inglés i

COMPENDIO DE

INGLÉS I

Primer Semestre

Ranulfo Sántiz López

San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México.

El contenido académico de este texto es exclusiva responsabilidad del Instituto Tecnológico y de

Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) y su índice pertenece al programa correspondiente al Plan

de estudios del nivel medio superior, para la materia de:

INGLÉS I Autores: Idolisa Salazar de Doria. Esperanza Tamez de Garza. Hazle Valdez Von Nacher. Ma. del Rosario Ortega A. Rosalina Resendez de V. Sara Rodríguez de Villareal.

Revisó: Ma. del Rosario Argüelles.

Colaboró: Irma Hinojosa.

Compendio elaborado por: Ranulfo Sántiz López.

e-mail: [email protected]

La decisión de hacer este compendio fue motivada por un gran deseo de ofrecer ayuda a todas

aquellas personas que se lanzan a la aventura de estudiar sin maestro. Además, como parte de mi

experiencia docente como asesor académico en esta asignatura, he visto la necesidad de contar con

materiales didácticos prácticos y sencillos, aunque no menos rigorista.

Sinceramente, espero contribuir para que el alumnado del sistema abierto, pueda concluir

satisfactoriamente sus estudios de nivel medio superior, porque estoy consciente de la importancia

que tiene la educación en la vida de cada una de las personas. Así entonces, busco facilitar el

proceso de aprendizaje en esta materia que forma parte del plan de estudios del sistema abierto,

esperando que le sea de utilidad y lo lleve a cumplir sus metas educativas.

San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas; México; Mayo de 2012.

ÍNDICE

Página

Identificación de objetos en singular. 1

Identificación de objetos en plural. 5

El verbo “to be”. 9

Identificación de personas. 14

Ubicación de objetos y personas. 17

Características físicas y estados emocionales. 26

Clasificación de personas. 29

Forma imperativa. 32

Presente Continuo o Progresivo. 35

Presente Simple. 42

Anexo: Sección de vocabulario. 52

Referencia Bibliográfica. 56

Inglés 1 Preparatoria Abierta 1

Módulo 1

IDENTIFICACIÓN DE OBJETOS EN SINGULAR

1.1. Identificación de objetos contables.

What is it? (chair) It is a chair.

It’s a chair.

What is it? (dog) It is a dog.

It’s a dog.

What is it? (apple) It is an apple.

It’s an apple.

What is it? (eraser) It is an eraser.

It’s an eraser.

What is it? (watermelon) It is a watermelon.

It’s a watermelon.

What is it? (armchair) It is an armchair.

It’s an armchair.

What is it? (eye) It is an eye.

It’s an eye.

1.2. Identificación de objetos incontables.

What is it? (water) It is water.

It’s water.

What is it? (wine) It is wine.

It’s wine.

What is it? (milk) It is milk.

It’s milk.

What is it? (salt) It is salt.

It’s salt.


What is it? (milk) It is a bottle of milk.

It’s a bottle of milk.

What is it? (wine) It is a cup of wine.

It’s a cup of wine.

What is it? (water) It is a glass of water.

It’s a glass of water.

REACTIVOS DE AUTOEVALUACIÓN

Ejercicio 1

Coloque el artículo a o an, según el sustantivo. Véase punto 1.1.

It is a sandwich

It is _________ banana

It is _________ dog

It is _________ architect

It is _________ book

It is _________ airplane

It is _________ chair

It is _________ ear

It is _________ clock

It is _________ cake

It is _________ easy exercise

It is _________ orange It is _________ important lesson

It is _________ unimportant lesson

It is _________ good lesson

It is __________ eraser

It is __________ cup

It is __________ tree

It is __________ egg

It is __________ wrist watch

It is __________ club

It is __________ armchair

It is __________ window

It is __________ umbrella

It is __________ brush

It is __________ difficult exercise

It is __________ big house

It is __________ bad lesson

It is __________ honest man

It is __________ interesting lesson

It is _________ bookcase

It is _________ house

It is _________ ash tray

It is _________ map

It is _________ bed

It is _________ elephant

It is _________ policeman

It is _________ picture

It is _________ apple

It is _________ ball

It is _________ old house

It is _________ excellent teacher

It is _________ cheap car

It is _________ argument

It is _________ month

OBSERVE Punto 1.1.: Para pedir identificación de objetos en singular, se usa la forma What is it? Para responder a esta pregunta, su

usa la forma “It”. “It” se usa para referirse a cosas, objetos, animales, etc., siempre que el sustantivo que le sigue esté en singular; después de esta forma, se le agrega la forma “is”; quedándose constituido como “It is.” It’s es contracción de It is, ambas formas sirven para identificar el objeto. It’s se prefiere al hablar y en escritos informales.

El artículo “a” se usa cuando la palabra que sigue comienza con un sonido consonántico y el artículo “an” se usa cuando la palabra que sigue comienza con un sonido vocálico. Ambos artículos corresponden en español a un/una. Es importante tener en cuenta que las razones que obligan al uso de “a” o “an” son estrictamente fonéticas y no producen ningún cambio de significado en el nombre al que se refiere.

En general, utilizamos el artículo indeterminado “a” o “an” antes de un sustantivo contable en singular para referirnos a un elemento cualquiera dentro de un grupo o categoría.

Punto 1.2.: No se usa “a” o “an” para objetos que carecen de número; es decir, los sustantivos incontables. A los objetos que

carecen de número se les puede dar el de los recipientes que los contienen: a glass, a bottle; etc. También se les da unidad al medirlos: a gallon of milk, a pound of sugar. Después del nombre del recipiente o de la unidad de peso o medida va siempre la palabra “of.”


Ejercicio 2 Identifique los siguientes objetos. Utilice el esquema estructural correspondiente. Véase punto 1.1.

What is it? It is a sofa What is it? ______________________

What is it? _____________________ What is it? ______________________





What is it? ______________________ What is it? ______________________



Ejercicio 3

Estructure una oración con cada uno de los sustantivos incontables dados. Véase punto 1.2.

sand

corn

dirt

tea

cotton

cream

water

It is sand .

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

rice

wheat

coffee

wood

toast

soap

milk

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________


Ejercicio 4 Complete la siguiente estructura. Véase puntos 1.1. y 1.2.

___________________________? ______________________________

___________________________? ______________________________

___________________________? ______________________________

___________________________? ______________________________

___________________________? ______________________________

Ejercicio 5

Haga los cambios necesarios, según el esquema estructural que corresponda usar. Véase puntos 1.1. y 1.2.

airplane It is an airplane . apple ___________________________

sugar It is sugar . bottle of ink ___________________________

bottle of milk ____________________________ bottle of wine ___________________________

tree ____________________________ can of paint ___________________________

telephone ____________________________ water ___________________________

computer ____________________________ cup of chocolate ___________________________

cup of coffee ____________________________ cup of tea ___________________________

dog ____________________________ flower ___________________________

fly ____________________________ fruit ___________________________

glass of water ____________________________ glass of wine ___________________________

hammer ____________________________ house ___________________________

key ____________________________ knife ___________________________

mango ____________________________ milk ___________________________

orange ____________________________ pear ___________________________

radio ____________________________ orange juice ___________________________

spoon of sugar ____________________________ banana ___________________________

tea ____________________________ toothpaste ___________________________


Módulo 2

IDENTIFICACIÓN DE OBJETOS EN PLURAL

2.1. Identificación de objetos en plural.

What are they? (chairs) They are chairs.

They’re chairs.

What are they? (dogs) They are dogs.

They’re dogs.

What are they? (tomatoes) They are tomatoes.

They’re tomatoes.

What are they? (books) They are books.

They’re books.

What are they? (rouses) They are rouses.

They’re rouses.

What are they? (cats) They are cats.

They’re cats.

What are they? (pencils) They are pencils.

They’re pencils.

2.2. Identificación de objetos indicando su número.

What is it? (chair) It is a chair.

It is one chair.

What are they? (dogs) They are dogs.

They are two dogs.

What are they? (books) They are books.

They are three books.

What are they? (tomatoes) They are tomatoes.

They are four tomatoes.

What are they? (cats) They are cats.

They are five cats.


What are they? (rouses) They are rouses.

They are six rouses.

How many grapes? They are twelve grapes.

Twelve grapes.

How many books? They’re five books.

Five books.

How many televisions? They’re two televisions.

Two televisions.

How much paint? They are four cans of paint.

Four cans.

How much celery? They are six stalks of celery.

Six stalks.

How much string? It’s one ball of string.

One ball.

OBSERVE Punto 2.1.: Para preguntar identificación de objetos en plural, se usa la forma What are they? Para responder a esta pregunta,

se usa la forma “They”. “They” se usa para referirse a cosas, objetos, etc en plural; después de esta forma, se le agrega la forma “are”; quedándose constituido como “They are”. They’re es contracción de They are, ambas formas sirven para identificar el objeto. Después de la forma They are, el nombre del objeto que sigue debe estar en plural.

Para pluralizar un sustantivo; se sigue las siguientes reglas gramaticales: 1. Los sustantivos forman regularmente el plural agregando “s” al singular; como: book, books; house, houses; boy, boys. 2. Los sustantivos que terminan en: “s, sh, ch, x, o” forman el plural agregando “es” al singular; como: grass, grasses; brush,

brushes; bench, benches; box, boxes; tomato, tomatoes. 3. Los sustantivos que terminan en “y” precedidos por una consonante; la “y” cambia a “i” y luego se le agrega “es”; como: city,

cities; fly, flies. 4. Los sustantivos que terminan en “y” precedidos por una vocal, sólo se le agrega la “s”; como: boy, boys; day, days. 5. También en inglés, hay sustantivos irregulares que tienen forma diferente en singular y plural, como: man, men; woman,

women; tooth, teeth; foot, feet; child, children; leaf, leaves; knife, knives, etc.

Punto 2.2.: Con la forma What are they?, también se puede responder indicando el número de objetos. La pregunta para pedir cantidad de un objeto con unidad (contable) es How many? One sólo se utiliza cuando se están

especificando números, de otra manera se usa a/an. La pregunta para pedir cantidad de un objeto sin unidad (incontable) es How much? Esta cantidad, es medible por las

unidades de peso o de volumen que alcance los objetos masivos, o por el número de los recipientes que los contengan, o por las formas concretas que tomen en un determinado caso: one pound of sugar, one pint of milk, two cans of juice, one sheet of paper, etc.



Ejercicio 1

Pluralice los siguientes sustantivos.

airplane __________________ apple __________________ school __________________

book __________________ box __________________ shoe __________________

boy __________________ brother __________________ spoon __________________

cafeteria __________________ child __________________ table __________________

church __________________ city __________________ tomato __________________

class __________________ club __________________ tree __________________

cousin __________________ cup __________________ watch __________________

dish __________________ computer __________________ woman __________________

door __________________ dress __________________ secretary __________________

eye __________________ fish __________________ sister __________________

flower __________________ fly __________________ student __________________

foot __________________ glass __________________ tail __________________

hospital __________________ house __________________ tooth __________________

idea __________________ key __________________ umbrella __________________

lunch __________________ man __________________ window __________________

match __________________ mouse __________________ magazine __________________

onion __________________ orange __________________ desk __________________

party __________________ potato __________________ dictionary __________________

car __________________ horse __________________ suitcase __________________

sock __________________ mountain __________________ wire __________________

dress __________________ turtle __________________ hand __________________

Ejercicio 2 Complete las siguientes oraciones.

It is a cup. They are cups. They are seven ______ cups. (7)

____________ notebook . ______________ notebooks. __________________________ notebooks. (10)

____________ pencil. ______________ pencils. __________________________ pencils. (77)

____________ onion. ______________ onions. __________________________ onions. (22)

____________ photo. ______________ photos. __________________________ photos. (9)

____________ egg. ______________ eggs. __________________________ eggs. (12)

____________ chair. ______________ chairs. __________________________ chairs. (28)

____________ bottle. ______________ bottles. __________________________ bottles. (44)

____________ house. ______________ houses. __________________________ houses. (66)

____________ university. ______________ universities. __________________________ universities. (19)

____________ orange. ______________ oranges. __________________________ oranges. (38)

____________ glass. ______________ glasses. __________________________ glasses. (37)

____________ bookcase. ______________ bookcases. __________________________ bookcases. (14)


Ejercicio 3 Haga los cambios necesarios.

glasses They are glasses . tooth ___________________________

pair of glasses It is a pair of glasses . water ___________________________

apple It is an apple . feet ___________________________

scissors ____________________________ knife ___________________________

banana ____________________________ lemon juice ___________________________

workbook ____________________________ milk ___________________________

ten cups ____________________________ bottle of milk ___________________________

English books ____________________________ salt ___________________________

cups of coffee ____________________________ orange ___________________________

one house ____________________________ airplane ___________________________

five trees ____________________________ knives ___________________________

pair of pants ____________________________ teeth ___________________________

hammers ____________________________ big clock ___________________________

twenty coins ____________________________ dictionaries ___________________________

two armchairs ____________________________ keyboard ___________________________

Ejercicio 4

Complete las siguientes estructuras. Siga el ejemplo. How many?

What are they? They are windows . Two

What _______ they? ____________________________ ______________

What ____________? ____________________________ ______________

_________________? ____________________________ ______________

___________________? ____________________________ ______________

What ______________? ____________________________ ______________


Módulo 3

EL VERBO “TO BE”

3.1. Identificación de objetos y/o personas en forma afirmativa.

She is very intelligent. Mr. Smith is fat. They are hungry. Helen is thirsty.

I am 20 years old. You are very important.

It is a necklace. They are pens.

3.2. Identificación de objetos y/o personas en forma negativa.

She isn’t very intelligent. Mr. Smith is not fat.

They are not hungry. Helen isn’t thirsty.

I am not 20 years old. You aren’t very important.

It is not a necklace. They are not pens.

3.3. Identificación de objetos y/o personas en forma interrogativa y cómo responder.

Are they books? Are they oranges?

Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.

Is it a pencil? Is it a dog?

Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.

OBSERVE El verbo “to be” tiene especial importancia en inglés, porque no sólo funciona como verbo principal, sino también como verbo

auxiliar en otros tiempos gramaticales. Hay que recordar que “to be” significa tanto ser como estar; dado que el inglés no distingue entre el significado de estos dos

verbos. Punto 3.1.: La forma afirmativa se forma colocando en primer lugar el sujeto (pronombres personales, sustantivo) seguido del

verbo “to be” conjugado (am, are, is) más el complemento correspondiente. Punto 3.2.: La forma negativa, se añade “not” después del verbo “to be” conjugado. Punto 3.3.: La forma interrogativa se construye al situar el verbo “to be” al principio de la oración. Si la respuesta es afirmativa,

se utiliza la palabra Yes, luego el sujeto (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) y en seguida la forma am, is o are que le corresponde. Si la respuesta es negativa se utiliza primero No, luego se da el sujeto (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they), con la forma am, is o are que le corresponda, y en seguida la palabra not.

Además, existen contracciones correspondientes a las formas afirmativa y negativa. Observe que no hay contracción de “am not”.

Se puede utilizar el verbo “to be”, entre otras cosas, para describir características y condiciones físicas o para hacer referencia

a la edad biológica.



Ejercicio 1

Complete el siguiente cuadro y traduce al español. Véase punto 3.1.

Forma completa Forma contraída Traducción

_____ am _______I’m________ Yo soy o yo estoy___________________________

You _____ __________________ ____________________________________________

_____ _____ __________________ ____________________________________________

She _____ __________________ ____________________________________________

_____ is __________________ ____________________________________________

We _____ __________________ ____________________________________________

_____ are __________________ ____________________________________________

They _____ __________________ ____________________________________________

Ejercicio 2

Escribe la forma correcta del verbo “to be” en los espacios. Véase punto 3.1.

1. I am a student.

2. Dennis ________ a student.

3. This _________ a good book.

4. John and Pat ________ good friends.

5. They ________ in my class.

6. He ________ a good teacher.

7. You ________ a good student.

8. I _________ tired now.

9. We ________ in class now.

10. Maria _________ at work today.

11. She _________ a good student.

12. Today _________ Monday.

13. It ________ a beautiful day.

14. You and Henry _________ brothers.

Observe el siguiente cuadro resumen:

FORMAS BÁSICAS DEL VERBO “TO BE” CONTRACCIONES DEL VERBO “TO BE”

FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA

I am clean. I am not clean. Am I clean? I’m clean. I am not clean.

You are tired. You are not tired. Are you tired? You’re tired. You aren’t tired.

He is happy. He is not happy. Is he happy? He’s happy. He isn’t happy.

She is bored. She is not bored. Is she bored? She’s bored. She isn’t bored.

It is hungry. It is not hungry. Is it hungry? It’s hungry. It isn’t hungry.

We are brothers. We are not brothers. Are we brothers? We’re brothers. We aren’t brothers.

You are students. You are not students. Are you students? You’re students. You aren’t students.

They are fat. They are not fat. Are they fat? They’re fat. They aren’t fat.


15. They _________ in my class.

16. I _________ John’s brother.

17. We _________ Helen and Bob.

18. You _________ Helen’s niece.

19. __________ she Mrs. Brown?

20. __________ I Bess’ cousin?

21. You __________ John’s daughters.

22. __________ they Mr. and Mrs. Taylor?

23. __________ you Henry Bentley?

24. We _____________ Mr. and Mrs. Williams.

25. __________ they Julia’s aunts

26. I ___________ Governor Peters.

27. He ________ Dr. Stallion.

28. They __________ brothers.

29. ___________ you Mary’s parents?

30. We __________ uncle Harry and aunt Joe.

31. She __________ my grandmother.

32. __________ we Mr. Lee’s nephews?

33. She ___________ Laura’s cousin.

34. _________ he Mr. West’s son?

35. _________ she Miss Trevor?

36. You _________Mike’s sister-in-law

37. _________ you brother and sister?

38. My family _________ big.

39. Robert and Carlos _________ doctors.

40. Your mother _________ very kind.

Ejercicio 3

Subraye la respuesta correcta de las siguientes oraciones. Véase punto 3.1.

1. John (is, are) a good student.

2. We (am, are) good students.

3. Today (is, are) Monday.

4. This (is, are) a good exercise.

5. William and George (is, are) brothers.

6. I (am, is) a student of English.

7. They (is, are) good students.

8. The window (is, are) open.

9. Both doors (is, are) closed.

10. Ana and I (am, are) in the same class.

11. We (am, are) brothers.

12. Miss Smith (is, are) a teacher.

13. She (is, are) a very good teacher.

14. Mr. Jones (is, am) a teacher.

15. He (is, are) also a good teacher.

16. Miss Tony (is, are) North American.

17. You (am, are) a good student.

18. I (am, is) also a good student.

19. The weather today (is, are) good.

20. This (is, are) a good exercise.

Ejercicio 4 Cambie a la forma negativa las siguientes oraciones, use contracciones donde sea posible. Véase punto 3.2.

1. We are brothers.

We aren’t brothers.

2. Today is Monday.

________________________________________

3. She and Mary are sisters.

________________________________________

4. I am a good speaker.

________________________________________

5. This is a difficult exercise.

________________________________________

6. Miss Jones is a good skater.

________________________________________

7. Mr. and Mrs. Boesky are Italians.

________________________________________

8. She is a good friend.

________________________________________

9. They are busy today.

________________________________________

10. You and Henry are cousins.

________________________________________


11. John and I are in the same class.

________________________________________

12. Juan is busy today.

________________________________________

13. Henry and he are first cousins.

________________________________________

14. You are a good student.

________________________________________

15. The door is closed.

________________________________________

16. The windows are big and new.

________________________________________

Ejercicio 5 Escribe oraciones completas. Use is/are/am. Véase puntos 3.1. y 3.2.

1. (my shoes / very dirty)

My shoes are very dirty ________________

2. (my bed / very comfortable)

________________________________________

3. (your cigarettes / in your bag)

________________________________________

4. (I / not very happy today)

________________________________________

5. (this restaurant / very expensive)

________________________________________

6. (the shops / not open today)

________________________________________

7. (Mr. Kelly’s daughter / six years old)

________________________________________

8. (the houses / in this street very old)

________________________________________

9. (the examination / not difficult)

________________________________________

10. (those flowers / very beautiful)

________________________________________

Ejercicio 6

Con las siguientes oraciones; cambie a la forma interrogativa y contéstelas. Véase punto 3.3.

1. They are cousins.

Are they cousins?

Yes, they are .

2. He is a bad student.

_________________________________

Yes, _____________

3. Today is Tuesday.

_________________________________

No, ______________

4. Antonia and I are in the same class.

_________________________________

Yes, _____________

5. You and George are cousins.

_________________________________

No, ______________

6. She and Mary are good friends.

_________________________________

No, ______________

7. The windows are closed.

_________________________________

Yes, _____________

8. The door is wide open.

_________________________________

No, ______________

9. They are new students.

_________________________________

Yes, _____________

10. Henry and she are first cousins.

_________________________________

Yes, _____________

11. We are busy today.

_________________________________

No, ______________

12. Mr. and Mrs. Jones are British.

_________________________________

No, ______________


13. This is a difficult exercise.

_________________________________

Yes, _____________

14. This lesson is easy.

_________________________________

Yes, _____________

15. She is a good teacher.

_________________________________

No, ______________

16. Helen and she are sisters.

_________________________________

Yes, _____________

17. You and Henry are in the same class.

_________________________________

No, ______________

18. They are tired today.

_________________________________

Yes, _____________

19. The teacher is tired.

_________________________________

No, ______________

20. This is a good book.

_________________________________

No, ______________

Ejercicio 7

Complete las siguientes conversaciones con el presente del verbo “to be”.

1. John: Hello, Bill.

Bill: Good morning, John. John: How _______ you? Bill: Fine, thanks. John: How _______ Helen? Bill: She _______ very well, thank you. John: Good-bye, Bill. Bill: Good-bye, John.

2. Helen: Good morning, Mrs. Brown. Mrs. Brown: Good morning, Helen. Helen: How _______ you this morning, Mrs. Brown? Mrs. Brown: I _______ very well, thank you. And how ________ you? Helen: Fine, thanks. How _________ Mrs. Brown? Mrs. Brown: Mr. Brown ________ fine, thank you. Helen: Good-bye, Mrs. Brown. Mrs. Brown: Good-bye, Helen. See you tomorrow.

3. Bill: Hello, John. How ________ you? John: Hi, Bill. Pretty well, thanks. Bill: How ________ Martha? _______ she well? John: She ________ very well, thanks. Bill: See you later, John. Good-bye. John: Fine. See you this evening.

4. John: I _______ John Smith. ________ you Bill Jones? Bill: Yes, I ________. How ________ you? John: Fine, thanks. ________ you well this morning? Bill: Yes, I ________. John: ________ Helen well? Bill: Yes, she ______. Helen and I _____ fine this morning. John: See you tomorrow, Bill. Bill: Good-bye, John.

5. Patricia: Excuse me, _______ your name Gilberto Baltierra? Gilberto: No. Patricia: What _______ your name? Gilberto: My name _________ Gilberto Balterra. Patricia: Spell your last name, please. Gilberto: Yes, of course. B-a-l-t-e-r-r-a. Patricia: Oh, thank you. How old _________ you? Gilberto I ______ twelve years old.

6. Doctor Arce: Good afternoon. Marie: Good afternoon. Doctor Arce: What _______ your name? Marie: My name ________ Marie Leblanc. Doctor Arce: ________ you from Italy? Marie: No, I _______ not. Doctor Arce: Where _______ you from? Marie: I _________ from France. Doctor Arce: How old _______ you? Marie: I ________ thirteen years old.

7. Lily: A profession _________ important. Fidel: Yes, it ________. Lily: What do you do, Fidel? Fidel: I ______ a student. And, what do you do, Lily? Lily: I ______ a nurse. Fidel: How interesting!

8. Jorge: _______ you a student, Tere? Tere: No, I _______ not. Jorge: What do you do? Tere: I ______ a dentist. And, ______ you a lawyer, Jorge? Jorge: Yes, I ________. Tere. Well, good-bye Jorge.


Módulo 4

IDENTIFICACIÓN DE PERSONAS

4.1. Para pedir y dar identificación de personas. Para preguntar quién es una persona.

Who is he? He is John Smith.

Who is she? She is Mary.

Who are they? They are Mr. and Mrs. Paul.

Who is he? He is Dr. Brown.

Who is she? She is Claudia.

Who are they? They are Bob and Claudia.

Who are you? I am Robert.

4.2. Relaciones de parentesco.

Who is John Clark? He is Helen’s and Betty’s brother.

Who is Jack Clark? He is Helen’s uncle.

Who is Dee Russell? She is Julia Russell’s mother.

Who are Jack and Julie? They are Clark’s children.

Who is Ann Jones? She is John Clark’s wife.

Who is Laura Clark? She is Helen’s aunt.

Who is Charles Russell? He is Julia’s father.

Who is Robert? He is Carlos’ brother.

4.3. Identificación de personas y cosas indicando pertenencia.

I have a friend. He is my friend.

I have two brothers. They are my brothers.

I have a dog. It is my dog.

You have a son. He is your son.

You have an aunt. She is your aunt.

You have friends. They are your friends.

He has a girl friend. She is his girl friend.

He has two sisters. They are his sisters.

He has a car. It is his car.

She has a boy friend. He is her boy friend.

She has a father. He is her father.

She has two aunts. They are her aunts.

It has a window. It is its window.

It has pages. They are its pages.

It has a door. It is its door.

We have a son. He is our son.

We have parents. They are our parents.

We have a home. It is our home.

You have a husband. He is your husband.

You have four sisters. They are your sisters.

You have a family. It is your family.

They have grandparents. They are their grandparents.

They have a mother. She is their mother.

They have a father. They have their father.

1

OBSERVE Punto 4.1.: Para pedir identificación de personas, se usa la forma Who. Éste significa Quién. Observe el siguiente cuadro:

Who

am I?

Quién(es)

soy yo? are you? eres tú? is he? es él? is she? es ella? are we? somos nosotros? are you? son ustedes? are they? son ellos(as)?

Para contestar a esta pregunta, se inicia con el pronombre correspondiente, y luego se da el nombre: he is John, she is Helen, They are Bob and Helen, etc.

Los títulos que más comúnmente se anexan al nombre son: Mr. (Sr.), Mrs. (Sra.) Miss (Srita.).



Ejercicio 1 Complete las preguntas y las respuestas. Véase punto 4.1.

1. Who is he ? He is Peter Jones.

2. Who _____________? __________________ Ann and Louise.

3. Who _____________? __________________ Josephine.

4. Who _____________? __________________ Father O’Brien.

5. Who _____________? __________________ Dr. Johnson.

6. Who _____________? __________________ Charles and Ann.

7. Who _____________? __________________ Dr. and Mrs. Kent.

8. Who _____________? __________________ Sheriff Jacobson.

9. Who _____________? __________________ Queen Ann.

10. Who _____________? __________________ Joe, Bob and Alf.

11. Who _____________? __________________ Dr. Peters.

12. Who _____________? __________________ Reverend Smith.

13. Who _____________? __________________ Miss Miller.

14. Who _____________? __________________ Mr. O’Malley.

15. Who _____________? __________________ Meg, Cindy and Gail.

Punto 4.2.: Con esta misma pregunta, también se puede responder indicando relación de parentesco mediante el uso del apóstrofo seguida de la letra “s” (o si el nombre termina en s, simplemente se coloca el apóstrofo), tiene el mismo valor que en español la preposición de seguida del nombre de la relación de parentesco. Punto 4.3.: Para pedir identificación de personas u objetos indicando pertenencia; se usa un adjetivo posesivo correspondiente al sujeto. Los adjetivos posesivos my/your/his/her//its/our/your/their concuerdan siempre con el poseedor y nunca con el objeto poseído. Para mayor aclaración, estudie cuidadosamente el siguiente cuadro.

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES

ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS

SIGNIFICADO

I my mi, mis You your tu, tus He his su, sus (de él). She her su, sus (de ella).

It its su, sus (de ello). We our nuestro, nuestros, nuestra, nuestras. You your su, sus (de ustedes). They their su, sus (de ellos, ellas).


Ejercicio 2 Complete las siguientes oraciones. Véase punto 4.3.

1. I have a mother. She is my mother.

2. I have two brothers._______ are _______ brothers.

3. I have a sister. _______ is _______ sister.

4. I have grandparents. _______ are _______ grandparents.

5. I have uncles. _______ are ________ uncles.

6. He has a girl friend. _______ is ________ girl friend.

7. He has classmates. _______ are _______ classmates.

8. He has teachers. _______ are _______ teachers.

9. He has a brother. _______ is _______ brother.

10. He has a motorcycle. ______ is _______ motorcycle.

11. It has a garage. _______ is ________ garage.

12. It has ten windows. _______ are _______ windows.

13. It has flowers. _______ are _______ flowers.

14. It has four legs. _______ are _______ legs.

15. They have leaves. _______ are _______ leaves.

16. They have watches. _______ are _______ watches.

17. They have three sons. _______ are _______ sons.

18. They have a great-aunt. ______ is _______ great-aunt.

19. They have a car. _______ is _______ car.

20. You have daughters. _______ are _______ daughters.

21. You have parents. _______ are _______ parents.

22. You have sisters. _______ are _______ sisters.

23. She has five aunts. _______ are _______ aunts.

24. She has a brother. _______ is ________ brother.

25. She has two sisters. _______ are _______ sisters.

26. She has a car. _______ is ________car.

27. She has a boy friend. _______ is _______ boy friend.

28. We have friends. _______ are _______ friends.

29. We have a family. ________ is ________ family.

30. We have neighbors. ________ are _______ neighbors.

31. We have two cars. ________ are ________ cars.

32. It has four doors. _______ are _______ doors.

33. They have a house. _______ is _______ house.

34. We have cousins. _______ are _______ cousins.

35. He has a monkey. _______ is ________ monkey.

36. I have a father. _______ is _______ father.

Ejercicio 3 De acuerdo a la oración; escribe un adjetivo posesivo en el espacio indicado. Véase punto 4.3.

1. The boy walks to his chair.

2. The girl walks to __________ chair.

3. I walk to __________ chair.

4. We study __________ lessons every night.

5. I put __________ notebook on the desk.

6. Antonia likes __________ English class.

7. We bring __________ pens to the lesson.

8. The boys bring __________ pens to the lesson.

9. The girls bring __________ pens to the lesson.

10. Our teacher, Mr. Smith comes to school in ________ car.

11. John studies English in __________ bedroom.

12. I study in __________ bedroom.

13. The dog moves __________ tail.

14. The cat eats __________ dinner.

15. I often look at __________ watch during the lesson.

16. Mr. Johnson always drive _________ car carefully.

17. Many of the students look at _____ watches during the test.

18. You write many words in __________ notebook every day.

19. Tony always writes many words in _________ notebook.

20. My little brother washes __________ hands.


Módulos 5 y 6

UBICACIÓN DE OBJETOS Y PERSONAS

5.1. Para preguntar e indicar ubicación de objetos o personas.

Where is the fish? In the fish bowl.

The fish is in the fish bowl.

It is in the fish bowl.

Where is the computer? On the desk.

The computer is on the desk.

It is on the desk.

Where is the lady? At the telephone.

The lady is at the telephone.

She’s at the telephone.

Where are the papers? Outside the wastebasket.

The papers are outside the wastebasket.

They are outside the wastebasket.

Where is the little girl? Beside the tree.

The little girl is beside the tree.

She is beside the tree.

Where is the man? In front of the horse.

The man is in front of the horse.

He is in front of the horse.

Where is the girl? Behind the little pig.

The girls is behind the little pig.

She is behind the little pig.

Where is the calendar? Above the switch.

The calendar is above the switch.

It is above the switch.

Where is the board? Below the hammer.

The board is below the hammer.

It’s below the hammer.

Where is the saucer? Under the cup.

The saucer is under the cup.

It is under the cup.


Where is the umbrella? Over the man.

The umbrella is over the man.

It is over the umbrella.

Where is the child? Between the trees.

The child is between the trees.

He is between the trees.

Where is Mr. Smith? Among his friends.

Mr. Smith is among his friends.

He is among his friends.

Where are the lamps? Across the street.

The lamps are across the street.

They are across the street.

Where are the flowers? Along the river.

The flowers are along the river.

They’re along the river.

Where are the trees? Near the house.

The trees are near the house.

They are near the house.

Where is the book? Far from the pencil.

The book is far from the pencil.

It’s far from the pencil.

Where is the ball? Here.

The ball is here.

It’s here.

Where is the ball? There.

The ball is there.

It’s there.

5.2. Para preguntar e indicar ubicación o procedencia geográfica.

Where is he? He is in Monterrey. In Monterrey.

Where are your parents? They are in Mexico City. In Mexico City.

Where is your mother from? She is from Chiapas.

Where are the coats from? They are from United States.

Where are the strawberries from? They are from Guanajuato

Where is your coat from? It is from Chicago.


OBSERVE Where significa dónde y se usa para pedir ubicación de algo o alguien. Estudie cuidadosamente las siguientes preposiciones o frases preposicionales, tratando de entender su significado con los

dibujos anteriores y la explicación que se da en la sección de función gramatical.

PREPOSICIONES Y/O FRASES

PREPOSICIONALES TRADUCCIÓN FUNCIÓN GRAMATICAL/EJEMPLOS

In / inside Dentro de

Indica ubicación de un objeto dentro de otro que lo contiene. My suit is in the cupboard. What have you got in your pocket? She’s in the water.

On Sobre

Indica que algo está colocado encima de una superficie, sea horizontal o vertical, o siguiendo una línea. (Están en contacto) The picture is on the wall. The spider is on the ceiling. The dresses are on the bed.

At En

No denota que un objeto (persona o cosa) esté contenido en otro (como in), ni sostenido por otro (como on), sino que está simplemente allí, en un punto determinado. The lady is at the telephone. The boy is at the door. The man is at the window.

Outside Fuera de

Indica ubicación de un objeto fuera de otro, exterior a otro, pero sin indicar ningún punto preciso de relación. The paper is outside the wastebasket. The tree is outside the house. The key is outside the key-holder.

Beside Al lado de

Indica que una cosa se encuentra próxima o muy cercana a otra. Come and sit beside me. Put the book beside the television. The wastebasket is beside the desk.

In front of En frente de

Indica ubicación de un objeto en relación frontal con otro. The car is in front of the house. The plates are in front of the glasses. The flowers are in front of the picture.

Behind = in back of Detrás de

Indica ubicación de un objeto detrás de otro. The sofa is behind the table. The bottles are behind the cans. The bookcase is behind the chairs.

Above Arriba

Indica ubicación de un objeto en nivel superior a otro. The plane is above the mountain. The calendar is above the switch. The doctor’s office is above the pharmacy.

Below Debajo de,

por debajo de

Indica ubicación de un objeto en nivel inferior a otro. The pliers are below the hammer. The temperature is three degrees below zero. The town is below the mountain.

Under Debajo de

Indica ubicación de un objeto por debajo de otro, con el cual puede estar en contacto o no. His shoes are under the bed. The cat is under the table. The saucer is under the cup.


Over Sobre, encima de

Indica ubicación de un objeto por encima de otro, sin contacto entre ambos generalmente. The clouds are over the mountain. The umbrella is over the girl. The lamp is over the table.

Between Entre

Indica ubicación de un objeto en medio de otros dos. The child is between his parents. The apples are between the bananas and the oranges. The number two is between the numbers one and three.

Among Entre

Indica ubicación de un objeto entre otros varios, sin precisar su posición con relación a ninguno de ellos. The child is among his friends. The apples are among the other fruits. The number two is among the other numbers.

Across Al otro lado de

Indica ubicación de un objeto al otro lado de un espacio determinado. The tree is across the street. The chest is across the room The door is across the hall.

Along A lo largo de

Indica ubicación a lo largo de algo. The lights are along the street. The flowers are along the path. The houses are along the street.

Near Cerca

Indica ubicación de un objeto en proximidad con otro, que sirve de punto de referencia. My house is near here. We are near to the station. The girl is near the car.

Far from Lejos de

Indica ubicación de un objeto en relación de lejanía con otro, que sirve de punto de referencia. The boy is far from the car. The tree is far from the house. The ball is far from the hole.

Here Aquí

Indica el lugar donde se encuentra el hablante. Es un concepto de extensión relativa, ya que pede abarcar únicamente el espacio reducido que ocupa físicamente el hablante, el ámbito de una habitación, de un país, de un continente, etc. I am here. They are here. The fountain is here.

There Ahí, ahí, allá

Indica el lugar donde no se encuentra el hablante. Puede ser el lugar donde se encuentra el oyente, pero no necesariamente. The pen is there. The baby is there. The horses are there.

Punto 5.2.: Para indicar el lugar geográfico de donde se encuentra algo o alguien, se utiliza in, seguido del nombre del lugar en cuestión.

Cuando a la palabra where se une con la palabra from no se pregunta ya por ubicación, sino por procedencia u origen. Where es seguida por la forma am, is o are que corresponde y a continuación va el nombre de la persona o cosa por cuyo origen

se pregunta, al final la palabra from. Al responder, la palabra from precede al nombre del lugar de origen o procedencia.



Ejercicio 1

Indique la ubicación de los siguientes objetos o personas. Utilice: in, on, at.

Where is the letter? It is __________ the envelop.

Where is the paper? It’s __________ the typewriter.

Where are the documents? They are ___________ the briefcase.

Where is the secretary? She is __________ the computer.

Where is the scissor? It’s ___________ the paper.

Where are the papers? They are ____________ the wastebasket.

Where is the keyboard? It is ___________ the desk.

Where is the lady? She is ____________ the bus station.

Where is the computer? It is ___________ the desk.

Ejercicio 2

Indique la ubicación de los siguientes objetos o personas. Utilice: outside, beside, in front of, behind.

Where is the tree? It is _______________ the people.

Where is the child? He is _______________ the TV.

Where is the desk? It is _____________ the teacher.


Where are the books? They are ______________ the typewriter.

Where is Carlos? He is _______________ Mrs. Robert.

Where is the diskette? It is ______________ the CD box.

Where are the flowers? They are _____________ the vase.

Where is the little dog? It is _____________ the man.

Where is the folder? It’s _____________ the briefcase.

Where is Mr. Johnson? He is _____________ her.

Ejercicio 3

Indique la ubicación de los siguientes objetos o personas. Utilice: above, below, under, over.

Where is the saucer? It is ______________ the cup.

Where is the CPU? It is ______________ the monitor.

Where is the saw? It is ______________ the wood.

Where are the globes? They are _____________ her head.

Where is the woman? She’s _____________ the umbrella.


Where is the clock? It’s _____________ the desk.

Where is the sun? It’s _____________ the clouds.

Where is the umbrella? It’s _____________ the woman.

Where are the clouds? They’re ______________ the sun.

Ejercicio 4 Indique la ubicación de los siguientes objetos o personas. Utilice: between, among, across, along.

Where is the number two? It’s _______________ the numbers three and one.

Where are the trees? They are _______________ the river.

Where is the table? It’s _______________ the chairs.

Where is Mr. Smith? He is _______________ his friends.

Where is the letter “b”? It’s _______________ the letters A and C.

Where is the armchair? It’s _______________ the chairs.

Where is the table? It is _______________ the chairs.

Where is the calendar? It is _______________ the lamps.

Where are the houses? They are _______________ the street.


Ejercicio 5 Indique la ubicación de los siguientes objetos o personas. Utilice: near, far from.

Where is the notebook? It’s _______________ to the ruler.

Where is the pencil? It’s _______________ to the book.

Where is the scissor? It is _______________ to the mouse.

Where is the eraser? It is _______________ to the pencil.

Where is the wastebasket? It is _______________ to the laptop.

Where is the telephone? It’s ______________ to the pencil and the directory.

Where is the grandmother? She’s _______________ to her grandson.

Where is the mother? She is _______________ to her son.

Where is the desk? It is _______________ of the desk.

Ejercicio 6 Indique la ubicación de los siguientes objetos o personas. Utilice: here, there.

Where are the gloves? They are ________________.

Where are they? They are ________________.

Where is the box? It is ________________.


Where is the hammer? It’s _______________.

Where are the fire extinguishers? They are ________________.

Where is the cat? It’s _______________.

Where is the dog? It’s _______________.

Where are the children? They’re _______________.

Ejercicio 7 Escoja entre in y from según se trate de indicar ubicación o procedencia. Véase punto 5.2.

1. Where is he from? He is _______ Monterrey.

2. Where is she _________? She is in Puerto Rico.

3. Where are they ________? They’re from Egypt.

4. Where is Ann from? She’s ________ Rome.

5. Where is Sandro from? He’s ________ Italy.

6. Where is Bob ________? He’s in Alaska.

7. Where is Mary _________? She is __________ Australia.

8. Where is Dr. Clark ________? He is from Athens.

9. Where are they from? They are __________ Moscow.

10. Where is he __________? He is from Burgos.

11. Where are they from? They’re _________ Africa.

12. Where are you _______? I am in San Cristobal.


Módulo 7

CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS Y ESTADOS EMOCIONALES

7.1. Para indicar y dar descripción señalando características o cualidades de algo o de alguien.

What is he like? He is tall.

What is she like? She is thin.

What are they like? They are young.

What is the leaf like? It is light.

What is your father like? He is strong.

What are these shoes like? They are beautiful and cheap.

7.2. Para pedir y dar descripción señalando característica mediante el uso de colores.

What color is the sky? The sky is blue. / It is blue.

What color is our blood? Our blood is red. / It is red.

What color are elephants? Elephants are gray. / They are gray.

What color are the leaves? The leaves are green. / They’re green.

What color are her eyes? Her eyes are black. /They are black.

7.3. Para describir y preguntar por la salud o el estado emocional de una persona o de un animal.

How is the boy? He is happy

How is your mother? She is tired.

How is the dog? It is ill.

How is the patient? He is better.

How are the children? They are good.

How is your father? He is happy and good.

How are you? I am well.

OBSERVE Punto 7.1.: Para pedir la o las características o cualidades de una persona o cosa se utiliza la forma interrogativa What, en

seguida la forma am, is, are que corresponda a la persona o cosa por la cual se pregunta, el nombre o pronombre que señala a ésta, y al final la palabra like. What ... like? son invariables.

Para dar la o las características o cualidades de una persona o cosa se indica en primer término el nombre de la persona o cosa o los pronombres I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they, luego la forma am, is, are correspondiente, y al final la palabra, nunca pluralizada, que significa la cualidad o características, las palabras que las indican se enlazan por and. Ej. They are young and pretty.

Punto 7.2.: Para pedir el color como característica física de algo, se usa la forma invariable What color…? El adjetivo que

denota color, es invariable; es decir no se pluraliza. The leaf is green. The leaves are green. Punto 7.3.: Para pedir información sobre la salud o el estado emocional y físico de una persona o un animal se utiliza la forma

interrogativa How, en seguida la forma am, is, are que corresponde a la persona o al animal, y al final el nombre o pronombre que los señala.

Para indicar el estado de salud o la condición física y emocional de una persona o un animal, se da primero su nombre o el pronombre que convenga, luego las formas am, is, are que corresponden, y al final la palabra indicadora de estado o condición. Si se da una referencia se utiliza and para enlazarlas. The patient is better and happy.



Ejercicio 1

Indique la característica de los siguientes objetos o personas. Véase punto 7.1.

What is it like? _________________________________________

(big / small)

What is the problem like? _________________________________________

(difficult / easy)

What is Juan like? _________________________________________

(weak / strong)

What are the pencils like? _________________________________________

(long / short)

What is it like? _________________________________________

(soft / hard)

What is your cousin like? _________________________________________

(beautiful / ugly)

What is Bob’s music like? _________________________________________

(loud / soft)

What is his car like? _________________________________________

(fast / slow)

What is he like? _________________________________________

(old / young)

What is it like? _________________________________________

(expensive / cheap)

What is the cheese like? _________________________________________

(big / small)

What is John like? _________________________________________

(thin / fat)


Ejercicio 2 Complete las oraciones usando los colores. Véase punto 7.2.

1. What color are bananas? They are yellow

2. What color are pears? _____________________________________

3. What color is blood? _____________________________________

4. What color are egg yolks? _____________________________________

5. What color is snow? _____________________________________

6. What color are the chairs? _____________________________________

7. What color are the clouds? _____________________________________

8. What color is milk? _____________________________________

9. What color is the orange? _____________________________________

10. What color is the sun? _____________________________________

Ejercicio 3 Escoja la palabra que indique cualidad o característica inherente al objeto descrito. Véase punto 7.2.

1. Ice-cream is ______________________________ (cold, hot, liquid)

2. Out planet is _____________________________ (round, square, oblong)

3. Elephants are _____________________________ (large, heavy, pink)

4. Snow is ________________________________ (white, cold, warm)

5. Lemons are ______________________________ (sweet, sour)

6. Our blood is _____________________________ (read, salty, solid)

7. Turtles are _____________________________ (fast, slow, amphibious)

8. Sugar is ____________________________ (sweet, sour, green)

9. The sun is ___________________________ (blue, hot, round)

10. Strawberries are _______________________________ (read, small, salty)

Ejercicio 4

Guiándose por la respuesta, complete la pregunta. Véase puntos 7.1 y 7.3.

1. How is Bobby x ? He is tired.

2. What are elephants like ? They are large and heavy.

3. __________ is Helen ________? She is tall.

4. __________ are your grandparents ________? They are old.

5. __________ is the coffee _________? It’s hot.

6. __________ is fire ________? It is hot and bright.

7. __________ is the house _________? It’s old.

8. __________ is milk ________? It’s white and liquid.

9. __________ are the women _________? They’re sick and tired.

10. __________ is the lesson _________? It’s easy.

11. __________ are the girls _________? They’re beautiful.

12. __________ are Mary and Juan _________? They’re worried.

13. __________ are the dresses _________? They’re clean.

14. __________ are the coats __________? They’re modern.

15. __________ is cotton ___________? It’s soft.

16. __________ is snow ___________? It’s white.


Módulo 8

CLASIFICACIÓN DE PERSONAS

8.1. Para pedir clasificación de personas por su ocupación.

What is Joseph? He is a carpenter.

What is Helen? She is a housewife.

What is Bob? He is football player.

What are they? They are dancers.

What is she? She is an architect.

What is Marcos? He is a lawyer.

8.2. Para pedir y dar clasificación de personas por su nacionalidad, sexo, edad, etc.

What is Henry? He is an Australian.

What is Juana? She is a Mexican.

What is Alice? She is a woman.

What is Bobby? He is a baby.

What are they? They are girls.

What is Peter? He is a Christian.

8.3. Para dar clasificación por origen geográfico, que puede aplicarse a personas y a otros seres.

Juanito is from Mexico. He is Mexican.

The vases are from Mexico. They are Mexican.

The flowers are from Mexico. They are Mexican.

The houses are in Mexico. They are Mexican.

The volcano is in Mexico. It is Mexican.

OBSERVE Punto 8.1.: Para preguntar sobre la ocupación de una persona se utiliza la forma What, luego am, is o are según por quién se pregunta, y al final el nombre de la persona sobre quien se pregunta, o bien un sustantivo.

Al responder se da primero el nombre de la persona, luego las formas correspondientes am, is o are y al final la ocupación de la persona.

Siempre se utiliza a/an ante formas singulares.

Punto 8.2.: Para preguntar clasificación de personas por nacionalidad, sexo, edad, etc., se usa la misma estructura que para pedir clasificación por ocupación. Al responder se usa primero el nombre de la persona o el pronombre, luego am, is, o are y al final el dato pedido.

Siempre se utiliza a/an ante formas singulares. Se usan mayúsculas para nacionalidades y religiones.

Cuando no se trata de individualizar a una persona, sino en general de indicar origen de una persona o cosa, clasificándola así, no se utiliza la forma a/an antepuesta a la que señala origen geográfico.

Cuando se trata de religión, ocurre algo similar: He is a catholic. (individualización) He is Catholic. (clasificación)



Ejercicio 1 Complete las siguientes oraciones. Siga los ejemplos. Véase punto 8.1.

1. What is Mr. Jones? He is a lawyer.

2. What are Mr. Jones and Mr. Simpson? They are lawyers.

3. What is Ann? She is a student.

4. What are Ann and Jim? They are students.

5. What is Helen Clark? ______________ doctor.

6. What are Helen Clark and Elizabeth Rogers? ______________ doctors.

7. What is your uncle? ______________ dentist.

8. What are your uncle and your cousin? ______________ dentists.

9. What is Mark? ______________ clerk.

10. What are Mark and Mr. Lewis? ______________ clerks.

11. What is Victor Brown? ______________ artist.

12. What are Victor and Mary Brown? ______________ artists.

13. What is Sophia? ______________ teacher.

14. What are Sophia and Ralph? ______________ teachers.

15. What is Mr. Lane? ______________ secretary.

16. What are Mr. Lane and Miss Peters? ______________ secretaries.

17. What is Louise? ______________ nurse.

18. What are Louise and Frances? ______________ nurses.

19. What is Joe Miles? ______________ mechanic.

20. What are Joe Miles and his brother? ______________ mechanics.

21. What is Mrs. Armstrong? ______________ housewife.

22. What are Mrs. Armstrong and Mrs. Taylor? ______________ housewives.

23. What is John? ______________ actor.

24. What is Alice? ______________ actress.

25. What are Mr. Alice and John? ______________ farmers.

Ejercicio 2 Complete las siguientes oraciones indicando ocupación. Véase punto 8.2.

1. What is Mr. Davis? (violinista) He is a violinist.

2. What are Ann and Juan? (químicos) They are ___________________

3. What is he? (editor) He is ______________________

4. What are they? (estudiantes) They are ___________________

5. What is Mrs. Lane? (sirvienta) She is _____________________

6. What is Mr. Clark? (mecánico) He is ______________________

7. What is Bob? (actor) He is ______________________

8. What is Louise? (dentista) She is _____________________

9. What are Mr. Smith and Mr. Simpson? (taxistas) They are ___________________

10. What are they? (actores) They are ___________________


Ejercicio 3 Complete las siguientes oraciones indicando nacionalidad, sexo o edad. Véase punto 8.2.

1. What is Maria? (española) She is a Spanish

2. What are Arthur and Walter? (niños) They are _________________

3. What is Lupe? (mexicana) She is

4. What are they? (Peruanos) They are ___________________

5. What are David and Sarah? (Franceses) They are ___________________

6. What is your father? (Mexicano) He is ______________________

7. What is Carlos? (bebé) He is ______________________

8. What is your father? (Italiano) He is ______________________

9. What are his parents? (Japoneses) They are ___________________

10. What is her boss? (Argentino) He is ______________________

Ejercicio 4

Complete las siguientes oraciones indicando nacionalidad, sexo o edad. Véase punto 8.2.

1. Is Juanito a Colombian? No, He is a Mexican.

2. Is Vincent a father? No, _______________ son.

3. Are they Roman Catholics? No, _______________ Baptists.

4. Are you a Spaniard? No, _______________ Portuguese.

5. Is Sato a Chinaman? No, _______________ Japanese.

6. Are they Englishmen? No, _______________ Americans.

7. Is Mrs. Rutherford a grandmother? No, _______________ great aunt.

8. Is Myriam a Jew? No, _______________ Christian.

9. Are your friends boys? No, _______________ girls.

10. Is your father an Italian? No, _______________ German.

11. Is your cousin a girl? No, _______________ boy.

Ejercicio 5 Complete las siguientes oraciones. Véase punto 8.3.

1. The boy is from Spain. He is Spanish

2. The dresses are from China. They are ___________________

3. My car is from the United States. It is _______________________

4. Their television set is from Japan. It is _______________________

5. The books are from Italy. They are ___________________

6. The singer is from Peru. He is ______________________

7. The novelists are from Argentina. They are ___________________

8. The river is in Brazil. It is _______________________

9. The coffee is from Colombia. It is _______________________

10. The oil is from Venezuela. It is _______________________


Módulos 9 y 10

FORMA IMPERATIVA

9.1. Para pedir al oyente que realice un acto, tome una actitud o forma de ser.

Carlos, go! Wait! Stop!

Come in! Be quiet, please. Mary, go to your room.

Open the door, please. Cut the sandwich, Pedro. Please go to your seat.

Open the box! Listen to the news! Speak in English.

9.2. Para pedir al oyente que NO realice un acto, tome una actitud o forma de ser.

Carlos, do not go! Don’t wait! Do not stop!

Don’t come in! Do not be sad, please. Mary, don’t go to your room.

Don’t open the door, please. Don’t cut the sandwich, Pedro. Please don’t go to your seat.

Do not open the box! Don’t be nervous, please! Do not speak in Spanish.

9.3. Para pedir la realización colectiva de un acto o la toma colectiva de una actitud o forma de ser en los que se

incluye el hablante.

Let us get up. Let’s brush our hair. Let’s stand up, please.

Let’s sit down. Let us be quiet, please Let’s stop!

Let’s go! Please let’s speak in English. Let us go to sleep now.

Let’s open the door, please. Let’s cut the sandwich. Please let’s go to the party.

9.4. Para pedir que NO se realice un acto en forma colectiva o NO se tome una actitud o forma de ser colectiva,

incluyendo el hablante.

Let’s not smoke on the train. Let’s not drive fast. Let’s not run.

Let’s not cry. Let’s not talk loudly. Let’s not pollute the air.

Let’s not sit down. Let’s not go! Let us not go to the party.

Let us not open the door! Let’s not cut the sandwich. Let’s not read very fast.

OBSERVE Punto 9.1.: Para pedir la realización de un acto, basta con dar el verbo que señala la acción. Sing! El verbo puede ir acompañado de un complemento. Go to school right now. Cuando se nombra al oyente, el nombre puede anteponerse o posponerse a la petición, siempre separado de ésta por una

pausa al hablar y por una coma en la escritura. Mary, go to your room. Go to your room, Mary.

Punto 9.2.: Para pedir que no se realice un acto o no se tome una actitud se anteponen las palabras “do not” o su contracción “don’t” al verbo. Cuando se utiliza la forma “be”, ésta va seguida de una palabra que indique estado, condición o lugar.

Punto 9.3.: Se antepone “Let us” o la contracción “Let’s” al verbo para indicar que el hablante se incluye al pedir acción

colectiva o al pedir que se tome una acción colectiva. También el verbo puede llevar diversos complementos.

Punto 9.4.: Para pedir que no se realice un acto en forma colectiva, o que no se tome una actitud en forma colectiva, incluyéndose el hablante, se inserta la partícula “not” después de “let’s.”

NOTA: La forma de cortesía “please” se antepone o pospone a la frase en que se pide que no se realice el acto o no se tome

la actitud de que se trate. Si “please” se pospone va separado por una coma.



Ejercicio 1 Ordene cada grupo de palabras para formar una petición. Véase punto 9.1.

1. the shoes / please / clean / Helen, Helen, please clean the shoes .

2. the desk / Mary, / clean / please ___________________________________________________

3. the car / please / Bob, / wash ___________________________________________________

4. please / the window / open / Ann, ___________________________________________________

5. the door / open / Mary, / please ___________________________________________________

6. close / the door / please / Charles, ___________________________________________________

7. children, / the books / close / please ___________________________________________________

8. Mr. Smith, / bring / the book / please ___________________________________________________

9. bring / Alice, / the pencil / please ___________________________________________________

10. please / the eraser / Tim, / bring ___________________________________________________

11. father, / the eraser / buy / please ___________________________________________________

12. please / the tickets / father, / buy ___________________________________________________

13. apples / please / buy / mother, ___________________________________________________

14. girls, / please / the apples / eat ___________________________________________________

15. Robert , / please / the dishes / wash ___________________________________________________

Ejercicio 2

Cambie cada petición a su forma negativa. Véase punto 9.2.

1. Wait for the bus, please Don’t wait for the bus, please. .

2. Mary, open the door. ___________________________________________________

3. Stop the car. ___________________________________________________

4. Visit the United States. ___________________________________________________

5. Open your books, please. ___________________________________________________

6. Play the guitar. ___________________________________________________

7. Make the sandwiches. ___________________________________________________

8. Read the note, please. ___________________________________________________

9. Bill, write the lesson. ___________________________________________________

10. Please eat your soup, Ann. ___________________________________________________

11. Bring the records, please. ___________________________________________________

12. Buy the dress. ___________________________________________________

13. Copy the words. ___________________________________________________

14. Call Mary. ___________________________________________________

15. Listen to Mr. Brown. ___________________________________________________

16. Come at 7:00, please. ___________________________________________________

17. Please come in. ___________________________________________________

18. Cut the flowers. ___________________________________________________

19. Write the answers. ___________________________________________________

20. Water the plants. ___________________________________________________


Ejercicio 3 Cambie de forma dirigida al oyente a forma en que se incluye el hablante. Véase punto 9.3.

1. Please go away. Please, let’s go away. .

2. Wait for the children. ___________________________________________________

3. Take the pictures. ___________________________________________________

4. Read the poem, Robert. ___________________________________________________

5. Visit Chiapas. ___________________________________________________

6. Buy the fruit. ___________________________________________________

7. Stop here. ___________________________________________________

8. Listen to the music. ___________________________________________________

9. Clean the floor. ___________________________________________________

10. Run to the house. ___________________________________________________

11. Play the accordion. ___________________________________________________

12. Talk to Mary. ___________________________________________________

13. Finish the lesson. ___________________________________________________

14. Copy the words, please. ___________________________________________________

15. Please go. ___________________________________________________

16. Prepare the sandwiches. ___________________________________________________

17. Sell the car. ___________________________________________________

18. Open the letters. ___________________________________________________

19. Answer the questions. ___________________________________________________

20. Paint the doors. ___________________________________________________

Ejercicio 4 Dé la forma negativa correspondiente a cada oración. Véase punto 9.4.

1. Let’s study in the garden. Let’s not study in the garden. .

2. Let’s go to the movies. ___________________________________________________

3. Let’s sing his song. ___________________________________________________

4. Let’s copy the words. ___________________________________________________

5. Let’s make a sandwich. ___________________________________________________

6. Let’s sit under the tree. ___________________________________________________

7. Let’s bring our records. ___________________________________________________

8. Let’s drive Mr. Brown’s car. ___________________________________________________

9. Let’s walk on the sidewalk. ___________________________________________________

10. Let’s brush the doll’s hair. ___________________________________________________

11. Let’s listen to the radio. ___________________________________________________

12. Let’s visit Mr. And Mrs. Smith. ___________________________________________________

13. Let’s run in the park. ___________________________________________________

14. Let’s drive to the city. ___________________________________________________

15. Let’s answer the questions. ___________________________________________________

16. Let’s read the magazines. ___________________________________________________


Módulos 11 y 12

PRESENTE CONTINUO O PROGRESIVO

11.1. Para expresar en forma afirmativa la acción en el momento en que está sucediendo.

We are writing on the blackboard now. He is telling the child a story.

You are answering the phone right now. They are playing tennis right now.

She is sweeping the floor in this moment. I am sitting down now.

11.2. Para expresar en forma negativa la acción en el momento en que no está sucediendo.

We are not writing on the blackboard now. He isn’t telling the child a story.

You aren’t answering the phone right now. They are not playing tennis right now.

She is not sweeping the floor in this moment. I am not sitting down now.

11.3. Para preguntar si un determinado sujeto está desarrollando una determinada acción en el momento

presente, al momento del habla y para responder a esta pregunta.

Are they walking? Yes, they are walking. Is he working now? Yes, he is walking.

Yes, they are. Yes, he is.

Is she watching TV? No, she isn’t watching. Are you writing a letter? No, I am not writing.

No, she isn’t. No, I am not.

11.4. Para preguntar por la actividad de alguien o algo en el momento del habla y para contestar a esta pregunta.

What is he doing? He is closing the window.

What is she doing? She is eating a hot-dog.

What is the dog doing? It is jumping.

What are you doing? I am buying some stamps.

What are they doing? They are playing basketball.

What is Mr. Brown doing? He is smoking a cigarette.

11.5. Para expresar el acto de estarse dirigiendo a un lugar y las formas específicas de trasladarse de un lugar a

otro.

They are going to the park.

Helen is going to the bank.

We are going to the dining room.

Bob is going to Mexico City.

I am going to church.

Irene is going home.

Peter is coming here.

They are flying to Spain.

I am riding to the ranch.

We are walking home.

She is driving to school.

The children are running to the store.

11.6. Para preguntar en quién o en qué se completa la acción y contestar a la pregunta.

Whom are you writing? I’m writing Helen.

I’m writing her.

Whom is she kissing? She is kissing her father.

She’s kissing him.

Whom is the teacher calling? She is calling you.

What are you making? We are making the sandwiches.

We’re making them.

What is he painting? He is painting the house.

He’s painting it.


OBSERVE Par indicar que la acción se está efectuando en el momento del habla, es decir, para describir la acción en el momento en que

está ocurriendo, se sigue las siguientes reglas gramaticales:

Punto 11.1.: Formamos el presente continuo en la forma afirmativa con el auxiliar “to be” y un verbo en la forma –ing. Punto 11.2.: En la forma negativa añadimos “not” después del auxiliar “to be” Punto 11.3.: En la forma interrogativa situamos el auxiliar “to be” al principio de la frase. Es decir; la interrogación total sobre la

actividad que se desarrolla en el momento del habla se estructura utilizando en primer término la forma am, is, o are que corresponda al sujeto que efectúa la acción, en seguida este sujeto, y luego el verbo con el sufijo –ing, los demás elementos que complementan van al final.

Observe el siguiente cuadro resumen:

FORMAS DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO O PROGRESIVO CONTRACCIONES DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO

FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA FORMA INTERROGATIVA FORMA AFIRMATIVA FORMA NEGATIVA

I am running. I am not running. Am I running? I’m running. I am not running.

You are running. You are not running. Are you running? You’re running. You aren’t running.

He is running. He is not running. Is he running? He’s running. He isn’t running.

She is running. She is not running. Is she running? She’s running. She isn’t running.

It is running. It is not running. Is it running? It’s running. It isn’t running.

We are running. We are not running. Are we running? We’re running. We aren’t running.

You are running. You are not running. Are you running? You’re running. You aren’t running.

They are running. They are not running. Are they running? They’re running. They aren’t running.

ORTOGRAFÍA.

1. Habitualmente añadimos la terminación –ing a la raíz del verbo: Play – playing, read – reading, etc. 2. Cuando la raíz termina en consonante + -e, la –e se sustituye por –ing. Love – living, close – closing, etc. 3. Cuando la raíz termina en –ie, la terminación pasa a ser –ying: die – dying, lie – lying, etc 4. Cuando la raíz tiene una vocal seguida de una sola consonante, duplicamos la consonante: ro – robbing, cut – cutting, etc 5. Cuando la raíz tiene más de una sílaba y se acentúa la última, duplicamos la consonante final: refer – referring, begin –

beginning, etc.

USOS Utilizamos la forma continua, tanto en presente como en pasado, cuando percibimos una acción o estado como algo transitorio que tiene lugar a lo largo de un periodo de tiempo limitado. En concreto, podemos emplear el presente continuo para describir una acción que se está desarrollando en el momento preciso en que se pronuncia la frase.

Punto 11.4.: Para preguntar sobre la actividad de alguien o algo en el momento del habla, se utiliza la forma interrogativa “what”, luego “am, is o are” en concordancia con el sujeto, por cuya actividad se pregunta, que sigue inmediatamente, y al final la forma “doing”.

Punto 11.5.: En los primeros cuatro ejemplos; going to precede el nombre de un lugar para indicar la acción de dirigirse a ese

lugar. Los nombres de ciudades, estados y países, ordinariamente no van precedidos por the. Algunas excepciones son: the United States, the Netherlands, the Sovietic Union, etc.

En el quinto ejemplo; en este contexto los nombres de lugar church, class y school, no van precedidos por the, que sí los precede en otros contextos. Ej. The church is at the corner, The school is old, etc.

En el último ejemplo; ante los nombres de lugar, home y downtown, se omite la palabra to.



Ejercicio 1

Complete las siguientes oraciones con la forma del presente continuo o presente progresivo. Véase punto 11.1.

1. Ann and Rose are working in the garden. (work)

2. I __________________________ in the park. (walk)

3. The student ________________________. (practice)

4. Henry ________________________ a story to the children. (tell)

5. She _________________________ a book. (read)

6. Mr. Yates and Mrs. Johnson __________________________ history. (teach)

7. My friend __________________________ Japanese. (learn)

8. We _________________________ photographs. (take)

9. You _________________________ carelessly. (drive)

10. They ________________________ the course. (begin)

11. Mary _________________________ the material. (cut)

12. You _________________________ your books. (forget)

13. We __________________________ now. (run)

14. The clerks _________________________ the stores. (open)

15. They _________________________ their friends. (call)

16. Mrs. Peters ___________________________ at the pictures. (look)

En los ejemplos anteriores; coming indica la acción de dirigirse al lugar de ubicación presente, pasada o futura del hablante. Flying, riding, walking, etc., son formas específicas de dirigirse de un lugar a otro.

El uso y omisión de to, y el uso de the es igual que en el caso de going. Ante here y there también desaparece el to. Resumiendo, tenemos que los principales verbos que se usan para estas acciones son: go, come, fly, ride, run, sail, skate,

swim, walk.

Punto 11.6.: Estudie cuidadosamente el siguiente cuadro, en donde se exponen los pronombres objetivos y sus posibles significados. En inglés, los pronombres objetivos pueden desempeñar el papel de complemento directo o indirecto.

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES

PRONOMBRES OBJETIVOS

SIGNIFICADO DE LOS PRONOMBRES OBJETIVOS

I me me, mi, a mí

You you te, a ti, a usted

He him le, lo, a él

She her le, la, a ella

It it lo

We us nos, a nosotros (as)

You you les, a vosotros, a ustedes

They them los, las, les, a ellos (as)

En los cuatro primeros ejemplos; WHOM se utiliza para preguntar en quién se completa la acción, y se antepone al resto de

las palabras que forman la pregunta. En los dos últimos ejemplos; WHAT se utiliza para preguntar en qué se completa la acción, y se antepone al resto de las palabras que forman la pregunta.


17. The baby ___________________________. (cry)

18. You ___________________________ to the music from Mexico City. (listen)

19. He __________________________ the money to the milkman. (give)

20. I __________________________ the melody now. (hum)

21. The maid ___________________________ the phone. (answer)

22. Ann and Bertha ___________________________ now. (come)

23. We ___________________________ to the park. (go)

24. The children _________________________ ping-pong. (play)

25. You _____________________________ Algebra. (study)

26. They _____________________________ the museum. (visit)

27. She ______________________________ at the Zebadua theater now. (sing)

28. My mother ____________________________ television now. (watch)

29. We _____________________________ for you. (wait)

30. Martin ________________________________ his homework now. (do)

31. She ____________________________ for me on the corner now. (wait)

32. Look! It __________________________ to rain. (begin)

33. The leaves __________________________ to fall from the trees. (begin)

34. We _______________________________ the exercise now. (study)

35. Listen! The telephone _____________________________. (ring)

36. The train _____________________________ at this moment. (leave)

37. Elizabeth _____________________________ for her English book. (look)

38. Listen! Someone ____________________________ at the door. (knock)

39. My father ______________________________ the newspaper now. (read)

40. The wind ______________________________ very hard now. (blow)

Ejercicio 2

Cambie las siguientes oraciones a la forma negativa. Véase punto 11.2.

1. He is doing his homework now. He isn’t doing his homework now .

2. The leaves are changing color. _____________________________________________

3. We are making good progress. _____________________________________________

4. I am learning many new words. _____________________________________________

5. He is reading the newspaper now. _____________________________________________

6. They are traveling in South America now. _____________________________________________

7. She is taking medicine for her cold. _____________________________________________

8. The clerk is showing us the sweater. _____________________________________________

9. The police are investigating the accident now. _____________________________________________

10. The birds are flying south for the winter. _____________________________________________

11. They are taking a walk in the park. _____________________________________________

12. Mr. Smith is preparing dinner for the whole family. _____________________________________________

13. They are taking computer classes. _____________________________________________

14. Mike’s taking a shower right now. _____________________________________________


Ejercicio 3 Cambie a pregunta y complete la respuesta corta. Véase punto 11.3.

1. They are listening to the radio. Are they listening to the radio? ___

Yes, they are

2. Helen is dancing. ___________________________________________________

No, ________________

3. Mrs. Brown is closing the door. ___________________________________________________

Yes, ________________

4. You are smoking. ___________________________________________________

No, ________________

5. We are waiting for Tom. ___________________________________________________

No, ________________

6. You are giving the present to mother. ___________________________________________________

Yes, ________________

7. You are coming in. ___________________________________________________

Yes, ________________

8. The boys are playing football. ___________________________________________________

No, _________________

9. Mr. Peters is driving the bus. ___________________________________________________

No, _________________

10. You are speaking loudly now. ___________________________________________________

Yes, ________________

11. They are studying mathematics. ___________________________________________________

Yes, ________________

12. The audience is sitting down. ___________________________________________________

No, _________________

13. The children are eating slowly. ___________________________________________________

No, _________________

14. He is calling my friends. ___________________________________________________

Yes, ________________

15. I am answering correctly. ___________________________________________________

Yes, ________________


Ejercicio 4 Guiándote por la pregunta, complete cada respuesta. Véase punto 11.4.

1. What are they doing? They are reading books. (read)

2. What is she doing? _______________________________________ the dishes. (wash)

3. ________ is he __________? _______________________________________ for the green light. (wait)

4. What is he doing? _______________________________________ the piano. (play)

5. What is she doing? _______________________________________ her car. (drive)

6. ________are we _________? _______________________________________ in the office. (work)

7. What are the horses doing? _______________________________________ over the filed. (run)

8. _________ he ___________? _______________________________________ golf. (play)

9. What are they doing? _______________________________________. (dance)

10. What are the parents doing? _______________________________________ on the sofa. (rest)

11. What is he doing? _______________________________________ steak and potatoes. (cut)

12. What ______ they ________? _______________________________________ the windows. (wash)

13. What are you doing? _______________________________________ a letter. (write)

14. What is Bob Davis doing? _______________________________________. (sing)

15. What is she doing? _______________________________________ the paper. (cut)

16. What is the man doing? _______________________________________ to the child. (greet)

17. _____________she doing? _______________________________________ over the box. (jump)

18. What _______ they ________? _______________________________________ loudly. (sing)

Ejercicio 5

Complete las siguientes oraciones. Véase punto 11.5.

1. John and Peter are going to church.

2. Helen is going x downtown.

3. I am going to the restaurant.

4. Alice __________ coming ___________ theater.

5. The dogs ___________ going ____________ park.

6. Bob and I ___________ not going _________ movies.

7. My mother ___________ going ____________ store.

8. They ____________ not coming ___________ bus station.

9. We ____________ going ______________ railroad station.

10. Your sisters ____________ going _____________ opera.

11. Marie ____________ going ___________ there.

12. The pilot and the stewardess _____________ not going ___________ airport.

13. You ______________ not going __________ stadium.

14. Mr. and Mrs. Brown _____________ going ___________ drugstore.

15. The students ____________ not coming ____________ cafeteria.

16. Professor Peters ___________ going ___________ class now.

17. The boys _____________ coming ____________ here.

18. The nurse ____________ not going ____________ second floor.


Ejercicio 6 Complete las siguientes oraciones usando un pronombre objetivo. Véase punto 11.6.

1. Are you looking at Mary? Yes, I’m looking at her .

2. Is the boy reading the book? No, he’s not reading _________.

3. Is Helen hugging the baby? Yes, she’s hugging ___________.

4. Is Mrs. Brown buying the flowers? No, she’s not buying ___________.

5. Are they playing the guitar? Yes, they’re playing ___________.

6. Are they boys talking to the girls? No, they’re not talking to ___________.

7. Is my father arguing with your father? No, he’s not arguing with _________.

8. Is the teacher reading to the students? Yes, he’s reading to __________.

9. Are you writing to your boy friend? Yes, I’m writing to __________.

10. Are they bringing the cakes? No, they’re not bringing __________.

Ejercicio 7 Cambia la palabra o las palabras subrayadas por un pronombre objetivo. Véase punto 11.6.

1. I see John on the bus every morning. him .

2. I often go to the movies with Antonia. ___________

3. She likes Nelson and Henry very much. ___________

4. He never speaks to Mary and me. ___________

5. I also like Mary and Helen very much. ___________

6. She writes many letters to her sister. ___________

7. I sit near Max and his brother. ___________

8. I see Helen in the cafeteria every day. ___________

9. I understand my teacher very well. ___________

10. He gives his son much money. ___________

11. She speaks to her daughter in Spanish. ___________

12. He sends his girlfriend many presents. ___________

13. John writes many letters to his aunt. ___________

14. I write many letters to my uncle. ___________

15. She’s talking to Carlos. ___________

Ejercicio 8

Guiándose por la respuesta, complete la pregunta. Véase punto 11.6.

1. Whom are they visiting? They’re visiting Helen.

2. What is he directing? He’s directing the traffic.

3. __________ is Mrs. Peters calling? She’s calling the children.

4. __________ are they thanking? They’re thanking my uncle.

5. __________ is Alice learning? She’s learning the dance.

6. __________ are you answering? I’m answering the telephone.

7. __________ are they watching? They’re watching the students.

8. __________ is she singing for? She’s singing for her friends.

9. __________ are you feeding? I’m feeding the baby.

10. __________ are we listening to? You’re listening to the president of the club.


Módulos 13-16

PRESENTE SIMPLE

13.1. Para expresar que una acción o un hecho se da habitual, permanente o periódicamente.

My dog watches the worm. Mary sweeps the floor.

I love chocolates. Rabbits like carrots.

The shirt lacks two buttons. The man has four balloons.

They cook the food. The girls study the lesson.

She goes to school. John Nielson speaks English.

Your heart beats every second. The sun rises every morning.

We have an exam every month. We celebrate Christmas every year.

The sun always rises in the east. The sun never rises in the west.

Businessmen frequently travel by plane. We sometimes see the rainbow after the rain.

13.2. Para expresar que una acción o un hecho no se da habitual, permanente o periódicamente.

Sato doesn’t live in the United State. The child doesn’t want the food.

Ingrid does not speak English. Mr. Brown does not enjoy the opera.

The dog doesn’t eat much meat. We don’t live in Paris.

The doors don’t need paint. Cats don’t bark.

I don’t go to school every day. They do not like to eat strawberries.

We don’t always go to the market on Sundays. I am not often sad. I enjoy life.

We are not always busy. We sometimes rest. He does not usually get ten. He usually gets sevens.

The temperature in Monterrey isn’t usually zero degree.

Marie does not often see her parents. She sees them only at Christmas.

13.3. Para preguntar si determinada acción se da permanente o periódicamente y para responder a esta pregunta.

Does Anne eat bread in the morning? Do you want an apple?

Yes, she does. Yes, I do.

Does the dog run very fast? Do they live in San Cristobal?

Yes, it does. No, they don’t.

Does she live in New York? Do the flowers grow in the garden?

No, she doesn’t. Yes, they do.

Does the sun ever rise in the west? Do the stars ever appear in the middle of the day?

No, never. No, rarely.

No, it never does. No, they rarely do.

Are the tropics ever warm? Is the sun ever in movement?

Yes, usually. Yes, always.

Yes, they usually are. Yes, it always is.

Do you usually write to him on Monday? Is water always pure?

Yes, I do. No, it is not.

Yes, I usually do. No, it’s always pure.

Are the children sometimes dirty? Does Mary sometimes get up at 5?

Yes, they are. No, she does not.

Yes, they sometimes are. No, she doesn’t.


13.4. Para pedir información sobre un complemento o circunstancia de la acción o hecho a que hace referencia el verbo.

Where does he take breakfast? He takes breakfast in the restaurant.

When does he take breakfast? He takes breakfast in the morning.

Whom does she telephone? She telephones her father.

What are you driving? I am driving my car.

How are you driving your car? I am driving my car very fast.

Where does she live? She lives in San Cristobal.

What are you studying now? I am studying English Grammar.

When does she study her lesson? She studies her lesson at night.

How are they walking? They are walking quickly.

Para preguntar quién ejecuta o a qué se atribuye la acción del verbo o el hecho al que se refiere el verbo.

Who is singing? John. / John is singing.

Who lives here? Mary. / Mary lives here.

Who works in your garden? Mr. Brown. / Mr. Brown works in my garden.

What moves your mill? Water. / Water moves my mill.

What is blocking the traffic? An accident. / An accident is blocking the traffic.

OBSERVE Punto 13.1.: Par indicar una acción habitual, permanente, periódica, es decir, para describir la acción presente simple, se

siguen las siguientes reglas gramaticales: En la 3º persona del singular añadimos –s.

1. A los verbos que terminan en: s, sh, ch, x y o añadimos –es. go goes do does pass passes watch watches push pushes fix fixes

2. Cuando la raíz termina en consonante + -y, la –y se convierte en –ies. try tries reply replies

3. Cuando la raíz termina en vocal + -y, añadimos –s: play plays enjoy enjoys

4. Caso especial: have has La palabra every significa cada y debe anteponerse a cualquier expresión que señale una determinada duración de tiempo,

indica que la acción a la que se refiere el verbo ocurre siempre que se da dicha duración de tiempo: second, minute, day, week, month, year, decade, century, millenium.

En general, podemos utilizar el presente simple para describir acciones habituales. También se puede emplear el presente simple con adverbios de frecuencia.

She reads the newspaper every morning. They get up late. I never believe him. We always eat out on Friday night.

Recuerda que: únicamente llevan (s, es,) a los verbos que se conjuguen en tercera persona en singular en presente simple

afirmativo (he, she, it); las demás formas no llevan (I, you, we, they). Además recuerda que la forma: HAS es un verbo especial

que se usa en tercera persona del singular.


Punto 13.2.: Para indicar que una acción, inclinación, sentimiento o carencia, referidos a una tercera persona en singular, se usa el auxiliar does not o su contracción doesn’t; y para las demás personas gramaticales, se usa el auxiliar do not o su contracción don’t. Cuando se utiliza el auxiliar doesn’t, el verbo de la oración no lleva las terminaciones s, es, ies. Se utiliza doesn’t y don’t cuando no está el verbo to be (is, are, am) en la oración. Para indicar que una acción, sentimiento, inclinación o carencia no se da con una determinada frecuencia se insertan las formas do not (don’t) o does not (doesn’t) antes del adverbio de frecuencia. Cuando se trata de las formas is, are, am, la palabra not va inmediatamente después de is, are, am y en seguida el adverbio de frecuencia correspondiente.

Punto 13.3.: Para preguntar sobre la habitualidad o permanencia de acciones, inclinaciones, carencias u otros hechos referidos a una tercera persona en singular, se usa el auxiliar Does y para las demás personas gramaticales, se usa el auxiliar Do.

Si la respuesta es afirmativa, se utiliza la palabra Yes, luego el sujeto y en seguida la forma does o do que le corresponde. Si la respuesta es negativa se utiliza primero No, luego se da el sujeto, con la forma does o do que le corresponda, y en seguida la palabra not. Para preguntar por la frecuencia con que se da una acción, una actitud, o un hecho cualquiera, se inserta la palabra ever inmediatamente después del sujeto de la oración interrogativa correspondiente. Existen dos posibles respuestas breves para este tipo de preguntas: 1) No, seguido de never, rarely o seldom, y Yes, seguido de sometimes, often, usually u olways. 2) La respuesta breve afirmativa, con las palabras que indican frecuencia insertadas inmediatamente después del sujeto, excepto en el caso de never, rarely y seldom en que se sustituye yes por no; es decir, never, rarely y seldom, tienen sentido negativo, por lo tanto no pueden combinarse con yes.

Punto 13.4.: Las formas interrogativas what, where, when, whom, how antepuestas a las formas do, does, am, is, are¸ en preguntas, sirven para pedir información sobre un complemento o circunstancia de la acción o hecho al que hace referencia el verbo. Estudie cuidadosamente el siguiente cuadro:

What

¿Qué? Se utiliza para preguntar en qué se complementa la acción. Pregunta por un objeto. Además se utiliza cuando se quiere preguntar quién ejecuta o a quién o qué se atribuye la acción del verbo o el hecho al que se refiere el verbo. Para seres que no son personas.

Who ¿Quién? Se utiliza cuando se quiere preguntar quién ejecuta o a quién o qué se atribuye la acción del verbo o el hecho al que se refiere el verbo. Sólo para personas.

Whom ¿A quién?, ¿Con quién?

Se utiliza para preguntar en quién se complementa la acción. Pregunta por una persona.

Where ¿Dónde? Pide información sobre las circunstancias de lugar donde se realiza la acción o hecho.

When ¿Cuándo? Pide información sobre las circunstancias de tiempo donde se realiza la acción o hecho.

How ¿Cómo? Pregunta por el modo en que se realiza el hecho o la acción a que se refiere el verbo.

Estudie el siguiente vocabulario:

ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA: always, often/frequently, seldom/rarely, sometimes, usually/generally, never. PARTES DEL DÍA: Morning, noon, afternoon, evening, night. DÍAS DE LA SEMANA: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. MESES DEL AÑO: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December. LAS ESTACIONES: Spring, summer, autumn (fall), winter.



Ejercicio 1

Complete cada frase con la forma correcta del verbo que se da entre paréntesis. Véase punto 13.1.

1. John crosses the streets carefully. (cross)

2. Mary has two sisters. (have)

3. He _______________ in Mexico. (study)

4. My friend _______________ beautifully. (sing)

5. We ______________ French very well. (speak)

6. You _______________ Chinese. (speak)

7. She _______________ slowly. (drive)

8. Mrs. Brown ______________ her dresses in that store. (buy)

9. Louise _______________ clearly. (speak)

10. The dogs _________________ at night. (bark)

11. My sister __________________ Russian. (understand)

12. Mary ________________ English. (teach)

13. John _______________ football with our team. (play)

14. John and Carl _______________ football with our team. (play)

15. They _________________ rapidly, because it’s late. (walk)

16. Helen and Tony ________________ rapidly, because it’s late. (walk)

17. Our friends _________________ in the pool. (swim)

18. Our friend ________________ in the pool. (swim)

19. Mrs. Brown ________________ a poem for her husband. (write)

20. They _______________ to the teacher. (listen)

21. Antonia ______________ to go out right now. (want)

22. Mr. Robert ______________ to the center park. (go)

23. They ________________ a lot of mistakes in the text. (have)

24. She _______________ the homework in English. (do)

25. I ________________ French. (study)

26. Louise and Bob _________________ Italian. (study)

27. The boys ________________ to the beach. (walk)

28. Mrs. Brown __________________ songs. (write)

29. You and your friends ________________ in the river. (swim)

30. I ___________________ books. (write)

31. You and I ________________ tangos. (dance)

32. Mrs. Smith _________________ at 9:00 a.m. (eat)

33. You __________________ so fast. (drive)

34. I ________________ milk every morning. (drink)

35. They ________________ to the movies every Saturday. (go)

36. Victor ________________ the work every day. (do)

37. My friends _________________ a party every week. (have)

38. The flowers _________________ every spring. (bloom)

39. He _______________ to Europe every autumn. (go)


40. His sister _________________ a class at 7:00 every night. (have)

41. You _________________ seven hours every night. (sleep)

42. She ___________________ medicine every three hours. (take)

43. Mexicans _________________ their Independence Day every September. (celebrate)

44. Marian__________________ on television every night.(sing)

45. Susan __________________ at 6 every day. (wake up)

46. The children ___________________ their face every morning. (wash)

47. We ___________________ home every evening. (walk)

48. You ____________________ soccer every Saturday. (play)

49. Bob ___________________ breakfast at 7 every morning. (have)

50. Charles ___________________ his hair every day. (comb)

Ejercicio 2

Subraye la respuesta correcta de las siguientes oraciones. Véase punto 13.1.

1. I (study, studies) English every day.

2. John also (study, studies) English every day.

3. Tran (go, goes) to the movies very often.

4. I seldom (go, goes) to the movies.

5. William (carry, carries) his books in a briefcase.

6. The teacher also (carry, carries) his books in a briefcase.

7. Frank (play, plays) the violin very well.

8. Mary (play, plays) the piano very well.

9. We (play, plays) tennis every afternoon.

10. Pedro and Henry also (play, plays) tennis every noon.

11. George (do, does) this exercise very well.

12. Helen also (do, does) this exercise very well.

13. I always (try, tries) to come to school on time.

14. You always (try, tries) to come to school on time.

15. William also (try, tries) to come to school on time.

16. I (want, wants) to learn English.

17. John also (want, wants) to learn English.

18. Mr. and Mrs. Sántiz (go, goes) to the movies very often.

19. Mr. Sántiz (teach, teaches) English and French.

20. The nurse (watch, watches) the patients.

Ejercicio 3 Vuelva a escribir cada frase, insertando la palabra indicadora de frecuencia en el lugar que le corresponde. Véase

punto 13.1.

1. They practice the exercise. (always) They always practice the exercise. .

2. Mary speaks to Peter. (seldom) _____________________________________________

3. They listen to the radio. (usually) _____________________________________________

4. Sylvia and Ann bring records. (often) _____________________________________________

5. You show pictures to them. (sometimes) _____________________________________________


6. We sing American songs. (rarely) _____________________________________________

7. I write letters to him. (frequently) _____________________________________________

8. Roger throws papers outside the wastebasket. (never) _____________________________________________

9. You are happy. (usually) _____________________________________________

10. They are here at 7:00. (seldom) _____________________________________________

11. The dog is in front of the house. (never) _____________________________________________

12. You are nervous. (seldom) _____________________________________________

13. I am enthusiastic. (always) _____________________________________________

14. I study the lesson at home. (often) _____________________________________________

15. You go to the movies. (seldom) _____________________________________________

16. They eat at home. (rarely) _____________________________________________

17. We drink milk in the morning. (sometimes) _____________________________________________

18. We walk in the park. (never) _____________________________________________

19. Mr. and Mrs. Brown go to the theater. (never) _____________________________________________

20. Juan takes classes with Mr. Johnson. (seldom) _____________________________________________

Ejercicio 4 Complete con always o never según lo pida el contexto. Véase punto 13.1.

1. We __________________ have breakfast in the evening.

2. The sun is ___________________ out at 3 a.m.

3. We ___________________ stop at the red light.

4. The teacher ____________________ hits his students.

5. Hens ___________________ fly high.

6. The earth is ___________________ in movement.

7. Our blood is __________________ circulating.

8. Wars are ___________________ good.

Ejercicio 5

Complete con usually o seldom según lo pida el contexto. Véase punto 13.1.

1. Our teachers are responsible. They are _________________ late.

2. She is nice and friendly. She is ________________ angry.

3. My father works hard. He is _________________ tired at night.

4. Dogs ___________________ bark at strangers.

5. We ___________________ see comets.

6. Cigarettes are _________________ harmful.

7. Our baby ___________________ sleeps ten hours a day.

8. Mary is intelligent and she studies hard. She __________________ gets good grades.

Ejercicio 6

Complete con often o sometimes según lo pida el contexto. Véase punto 13.1.

1. We go to the movies four times a week. We _______________ go to the movies.

2. Smog _________________ causes respiratory problems.

3. Robert is not healthy. He is ________________ sick.


4. Commercials ____________________ interrupt television programs.

5. Monterrey __________________ has temperatures of 0 degrees during the winter.

6. My car is old. It ____________________ stops in the middle of the street.

7. Spanish and Latin American singers ___________________ come to work in Mexico.

8. We __________________ have turkey for dinner.

Ejercicio 7 Complete las siguientes oraciones indicando la no realización de los verbos dados entre paréntesis. Véase punto

13.2.

1. Peter doesn’t drive carefully. (drive)

2. My sister _______________________ his manners. (like)

3. Mr. Brown _________________________ French. (teach)

4. Our friend _________________________ novels. (read)

5. Mrs. Simpson __________________________ fast. (run)

6. The boy _________________________ at 5 in the morning. (get up)

7. Pat _________________________ the piano. (play)

8. He ________________________ the class every day. (prepare)

9. Mother _________________________ tomatoes today. (need)

10. Dr. Hill _________________________ the hospital every day. (visit)

11. Teddy _________________________ cigars. (smoke)

12. Father O’Brien __________________________ In New York. (live)

13. The girl _________________________ her milk. (want)

14. His brother _________________________ money. (lack)

15. He __________________________ In the park every day. (walk)

16. We __________________________ home at night. (walk)

17. They __________________________ To school every morning. (walk)

18. Bob and Jim ___________________________ their families every week. (call)

19. They __________________________ football. (like)

20. You and I _________________________ classical music. (like)

21. The children _________________________ the song. (know)

22. They __________________________ the police. (help)

23. We __________________________ them at Christmas. (visit)

24. Alice __________________________ Peter every day. (help)

25. You __________________________ with the boys.(sing)

26. The girls _________________________ cards. (play)

27. My sister _________________________ the violin well. (play)

28. We ___________________________ money. (lack)

29. Robert ___________________________ a letter to his parents. (write)

30. He ____________________________ in our class. (study)

31. They ____________________________ to the movies every night. (go)

32. She ____________________________ to school by bus. (come)

33. It _____________________________ very often during the month of April. (rain)

34. The dog _____________________________ after the cat. (run)


35. Our class _____________________________ at seven o’clock. (begin)

36. The meeting _____________________________ at eight o’clock. (end)

37. The buses _____________________________ on this corner. (stop)

38. We ___________________________ many letters. (write)

39. You ___________________________ to work every day. (walk)

40. They ____________________________ to study English. (like)

Ejercicio 8 Cambie a la forma negativa las siguientes oraciones. Escribe la forma completa. Véase punto 13.2.

1. He studies in our class. He doesn’t study in our class

2. They go to the movies every night. _________________________________________________

3. She comes to school by bus. _________________________________________________

4. I know him very well. _________________________________________________

5. It rains very often in April. _________________________________________________

6. The dog runs after the cat. _________________________________________________

7. Our class begins at seven o’clock. _________________________________________________

8. The meeting ends at eight o’clock. _________________________________________________

9. The buses stop on this corner. _________________________________________________

10. We write many letters. _________________________________________________

11. She speaks English well. _________________________________________________

12. You walk to work every day. _________________________________________________

13. They like to study English. _________________________________________________

14. Helen lives in San Cristobal. _________________________________________________

15. He works on weekends. _________________________________________________

16. I go to school by bus. _________________________________________________

17. I arrive at school on time. _________________________________________________

18. We need more practice in English. _________________________________________________

19. I understand him very well. _________________________________________________

20. She gets up early every morning. _________________________________________________

Ejercicio 9

Con las siguientes oraciones, estructure una forma interrogativa. Véase punto 13.3.

1. He studies French. Does he study French?

2. He drives a station wagon. ___________________________________________

3. Helen wants milk. __________________________________________

4. She knows the answers. ___________________________________________

5. Peter walks to school every day. ___________________________________________

6. They remember Pat. ______________________________________

7. The boys and I talk to our friends. _________________________________________

8. We jump in the gymnasium. __________________________________________

9. We answer all the questions. _________________________________________

10. She likes Mexican dances. _________________________________________


11. She and I play tennis. __________________________________________

12. They sleep all night. __________________________________________

13. Annie walks to work in the morning. __________________________________________

14. My cousin sings Italian songs. __________________________________________

15. You remember the words. __________________________________________

16. They pronounce correctly. __________________________________________

17. Your brother drives fast. __________________________________________

18. The boys like soccer. __________________________________________

19. You visit San Cristobal every year. _________________________________________

20. She has time for lunch now. __________________________________________

21. We have time for lunch now. ________________________________________

22. He comes to school by bus. __________________________________________

23. They speak Spanish well. ______________________________________

24. He gets up early every morning. __________________________________________

25. Antonia eats dinner at home. _________________________________________

26. They like Mexican food. _______________________________________

27. He wants more time. ______________________________________

28. He talks to us in English. _________________________________________

29. They live near the corner. ______________________________________

30. They get up early every morning. _________________________________________

Ejercicio 10

Complete las respuestas breves de las siguientes preguntas. Véase punto 13.3.

1. Does your brother wake up at seven? Yes, he does .

2. Do the students eat in the cafeteria? Yes, __________________

3. Does Helen eat at home? No, __________________

4. Do you laugh at his jokes? Yes, __________________

5. Does your cat drink milk? No, __________________

6. Does the boy understand the problem? No, __________________

7. Does her father like chocolates? No, __________________

8. Do they have test with the teacher? No, __________________

9. Does the rose need water? Yes, __________________

10. Does the secretary answer the telephone? Yes, __________________

11. Does Juan live in New York? No, __________________

12. Do they speak the language correctly? No, __________________

13. Does the teacher remember her name? Yes, __________________

14. Does Pedro study Chinese? No, __________________

15. Does Peter help his parents? Yes, __________________

16. Do the books give the answers? No, __________________

17. Do we need the textbook for the class? No, __________________

18. Does the general understand the problem? Yes, __________________

19. Do your friends read Spanish? Yes, __________________

20. Does the answer correspond to the problem? No, __________________


Ejercicio 11 Con base en la respuesta, escribe el pronombre interrogativo que falta en la pregunta. Utilice what, where, how,

when, whom. Véase punto 13.4.

1. What do you see? I see a painting by Picasso.

2. ______________ are the boys? They are in class.

3. ______________ does Antonia answer? Intelligently.

4. ______________ are you and Mary here? In the morning.

5. ______________ is he calling? He is calling his friend Robert.

6. ______________ is your brother? He is in Germany.

7. ______________ do you have Algebra? I have Algebra at 8:00.

8. ______________ does the teacher live? He lives in San Cristobal.

9. ______________ do we need? We need coats, hats and gloves.

10. ______________ do you visit every day? I visit my grandparents.

11. ______________ is the concert? The concert is at 9 p.m.

12. ______________ are the books? They are on the table.

13. ______________ do the children prefer? They prefer candy.

14. ______________ do you want your coffee? I want my coffee now.

15. ______________ do they walk? They walk rapidly.

16. ______________ is he painting? He is painting Mrs. Livingston.

17. ______________ is he describing? He is describing a machine.

18. ______________ does Peter work? He works in a bank.

19. ______________ do you finish? I finish at 10 a.m.

20. ______________ does she work? In San Cristobal with her sister.

Ejercicio 12

Complete la pregunta utilizando el pronombre interrogativo who o what según corresponda. Guíese por la respuesta.

1. Who is studying in Germany? My cousin Louise is studying in Germany.

2. What revolves around the earth? The moon revolves around the earth.

3. ______________ manages her business? Her brother manages her business.

4. ______________ grows in your garden? Rouses grow in my garden.

5. ______________ combs her hair every night? Antonia combs her hair every night.

6. ______________ is taking dancing lessons? We are taking dancing lessons.

7. ______________ produces the noise? The engine of this car produces the noise.

8. ______________ melts above 0o centigrade? Ice metals above 0o centigrade.

9. ______________ cleans their house? Mary and I clean their house.

10. ______________ needs repairs? Our garage needs repairs.

11. ______________ supports you? My father supports me.

12. ______________ is on the table? Two presents for Helen are on the table.

13. ______________ teaches Latin? Mr. Murphy teaches Latin.

14. ______________ is preparing dinner? My friends are preparing dinner.

15. ______________ runs on electricity? My dried runs on electricity.


Ejercicio 13 Escribe “do” o “does” en los espacios. Véase punto 13.4.

1. Where does Helen work?

2. Where ____________ you live?

3. What time ____________ your lesson begin?

4. What time ____________ you arrive at school every day?

5. How well ____________ you speak English?

6. When ____________ the next train arrive?

7. Why ___________ they work so hard?

8. What time ___________ you get up every morning?

9. Where ____________ John eat lunch every day?

10. How much ____________ it cost to go to Chicago by plane?

11. When ______________ Mr. Carlos and Joe expect to return?

12. How often _____________ it rain during the month of April?

13. Where ____________ you eat dinner every night?

14. Why ____________ John walk to school alone every day?

15. Where ____________ he go after the lesson?

16. Where _____________ Mercedes and her sister live?

17. How often ____________ you go to the movies?

18. How ____________ you feel today?

19. Why ____________ Helen want to learn English?

20. How many hours ____________ you sleep every night?

21. What time ____________ you have breakfast every morning?

22. Where ____________ Carla study?

23. When ___________ they use a computer?

24. When ___________ she read a new book?

25. How ___________ Mary do the homework?


ANEXO: SECCIÓN DE VOCABULARIO A Active activo/a Actress actriz Advertisement anuncio Affect afectar Afternoon tarde Airplane avión Airport aeropuerto Always siempre American americano Angry molesto, enfadado Answer responder, contestar Apple manzana Architect arquitecto Argentinean argentino/a Armchair sillón Around alrededor Arrive llegar Artist artista Ashtray cenicero Aunt tía Autumn (fall) otoño Axis eje B

Backpack mochila Bad malo Ball pelota Balloon globo Bank banco Beat golpear Beautiful hermoso Bed cama Bee abeja Begin comenzar Bench banca Better mejor Bicycle bicicleta Big grande Bill billete, cuenta Binocular binocular Bird pájaro Black negro Blackboard pizarrón Blood sangre Bloom florecer Blouse blusa Blue azul Boil hervir Book libro Bookcase librero Bookstore librería Bother molestar Bottle botella Box caja Boy chico Bracelet pulsera Brazilian brasileño Bread pan Breakfast desayuno Bridge puente Bright brillante Bring traer Brother hermano Brother in law cuñado Brown café Brush cepillo Bus autobús Bus station terminal de autobús

Bus stop parada de autobús Busy ocupado Button botón Buy comprar C

Cafeteria cafetería Cake pastel Calendar calendario Call llamar Calm calmar/calmado Can lata Can opener abrelatas Candy dulce Careless descuidado/a Carpenter carpintero Carrot zanahoria Cash efectivo Cat gato Catch atrapar Celebrate celebrar Celery apio Centigrade centígrado Chair silla Chapel capilla Cheap barato Check revisar, inspeccionar Chemist químico Chemistry química Cherry cereza Chest pecho Chicken pollo Child niño Children niños Chinese chino Chocolate chocolate Christian cristiano Christmas navidad Church iglesia Cigar puro Cigarette cigarro City ciudad Class clase Classmate compañero Clean limpiar Clerk empleado Clock reloj Close cerrar Cloud nube Coat abrigo Coffee café Cold frío Colombian colombiano Comb peinarse/peine Come venir Concert concierto Copy copiar Corn maíz Corner esquina Correctly correctamente Correspond corresponder Cotton algodón Country país, campo, pueblo Cousin primo/a Cream crema, nata Crib cuna Cross cruzar Cry llorar Cup taza, copa

Cushion cojín Cut cortar D

Daddy papá Dance bailar Dancer bailarina Dangerous peligroso Dark oscuro Daughter hija Daughter in law

nuera

Day día Degree grado Dentist dentista Describe describir Desk escritorio Dictionary diccionario Difficult difícil Dining room comedor Dinner cena Direct dirigir, directo/a Dirt suciedad Discover descubrir Disorder desorden Ditch zanja Do hacer Doctor doctor Dog perro Doll muñeca Door puerta Downtown céntrico/a Draw dibujar Dress vestido Drier secador Drive conducir, manejar Drugstore farmacia E

Ear oreja Earth tierra East este Easy fácil Eat comer Editor editor Egg huevo Electricity electricidad Elephant elefante Enemies enemigos Engine motor, máquina Enjoy disfrutar Enter entrar Envelope sobre (de cartas) Eraser borrador Evening1 tarde/noche Every cada Exercises ejercicios Exhale exhalar Expect esperar Expensive caro Explode explotar Eye ojo Eyeglasses gafas F Face cara Family familia Farmer campesino, granjero

1 5 p.m. a 8 / 9 p.m en adelante.


Fast rápido Fat gordo Father papá Father in law suegro Feed alimentar Fierce violento, feroz Finish terminar Fire fuego Floor piso Flower flor Fly volar, mosca Foam espuma Foolish tonto/a Foot pie Football player

futbolista

Forget olvidar Fork tenedor Fountain fuente Fox zorro Freeze congelar Friend amigo/a G

Garage cochera Garden jardín Gardener jardinero Gay alegre, homosexual German alemán Get up levantarse Girl niña, chica Give dar Glass gafa, vaso, cristal Glove guante Go ir Good bueno Grandfather abuelo Grandmother abuela Grandparents abuelos Grape uva Gray gris Green verde Greet saludar Grocery store almacén Grow crecer, cultivar Guest invitado/a, huésped Guitar guitarra H

Hair cabello, pelo Ham jamón Hammer martillo Hand mano Handbag bolso Handsome guapo Happy feliz Hard duro/a Hat sombrero Have tener Healthy saludable Heart corazón Heavy pesado/a Help ayudar High alto/a History historia Hold sostener, sujetar Hole agujero Home casa Horse caballo Hospital hospital Hostess anfitriona Hot calor

House casa Housewife ama de casa Hug abrazar Hum zumbar, canturrear Hurry up darse prisa Hurt lastimar Husband esposo I

Ice hielo Ice-cream helado Ill enfermo Illuminate iluminar Immense inmenso Impatient impaciente Indifferent indiferente Inhale respirar Ink tinta Intelligent inteligente Interrupt interrumpir Iron planchar/plancha Island isla J

Japanese japonés Juice jugo Jump saltar K

Key llave, clave Kiss beso Knife cuchillo L

Laboratory laboratorio Lack carecer de, faltar Lady dama, señora Lake lago Lamp lámpara Language idioma Large grande Lawyer abogado Lazy perezoso/a Lead llevar Leaf hoja (de plantas) Learn aprender Lemon limón Letter carta, letra Library biblioteca Lie mentir Light ligero, luz, claro Like gustar Liquid líquido Listen escuchar Little pequeño Long largo Look at mirar, examinar Loud alto (voz, música) Love amar M

Machine máquina Maid sirvienta Make hacer Man hombre Manage dirigir Map mapa Market mercado Meal comida Mechanic mecánico Meeting junta, encuentro Men hombres

Meow maullar Mexican mexicano Mice ratones Middle medio Milk leche Mirror espejo Modern moderno Money dinero Monkey mono Moon luna Morning mañana Mother mamá Mother in law suegra Motorcycle motocicleta Mountain montaña Mouse ratón Movie película Mummy mamá Music música N

Nail uña Name nombrar, nombre Naughty travieso/a Navy blue azul marino Necklace collar Need necesitar Neighbor vecino Nephew sobrino Nervous nervioso Never nunca New nuevo Newspaper periódico Niece sobrina Night noche Noise ruido Noisy ruidoso Nose nariz Note notar, nota Notebook cuaderno Novel novela Nurse enfermera O

Oblong rectangular Office oficina Often a menudo Old viejo, antiguo On time a tiempo Onion cebolla Open abrir Opera opera Orange naranja Orchestra orquesta Order ordenar P

Paint pintar, pintura Pair par Pajama pijama Paper papel Pardon perdón Parents padres Park parque Party fiesta, partido Passenger pasajero Path camino Patient paciente Pear pera Pen lapicero Pencil lápiz Perfume perfume


Peruvian peruano Pharmacy farmacia Picture cuadro, dibujo Pin clavija, alfiler Pineapple piña Pink rozado Pitcher cántaro, jarra Plate plato Play jugar, tocar Pleased contento/a Policeman policía Portuguese portugués Post Office oficina de correo Practice practicar Prefer preferir Prepare preparar Present regalo, obsequiar Produce producir Pronounce pronunciar Purple morado Purse monedero, bolso Q

Quiet silencioso/a R

Radio radio Rat rata React reaccionar Read leer Record disco, récord, grabar Red rojo Refrigerator refrigerador Relative pariente Remember recordar Resolve resolver Respiratory respiratorio Rest descanso, descansar Restless inquieto/a Result resultado Ribbon cinta Rice arroz Ring anillo River río Road carretera Roadway autopista, calzada Rock roca Roof techo Room cuarto Round redondo Run correr S

Sad triste Safe seguro Salt sal Salty salado Sand arena School escuela Scissor tijera Sea mar Seat asiento Secretary secretaria See ver Seldom raras veces Sell vender Set poner Sheet hoja de papel Short bajo/a, chaparro Sick enfermo

Sing cantar Sister hermana Sister in law cuñada Sit sentarse Skirt falda Sky cielo Sleep dormir Slice pedazo, rebanada Slow lento Small pequeño Smile sonrisa, sonreír Smoke fumar Snow nieve Soap jabón Sock calcetín Soft suave, blando Solid sólido Sometimes algunas veces Son hijo Son in law yerno Song canción Soup sopa Sour ácido Spanish español/a Speak hablar Spoon cuchara Spring primavera Square cuadrado/a Stand up levantarse Stepfather padrastro Stepmother madrastra Store tienda Story cuento Strawberry fresa Street calle Strong fuerte Student estudiante Study estudiar Stupid estúpido Sugar azúcar Summer verano Sun sol Sunset puesta de sol Supermarket supermercado Sweet dulce Swim nadir T

Table mesa Take tomar Talk hablar Tall alto Taste sabor, probar Taxi driver taxista Tea té Teach enseñar Teacher maestro Team equipo Telephone telefonear, teléfono Tell decir Test prueba, examen Theater teatro Thin delgado Think pensar Throw tirar, arrojar Time tiempo Tired cansado Toast tostada Tongs pinzas, tenazas Tooth diente

Toothbrush cepillo de dientes Toothpaste pasta de dientes Topic tema Traffic light semáforo Tree árbol Trouble problema Truck camión Truth verdad Turkey pavo Turn girar Turtle tortuga Tweezers pinzas Typewriter máquina de escribir U

Ugly feo/a Umbrella sombrilla Uncle tío Understand entender Unhappy infeliz, triste Uniform uniforme Usually usualmente V

Vase florero Violet violeta Violinist violinista Visit visitar Volatile volátil W

Wait esperar Walk caminar Wall pared Wallet billetera Walnut nuez Want querer Warm caluroso Wash lavar Waste desperdiciar Wastebasket cesto de basura Watch ver Water regar, agua Weak débil Weather clima Weight peso Well bien West oeste What qué Wheat trigo Where dónde White blanco/a Whom a quién Wife esposa Window ventana Wine vino Winter invierno Woman mujer Wood madera Word palabra Work trabajo, trabajar World mundo Worm lombriz Worse peor Wristwatch reloj de pulso Write escribir Y

Yellow amarillo/a Young joven


REFERENCIA BIBLIOGRÁFICA

Salazar de Doria, Idolisa, et al. Inglés 1, Preparatoria Abierta. SEP, 2000, p.442.

C. Richards, Jack. Interchange 2. Ed. Cambridge University Press. 1991. p.134.

Dixson, J. Robert. Modern American English 1. Ed. Regents Publishing Company, Inc. 1971. 355.

Hamilton, J. Métodos de Inglés 3. Ed. Progreso, S.A. 1985. 440.

Long, E. Eugene and Buckwald William. Inglés Idiomático 3. Ed. Trillas. 1995. 380.

Este material fue elaborado por Ranulfo Sántiz López.

Es Maestro en Docencia por el Instituto de Estudios de Postgrado (IEP),

Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas y actualmente trabaja en la

Escuela Normal de Licenciatura en Educación Primaria Intercultural Bilingüe

“Lic. Manuel Larraínzar” en San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas; México.

Comentarios al e-mail: [email protected]

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