m. r. muñiz castillo, 2009

8/9/2019 M. R. Muiz Castillo, 2009

1/494

Gpenm A`z hbse`mq nma

Npqbmbe| lm S{bo dq Nla

@ws`{l`md`t j{be jbp{ klhnq`{nh s{bo`dqtlm Mldn{nipn nma @h Tnhznab{


2/494

El{qgn [btnp{n Epl Dntqlhhb

Nhh {ligqt {`t`{zà- Mb sn{q bj qglt spkhldnqlbm en| k` {`s{bapdà( tqb{à lm n {`q{l`znht|tqè( b{ q{nmtelqqà lm nm| jb{e( b{ k| nm| e`nmt( `h`dq{bmld( e`dgnmldnh( sgbqbdbs|lmi({`db{almi b{ bqg`{ylt`( ylqgbpq qg` s{lb{ s`{elttlbm lm y{lqlmi( j{be qg` npqgb{-

LTKM

Dbz`{ sldqp{` k| El{qgn [- Epl Dntqlhhb 'Tnm Niptqm( @h Tnhznab{,Spkhltgà k| Kb`f`mshnm( Enntq{ldgq( Qg` M`qg`{hnmat


3/494

GPENM A@Z@HBSE@MQ NMA NPQBMBE\ LM S[BO@DQ NLA?

@ws`{l md`t j{be jbp{ klhnq {nh s{bo dqt lm Mldn{nipn nma @h Tnhznab{

ALTT@[QNQLBM

qb bkqnlm qg` aì{`` bj Abdqb{ nq qg` Enntq{ldgq Pmlz`{tlq|(bm qg` npqgb{lq| bj qg` [`dqb{ Enimljldpt( S{bj- a{- I-S-E-J- Ebht(

lm nddb{anmd` ylqg qg` a`dltlbm bj qg` Kbn{a bj A`nmt(qb k` a`j`maà lm spkhld bm Yàm`tan| ;4 T`sqèk`{ ;331-33 gbp{t

k|

El{qgn [btnp{n Epl Dntqlhhb


4/494

Tps`{zltb{ ? S{bj- A{- D-[-O- a` M`pkbp{i

Db%tps `{zltb{ t? S{bj- A{- A-[- Ints`{( Lmtqlqp q` bj Tbdlnh Tqpal`t( Qg` Gnip `

S{bj- A{- O-E- Klhhtbm( I`b{i` Yntglmiqbm Pmlz`{tlq|( PTN

Ntt`tte`mq Dbeelqq``? S{bj- A{- H- a` hn [lz` Kbw( [`dqb{ bj qg` Lmtq lqpq` bj Tbdlnh

Tqpal`t 'dgnl{enm,

S{bj- A{- L{ - Y-@- Klof`{

S{bj- A{- T- Znmgbbm ndf`{

A{- F- F{l( Enhdbhe Yl`m`{ D`mq`{ jb{ Tbdlnh Sbhld|( Gn{zn{a

" @eenm p`h Dbhhì`( PTN

A{- [- Yni`m`{( LITT Elmltq{| bj Tbdlnh T`dp{lq| ( Hpwèkbp{ i

Qg` yb{f s {`t`mqà lm qglt altt`{qnqlbm g nt k``m dn{{là bp q nq qg` Enntq{ldgq I{na pnq`

Tdgbbh bj Ibz`{mnmd`-

Jlmnm dlnh tpss b{q gnt k``m {`d`lzà j{be qg ` jbhhbylmi lmtqlqpqlbmt lm Hpwè kbp{i ?

% Qg` Elmltq{| bj Dphqp{`( Glig`{ @apdnqlbm nma [`t`n{dg6

% Qg` Jbmat M nqlbmnh a` hn [`dg {dg` 'JM[,6 nma

% Qg` Elmltq{| bj Jb{`lim Njjnl{t-

Qglt sp khldnqlbm yn t db%jlmnmdà k| qg ` JM[ Hpwèkbp{i nma qg` Enntq{ldgq Pmlz`{tlq|-


5/494

Aàldnqlbm

Qb nhh qg` s`{tbmt ygb bs`mà qg`l{ gbe`t nma tgn{à qg`l{ hlz`t ylqg e` lm Mldn{nipn nma@h Tnhznab{-

Qb e| sn{`mqt jb{ qg`l{ lee`mt` hbz`( pma`{tqnmalmi( tpssb{q( `mqgptlnte nma jnlqg6 qg`|n{` qg` k`tq sn{qm`{t bm nhh e| naz`mqp{`t-

Lm eèb{| qb e| i{nmasn{`mqt( En{n E`mn nma H`bmlant( ygb qnpigq e` nm lesb{qnmqh`ttbm? qgnq bp{ obp{m`| bm @n{qg lt qbb tgb{q qb yb{{| nkbpq qg` jpqp{` nma qgnq qglt obp{m`|{`~pl{`t `mqgptlnte( hbz`( tq{`miqg nma( nkbz` nhh( dbp{ni`-


6/494

S{`jnd nma ndfmbyhàiè`mqt

Qg` sni`t qgnq |bp n{` nkbpq qb {`na n{` qg` {`tphq bj n {`t`n{dg yb{f qgnq gnt qnf`m n hlqqhèb{` qgnm jbp{ |`n{t- Hbbflmi {`q{bts`dqlz`h| nq e| `ws`{l`md`( L dnm tn| qgnq e| yb{hazl`y gnt dgnmià n i{`nq a`nh- A`jlmlq`h|( qg` lmq`hh`dqpnh ebqlznqlbm( qg` hlzlmi `ws`{l`md`tlm aljj`{`mq dbpmq{l`t nma qg` qle` tgn{à ylqg j{l`mat nma dbhh`nip`t gnz` `m{ldgà e| hlj`(jbtq`{à e| d{lqldnh npqbmbe| nma ena` qglt s{bd`tt `mob|nkh` nma lmq`{`tqlmi- L f``s e|bsqlelte lm qg` ibbam`tt bj gpenm k`lmit- Qg`{` y`{` nmi`ht nhbmi e| yn|6 `z`m qg`sbb{`tq s`bsh` gna i`tqp{`t bj i`m`{btlq| nma flmam`tt jb{ e`- L ne i{nq`jph qb nhh-

Lq lt q{p`( nt tbe` s`bsh` tn|( qgnq s{`sn{lmi n SgA altt`{qnqlbm {`~pl{`t s`{t`z`{nmd` lmnaalqlbm qb glig tdl`mqljld tqnman{at nma qgnq qg` jlmnh y{lqlmi ps dnm k` n hbm`h| s{bd`tt-Kpq( bz`{nhh( L dnm tn| qgnq lq m`àt npqg`mqldlq|- Gby tnqltjndqb{| lq lt qb qnf` n s{bo`dq bm k|ygldg bm` lt lmtsl{à. L qgnmf Iba jb{ tb enm| bssb{qpmlql`t qgnq g` gnt bjj`{à e` lm hlj`(jb{ qg` a`tl{` qb k`qq`{ e|t`hj nma qg` dp{lbtlq| ylqg ygldg g` gnt s`{e`nqà e`( nma jb{qg` ob| qgnq y{lqlmi qglt altt`{qnqlbm gnt k{bpigq e`- L j`hq qgnq L ynt ablmi k| dgbld` ygnqG` gna shnmmà jb{ e`-

L dnmmbq lenilm` y{lqlmi e| altt`{qnqlbm bm n qbsld aljj`{`mq qgnm qglt bm`- L ne sh`ntà jb{k`lmi nkh` qb tgn{` ylqg |bp tbe` bj e| la`nt nma bqg`{t la`nt nkbpq gby s`bsh` ntsl{`nma qnf` ndqlbm qb hlz` eb{` yb{qg|( lmtsl{lmi nma q{ph| gpenm hlz`t nma nkbpq gby s{b o`dqt jlmnmdà k| lmq`{mnqlbmnh dbbs`{nqlbm dnm g`hs qgè lm qg`l{ `jjb{qt- L gbs` qgnq qgltaltt`{qnqlbm dnm dbmq{lkpq` qb qg` a`tlim( enmniè`mq nma `znhpnqlbm bj s{bo`dqt tb qgnq

qg`t` dnm `wshldlqh| dbmq{lkpq` qb qg` `mgnmdè`mq bj lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| nma gpenm a`z`hbse`mq-

Nt |bp ylhh {`na qg{bpigbpq qg` dbelmi sni`t( lq lt lesb{qnmq mbq bmh| ygnq |bp ndgl`z`kpq nhtb gby |bp ndgl`z` lq- Qglt {`t`n{dg s{bo`dq dbpha gnz` hlmi`{à lm k`lmi optq nm la`n(kpq qgnmft qb enm| s`bsh` lq lt n {`nhlq| mby- Nt epdg nt L ybpha hlf` qb qgnmf nhh qg`t`s`bsh` k| mne`( L ne nj{nla L ylhh k` nkh` qb mne` bmh| n j`y-

Jl{tq( nt qglt lt nm ndgl`zè`mq bj lmq`hh`dqpnh mnqp{`( L ybpha hlf` qb qgnmf e| tps`{zltb{t-

Qgnmf |bp z`{| epdg qb Dg{lt a` M`pkbp{i- Glt k{bna tpssb{q( jnlqg lm e| yb{f nma qg`

ni{``nkh` yb{f `mzl{bme`mq ap{lmi qg` qle` L ts`mq lm Enntq{ldgq inz` e` qg` s`{j`dq dbmalqlbmt qb a`z`hbs e| la`nt ylqg j{`àbe-

Qb A`t Ints`{( L ne lee`mt`h| i{nq`jph- G` g`hsà e` qb altdbz`{ m`y snqgt lm e| {`t`n{dg- K`lmi nhyn|t qg`{`( ylqg nmnh|qldnh {libp{ nma {`ts`dqlmi e| bym {`t`n{dg s{bd`tt(g` dgnhh`mià e` lmq`hh`dqpnhh| nma( nq qg` tne` qle`( tpssb{qà e| t`hjdbmjla`md`-

L ne z`{| qgnmfjph qb Onm`q Enmdlml Klhhtbm- G`{ flma nma `ws`{q nazld` ap{lmi e| jl`hayb{f lm Mldn{nipn nma @h Tnhznab{ ynt lmznhpnkh`- Nhyn|t( g`{ bko`dqlzlq|( s{`dlt` dbee`mqt nma `mdbp{nilmi j`àkndf ebqlznqà e`-

T`dbma( L ne a``sh| lma`kqà qb [n|ebma Yni`m`{- Ylqgbpq glt bsqlelte nma e`mqb{lmi(

L ybpha mbq gnz` qgbpigq bj sp{tplmi n SgA- G` lmq{bapdà e` qb qg` dnsnklhlq| nss{bndg(g`hsà e` qb {`nhlt` e| {`t`n{dg lmq`{`tqt nma jndlhlqnqà qg` e`nmt qb dn{{| bpq e| s{bo`dq-


7/494

S{`jnd` nma ndfmbyhàie`mqt zll

Qgl{a( L ybpha hlf` qb qgnmf qg` eb{` qgnm 433 s`bsh` ygb zbhpmqn{| sn{qldlsnqà lm qgàljj`{`mq jl`hayb{f ndqlzlql`t lm Mldn{nipn nma @h Tnhznab{- Qg` mne`t bj tbe` bj qgè n{`lm Nss`malw ;N- L en| gnz` jb{ibqq`m tbe` mne`t pmlmq`mqlbmnhh|- Ts`dlnh dbmtla`{nqlbmib`t qb S`q{bmn lm Tnmqn En{n( El{mn nma Anen{lt lm Tnm J`{mnmab( Zdqb{ Enmp`h nma

Enmp`hn lm Nipn J{n( nma Nmqbmlb( Obt En{lb nma Mpent lm Tnm Niptqm-Jbp{qg( L ybpha hlf` qb qgnmf tbe` s`bsh` lm aljj`{`mq dbpmq{l`t?

Lm Enntq{ldgq( L qgnmf e| q`ndg`{t lm qg` Jndphq| bj @dbmbeldt nma qg` q`ndg`{t bj qg` Lmq`{mnqlbmnh Hnkbp{ Bjjld` 'entq`{ dbp{t`t,( `ts`dlnhh| qb Eldgn`h Dldgbm jb{ glt s{`dlt` dbee`mqt nkbpq e| altt`{qnqlbm lm qg` tèlmn{ ';33:, nma hnq`{ lm I`m`zn ';339, nma jb{ glttpssb{q qb e| s{bj`ttlbmnh dn{``{- E| i{nqlqpa` ib`t nhtb qb A`mlt a` D{bek{piig` jb{ gltflma nazld` yg`m L gna tbe` abpkqt nkbpq ~pnmqlqnqlz` nmnh|tlt- L qgnmf e| dhnttenq`t nqqg` kìlmmlmi bj e| SgA( `ts`dlnhh| qb e| j{l`ma Na{lnmn ylqg ygbe L gnz` f`sq dhbt`dbmqndq nma qb Jljl jb{ hbmi nma {`hnwà qnhft yg`m y` j`hq pma`{ s{`ttp{`-

Ylqglm qg` Enntq{ldgq I{napnq` Tdgbbh bj Ibz`{mnmd`( L `mob|à qg` dnhe nma j{l`mah| yb{f`mzl{bme`mq( qgnmft qb Dhlm`( El`f` nma Tptnm ygb flmah| g`hsà e` tlmd` e| entq`{tqpal`t- L ybpha nhtb hlf` qb qgnmf qb I`{nman jb{ g`{ j{l`matgls nma qb Nmmèn{l`( J{nmltfn nma [`m` jb{ qg` `mdbp{nilmi qnhft nma dbee`mqt- L qgnmf Elma`h jb{ g`{ `mdbp{niè`mq nma s{ndqldnh g`hs ap{lmi qg` hntq tqni`t bj e| tpkelttlbm- Qg` Tdgbbh lt i{bylminma t`z`{nh {`t`n{dg`{t n{` `minià lm ephqlsh` ndqlzlql`t- L qgnmf Gnb( [bk`{q( _lmn( Sntdnh(A`mltn( Anzla( Snq|( E`hlttn( K{lqqn( F``ql`( Klnmdn( G`m{|( Mldbhn( Jhb{lnm( Engn( nmaQ{``mn- Sh`nt`( j``h nhh mneà g`{`- L nss{`dlnq` qg`l{ lmspqt ap{lmi e| s{`t`mqnqlbm lm qg`tèlmn{ t`{l`t nma lm qg` qpqb{lnh e``qlmit( nma bz`{nhh qg`l{ tbhlan{lq|- L e`q tbe` bj qgèlm k`qy``m q{lst6 L yltgà L dbpha gnz` ts`mq eb{` qle` ylqg qgè-

E| ts`dlnh qgnmft ib bpq qb e| qyb a`n{ j{l`mat( Hlmn nma O`ttldn- Qgnmf |bp z`{| epdg jb{|bp{ pmdbmalqlbmnh tpssb{q( `mdbp{niè`mq( `mqgptlnte( pma`{tqnmalmi nma `z`{| a`qnlhqgnq enf` `ndg bj |bp ts`dlnh- \bp y`{` qg` m`n{`tq qglmi qb n jnelh| qgnq L gna lm Enntq{ldgq nma lma`à( L gnz` j`hq sn{q bj |bp{ jnelhl`t- Qgnmft qb Nh`w nma Snbhn( bj dbp{t`-

L `wq`ma e| ts`dlnh qgnmft qb [nhh| jb{ s{bbj{`nalmi nma àlqlmi e| dgnsq`{t- Eb{` qgnmqgnq( tg` gnt k``m qg`{` `mdbp{nilmi e` nhbmi qg` y{lqlmi ps s{bd`tt nma f``slmi e| bsqlelte glig ylqg `z`{| ènlh- Qgnmft jb{ bjj`{lmi |bp{ j{l`matgls tlmd` qg` kìlmmlmi-

Lm Hpwèkbp{i ( L ybpha hlf` qb `ws{`tt e| i{nqlqpa` qb qg` Elmltq{| bj Dphqp{`( Tps`{lb{

@apdnqlbm nma [`t`n{dg bj Hpwèkbp{i qgnq i{nmqà e` qg` {`t`n{dg tdgbhn{tgls'KJ[34"3:7, nma qb qg` Elmltq{| bj Jb{`lim Njjnl{t( Al{`dqlbm bj A`z`hbse`mq nma Gpenmlqn{lnm Nla qgnq jlmnmdà n hn{i` sn{q bj e| jl`hayb{f `ws`mt`t nma inz` ndd`tt qb qg` s{b o`dqt enmnià k| HpwA`z`hbse`mq T-N- Lm qg` Elmltq{| bj Dphqp{`( L qgnmf Obtlnm` @mq{lmi`{- Lm qg` Elmltq{| bj Jb{`lim Njjnl{t( L `ts`dlnhh| qgnmf Neknttnab{ O`nm J`|a`{ nma[`m Hnp`{- Lm HpwA`z`hbse`mq T-N-( L qgnmf lqt jb{e`{ al{`dqb{( [n|ebma Y`k`{( nma qg`flmam`tt bj Mnqgnhl` AnzlhnH`z| ygb jndlhlqnqà e` qg` s{bo`dq lmjb{enqlbm- Qgnmft nhtb qbNhld` [ltdg( nma Sntdnh [bttlimbh- L ne z`{| qgnmfjph qb qg` Jbmat Mnqlbmnh a` hn [`dg`{dg`qgnq nyn{aà e` n i{nmq nq qg` hntq tqni` bj e| SgA-

L ne i{nq`jph qb D@ST"LMTQ@NA nma `ts`dlnhh| qb lqt tdl`mqljld al{`dqb{( Sl`{{` Gnptenm(ygb tpssb{qà e| tdgbhn{tgls nsshldnqlbm- L qgnmf qg` I`m`{nh Lmts`dqlbm bj Tbdlnh T`dp{lq|


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S{`jnd` nma ndfmbyhàiè`mqtzlll

nma lqt al{`dqb{( I`b{i`t Tdg{bà`{( jb{ gbtqlmi qg` tèlmn{ bm T`sqèk`{ ;33:- L ne z`{|i{nq`jph qb qg` sn{qldlsnmqt bj qgnq tèlmn{ ygb dbee`mqà bm e| yb{f-

Lm Mldn{nipn ( L ybpha hlf` qb qgnmf qg` i`m`{nh zld`{`dqb{( O`tt Enmp`h Tn{lìb( nma qg`jb{e`{ a`nm bj qg` Jndphq| bj Gpenmlql`t( Abmnha Ema`( bj qg` D`mq{nh Ne`{ldnm Pmlz`{

tlq| 'PDN,- E| ts`dlnh dbmtla`{nqlbm lt jb{ S{bj- Obt Lmbd`mq` [ba{ip`( nq qg` MnqlbmnhBkt`{znqb{| bj qg` Sbz`{q| nma Gpenm A`z`hbse`mq bj qg` PDN( ygbt` s{ndqldnh nazldàp{lmi e| jl`hayb{f ynt d{pdlnh- Qgnmft nhtb qb qg` s`{tbmm`h bj HpwA`z`hbse`mq T-N- lmqg` {ìlbmnh bjjld` bj Enmnipn( qb En{d [l`h( Tn{n K{lbm`t( Hlhlnmn N{nim( En{n Ml`z`tN{nekp{( @apn{ab Ndpn nma O`nmHbplt Npi`{nt- L ne lma`kqà qb Dgln{n Q{bek`qqn jb{g`{ g`hs lm jlmalmi e` nddbeebanqlbm 'dhbt` qb g`{t, nma q{nmtsb{qnqlbm- Alìb Btb{lb yntqg` s`{j`dq a{lz`{ lm Mp`zn Tìbzln( {`ts`dqjph nma q{ptqyb{qg|-

E| tqn| lm Mldn{nipn ynt eb{` `mob|nkh` qgnmft qb qg` flma y`hdbe` bj qg` jnelhl`t Mbip`{n Zlhhni{n( Dnha`{n Zlhhni{n( nma [bdgn Mbip`{n- Qg`| y`{` qg` jl{tq `wnesh` bj qg`

yn{eqg bj qg` Mldn{nipnm s`bsh` lm Enmnipn-E| lee`mt` nss{`dlnqlbm ib`t qb \nelh`qg @tdbkn{( tbdlbhbiltq( ygb ynt e| nttltqnmq ap{lmi qg` jl`hayb{f ndqlzlql`t lm Mldn{nipn nma @h Tnhznab{- Qgnmf |bp jb{ tgn{lmi |bp{ `ws`{l`md` ylqg e` nma tgbylmi n dbeelqe`mq nma tbhlan{lq| qgnq `wd`àà nhh e| `ws`dqnqlbmt- Lq ynt n sh`ntp{` qb yb{f ylqg |bp nma qb tgn{` `wdlqlmi( `mob|nkh` nma tbe`qle`tpmd`{qnlm qle`t-

Lm @h Tnhznab{ ( L ybpha hlf` qb qgnmf enm| s`bsh`- L ne `ts`dlnhh| i{nq`jph qb S{bj- HlhlnmZìn( dgl`j bj qg` @dbmbeldt a`sn{qe`mq bj qg` Obt Tle`m Dnnt D`mq{nh Ne`{ldnm Pmlz`{tlq| 'PDN,- G`{ g`hs ap{lmi e| jl`hayb{f nma mpe`{bpt ènlht `wdgnmià njq`{ qgnq

gnz` k``m s{ld`h`tt- L nss{`dlnq` qg` tpssb{q bj e| j{l`mat Dhnpaln [lntdb nma Dg{ltq|nm`^pnm ygb g`hsà e` qb jlma qg` {ligq dbmqndqt lm qg`l{ dbpmq{|-

Qgnmft nhtb qb En{n Zlhn{( Tnma{n [be`{b nma g`{ gptknma Anmlhb J`{mma`( nma Tnhznab{ Nhzn{nab nma glt ylj`( jb{ g`hslmi e` qb jlma nddbeebanqlbm nma q{nmtsb{qnqlbm lm TnmElip`h nma Tnm Tnhznab{- L ne z`{| i{nq`jph qb I`b{i`t Kp{{l( jb{ jndlhlqnqlmi qg` dbmqndqt lmTnm Niptqm nma Tnm Nhòb nma jb{ glt yn{e y`hdbe` qb qg` @ntq`{m {ìlbm bj @h Tnhznab{-

Lm Knqg ( L nss{`dlnq` e| qle` nt zltlqlmi {`t`n{dg`{ ';33:, nq qg` @TD[ {`t`n{dg i{bps bmY`hhk`lmi lm A`z`hbslmi Dbpmq{l`t 'Pmlz`{tlq| bj Knqg, ap{lmi ygldg L dbpha sn{qldlsnq` lms`{lbald e``qlmit nt bm` bj qg`l{ q`ne nma gna ndd`tt qb nhh pmlz`{tlq| jndlhlql`t- Qgnmft qb

qg` tqnjj bj YÀ nma Qg`b Snsnabsbphbt jb{ s{bslqlnqlmi qglt zltlq- E| ts`dlnh nss{`dlnqlbmib`t qb Nhhltq`{ EdI{ìb{( Lnm Ibpig( Hnp{n Dnejl`ha( nma Tz`{lm` A`m`phlm jb{ qg`l{a`qnlhà dbee`mqt bm n jl{tq a{njq bj Dgnsq`{ ;- Qgnmft nhtb qb Emldn( Ondf`hlm`( S`q`{(K`df|( Dhnpaln( Jn{n( Zl{ilmln( One`t( Enq`b nma bqg`{ dbhh`nip`t jb{ dbmq{lkpqlmi qb enfè| tqn| eb{` sh`ntnmq-

L ybpha hlf` qb qgnmf t`z`{nh s`bsh` ygbe L e`q ap{lmi dbmj`{`md`t( `wq`{mnh dbp{t`t b{qg{bpig bqg`{ dbhh`nip`t- L qgnmf Z{bml~p` Ebqql`{ nma Enw K`{ienm jb{ qg`l{ nazld` nqqg` tpee`{ tdgbbh lm @tt`w 'Npiptq ;33:,- L `wq`ma e| ts`dlnh qgnmft qb F``t Kl`fn{q nq qg`Lmtqlqpq` bj Tbdlnh Tqpal`t jb{ glt flma nazld`( dbee`mqt bm s{`hlelmn{| z`{tlbmt bj dgnsq`{t

4 nma 1( nma jb{ lmq{bapdlmi e` qb glt {`t`n{dg yb{f- L nhtb qgnmf t`z`{nh eèk`{t bj qg`Gpenm A`z`hbse`mq nma Dnsnklhlql`t Nttbdlnqlbm ygbe L e`q ap{lmi qg` ;331 nma ;33:dbmj`{`md`t nma ygb gna spmdqpnh dbee`mqt nkbpq e| yb{f lm lmjb{enh qnhft( ynhft( alm


9/494

S{`jnd` nma ndfmbyhàie`mqt lw

m`{t b{ ap{lmi qg` ;33: tpee`{ tdgbbh- E| qgnmft nhtb ib`t qb qg` sn{qldlsnmqt bj qg` SgAtèlmn{ bm {`t`n{dg lm Hnqlm Ne`{ldn 'Bdqbk`{ ;33:, tsbmtb{à k| D@AHN 'Netq`{ane,- Lne nhtb qgnmfjph qb qgbt` ygb dbee`mqà bm e| yb{f ap{lmi qg` ;ma Hnqlm Ne`{ldnm nmaDn{lkk`nm Dbmj`{`md` bm Gpenm A`z`hbse`mq nma qg` Gpenm Dnsnklhlql`t Nss{bndg lm

Ebmq`zla`b( P{pipn| 'Bdqbk`{ ;337,-Lm Hlen( qgnmft qb En{n Sbhb Sp`hh`t jb{ `mq`{lmi nma b{inmltlmi qg` anqn bj qg` td{``mlminma tp{z`| ~p`tqlbmmnl{`t( qb H`mlm Nkna Qb{{`t jb{ q{nmtd{lklmi qg` jbdpt i{bps altdpttlbmt nma lmalzlapnh lmq`{zl`yt( nma qb Hp Nmihldn S{` Zt~p` jb{ s{`sn{lmi qg` tq{pdqp{à q{nmtd{lsqt- Qgnmft nhtb qb Q`{`tn J`{mma` jb{ nm lmq{bapdqlbm qb g`{ ~pnhlqnqlz`yb{f lm S`{p nma qb Anml`h P{an| ygb g`hsà Hp Nmihldn-

L `ts`dlnhh| qgnmf e| j{l`mat nma {`hnqlz`t lm Hlen jb{ qg`l{ pma`{tqnmalmi nma tpssb{qap{lmi e| SgA {`t`n{dg( jb{ qg` qle` qgnq y` dbpha mbq tgn{` nma qg` qnhft qgnq y` dbphambq gnz` nma( nq qg` tne` qle`( jb{ qg`l{ dhbt`m`tt a`tslq` qg` i`bi{nsgldnh altqnmd`- Qb nhh

bj qgè? Lq lt abm`.L qgnmf e| |bpmi`{ tltq`{( I{ndl`hn( jb{ pma`{tqnmalmi e| dbeelqe`mq qb qglt ndnaèlds{bo`dq `z`m qgbpig y` dbpha mbq tgn{` enm| lesb{qnmq qglmit yglh` tg` ynt i{bylmi psqb k`dbe` qg` nael{nkh` |bpmi ybenm tg` lt mby-

L ynmq qb qgnmf `ts`dlnhh| e| enen( El{qgn Tbmln( jb{ g`{ s{`dlt` nma dnpqlbpt dbee`mqtnkbpq e| lmz`tqlinqlbm( g`{ dbesnm| ap{lmi e| jl{tq tqpa| zltlq( g`{ tpssb{q lm `z`{| tq`sbj e| hlj` nma nhtb ap{lmi qglt qle`- L qgnmf e| snsn( @tqpn{ab( jb{ glt dbmjla`md` lm e|dnsndlql`t nma dbmtqnmq `mdbp{niè`mq lm nm| dl{dpetqnmd`- Kbqg gnz` k``m nhyn|t s{`t`mqqg{bpigbpq qglt obp{m`| bj lmq`hh`dqpnh dgnhh`mi` nma s`{tbmnh t`hjaltdbz`{|-

L lmzlq` |bp nhh qb jbhhby e` bm qglt `wshb{nqlbm abm` ylqg n i{`nq a`nh bj njj`dqlbm( {`ts`dqnma dn{`-

Onmpn{| ;33


10/494

Dbmq`mqt

Aàldnqlbm-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------zS{`jnd` nma ndfmbyhàiè`mqt----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------zlDbmq`mqt--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------wQnkh`t ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------wlllJlip{`t---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------wzKbw`t----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------wzllSgbqbt------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ wzlll

>- Lmq{bapdqlbm---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >

>-> Dgn{ndq`{ltqldt bj qglt tqpa|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>-; Qg` {`t`n{dg ~p`tqlbmt nma bz`{nhh nss{bndg ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4>-4 Qg` dnt` tqpal`t--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4>-1 Tq{pdqp{` bj qg` tqpa|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :

Sn{q L? Qg dbmd`sqpnh eba h nma {`t`n{dg nss{bndg

;- N dbmd sqpnh eba h bj gpenm a z hbse`mq nma npqbmbe| -------------------------------------------------------------- >>

;-> Gpenm a`z`hbse`mq? e`nmt nma mat---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >;;-; Npqbmbe|? qg` dbmd`sq nma qg` a`qnlht---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;1;-4 Lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|? qg` dbmd`sqpnh eba`h ------------------------------------------------------------------ 40;-1 @esby`{e`mq? qg` e`nmt qb s{bebq` gpenm a`z`hbse`mq---------------------------------------- 1:

;-0 Leshldnqlbmt ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0;4- Qg s{ndqld`t nma qg jj`dqt bj lmq`{mnqlbmnh nla? j{be end{b qb eld{bh`z h nmnh|tlt ---------------------- 01

4-> Qg` end{bh`z`h dbmq`wq bj lmq`{mnqlbmnh nla? ygnq gnt dgnmià2-------------------------------- 004-; Qg` eld{bh`z`h dbmq`wq bj lmq`{mnqlbmnh nla? ygnq dnm s{bo`dqt q`hh2 --------------------------- :04-4 Npqbmbe| nma s{bo`dq ntt`tte`mqt? ygnq ybpha k` qg` hlmfni`t2------------------------------ 9>4-1 Dbmdhptlbmt-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91

1- [`t n{dg a tlim nma e qgbat------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9:

1->- [`t`n{dg a`tlim------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9:1-;- Anqn dbhh`dqlbm e`qgbat----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93- Qg` dbeepmlql`t nma qg` hnmathla` qgnq q{nmtjb{eà hlj` jb{`z`{ ----------------------------- >>3:-;- Qg` {`dbmtq{pdqlbm s{bo`dq------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ >>1


11/494

Dbmq`mqt wl

:-4- S{bo`dq s{ndqld`t----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >;3:-1- Pma`{tqnmalmi lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| lm Tnmqn En{n -------------------------------------------------- >;9:-0- Ntt`ttlmi s{bo`dq lesndqt bm npqbmbe|------------------------------------------------------------------------ >4::-:- Dbmdhptlbmt------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ >10

9- Qg mdbpmq`{ bj qyb yb{hat lm Nipn J{n? Qg {bh bj hbdnh ibz {mnmd lm n ynq`{ s{bo`dq----------- >199->- Nipn J{n k`jb{` qg` s{bo`dq nma qg` lttp` bj ynq`{ ----------------------------------------------------- >179-;- Qg` ynq`{ s{bo`dq--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >0;9-4- S{bo`dq s{ndqld`t----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >079-1- Pma`{tqnmalmi lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| lm Nipn J{n------------------------------------------------------ >:19-0- Ntt`ttlmi s{bo`dq lesndqt bm npqbmbe|------------------------------------------------------------------------ >939-:- Dbmdhptlbmt------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ >73

7- Ybe`m kplhalmi ps dbeepmlq| lm Tnm J`{mnmab? N ynq`{ s{bo`dq qgnq jp hhà gbs -------------------- >74

7->- Tnm J`{mnmab k`jb{` qg` s{bo`dq-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >71

7-;- Qg` ynq`{ s{bo`dq lm Tnm J`{mnmab--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >797-4- S{bo`dq s{ndqld`t----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >1

:

Tnm Niptqm nma qg` `n{qg~pnf`t qgnq {`ndqlznqà `m`{i| ---------------------------------------- ;>93-; Nm nmnh|qldnh j{ne`yb{f bj s{bo`dq `jj`dqt bm lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|------------------------- ;09>3-4 Pma`{tqnmalmi znhp`t( {`hnqlbmt nma s{ndqld`t lm tq{pdqp{nh dbmq`wqt------------------------ ;:3>3-1 Sn{qldlsnqlbm nma qg` `w`{dlt` bj lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|----------------------------------------------- ;::

>3-0 T`dqb{nh j`nqp{`t? aljj`{`mq lesndqt bm npqbmbe|2------------------------------------------------------- ;90>3-: Tpeelmi ps s{bo`dq `jj`dqt bm lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|-------------------------------------------------- ;71>3-9 Dbmdhptlbmt------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ;7>- @ws {l`md t bj lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;

>>-> Qg` jbpmanqlbmt bj npqbmbe|? mqlqhè`mqt nma ni`md|--------------------------------------------- ;>>-; Qg` `w`{dlt` bj npqbmbe| lm eld{bh`z`h dbmq`wqt-------------------------------------------------------- 43>>>-4 T`hjdbmjla`md` nma dbmalqlbmt jb{ lmalzlapnh èsby`{e`mq------------------------------------ 4>1>>-1 Dbmdhptlbmt------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4;4

>;- Qg a z`hbse mq snqg? {àpdlmi zphm`{nklhlq| nma mgnmdlmi d{lqldnh npqbmbe| -------------------------- 4;:

>;-> Qyb tla`t bj qg` dblm? zphm`{nklhlq| nma lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|---------------------------------- 4;9>;-; D{lqldnh npqbmbe| qb s{bebq` tlimljldnmq les{bzè`mq lm y`hhk`lmi --------------------- 447>;-4 Dbmdhptlbmt------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 403


12/494

Dbmq`mqtwll

>4- Dbmdhptlbmt------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40;

>4-> N dbmd`sqpnh eba`h bj lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|---------------------------------------------------------------- 404>4-; Nla s{bo`dqt nma qg` `wsnmtlbm bj lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|--------------------------------------------- 401>4-4 Jlmalmit jb{ qg` jlz` {`t`n{dg ~p`tqlbmt------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40:

>4-1 Leshldnqlbmt ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4:;

[`j`{`md`t------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4:7

Nss`malw >N? Mldn{nipn( nm lmq{bapdqb{| {`zl`y ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 4K? @h Tnhznab{( nm lmq{bapdqb{| {`zl`y --------------------------------------------------------------------- 139Nss`malw ;N? Hltq bj s`{tbmt lmq`{zl`yà ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1;3Nss`malw ;K? S{bo`dq jndq tg``qt----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1;0Nss`malw ;D? Jbdpt i{bps altdpttlbm s{bqbdbht------------------------------------------------------------------------- 144Nss`malw ;A? Dgn{ndq`{ltqldt bj JIA sn{qldlsnmqt---------------------------------------------------------------------- 113Nss`malw ;@? Tp{z`| ~p`tqlbmmnl{` ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11>Nss`malw ;J? A`td{lsqlbm bj anqnt`q >------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11:Nss`malw ;I? A`td{lsqlbm bj anqnt`q ;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 117Nss`malw 4N? Nkk{`zlnqlbmt ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104Nss`malw 4K? Ihbttn{| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100

Tpeen{|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10>? Dnt` tqpal`t--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1Qnkh` >;? T`h`dqà lmaldnqb{t jb{ Mldn{nipn nma @h Tnhznab{( ;330 ----------------------------------------------------- 0

Qnkh` ;>? [`hnqlbm k`qy``m y`hhk`lmi nma gpenm a`z`hbse`mq----------------------------------------------------->;Qnkh` ;;? Mpttknpet d`mq{nh gpenm jpmdqlbmnh dnsnklhlql`t ------------------------------------------------------------ >7Qnkh` ;4? @hè`mqt bj npqbmbe| lm qg` QGM--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43Qnkh` ;1? Dnptnhlq| b{l`mqnqlbmt lm qg` TAQ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4;Qnkh` ;0? Dbesn{ltbm bj h`z`ht bj npqbmbe| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41Qnkh` ;:? [`hnqlbmtgls k`qy``m y`hhk`lmi( gpenm a`z`hbse`mq nma npqbmbe|-------------------------- 1? Elhh`mmlpe a`z`hbse`mq ibnht nma dnsnklhlql`t-----------------------------------------------------------------09

Qnkh` 4;? Ndqlbmt jb{ eb{` jj`dqlz` nla k| qg` PMAS ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 07Qnkh` 44? La`mqlj|lmi jbp{ q|s`t bj tq{pdqp{à s{ndqld t nq qg` end{bh`z`h ------------------------------------- :3Qnkh` 41? @hh`{enmt nss{bndg jb{ npqbmbe|{`ts`dqlmi nttltqnmd ------------------------------------------------- 93

Qnkh` 1>? T`h`dqlbm tq{nqìl`t nq aljj`{`mq h`z`ht ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90>Qnkh` 9;? Ndd`tt qb ynq`{ s`{ tlq` k`jb{` qg` s{bo`dq ------------------------------------------------------------------------- >0>Qnkh` 94? Enlm tqnf`gbha`{t bj qg` Nipn J{n s{bo`dq----------------------------------------------------------------------- >00Qnkh` 91? Enlm s{ndqld`t ap{lmi qg` Nipn J{n s{bo`dq --------------------------------------------------------------------- >07Qnkh` 90? Mpek`{ bj s{lznq` ynq`{ dbmm`dqlbmt lm Nipn J{n---------------------------------------------------------- >0:0Qnkh` 99? Dbeepmnh sn{qldlsnqlbm nma s`{d`lzà bssb{qpmlql`t lm Nipn J{n ----------------------------- >93Qnkh` 97? @ws`dqà nma ndqpnh k`m`jlqt bj qg` Nipn J{n s{bo`dq------------------------------------------------------ >9>Qnkh` 9


14/494

Qnkh`twlz

Qnkh` 74? Enlm tqnf`gbha`{t bj qg` Tnm J`{mnmab s{bo dq----------------------------------------------------------------- >7


15/494

Jlip{`t

Jlip{` >>? Tq{pdqp{` bj qg` tqpa|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

Jlip{` ;>? Jb{enqlbm bj dnsnklhlql`t nma jpmdqlbmlmit------------------------------------------------------------------------>0Jlip{` ;;? Dnsnklhlql`t nma {`hnqà dbmd`sqt ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >9Jlip{` ;4? Qg` 'znhpnkh`, dnsnklhlql`t( jpmdqlbmlmit nma {`tbp{d t bj Ltnk`h ----------------------------------- >9Jlip{` ;1? Ephqlh`z`h tq{pdqp{` bj m`àt------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ;3Jlip{` ;0? Qg` a`q`{elmnmqt bj {`hnqlz` npqbmbe| lm qg` TAQ---------------------------------------------------------- 4;Jlip{` ;:? N dbmd`sqpnh eba`h bj npqbmbe| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4:Jlip{` ;9? Npqbmbe| nt dbeklmà dnsnklhlq| nma qg` hn|`{t bj npqbmbe|-------------------------------------10Jlip{` ;7? Npqbmbe| nma èsby`{e`mq---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

Jlip{` 4>? @zbhpqlbm bj m`q BAN j{be AND dbpmq{l`t >

Jlip{` 0>? Qg` s{bo`dq tlq`t lm Mldn{nipn---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39

Jlip{` :>? Qg` wq`mq bj qg` Dntlqnt epathla`------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ >>;Jlip{` :;? Qg` b{inmltnqlbmnh tq{pdqp{` bj qg` Tnmqn En{n s{bo`dq------------------------------------------------- >>0Jlip{` :4? Qle`hlm` bj dbesn{nkh` s{bo`dqt---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>7Jlip{` :1? S`{d`sqlbmt nkbpq dbeepmlq| lm Tnmqn En{n----------------------------------------------------------------- >4;Jlip{` :0? Nz`{ni` dgnmi`t lm zn{lnkh`t nttbdlnqà qb npqbmbe| k| i`ma`{ lm Tnmqn En{n------ >14

Jlip{` 9>? Qg` hbdnqlbm bj qg{`` zlhhni`t lm Nipn J{n----------------------------------------------------------------------- >101Jlip{` 94? Tpeen{| qle`hlm` bj qg` Nipn J{n s{bo dq --------------------------------------------------------------------- >09Jlip{` 91? Hbdnh alnimbtlt bj dnpt`t bj qg` pm{`hlnklhlq| bj qg` ynq`{ t`{zld` 'Nipn J{n,----------- >:4

Jlip{` 90? Gbpt`gbha `ws`malqp{`t nma {èlqqnmd`t lm Nipn J{n------------------------------------------------- >::Jlip{` 9:? Altq{lkpqlbm bj t`hjs`{d`lzà ndgl zè`mqt lm Nipn J{n --------------------------------------------- >:9Jlip{` 99? S`{d`sqlbmt nkbpq dbeepmlq| lm Nipn J{n--------------------------------------------------------------------- >:7Jlip{` 97? Mpek`{ bj {`sb{qà dnt`t bj ndpq` aln{{gb`nh alt`nt` 'NAA, lm Nipn J{n---------------- >91Jlip{` 9


16/494

Jlip{`twzl

Jlip{` ? Ens bj qg` Tnm Niptqm epmldlsnhlq| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;>9Jlip{` 7Jlip{` >1? Dbeepmlql`t nma s`{d`lzà bssb{qpmlql`t k| s{bo`dq tlq`------------------------------------------- 4>;Jlip{` >>0? Sbttlkh` jndqb{t `wshnlmlmi dbeepmnh sn{qldlsnqlbm----------------------------------------------------- 4>4Jlip{` >>:? S`{d`lzà ni`md| nma eld{bh`z`h dbmq`wqt k| s{bo`dq tlq`------------------------------------------- 4;3

Jlip{` >;>? Zphm`{nklhlq| nma lmalzlapnh ebqlznqlbmt jb{ dbhh`dqlz` ndqlbm 'dbmd`sqpnh hlmf,----- 441

Jlip{` >4>? Yb{flmi g|sbqg`t`t {`hnqà qb qg` `w`{dlt` bj npqbmbe|-------------------------------------------- 4:>


17/494

Kbw`t

Kbw ;>? @hè`mqt bj elmlepe s`{tbmnh dbes`q`md`-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47

Kbw 1>? Qg` dnt` tqpa| anqnknt` ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73Kbw 1;? Qg` lma`w bj lmalzlapnh lmzbhzè`mq lm qg` s{bo`dq--------------------------------------------------------------- 7>Kbw 14? Tdb{lmi `w`{dlt` ap{lmi qg` jbdpt i{bps altdpttlbmt ylqg mbmh`na`{ sn{qldlsnmqt---------- 7;Kbw 11? Enlm n{`nt dbz`{à k| qg` tp{z`| ~p`tqlbmmnl{`-------------------------------------------------------------------74Kbw 10? Kntld dnsnklhlql`t tp{z`| nma ephqlale`mtlbmnh y`hhk`lmi-----------------------------------------------? Qg` Gp{{ldnm` Elqdg lm Mldn{nipn ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >33Kbw 0;? Qg` `n{qg~pnf`t bj ;33> lm @h Tnhznab{--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >34

Kbw :>? Dbeelqq`` bj dbeepmnh a`z`hbse`mq 'DAD, nma qg` dbeepmlq| dbpmdlh -------------------- >4;Kbw :;? N dbmq{bhhlmi dhlenq` qgnq tnla eb{` qgnm n qgbptnma yb{at lm Tnmqn En{n ------------------ >44

Kbw 9>? Dbz`{ni` bj qg` `mql{` ynq`{ t|tqè lm Tnm Nhòb---------------------------------------------------------------- >04Kbw 9;? Qg` lesntt` ylqg qg` epmldlsnh en|b{ j{be qg` s`{ts`dqlz` bj Nipn J{n {`tla`mqt---- >00

Kbw 7>? Ynq`{ tpktlal`t lm Tnm J`{mnmab ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >3

Kbw ? T`h`dqlbm d{lq`{ln lm qg` Tnm Niptqm s{bo`dq-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;;7Kbw 3>? Qyb lma`w`t bj lmalzlapnh lmzbhzè`mq '~pnmqlqnqlz` d{bttdnt` nmnh|tlt,-------------------- ;93

Kbw >>>? Qg` {`hnqlz` tq{`miqg bj qg` dbeepmlq| b{inmltnqlbmt------------------------------------------------------ 43;Kbw >>;? Qg` a|mneldt bj eld{bh`z`h dbmq`wqt---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43;>? Nm nddbpmq bj end{bh`z`h {ltft nma tgbdft ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 4;7


18/494

Sgbqbt

Sgbqb :>? Ybe`m lm dhntt`t bj a{`ttenflmi nq qg` dbeepmlq| d`mq{`------------------------------------------- >3;0Sgbqb :4? Zl`y bj Dntlqnt j{be qg` Eèb{lnh Sn{f--------------------------------------------------------------------------- >;9Sgbqb :1? N jbdpt i{bps altdpttlbm ylqg ybe`m------------------------------------------------------------------------------ >10

Sgbqb 9>? Abn @tq`hn qnflmi sn{q lm n jbdpt i{bps altdpttlbm nq qg` dbeepmnh gbpt`-------------- >19Sgbqb 9;? Tbe` gbpt`t nq jbbq bj qg` {bna lm Q{lmdg`{n-------------------------------------------------------------------- >17Sgbqb 94? N ybenm s{ sn{lmi dhbqqà d{`ne lm Nipn J{n-------------------------------------------------------------- >03Sgbqb 91? N enm ylqg glt anpigq`{ yb{flmi qg` tqbm` lm Slà{n Ib{an---------------------------------------- >03Sgbqb 90? N q{nalqlbmnh gbpt`--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >::Sgbqb 9:? N gbpt` lm dbmtq{pdqlbm ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >::

Sgbqb 7>? A`qnlh bj qg` d`mq{nh sn{f bj Tnm J`{mnmab( qg` snq{bm tnlmq------------------------------------------- >74Sgbqb 7;? Snmb{neld zl`y bj Tnm J`{mnmabt p{knm d`mq{` ------------------------------------------------------------- >7:Sgbqb 74? Ybe`m qnflmi sn{q lm {`jb{`tqnqlbm ndqlzlql`t------------------------------------------------------------------- >


19/494

>- Lmq{bapdqlbm

Qglt tqpa| lt i{bpmaà lm qg` gpenm a`z`hbse`mq sn{nalie qgnq shnd`t gpenm k`lmit lmqg` d`mq{` bj a`z`hbse`mq- Qg` bko`dqlz` bj a`z`hbse`mq lt mbq `dbmbeld b{ enq`{lnh s{bi{`tt( a`q`{elmà k| glig IAS i{byqg b{ y`nhqg nddpephnqlbm( kpq qg` les{bzè`mq bj gpenm y hhk lmi- Qglt les{bzè`mq qnf`t shnd` qg{bpig t`z`{nh e`nmt( ygldg lmdhpa` {`tbp{d`t( {ligqt( b{ lmtq{pe`mqnh j{`àbet- Enq`{lnh s{bi{`tt lt bmh| bm` bj qg`t` e`nmt-Gpenm a`z`hbse`mq gnt n aljj`{`mq mnqp{`-

Y`hhk`lmi lt n ephqlale`mtlbmnh dbmd`sq( ptpnhh| dbmq{ntqà qb sbz`{q| b{ lhhk`lmi- Lq gnt ne`nmlmi k{bna`{ qgnm lmdbe` sbz`{q| '`-i-( Zbld`t bj qg` Sbb{( Mn{n|nm `q nh-( ;333,- Y`hh k`lmi lt nkbpq ygnq s`bsh` n{`( ygnq qg`| ab( ygnq qg`| dnm k`dbe`( ygnq qg`| j``h( lm

ygldg {`hnqlbmtglst qg`| `mini`( nma tb bm- Lm qglt dbmq`wq( qg` nss{bndg`t bj gpenm m`àtnma dnsnklhlql`t n{` {`hnqà qb altdpttlbmt bm gpenm a`z`hbse`mq k`dnpt` qg`t` nss{bndg`tq{| qb dnsqp{` qgbt` qglmit qgnq enf` sbttlkh` n yb{qg| hlj`-

Qg` gpenm a`z`hbse`mq sn{nalie ndfmbyhài`t qg` {bh` bj gpenm k`lmit nt ni`mqt bjqg`l{ bym a`z`hbse`mq( mbq nt snttlz` {`dlsl`mqt bj qg` g`hs j{be bqg`{t- Lm qglt t`mt`( qg`q`{e gpenm a`z`hbse`mq {`j`{t qb qg` bssb{qpmlql`t bj s`bsh` qb g hs qgèt hz t 'dj-(@hh`{enm( ;33:,- Qg` hbildnh ~p`tqlbm ybpha k`? g`hs qb ab ygnq2 T`m '>-> Dgn{ndq`{ltqldt bj qglt tqpa|Qglt {`t`n{dg tqpa| lmz`tqlinq`t gby jb{`lim nla s{bo`dqt dnm tpssb{q qg` lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| bj jlmnh nla {`dlsl`mqt 'lmalzlapnht lm dbeepmlql`t,- Qg` tqpa| jbdpt`t bm bjjldlnh klhnq`{nh dbbs`{nqlbm jlmnmdà k| Hpwèkbp{i qgnq g`nzlh| {`hl`t bm s{bo`dq nla qb s{bebq` qg`ndd`tt bj lmalzlapnht qb tbdlnh lmj{ntq{pdqp{` nma t`{zld`t lm sbb{ dbpmq{l`t-

Qg` tqn{qlmi sblmq lt qb dbmtla`{ qgnq s{bd tt t nt y`hh nt bpqspqt n{` lesb{qnmq qb `mgnmd`gpenm a`z`hbse`mq- S{bo`dqt s{bzlalmi kntld lmj{ntq{pdqp{` n{` lmtq{pe`mqnh qb gpenm


20/494

GPENMA@Z@HBSE@MQ NMANPQBMBE\ LMS[BO@DQNLA;

a`z`hbse`mq( nt qg`| s{bzla` e`nmt jb{ k`lmi g`nhqg|( y`hh àpdnqà b{ j``hlmi tnj`- Qglttqpa| spqt jb{yn{a qgnq qg`t` flmat bj s{bo`dqt n{` nhtb lmq{lmtldnhh| lesb{qnmq qb `mgnmd`lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|-

Bm qg` bm` gnma( bm` dnm tqnq` qgnq( lj lq lt sbttlkh` qb jlma qg` e`dgnmltet gby qg`t` s{b

o`dqt s{bebqà b{ dbpha gnz` s{bebqà lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|( m`y s{bo`dqt dbpha k` a`tlimà ylqg eb{` nqq`mqlbm qb s{ndqld`t nma {`hnqlbmtglst nma h`tt èsgntlt bm bmh| ndqlzlql`t nma bs`{nqlbmnh bpqspqt- Bm qg` bqg`{ gnma( s{bo`dqt al{`dqh| jbdptà bm `mgnmdlmi lmq`hh`dqpnh b{ b{inmltnqlbmnh dnsndlql`t tpdg nt yb{f lmt`{qlbm q{nlmlmi( ni{ldphqp{nh b{ eld{bjlmnmd` s{bo`dqt dbpha {`b{l`mq qg`l{ s{bo`dq ndqlzlql`t tb qgnq qg`| ab mbq e`{`h| q{nmtelqfmbyhài` kpq s{bebq` gpenm d{`nqlzlq| nma lmz`mqlz`m`tt 'Dn{e`m( >-> I`m`{nh bko`dqlz`tQg`t` sni`t a`td{lk` n s{ndqldnhh|b{l`mqà( jpmane`mqnh {`t`n{dg tqpa|- Qglt tqpa| gnt n kntldqg`b{`qldnh dbesbm`mq nma n s{ndqldnhb{l`mqà dbesbm`mq?

>- Lq a`z`hbst n dbmd`sqpnh eba`h bj npqbmbe|( lmjb{eà k| nss{bndg`t lm qg` gpenma`z`hbse`mq sn{nalie nma ephqlaltdlshlmn{| tqpal`t( nma `m{ldgà k| qg` `ws`{l`md`t

bj lmalzlapnht lm qg` jbp{ hbdnhlql`t-;- Lq s{bsbt`t nm nmnh|qldnh j{ne`yb{f qb `znhpnq` qg` `jj`dqt bj s{bo`dqt bm lmalzlapnh

npqbmbe|( ygldg `wshldlqh| hbbft nq s{ndqld`t( ibnht( ebqlznqlbmt( nma znhp`t bj lmq`maà k`m`jldln{l`t( s{bo`dq tqnjj nma bqg`{ tqnf`gbha`{t- Lm qglt yn|( lq nlet nq dbmq{lkpqlmi qb qg` a`tlim( leshè`mqnqlbm nma `znhpnqlbm bj nla s{bo`dqt qgnq s{bebq`gpenm npqbmbe|-

4- Lq pt`t nma q`tqt qgnq j{ne`yb{f lm `wnelmnqlbm bj qg` jbp{ s{bo`dqt-

Hbdnh dbmq`wqt n{` d{pdlnh lm a`q`{elmlmi lmalzlapnh bsqlbmt- Abmb{ dbeepmlq| gnt lmd{`ntà qg`l{ nyn{`m`tt nkbpq qg` lesb{qnmd` bj dbmq`wqt 'nt tqnqà lm dbslbpt s{bo`dq {`sb{qt, kpq qglt nyn{`m`tt gnt gn{ah| `wshnlmà n dgnmi` lm k`gnzlbp{t b{ s{bo`dq s{ndqld`t-Qg` s{bsbtà j{ne`yb{f glighligqt qg` lmq`{ndqlbmt bj tqnf`gbha`{t lm ts`dljld s{bo`dqt6g`md`( lq g`hst qb `wnelm` `jj`dqt qgnq en| mbq k` {`jh`dqà lm qg` hbildnh j{ne`yb{ft b{q{nalqlbmnh `znhpnqlbm {`sb{qt-

>->-; [`h`znmd`@wshb{lmi qg` hlmft k`qy``m npqbmbe| nma nla s{bo`dqt lt lesb{qnmq jb{ t`z`{nh {`ntbmt-Jl{tq( lq lt m`d`ttn{| qb {`jh`dq nkbpq ygldg bko dqlz`t n{` a`jlmà( k| ygbe( ylqg ygbe qg`|n{` tgn{à( nma gby qg`| n{` sp{tpà- Qg` bko`dqlz` bj nhh qg`t` s{bo`dqt ynt qb `mgnmd`

s`bsh`t y`hhk`lmi zln qg` s{bzltlbm bj e`nmt- Gby`z`{( ybpha lq k` sbttlkh` mbq bmh|s{bzlalmi e`nmt kpq nhtb `mgnmdlmi npqbmbe| tb qgnq s`bsh` qgèt`hz`t eligq jp`h tptqnlmà lmd{`nt`t lm qg`l{ y`hhk`lmi2


21/494

>- Lmq{bapdqlbm 4

T`dbma( s{bd tt t nhtb gnz` lesndqt ygldg en| `wsnma b{ tg{lmf npqbmbe|- Lj qg` npqbmbe|bj qg` jlmnh nla {`dlsl`mqt ynt `mgnmdà( gby ala lq gnss`m2 'Qg` bssbtlq` ~p`tqlbm lt nhtbs`{qlm`mq, Lt lq sbttlkh` qb sptg npqbmbe| j{be bpqtla`2 B{( ala lmalzlapnht tbe`gby k`dbe` nyn{` qgnq qg`| gnan d`{qnlm h`z`h bj npqbmbe|2 N{` qg`{` dbmalqlbmt qgnq tpssb{q qglt

nyn{`m`tt2 Ygnq gnss`mt hnq`{ qb qg` i{bpst nma lmalzlapnht {`d`lzlmi g`hs2Qgl{a( lt lq {`nhh| sbttlkh` qb `mgnmd` npqbmbe| lm qg` dnt` bj lmj{ntq{pdqp{` s{bo`dqt nmayg`m {`dlsl`mqt ebtq hlf`h| hndf qg` tflhht qb ndqlz`h| sn{qldlsnq`( mbq qb bmh| k` ebklhltà2Qglt dbmd`{m sn{nhh`ht altdpttlbmt bm èsby`{e`mq nma sn{qldlsnqlbm lm s{bo`dqt- Lma`à(t`z`{nh tqpal`t `wshb{` e`qgbat qb ntt`tt èsby`{e`mq 't`` `ts`dlnhh|( Nhtbs( K`{q`ht`m *Gbhhnma( ;33:,( yglh` `jjb{qt n{` a`z`hbsà qb q{nd` lmalzlapnh dgnmi`t kntà bm tpko`dqlz`lmaldnqb{t 't`` Nhfl{`( ;330,- Qglt tqpa| s{bsbt`t qgnq ~p`tqlbmt nkbpq s{bd`tt`t bj dgnmi` n{`k`qq`{ ntt`ttà ylqg n dbeklmnqlbm bj e`qgbat-

>-; Qg` {`t n{dg ~p`tqlbmt nma bz`{nhh nss{bndgQg` ts`dljld {`t`n{dg ~p`tqlbmt dnm k` i{bpsà lm qyb enlm qgè`t?

N- Dbmd`sqpnh eba h bj lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|

>- Gby lesb{qnmq lt lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| jb{ s{bebqlmi gpenm a`z`hbse`mq2;- Gby ab lmalzlapnht lm dbeepmlql`t `ws`{l`md` npqbmbe| lm qg`l{ hlz`t24- Gby dnm dbeepmlql`t tgns` bssb{qpmlql`t jb{ npqbmbe| nma gpenm a`z`hbse`mq2

K- Lesndqt bj nla s{bo dqt bm lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|

1- Gby eligq s{bo`dqt gnz` njj`dqà qg` npqbmbe| bj mbmh`na`{t nma h`na`{t2

0- Lm ygldg dbeepmlql`t n{` lmalzlapnht eb{` hlf`h| qb `ws`{l`md` nm `wsnmtlbm bj npqbmbe|2 Nma yg|2

Dgnsq`{ ; dbmd`sqpnhh| {`tsbmat qb qg` jl{tq {`t`n{dg ~p`tqlbm- N tpk~p`tqlbm lt? gby lesb{qnmq ab lmgnklqnmqt bj qg` jbp{ hbdnhlql`t qglmf lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| lt jb{ a`z`hbse`mq2Qglt ~p`tqlbm lt nmty`{à lm qg` dnt` dgnsq`{t ': qb >- Dgnsq`{ 1 s{`t`mqtqg` e`qgbat qb nss{bndg qg` bqg`{ {`t`n{dg ~p`tqlbmt- Qg` nmnh|tlt lt lmq`{s{`qlz` nma {`hl`tbm ~pnhlqnqlz` nma ~pnmqlqnqlz` anqn- Qg`t` anqn y`{` dbhh`dqà b{ s{bapdà oblmqh| ylqgs{bo`dq sn{qldlsnmqt 'qg{bpig sn{qldlsnqb{| qbbht, ap{lmi qyb tqpa| zltlqt lm |`n{ ;330-

Qg` dnt`t y`{` sp{sbtlz`h| t`h`dqà- @ndg bj qgè lt bko`dq bj nm lma`s`ma`mq `m~pl{|(

{`sb{qà lm nm lmalzlapnh dnt` dgnsq`{- Qg` dnt`t n{` qg` dbeepmlql`t dbesbtà k| lmalzlapnht hlzlmi lm n hbdnhlq|( mbq qg` s{bo`dqt- Qg`| n{` mbq n tenhh tnesh` bj dnt`t j{be ygldgqb a{ny dbmdhptlbmt jb{ lmalzlapnht k`m`jlqà k| Hpwèkbp{i nlaà s{bo`dqt lm Mldn{nipnnma @h Tnhznab{- Dbmdhptlbmt n{` znhla qb n ts`dljld qle` nma shnd`( nma qb ts`dljld dl{dpetqnmd`t- Qg`b{| lt i`m`{nqà j{be `ndg dnt`( kntà bm anqn- Qg` dbesn{nqlz` d{bttdnt`nmnh|tlt lt ena` nq nm nktq{ndq h`z`h- Qglt nmnh|tlt dbmtltqt bj la`mqlj|lmi qgè`t( dbmq{ntqlmi`wshnmnqlbmt nma dbesn{lmi {`tphqt 't`` Dgnsq`{ 1,-

>-4 Qg` dnt` tqpal`tQg` èsl{ldnh sn{q bj qg` tqpa| lt kntà bm jbp{ s{bo`dqt nttltqà k| Hpwèkbp{i lm Mldn{nipn nma @h Tnhznab{- Qg` jbp{ s{bo`dqt s{bzlaà kntld lmj{ntq{pdqp{`? gbpt`t nma tbdlnh lm


22/494

GPENMA@Z@HBSE@MQ NMANPQBMBE\ LMS[BO@DQNLA1

j{ntq{pdqp{` 'l-`-( {`dbmtq{pdqlbm s{bo`dqt,( b{ ynq`{ nma tnmlqnqlbm t|tqèt 'l-`-( ynq`{ s{bo`dqt,- Qnkh` >> s{`t`mqt qg` dnt`t tqpalà-

Qnkh >>? Dnt tqpal`t

Dbpmq{|Mldn{nipn @h Tnhznab{

Ynq`{Tnm J`{mnmab

'a`jldlq dnptà k| Gp{{ldnm` Elqdg,Nipn J{n

'tq{pdqp{nh a`jldlq,T`dqb{

[`dbmtq{pdqlbmTnmqn En{n

'q{nià| dnptà k| n epathla`,Tnm Niptqm

'altntq`{ dnptà k| n{qg~pnf`t,Mbq`? Qg` dnt`t gnz` qg` mne`t bj qg` hbdnhlql`t( mbq bj qg` s{bo`dqt 'tbe` s{bo`dqt dbz`{à t`z`{nh hbdnhlql t,-[`ntbmt jb{ qg` m`à bj nla nss`n{ k`qy``m sn{`mqg`t`t-

N dbeebm j`nqp{` lt qgnq( lm `ndg dnt`( `z`{| gbpt`gbha yb{fà lm qg` dbmtq{pdqlbm ndqlzlql`t nma dbeepmnh b{inmltnqlbmt sn{qldlsnqà lm t`z`{nh qntft( zn{|lmi j{be tps`{zltlbm bjdbmtq{pdqlbm yb{ft nma b{inmltnqlbm bj yb{fan|t qb tq{nqìld shnmmlmi- Qglt e`nmt qgnqs{bo`dq shnmm`{t znhpà qg` sn{qldlsnqlbm bj jlmnh nla {`dlsl`mqt ap{lmi qg` s{bo`dq d|dh`(nhqgbpig qb aljj`{`mq `wq`mqt- Gby`z`{( qg` s{bo`dqt y`{` mbq dbeepmlq|kntà b{ sp{`h|sn{qldlsnqb{| s{bo`dqt- Qg` s{bo`dqt gna nm lma`s`ma`mq enmniè`mq hà k| tqnjj `wq`{mnh qbqg` hbdnhlql`t( ylqg qg` tpssb{q bj n jb{enh spkhld dbpmq`{sn{q-

Qg`t` s{bo`dqt n{` mbq qg` ptpnh a`z`hbse`mq s{bo`dqt qgnq s{bebq` lmdbeì`m`{nqlmindqlzlql`t nma n{` mbq qg` ptpnh è`{i`md| s{bo`dqt qgnq s{bzla` tgb{qq`{e {`hl`j lm `wq{è` dnt`t yg`m tp{zlznh lt nq {ltf- Nhqgbpig qg{`` bj qg` s{bo`dqt {`tsbmaà qb è`{i`mdl`t( q{lii`{à k| Gp{{ldnm` Elqdg lm Mldn{nipn nma `n{qg~pnf`t lm @h Tnhznab{( qg` s{bo`dqty`{` `mzltnià ylqg n hbmiq`{e h`mt- Lma`à( qg` s{bo`dq nssn{nqpt`t tqn|à lm qg` hbdnhl

ql`t jb{ hbmi`{ s`{lbat( k`qy``m qyb nma jbp{ |`n{t( qgnm ptpnh è`{i`md| s{bo`dqt ab-Lq eptq k` mbqldà qgnq qglt tqpa| ab`t mbq `znhpnq` qg` s`{jb{enmd` bj Hpwèkbp{i klhnq`{nh nla- Klhnq`{nh s{ndqld`t nma b{inmltnqlbm gnz` dgnmià bz`{ qle`- Qg`t` dgnmi`t n{`dbmtla`{à `wq`{mnh `z`mqt jb{ qg` sp{sbt`t bj qglt tqpa|( qgnq lt( qg`| n{` mbq lmjhp`mdà k|qg` ndqlbmt bj sn{qldphn{ s{bo`dq tqnf`gbha`{t( kpq n{` lesb{qnmq qb pma`{tqnma qg` dbmq`wqtlm ygldg qg` s{bo`dqt y`{` dn{{là bpq-

Jp{qg`{eb{`( qg` flma bj h`ttbmt kntà bm `wsbtq `znhpnqlbmt ybpha k` ~pnhlqnqlz`h| aljj`{`mq j{be qg` jlmalmit lm qglt tqpa| k`dnpt` qg` ibnh g`{` lt qb nmnh|t` qg` `jj`dqt bj qg` s{b o`dqt bm qg` npqbmbe| bj jlmnh nla {`dlsl`mqt b{ sn{qldlsnmqt( mbq m`d`ttn{lh| qg` `jj`dqt lm

q`{et bj tqnqà s{bo`dq bko`dqlz`t- Qg` nle bj a`td{lklmi qg` ts`dljld s{ndqld`t ap{lmi qg`s{bo`dqt 'lm dnt` dgnsq`{t, lt qb pma`{tqnma qg` mnqp{` bj qg` s{bo`dq `jj`dqt( qg`l{ dnpt`t nmadbmq`wqpnh lmjhp`md`t( mbq qb `znhpnq` qg` s`{jb{enmd` bj qg` nla ni`md| b{ qg` `jj`dqlz`m`ttbj qg` nla sbhldl`t-

Lq lt yb{qg mbqldlmi qgnq( nt nm nla ni`md| bjjld`{ sblmqà bpq( lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| ynt mbqd`mq{nhh| lesb{qnmq jb{ qg` jb{ephnqlbm( leshè`mqnqlbm nma `znhpnqlbm bj qg` s{bo`dqt nmnh|tà lm qglt tqpa|- G`md`( dbmdhptlbmt nkbpq `jj`dqt bm lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| n{` mbq dbmtla`{à `znhpnqlbm jlmalmit- Nt Dgnsq`{ 4 `wshnlmt( qglt gnt qb dgnmi`? `mgnmdlmi lmalzlapnhnpqbmbe| tgbpha k` nm `wshldlq bko`dqlz` bj lmq`{mnqlbmnh nla6 kbqg abmb{t nma {`dlsl`mq

ibz`{me`mqt tgbpha k` nddbpmqnkh` jb{ lq-Tbe` nts`dqt {`h`znmq qb nmnh|t` qg` dbpmq{| nma hbdnh dbmq`wqt n{` s{`t`mqà k`hby- Qg`t`nts`dqt n{` a``s`mà lm qg` dbelmi dgnsq`{t-


23/494

>- Lmq{bapdqlbm 0

>-4-> Mnqlbmnh dbmq`wqtMldn{nipn lt qg` hn{i`tq dbpmq{| bj D`mq{nh Ne`{ldn( ylqg nm n{`n bj >43(491 fe;( nma dbntqhlm`t bm kbqg qg` Sndljld Bd`nm nma qg` Dn{lkk`nm T`n- Lq gnt 0-> elhhlbm lmgnklqnmqt- Lm dbmq{ntq( @h Tnhznab{ dbz`{t nm n{`n bj bmh| ;>(31> fe; kpq gbtqt 0-7 elhhlbm lmgnklqnmqt6 lq lt qg`

ebtq a`mt`h| sbsphnqà dbpmq{| lm Hnqlm Ne`{ldn- Nkbpq 0:% bj Mldn{nipnmt nma :3%Tnhznab{lnmt hlz` lm p{knm n{`nt- Lmq`{mnqlbmnh èli{nqlbm gnt lmd{`ntlmi lesb{qnmd` lm kbqgdbpmq{l`t tb qgnq {èlqqnmd`t nddbpmq jb{ eb{` qgnm >;% bj qg` IAS- Gby`z`{( qglt sg`mbe`mbm lt eb{` `wq`maà lm @h Tnhznab{6 eb{` qgnm ; elhhlbm Tnhznab{lnmt dbpha k` hlzlmink{bna 'PMAS( ;330k,-

@h Tnhznab{ lt {`hnqlz`h| {ldg`{ qgnm Mldn{nipn- Lm ;330( lqt {`nh IAS s`{ dnslqn ynt >-1 qle`tqgnq bj Mldn{nipn( kpq tqlhh h`tt qgnm qybqgl{at qg` nz`{ni` bj Hnqlm Ne`{ldn- Qglt aljj`{`md`q{nmthnq`t lmqb epdg hby`{ sbz`{q| {nq`t lm @h Tnhznab{ qgnm lm Mldn{nipn 't`` Qnkh` >;,-Gpenm a`z`hbse`mq lmaldnqb{t n{` nhtb k`qq`{ jb{ @h Tnhznab{( kpq lmdbe` lm`~pnhlq| lt

glig`{ qg`{`( lm hlm` qb hbmihntqlmi tbdlnh `wdhptlbm 't`` Dgnsq`{ 0,- Dbmdbelqnmqh| ylqg ny`nf`{ `dbmbeld tlqpnqlbm( Mldn{nipn lt eb{` a`s`ma`mq bm nla jhbyt qgnm @h Tnhznab{-Nmmpnh jb{`lim nla jhbyt qb Mldn{nipn `wd`à >3% bj lqt mnqlbmnh IAS- Mldn{nipn( dbmtla`{à n hby lmdbe` dbpmq{| nma gligh| lma`kqà( gnt k`m`jlqà j{be a`kq {`hl`j lmlqlnqlz`tap{lmi qg` hntq |`n{t-

Qnkh` >;? T`h`dqà lmaldnqb{t jb{ Mldn{nipn nma @h Tnhznab{( ;330

Mldn{nipn @h Tnhznab{ Hnqlm Ne`{ldn

Lmdbe lmaldnqb{t

IAS s`{ dnslqn 'SSS( PT!, 4(:91 0(;00 7(1>9

!>nan| sbz`{q| {nq`( % sbsphnqlbm 10-> >(333 hlz` kl{qgt, 43 ;4 ;:Ndd`tt qb nm les{bzà ynq`{ tbp{d`'% bj sbsphnqlbm, 9< 71 Hlq`{nd| '% bj sbsphnqlbm nià >0&, 9:-9 73-:


24/494

GPENMA@Z@HBSE@MQ NMANPQBMBE\ LMS[BO@DQNLA:

{`tphqt- Jl{tq( `dbmbeld i{byqg ynt mbq les{`ttlz`- Ap{lmi qg` tqpa| s`{lba '>-1 Tq{pdqp{` bj qg` tqpa|Qg` tqpa| lt dbesbtà bj qg{`` sn{qt( nt tgbym lm Jlip{` >>- Sn{q L dbmqnlmt qg{`` dgnsq`{tqgnq a`z`hbs qg` dbmd`sqpnh eba`h( zn{lbpt end{b nma eld{b `hè`mqt qb nmnh|t` lmq`{mnqlbmnh nla nma qg` {`t`n{dg nss{bndg- Sn{q LL s{`t`mqt qg` dnt` tqpal`t- @ndg dnt` dbmqnlmt na`qnlhà a`td{lsqlbm( anqni{bpmaà lmq`{s{`qnqlbm nma nmnh|tlt- Sn{q LLL s{`t`mqt qg{`` dgnsq`{t qgnq dbesn{` qg` dnt` tqpal`t j{be aljj`{`mq s`{ts`dqlz`t- Tbe` dbmdhptlbmt n{` tpe

en{ltà lm qg` jlmnh dgnsq`{ bj qglt tqpa|-

Sn{q L- Dgnsq { ; a`z`hbst qg` dbmd`sqpnh eba`h qgnq ipla`t qglt tqpa|- Lq `tqnkhltg`t qg`hlmfni`t k`qy``m lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| nma gpenm a`z`hbse`mq nma altdptt`t gby s{bo`dqt dbpha `wsnma lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| nma s{bebq` èsby`{e`mq- Dgnsq { 4 `wshb{`t qg`s{ndqld`t nma ibnht bj lmq`{mnqlbmnh nla( jpmane`mqnh jb{ nmnh|tlmi qg` jpmdqlbmlmi bj ts`dljld s{bo`dqt- Lq a`z`hbst n e`qgba qb la`mqlj| qg` jphh s{bo`dq hbild( nma tpeen{lt`t tbe`yb{flmi g|sbqg`t`t bm qg` `jj`dqt bj qg` s{bo`dqt bm lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|- Dgnsq { 1 `wshnlmt qg` a`tlim bj qg` èsl{ldnh yb{f nma lqt anqn dbhh`dqlbm nma nmnh|tlt e`qgbat-

> Bym dnhdphnqlbmt kntà bm tqnqltqldt spkhltgà k| d`mq{nh knmft bj kbqg dbpmq{l`t 'KDM( ;3396 KD[( ;33:,-


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>- Lmq{bapdqlbm 9

Jlip{ >>? Tq{pdqp{ bj qg tqpa|

Sn{q L-Qg` dbmd`sqpnh eba`h

Sn{q LL-Qg` esl{ldnh tqpa|

Sn{q LLL-Altdpttlbm

;- Dbmd`sqpnh eba`h4- Qg` s{ndqld`t nma qg`

`jj`dqt bj lmq`{mnqlbmnh nla1- [`t`n{dg a`tlim

0- Jbp{ dnt` tqpal t:- Tnmqn En{n9- Nipn J{n7- Tnm J`{mnmab3- Nm npqbmbe|jbdptàntt`tte`mq bj nla s{bo`dqt

>>- @ws`{l`md`t bj lmalzlapnhnpqbmbe|

>;- Qg` a`z`hbse`mq snqg

Sn{q L-Qg` dbmd`sqpnh eba`h

Sn{q LL-Qg` esl{ldnh tqpa|

Sn{q LLL-Altdpttlbm

;- Dbmd`sqpnh eba`h4- Qg` s{ndqld`t nma qg`

`jj`dqt bj lmq`{mnqlbmnh nla1- [`t`n{dg a`tlim

0- Jbp{ dnt` tqpal t:- Tnmqn En{n9- Nipn J{n7- Tnm J`{mnmab3- Nm npqbmbe|jbdptàntt`tte`mq bj nla s{bo`dqt

>>- @ws`{l`md`t bj lmalzlapnhnpqbmbe|

>;- Qg` a`z`hbse`mq snqg

Sn{q LL-Dgnsq { 0 lmq{bapd`t qg` nmnh|tlt bj qg` dnt` tqpal`t- Lq k{l`jh| a`td{lk`t qg` hbdnhlql`tnma s{bo`dqt( altdptt`t ts`dlnh j`nqp{`t bj qg` dbpmq{l`t qgnq lmjhp`md` qg` hbdnh dbmq`wqt( nma

s{`t`mqt i`m`{nh sbhldl`t nma s{ndqld`t bj Hpwèkbp{i klhnq`{nh nla- Dgnsq`{t : qb < nmnh|t``ndg dnt` lma`s`ma`mqh| lm hligq bj qg` dbmd`sqpnh eba`h- Qg` bko`dqlz` lt qb `wshb{` qg`pma`{tqnmalmit nma `ws`{l`md`t bj npqbmbe| bj qg` {`tla`mqt bj qg` jbp{ hbdnhlql`t nmayg`qg`{ qg` s{bo`dqt gna `jj`dqt bm qg`l{ npqbmbe|( kntà bm qg` s{bo`dq s{ndqld`t-

Sn{q LLL-Dgnsq`{ >3 s{`t`mqt n dbesn{nqlz` nmnh|tlt bj qg` jbp{ s{bo`dqt- Lq s{`t`mqt nm nmnh|tlt bj qg` s{bo`dq j`nqp{`t qgnq dnm lmjhp`md` lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| nma s{bsbt`t nm nmnh|qldnhj{ne`yb{f qb ntt`tt s{bo`dq `jj`dqt bm lmalzlapnh npqbmbe|- Dgnsq`{ >> `wshb{`t qg` jndqb{tqgnq dgn{ndq`{lt` qg` `ws`{l`md`t bj lmalzlapnh npqbmbe| lm a|mneld q`{et 'ap{lmi n s{bd`tt bj dgnmi`, nma lmz`tqlinq`t gby dbeepmlql`t dnm tgns` bssb{qpmlql`t jb{ npqbmbe|

nma gpenm a`z`hbse`mq- Dgnsq`{ >; {`qp{mt qb qyb jpmane`mqnh qbsldt lm s{bebqlbm bjgpenm a`z`hbse`mq? qg` {àpdqlbm bj zphm`{nklhlq| nma qg` `mgnmdè`mq bj d{lqldnh npqbmbe|( ygldg enf`t sbttlkh` d{lqldnh sn{qldlsnqlbm-


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Sn{q L?

Qg` dbmd`sqpnh eba`h nma {`t`n{dg nss{bndg


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;- N dbmd sqpnh eba h bj gpenm a`z hbse`mq nma npqbmbe|Qg la`n bj npqbmbe| lt mbq e`{ h| nm `znhpnqlz b{ { jh dqlz mbqlbm( kpq lmdhpa`t nt y hh tbe nklhlq|

kbqg qb nhq { bm t s{ j {`md t nma qb enf qgè jj dqlz lm bm t ndqlbmt nma( lma`à( qb enf qgè j

j dqlz k dnpt bm gnt { jh dq a psbm qgè nma nabsq a qgè nt bm t bym 'Ayb{flm( >9,-

Qglt dgnsq`{ s{`t`mqt qg` dbmd`sqpnh eba`h qgnq ipla`t qg` èsl{ldnh tqpa| bm jbp{ s{bo`dqtlm Mldn{nipn nma @h Tnhznab{- Qg` sp{sbt` lt qybjbha? 'l, qb `wshnlm qg` {`hnqlbm k`qy``mgpenm a`z`hbse`mq nma npqbmbe| nma 'll, qb a`z`hbs n dbmd`sqpnh eba`h bj npqbmbe|(j`ntlkh` qb k` ptà lm `znhpnqlmi nla s{bo`dqt- Lm qglt yn|( qg` `wsnmtlbm bj npqbmbe| dbphak` nm `wshldlq ibnh bj lmq`{mnqlbmnh nla-

Qg` eba`h g`{` a`z`hbsà lt kntà bm?'l, Qg` mbqlbm bj gpenm a`z`hbse`mq k| qg` PMAS '>


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GPENMA@Z@HBSE@MQ NMANPQBMBE\ LMS[BO@DQNLA>;

;-> Gpenm a`z hbse`mq? e`nmt nma matJ{be nm `znhpnqlz` sblmq bj zl`y( gpenm a`z`hbse`mq {`j`{t qb nm les{bzè`mq lm s`bsh`t hlz`t nma qg` bssb{qpmlql`t qb ndgl`z` tpdg nm les{bzè`mq 'Ints`{( ;331,- Qnkh` ;>

s{`t`mqt n jl{tq bz`{zl`y bj qg` dbmd`sqt bj y`hhk`lmi nma gpenm a`z`hbse`mq- Y hhk lmi{`j`{t qb qg` ~pnhlq| bj qg` ndqpnh hlz`t bj s`bsh` b{ qg`l{ tqnq`t bj k`lmi nq n sn{qldphn{ qle`?ygnq qg`| n{`( ygnq qg`| ab( ygnq qg`| dnm k`dbe`( ygnq qg`| j``h( lm ygldg {`hnqlbmt qg`|`mini` nma tb bm-

Qnkh ;>? [ hnqlbm k qy``m y hhk lmi nma gpenm a`z hbse`mq

H`z`h hè`mq Y`hhk`lmi?@znhpnqlbm bj ndqpnh hlz`t qgnq s`bsh` h`na 'bpqdbe`t,-@znhpnqlbm bj qg` bssb{qpmlql`t qb gnz` n ibba hlj`-

Dgnmi` hè`mq Gpenm a`z`hbse`mq?Les{bzè`mq lm y`hhk`lmi 'sbtlqlz` dgnmi` lm bpqdbe`t,-

@wsnmtlbm bj znhpnkh` gpenm sbq`mqlnht 'bssb{qpmlql`t,-

Gpenm a`z hbse`mq bddp{t yg`m s`bsh` `ws`{l`md` n sbtlqlz` dgnmi` lm qg`l{ y`hhk`lmi b{yg`m qg`| gnz` eb{` bssb{qpmlql`t qb `w`{dlt` qg`l{ sbq`mqlnht- Gpenm a`z`hbse`mq lt ns{bd`tt( mbq n jlwà a`tqlmnqlbm ylqg n s{à`q`{elmà snqg- Gpenm k`lmit n{` lm dbmqlmpbpt sp{tplq bj `w`{dltlmi qg`l{ sbq`mqlnht nma qg`| ab qglt lm aljj`{`mq yn|t qnflmi lmqb nddbpmq qg` dbmq`wqt lm ygldg qg`| lmq`{ndq-

M`wq( lq lt m`d`ttn{| qb a`dla` 'l, qg` nss{bndg qb `znhpnq` y`hhk`lmi nma yg`qg`{ qg`{` gntk``m nm les{bzè`mq( nma 'll, ygb a`jlm`t qg` d{lq`{ln jb{ tpdg nm ntt`tte`mq-

;->-> Nss{bndg`t nma d{lq`{ln qb ntt`tt y`hh%k`lmiDbmd`{mlmi qg` jl{tq lttp`( qg nss{bndg qb `znhpnq y hhk lmi dnm dbe` j{be `lqg`{ gàbmlteb{ `panlebmlte- Qg` t`dbma lt qg` sglhbtbsgldnh jbpmanqlbm bj qglt tqpa|-

Gàbmlte n{ip`t qgnq nhh nma bmh| sh`ntp{` gnt znhp`( yglh` snlm lmq{lmtldnhh| gnt altznhp`'Ebb{`( ;331,- Lm qglt nddbpmq( sh`ntp{` dnm k` {ìn{aà nt n altqlmdqlz` hlj` `ws`{l`md` b{ ntnm lmq`mqlbmnh tqnq` 'k`hl`j b{ a`tl{`, qbyn{a bm` nts`dq bj bm`t`hj b{ qg` yb{ha- Pqlhlq|ybpha k` qg` zn{lnkh` lm jbdpt-

Q{nalqlbmnhh|( pqlhlq| ynt {`hnqà qb gnsslm`tt nt sh`ntp{` b{ jphjlhe`mq bj a`tl{`t kpq( lm

kbqg t`mt`t( lq jnlhà qb ntt`tt y`hhk`lmi-;

Gnsslm`tt lt n e`mqnh tqnq` qgnq dnm gnz` aljj`{`mq dnpt`t- Jb{ `wnesh`( n sbb{ ybenm eligq `ws`{l`md` eb{` gnsslm`tt `mob|lmi n tpmm|an| lm qg` sn{f ylqg g`{ dglha{`m qgnm n db{sb{nq` hny|`{ {`d`lzlmi n Dg{ltqent kbmpt 'b{zld` z`{tn,- A`tl{`t n{` {`hnqà qb s`bsh`t sn{qldphn{ dl{dpetqnmd`t6 s`bsh` en| naoptq qg`l{s{`j`{`md`t nma `ws`dqnqlbmt qb ygnq qg`| dbmtla`{ j`ntlkh` b{ n{` ptà qb- Eb{`bz`{( njq`{jphjlhhlmi n a`tl{`( s`bsh` ybpha mbq m`d`ttn{lh| j``h b{ k` k`qq`{ bjj-

Qg` dp{{`mq zl`y bj pqlhlq| lt {`hnqà qb dgbld ( qg` {`tphq bj n s`{tbmt {`z`nhà s{`j`{`md`? LjL dgbbt` W bz`{ \( lq lt k`dnpt` L s{`j`{ W eb{` qgnm \( qgnq lt( L gnz` eb{` tnqltjndqlbm j{bedbmtpelmi W qgnm \- Dgbld`t n{` bkt`{znkh`( kpq qg` jb{enqlbm bj s{`j`{`md`t nma dgbld`t ltmbq- Qg`t` s{bd`tt`t en| k` aljj`{`mq lm `ndg s`{tbmt dnt` tb qgnq lq lt dbmtla`{à mbq sbttl

; Qg` `wshnmnqlbmt qgnq jbhhby n{` enlmh| kntà bm Mpttknpe ';333, nma T`m '>


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;- N dbmd`sqpnh eba`h bj gpenm a`z`hbse`mq nma npqbmbe| >4

kh` qb dbesn{` qg` pqlhlql`t bj aljj`{`mq s`{tbmt b{ dbmdhpa` yg`qg`{ n dgnmi` bj s`{tbmnhs{`j`{`md`t 'dgbld`t, {`jh`dqt n dgnmi` bj y`hhk`lmi-

Bm qg` bqg`{ gnma( s`bsh` dnm enf` dgbld`t gnzlmi aljj`{`mq ebqlznqlbmt ( a`{lzlmi j{bea`tl{`t( èbqlbmt b{ q{ph| znhpà ibnht- A`tl{`t n{` mbq m`d`ttn{lh| bko`dqt bj znhp` 'T`m(

>,-

Qg` t`dbma sblmq( qg d{lq`{ln qb ntt`tt y hhk lmi( lt lm qg` db{` mbqlbm bj npqbmbe|- Lj nhh gpenm k`lmit n{` dnsnkh` qb qglmf nma ndq k| qgèt`hz`t( qg`| tgbpha enf` qg`l{ bym a`dltlbmt- Lm qg` dbmq`wq bj qglt altdpttlbm( lq e`nmt qgnq `z {|bm` tgbpha gnz` qg` bssb{qpmlq| qb

`znhpnq` glt b{ g`{ bym hlj` kntà bm e`nmlmijph d{lq`{ln 'nttpelmi d`{qnlm elmlepe dnsndlql`t,- Lm qg` dbmq`wq bj nla s{bo`dqt( lq lt hlmfà qb qg` s{lmdlsh` bj tpktlaln{lq|? a`dltlbmttgbpha k` ena` nt hby abym nt sbttlkh` a`s`malmi bm hbdnh dnsndlql`t 'Dgnek`{t( >


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GPENMA@Z@HBSE@MQ NMANPQBMBE\ LMS[BO@DQNLA>1

k`dnpt` qg`| n{` knt`a bm tpktqnmqlz` dhnlet nkbpq ygnq ibbat( dbmalqlbmt( nma bssb{qpmlql`t enf` hlj` k`qq`{ 's- >7


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Dnsnklhlql`t nma jpmdqlbmlmit n{` qg` db{` dbmd`sqt( jp{qg`{ a`z`hbsà bz`{ qle`- Qglt t`dqlbm lt kntà bm T`mt yb{f 'pmh`tt bqg`{ylt` mbqà, nma glt dnsnklhlq| nss{bndg 'DN,-Tbe` ts`dlnh j`nqp{`t bj Mpttknpet nss{bndg n{` altdpttà hnq`{-

Jpmdqlbmlmit n{` qg` zn{lbpt qglmit n s`{tbm en| znhp` ablmi b{ k`lmi 'T`m( >? Jb{enqlbm bj dnsnklhlql`t nma jpmdqlbmlmit

[`tbp{d`

'@mqlqhè`mq,Pqlhltnqlbm

jpmdqlbm

Dnsnklhlql`t

Ndgl`zà

jpmdqlbmlmi

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@mqlqhè`mqt n{` {`tbp{d`t ndd`ttlkh` qb qg` lmalzlapnh( qgnq lt( {`tbp{d`t qgnq g` b{ tg` bymtb{ dnm pt` al{`dqh| '`-i-( nznlhnkh` qb `z`{|bm` tpdg nt j{`` spkhld àpdnqlbm, b{ k| `wdgnmilmi bqg`{ `mqlqhè`mqt '`-i-( yb{flmi jb{ n yni` qb kp| {`tbp{d`t,- Q|s`t bj {`tbp{d`t lmdhpa` en{f`q s{bapdqt( mbmen{f`q s{bapdqt( ebm`qn{| lmdbe`( spkhld ibbat( tqnq`s{bzlaà ibbat b{ tbdlnh q{nmtj`{t- Nq jl{tq( T`m '>


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GPENMA@Z@HBSE@MQ NMANPQBMBE\ LMS[BO@DQNLA>:

Qg` pqlhltnqlbm jpmdqlbm 'T`m( >


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Jlip{ ;;? Dnsnklhlql t nma { hnq a dbmd`sqt

Gnzlmidbeenma bz`{

qg` {`tbp{d`

Ygnq qg`{`tbp{d`

dnm ab qbqg` s`{tbm

Ygnq qg`s`{tbm dnm

ab ylqg lq

Ygnq qg`s`{tbmndqpnhh|

ab`t ylqg lq

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Dnsnklhlql`t Jpmdqlbmlmi

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Mbq`? Qg` altqlmdqlbm k`qy``m ygnq qg` {`tbp{d` dnm ab qb qg` s`{tbm nma ygnq qg` s`{tbm dnm ab ylqg lq ynta``sh| `wshb{à k| Dbg`m '>


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GPENMA@Z@HBSE@MQ NMANPQBMBE\ LMS[BO@DQNLA>7

k`h g`{t`hj en| mbq k` nkh` qb {nmf nhh g`{ ibnht- Eb{`bz`{( tg` en| mbq dgbbt` ygnq tg`znhp`t ebtq `lqg`{ 'T`m( >( Vlqnhldt lm b{lilmnhU,

Nm bs`m jpmane`mqnh lttp` lm qglt nss{bndg lt gby znhp`t n{` jb{eà nma dbesn{à- T`m'>, la`mqljl`t nq h`ntq qyb s{bkhèt? 'l, znhp`g`q`{bi`m`lq| k`dnpt` qg` znhp`taljj`{ j{be s`{tbm qb s`{tbm( nma 'll, znhp``mabi`m`lq|( ygldg e`nmt qgnq qg` s{bd`tt bja`z`hbse`mq lqt`hj en| nhq`{ qg` znhp`t bj qg` s`bsh` lmzbhzà- Qglt hntq s{bkhè lt {`h`znmqyg`m qg` `w`{dlt` lt qb `znhpnq` qg` lesndq bj s{bo`dqt b{ qb ntt`tt s{bd`tt`t bj dgnmi`-

Ts`dlnh j`nqp{`t bj qg` dnsnklhlq l`t lm Mpttknpe t nss{bndg

Qg` sp{sbt` bj qglt t`dqlbm lt qb altdptt tbe` j`nqp{`t bj Mpttknpet nss{bndg qgnq n{àljj`{`mq j{be T`mt nss{bndg nma {`h`znmq jb{ qg` dbmd`sqpnh eba`h s{bsbtà lm qglt tqpa|-

Mpttknpe ';333, a`jlm`t gpenm dnsnklhlql`t nt ygnq s`bsh` n{` ndqpnhh| nkh` qb ab nma qbk` lm n yn| lmjb{eà k| nm lmqplqlz` la`n bj n hlj` qgnq lt yb{qg| bj qg` alimlq| bj qg` gpenm k`lmi 's- 0,- Tg` dbmtla`{t qg{`` flmat bj dnsnklhlql`t?

'l, Kntld dnsnklhlql`t( ygldg n{` lmmnq` |`q pma`z`hbsà dnsndlql`t qgnq eptq k` mp{qp{àtb qgnq s`bsh` dnm {`ndg qg`l{ q{p` sbq`mqlnh6

'll, Lmq`{mnh dnsnklhlql`t( b{ qg` enqp{à kntld dnsnklhlql`t {`na| qb k` ptà6 nma'lll, Dbeklmà dnsnklhlql`t( ygldg n{` qg` lmq`{mnh dnsnklhlql`t tpssb{qà k| `wq`{mnh nma

tbdlnh dbmalqlbmt qgnq nhhby qg`l{ `w`{dlt`-

Mpttknpe gnt kplhq n hltq bj dbeklmà dnsnklhlql`t 'Qnkh` ;;, qgnq tg` a`j`mat tgbpha k` qg`

jbpmanqlbm jb{ kntld sbhlqldnh s{lmdlsh`t qb k` dbmtqlqpqlbmnhh| ipn{nmq`à lm nhh mnqlbmt-Qnkh ;;? Mpttknpet d`mq{nh gpenm jpmdqlbmnh dnsnklhlql`t

> Hlj` : S{ndqldnh {`ntbm; Kbalh| g`nhqg 9 Njjlhlnqlbm4 Kbalh| lmqì{lq| 7 Bqg`{ ts`dl`t1 T`mt`t( lenilmnqlbm( nma qgbpigq < Shn|0 @ebqlbmt >3 Dbmq{bh bz`{ bm`t `mzl{bme`mq

Tbp{d`? Mpttknpe ';333( ss- 9773,-

Yglh` jb{ T`m( n dnsnklhlq| {`j`{t qb n dbeklmnqlbm bj jpmdqlbmlmit( jb{ Mpttknpe( n dbeklmà

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;- N dbmd`sqpnh eba`h bj gpenm a`z`hbse`mq nma npqbmbe| 49

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58/494


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;- N dbmd`sqpnh eba`h bj gpenm a`z`hbse`mq nma npqbmbe| 1>

Lmtqlqpqlbmt n{` t|tqèt bj `tqnkhltgà nma s{`znh`mq tbdlnh {ph`t qgnq tq{pdqp{` tbdlnh lmq`{ndqlbmt 'Gbaitbm( ;33:( s- ;,- Qg`t` {ph`t lmdhpa` hnyt( {ìphnqlbmt( mb{et nma dpt

m. r. muñiz castillo, 2009

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