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Faunal Remains as Markers of Ethnicity:A Case Study from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada

By: Christian Gates St-Pierre

This paper and accompanying slides are licensed with a Creative Commons: Attribution-

Noncommercial license. Attribution: Christian Gates St. Pierre


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Faunal Remains as Markers of Ethnicity:

A Case Study from the St. Lawrence Estuary,

Quebec, Canada

Christian Gates St-PierreUniversit de Montral


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The St. LawrenceEstuary


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Main species of marine mammals exploited in the

St. Lawrence Esturary during the

Late Woodland Period (AD 1000-1500)

WHITE WHALE/BELUGA(Delphinapterus leucas)Mean weight: 1100 kg

HARBOUR SEAL(Phoca vitulina)

Mean weight: 65 kg

HARP SEAL(Phoca groenlandica)

Mean weight: 135 kg


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Archaeologist William J. Wintemberg

looking at St. Lawrence Iroquoian pottery in 1932


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Historical distribution

(approximate) of theSt. Lawrence

Iroquoians, the

Montagnais

and the Maliseet

STUDY AREA

Montagnais/

Innus

St. Lawrence

Iroquoians

Maliseet


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Location of the archaeological sites investigated


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Excavations at thePointe--Crapaud

and Falaise sites


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Iroquoian ceramics of the middle phase of the

Late Woodland period (1200-1350 AD)


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Iroquoian ceramics of the late phase of the

Late Woodland period (1350-1550 AD)


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Grinding tools

Arrow head in

green chert from the

Quebec City area

Ceramic pipes


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Bone preservation

Bones buried in dry sand Bones in small shell middens


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Bone identification:

some reliable cranial elements

for the identification of seal species


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Results: Sea mammals vs. terrestrial mammals

Algonquian89.721.056.812.53 454Ste-Marguerite II

Algonquian204.334.248.413.012 906Ste-Marguerite I

Algonquian131.61.040.157.48 579Falaise Ouest

Iroquoian170.13.17.189.74 980Escoumins

Iroquoian160.17.12.290.619 153Pointe--CrapaudIroquoian40.10.35.194.54 663Ouellet

Iroquoian60.02.23.694.211 746Cap-de-Bon-Dsir III

Iroquoian80.00.72.297.110 718Cap-de-Bon-Dsir II

Iroquoian50.00.20.499.415 451Cap-de-Bon-Dsir I

Ethno-culturalidentity

Numberof species

% Fishes% Birds% Landmammals

% Marinemammals

SamplesizeSite

NISP


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Results: Harp seal vs. Harbour seal

Algonquian100.00.0Ste-Marguerite II

Algonquian100.00.0Ste-Marguerite I

Algonquian100.00.0Falaise Ouest

Iroquoian0.0100.0Escoumins

Iroquoian1.698.4Pointe--Crapaud

Iroquoian0.0100.0Ouellet

Iroquoian9.190.9Cap-de-Bon-Dsir III

Iroquoian5.994.1Cap-de-Bon-Dsir II

Iroquoian0.0100.0Cap-de-Bon-Dsir I

Ethno-cultural identity% Harbour seal% Harp sealSite

NISP


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Results: Seasonality and Mobility

Periods of the year when seals are present in the St. Lawrence Estuary

Harbour seal

Harp sealDec.Nov.Oct.Sept.Aug.JulyJuneMayAprilMarchFeb.Jan.

Settlement patterns

InteriorCoasts of the estuaryAlgonquians

(Montagnais/Innus):

Coasts of the eastuaryQuebec City AreaSt. Lawrence Iroquoians:

Winter/SpringSummer/Fall

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