a negative average covariance among items. This violates reliability model assumptions. You may want to check item codings.

194

amis Semdeg gaanalizda debulebebs Soris korelacia. alfa koeficienti gviCvenebs, rom kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli debulebebi ar gamoxatavs erTian skalas da isini erTma-neTisgan damoukideblad unda ganvixiloT.

Item-Total Statistics

Scale Mean if Item De-

leted

Scale Variance if Item

Deleted

Corrected Item-Total Correlation

Squared Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's Alpha if Item De-

leted

A1 179.43 810.619 .609 . -1.103(a)

A2 266.57 1533.286 .191 . -.183(a)

A3 279.71 2245.905 -.517 . .133

A4 225.29 1734.571 .001 . .002

A5 236.57 1640.619 -.131 . .202

A6 238.57 1981.286 -.172 . .168

A7 277.00 2201.000 -.544 . .105

a The value is negative due to a negative average covariance among items. This violates reliability model assumptions. You may want to check item codings.

195

cxrili 5: galis reprezentacia. ganzogadebuli mediaSinaarsi. `rezonansi~, `kviris palitra~. 20022010

5.1. 2002 weli

reprezentaciis kuTxe N %

daZabuli/umarTavi kriminaluri viTareba 32 45

kodoris xeoba safrTxis winaSe – safrTxe galisTvis 13 18

qarTul-afxazuri kriminalis saerTo fesvebi 7 10

partizanebi galSi, erTaderTi qmediTi da motivire-buli Zala

19 27

5.2. 2003 weli


devnilebis dabrunebis motivacia: monoba galSi Tu SimSili TbilisSi

10 12

kodoris xeoba safrTxis winaSe – safrTxe galisTvis 11 13

daZabuli/umarTavi kriminaluri viTareba 23 28

socialuri daZabuloba eTnikur niadagze 14 17

ruseTis arasamxedro agresiis proeqcia galze 19 24

partizanebi galSi, erTaderTi qmediTi da motivire-buli Zala

5 6

5.3. 2004 weli


arCevnebi afxazeTSi: galis mosaxleoba – rogorc baRafSis saarCevno resursi

9 28

devnilebis dabruneba – sawyisi wertili qarTul-afxazuri molaparakebebis procesis gansaaxleblad

11 33

devnilebis dabruneba – upirobod gansaxilveli sakiT xi Tu molaparakebis procesis kombinaciuri elementi

10 30

partizanuli moZraobis dasasruli 3 9

196

5.4. 2005 weli


iZulebiTi pasportizacia da gawveva afxazur jarSi – rogorc galelebis kidev erTi devnilobis sababi

7 13

socialuri daZabuloba eTnikur niadagze 12 21

Zaladobis aqtebi galSi: partizanuli terori Tu ruseTis specsamsaxurebis provokacia

8 14

galis sakiTxi afxazur politikaSi 11 19

devnilebis dabruneba – upirobod gansaxilveli sa kiT xi Tu molaparakebis procesis kombinaciuri ele men ti

8 14

partizanuli moZraobis aRorZineba 11 19

5.5. 2006-2007 wlebi


devnilebis dabruneba – upirobod gansaxilveli sakiT xi Tu molaparakebis procesis kombinaciuri elementi

21 17

kriminalebisa da afxazi policielebis Seteva galze

32 25

iZulebiTi pasportizacia – rogorc galelebis kidev erTi devnilobis sababi

11 9

socialuri daZabuloba da diskriminacia eTnikur nia dagze

18 14

movlenebi kodorSi – omis ganaxlebis safrTxe da misi proeqcia galis raionze

25 20

kodori, rogorc qarTuli saxelmwifos forposti/galis `siaxlove~ Tu daSoreba saqarTvelosgan?

19 15

197

5.6. 2008 weli


daZabuloba eTnikur/socialur/samxedro niadagze 11 27

gali afxazebisTvis: ara qarTuli, aramed megruli anklavi

5 12

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis politika: gadmobireba molaparakebis nacvlad/muSaoba galis administra-ciaze

6 15

gali: xidi afxazeTisken Tu fari afxazebisgan? 12 29

kodoris datoveba – galis mitoveba 7 17

5.7. 2009-2010 wlebi


gali – rusi da afxazi samxedroebis konfliqtis poligoni

17 18

galis marginalizacia (gamZafrebuli socialuri diskrimanacia eTnikur niadagze)

41 44

gali da sxva eTnikuri araafxazebi – baRafSis saa-rCevno resursi

15 16

afxazebis teritoriuli pretenziebi saqarTvelos mimarT: galidan samegrelosken

11 12

gali – uaryofili Sexebis cocxali wertili qa-rTvelebsa da afxazebs Soris

9 10

198

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti – mediadiskursi da po litikuri sistema

meTodis aRwera meore TavisTvis

sakvlevi populacia: yoveldRiuri gazeTis `24 saaTi~ proeqti ̀ Tqveni afxa zeTi~; yoveldRiuri gazeTis ̀ axali 7 dRe~ proeqti `Cemi saxli~.

sakvlevi teqnika: Tvisobrivi kontentanalizi filip mai-eringis meTodikiT (Mayering, Philipp, 2003/: Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grunglagen und Techniken, 8 Aufl.,Weinheim, Basel).

Tvisobrivi kontentanalizis meTodis SerCeva ganapi ro-ba iman, rom es meTodi gansakuTre biT efeqturia da war ma te-biT gamoiyeneba komunikaciaTmcodneobaSi medi u ri teq ste-bis kvlevisTvis. igi swored mediuri Sinaarsis Ses wavlisa da analizisTvis Seiqmna da dRemde farTod ga moiyeneba me-diakvlevebSi. meTodi iZleva sakvlevi masa lis mra valmxrivi da etapobrivi Seswavlisa da analizis saSua le bas.

Cvens mier Catarebul kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia Tvisob rivi kontentanalizis ori teqnika: Sejameba da eqsplikacia.

Sejamebis pirvel etapze xdeba sakvlevi masalis Ziri Ta di Setyobinebebis iseTi generalizeba, romlis Sedega dac mi i Reba azrobrivi erTeulebi kvlevis Semdgomi eta pisTvis. gene ra-lizebis Sedegad miRebuli azrobrivi er Te ulebi warmo aCenen sakvlevi masalis Sinaarsobriv struq turas da iZlevian in-duq ciuri kategorizebis saSua lebas, romlis sa fuZ velzec xde ba masalis Semdgomi damuSa veba da miRebuli monacemebis inter pretaciuli Sefaseba.

eqsplikacia Tavisi arsiT konteqstualuri analizia. eq-splikaciis teqnika iZleva ganmartebiTi parafrazirebis sa Su-alebas, rac kvlevaSi dasmuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebas da dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemas emsaxureba.

Cvens mier gamoyenebuli iqna sakvlevi sakiTxebis Sida teq-sturi eqsplikaciuri analizi gare wyaroebis moxmobis gareSe.

masalis pirveli wakiTxvisas gamoikveTa sakiTxebi, rom-le bic saWiroeben ganmartebiT parafrazirebas da moiniS na Si da teqstualuri eqsplikaciuri veli. Semdeg etapze gan-xor cielda eqsplikaciuri parafrazebis Camoyalibeba da maT safuZvelze sakvlevi masalis meore wakiTxva. mesa me etapi da-eT mo miRebuli Sedegebis struqturul da Sinaar sobriv ana-lizs da interpretaciul Sefasebas.

kvlevaSi aseve gamoyenebuli iqna raodenobrivi konten-tanalizis elementebi.

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