Presente Simple

Uso: normalmente se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, pero en ocasiones puede tener sentido de futuro.

· Afirmativa

I work You work He / she / it works

We work You work They work

He/she/it: 1. Sólo la tercera persona del singular (he/she/it) es diferente de las demás, ya que se le añade “-s”. 2. Existen verbos a los que se añade “-es” en lugar de “-s”:

- do o�does; go o�goes

- verbos que terminan en:

-s pass o�passes

-ch watch owatches

-sh wash o�washes

-x mix o�mixes

-z buzz o�buzzes

3. La terminación es “–ies” cuando un verbo acaba en “consonante + y”. La “y” se convierte en “i” y se añade “-es”:

- study o�studies

- carry o�carries

· Negación

I do not work I don´t work You do not work You don´t work He / she / it does not work He / she /it doesn´t work

We do not work We don´t work You do not work You don´t work They do not work They don´t work

x�Interrogación

Do I work? Yes, I do No, I don´t Do you work? Yes, you do No, you don´t Does he / she / it work? Yes, he / she / it does. No, he / she / it doesn´t

Do we work? Yes, we do No, we don´t Do you work? Yes, you do No, you don´t Do they work? Yes, they do No, they don´t

Presente simple 2 (presente histórico, futuro)

Además de para expresar acciones cotidianas o verdades universales, el presente simple se utiliza también en otros casos:

x�Presente simple con valor de futuro.

Utilizamos el presente simple para hablar de hechos futuros que dependen de algún horario o programa, pero no para hablar de planes personales o predicciones. También es posible utilizar el futuro con will en estos casos. Ejemplos: - The train to Norfolk leaves from platform 7 in 10 minutes. - The next conference takes place in the other building. - They arrive before lunch tomorrow and catch the last bus. x�Presente histórico.

El presente simple se puede utilizar para hablar de hechos pasados. En estos casos, el presente confiere una sensación de realidad y cercanía a los hechos narrados. Ejemplos: - Christopher Columbus discovers America by mistake in 1492. - She was very late and then she tells me she must leave early because she has to work the next day. Presente Continuo

Uso: se utiliza normalmente para hablar de acciones que están ocurriendo en el momento en el que se habla. En español suele equivaler a “estar + gerundio”. · Afirmativa

I am working I´m working You are working you´re working He / she / it is working he / she / it´s working We are working we´re working You are working you´re working They are working they´re working · Negación

I am not working I´m not working You are not working you aren´t working He / she / it is not working he / she /it isn´t working We are not working we aren´t working You are not working you aren´t working They are not working they aren´t working

x�Interrogación

Am I working? Yes, I am No, I´m not Are you working? Yes, you are No, you aren´t Is he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn´t Are we working? Yes, we are No, we aren´t Are you working? Yes, you are No, you aren´t

Are they working? Yes, they are No, they aren´t

x��Reglas ortográficas de los verbos acabados en –ing:

- Los verbos que acaban en una sola –e pierden esta vocal y añaden –ing:

write o�writing have o�having come o�coming

- Los verbos de una sílaba acabados en “vocal + consonante” duplican la consonante y añaden –ing (excepto en el caso de w y y):

puto�putting stop o�stopping shop o�shopping

Presente continuo con valor de futuro

x��Uso: El presente continuo también se utiliza para referirnos a acciones futuras. Pero

sólo cuando hablamos de actividades ya planeadas y que se realizarán casi con total seguridad. Ejemplos: - I´m going to the cinema tonight. Are you coming? - They´re leaving at 5 o´clock. - The conference is taking place next Tuesday. - I´m travelling to Tokyo tomorrow. x��Diferencia entre presente continuo y to be going to: Aunque ambos se utilizan

para referirnos a acciones futuras ya planeadas, existe una pequeña diferencia. El presente continuo se utiliza para expresar actividades que se realizarán casi con total seguridad porque ya se han planeado, mientras que to be going to no implica tanta certeza, sino más bien una intención. Ejemplos: - I think I´m going to start looking for another job. (intención, no un plan definido) - The film is starting in one hour. (según un horario fijo) - She´s coming for dinner tonight. (ya se ha planeado antes y es algo seguro) - We´re going to start learning Italian. (intención) Presente Simple vs. Presente Continuo

· El presente simple se utiliza para hablar de cosas que ocurren habitualmente o en general: - James studies German at university. - My parents live in the south - Jane works in Italy every summer. - My friends have a car. - Water boils at 100 Celsius degrees. - Sharks are dangerous animals. · El presente continuo, en cambio, se utiliza para hablar de cosas que están ocurriendo en el momento en el que se habla: - Mary is playing the guitar now. - Take an umbrella. It´s raining. - Let´s go to the park! The sun is shinning. - They are working in the garage at the moment.

I´m playing the guitar ¯ Las oraciones en presente continuo a menudo van acompañadas de expresiones que indican que la acción se está realizando en ese momento: Now right now at the moment at present

· Existen verbos que sólo pueden utilizarse en presente simple: like depend remember believe dislike know forget prefer love mean want hate

understand need

Pasado Simple

Uso: el pasado simple se utiliza normalmente para referirnos a hechos que sucedieron en un momento concreto del pasado Existen verbos regulares, a los que se añade –ed en el pasado, como work (worked en pasado) y otros irregulares, que es necesario aprender, como go (went en pasado).

x��Afirmativa

Verbos regulares (work) I worked Ortografía de las formas de pasado regulares

You worked - verbos acabados en “consonante + y”��ied:

He / she / it worked study o�studied

carry o�carried

We worked - verbos monosilábicos acabados en “vocal +

You worked consonante” ��duplican la consonante (excepto

They worked “y” o “w”)

stop o�stopped

shop o�shopped

Pronunciación de la terminación “-ed” de pasado Se puede pronunciar como /t/, /d/ o /id/, dependiendo del sonido en el que acabe el infinitivo:

/t/ o�watched, stopped, shopped, washed, worked (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido

sordo)

/d/ o�lived, arrived, opened, called, changed (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido

sonoro)

/id/ o�started, painted, mended, needed (solamente cuando el verbo acaba en sonido

/t/ o /d/).

Verbos irregulares (go) I went You went He / she / it went We went You went They went

�x��Negación

Verbos regulares (work)

I did not work I didn´t work You did not work You didn´t work He / she / it did not work He / she / it didn´t work We did not work We didn´t work You did not work You didn´t work They did not work They didn´t work Verbos irregulares (go)

I did not go I didn´t go You did not go You didn´t go He / she / it did not go He / she / it didn´t go We did not go We didn´t go You did not go You didn´t go They did not go They didn´t go

x��Interrogación

Verbos regulares (work)

Did I work? Yes, I did No, I didn´t Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn´t Did he/she/it work? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didn´t Did we work? Yes, we did No, we didn´t Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn´t Did they work? Yes, they did No, they didn´t Verbos irregulares (go)

Did I go? Yes, I did No, I didn´t Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didn´t Did he/she/it go? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didn´t Did we go? Yes, we did No, we didn´t Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didn´t Did they go? Yes, they did No, they didn´t

Pasado Continuo

Uso: se utiliza para hablar de acciones que ocurrieron durante un tiempo en el pasado. En español equivale normalmente a “estaba + gerundio”.

· Afirmativa

I was working You were working He / she / it was working We were working You were working They were working · Negación

I was not working I wasn´t working You were not working you weren´t working He / she / it was not working he / she /it wasn´t working We were not working we weren´t working You were not working you weren´t working They were not working they weren´t working

x�Interrogación

Was I working? Yes, I was No, I wasn´t Were you working? Yes, you were No, you weren´t Was he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasn´t Were we working? Yes, we were No, we weren´t Were you working? Yes, you were No, you weren´t Were they working? Yes, they were No, they weren´t

x��Reglas ortográficas de los verbos acabados en –ing:

- Los verbos que acaban en una sola –e pierden esta vocal y añaden –ing:

write o�writing have o�having come o�coming

- Los verbos de una sílaba acabados en “vocal + consonante” duplican la consonante y añaden –ing (excepto en el caso de w y y):

puto�putting stop o�stopping shop o�shopping

Pasado simple vs. Pasado continuo

x��El pasado simple se suele utilizar para referirnos a situaciones o acciones

completas del pasado o a situaciones permanentes o de larga duración, también en el pasado. Ejemplos: - I lived in Rome till I was 10. - She bought chocolates because she thought you liked them. x�El pasado continuo, sin embargo, se refiere a situaciones o eventos temporales de

un momento del pasado. Muchas veces se utiliza el pasado continuo para describir una situación durante la cual se produjo otro evento (en pasado simple) que la interrumpió o se produjo paralelamente.

The phone rang p�-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We were watching television Ejemplos: -She arrived when we were having dinner. -Tom was having a shower when someone knocked at the door. -The neighbour felt ill while he was working in the garden. x�Cuando hablamos de situaciones o eventos simultáneos en el pasado, puede

utilizarse el pasado simple o el pasado continuo: Ejemplos: -They went on holiday while their son was at university. -Jill was making dinner while he was laying the table. Presente Perfecto

Así se forma el presente perfecto en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + have/has + participio de un verbo Al igual que en la forma de pasado, los verbos regulares añaden –ed en el participio. En el caso de los irregulares, es necesario saberlo.

x��Afirmativa

I have worked I´ve worked

You have worked you´ve worked

He / she / it has worked he/she/it´s worked

We have worked we´ve worked

You have worked you´ve worked

They have worked they´ve worked

x��Negación

I have not work ed I haven´t worked

You have not work ed You haven´t worked

He / she / it has not worked He / she / it hasn´t worked

We have not worked We haven´t worked

You have not worked You haven´t worked

They have not worked They haven´t worked

x��Interrogación

Have I worked? Yes, I have No, I haven´t Have you worked? Yes, you have No, you haven´t Has he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it has No, he/she/it hasn´t

Have we worked? Yes, we have No, we haven´t Have you worked? Yes, you have No, you haven´t Have they worked? Yes, they have No, they haven´t

���

x��Uso del Presente Perfecto:

1. Para expresar una acción o estado que comenzó en el pasado y aún continúa. - I have lived in Brussels for 3 years = Llevo viviendo en Bruselas 3 años (Aún vivo allí) - She has studied English since last year = Lleva estudiando inglés desde el año pasado (Aún está estudiándolo) -------------I have worked since 2000 ------------- 2. Para expresar un hecho que ocurrió en algún momento indeterminado del pasado. - I have read that book. (no se especifica cuando) - She has been to Paris. She has been there 3. Para expresar una acción ya concluida, pero que afecta de alguna manera al presente. - I´ve lost my keys and I can´t go out now. - It´s rained a lot. Are you wet? I´ve lost my keys ��NOTA: Al contrario que en español, el presente perfecto no se utiliza para hablar de algo ocurrido en el pasado reciente. En esos casos se usa el pasado simple: - He desayunado a las diez (hoy) ® I had breakfast at 10. - Ha llegado esta tarde ® He arrived this afternoon. - ¿Qué has hecho por la mañana? ® What did you do this morning? Presente perfecto 2 (for, since, ago)

x��For siempre va seguido de un periodo de tiempo y puede traducirse como durante.

Puede acompañar al presente perfecto y al pasado simple. Ejemplos: - I have studied English for four years. - She´s lived here for ages. (= for a very long time) - We´ve been on holiday for two weeks. - We were friends for more than 10 years. x��Since va seguido de una expresión de tiempo concreta, como un día, un año, una

estación, o un hecho concreto. Se traduce como desde. Acompaña al presente perfecto, aunque puede ir seguido de una oración en pasado simple. Ejemplos: - She´s lived with her father since she was 10. - They have known each other since 1990. - Peter´s worked there since last April. - He´s had that car since last autumn.

x�Ago se traduce como hace... Acompaña sólo al pasado simple y va precedido de un

periodo de tiempo. Ejemplos: - I went to France two years ago. - She met him at school 10 years ago. - Phil went shopping two weeks ago. - My friends did a yoga course a couple of months ago. Pasado simple vs. Presente perfecto

x��Uno de los aspectos gramáticales del inglés más conflictivos para los hablantes de

español es el uso del pasado simple y el presente perfecto. De hecho, en este punto el inglés se diferencia bastante del español. Por ello, observa atentamente los siguientes pares de ejemplos: 1. Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado:

- I have lived in Brussels for 3 years = Llevo viviendo en Bruselas 3 años (Aún vivo allí) - I lived in Brussels for 3 years = Viví en Bruselas durante tres años. (Ya no vivo allí) 2. Acciones acabadas que tuvieron lugar en algún momento del pasado:

- I have read that book. (No se especifica cuando, quizá porque no es relevante o se desconoce) - I read that book two summers ago. (Se especifica cuando) 3. Acciones que han tenido lugar en un pasado reciente.

- I´ve lost my keys and I can´t go out now. (La acción pasada tiene una relación directa con el presente) - I had cereals and orange juice for breakfast this morning. (La acción no tiene ninguna repercusión en el presente, aunque haya ocurrido en el mismo día en el que se habla).

Presente Perfecto Continuo

Así se forma el presente perfecto en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + have/has + been + verbo principal acabado en –ing x��Afirmativa

I have been working I´ve been working You have been working you´ve been working He / she / it has been working he/she/it´s been working We have been working we´ve been working You have been working you´ve been working They have been working they´ve been working

x��Negación

I have not been working I haven´t been working You have not been working You haven´t been working He / she / it has not been working He / she / it hasn´t been working We have not been working We haven´t been working

You have not been working You haven´t been working They have not been working They haven´t been working

x��Interrogación

Have I been working? Yes, I have No, I haven´t Have you been working? Yes, you have No, you haven´t Has he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it has No, he/she/it hasn´t

Have we been working? Yes, we have No, we haven´t Have you been working? Yes, you have No, you haven´t Have they been working? Yes, they have No, they haven´t

x��El presente perfecto contínuo se utiliza para expresar acciones o situaciones que se

han producido durante un tiempo y han finalizado hace muy poco o aún continúan. A menudo se acompaña de una expresión de tiempo con since o for, por ejemplo. - I´ve been trying to talk to him for weeks. - She´s been studying French since she was 15, but she still can´t speak fluently. - He´s been living in Rome for five months now. También se utiliza frecuentemente en preguntas que comienzan con How long...? - How long have you been waiting for the bus? - How long has she been trying to find a job? - How long have they been living there? Pasado Perfecto

Así se forma el pasado perfecto en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + had + participio de un verbo Al igual que en la forma de pasado, los verbos regulares añaden –ed en el participio. En el caso de los irregulares, es necesario saberlo.

x��Afirmativa

I had worked I´d worked

You had worked you´d worked

He / she / it had worked he/she/it´d worked

We had worked we´d worked

You had worked you´d worked

They had worked they´d worked

x��Negación

I had worked I hadn´t worked

You had worked You hadn´t worked

He / she / it had not worked He / she / it hadn´t worked

We had not worked We hadn´t worked

You had not worked You hadn´t worked

They had not worked They hadn´t worked

x��Interrogación

Had I worked? Yes, I had No, I hadn´t Had you worked? Yes, you had No, you hadn´t Had he/she/it worked? Yes, he/she/it had No, he/she/it hadn´t Had we worked? Yes, we had No, we hadn´t Had you worked? Yes, you had No, you hadn´t Had they worked? Yes, they had No, they hadn´t

x��Uso del Pasado Perfecto:

Este tiempo se utiliza para referirnos a un hecho pasado que tuvo lugar antes que otra acción también pasada o antes de algún momento concreto del pasado:

- When he arrived, the film had finished. o�1º acción: the film had finished.

2º acción: he arrived. - She found out that the he hadn´t gone to school. - She said she had been at home that morning. · Pasado perfecto con already y just. - I had already had dinner when he phoned. (Ya había cenado cuando él llamó) - She told me to buy some bread when I had just come back from the supermarket. (Me pidió que comprara pan cuando yo acababa de volver del supermercado) Pasado Perfecto Continuo

Así se forma el pasado perfecto continuo en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + had + been + verbo principal acabado en –ing x��Afirmativa

I had been working I´d been working You had been working you´d been working He / she / it had been working he/she/it´d been working We had been working we´d been working You had been working you´d been working They had been working they´d been working

x��Negación

I had not been working I hadn´t been working You had not been working You hadn´t been working He / she / it had not been working He / she / it hadn´t been working We had not been working We hadn´t been working You had not been working You hadn´t been working They had not been working They hadn´t been working

�����

x��Interrogación

Had I been working? Yes, I had No, I hadn´t Had you been working? Yes, you had No, you hadn´t Had he/she/it been working? Yes, he/she/it had No, he/she/it hadn´t Had we been working? Yes, we had No, we hadn´t Had you been working? Yes, you had No, you hadn´t Had they been working? Yes, they had No, they hadn´t - El pasado perfecto contínuo se utiliza para expresar acciones o situaciones que se produjeron durante cierto tiempo en el pasado y finalizaron en un momento concreto también del pasado, o poco antes de ese momento: - Jim had been watching TV all evening when she phoned. - I had been doing some work before going to bed. - They had been trying to save for the summer holidays. - Her parents had been trying to persuade her for weeks but she didn´t listen to them. - El pasado perfecto continuo enfatiza la duración de una acción o situación, mientras que el pasado perfecto se refiere más a la finalización de una actividad o sus efectos:

- She had been phoning for hours but she hadn´t got any answer. Futuro Simple

· Afirmativa

I will work I´ll work You will work you´ll work He / she / it will work he / she / it´ll work We will work we´ll work You will work you´ll work They will work they´ll work · Negación

I will not work I won´t work You will not work you won´t work He / she / it will not work he / she /it won´t work We will not work we won´t work You will not work you won´t work They will not work they won´t work

x�Interrogación

Will I work? Yes, I will No, I won´t Will you work Yes, you will No, you won´t Will he / she / it work? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it won´t Will we work? Yes, we will No, we won´t Will you work? Yes, you will No, you won´t Will they work? Yes, they will No, they won´t

���

x��Shall: con I y we se puede utilizar shall en lugar de will, pero su uso es menos

común: - I will go to work in five minutes = I shall go to work in five minutes. - We will buy vegetables this afternoon = We shall buy vegetables this afternoon.

To be going to vs. futuro simple (will)

x��Planes futuros

1. To be going to + infinitivo se utiliza para expresar acciones futuras ya planeadas (excepto las que forman parte de un horario o programa): - I´m going to buy a new car next week. - They ´re going to move house. - She´s going to have a baby. - We´re going to get married next summer. - Linda´s going to learn Italian. 2. El futuro simple (will), sin embargo, se usa cuando tomamos la decisión de hacer algo en el momento de hablar, sin haber hecho ningún plan previo: - The phone is ringing. I´ll get it. - I´ll take my umbrella because it´s very cloudy. - I´ll have a cup of tea. - We´ll go for a walk if you want. También se utiliza cuando se habla de acciones que forman parte de un horario o programa: - The train to Liverpool will leave from platform 11. - The conference will start in half an hour. x�Predicciones

1. To be going to + infinitivo se utiliza también para hacer predicciones cuando tenemos algún indicio para hacerlas: - There´re very dark clouds. I think it´s going to rain very soon. - She didn´t study for the exam. She´s going to fail. - We´ve missed the bus, so we´re going to be late. 2. El futuro simple (will) se utiliza para hacer predicciones, pero cuando no hay indicios de ellas, sino que son fruto de la opinión del hablante: - Buy her that book. She´ll like it a lot. - I think England will lose. - It´ll be cold tonight.

Futuro Continuo

Así se forma el futuro continuo en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + will + be + verbo principal en su forma –ing · Afirmativa

I will be working I´ll be working You will be working you´ll be working He / she / it will be working he / she / it´ll be working We will be working we´ll be working You will be working you´ll be working They will be working they´ll be working · Negación

I will not be working I won´t be working You will not be working you won´t be working He / she / it will not be working he / she /it won´t be working We will not be working we won´t be working You will not be working you won´t be working They will not be working they won´t be working

x�Interrogación

Will I be working? Yes, I will No, I won´t Will you be working Yes, you will No, you won´t Will he / she / it be working? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it won´t Will we be working? Yes, we will No, we won´t Will you be working? Yes, you will No, you won´t Will they be working? Yes, they will No, they won´t - El futuro continuo se utiliza para referirnos a acciones que ocurrirán en un momento concreto del futuro o durante cierto tiempo en el futuro. A veces se trata de acciones ya planeadas. Se suele mencionar el complemento circunstancial de tiempo (tomorrow, next time, etc.) - I´ll be wearing a suit at work every day. - She´ll be leaving tomorrow morning at 9. - Martha will be renting her flat next year.

Futuro Perfecto

x�Uso: se utiliza para expresar que algo ya habrá sucedido o se habrá completado en

cierto momento futuro: Ejemplos: - I´ll have finished my exams by 20th June. (Ya habré terminado los exámenes el 20 de junio) - She´ll have paid her mortgage when she is 55. (Habrá terminado de pagar cuando tenga 55)

- I´ll have done the shopping by the time you get home. (Habré hecho la compra antes de que llegues) · Afirmativa

I will have worked I´ll have worked You will have worked you´ll have worked He / she / it will have worked he / she / it´ll have worked We will have worked we´ll have worked You will have worked you´ll have worked They will have worked they´ll have worked · Negación

I will not have worked I won´t have worked You will not have worked you won´t have worked He / she / it will not have worked he / she /it won´t have worked We will not have worked we won´t have worked You will not have worked you won´t have worked They will not have worked they won´t have worked

x�Interrogación

Will I have worked? Yes, I will No, I won´t Will you have worked? Yes, you will No, you won´t Will he / she / it have worked? Yes, he / she / it will No, he / she / it won´t Will we have worked? Yes, we will No, we won´t Will you have worked? Yes, you will No, you won´t Will they have worked? Yes, they will No, they won´t

Futuro Perfecto Continuo

Así se forma el presente perfecto en su forma afirmativa: Sujeto + will + have + been + verbo principal acabado en –ing x��Afirmativa

I will have been working I´ll have been working You will have been working you´ll have been working He / she / it will have been working he/she/it´ll have been working We will have been working we´ll have been working You will have been working you´ll have been working They will have been working they´ll have been working

x��Negación

I will not have been working I won´t have been working You will not have been working You won´t have been working He / she / it will not have been working He / she / it won´t have been working We will not have been working We won´t have been working You will not have been working You won´t have been working They will not have been working They won´t have been working

x��Interrogación

Will I have been working? Yes, I will No, I won´t Will you have been working? Yes, you will No, you won´t Will he/she/it have been working? Yes, he/she/it will No, he/she/it won´t Will we have been working? Yes, we will No, we won´t Will you have been working? Yes, you will No, you won´t Will they have been working? Yes, they will No, they won´t - El futuro perfecto continuo se utiliza para expresar cuanto tiempo habrá durado una acción o situación cuando llegue cierto momento. Es necesario mencionar la duración de dicha acción (one year, two days...) y el momento futuro que se toma como referencia (next summer, tomorrow...) - Next year we´ll have been living in this house for 2 years. - He´ll have been travelling around the world for one month on Monday.