estadistica aplicada a la ingenieria ambiental

7/23/2019 Estadistica Aplicada a La Ingenieria Ambiental

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I`zç~qcl 0 Ay~`nçy~ki` Nayirkz~k}` 0'0

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I`zç~qcl ? Zrloòkckn`n ?'0

Zrloòkckn`n na mraiqaeik` rac`~k}`%' Zrloòkckn`n yqoha~k}`%' @vklg`y { zrlzkan`nay oàyki`y na c` zrloòkckn`n%' Nk`br`g`y na ]aee { àcbaor` na ilehqe~ly%' ^ëieki`y naile~al8 _abc` na zrlnqi~l z`r` z`ray lrnae`nly# c` rabc` na gqc~kzckiìkùe gày baear`c#rabc` mì~lrk`c# nk`br`g`y na àrolc# zargq~ìkleay { ilgokeìkleay%' _abc` gqc~kzcki`~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly nazaenkae~ay a kenazaenkae~ay%' _abc` `nk~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly gq~qlyavicq{ae~ay { a}ae~ly el gq~qly avicq{ae~ay%'

I`zç~qcl 9 Nky~rkoqikùe Okelgk`c a Fkzarbalgë~rki` 9'0

@zckiìkleay baear`cay na c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c%' _acìkùe ae~ra c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c

{ c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c%' _acìkùe ae~ra c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c { c` nky~rkoqikùe naZlkyyle%' C` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki`%' Yqzlykikleay { zrlzkan`nay na c` nky~rkoqikùefkzarbalgë~rki`%'

I`zç~qcl > Nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle >'0

@zckiìkleay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle%' Ilenkikleay pqa ya rapqkarae z`r` `zcki`r c`nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle%' Mqeikleay zrloòkcçy~ki`y na c` mqeikùe na Zlkyyle%' @zckiìkùena c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle nae~rl na yqy zrlzkly ~ërgkely { ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe `c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c%' Zrlzkan`nay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle%' Zrlocag`y na c`

nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò%

I`zç~qcl 1 Nky~rkoqikleay na Zrloòkckn`n Ile~keq` 1'0

Mqeikùe na naeykn`n na zrloòkckn`n na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ile~keq` V %' Mùrgqc`mqen`gae~`c nac iàciqcl%' Nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c { yqy i`rì~arçy~ki`y%' _acìkùe ae~ra c` iqr}èlrg`c { c` okelgk`c%' Àra`y o`hl c` iqr}` elrg`c%' Nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c%' Nky~rkoqikùeB`gg`%' Nky~rkoqikùe Rakoqcc%' Ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r` ±%' Ay~`nçy~ki` na kemaraeik`8



~alrç` na naikykùe ay~`nçy~ki` { zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky%' Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky ay~`nçy~ki`y%Fkzù~ayky eqc` &Fl8+ a fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y &F08# F?8# F98+%' ^kzly na arrlray K &`cm`+ { KK&oa~`+%' Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky el ~r`nkikle`cay qyènl ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%' Zrqao`yna fkzù~ayky z`r` qel { nly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay &±0# { ±?+%' Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky z`r`c`y nkmaraeik`y na nly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay &±0 ’ ±?+# z`r` gqay~r`y brènay &e ≡ 9:+

qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ile }`rkèx`y ilelikn`y a kbq`cay &ω?

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?+%' Ke~ar}`cly nailemkèx` z`r` nly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay%' Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky a ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r` zrlzlrikleay%'

I`zç~qcl = Nky~rkoqikleay na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# HK Iq`nr`n` { M ='0

Zrlzkan`nay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a%' Ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r` ac zrlgankl zloc ikle`c ±%' Zrqao` na fkzù~ayky z`r` ±%' Zrqao` na ~ z`ra`n` z`r` na~ai~ r nkmaraeik`yae~ra nly ~r`~`gkae~ly%' Zrqao` na ~ z`r` zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na nly zrlgankly# iqènl c`y}`rkèx`y yle kbq`cay%' Zrqao` na ~ z`r` zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na nly zrlgankly iqènl c`y}`rkèx`y yle naykbq`cay%' Gaièkygly z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z iqènl ya fìae zrqao`yna fkzù~ayky el ~r`nkikle`cay%' Ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` { zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky ile c` HKiq`nr`n`# &ς ?+%' @zckiìkùe na c` HK iq`nr`n` ae iqè~l ` c` zrqao` na olen`n na `hqy~ailgz`rènl c`y mraiqaeik`y loyar}`n`y { c`y mraiqaeik`y ~aùrki`y%' Nky~rkoqikùe M { yq`zckiìkùe ae c` ilgz`rìkùe na }`rkèx`y gqay~r`cay%'

I`zç~qcl 2 @eàckyky na ]`rkèx` 2'0

Nkyaðly na èàckyky na }`rkèx` ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkx`nly { nkyaðl na oclpqay`ca`~lrkx`nly%' Gë~lnl na ilgz`rìkleay gøc~kzcay z`r` yòar iq`cay zlocìkleay ylekbq`cay { iq`cay yle naykbq`cay%' @eàckyky na }`rkèx` na nkyaðl na oclpqay

`ca`~lrkx`nly%' Yqzlykikleay nac glnacl na oclpqay `ca`~lrkly ilgzca~ly%' @eàckyky na}`rkèx` ae nly yae~knly%' Ke~arìikùe ile @EL]@ na nly mì~lray%' @eàckyky na }`rkèxàe ~ray yae~knly8 nkyaðl ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkl%' Ke~arìikùe ile @EL]@ na nkyaðlymì~lrk`cay na ~ray ic`ykmkiìkleay%' Ahagzcly na @EL]@ qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò%'

I`zç~qcl 6 _abraykùe Ckea`c Ykgzca { Gøc~kzca 6'0

Yqzlykikleay nac glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c%' Aiqìkleay elrg`cay z`r` i`ciqc`r acke~ariaz~l ae c` lrnae`n` ` { c` zaenkae~a o na c` iqr}` l cçea` na rabraykùe%' Ilamkikae~a nana~argkeìkùe _ ? na c` gqay~r` pqa ay~kg` ` π

? ac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe

zlocìkle`c%' Ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe _ na c` gqay~r` pqa ay~kg` ` π# ac ilamkikae~a nailrracìkùe zlocìkle`c%' Ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` ac ilamkikae~a zlocìkle`c ο ilgzleae~a na c` cçea` na rabraykùe ±[sV 7 ΰ $ ο V # ay~kg`nl zlr o# c` zaenkae~a na c`cçea`%' Ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` ac z`ràga~rl zlocìkle`c ΰ# ac ke~ariaz~l na c`lrnae`n` na c` cçea` na rabraykùe ±[sV 7 ΰ $ ο V # iq{l ay~kg`nlr ay `%' Fkzù~ayky eqc` naFl8ο 7 οl ile~r` c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y na F08ο 3 0 { F?8ο 5 0%' Fkzù~ayky eqc` na Fl8ΰ 7 ΰl ile~r` c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y na F08ΰ ≪ ΰl# F?8ΰ 5 ΰl# { na F98 ΰ 3 ΰl%' Ke~ar}`clna ilemkèx` z`r` ±[sV na c` cçea` zlocìkle`c ay~kg`n` zlr [ %' _abraykùe { ilrracìkùe



gøc~kzca%' Gë~lnly z`r` }`ckn`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c ykgzca { gøc~kzca8 ` ~r`}ëy naay~`nçy~ki` na kemaraeik`y { ` ~r`}ëy nac èàckyky bràmkil na cly rayknq`cay ay~èn`rkx`nly%Zrliankgkae~l na rabraykùe gøc~kzca qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò%'

I`zç~qcl ; _abraykùe Zlckelgk`c ;'0

Glnacly zlckelgk`cay na yabqenl lrnae &d 7 ?+ ile qe` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a%' Glnacl na zlckelgkly na ~ariar lrnae &d 7 9+# ile qe` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a%' Glnacl na yabqenllrnae &iq`nrà~kil+ ile ke~arìikùe%' Glnacl zlckelgk`c &na yabqenl lrnae l iq`nrà~kil+#ile ~ray }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay ile ke~arìikùe%' A}`cqìkùe na cly glnacly narabraykùe%' Zrqao` ay~`nçy~ki` z`r` ilgz`r`r c` yqg` na cly iq`nr`nly nac arrlr &YYa+ nai`n` glnacl zrlo`nl# z`r` yòar iq`c glnacl ay yqzarklr%' Glnacly na rabraykùe el ckea`cay{ na rabraykùe clbçy~ki`%' Glnacly na rabraykùe avzleaeik`cay z`r`gë~rkily# ile qe` ylc`}`rkòca kenazaenkae~a%' Zrliankgkae~ly z`r` c` Knae~kmkiìkùe na }`clray `~çzkily av~ragly%Nk`beùy~kil { gk~kbìkùe na gqc~kilckea`ckn`n%' Gankn`y z`r` ilrrabkr gqc~kilckea`ckn`nya}ar`%' Ahagzcly na zrlocag`y na rabraykùe zlckelgk`c qyènl ac zrlbr`g` na

ilgzq~`nlr` Gkek~ò%' @q~lilrracìkùe ae n`~ly na yarkay na ~kagzl%' Fa~arlyian`y~kikn`n {flglyian`y~kikn`n%' Zrqao` na Rfk~a z`r` ac zrlocag` na fa~arlyian`y~kikn`n%'

I`zç~qcl 0: Ay~`nçy~ki` el Z`r`gë~rki`% Ac glnacl na Nky~rkoqikùena @EL]@ Ckora 0:'0

]ae~`h`y na cly gë~lnly el z`r`gë~rkily%' Nay}ae~`h`y na cly gë~lnly el z`r`gë~rkily%'Zrqao` na F na Drqyd`c'R`ccky z`r` èàckyky na }`rkèx` zlr rèbly%' Zrqao`y na fkzù~aykyile c`y mqeikleay el z`r`gë~rki`y%' Zrliankgkae~ly na zrqao`y na Drqyd`c'R`ccky z`r`@EL]@ ykgzca%' Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky el ~r`nkikle`cay# z`r` c` zrqao` na Drqyd`c'R`ccky#ay naikr# qyènl ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%'

I`zç~qcl 00 Yarkay na ^kagzl 00'0 Ic`ykmkiìkùe na cly gl}kgkae~ly na c`y yarkay na ~kagzl%' âenaeik`y ` c`rbl zc`xl%'Ilgzleae~ay içickily na yarkay na ~kagzl%' ]`rkìkleay ay~ìkle`cay%' ]`rkìkùe krrabqc`r%'Gë~lnly z`r` aeile~r`r cçea`y na ~aenaeik`%' Cçea` na cly iq`nr`nly gçekgly { z`ràolc`yna cly iq`nr`nly gçekgly%'

I`zç~qcl 0? Yacaiikùe nac ^`g`ðl na c` Gqay~r` 0?'0 Nark}ìkùe na c` mùrgqc` z`r` ay~kg`r ac ~`g`ðl gày `zrlzk`nl na c` gqay~r` z`r` ac zrlgankl%' Yacaiikùe nac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` z`r` nly zlocìkleay%'

@zëenkiay

@zëenkia @ Cky~` na ^òc`y Ay~`nçy~ki`y @zëenkia'@



@zëenkia O Okocklbr`mç` @zëenkia'O

@zëenkia I Z`zac na bràmki` @zëenkia'I

@zëenkia N Çenkia @zëenkia'N



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kgzlr~è~a ae ~ln`y c`y m`yay nac ilgzlr~`gkae~l fqgèl% Ac qyl na c` zrloòkckn`n {

na c` ay~`nçy~ki` ya f` av~aenknl# el ~è ylcl ` c`y àra`y ~r`nkikle`cay qek}aryk~`rk`y l

ayilcày~ki`y# ykel ~`gokëe ` ~lnly cly i`gzly na c` kebaekarç`# c` `brkiqc~qr`# c`

oklclbç`# c` pqçgki`# c`y ilgqekiìkleay# c` ailelgç # c` acai~rùeki`# c` gankike`# c`

mçyki`# c`y ikaeik`y zlcç~ki`y# c` zykilclbç`# c` yliklclbç`# c`y aeiqay~`y zlcç~ki`y# c`

gari`nl~aiek`# c` ailclbç`# c` ga~alrlclbç`# { yç yqiayk}`gae~a%

Ay~a ~av~l na zrloòkckn`n { na ay~`nçy~ki`# ay~à nkyað`nl z`r` iqryly na zly~br`nl na c` Kebaekarç @gokae~ c { c` Ikaeik % Ay~a ckorl ay qe` ilgzkcìkùe na

gày na ?1 ckorly na ramaraeik`y okocklbràmki`y na zrloòkckn`n { na ay~`nçy~ki`

lrkae~`nly# el ~è ylcl ` c` kebaekarç` `gokae~`c# ykel ~`gokëe ` c` kebaekarç` ae

baear`c# c` ailelgç`# c` pqçgki`# c` mçyki`# c` `brkiqc~qr`# c` gankike`# a~i% Ay~a ~av~l

iley~` na gày na 2:: zàbke`y pqa keicq{ae ileiaz~ly ~aùrkily# gqifly ahagzcly

zrài~kily { gqifly aharikikly% Ac `q~lr na ay~a ~av~l# yke ke~aeikleay na qmè rya#

keicq{a qe nkyaðl na qe` mùrgqc` &pqa el `z`raia ae cly ckorly na ay~`nçy~ki`+ z`r`

ke~arzlc`r# gèq`cgae~a# }`clray { ay~kg`r c` zrloòkckn`n z%

Ae }arn`n# ac zrlzùyk~l na ay~a ~av~l ay ac na `{qn`r `c cai~lr ` ae~aenar cly

ileiaz~ly# kna`y { mqeikleay na c` zrloòkckn`n { na c` ay~`nçy~ki` `zcki`nly `

zrlocag`y na c kebaekarç` `gokae~`c { ` c` ikaeik % Ay~a ~av~l naoarà yar ~`gokëe ø~kc

z`r` `pqaccly ay~qnklyly pqkaeay nayaae fìar `zckiìkleay na c` zrloòkckn`n { na c`

ay~`nçy~ki` ` zrlocag`y na c` kebaekarç` ae ~ërgkely baear`cay# `yç ilgl ~`gokëe ` c`

ke}ay~kbìkùe%

I`n` i`zç~qcl ya kekik` ile namkekikleay zar~keae~ay { ic`r`y# ~alrag`y {



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zrkeikzkly# ile g`~ark`c òqenè~a na bràmki`y# na g`~ark`cay nayirkz~k}ly { na

gqifly ahagzcly { aharikikly%

Zlr ahagzcl# ac I`zç~qcl 0 n` c` ke~rlnqiikùe ` c` ay~`nçy~ki` icàyki`% Ay~a

i`zç~qcl n` qe` ic`r` nky~keikùe ae~ra cl pqa ay qe` zlocìkùe { qe` gqay~r`% Ay~a

i`zç~qcl fòc`# `nagày# na ay~`nçy~ki` nayirkz~k}` { na nky~rkoqikleay na mraiqaeik`%

Gày `nacè~a# ac I`zç~qcl ? fòc` na c` ~alrç` na zrloòkckn`n { ~lnl cl racìkle`nl

ile c` zrloòkckn`n icàyki`% Nayzqëy# cly I`zç~qcly 9 { > fòcè na c`y nky~rkoqikleay

nkyira~`y# ilgl c` okelgk`c# c` fkzarbalgë~rki` { c` Zlkyyle% @pqç ya keicq{a ac

ileiaz~l na c` cùbki` nanqi~k}`# c` iq`c ay qe ileiaz~l na nkmçikc ae~aenkgkae~l% Ac

I`zç~qcl 1 nayirkoa c`y mqeikleay ile~keq`y na zrloòkckn`n# ayzaik`cgae~a c`

nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# `nagày# na c`y nky~rkoqikleay Rakoqc# avzleaeik`c# B`gg`# a~i%

Ac I`zç~qcl = fòc` na c` ~alrç` na gqay~ral zapqaðl ilgl c` ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# HK

iq`nr`n` { c` nky~rkoqikùe M% Ae ay~a raebcùe# ae c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky# z`r` ac

ile~rlc na i`ckn`n# ya fòc` na c` cùbki` kenqi~k}`# pqa ay qe ileiaz~l na nkmçikc

ae~aenkgkae~l { nkyiq~knl ae zlpqçykgly ckorly na ay~`nçy~ki`% @nagày# ac I`zç~qcl 2

ay~à racìkle`nl ile nkyaðly na èàckyky na }`rkèx` ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkx`nly {

nkyaðly na oclpqay `ca`~lrkx`nly% Ay~a i`zç~qcl ~`gokëe nkyiq~a glnacly mì~lrk`cay

na nly { ~ray ic`ykmkiìkleay% Ac I`zç~qcl 6 ay~à racìkle`nl ile rabraykùe ckea`c

ykgzca { gøc~kzca% Ac I`zç~qcl ; ay~à racìkle`nl ile rabraykùe zlckelgk`c# ac iq`c

keicq{a glnacly zlckelgk`cay na yabqenl { ~ariar lrnae# ile qe` }`rkòca

kenazaenkae~a { ile gày na nly }`rkòcay rabrayk}`y% Ay~a i`zç~qcl fòc` ~`gokëe na

glnacly na rabraykùe el ckea`cay na rabraykùe clbçy~ki` { na glnacly avzleaeik`cay

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Mke`cgae~a# ac I`zç~qcl 0? fòc` na gë~lnly z`r` yacaiikle`r ac ~`g`ðl na gqay~r`



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0'0:

C` }`rkèx`

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0'00

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Ylcqikùe8

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0'0?

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0'0>

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0'01

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z`ràga~rly na zlocìkùe%

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& V u +%

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0'0=

Gankn`y na nkyzarykùe% Ya ramkara `c br`nl na nkyzarykùe na cly n`~ly eqgërkily nac

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0'06

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?% Nk}knkr ac rèbl ae qe eøgarl ile}aekae~a na ke~ar}`cly na ic`yay pqa ~aebè ac

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9% Na~argke`r ac eøgarl na loyar}ìkleay pqa iàe nae~rl na i`n` qel na ay~ly

ke~ar}`cly na ic`yay%

>% Cly cçgk~ay na ic`yay el naoae na ilkeiknkr ile cly n`~ly ra`cay% C` mùrgqc` z`r`

i`ciqc`r ac ~`g`ðl na ic`ya na qe` nky~rkoqikùe na mraiqaeik` ay8

k 7 &f ' c+ , d &0'0:+

Nlena8

k 7 ac ~`g`ðl nac ke~ar}`cl na ic`ya

f 7 ac }`clr nac ç~ag gày `c~l

c 7 ac }`clr nac ç~ag gày o`hld 7 eøgarl na ic`yay

^kzly na iqr}`y na mraiqaeik`

0% Iqr}` na mraiqaeik` ykgë~rki` l ae mlrg` na i`gzè`% Qe ahagzcl kgzlr~è~a ay




0'0;

c` iqr}` elrg`c%

?% Iqr}` `ykgë~rki` q lockiq` iq{ly av~ragly na c` iqr}` ay~àe `c c`nl naraifl l `c

kxpqkarnl nac gàvkgl iae~r`c%9% Iqr}` na mraiqaeik` ae mlrg` na H%

>% Iqr}` na mraiqaeik` ae mlrg` na Q%

1% Iqr}` na mraiqaeik` okgln`c pqa ~kaea nly gàvkgly%

=% C` iqr}` na mraiqaeik` gqc~kgln`c pqa ~kaea gày na nly gàvkgly%

Mkbqr` 0%9 Bràmki`y gly~r`enl cly ~kzly na iqr}`y na mraiqaeik` &Yzkabac# 0;=0+%

Fky~lbr`g`y { zlcçblely na mraiqaeik`




0'?:

C` mlrg` gày ilgøe na razrayae~ìkùe bràmki` na qe` nky~rkoqikùe na mraiqaeik` ay ac

fky~lbr`g`% Ay~ly fky~lbr`g`y ileyky~ae ae rai~àebqcly `n{ìae~ay# c`y `c~qr`y na cly

iq`cay razrayae~è c`y mraiqaeik`y na ic`yay# gkae~r`y pqa yqy o`yay ya av~kaenae ae~rayqiayk}`y mrle~ar`y na ic`yay% Ay~l pqkara naikr pqa ~kaeae o`yay ylora c` òyiky` ile

iae~rly ae c`y g`ri`y na ic`yay { ile c`y clebk~qnay kbq`c ` cly ke~ar}`cly na ic`yay%

Zlr l~rl c`nl# cly zlcçblely na mraiqaeik` yle bràmki`y na cçea`y na mraiqaeik`y

na ic`yay pqa ya br`mkiè ile~r` c`y ic`yay na g`ri`y% Ya lo~kaeae ileai~ènl cly

zqe~ly gankly na rrko` na cly rai~àebqcly ae cly fky~lbr`g`y%

Mkbqr` 0%>% Ae cly fky~lbr`g`y { zlcçblely na mraiqaeik` ya ìly~qgor` ` yqg`r c`y

av~aeykleay zp { ry z`r` c` ykbqkae~a g`ri` na ic`ya gày o`h` { gày `c~` pqa ~kaeae c`

ilrrayzlenkae~a ic`ya na mraiqaeik` na iarl% Ae ~`cay i`yly# c` yqg` na c`y àra`y na

cly rai~àebqcly ay kbq`c `c àra` ~l~`c ikriqen`n` zlr ac zlcçblel na mraiqaeik` { ac aha

na c`y apqky% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+Nky~rkoqikleay na mraiqaeik` rac`~k}`

C` mraiqaeik` rac`~k}` na qe ke~ar}`cl na ic`ya ay c` mraiqaeik` na c` ic`ya nk}knkn`

ae~ra c` mraiqaeik` ~l~`c na ~ln`y c`y ic`yay { ya avzray` ilgl zlriae~`ha%




0'?0

Ahagzcl )?:% Fìar qe` ~òc` na nky~rkoqikùe ile ke~ar}`cly na ic`ya { c` mraiqaeik`

rac`~k}` z`r` c`y `c~qr`y na 0:: ay~qnkè~ay na qe` qek}arykn`n%

^@OC@ 0%:% @c~qr`y na cly ay~qnkè~ay% &Yzkabac# 0;=0+% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Nky~rkoqikùe na c`y `c~qr`y Mraiqaeik` rac`~k}`

zlr ke~ar} cly na ic`ya na ay~qnkè~ay &!+

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=: ' =? zqcb`n`y 1 !

=9 ' =1 06 !

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2? ' 2> 6 !

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^l~`c 0:: !

Nky~rkoqikleay na mraiqaeik`y ìqgqc`n`y { nky~rkoqikleay na mraiqaeik`y

rac`~k}`y iqgqc`n`y

@pqç ya nkyiq~kràe c`y nky~rkoqikleay na mraiqaeik`y ìqgqc`n`y { c` mraiqaeik`

rac`~k}` ìqgqc`n` pqa ya lo~kaea nk}knkaenl c` mraiqaeik` ìqgqc`n` zlr c`

mraiqaeik` ~l~`c%

Ahagzcl )?0% ^òqc`r cly }`clray na c` ~òc` na mraiqaeik` na 1:: loyar}ìkleay

mlrgènl qe` ~òc` ile cly ke~ar}`cly na ic`ya gày `zrlzk`nly# ile c` mraiqaeik`# c`

mraiqaeik` rac`~k}` &!+# c` mraiqaeik` ìqgqc`n` { c` mraiqaeik` rac`~k}` ìqgqc`n`%

Qy`r z`zac na zrloòkckn`n { aeile~r`r ac zrlgankl `rk~gë~kil { c` nay}kìkùe

ay~àen`r% Ilemkrg`rcly bràmki`gae~a { i`ciqc`rcly%




0'??

^@OC@ 0%0% Mraiqaeik`y na 1:: loyar}ìkleay na mlym`~ly &gb,C+% &Acòlrìkùe

zrlzk`+%

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0'?9

^@OC@ 0%?% ^òc` na mraiqaeik`y na 1:: i`yly na mlym`~ly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ke~ar}`cl na ic`ya m m% r%&!+ m% `% m% r% `% &!+

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 3 9:%1 09 ?%= 09 ?%=9:%1'91%1 ?> >%6 92 2%>91%1'>:%1 >; ;%6 6= 02%?>:%1'>1%1 26 01%= 0=> 9?%6>1%1'1:%1 ;= 0;%? ?=: 1?%:1:%1'11%1 ;> 06%6 91> 2:%611%1'=:%1 2? 0>%> >?= 61%?=:%1'=1%1 >9 6%= >=; ;9%6=1%1'2:%1 ?0 >%? >;: ;6%:5 2:%1 0: ?%: 1:: 0::%:

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0'?>

Mkbqr` 0%1% Z`zac na zrloòkckn`n gly~rènl c`y 1:: loyar}ìkleay na mlym`~ly

racìkle`n`y ile c` ^@OC@ 0%?% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+@e`ckxènl c` Mkbqr` 0%1# ya zqana }ar pqë# z`r` i`ciqc`r ac zrlgankl ± cli`ckx`gly

%1: ae c` lrnae`n` { zlr ke~arzlcìkùe i`ciqc`gly ac }`clr na 1:% Kbq`cgae~a# z`r`

i`ciqc`r c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ω# ely gl}agly ` %6> { zlr ke~arzlcìkùe i`ciqc`gly

ac }`clr na 0:# pqa ay~à ae~ra 1: { =:%

Ahagzcl )??% Z`r` cly ykbqkae~ay >: n`~ly na èàckyky na `bq` na ileiae~rìkleay na

i`cikl# ae gb,C# ile~ay~`r c`y ykbqkae~ay zrabqe~`y8

&`+ Iley~rqkr qe` ~òc` na mraiqaeik`y ile ke~ar}`cly na 1 { ay~kg`r ac zqe~l

ke~argankl l g`ri` na ic`ya%

&o+ Iley~rqkr l~r` ~òc` gày ile ke~ar}`cly na ~`g`ðl ; { ay~kg`r ac zqe~l ke~argankl




0'?1

l g`ri` na ic`ya%

&i+ Z`r` `goly i`yly iley~rqkr qe fky~lbr`g` { qe zlcçblel na mraiqaeik` { ~`gokëe#

ae mqeikùe na mraiqaeik` rac`~k}`%&n+ Z`r` `goly i`yly# iley~rqkr qe` bràmki` na mraiqaeik` ìqgqc`n` { mraiqaeik`

rac`~k}` ìqgqc`n`%

&a+ Qy`r z`zac na zrloòkckn`n z`r` ay~kg`r ac zrlgankl `rk~gë~kil { c` nay}kìkùe

ay~àen`r% Ilgz`r`r ay~ly rayqc~`nly ile ac iàciqcl nac zrlgankl { c` nay}kìkùe

ay~àen`r qyènl c`y mùrgqc`y ay~`nçy~ki`y%

^@OC@ 0%9% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y ileiae~rìkleay na i`cikl na >: èàckyky na `bq`%&Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

096 0=> 01: 09? 099 0?1 0>; 0120>= 016 0>: 0>2 09= 0>6 01? 0>>0=6 0?= 096 02= 0=9 00; 01> 0=10>= 029 0>? 0>2 091 019 0>: 0910=0 0>1 091 0>? 01: 01= 0>1 0?6

Ylcqikùe8

Ac rèbl ay na 02= ' 00; 7 12 gb,C

Yk ya qyè ke~ar}`cly na ic`ya na ~`g`ðl 1# cly ke~ar}`cly na ic`ya yle 12,1 7 0?#

`zrlvkg`n`gae~a% Yke ago`rbl# yk ya qyè ke~ar}`cly na ic`ya na ~`g`ðl ;# cly

ke~ar}`cly na ic`ya yle 12,; 7 =# `zrlvkg`n`gae~a% C`y ~òc`y na ò`hl gqay~rè ay~`y

ay~kgìkleay%




0'?=

^@OC@ 0%>% ^òc` na mraiqaeik`y na c`y ileiae~rìkleay na I`cikl &I`+ qyènl qe

ke~ar}`cl na ~`g`ðl 1% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ke~ar}`cl na ic`ya G`ri` na ic`ya m m%`% m%r% m%r%`%

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 006 ' 0?? 0?: 0 0 ?%1! ?%1!0?9 ' 0?2 0?1 ? 9 1%:! 2%1!0?6 ' 09? 09: ? 1 1%:! 0?%1!099 ' 092 091 > ; 0:%:! ??%1!096 ' 0>? 0>: = 01 01%:! 92%1!0>9 ' 0>2 0>1 6 ?9 ?:%:! 12%1!0>6 ' 01? 01: 1 ?6 0?%1! 2:%:!019 ' 012 011 > 9? 0:%:! 6:%:!016 ' 0=? 0=: ? 9> 1%:! 61%:!0=9 ' 0=2 0=1 9 92 2%1! ;?%1!0=6 ' 02? 02: 0 96 ?%1! ;1%:!029 ' 022 021 ? >: 1%:! 0::%:!

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^@OC@ 0%1% ^òc` na mraiqaeik`y na c`y ileiae~rìkleay na I` qyènl qe ke~ar}`cl

na ~`g`ðl ;% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ke~ar}`cl na ic`ya Zqe~l ke~argankl m m%`% m%r% m%r%`%

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 006 ' 0?= 0?? 9 9 2%1! 2%1!0?2 ' 091 090 1 6 0?%1! ?:%:!09= ' 0>> 0>: ; 02 ??%1! >?%1!0>1 ' 019 0>; 0? ?; 9:%:! 2?%1!01> ' 0=? 016 1 9> 0?%1! 61%:!0=9 ' 020 0=2 > 96 0:%:! ;1%:!02? ' 06: 02= ? >: 1%:! 0::%:!

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Cly keikyly &i+# &n+ { &a+ ya rayar}è z`r` pqa ac ay~qnkè~a cly f`b`%




0'?2

^`gokëe ya zqana i`ciqc`r ac zrlgankl `rk~gë~kil na qe` nky~rkoqikùe na

mraiqaeik`# iqènl ya nè cly ke~ar}`cly na ic`ya { c`y mraiqaeik`y% C` mùrgqc` z`r`

~`cay i`yly ay8 V 7 Ωm V , Ωm 7 Ωm V , eΩ &0'00+

Ahagzcl )??% Ya nè cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly na ~agzar`~qr`y `gokae~`cay ae br`nly

M`fraefak~ &lM+ ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^@OC@ 0%=% ^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+âgzar`~qr y &lM+ G`ri` na ic`ya & V + m m V

=: ’ =? =0 1 1 v =0 7 9:1=9 ’ =1 => 06 => v 06 7 001?== ’ =6 =2 >? =2 v >? 7 ?60>=; ’ 20 2: ?2 2: v ?2 7 06;:2? ’ 2> 29 6 29 v 6 7 16>

E 7Ωm 7 0:: Ωm V 7 =2>1

Zlr cl ~è~l# V 7 Ωm V , Ωm 7 Ωm V , E 7 =2>1 , 0:: 7 =2%>1 lM

Nk`br`g`y na ~`ccl { flh` qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò

Ahagzcl ) ?9% Z`r` kcqy~r`r c` iley~rqiikùe na qe` bràmki` na ~`ccl { flh`#ileyknëraya c` ~òc` na ò`hl# c` iq`c gqay~r` c`y gankikleay na >: loyar}ìkleay%

^@OC@ 0%2% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y gankikleay na >: loha~ly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+%?%? >%0 9%1 >%1 9%? 9%2 9%: ?%=9%> 0%= 9%0 9%9 9%6 9%0 >%2 9%2?%1 >%9 9%> 9%= ?%; 9%9 9%; 9%09%9 9%0 9%2 >%> 9%? >%0 0%; 9%>

>%2 9%6 9%? ?%= 9%; 9%: >%? 9%1 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Zrliankgkae~l8

Z`r` mlrg`r ac nk`br`g` na ~`ccl { flh`# ya yaz`r` i`n` loyar}ìkùe ae nly z`r~ay




0'?6

ileyky~ae~ay na qe ~`ccl { qe` flh`% Ykaenl `yç# ac ~`ccl razrayae~` ac nçbk~l pqa

zraiana `c zqe~l naikg`c {# c` flh`# ilrrayzlena `c nçbk~l ` c` naraif` nac zqe~l

naikg`c% Zlr ahagzcl# ile ac eøgarl 9%2# ac nçbk~l 9 razrayae~` ac ~`ccl { ac nçbk~l 2razrayae~` c` flh`% Na ìqarnl ` cly n`~ly na c` ^@OC@ 0%6 f`{ iq`~rl ~`ccly# ay

naikr# 0# ?# 9# >% Qe` }ax faifl ay~l# ya knae~kmkiè cly eøgarly ` c` naraif` nac

zqe~l naikg`c ilrrayzlenkae~ay ` i`n` ~`ccl% Zlr ahagzcl# z`r` ac ~`ccl 0 f`{ nly

flh`y# = { ;4 z`r` ac ~`ccl ? f`{ 1 flh`y# ay naikr# ?# 1# =# ; { 1# a~i% C` ^@OC@ 0%6

na ò`hl razrayae~` c` bràmki` na ~`ccl { flh`y z`r` ay~a zrlocag`%

El loy~è~a# z`r` zlnar iley~rqkr c` ^@OC@ 0%6 ya zqana qy`r ac Gkek~ò na

ìqarnl ` c`y ykbqkae~ay kenkiìkleay8

Br`zf ↟ Y~ag'èn'ca`m

Ae ac raiq`nrl pqa `z`raia zlear c`y }`rkòcay na c` ilcqge` I0 ae c` }ae~èkcc` na

–Y~ag'èn'ca`m‗ { ae c` }ae~èkcc` na –Keiragae~y‗ zlear 0% Ay~l zrlnqia cly n`~ly

na c` ^@OC@ 0%6 gly~r`n` ò`hl%

^@OC@ 0%6% ^òc` gly~rènl cly rayqc~`nly na ~`ccl { flh` ilrrayzlenkae~ay ` c`y

loyar}ìkleay na c` ^@OC@ 0%2% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Y~ag'èn'Ca`m Nkyzc`{8 Gankikleay na >: loha~ly

Y~ag'èn'ca`m lm Gankikleay na >: loha~ly E 7 >:Ca`m Qek~ 7 :%0:

Mraiqaeik` ^`ccly Flh`y

? 0 =;2 ? ?1==;

&?1+ 9 ::0000???999>>>11=22266;;6 > 00?9>122

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0'?;

Yke ago`rbl# cly rayqc~`nly na c` ^@OC@ 0%6 el nè qe zèlr`g` `naiq`nl na c`

nky~rkoqikùe na cly n`~ly% Z`r` ragank`r ay~` yk~qìkùe ya eaiayk~` `qgae~`r ac

eøgarl na ~`ccly ae c` bràmki`% Qe` gèar` ykgzca na fìarcl ay nlocènl i`n`~`ccl% Z`r` ay~l# eqa}`gae~a ke~rlnqikr cly n`~ly ilgl ya fkxl è~arklrgae~a { ae c`

}ae~èkcc` na –Keiragae~y‗ zlear %1% Ay~l zrlnqia c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^@OC@ 0%;% ^òc` gly~rènl cly ~`ccly nlocay { na flh`y%

Y~ag'èn'Ca`m Nkyzc`{8 Gankikleay na >: loha~ly

Y~ag'èn'ca`m lm Gankikleay na >: loha~ly E 7 >:

Ca`m Qek~ 7 :%0:Mraiqaeik` ^`ccly Flh`y

? 0 =;9 ?( ?2 ? 1==;

&01+ 9( ::0000???999>>>06 9 11=22266;;

6 >( 00?9>9 > 122

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C`y ~òc`y na c`y nky~rkoqikleay na ~`ccl { flh` ya zqanae qy`r z`r` ay~kg`r cly

ke~ar}`cly na ic`ya iqènl ya fìae nky~rkoqikleay na mraiqaeik`% Ac zrliankgkae~l

ay ilgl ykbqa8

0% Zrkgarl ya yì` ac rèbl na cly n`~ly% Zlr ahagzcl# na c` ^@OC@ 0%2 ac }`clr

gàvkgl ay >%2 { ac }`clr gçekgl ay 0%=# l ya`8 rèbl 7 >%2 ’ 0%= 7 9%0%

?% Aeyabqkn` ya ay~kg` ac èifl nac ke~ar}`cl nk}knkaenl ac rèbl ae~ra ac eøgarl

na ~`ccly &2 ae ay~a i`yl+# ay naikr# 9%0 , 2 7 %>%

9% @flr`# z`r` ay~kg`r ac zrkgar ke~ar}`cl na ic`ya agzax`gly ile 0%1 { ca




0'9:

yqg`gly %> z`r` n`r 0%;% Ac ykbqkae~a ke~ar}`cl na ic`ya ay ?%: gày %> z`r` n`r ?%>%

Ac ykbqkae~a ke~ar}`cl na ic`ya ay ?%1 gày %> z`r` n`r ?%; { `yç yqiayk}`gae~a# ilgl

ya gqay~r` ae c` ^@OC@ 0%0: na ò`hl%^@OC@ 0%0:% ^òc` gly~rènl cly ke~ar}`cly na ic`ya# ac zqe~l gankl# c`

mraiqaeik`# c` mraiqaeik` rac`~k}` { c` mraiqaeik` rac`~k}` ìqgqc`n`%

Ke~ar}`cl na Zqe~l Mraiqaeik` Mraiqaeik` Mraiqaeik` rac`~k}`

ic`ya gankl &m+ rac`~k}` &m%r%+ ìqgqc`n` &m%r%`%+

0%1 ’ 0%; 0%2 ? :%:1: :%:1:

?%: ’ ?%> ?%? 0 :%:?1 :%:21?%1 ’ ?%; ?%2 > :%0:: :%021

9%: ’ 9%> 9%? 01 :%921 :%11:

9%1 ’ 9%; 9%2 0: :%?1: :%6::

>%: ’ >%> >%? 1 :%0?1 :%;?1

>%1 ’ >%; >%2 9 :%:21 0%:::

Zlr l~rl c`nl# ile cly n`~ly na c` ^@OC@ 0%0: ya zqanae fìar fky~lbr`g`y

na mraiqaeik` rac`~k}`# ile iqr}`y elrg`cay ylorazqay~`y { iqr}`y na mraiqaeik`

rac`~k}` ìqgqc`n` z`r` i`ciqc`r gankn`y na cli`ckxìkùe ilgl iq`r~kcay l

zariae~kcay% Zlr ahagzcl# cly iq`r~kcay nk}knae ac ilehqe~l na n`~ly ae iq`~rl z`r~ay

kbq`cay% Ykaenl `yç# ac zrkgar iq`r~kc l %?1 mrì~kc &P0+ yaz`r` c` iq`r~` z`r~a kemarklr

na c`y ~ray iq`r~`y z`r~ay yqzarklray# ay~l ay# ac ?1! na c`y gankikleay na ò`hl% Ac

yabqenl iq`r~kc l %1: mrì~kc &P?+ ay knëe~kil ` c` gankè` l ya` pqa c` gk~`n na c`y

loyar}ìkleay ay~àe nao`hl na ay~a }`clr% C`y loyar}ìkleay `rrko` nac ~ariar iq`r~kc

l %21 mrì~kc &P9+ yle c` iq`r~` z`r~a yqzarklr nac ilehqe~l na n`~ly% Mke`cgae~a# cly




0'90

ke~ariq`r~kcay gknae c` nkmaraeik` ae~ra cly iq`r~kcay P0 { P?%

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0'91

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0'92

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0'96

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?'00

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?'09

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?'0>

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Ylcqikùe8

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Ylcqikùe8

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?'01

}ax { }kia}ary`% Zlr cl ~è~l# cly nly a}ae~ly @ { O yle gq~qly avicq{ae~ay%

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ya nael~` zlr Z &Os@+% C`y mqeikleay qy`n`y z`r` ~`cay mkeay yle8

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?'0=

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?'02

&`+ C` zrkgar` i`r~` ya raagzc`x` è~ay na pqa ya y`pqa c` yabqen`%

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?'06

racìkleè ac ~ërgkel /}`rkòca `ca`~lrk`/ ile ac ~ërgkel /ay~liày~kil/# pqa ya

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na ay~qnkè~a# na HK iq`nr`n`# na Mkyfar# a~i%

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]`rkòca `ca`~lrk` nkyira~` &}`n+%' C` }`n ay qe ilehqe~l l rèbl na }`clray mkek~ly l

kemkek~`gae~a ile~òcay ae eøgarly% C` }`n ya `ylik` ile nky~rkoqikleay na Oarelqcck#

na Zlkyyle# balgë~rki`# fkzarbalgë~rki`# eab`~k}` okelgk`c# a~i% Qe ahagzcl na }`n

mkek~` ay ac eøgarl na q~ly gèah`nly ile qe` mcl~` na = }afçiqcly# ay naikr# nlena v

7 :# 0# ?# 9# ># 1% Yke ago`rbl# qe ahagzcl na }`n kemkek~`gae~a ile~òca ay ac eøgarl

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Nk`br`g`y na ]aee { àcbaor` na ilehqe~ly

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nk`br`g` z`r` razrayae~`r# bràmki`gae~a# cly rayqc~`nly na qe avzarkgae~l% Ac

ileiaz~l na c`y rabc`y na a}ae~ly gq~qly avicq{ae~ay { }`rk`y l~r`y rabc`y na

zrloòkckn`n ya zqanae razrayae~`r ile nk`br`g`y na ]aee% Z`r` iley~rqkr qe

nk`br`g` na ]aee qe ayzìkl ya aeic`qy~r` razrayae~ènl ac ~l~`c na ~lnly cly

rayqc~`nly zlykocay%




?'0;

C`y rabc`y na c`y ~ray lzarìkleay oàyki`y nac àcbaor` na ilehqe~ly z`r` mlrg`r

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^@OC@ ?%0% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y ca{ay nac àcbaor` na ilehqe~ly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

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?'?:

Mkbqr` ?%?% Cly aypqag`y na o`hl gqay~rè cbqely nk`br`g`y na ]aee% &Acòlrìkùe

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Ahagzcly na ~ëieki`y na ile~al yle8

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?% C` rabc` nac zrlnqi~l gày baear`c




?'?0

9% Mì~lrk`cay

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Ac zrkgar n`nl zqana iàr ae e0 7 = gèar`y% Z`r` i`n` qe` na ay~`y = gèar`y# ac

yabqenl n`nl zqana ~`gokëe iàr ae e? gèar`y% Zlr cl ~è~l# ac z`r na n`nly zqanae

iàr ae e0e? 7 &=+ &=+ 7 9=% Ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c ay8

Y 7 t0'0# 0'?# 0'9# 0'># 0'1# 0'=# ?'0# ?'?# ?'9# ?'># ?'1# ?'=# 9'0# 9'?# 9'9# 9'># 9'1# 9'

=# >'0# >'?# >'9# >'># >'1# >'=# 1'0# 1'?# 1'9# 1'># 1'1# 1'=# ='0# ='?# ='9# ='># ='1# ='=w

Ahagzcl )9?% Ae qe ay~qnkl gënkil cly zìkae~ay ya ic`ykmkiè ae lifl gèar`y na

ìqarnl ` pqa ~aebè ~kzl na yèbra# ay naikr# @O$# @O

'# @

$# @

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~`gokëe na ìqarnl `# `pqëccly pqa ~aebè zraykùe `c~`# o`h` l elrg`c% Aeile~r`r ac

eøgarl na gèar`y ae c`y iq`cay qe zìkae~a ya zqan` ic`ykmki`r%

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e0 7 6 ~kzly na yèbra { e? 7 9 zraykleay `r~ark`cay% Zlr cl ~è~l# e0 e? 7 &6+ &9+ 7 ?>

gèar`y%




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_abc` na gqc~kzckiìkùe gày baear`c

C` rabc` nac zrlnqi~l z`r` d'`rrabcly ya namkea ilgl ykbqa8 Yk qe` lzarìkùe zqana

yar faif` ae e0 gèar`y {# yk z`r` i`n` qe` na ay~`y gèar`y# qe` yabqen` lzarìkùe

zqana yar faif` ae e? gèar`y# {# yk zlr i`n` qe` na ay~`y nly zrkgar`y lzarìkleay#

qe` ~ariar` lzarìkùe zqana yar faif` ae e9 gèar`y {# yç yqiayk}`gae~a# ae~leiay# c`

yaiqaeik` na d lzarìkleay l `rrabcly zqana yar faif` ae e0# e?# e9#%%%# ed `rrabcly# ay

naikr8

e0e?e9#…#ed &?'6+

Ahagzcl )99% Yqzùeb`ya pqa qe ickae~a naya` key~`c`r qe ~acëmlel rkgckea { ya zqana

yacaiikle`r na e0 7 0: ilclray nailr`~k}ly pqa ya yqzlea ay~àe nkyzlekocay ae e? 7 9

clebk~qnay na iòcay ile e9 7 ? ~kzly na ~lely rl~`~k}ly% Ae~leiay# ¼iqàe~ly rrabcly ya

zqanae fìar<

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e0e?e9 7 &0:+&9+&?+

7 =: `rrabcly

Ahagzcl )9>% Yk i`n` icçeki` ae qe iae~rl gënkil# ~kaea > ayzaik`cky~`y nac ilr`xùe# 9

ayzaik`cky~`y ae gankike` ke~are` { nly ikrqhèly baear`cay# ¼iqàe~`y gèar`y avky~ae

na yacaiikle`r qe gënkil na i`n` ~kzl< &El~`8 ae ay~a raebcùe# nac zqe~l na }ky~` nac

`q~lr na ay~a ckorl# el zqana fòar ayzaik`cky~`y gënki`y na i`n` qe` na c`y z`r~ay#

ùrbèly l yky~ag`y nac iqarzl# ilgl ilgøegae~a ya iraa% Yk `yç mqar`# ay~l

apqk}`cnrç` naikr pqa i`n` ùrbèl l yky~ag` nac iqarzl mqeikle` kenazaenkae~agae~a

nac ray~l nac lrbèkygl4 cl iqàc el ay ilrrai~l% Ay~l ya naoa ` pqë# ac iqarzl ay~à

ilgzqay~l zlr ùrbèly l yky~ag`y ile~kebae~ay l nazaenkae~ay# iq{l mqeikle`gkae~l

nazaena# ae ~qrel# na c` nkraiikùe pqa ya ca në ` ~lnl ac lrbèkygl ilgl qekn`n

kenazaenkae~a% Ac faifl na pqa qe ùrbèl l yky~ag` nac iqarzl ay~ë `z`rae~agae~a




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aemargl# ay~l el pqkara naikr pqë# ylc`gae~a# aya ùrbèl ae z`r~kiqc`r ay~à aemargl#

ykel pqa ~ln` c` pqçgki` nac iqarzl ay~à c~ar`n`# ilgl rayqc~`nl na }kn` e~ke`~qr`c%

Ay~a r`xle`gkae~l ay~à racìkle`nl ile c` ~ayky na Fkzùir`~ay ileyzkr`~kl qe`+%

Ylcqikùe8

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_abc` mì~lrk`c

N`nl qe çe~abrl zlyk~k}l e# ac zrlnqi~l na ~lnly cly eøgarly ae~arly nayna e f`y~` 0

ya cc`g` mì~lrk`c e { ya ayirkoa e!% Ae baear`c# e! 7 e&e ’ 0+&e ’ ?+&e ’ 9+…%0% Zlr

namkekikùe :! 7 0% @pqç eù~aya pqa 0:! 7 0:²;!4 1! 7 >²>!# { e! 7 e&e ’ 0+!

Gày `nacè~a# iqènl ya nkyiq~` ac ~ag` na zargq~ìkleay ya }arà pqa# c`

nkmaraeik` ae~ra c` rabc` mì~lrk`c { c` rabc` na zargq~ìkleay# ay c` ykbqkae~a8 c` rabc`

mì~lrk`c nkia iqàe~ly `rrabcly yle zlykocay# iqènl ya qyè ~lnly cly nkmarae~ay

loha~ly na e% Yke ago`rbl# iqènl ya fòc` na zargq~ìkleay# ya yacaiikleè

ylc`gae~a `cbqely na cly loha~ly e# el ~lnly# ilgl ae ac i`yl na c` rabc` mì~lrk`c%

Ahagzcl )91% I`ciqc`r cly ykbqkae~ay mì~lrk`cay8

&`+ 0:!

&o+ 1!

&i+ ;!,:!

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&`+ 0:! 7 9#=?6#6::

&o+ 1! 7 0?:

&i+ ;!,:! 7 9=?#66:,0 7 9=?#66:

Ahagzcl )9=% Qe iènkn`~l zrayknaeik`c zcèa` }kyk~`r i`n` qel na ?6 ay~`nly na qe

z`çy% ¼Iqàe~`y rq~`y nkmarae~ay yle zlykocay<

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C`y i`zk~`cay na cly nkmarae~ay ?6 ay~`nly ya zqanae `rrabc`r ae ?6! gèar`y# na ~`c

mlrg` ac eøgarl na nkmarae~ay rq~`y ay ?6! 7 9%:>;v0:?;

%

Ahagzcl )92% Ae c` mìqc~`n na kebaekarç`# ae ikar~` lmkike`# cly ayirk~lrkly na >

oai`rk`y ya zleae ae cçea` ile~r` qe` z`ran% I`n` oai`rk` ya zqana yae~`r ae iq`cpqkar

ayirk~lrkl% ¼Iqàe~ly `rrabcly z`r` yae~`r ` c`y oai`rk`y yle zlykocay<

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Qyènl e! 7 >! 7 &>+&9+&?+&0+ 7 ?>

Nk`br`g`y na àrolc

Ae c`y rabc`y na zrlnqi~l l rabc` na gqc~kzckiìkùe ya zqana qy`r qe` ilemkbqrìkùe

cc`g`n` nk`br`g` na àrolc# z`r` razrayae~`r aypqagà~ki`gae~a# ~ln`y c`y zlykokckn`nay

{ i`ciqc`r iq`cpqkar zrloòkckn`n ae cly rayqc~`nly lo~aeknly nac nk`br`g` na àrolc%

Na ay~` gèar`# cly ayzìkly gqay~r`cay zqanae nayirkokrya bràmki`gae~a ae ~ërgkely

na qe nk`br`g` na àrolc%

Ahagzcl )96% Yqzùeb`ya pqa qe` ilgzq~`nlr` zqan` yacaiikle`r# ca`~lrk`gae~a# qel

na nly mì~lray# _f &zlyk~k}l { eab`~k}l+ { qel na ~ray ~kzly na yèbra% I`ciqc`r c`

zrloòkckn`n na yì`r qe mì~lr _f zlyk~k}l ile ~kzl na yèbra @%

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Qyènl c` rabc` na gqc~kzckiìkùe e0 e? 7 &?+ &9+ 7 = ya fìa ay~a iàciqcl% Yke ago`rbl#

`pqç ay nkmçikc }kyq`ckx`r c`y ilgokeìkleay i`ciqc`n`y ae c` zrloòkckn`n% El loy~è~a#

ac qyl na qe nk`br`g` na àrolc ykgzckmki` ay~` ~`ra`%

Ahagzcl )9;% Ile racìkùe `c zrlocag` è~arklr fìar qe nk`br`g` na àrolc z`r`

racìkle`r ac mì~lr _f { ac ~kzl na yèbra%

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Mì~lr _f ^kzl na yèbra _ayqc~`nl

@ $@

$ L $L

O $O

@ '@

' L 'L

O 'O

Mkbqr` ?%9% Nk`br`g` gly~rènl ac mì~lr _f# ac ~kzl na yèbra { ac rayqc~`nl%

&Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Nac nk`br`g` na àrolc na `rrko` zlnagly }ar pqa ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c ay8

Y 7 t$@# $L# $O# '@# 'L# 'O+

Av`gkeènl ay~` yk~qìkùe }agly pqë# qe` ylc` r`g` ilrrayzlena 8 $@% Zlr cl ~è~l#

c` zrloòkckn`n na yì`r ay~a `rrabcl ay na 0,=%

Ahagzcl )>:% Yqzùeb`ya pqa ya pqkar` aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na qe kemè~a# pqa ya`

qe` fagor` ile lhly `xqcay% @yqgkr pqa c` zrloòkckn`n na }`rleay { fagor`y aykbq`c { pqa zqanè y`ckr ile ilclray na lhly i`mëy# }arnay# `xqcay l i`y~`ðly%

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Qyènl c` rabc` na zrlnqi~ly n`8 e0 e? 7 &?+ &>+ 7 6% C` zrloòkckn`n na qe` fagor`

ile lhly `xqcay ay 0,6%

Zarl# fìkaenl qe nk`br`g` na àrolc ykgzckmki`gly ac iàciqcl na c` zrloòkckn`n na

yì`r qe` fagor` ile lhly `xqcay%




?'?2

A~`z` 0 A~`z` ? A~`z` 9

Zrkgar` glean` Yabqen` glean` âriar` glean`

Mkbqr` ?%1% Nk`br`g` na àrolc nac avzarkgae~l na cèx`r c`y ~ray glean`y

ykgqc~àea`gae~a# nlena Y 7 ylcay { @ 7 àbqkc`y% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Ile ay~a nk`br`g` na àrolc }agly pqa f`{ 6 rayqc~`nly `c cèx`r qe` glean` ~ray

}aiay ileyaiq~k}`y l ~ray glean`y ykgqc~àea`gae~a% Ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c ay8

Y 7 t&YYY+# &YY@+# &Y@Y+# &Y@@+# &@YY+# &@Y@+# &@@Y+# &@@@+w

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na i`kbè avì~`gae~a 9 ylcay ay8

Z&ylcay 7 9+ 7 0,6

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa i`kbè iqènl gaely ? ylcay ay8

Z&ylcay ≡ ?+ 7 >,6 7 0,?

&n+ C` zrloòkckn`n na i`kbè ` cl gày nly àbqkc`y ay8

Z&àbqkc`y ≮ ?+ 7 raylc}arya zlr ac cai~lr &a+ C` zrloòkckn`n na ~lnl ac ilehqe~l gqay~r`c ay8 Z&Y + 7 0 l ya`8

7 Z&YYY+$Z&YY@+$Z&Y@Y+$Z&Y@@+$Z&@YY+$Z&@Y@+$Z&@YY+$Z&@@@+

7 0,6 $ 0,6 $ 0,6 $ 0,6 $ 0,6 $ 0,6 $ 0,6 $ 0,6 7 0




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Ahagzcl )>?% Qe` z`rah` na raikëe i`y`nly naya` ~aear > fkhly%

&`+ Aecky~`r ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c%

&o+ ¼Iq`c ay c` zrloòkckn`n na ~aear 9 }`rleay< ¼> }`rleay<

&i+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na ~aear zqr`y fagor`y< ¼Gày na ? fagor`y<

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&`+ Y 7 t}}}}# }}}f# }}f}# }}ff# }f}}# }f}f# }ff}# }fff# f}}}# f}}f# f}f}# f}ff#

ff}}# ff}f# fff}# ffffw

&o+ Z&9 }`rleay+ 7 ?,6 7 ³4 Z&> }`rleay+ 7 0,0=

&i+ Z&zqr`y fagor`y+ 7 0,0=4 Z&gày na ? fagor`y+ 7 1,0=

Zargq~ìkleay

Qe` zargq~ìkùe ay qe `rrabcl lrnae`nl na loha~ly l i`yly% Na ay~` gèar`# f`y~`

`flr` ya f` nkyiq~knl# øeki`gae~a# c`y rabc`y nac zrlnqi~l z`r` z`ray lrnae`nly { c`

rabc` na gqc~kzckiìkùe gày baear`ckx`n`% Ilgl ya nkhl# ay~`y rabc`y nkiae pqa# cly

acagae~ly yqiayk}ly na qe d'`rrabcl ya yacaiikle`rle na ilehqe~ly nkmarae~ay { ile

lzikleay ile raagzc`xl z`r` ac gkygl acagae~l pqa zqan` z`raiar gày na qe` }ax%

Yke ago`rbl# ae ac i`yl na c`y zargq~ìkleay# }`gly ileyknar`r qe mlenl mkhl

mlrg`nl zlr e nky~ke~ly acagae~ly { yqzlekaenl pqa ya mlrg` qe d'`rrabcl# `c

yacaiikle`r yqiayk}`gae~a na ay~a ilehqe~l# yke raagzc`xl# z`r` pqa qe acagae~l

zqan` `z`raiar ` cly yqgl ae qe` na c`y d zlykikleay%

Namkekikùe8 Qe` zargq~ìkùe ay qe rrabcl na ~lnly l z`r~a na qe ilehqe~l na loha~ly#

nlena ac lrnae ay na kgzlr~èik` &ae ile~r`y~a ile c` ilgokeìkùe ae c` iq`c }aragly

pqa ac lrnae el ay na kgzlr~èik`+%

âlrag` 08 Ac eøgarl na zargq~ìkleay na loha~ly ~lg`nly ~lnly ` qe ~kagzl ay e!

Ay~a ~alrag` ely n` ac eøgarl ~l~`c na ~lnly cly loha~ly ~lg`nly ~lnly ` qe ~kagzl

&ac iq`c ay ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c+%




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Ahagzcl )>9% Qyènl qe` i`ciqc`nlr` na olcykccl# a}`cq`r c`y ykbqkae~ay

zargq~ìkleay8 &`+ 6Z9# &o+ =Z># &i+ 01Z0# &n+ 9Z9

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&`+ 6Z9 7 e! , &e ' r+! 7 6!,&6 ’ 9+! 7 99=

&o+ =Z> 7 &=+&1+&>+&9+ 7 9=:

&i+ 01Z0 7 01

&n+ 9Z9 7 &9+&?+&0+ 7 =

Ahagzcl )>>% Ac eøgarl na zargq~ìkleay na c`y iq`~rl ca~r`y# `# o# i# n &~lg`n`y

~ln`y ` qe ~kagzl+ ay8

e! 7 >! 7 ?>

Ay~` zargq~ìkùe ay# ra`cgae~a# qe` rabc` mì~lrk`c# zlrpqa ya ~lg`rle ~ln`y c`y ca~r`y

` qe ~kagzl%

âlrag` ?8 Ac eøgarl na zargq~ìkleay na e loha~ly nky~ke~ly ~lg`nly qe ~kagzl r

&qe` z`r~a elgày+ ya n` ilgl8

eZr 7 e! , &e ' r+! &?';+

Ahagzcl )>1% Nly olca~ly na c` cl~arç` ya yìè na ?: z`r` ac zrkgarl { yabqenl cqb`r%

Aeile~r`r ac eøgarl na zqe~ly gqay~r`cay ae ac ayzìkl% Aeile~r`r ~`gokëe ~lnl ac

ayzìkl gqay~r`c Y %

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@pqç cly loha~ly yle ~lg`nly na ? ae ? ay naikr# e 7 ?: { r 7 ? { qy`gly c` mùrgqc`8

eZr 7 e! , &e ' r+! 7 ?:Z? 7 ?:!,&?: ' ?+!

7 96:

@flr`# yk pqaragly ~lnl ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c pqkara naikr pqa cly }`gly ~lg`r ~lnly

` qe ~kagzl r% Ay~l nkia pqa c` mùrgqc`8

eZr 7 e! , &e ' r+! ya ranqia ` e! l ya` ?:! 7 ?%>9v0:06

%




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Ahagzcl )>=% ¼Na iqàe~`y gèar`y zqana c` Ylikan`n Pqçgki` Gavkiè` yacaiikle`r

` 9 ilemaraeiky~`y z`r` 9 ilemaraeik`y nkmarae~ay# yk f`{ øeki`gae~a 1 maif`y

nkyzlekocay<

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@pqç e 7 1 { r 7 9 qyènl eZr 7 e! , &e ' r+! { yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray n`8

eZr 7 e! , &e ' r+! 7 1Z9 7 1! , ?! 7 =:% Ae rayqgae# `pqç }agly pqë# yk pqaragly ~ln`y

c`y zargq~ìkleay zlykocay l ~lnl ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c# ae~leiay# qy`gly e! Zarl# yk

pqaragly# øeki`gae~a# qe` z`r~a# qy`gly eZr 7 e!,&e ' r+!

Ahagzcl )>2% ¼Iqàc ay ac eøgarl na zargq~ìkleay na c`y ca~r`y # o# i ~lg`n`y ~ln`y

` qe ~kagzl<

Ylcqikùe8

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Ahagzcl )>6% Ileyknëraya qe` i`rrar` na 0: iò`ccly { qe zragkl na avì~` z`r`

iq`cpqkar` pqa zqan` ayilbar ac lrnae avì~l nac zrkgarl f`y~` ac nëikgl cqb`r%

@yqgkaenl pqa ~lnly cly iò`ccly ~kaeae c` gkyg` lzlr~qekn`n na bè`r# ¼Iqàe~ly

`rrabcly f`{<

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0:Z0: 7 9#=?6#6:: zargq~ìkleay

Ahagzcl )>;% O`hl c`y ilenkikleay nac zrlocag` )2# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na bè`r

yk ya ilgzr` qe ylcl olca~l<

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Z&Ile qe ylcl olca~l+ 7 0 , 0:Z0: 7 0,9#=?6#6::

7 ?%2=v0:'2

Ahagzcl )1:% Yqzùeb`ya pqa f`{ = z`r~ay nkmarae~ay z`r` yar `cgìae`n`y# zarl

ylc`gae~a# f`{ > i`h`y nkyzlekocay% ¼Iqàe~`y zargq~ìkleay yle zlykocay<




?'90

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@pqç# e 7 = { r 7 ># ay naikr8 =Z> 7 9=:

âlrag` 9% Ac eøgarl na nkmarae~ay zargq~ìkleay na e loha~ly# na cly iq`cay e0 yle

na qe` ic`ya# e? yle na qe` yabqen` ic`ya#%%%ed yle na qe` d'ëykg` ic`ya ya n` ilgl8

e! , &e0! e?!%%ed !+ &?'0:+

Nlena8 e! ay ac ~l~`c na cly loha~ly

Ahagzcl )10% ¼Na iqàe~`y gèar`y zqanae `rrabc`rya ae qe ilrnùe acëi~rkil 9 mlily

rlhly# > `g`rkccly { ? `xqcay ae ; zlr~`càgz`r`y<

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Qyènl c` rabc` na z`r~kikùe e!,&e0!e?!%%ed !+

Nlena# e! 7 ;# e0 7 9# e? 7 > { e9 7 ?# n`8

;! , &9! >! ?!+ 7 0?=:

Ahagzcl )1?% Qe ilcabkl hqab` 0? hqably nqrè~a c` ~agzlr`n`% Na iqè~`y gèar`y

zqana ac apqkzl ~argke`r c` ~agzlr`n` ile 2 hqably bè`nly# 9 zarnknly { ? agz`~ay<

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Qyènl c` mqeikùe &?';+ ile e! 7 0?# e0 7 2# e? 7 9 { e9 7 ? { yqy~k~q{aenl n`8

0?!,T&2!+&9!+&?!+ 7 2;?:

L~r` mlrg` na }ar c`y zargq~ìkleay ay iqènl ay~`gly ke~aray`nly ae ac

eøgarl na gèar`y na z`r~kr qe ilehqe~l na e loha~ly ae r yqoilehqe~ly cc`g`n`y

iacn`y%

âlrag` >% Ac eøgarl na gèar`y na z`r~kr qe ilehqe~l na e loha~ly ae r iacn`y ile e0

acagae~ly ae c` zrkgar` iacn`# e? acagae~ly ae c` yabqen` {# `yç yqiayk}`gae~a# ay8




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e

eee r %%#

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7 eIe0#e?%%er 7 e! , e0! e?!%%%er ! &?'00+

Nlena8

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Ahagzcl )19% Ae iqàe~`y gèar`y zqanae 2 ikae~çmkily yar ykbe`nly qe iq`r~l ~rkzca

{ ` ? iq`r~ly nlocay ae qe fl~ac%

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2

?#?#9

7 2! , &9!?!?!+ 7 ?0:

Ahagzcl )1>% Na iqàe~`y gèar`y ya zqanae ìlgln`r ` 0: }k`harly ae qe fl~ac

`ykbeàenlcly ae ? iq`r~ly ~rkzcay { 9 iq`r~ly nlocay<

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Qyènl c` mqeikùe &?'00+ { yqy~k~q{aenl n`8

0:! , &9! 9! ?! ?! ?!+ 7 0?#=::

Ilgokeìkleay

Qe` ilgokeìkùe ay qe `rrabcl na loha~ly# yke kgzlr~`r ac lrnae% Ac eøgarl na

ilgokeìkleay na e loha~ly ~lg`nly ` qe ~kagzl r zqana ayirkokrya ilgl eIr %

âlrag`8 Ac eøgarl na ilgokeìkleay na e loha~ly nky~ke~ly ~lg`nly qe ~kagzlr ay

qe` ilgokeìkùe4 ay~l ay# ac eøgarl na yqoilehqe~ly na ~`g`ðl r pqa zqanae

yacaiikle`rya na qe ilehqe~l na e loha~ly nky~ke~ly nlena ac lrnae el ay kgzlr~è~a

&ilgl ae ac i`yl na c` zargq~ìkùe# ae c` iq`c ac lrnae yk ay kgzlr~è~a+% C`

ilgokeìkùe ya nael~` zlr c` mqeikùe8

eIr 7 e! , r! &e ' r+! &?'0?+

Nlena8

eIr ay c` ilgokeìkùe# pqa ~`gokëe ya zqana nael~`r ilgl Ier




?'99

Ahagzcl )11% A}`cq`r 2I>%

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c` mùrgqc` &?'0?+ eIr 7 e! , r!&e ' r+! { yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray n`8

7 2I9 7 2! , >! 9!

7 91

Ahagzcl )1=% Qe mòrkiè~a na ccè~`y fìa 0: ~kzly na eaqgà~kily z`r` nkmarae~ay

~`g`ðly { pqkara zraz`r`r qe` z`r~kn` pqa ile~aeb` = ~kzly na ccè~`y% ¼Iqàe~`y

ilgokeìkleay na ccè~`y ay~àe nkyzlekocay<

Ylcqikùe8

Qy`gly c` mqeikùe na ilgokeìkùe# c` iq`c ay qe `rrabcl na loha~ly# yke kgzlr~`r ac

lrnae% @pqç ya qy` eqa}`gae~a# c` mqeikùe &?'0?+ namkekn` ilgl8

eIr 7 e!, r!&e ' r+! 7 eZr , r!

@pqç# e 7 0:# r 7 =% Yqoy~k~q{aenl ay~ly }`clray ae c` mqeikùe na `rrko` n`8

0:I= 7 0:! , =! >! 7 ?0:

Ahagzcl )12% Qe brqzl na ~ray keyzai~lray }` ` keyzaiikle`r c`y ì~k}kn`nay na qe`

kenqy~rk` ile~`gkeè~a% Ac brqzl ya }` ` mlrg`r yacaiikleènl cly ~ray `bae~ay na qe

brqzl na 1% ¼Iqàe~ly brqzly nkmarae~ay ya zqanae mlrg`r ykbqkaenl qe lrnae

namkeknl< ¼Ykbqkaenl qe lrnae kenamkeknl<

Ylcqikùe8

Z`r` ac zrkgar i`yl# yarç` qe` zargq~ìkùe# zlrpqa ya pqkara qe lrnae namkeknl%

Qyènl c` mùrgqc` eZr 7 e!,&e ' r+! ile e 7 1 { r 7 9 { yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray n`8

1Z9 7 1! , &1 ' 9+! 7 1!,9! 7 ?:

Z`r` ac yabqenl i`yl# l ya` qe lrnae kenamkeknl# yarç` qe` ilgokeìkùe# zlrpqa ac

lrnae el ay na kgzlr~èik`# ay naikr# qyènl c` mùrgqc` &?'0?+8

1I9 7 0:




?'9>

L~r` }`rkìkùe na ilgokeìkùe ya namkea ilgl ac eøgarl na ilgokeìkleay na

e loha~ly ~lg`nly 0# ?# 9#%%% e qe ~kagzl% Na ay~` gèar`# ae baear`c# z`r` iq`cpqkar

çe~abrl zlyk~k}l e ya n` zlr c` mqeikùe na ò`hl8

eI0 $ eI? $ eI9 $ %%% $ eIe 7 ?e

’ 0 &?'09+

Ahagzcl )16% Qe` zaryle` ~kaea ikeil glean`y na nkmarae~ay naelgkeìkleay%

¼Iqàe~`y yqg`y nkmarae~ay na nkearl ya zqanae mlrg`r<

Ylcqikùe8

C` glean` ya zqana yacaiikle`r {` ya` qe` na 1 glean`y# nly na 1 glean`y#…%#

ikeil na 1 glean`y% Qyènl c` mqeikùe na `rrko` &?'09+ { yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray

`zrlzk`nly n`8

1I0 $ 1I? $ 1I9 $ 1I> $ 1I1 7 1 $ 0: $ 0: $ 1 $ 0

7 90

L~r` mlrg` na fìar ay~a zrlocag` yarç` r`xleènl na c` ykbqkae~a gèar`% I`n`

glean` ya zqana gèah`r na nly gèar`y# ` gankn` pqa ya yacaiikle` l el ya

yacaiikle`% Naoknl ` pqa i`n` qe` na c`y nly gèar`y na ~r`~`r ile qe` na c`y

glean`y ay `ylik`n` ile nly gèar`y na qy`r# ile i`n` qe` na c`y l~r`y glean`y# ac

eøgarl na gèar`y na ~r`~`r ile c`y ikeil glean`y ay qyènl c` racìkùe ?1

gèar`y%

Zarl c` iè~kn`n ?1 gèar`y keicq{a ac i`yl ae ac iq`c ekebqe` glean` ya yacaiikle`%

Zlr cl ~è~l# ac eøgarl rapqarknl na yqg`y na nkearl ay na ?1

’ 0 7 90%

Nae~rl nac ~ùzkil na ilgokeìkleay# ~`gokëe ya zqana keicqkr ac qyl na c` rabc`

fkzarbalgë~rki` &Zm`mmaeoarbar a~ c% 0;62+% Ykaenl yç# yqzùeb`ya pqa f`{ e loha~ly

ae qe brqzl {# pqa e0 yle na qe ~kzl { e? yle na l~rl ~kzl% Ac eøgarl na brqzly na r

loha~ly# nlena r 0 yle nac zrkgar ~kzl { r ? yle nac yabqenl ~kzl# pqa zqanae yar

mlrg`nly zlr gankl na yì`r r loha~ly na e# ya n` zlr8 e0

e0Ir 0 ² e?Ir ? nlena e0 $ e? 7 e4 r 0 $ r ? 7 r &?'0>+




?'91

Ahagzcl )1;%Qe raicq~`nlr na qe` mkrg` na agzcaly f` faifl ae~ra}ky~`y ile 0:

kebaekarly# na cly iq`cay = yle kebaekarly ik}kcay { > el% Ac raicq~`nlr pqkara agzca`r

1 na cly 0: kebaekarly ae~ra}ky~`nly% ¼Iqàe~ly brqzly zlykocay na cly ikeil kebaekarly

agzca`nly ile~aenràe avì~`gae~a ~ray kebaekarly ik}kcay<

Ylcqikùe8

Nah`r pqa e0 7 = { e? 7 > q qy`r c` rabc` fkzarbalgë~rki` &?'0>+% Ae ac yqobrqzl na

~`g`ðl r 7 1# pqaragly r 0 7 9 kebaekarly ik}kcay { r ? kbq`c ` cly pqa el yle kebaekarly

ik}kcay% Ae~leiay# ac eøgarl na brqzly na ~`g`ðl 1 na ay~` i`~ablrç` ay8

=! >!

=I9²>I? 7 „„„„„ ² „„„„„ 7 &?:+&=+ 7 0?:

9!&= ’ 9+! ?!&> ’ ?+!

@pqç eù~aya pqa c` rabc` fkzarbalgë~rki` ay –zlekaenl hqe~ly‗ ac zrlnqi~l { c` rabc`

na ilgokeìkleay z`r` lo~aear ac rayqc~`nl%

A}ae~ly kenazaenkae~ay { nazaenkae~ay%' Nly a}ae~ly @ { O ya nkia pqa yle

kenazaenkae~ay yk c` liqrraeik` na @ el mai~` c` zrloòkckn`n na c` liqrraeik` na O# ay

naikr8

Z&@sO+ 7 Z&@+ &?'01+

l okae Z&Os@+ 7 Z&O+ &?'0=+

A}ae~ly nazaenkae~ay%' Yk c` liqrraeik` l el liqrraeik` na @# `mai~` c` zrloòkckn`n

na liqrraeik` na O# ae~leiay# cly a}ae~ly yle nazaenkae~ay% @nagày# z`r` ~ray a}ae~ly

kenazaenkae~ay# nkb`gly# A0# A?# A9 c` zrloòkckn`n ay8

ZrtA0A?A9w 7 ZrtA0wZrtA?sA0wZrtA9sA0A?w%

Ahagzcl )=:% Ya yacaiikle` `ca`~lrk`gae~a qe` i`r~` na qe` o`r`h` ilgøe na 1?

i`r~`y% Yk @ ay ac a}ae~l na pqa c` i`r~` acabkn` ya` qe `y { O ya` ac a}ae~l na pqa ya`

qe ilr`xùe# ae~leiay# @ { O yle a}ae~ly kenazaenkae~ay# {` pqa Z&@O+ 7 0,1?# Z&@+ 7




?'9=

>,1? { Z&O+ 7 09,1?% Ay~l ya naoa ` pqa f`{ > `yay { 09 i`r~`y na ilr`xleay%

Ahagzcl )?% Ileyknar`r ac ayz`ikl gqay~r`cY 7 t@# O# I# N+# nlena Z&@+ 7 Z&N+ 7 %9

{ Z&O+ 7 Z&I+ 7 %?% &Daccar a~ `c% 0;;:+

&`+ Ykaenl `yç# namkekr cly a}ae~ly8

0 7 t@# Ow

? 7 tO# Iw

9 7 tI# Nw

&o+ ¼Iqàc na cly ykbqkae~ay z`ray na a}ae~ly yle kenazaenkae~ay l nazaenkae~ay<

&o+ 0 { ?

&i+ ? { 9

&n+ 0 { 9

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ 0 7 t@# Ow 7 %9# %?

? 7 tO# Iw 7 %?# %?

9 7 tI# Nw 7 %?# %9

&o+ Cly a}ae~ly 0 { ? yle kenazaenkae~ay

&i+ Cly a}ae~ly ? { 9 yle kenazaenkae~ay

&n+ Cly a}ae~ly 0 { 9 yle nazaenkae~ay




?'92

_abc` gqc~kzcki`~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly nazaenkae~ay a kenazaenkae~ay

Ae `cbqe`y li`ykleay ya zqanae raylc}ar zrlocag`y na zrloòkckn`n# zlr gankl na

ile~`r ac eøgarl na zqe~ly ae qe ayzìkl gqay~r`c# ac iq`c ya ramkara ilgl c` rabc`

gqc~kzcki`~k}`% C` rabc` gqc~kzcki`~k}` l na ile~al na eøgarl na zqe~ly ae qe ayzìkl

gqay~r`c ya qy` ae ay~a i`yl% Yke ago`rbl# zlnagly }ar pqa ay~` rabc` zcki` z`r` nly

a}ae~ly nazaenkae~ay { z`r` nly a}ae~ly kenazaenkae~ay% Ay~` rabc` na gqc~kzckiìkùe

ay yqbarkn` zlr c` namkekikùe na zrloòkckn`n ilenkikle`c rrko` nayirk~`% Ay~` rabc` na

zrloòkckn`n ilenkikle`c ya n` ilgl8

Z&@sO+ 7 Z&@sO+,Z&O+# Z&O+≪

: &?'02+Zlnagly raayirkokr ay~` aiqìkùe z`r` lo~aear8

Z&@sO+ 7 Z&O+ Z&@sO+ &?'06+

C` rabc` gqc~kzcki`~k}` z`r` nly a}ae~ly nazaenkae~ay ay8

Z&@ { O+ 7 Z&@+ Z&Os@+ { Z&@ { O+ 7 Z&O+ Z&@sO+ &?'0;+

Pqa mke`cgae~a# ~`gokëe ya ayirkoa ilgl8

Z&@ ∫ O+ 7 Z&O+ Z&@sO+ &?'0;`+

7 Z&@+ Z&Os@+ &?'?:o+

Nlena8

Z&@sO+ ya ramkara ` c` zrloòkckn`n ilenkikle`c na pqa ac a}ae~l @ liqrr` n`nl pqa O

{` liqrrkù { Z&Os@+ ya ramkara c` zrloòkckn`n ilenkikle`c na pqa ac a}ae~l O liqrr`

n`nl pqa @ {` liqrrkù%

Ae }arn`n# c` rabc` gqc~kzcki`~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly nazaenkae~ay ay c` zrloòkckn`n

na c` ke~aryaiikùe &@sO+ na nly a}ae~ly @ { O% Ay~l nkia pqa# c` zrloòkckn`n na

liqrraeik` ilehqe~` na a}ae~l @ { a}ae~l O ay kbq`c ` c` zrloòkckn`n ilenkikle`c na

@ n`nl O zlr c` zrloòkckn`n g`rbke`c na O%

C` rabc` gqc~kzcki`~k}` z`r` nly a}ae~ly kenazaenkae~ay ay8




?'96

Z&@ { O+ 7 Z&@+ Z&O+ &?'?0+

L okae Z&@ ∫ O+ 7 Z&@+ Z&O+ &?'?0`+

Ahagzcl )=0% Ae~ra 9 nkyily na ilgzq~`nlr` qel ay~à namai~qlyl% Nly na accly ya

yacaiikleè ca`~lrk`gae~a# zarl ac zrkgarl ay raagzc`x`nl# e~ay na yì`r ac yabqenl

nkyil% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa `goly nkyily ay~ëe oqaely<

Ylcqikùe8

Nahagly pqa @ ya` ac a}ae~l na yì`r qe nkyil oqael {# O# ac a}ae~l na yì`r qe

yabqenl nkyil oqael% Ae~leiay# c` zrloòkckn`n na @ ay Z&@+ 7 ?,9 { c` zrloòkckn`n

na O ay Z&O+ 7 ?,9% Naoknl ` pqa f`{ raagzc`xl# ay~l ely cca}` ` c` rabc`

gqc~kzcki`~k}` na a}ae~ly kenazaenkae~ay% Zlr cl ~è~l8

Z&@ { O+ 7 Z&@ ∫ O+ 7 Z&@+ Z&O+

7 &?,9+&?,9+ 7 >,;

Ahagzcl )=?% ]ake~a qekn`nay na qe zrlnqi~l gèqmì~qr`nl ya yk~øè ae qe nazùyk~l%

Nly na ay~`y qekn`nay ay~àe namai~qly`y% Yk ya keyzaiikleè ~ln`y c`y ?: qekn`nay#

¼iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na yacaiikle`r &`ca`~lrk`gae~a+# c`y ? qekn`nay namai~qly`y<

Ylcqikùe8

Nah`r pqa @ ya` c` zrkgar` qekn`n namai~qly` { O c` yabqen` qekn`n namai~qly`%

Ae~leiay# pqaragly aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na ke~aryaiikùe na cly nly a}ae~ly# ay

naikr# &@ ∫ O+% Cly a}ae~ly yle ic`r`gae~a nazaenkae~ay# zlrpqa c` zrloòkckn`n na

pqa c` yabqen` qekn`n ya` namai~qly` nazaena na pqa yk c` zrkgar` qekn`n ya` l el

namai~qly`% @pqç8 Z&@+ 7 ?,?: { Z&O,@+ 7 0,0; Yqy~k~q{aenl ay~ly }`clray ae c`

mqeikùe na c` rabc` na gqc~kzckiìkùe z`r` a}ae~ly nazaenkae~ay n`8

Z&@ ∨ O+ 7 Z&@+ Z&O,@+

7 &?,0:+&0,0;+

7 :%::1?=




?'9;

El~`8 C` zrloòkckn`n ilenkikle`c Z&O,@+ ay kbq`c ` 0;# zlrpqa yk @ liqrra &qe`

qekn`n namai~qly` yacaiikle`n` ae c` zrkgar` yì`n`+# ae~leiay# pqan`ràe ylc`gae~a

0; qekn`nay z`r` yar yacaiikle`n`y ae c` yabqen` yì`n`% Zlr cl ~è~l# c` zrloòkckn`n

na yacaiikle`r c`y ? qekn`nay namai~qly`y ay na :%::1?=# c` iq`c ay gq{ kgzrloòca# ay

naikr# 1 lzlr~qekn`nay ae 0#:::!

Zlr l~r` z`r~a# c` rabc` gqc~kzcki`~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly kenazaenkae~ay ya namkea

ilgl8

Z&@ ∫ O+ 7 Z&@+ Z&O+ &?'??+

Ahagzcl )=9% Yqzùeb`ya pqa ae qe` i`h` f`{ ?: mqykocay# na cly iqàcay 1 ay~àe

namai~qlyly% Yk ya yacaiikleè ? mqykocay `ca`~lrk`gae~a# ae yqiaykùe# ¼iqàc ay c`

zrloòkckn`n na pqa cly ? mqykocay yacaiikle`nly ay~ëe namai~qlyly<

Ylcqikùe8

Nahagly pqa @ ya` ac a}ae~l na yì`r ac zrkgar mqykoca namai~qlyl {# O# ya` ac a}ae~l

na yì`r ac yabqenl mqykoca namai~qlyl% Yk ke~arzra~`gly @∫ O ilgl ac a}ae~l na

pqa @ liqrra { O ac a}ae~l nayzqëy na pqa @ liqrrkù# ae~leiay# c` zrloòkckn`n na @

ay Z&@+ 7 1,?: {# c` zrloòkckn`n na O ay Z&O+ 7 >,0;% Zlr cl ~è~l#

Z&@ ∫ O+ 7 Z&@+ Z&Os@+

7 &1,?:+&>,0;+

7 0,0;

Ahagzcl )=>% Ae cly hqably na cly n`nly &fleay~ly+ c` yqg` na qe ~l~`c na 2 zqe~ly na

cly nly n`nly bè`% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe hqb`nlr cèia nly 2

ileyaiq~k}ly<

Ylcqikùe8

Cly nly a}ae~ly yle kenazaenkae~ay# zlrpqa ac rayqc~`nl nac yabqenl cèx`gkae~l el

`mai~` `c rayqc~`nl nac zrkgarl% @pqç ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c ay na &9=+&9=+ 7 0#?;= { c`




?'>:

zrloòkckn`n na yì`r c` yqg` na 2 ay na =# ay naikr# &?$1# 1$?# 9$># >$9# 0$=# =$0+%

Qyènl c` rabc` gqc~kzcki`~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly kenazaenkae~ay n`8

Z&@ ∫ O+ 7 Z&@+ ² Z&O+

7 &=,9=+&=,9=+ 7 0,9=

Ahagzcl )=1% ¼Iqàe~ly zqe~ly gqay~r`cay f`{ ae qe ayzìkl gqay~r`c# iqènl qe z`r

na n`nly ya cèxè qe` }ax<

Ylcqikùe8

Ac zrkgar n`nl zqana iàr ae e0 7 = gèar`y% Z`r` i`n` qe` na ay~`y = gèar`y# ac

yabqenl n`nl zqana iàr ae e?

gèar`y% Zlr cl ~è~l8

e0 e? 7 &=+&=+ 7 9= gèar`y zlykocay

Ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c ay8

Y 7 t0'0# 0'?# 0'9# 0'># 0'1# 0'=# ?'0# ?'?# ?'9# ?'># ?'1# ?'=# 9'0# 9'?# 9'9# 9'># 9'1# 9'=#

>'0# >'?# >'9# >'># >'1# >'=# 1'0# 1'?# 1'9# 1'># 1'1# 1'=# ='0# ='?# ='9# ='># ='1# ='=w

_abc` `nk~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly gq~qly avicq{ae~ay { a}ae~ly el gq~qly avicq{ae~ay

Ae gqif`y `zckiìkleay na c` ~alrç` na zrloòkckn`n# ay~`gly ke~aray`nly ae ilgoke`r

zrloòkckn`nay na a}ae~ly pqa ay~àe racìkle`nly na cbqe` gèar`% Ae ay~a i`yl ya qy`

c` rabc` nk~k}`% @yç# c` rabc` nk~k}` ya qy` z`r` ilgzq~`r c` zrloòkckn`n na c` qekùe na

nly a}ae~ly% Ay~` rabc` `zcki` z`r` a}ae~ly el gq~qly avicq{ae~ay {# ~`gokëe# z`r`

a}ae~ly gq~qly avicq{ae~ay%

Zlr ahagzcl yk @ { O yle a}ae~ly gq~qly avicq{ae~ay ac glnacl `nk~k}l ay8

Z&@ ∫ O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ &?'?9+

Pqa ~`gokëe ya zqana ayirkokr ilgl8

Z&@ l O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ &?'?9`+

El~`% Ac yçgolcl Z&@ l O+ ya ramkara c zrloòkckn`n na iq`cpqkar` na cly a}ae~ly @ l

O liqrrè l# okae# pqa `goly liqrrè%




?'>0

Yke ago`rbl# yk cly i`yly @ { O el yle a}ae~ly gq~qly avicq{ae~ay# ac glnacl

`nk~k}l ay8

Z&@ ∨ O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ ' Z&@ ∫ O+ &?'?>+

Ay~` mqeikùe ~`gokëe ya zqana avzray`r ilgl8

Z&@ l O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ ' Z&@ { O+ &?'?1+

El~`8 Ac yçgolcl Z&@ { O+ ya qy` z`r` nael~`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa goly a}ae~ly @

{ O liqrrkràe%

Ahagzcl )==% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na lo~aear qe = ae ac zrkgar l yabqenl

cèx`gkae~l na qe n`nl l# ae `goly cèx`gkae~ly<Ylcqikùe8

@pqç# qy`gly c` rabc` `nk~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly el gq~qly avicq{ae~ay8

Z&@0 l @?+ 7 Z&@0+ $ Z&@?+ ' Z&@0 { @?+

L okae Z&@ l O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ ' Z&@ { O+

Z`r` ay~l# nahagly pqa @0 nael~a ac a}ae~l na qe = ae ac zrkgar cèx`gkae~l { @? ac

a}ae~l na qe = ae ac yabqenl cèx`gkae~l% Pqaragly aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na Z&@0

l @?+# cl iq`c pqkara naikr pqa ay~`gly oqyiènl pqa ac = `z`raxi`# {` ya` ae ac zrkgar

cèx`gkae~l l ae ac yabqenl cèx`gkae~l l ae `goly cèx`gkae~ly% Na gèar` pqa8

Z&@0+ 7 0,=# Z&@?+ 7 0,= { Z&@0 { @?+ 7 0,9=

Yqoy~k~q{aenl ~lnly ay~ly }`clray ae c` mùrgqc` n`8

Z&@0 l @?+ 7 0,= $ 0,= ' 0,9= 7 00,9=

Ahagzcl )=2% C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa G`rke` z`ya g`~agà~ki`y ay na ?,9# { c`

zrloòkckn`n na pqa z`ya ac iqryl na kebcëy ay >,;% Yk c` zrloòkckn`n na z`y`r `goly

iqryly ay na 0,># ¼iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa G`rke` z`ya# iqènl gaely qel na

ay~ly iqryly<

Ylcqikùe8




?'>?

Nah`r pqa @ 7 ?,9 ya` ac a}ae~l na z`y`r g`~agà~ki`y { O 7 >,; ac a}ae~l na z`y`r

kebcëy { Z&@ { O+ 7 0,> ac a}ae~l na z`y`r g`~agà~ki`y a kebcëy# ae~leiay zlr c` rabc`

`nk~k}`8

Z&@ l O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ ' Z&@ { O+

Z&@ ∨ O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ ' Z&@ ∫ O+

Z&?,9 l 0,>+ 7 Z&?,9+ $ Z&0,>+ ' Z&?,9 { 0,>+

7 ?,9 $ >,; ' 0,> 7 90,9=

Ahagzcl )=6% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe` i`r~` yacaiikle`n`# ca`~lrk`gae~a# na

qe g`xl na 1? i`r~`y ya` qe ra{ l qe ilr`xùe<Ylcqikùe8

Naoknl ` pqa f`{ qe ~r`yc`z`nl# ya qy` c` rabc` `nk~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly el gq~qly

avicq{ae~ay Z&@ l O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ ' Z&@ { O+% Ykaenl `yç# nahagly pqa @ 7 qe ra{

iq`cpqkar` { O 7 zraiky`gae~a qe ilr`xùe iq`cpqkar`% Zlr cl ~è~l# Z&@+ 7 >,1?# Z&O+ 7

09,1?# Z&@ { O+ ra{ l ilr`xleay 7 0,1?% @pqç# ay cùbkil pqa c` zrloòkckn`n ilehqe~`

&Qe` zrloòkckn`n pqa gkna c` }arkykgkck~qn na pqa zqanè liqrrkr nly gày a}ae~ly

c` gkyg` }ax+# na qe ra{ { qe ilr`xùe nao` na ray~`rya qe` }ax% Na el yar `yç ya

keicqkrç` nly }aiay ae aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe` i`r~` yacaiikle`n`

`ca`~lrk`gae~a mqar`# {` ya` qe ra{ l qe ilr`xùe% Avky~a qe ~r`yc`z`nl na rayqc~`nly# cl

iq`c pqkara naikr pqa avky~a c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac ra{ &@+ { qe ilr`xùe &O+ liqrrè

`c gkygl ~kagzl% Zlr cl ~è~l8

Z&@ l O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ ' Z&@ { O+

7 >,1? $ 09,1? ’ 0,1? 7 0=,1?

Ahagzcl )=;% Ay~a ay qe zrlocag` yì`nl nac ckorl Y~`~ky~ki`c @e`c{yky mlr Naikykùe

G`dkeb na Glrrky F`goqrb &0;6;+# ac iq`c ay~à racìkle`nl ile c` zrloòkckn`n na

lo~aear qe = ae ac zrkgarl l yabqenl cèx`gkae~l na qe n`nl l ae goly cèx`gkae~ly%




?'>9

Ay~l ay cl gkygl pqa i`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n na lo~aear qe =# iqènl gaely qe` }ax

ae nly cèx`gkae~ly na qe n`nl%

Ylcqikùe8

Nah`r pqa @0 nael~a c` y`ckn` na qe = ae ac zrkgar cèx`gkae~l nac n`nl { @? razrayae~a

c` y`ckn` na qe = ae ac yabqenl cèx`gkae~l% Pqaragly aeile~r`r ac } clr na Z&@0 l @?+%

Z`r` ay~l è`ckiagly cly rayqc~`nly zlykocay nac zrkgarl { yabqenl cèx`gkae~l%

0#0 ?#0 9#0 >#0 1#0 =#0

0#? ?#? 9#? >#? 1#? =#?

0#9 ?#9 9#9 >#9 1#9 =#9

0#> ?#> 9#> >#> 1#> =#>

0#1 ?#1 9#1 >#1 1#1 =#1

0#= ?#= 9#= >#= 1#= =#=

C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe = y`cb` ae `goly cèx`gkae~ly ay Z&@0 { @?+ 7 0,9=% C`

zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe = y`cb` ae ac zrkgar cèx`gkae~l ay Z&@0+ 7 0,= { ae ac yabqenl

cèx`gkae~l ay Z&@?+ 7 0,=% Ae~leiay# `zckiènl c` rabc` `nk~k}` n`8

Z&@0 l @?+ 7 Z&@0+ $ Z&@?+ ’ Z&@0 { @?+

7 0,= $ 0,= ’ 0,9=

7 00,9=

@pqç eù~aya pqa ay eaiay`rkl ray~`rca 0,9= z`r` a}k~`r qe ~r`yc`z`nl%




?'>>

Mkbqr` ?%=% C`y Mkbqr`y &`+# &o+ { &i+ gqay~rè ac qyl na nk`br`g`y na ]aee z`r` c` rabc`

`nk~k}`# z`r` a}ae~ly gq~qly avicq{ae~ay { el gq~qly avicq{ae~ay% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Ahagzcl )2:% Qe` ilgzq~`nlr` baear` `ca`~lrk`gae~a ac øc~kgl nçbk~l na qe eøgarl

~acamùekil% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac rayqc~`nl ya` qe 6 l ; &^rklc`# 0;6=+%

Ylcqikùe8

Cly rayqc~`nly na cly eøgarly 6 { ; yle a}ae~ly gq~qly avicq{ae~ay# zlr cl ~è~l# ya

qy` c` mqeikùe &?'?9+% Ae~leiay# nahagly pqa Z&@+ 7 6 { Z&O+ 7 ;# { zckiènl c` rabc`

`nk~k}` Z&@ ∫ O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ { yqy~k~q{aenl n`8

Z&6 l ;+ 7 Z&6+ $ Z&;+ ’ Z&6 { ;+

7 0,0: $ 0,0: ' :

7 0,1

Ahagzcl )20% Yk A0 ay ac a}ae~l na yì`r qe y na qe g`xl na i`r~`y { A? ay ac a}ae~l na

yì`r qe ra{# ae~leiay# ZrtA0w 7 >,1? { ZrtA?w 7 >,1? 7 0,09 { c` zrloòkckn`n na yì r#

{` ya` qe `y l qe ra{ ay na8 ZrtA0 $ A?w 7 ZrtA0w $ ZrtA?w 7 0,09 $ 0,09 7 ?,09%




?'>1

Ae~leiay# zlr cl ~è~l# naoknl ` pqa `goly ac `y { ac ra{ el zqanae yar yì`nly na qe

ylcl ~krl# zlr cl ~è~l# yle a}ae~ly gq~qly avicq{ae~ay { ya qy` c` mqeikùe &?'?9+%

Ahagzcl )2?% Yk A0 ay ac a}ae~l na yì`r qe `y { A? ay ac a}ae~l na yì`r qe` ayz`n`#

ae~leiay# A0 { A? el yle a}ae~ly gq~qly avicq{ae~ay naoknl ` pqa ac `y na ayz`n`y

zqana yar yì`nl% Ykaenl `yç# ya qy` c` mqeikùe &?'?1+ z`r` a}ae~ly el gq~qly

avicq{ae~ay% Zlr cl ~è~l# c` zrloòkckn`n na yì`r {` ya` qe y l qe` ayz`n` l goly ay8

ZrtA0 $ A?w 7 ZrtA0w $ ZrtA?w ' ZrtA0A?w 7 >,1? $ 09,1? ' 0,1? 7 >,09

Ahagzcl )29% ¼Iq`c ay c` zrloòkckn`n na lo~aear qe yaky ae ac zrkgarl l yabqenl

cèx`gkae~l na qe n`nl l# ae `goly cèx`gkae~ly na qe n`nl fleay~l<

Ylcqikùe8

@pqç# qy`gly c` rabc` `nk~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly el gq~qly avicq{ae~ay# ay naikr# c` mqeikùe

&?'?1+% Z`r` ay~l nahagly pqa @0 nael~a ac a}ae~l na qe yaky ae ac zrkgar cèx`gkae~l {

@? nael~a ac a}ae~l na qe yaky ae ac yabqenl cèx`gkae~l% Pqaragly aeile~r`r c`

zrloòkckn`n na Z&@0 l @?+# cl iq`c nkia pqa ay~`gly oqyiènl pqa ac eøgarl yaky

`z`raxi`# {` ya` ae ac zrkgar cèx`gkae~l l ae ac yabqenl cèx`gkae~l l ae `goly

cèx`gkae~ly% Ae~leiay8

Z&@0+ 7 0,=# Z&@?+ 7 0,= { Z&@0 { Z@?+ 7 0,9=

Yqy~k~q{aenl ~lnly ay~ly }`clray ae c` mqeikùe &?'?2+ n`8

Z&@ ∨ O+ 7 Z&@+ $ Z&O+ ’ Z&@ ∫ O+

Z&@0 ∨ @?+ 7 0,= $ 0,= ’ 0,9= 7 00,9=

Ahagzcl )2>% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe` i`r~` yacaiikle`n`# ca`~lrk`gae~a# na

qe g`xl na 1? i`r~`y ya` qe `y l qe ilr`xùe<

Ylcqikùe8

@pqç# eqa}`gae~a# ya qy` c` rabc` nk~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly el gq~qly avicq{ae~ay% Z`r` ay~l

nahagly pqa @ 7 qe y iq`cpqkar` { O 7 zraiky`gae~a qe ilr`xùe iq`cpqkar`% Qyènl ac




?'>=

g`xl na 1? i`r~`y &pqa ile~kaea iq`~rl ?¾y# iq`~rl 9¾y# iq`~rl >¾y# ………# iq`~rl 0:¾y#

iq`~rl yl~`y# iq`~rl rake`y# iq`~rl ra{ay { iq`~rl yay# ile yqy ilrrayzlenkae~ay mkbqr`y

na ~rëolcay# ilr`xleay# ayz`n`y { nk`gè~ay+# zlr cl ~è~l# z r` qe y iq`cpqkar`# Z&@+ 7

>,1? # z`r` qe ilr`xùe iq`cpqkar`# Z&O+ 7 09,1? {# z`r` `yay l ilr`xleay# Z&@ { O+

kbq`c 0,1?% @pqç# eqa}`gae~a# ilgl ae ac i`yl nac ahagzcl )=6 ay cùbkil yqgkr pqë#

c` zrloòkckn`n ilehqe~` &qe` zrloòkckn`n pqa gkna c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa zqanè

liqrrkr nly l gày a}ae~ly ` c` gkyg` }ax+# na qe y { qe ilr`xùe nao` ray~`rya qe` }ax%

Na el yar `yç# ya keicqkrç` nly }aiay ae aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe` i`r~`

yacaiikle`n` `c `x`r mqar`# {` ya` qe `y l qe ilr`xùe% Avky~a qe ylorazqay~l na

rayqc~`nly# cl iq`c nkia pqa avky~a c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac `y &@+ { qe ilr`xùe &O+

y`cbè ` c` gkyg` }ax% Zlr cl ~è~l8

Z&`y l ilr`xùe+ 7 Z&`y+ $ Z&ilr`xùe+ ’ Z&`y { ilr`xùe+

7 >,1? $ 09,1? ’ 0,1?

7 0=,1?

Ahagzcl )21% Ae ay~a ahagzcl# z`r` kcqy~r`r c` ca{ `nk~k}` na zrloòkckn`n# ae c` iq`c

avky~ae ~r`yc`z`nly# ya zqana fìar qyènl nk`br`g`y na ]aee% Z`r` ay~l# ya fìa ac

ykbqkae~a avzarkgae~l na cèx`r nly glean`y% Ykaenl `yç# ay~kg`r c` zrloòkckn`n na

yì`r# iqènl gaely qe` i`r`# {` ya` ae ac zrkgar cèx`gkae~l l ae ac yabqenl

cèx`gkae~l &Ygk~f# 0;61+%

Ylcqikùe8

Zrkgar`gae~a# aecky~`r cly iq`~rl zlykocay rayqc~`nly zlekaenl F 7 i`r`y { 7 ylcay#

ay naikr# F^# FF# F { ^% @pqç# z`r` a}k~`r qe ~r`yc`z`nl# ya qy` c` rabc` nk~k}` z`r`

a}ae~ly el gq~qly avicq{ae~ay% Ac nk`br`g` na ]aee na ò`hl kcqy~r` ic`r`gae~a# ac

~r`yc`z`nl pqa zqnkar` liqrrkr# yk ya yqg`r` c` zrloòkckn`n na qe` i`r` ae ac zrkgar

cèx`gkae~l# gày c` zrloòkckn`n na qe` i`r` ae ac yabqenl cèx`gkae~l pqa n`rç`· $




?'>2

· 7 0# cl iq`c yarç` keilrrai~l% Ae ay~a i`yl# c` zrloòkckn`n na qe` i`r` ae ac zrkgar

cèx`gkae~l ay na :%14 c` zrloòkckn`n na qe` i`r` ae ac yabqenl cèx`gkae~l ay :%1 {#

c` zrloòkckn`n na i`r`y ae `goly cèx`gkae~ly ay na :%?1% Zlr cl ~è~l# c` zrloòkckn`n

na qe` i`r`# {` ya` ae ac zrkgarl l yabqenl cèx`gkae~l ay8

Z&F l ^+ 7 Z&F+ $ Z&^+ ' Z&F { ^+

7 · $ · ' ³ 7 µ

Ac ~r`yc`z`nl l c` razrayae~ìkùe nac zl~aeik`c na qe nloca ile~al &FF+ ya n` ò`hl%

Mkbqr` ?%2% Mkbqr` aypqagà~ki` gly~rènl qe nk`br`g` na ]aee kenkiènl ac ~r`yc`z`nl

na i`r`y &FF+# pqa liqrra ae c` ke~aryaiikùe na @ { O &Ygk~f# 0;61+%




?'>6

_abc` gqc~kzcki`~k}` z`r` gày na nly a}ae~ly

L~r` rabc` ø~kc z`r` i`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n na qe a}ae~l ay ac glnacl na c` rabc`

gqc~kzcki`~k}`% Ay~` rabc` ya namkea ilgl c` zrloòkckn`n na c` liqrraeik` ilehqe~` pqa

ac a}ae~l @ { ac a}ae~l O ya` kbq`c ` c` zrloòkckn`n ilenkikle`c nac a}ae~l @ n`nl ac

a}ae~l O gqc~kzcki`nl zlr c` zrloòkckn`n g`rbke`c na O%

âlrag` 08 Yk ae qe avzarkgae~l# cly a}ae~ly nazaenkae~ay @0# @?# @9#%%%@d zqanae

liqrrkr# ae~leiay8

Z&@0 ∫ @? ∫ @9 ∫ %%% @d + 7 Z&@0+Z&@?s@0+Z&@9s@0 ∫ @?+ %%%

%%%Z&@d s@

0 ∫ @

? ∫ %%% ∫ @

d'0+ &?'?=+

âlrag` ?8 Yk cly a}ae~ly @0# @?# @9#%%% @d yle kenazaenkae~ay# ae~leiay8

Z&@0 ∫ @? ∫ @9%%% ∫ @d + 7 Z&@0+Z&@?+Z&@9+…%Z&@d + &?'?2+

Ahagzcl )2=% ^ray e`kzay ya yìè ae yqiaykùe# yke raagzc`xl% Aeile~r`r c`

zrloòkckn`n na pqa liqrr` ac a}ae~l @0 ∫ @? ∫ @9# iqènl @0 ay ac a}ae~l na pqa c`

zrkgar` i`r~` ya` qe `y rlhl# @? ya` pqa c` yabqen` i`r~` ya` qe 0: l qe` yl~` {# @9 ya`

ac a}ae~l na pqa c` ~ariar` i`r~` ya` g`{lr pqa qe 9# zarl gaelr pqa qe 2%

Ylcqikùe8

Zrkgarl }`gly ` namkekr cly a}ae~ly8

@08 c` zrkgar` i`r~` ay qe `y rlhl &`pqç# eù~aya pqa f`{ elgày ? `yay rlhly+

@?8 c` yabqen` i`r~` ya` qe 0: l qe` yl~` &f`{ iq`~rl 0:¾y { iq`~rl yl~`y+

@98 c` ~ariar` i`r~` ya` g`{lr pqa 9 zarl gaelr pqa 2 &f`{ nlia i`r~`y ae~ra ac 9 { ac 2+%

Cly }`clray yle8 Z&@0+ 7 ?,1?4 Z&@?s@0+ 7 6,104 Z&@9s@0 ∫ @?+ 7 0?,1:% &@pqç eù~aya

pqa# ae c` zrkgar` yì`n` yle 1? i`r~`y# zarl ae c` yabqen` yì`n` ac eøgarl na i`r~`y

o`h` ` 10 { ae c` ~ariar` yì`n` o h` ` 1: i`r~`y+%

Zlr cl ~è~l8

Z&@0 ∫ @? ∫ @9+ 7 Z&@0+Z&@?s@0+Z&@9s@0 ∫ @?+




?'>;

7 &?,1?+&6,10+&0?,1:+

7 6,1#1?1

Ahagzcl )22% Fìar ac gkygl ahagzcl )0 na rrko` zarl# ae ay~` li`ykùe# ile raagzc`xl

na i`r~`y%

Ylcqikùe8

@c fòar raagzc`xl na i`r~`y# ac zrlocag` ya ranqia ` c` rabc` gqc~kzcki`~k}` z`r`

a}ae~ly kenazaenkae~ay% Cly }`clray na c`y }`rkòcay yle8

Z&@0+ 7 ?,1?4 Z&@?+ 7 6,1?4 { Z&@9+ 7 0?,1?

Aeyabqkn`# yqoy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray ae c` avzraykùe na ò`hl n`8

Z&@0 ∫ @? ∫ @9+ 7 Z&@0+Z&@?+Z&@9+

7 &?,1?+&0?,1?+&0?,1?+

7 :%::?

Ahagzcl )26% Iq`~rl i`r~`y ya yìè ae yqiaykùe% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c`

zrkgar` i`r~` ya` qe ra{4 c` yabqen` ya` qe ; na nk`gè~ay4 c` ~ariar` ya`# iqènl

gaely# qe` yl~` &`yqgkaenl pqa ac `y ya` c` øc~kg` i`r~`+ {# c` iq`r~` i`r~` ya` qe 2

eabrl%

Ylcqikùe8

Nahagly pqa @ ya` iq`cpqkar` na cly > ra{ay4 O ya` zraiky`gae~a qe ; na nk`gè~ay4 I

ya` kbq`c ` nlia i`r~`y# ay naikr# nayna c` yl~` f`y~` ac `y4 { N ya` iq`cpqkar` na cly nly

yka~ay eabrly%

Ykaenl `yç# Z&@+ 7 >,1?# Z&O+ 7 0,10# Z&I+ 7 0=,1:# Z&N+ 7 ?,>;

Zlr cl ~è~l8

Z&@ ∫ O ∫ I ∫ N+ 7 &>,1?+&0,10+&0=,1:+&?,>;+

7 0?6,=#>;2#>:: 7 %::::?

Ahagzcl )2;% Nahagly pqa qe z`r na n`nly yaè cèx`nly qe` ylc` }ax% C`y ~òc`y na




?'1:

ò`hl gqay~rè cly rayqc~`nly zlykocay# c`y zrloòkckn`nay { yq razrayae~ìkùe% Fìar

qe` bràmki` pqa }`{` ae mqeikùe na Z& V +# ay naikr# 0,9=# ?,9=# a~i% &Ac ay~qnkè~a cl

f`rà+% Ylcqikùe8

^@OC@ ?%0% Nk`br`g` gly~rènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na zrloòkckn`nay iqènl ya cèxè

nly n`nly qe` ylc` }ax% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

El% ëvk~ly s 0 ? 9 > 1 = 1 > 9 ? 0

Yqg` & V + s ? 9 > 1 = 2 6 ; 0: 00 0?

Zrloòkckn`n s0,9= ?,9= 9,9= >,9= 1,9= =,9= 1,9= >,9= 9,9= ?,9= 0,9=

^@OC@ ?%?% Zrloòkckn`nay iqènl ya cèxè nly n`nly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Yqg` na cly n`nly Eøgarl na ëvk~ly Zrloòkckn`n

? 0 0,9=

9 ? ?,9=

> 9 9,9=

1 > >,9=

= 1 1,9=

2 = =,9=

6 1 1,9=

; > >,9=

0: 9 9,9=

00 ? ?,9=

0? 0 0,9=




?'10

^@OC@ ?%9% _ayqc~`nly iqènl ya cèxè nly n`nly qe` ylc` }ax% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Zrkgar n`nl Yabqenl n`nl _ayqc~`nl Yqg` na cly eøgarly

0 0'0 ?? 0'? 9

9 0'9 >

0 > 0'> 1

1 0'1 =

= 0'= 2

0 ?'0 9

? ?'? >

9 ?'9 1

? > ?'> =

1 ?'1 2

= ?'= 6

0 9'0 >

? 9'? 1

9 9'9 =

9 > 9'> 2

1 9'1 6

= 9'= ;

0 >'0 1

? >'? =

9 >'9 2

> > >'> 61 >'1 ;

= >'= 0:

0 1'0 =

? 1'? 2

9 1'9 6

1 > 1'> ;

1 1'1 0:

= 1'= 00

0 ='0 2

? ='? 69 ='9 ;

= > ='> 0:

1 ='1 00

= ='= 0?




?'1?

Aharikikly I`zç~qcl ?

?%0% Yk qe` glean` ~kaea nly i`r`y nael~`n`y zlr àbqkc`y l ylcay# ¼iqàc ay c`

zrloòkckn`n na pqa y`cb` qe ylc< &:%1+

?%?% Ae ac i`yl na qe n`nl pqa ~kaea = eøgarly l i`r`y# ae~leiay# yk ac n`nl ay fleay~l#

~ln`y cly eøgarly nac 0 `c = ~kaeae c` gkyg` zrloòkckn`n na iàr% Ae~leiay# ¼iqàc ay c

zrloòkckn`n na yì`r qe 0<

?%9% Ae ac cèx`gkae~l na qe n`nl# ¼iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ya gqay~rae cly

eøgarly 9 l >< ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na el yì`r qe 9 l qe >< &?,9+

?%>% Yk qe` zaryle` ay yacaiikle`n` `c `x`r na qe brqzl na ?: zykiùclbly { 9:ylikùclbly# ¼iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na yacaiikle`r qe ylikùclbl<

?%1% ¼Iqàc na cly ykbqkae~ay el ay qe` zrloòkckn`n< 9,2# ?# '0,?# 9,># ;;,0:0# :# 0# 1#

0%00# 0%:::0# :%:::0# :%::0# :%;;;;% &?# 1# 0%00# 0%:::0

?%=% C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa Hqè ay~ë }k}l ae ?: ðly ay na :%2 { c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa

Zanrl ay~ë }k}l ae ?: ðly ay :%1% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa goly ay~ëe }k}ly ae

?: `ðly<

?%2% Yk A0 { A? yaè cly a}ae~ly na /i`r`y nac pqke~l cèx`gkae~l/ { /i`r`y ae ac yav~l

cèx`gkae~l/ na qe` glean`# ae~leiay# cly a}ae~ly A0 { A? yle a}ae~ly kenazaenkae~ay%

¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa y`cbè i`r`y ae `goly cèx`gkae~ly< &0,>+

?%6% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na yì`r iqènl gaely qe = ae nly cèx`gkae~ly na qe

n`nl fleay~l< Yqbaraeik`8 Qy`r c` rabc` na `nkikùe%

?%;% @yqgkaenl pqa cly }`rleay { c`y fagor`y liqrrè kbq`cgae~a { pqa ac yavl na

iq`cpqkar fkhl ya` kenazaenkae~a na iq`cpqkar` na cly fargèly l fargè`y# aeile~r`r ac

ayzìkl gqay~r`c { aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe` z`rah` ile 9 fkhly ~aenràe8

&`+ avì~`gae~a ? }`rleay% &9,6+

&o+ Avì~`gae~a ? fagor`y% &9,6+




?'19

&i+ Iqènl gaely ? }`rleay &Z& V ≡ ?++

?%0:% Cèx`r qe` glean` ? }aiay% Aeile~r`r cly ykbqkae~ay a}ae~ly8

&`+ Aeile~r`r ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c%

&o+ Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa y`cbè avì~`gae~a qe` i`r` { qe àbqkc`%

?%00% Aeile~r`r ac eøgarl na zargq~ìkleay na c`y ca~r`y `# o# i ~lg`n`y nly ` qe

~kagzl% &=+

?%0?% Aeile~r`r ac eøgarl na ilgokeìkleay na c`y ca~r`y `# o# i ~lg`n`y nly ` qe

~kagzl%

?%09% Z`r` nly a}ae~ly @ { O# Z&@+ 7 :%0:# Z&O+ 7 :%>: { Z&@∫O+ 7 :%:1% Na~argke`r8&`+ Z&@sO+ &:%0?1+

&o+ Z&Os@+% &:%1:+

?%0>% Yk Z&O+ 7 ?21:,0:#::: { Z&@∫ O+ 7 :%0># aeile~r`r Z&@sO+%

?%01% Nahagly pqa A ya` ac a}ae~l na pqa# cly eøgarly z`ray na qe n`nl# yaè ?# ># =%

Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa y`cbè ay~ly a}ae~ly% &0,?+

?%0=% Qe brqzl na ileyqgknlray ileyky~a na 6: ay~qnkè~ay# 9: na cly iq`cay yle

gqharay% Yk qe ay~qnkè~a ay yacaiikle`nl `ca`~lrk`gae~a na ay~a brqzl# aeile~r`r c`

zrloòkckn`n na el ayilbar ` qe` gqhar%

?%02% Na cly ykbqkae~ay a}ae~ly naikr iq`cay a}ae~ly yle gq~qly avicq{ae~ay8

&`+ Yacaiikleènl qe ay~qnkè~a pqkae `~kaena c`y ic`yay na ay~`nçy~ki` rabqc`rgae~a%

Yacaiikleènl qe ay~qnkè~a pqkae zlyaa qe` ilgzq~`nlr`%

&o+ Yacaiikleènl ` qe` zaryle` ile zacl rqokl%

Yacaiikleènl ` qe` zaryle` ile lhly i`mëy%

&i+ Yacaiikleènl qe iqryl ì`nëgkil rapqarknl% &a}ae~l gq~ql avicq{ae~a+

Yacaiikleènl qe iqryl acai~k}l

?%06% C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe }qacl na `}kùe y`cb` ` ~kagzl ay na Z&N+ 7 :%694 c`




?'1>

zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac }qacl ccabqa ` ~kagzl ay na Z&@+ 7 :%6?4 {# c` zrloòkckn`n na

pqa y`cb` ~kagzl { ccabqa ~kagzl ay na Z&N∫@+ 7 :%26% @yøg`ya qe` zrloòkckn`n

ilenkikle`c% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac `}kùe8

&`+ Ccabqa ` ~kagzl n`nl pqa z`r~kù ` ~kagzl%

&o+ Y`cb` ` ~kagzl n`nl pqa `rrkoù ` ~kagzl%

?%0;% Yqzùeb`ya pqa qe` i`h` ile~kaea 9 olc`y ocèi`y { ? olc`y eabr`y% @yøg`ya pqa

el f`{ raagzc`xl {# zlr cl ~è~l# yle a}ae~ly nazaenkae~ay% Ykaenl `yç# i`ciqc`r cly

ykbqkae~ay aeqeik`nly8

&`+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` zrkgar` olc` yì`n` ya` eabr`< &?,1+

&o+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na c` yabqen` olc` yì`n` ya` eabr` n`nl pqa c` zrkgar`

olc` yì`n` mqa eabr`< &0,>+

&i+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa `go`y olc`y yì`n`y yaè eabr`y< &0,0:+

?%?:% Qyènl c` mkbqr` na ò`hl { c` ykgolclbç` na nk`br`g`y na ]aee namkekr c`y

ykbqkae~ay rabkleay8

&`+ _abkleay 0 { ?

&o+ _abkleay 0 { 9

&i+ _abkleay 0# ?# 9# ># 1# { 2

&n+ _abkleay > { 2

&a+ _abkùe 0

&m+ _abkleay ?# =# 2




?'11

Mkbqr` gly~rènl cly nk`br`g`y na ]aee% &Mqae~a8 Gle~blgar{ a~ `c%0;;=+

?%?0% Yqzùeb`ya pqa ya ay~qnkè 0:#::: zaryle`y na ?: `ðly { ya aeiqae~r` pqa ;;=0

}k}karle ?0 ðly% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe` zaryle` na ?: ðly }`{` }k}kr

?0 `ðly% &%;;=0+

?%??% Qe ay~qnkl aeiqay~ù ` qe brqzl na 0:: zrlmaykleky~`y pqa ileyky~ç` na >:

kebaekarly &na cly iq`cay c` gk~`n arè gqharay+ { ` =: `rpqk~ai~ly &na cly iq`cay c`

gk~`n arè gqharay+% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe zrlmaykleky~` yacaiikle`nl

`ca`~lrk`gae~a ya` kebaekarl l gqhar% @yqgkr qe` rabc` `nk~k}`%

?%?9% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe` i`r~` yacaiikle`n` `c `x`r na qe g`xl na 1?

e`kzay ya` qe` rake` l qe ilr`xùe< @yqgkr qe` rabc` `nk~k}` z`r` a}ae~ly el gq~qly

avicq{ae~ay &>,09+

?%?>% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na yì`r qe = ae ac zrkgarl l yabqenl cèx`gkae~l na qe

n`nl fleay~l l# ae `goly cèx`gkae~ly<

?%?1% Qe kebaekarl mòrkiè~a na gl~lray ca zraliqzè ~ray ~kzly na zrkeikz`cay namai~ly%

Zlr ahagzcl# @ ay ac a}ae~l ae ac pqa ac aha nac gl~lr ay nag`yk`nl brèna# O ac a}ae~l

ae ac pqa c`y oloke`y yle ke`naiq`n`y { I ac a}ae~l ae ac pqa c`y ileavkleay acëi~rki`y

yle key`~kymì~lrk`y% Na yar `yç# avzray`r }aro`cgae~a pqë a}ae~ly ay~àe razrayae~`nly

zlr c`y ykbqkae~ay rabkleay nac nk`br`g` na ]aee% &Hlfeyle# 0;;2+




?'1=

&`+ _abkùe ?% &N`nl pqa c` rabkùe ? ay~à ae @ { O# zarl el ae I# ay~l nkia pqa# ac aha ay

nag`yk`nl brèna { c`y oloke`y yle ke`naiq`n`y+

&o+ _abkùe 0 { 9 hqe~`y

&i+ _abkleay 9# 1# = { 6 hqe~`y &Naoknl ` pqa ~ln`y ay~`y rabkleay ay~àe mqar` na c`

rabkùe @# ay~l razrayae~` ac a}ae~l ae pqa ac aha ay nag`yk`nl c`rbl l namai~qlyl+

Mkbqr` gly~rènl cly ayzìkly gqay~r`cay { a}ae~ly% &Mqae~a8 Hlfeyle 0;;2+

?%?=% _amkrkëenlya c zrlocag` e~arklr razrayae~`r ile yçgolcly na ]aee c`y ykbqkae~ay

rabkleay8

&`+ ># =# 2

&o+ 0#>

&i+ 0# ?# 1# 2

&n+ 0# ?

&a+ 0# 9# >%

?%?2% Ae ay~qnkly na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n na lorarly na qe` kenqy~rk` ya

nayiqorkù pqa ac 6 eaiayk~`rle ol~`y na fqca z`r` zrl~aiikùe ile~r` nayi`rb`y

acëi~rki`y# 01 eaiayk~`rle i`yily zrl~ai~lray z`r` c` iòax` {# 9 eaiayk~`rle# goly#

ol~`y na fqca zrl~ai~lr`y { i`yily zrl~ai~lray z`r` c` iòax`% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n




?'12

na pqa qe ~rò`h`nlr yacaiikle`nl# c x`r# eaiayk~`rà# {` ya`# ol~`y zrl~ai~lr`y na fqca l

i`yily zrl~ai~lray z`r` c` iòax`< Yqbaraeik`8 qy`r ac glnacl `nk~k}l% &:%?:+

?%?6% Ya cèx` qe` glean` nly }aiay% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na yì`r qe` i`r`# {`

ya` ae ac zrkgar cèx`gkae~l l yabqenl cèx`gkae~l l ae goly cèx`gkae~ly% @yqgkr

pqa F 7 i`r`y# ^ 7 àbqkc`y%

?%?;% Qe` ilgzq~`nlr` baear`# `ca`~lrk`gae~a# ac øc~kgl nçbk~l na qe eøgarl

~acamùekil% I`ciqc`r8

&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac rayqc~`nl ya` qe 6 l ;% &0,1+

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac rayqc~`nl ya` qe eøgarl ele l gaelr pqa >% &:%2+

?%9:% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na yì`r qe ~l~`c na 2 l 00 iqènl qe z`r na n`nly ya

cèxè%

?%90% ¼C` zrloòkckn`n na yì`r qe `y l qe ra{ na qe g`xl na 1? i`r~`y< &?,09+

?%9?% Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na yì`r# {` ya` qe y l qe` ayz`n` l goly ae qe` yì`n`

na i`r~`y na qe g`xl na 1? e`kzay%

?%99 ¼Iqàe~`y ilgkn`y ileyky~ae~ay na qe` ylz`# qe agz`ran`nl# qe zly~ra { qe

ramrayil yle zlykocay# yk zlnagly yacaiikle`r > ylz`y# 9 ~kzly na agz`ran`nly# 1 zly~ray

{ > ramrayily< &?>:+

?%9>% Nly glean`y ya cèxè% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa go`y glean`y i`kbè ae

àbqkc`y< Qy`r rabc` gqc~kzcki`~k}`%

?%91% Qe` z`rah` na raikëe i`y`nly zcèa` ~aear 9 fkhly% Aeile~r`r cly ykbqkae~ay

aeqeik`nly8

&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n pqa ~lnly cly fkhly yaè flgoray% &0,6+

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na 9 fagor`y% &0,0=+

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na avì~`gae~a ? }`rleay% &9,6+

&n+ C` zrloòkckn`n na 9 }`rleay { 9 fagor`y% &0,=>+




?'16

&a+ C` zrloòkckn`n na ~aear ` cl gày ? }`rleay% &9,6+

&m+ C` zrloòkckn`n na ~aear iqènl gaely ? }`rleay% &>,6+

@yqgkr pqa cly }`rleay { c`y fagor`y ~kaeae c` gkyg` lzlr~qekn`n { pqa ac yavl na

i`n` fkhl ya` kenazaenkae~a nac yavl nac l~rl% Fìar qe nk`br`g` na àrolc z`r` mìkck~`r

ac iùgzq~l%

?%9=% Ile ramaraeik` `c zrlocag` è~arklr# yk c` m`gkck` mqar` na > fkhly# ¼iqàc yarç` c`

zrloòkckn`n na mqarè > }`rleay {,l > fagor`y<

?%92% Ya yìè nly i`r~`y `c `x`r na qe g`xl na 1? e`kzay% ¼Pqë zrloòkckn`n f`{ na

lo~aear nly `yay yk<

&`+ C` zrkgar` i`r~` ay razqay~` è~ay na yì`r c` yabqen` i`r~`% &0,=;+

&o+ C` zrkgar` i`r~` el ay razqay~` è~ay na yì`r c` yabqen` i`r~`% @yqgkr qe` rabc`

gqc~kzcki`~k}`% &0?,?=1?+

?%96% F`{ 0: rlccly na zacçiqc` ae qe` i`h` { 9 ay~àe namai~qlyly% Ya yìè ? rlccly qel

na~rày nac l~rl% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na yacaiikle`r qe rlccl namai~qlyl yabqknl zlr

l~rl rlccl namai~qlyl# yke el f`{ raagzc`xl< Qy`r rabc` gqc~kzcki`~k}`%

?%9;% _ayzlenar ` c`y ykbqkae~ay zrabqe~`y4

&`+ ¼Iqàe~ly rayqc~`nly f`{ ae qe ayzìkl gqay~r`c# iqènl ya cèxè qe z`r na n`nly

qe` ylc` }ax< &9=+

¼Iqàc ay ëy~a<

&o+ ¼Iqàe~ly zqe~ly gqay~r`cay f`{ ae qe ayzìkl gqay~r`c iqènl ya cèxè 9 n`nly

ykgqc~àea`gae~a<

?%>:% Qe nkyað`nlr na qe` eqa}` yqonk}kykùe lmraia ` cly ilgzr`nlray na i`y`y# qe`

yacaiikùe na ay~kcly av~arklray na kebcëy# røy~kil# ilclek`c# { av~arklr ~r`nkikle`c

ilgoke`nly ile ~kzly na rèifl# na nly zkyly { qe nayek}ac% ¼Na iqàe~`y gèar`y ya

zqana lrnae`r qe` na ay~`y i`y`y ile ayly ay~kcly na iley~rqiikùe< Fìar qe nk`br`g`




?'1;

na àrolc% Yqbaraeik`8 qy`r c` rabc` nac zrlnqi~l e0e?% &0?+

?%>0% Qe ay~qnkl na ~ràmkil }afkiqc`r kenki` pqa na 9#21= q~ly pqa ya iariè c` zc`x`#

612 ae~rè ae ac `z`ri`gkae~l% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe `q~l el ae~ra ae ac

`z`ri`gkae~l< &Z&612+ 7 :%?9# p 7 <+

?%>?% Ae qe` zrqao` c` zrkgar` zrabqe~` ay na m`cyl { }arn`narl {# c` yabqen` zrabqe~`

ay na yacaiikùe gøc~kzca ile zlykocay rayzqay~`y na `# o# i# n# a% &`+ ¼Iqàe~`y yaiqaeik`y

na zlykocay rayzqay~`y f`{ ae ay~`y nly zrabqe~`y< &o+ Qy`r qe nk`br`g` na àrolc {

aecky~`r ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c% &0:+

?%>9% Ae ac nkyaðl na qe yky~ag` na ilgzq~`nlr`# yk qe o{~a ya namkea ilgl qe`

yaiqaeik` na 6 ok~y {# i`n` ok~ naoa yar : l 0# ¼iqàe~ly o{~ay nkmarae~ay yle zlykocay<

?%>>% Avzckpqa ae yqy zrlzk`y z`còr`y cl pqa ykbekmkiè cly ykbqkae~ay ~ërgkely8

&`+ Avzarkgae~l `ca`~lrkl

&o+ Ayzìkl gqay~r`c

&i+ A}ae~l

?%>1% Fòcènl na mì~lrk`cay# a}`cq`r 1:! Yqbaraeik`8 qy`r c` `zrlvkgìkùe na Y~arckeb8

e! u ∘?ϊe ee

a'e

&9%:>v0:=>

+

?%>=% Ya cèx` qe` glean` 9 }aiay ileyaiq~k}`y% Fìar qe nk`br`g` na àrolc ile cly

rayqc~`nly na ylcay { àbqkc`y { ac ayzìkl gqay~r`c% I`ciqc`r cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ Eøgarl na ylcay ay iqènl gaely ?%

&o+ Yabqenl cèx`gkae~l yle ylcay%

&i+ Ac eøgarl na ylcay ay avì~`gae~a ?%

&n+ Yabqenl cèx`gkae~l yle àbqkc`y%

&a+ ^lnly cly cèx`gkae~ly gqay~rè c` gkyg` kg`bae%

&m+ Ac eøgarl na ylcay ay gaelr pqa ?%




?'=:

&b+ Ac yabqenl cèx`gkae~l el yle ylcay%

&f+ Ac eøgarl na ylcay ay na iqènl gaely ?%

&k+ Ac eøgarl na ylcay ay el gày na 9%

&h+ Ac eøgarl na àbqkc`y ay ` cl gày 9%

&d+ Ac eøgarl na ylcay pqa avianè ac eøgarl na àbqkc`y%

?%>2% ¼Na iqàe~`y gèar`y nkmarae~ay qe` yaiikùe ykenki`c ile ?1 gkagorly zqana

acabkr qe zrayknae~a { qe }kiazrayknae~a< &=::+

?%>6% Yk qe n`nl ya cèx` 9 }aiay ileyaiq~k}`y# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa y`cb` qe

9<

?%>;% Ya yacaiikleè 9 i`r~`y# yqiayk}`gae~a# na qe g`xl na 1?# ae~leiay# aeile~r`r ac

eøgarl na rayqc~`nly yk8

&`+ F`{ raagzc`xl &0>:#=:6+

&o+ Yk el f`{ raagzc`xl &09?#=::+

?%1:% ¼Na iqàe~`y gèar`y zqanae ìlgln`rya 1 ièki`y na nkmarae~ay ilclray ae qe`

mkc`<

?%10% ¼I`ciqc`r na iqàe~`y gèar`y zqanae mlrg`rya yaky zaryle`y z`r` yqokr ` qe

`q~loøy< &2?:+

?%1?% Qe iènkn`~l zrayknaeik`c zcèa` fìar i`gz`ð` zlcç~ki`% Aeile~r`r ac eøgarl na

zargq~ìkleay yk8

&`+ Zcèa` }kyk~`r ~lnly cly ay~`nly na c` _azøocki` Gavkiè`%

&o+ Zcèa` }kyk~`r øeki`gae~a cly ay~`nly pqa ilckenè ile cly Ay~`nly Qeknly%

?%19% A}`cq`r cly ykbqkae~ay mì~lrk`cay8

&`+ 2! &1:>:+

&o+ 2:!,=6! &0::+




?'=0

&i+ 0:!,:! &9#=?6#6::+

?%1>% Yqzùeb`ya pqa f`{ 1: zaryle`y ilgzk~kaenl zlr 9 rèbly nkmarae~ay# zrkgarl#

yabqenl { ~ariarl% ¼Iqàc ay ac eøgarl na rayqc~`nly na c`y 1: zaryle`y# yk c`y ~lg`gly

9 ` qe ~kagzl &ay naikr# na 9 ae 9+<

?%11% Ae ikar~` ilgz`ðç`# > ayirk~lrkly na yaira~`rk`y ya yk~øè ae cçea` ile~r` c` z`ran%

I`n` yaira~`rk` zqana yae~`rya ae iq`cpqkar oèil na cly ayirk~lrkly% ¼Iqàe~ly rrabcly

ya zqanae fìar z`r` yae~`r ` c`y yaira~`rk`y< &?>+

?%1=% Ae qe `cgìëe f`{ 1 i`h`y `n{ìae~ay z`r` `cgìae`r 1 loha~ly nkmarae~ay% Ac

nazùyk~l na i`n` loha~l zqana cgìae`rya y`~kymì~lrk`gae~a ae qe` i`h`% ¼Na iqàe~`y

gèar`y zqanae `ykbe`rya 1 loha~ly ` 1 i`h`y<

?%12% Yqzùeb`ya pqa f`{ = z`r~ay nkmarae~ay z`r` yar cgìae`n`y# zarl ylc`gae~a# f`{

> i`h`y nkyzlekocay% ¼Iqàe~`y zargq~ìkleay yle zlykocay< &9=:+

?%16% ¼Na iqàe~`y gèar`y nkmarae~ay ya zqana ra`ckx`r qe` zrkgar`# yabqen`# ~ariar`

l iq`r~` yacaiikùe ae~ra 0? agzray`y `rraen`nlr`y na apqkzl na ile~rlc na

ile~`gkeìkùe `gokae~`c<

?%1;% Ile~ay~`r cl ykbqkae~a%

&`+ ¼Iqàc ay ac eøgarl na zargq~ìkleay na c`y ca~r`y # o# i# ay naikr# ~lg`n`y nly qe

~kagzl< &=+

&o+¼Iqàcay yle ay~`y ca~r`y< &ò# o`# ì# i`# oi# io+

?%=:% Qe gaièkygl acai~rùekil na ile~rlc rapqkara na 1 ifkzy na gaglrk` knëe~kily%

¼Na iqàe~`y gèar`y zqana kefòkck~`rya ay~a gaièkygl ilcliènl cly 1 ifkzy ae c`y 1

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?%==% Qe` zrqao` ya ilgzlea na 0? zrabqe~`y na m`cyl { }arn`narl% ¼Na iqàe~`y

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?%20% Na qe brqzl na > pqçgkily { 9 mçykily# aeile~r`r ac eøgarl na ilgk~ëy pqa ya

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ilgokeìkleay% &06+

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qy`r c` rabc` na z`r~kikùe na zargq~ìkleay%

?%29% Ileyknar`r qe brqzl na 1 zaryle`y ileyky~ae~ay na 9 flgoray { ? gqharay# ~lnly

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&`+ ¼Iqàe~ly ilgk~ëy na 9 zaryle`y zqanae mlrg`rya na ~lnl ac brqzl< &0:+

&o+ ¼Na iqàe~`y gèar`y zqanae c`y ? zlykikleay# zrayknae~a { }kiazrayknae~a yar

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`ca`~lrk`gae~a# ileyky~karè na 0 flgora { 0 gqhar< &=,0:+

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+

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?%60% Ileyknëraya qe brqzl na 1 zaryle`y ileyky~ae~ay ae 9 flgoray { ? gqharay# ~lnly

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aeqeik`nly%

&`+ ¼Iqàe~ly ilgk~ëy na 9 zaryle`y zqanae mlrg`rya< &1I9+

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naelgkeìkùe# pqa el keicq{è nac 0: `c `y< ]ar Mkbqr` ?%=%

?%69% Ae ac hqabl na zùpqar na 1 i`r~`y# avky~ae qe ~l~`c na 1? i`r~`y pqa }è nayna ac ?#

9# ># 1# =# 2# 6# ;# 0:# H# P# D# @y { i`n` qe` na ay~`y i`r~`y# ~kaeae > mkbqr`y# ay naikr#

~rëolcay# nk`gè~ay# ayz`n`y { ilr`xleay% ^lgènl ae ileyknarìkùe ay~l# ¼Iqàc ay c`

zrloòkckn`n na yì`r qe` mclr kgzark`c# ay naikr# c`y i`r~`y 0:# H# P# D# @y# na qe` na c`y

iq`~rl mkbqr`y# ay naikr# ilr`xleay# nk`gè~ay# ~rëolcay l ayz`n`y< Z`r` ay~l# }ar Mkbqr`

?%=% &=?>,?#1;6#;=:+

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Mkbqr` ?%=%

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qe z`r< &%::0>>+

?%6=% Ae ac hqabl na o`r`h`y# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na yì`r qe` ~arik`<

?%62% Ae ac hqabl na e`kzay# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na yì`r qe z`r na qe g`xl

lrnke`rkl na 1? i`r~`y< ]ar Mkbqr` ?%=% &:%>?+

?%66% Ae qe ay~qnkl na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n# qe yqzar}kylr na qe brqzl na ?:

~rò`h`nlray na c` kenqy~rk` naya` yòar c` lzkekùe na accly# &` cly pqa yacaiikle`rà

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b`yay nae~rl na c` màorki`% Yk 0? na accly ay~àe ` m`}lr nac eqa}l rabc`gae~l { cly l~rly

6 ay~àe ae ile~r`# ¼Pqë zrloòkckn`n f`{ na pqa nly ~rò`h`nlray yacaiikle`nly# zlr ac

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?%6;% Iq`~rl e`kzay na qe gle~a na 1? i`r~`y &g`xl na i`r~`y `garkièl+ ya yìè ae

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9'9

raza~knly na Oarelqcck &kenazaenkae~ay zlrpqa el kgzlr~` iqè~`y }aiay ya razk~` ac

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9'1

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9'=

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ep 3 0:# c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ay~à nag`yk`nl yayb`n`# z`r` n`r `zrlvkgìkleay

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9'2

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9'6

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pe'v

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Ylcqikùe8

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pe'v

Nlena8

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e 7 eøgarl na aey`{ly

z 7 zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac a}ae~l liqrr` ae qe ylcl aey`{l

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eøgarl na ëvk~ly zlykocay

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iqènl gaely qe ëvk~l ay 0 ' pe

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9'0:

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Ylcqikùe8

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9'00

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6 ?

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9'0?

namai~qlyly# na~argke`r c` zrloòkckn`n pqa na > ~lrekccly yacaiikle`nly

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Ylcqikùe8

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9'09

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9'0>

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v 7 :# 0# ?# 9# ># 1# =# 2# 6# ;# 0:# 00# 0?# 09# 0># 01# 0=# ……# ?># ay naikr# na ?1

aey`{ly na Oarelqcck%

O&014?1#:%>+ 7 Z& V ≡ 01+ 7 0 ’ Z& V 3 01+ 7 0 ’ Z& V ≮ 0>+

0>

7 0 ' ∐ O&0>4?1#:%>+ 7 0 ' %;== 7 :%:9>v7:

&i+ @pqç# Z&1 ≮ V ≮ 0:+ 7 Z& V ≮ 0:+ ’ Z& V ≮ >+

Ahagzcl )6% Ae qe ay~qnkl na còlr`~lrkl oì~arklcùbkil na `bq`y ya `mkrg` pqa# ac

9%: na c`y ~lg`y nlgkikck`rk`y ile~kaeae c` oì~ark` A% Ilck# ae ileiae~rìkleay

`rrko` nac cçgk~a ay~kzqc`nl zlr c`y ca{ay `gokae~`cay% Yk ay~` `mkrgìkùe ay

ilrrai~`# aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa# ac eøgarl na oì~ark`y A% ilck# ae qe`

gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na ?1 ~lg`y nlgkikck`rk`y# ya aeile~r`rà8

&`+ Ekebqe` oì~ark`

&o+ Iqènl gaely 0 oì~ark`

&i+ Ae~ra 0 { 1 keicqyl

&n+ Gày na 1 oì~ark`y

&a+ Gày na 1# zarl gaely na 0: oì~ark`y

Ylcqikùe8

Qy`gly c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c# zlrpqa yle nly a}ae~ly gq~qly avicq{ae~ay l

oke`rkly4 ya ile~kaea c` oì~ark` &cc`gàenlc` ëvk~l `rok~r`rk`gae~a+ l el ya ile~kaea




9'01

c` oì~ark` &mrì`yl+%

&`+ @pqç# e 7 ?1# z 7 %:9# p 7 %;2# V 7 :

Ac ~`g`ðl na gqay~r` e 7 ?1 kenki` pqa yle ?1 aey`{ly raza~knly na Oarelqcck# ay

naikr# pqa cly zlykocay }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V yle na v 7 :# 0# ?# 9#

>#……%# ?>% Ae~leiay#

&o+ Iqènl gaely 0 oì~ark` kenki V ≡ 0 { ya avzray` ilgl8

Z& V ≡ 0+ 7 0 ’ Z& V 7 :+ 7 0 ’ Z& V 3 0+

7 0 ’ :%>=2:

7 :%199

&i+ Ae~ra 0 { 1 keicqyl ya avzray` ilgl8

1

Z&0 ≮ V ≮ 1+ 7 ∐ O&14?1#:%:9+ ’ Z& V 3 0+ 7 :%;;;; ’ :%>=2 7 %199v7:

Ahagzcl );% Ae qe rçl `n{ìae~a ` qe` xle` kenqy~rk`c# c` zrloòkckn`n na i`n`

gqay~r` na `bq` yì`n` nac rçl avian` ac cçgk~a na irlgl na 0: gb,C# ay na :%0:%

Yk ya yqzlea pqë# c`y gqay~r`y na `bq` yle kenazaenkae~ay ile rayzai~l ` c`

zrayaeik` na irlgl# ae~leiay8

&`+ Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ae qe` gqay~r` na ~`g`ðl e 7

06# avì~`gae~a# ? avianè ac cçgk~a na 0: gb,C na irlgl%

&o+ Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa `c gaely > gqay~r`y avianè ac cçgk~a%

&i+ Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa iqènl gaely 9 gqay~r`y# zarl gaely na 2

avianè ac cçgk~a ay~kzqc`nl%

&n+ Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa gày na 9 gqay~r`y# zarl gaely na 2 avianèac cçgk~a ay~kzqc`nl na irlgl%

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ Nahagly pqa V 7 eøgarl na gqay~r`y na `bq` pqa avianè ac cçgk~a ay~kzqc`nl




9'0=

na 0: gb,C nac ~l~`c na c`y 06 loyar}ìkleay% Ae~leiay# V ay qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk`

okelgk`c ile z 7 :%0 { e 7 06% Zlr ileykbqkae~a# qyènl c` mùrgqc` okelgk`c

o&v4e#z+ 7 eIv zv

pe'v

{ yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray ilrrayzlenkae~ay n`8

O&?406#:%0+ 7 Z& V 7 ?+ 7 06! , ?!&06 ’ ?+! &:%0+?

&:%;+06'?

7 &019+&:%:0+&:%0619+

7 :%?6>

&o+ Z& V ≡ >+ 7 06Iv &:%0+ v

&:%;+06'v

Qyènl ay~a aemlpqa# ~aenrç`gly pqa yqy~k~qkr cly }`clray na v 7 ># 1# =# 2#……# 06

ae c` mùrgqc` na `rrko` { cqabl yqg`rcly% ^`gokëe zqnkër`gly qy`r c` ~òc`

okelgk`c na zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay l na zrloòkckn`n na mqeikùe na g`y` l

mqeikùe ìqgqc`n` {# cqabl# yqg`r cly rayqc~`nly% &¼Iqàc ay c` nkmaraeik` ae qy`r c`

~òc` ìqgqc`n` { c` kenk}knq`c<+%

Na iq`cpqkar gèar`# ay gqifl gày màikc qy`r ac a}ae~l ilgzcagae~`rkl# {` ya`

qyènl c` avzraykùe na ò`hl l okae# c` ~òc` okelgk`c%

Z& V ≡ >+ 7 0 ’ Z& V 3 >+ 7 0 ’ Z& V ≮ 9+

9

7 0 ' ∐ 06Iv &:%0+v

&:%;+06'v

v7:

7 0 ’ &:%01 $ :%9: $ :%?6> $ :%0=6+

7 0 ’ :%;:? 7 :%:;6

@flr`# yk qy`gly c` ~òc` okelgk`c ìqgqc`n`# oqyi`gly ac }`clr na e 7 06# ile V

7 9 { z 7 :%0# z`r` yì`r ac mì~lr Z& V 3 >+ { n` %;:?% Zlr cl ~è~l#

Z& V ≡ >+ 7 0 ' %;:? 7 :%:;6

&i+ @pqç ay~`gly oqyiènl Z&9 ≮ V 3 2+% Ay~l ely cca}` `8

=

Z&9 ≮ V 3 2+ 7 ∐ 06Iv &:%0+v&:%;+

06'v

v79




9'02

7 :%0=6 $ :%:2 $ :%:?? $ :%::1 7 :%?=1

L~rl r`xle`gkae~l yarç` ilgl ykbqa8 v 7 :# 0# ?# 9# ># 1# =…#06

Z& V ≮ =+ ’ Z& V ≮ 9+# ay naikr# z`r` cly }`clray na V 7 9# ># 1# =

@pqç# eqa}`gae~a# zlnagly qy`r c` ~òc` okelgk`c na zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay

{ yqg`r c`y iq`~rl zrloòkckn`nay na v 7 9# ># 1# =% ^`gokëe ya zqana qy`r c` ~òc`

okelgk`c ìqgqc`n`# ay naikr# oqyiènl e 7 06# z 7 :%0# { V 7 = {# cqabl#

ray~àenlca ac }`clr na V 7 9%

=

&n+ Z&9 3 V 3 2+ 7 ∐ 06Iv &:%0+v&:%;+

06'v

v7>

Ahagzcl )0:% Ae qe` ke}ay~kbìkùe na ile~`gkeìkùe `gokae~`c ya ay~qnk`rle

ikae~ly na kenqy~rk`y% Ya` V ac eøgarl na kenqy~rk`y pqa el iqgzcae ile c`y

rabqcìkleay `gokae~`cay nac `kra { nac `bq` na qe` gqay~r` `c `x`r na 0:

kenqy~rk`y% Yk ya yòa pqa ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n ay na z 7 :%1# i`ciqc`r c`y

ykbqkae~ay zrloòkckn`nay%

&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa# avì~`gae~a# 1 kenqy~rk`y iqgzcè ile cly cçgk~ay

`gokae~`cay%

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa el gày na ?# iqgzcè ile ac rabc`gae~l%

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa iqènl gaely ;# cl iqgzcè%

&n+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa gaely na 1 kenqy~rk`y iqgzcè# zarl iqènl gaely 9 yk

cl iqgzcè%

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ Z& V 7 1+ 7 O&140:#:%1+

7 :%?>= &qyènl c` ~òc` okelgk`c+

&o+ Z& V ≮ ?+ 7 :%:11 &qyènl c` ~òc` okelgk`c+




9'06

&i+ Z& V ≡ ;+ 7 0 ' %;6;

7 :%:00

&n+ Z&9 ≮ V 3 1+ 7 Z&>+ $ Z&9+ 7 %?:1 $ :%002

7 %9?? &na c` ~òc` okelgk`c kenk}knq`c+

Ahagzcl )00% Ay~a zrlocag` kcqy~r` ac qyl na c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c { yq

`zrlvkgìkùe ile c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c% _ayqc~` pqë# c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ile

± 7 ez { ω?7 ezp zrlzlrikle` qe` oqae` `zrlvkgìkùe ` c` okelgk`c iqènl e↟

∕ {# iqènl z ya `zrlvkg` ` : l ` 0% @yç# yqzùeb`ya pqa e 7 01# z 7 :%> {

pqaragly aeile~r`r Z& V 7 >+% Z`r` ay~l qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c { c`

nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe ` ay~` øc~kg`% Ilgz`r`r cly

rayqc~`nly%

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ay~kg`gly ac zrlgankl# ay naikr# ± 7 ez 7

&01+&:%>+ 7 = { c` }`rkèx`# ω?7 ezp 7 &01+&:%>+&:%=+ 7 9%=# c` iq`c n` qe`

nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na ω 7 0%6;2%

Aeyabqkn`# qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ìqgqc`n` n`8

o&v4e#z+ 7 Z& V 7 >+ 7 O&>401#:%>+ ' O&9401#:%>+

7 Z& V ≮ >+ ’ Z& V ≮ 9+

7 %?02 ' %:;0 7 %0?=

Pqa ay cl gkygl pqa qy`r c` mùrgqc` l c` nky~rkoqikùe na zrloòkckn`nay

kenk}knq`cay# ay naikr8

Z& V 7 >+ 7 01I> &:%>+>

&:%=+01'>

7 :%0?16

@pqç# ya }a pqë# qyènl c` ~òc` okelgk`c na zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay ya caa

nkrai~`gae~a ile e 7 01 { z 7 :%> { n` :%0?=

@flr` okae# qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe# qy`gly c`




9'0;

}`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c ay~àen`r zlocìkle`c X# ay naikr8

X 7 & V ’ ±+ , ω { yq ay~kg`nlr gqay~r`c x 7 &V ’ V + , y

Yke ago`rbl# c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` nkyira~` na V 7 ># ae mlrg` na }`rkòca `ca`~lrk`

ile~keq`# ay~à ae~ra 9%1 { >%1% @nagày# ile ± 7 = { ω 7 0%6;2 fìagly c`

~rèymlrgìkùe qyènl c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c ay~àen`r X%

X9%1 7 &9%1 ’ =+ , 0%6;2 7 ' 0%9?

X>%1 7 &>%1 ’ =+ , 0%6;2 7 ' :%2;

Na gèar` pqa# Z& V 7 >+ 7 Z&'0%9? 3 X 3 ':%2;+

7 :%?0>6 ’ :%:;9> &na c` ~òc` na x+

7 :%0?0>

Mke`cgae~a# ac }`clr na :%0?0> ay~à o`y~è~a na ìqarnl ile ac }`clr na :%0?16

lo~aeknl ile c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c%

Ahagzcl )0?% Yqzùeb`ya pqa ya ~kaea qe` gqay~r` na ?: i`yly na gankikleay na

èàckyky na nagèn` oklpqçgki` na lvçbael &NOL1+ zrl}aekae~ay na qe gqay~ral

na qe rçl# zrlianae~ay na ?: cqb`ray nkmarae~ay ` cl c`rbl na yq ~r`{ai~lrk`% Yk ya

yòa pqa# c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` ileiae~rìkùe na c` nagèn` oklpqçgki` na

lvçbael na 1 &NOL1+ nç`y ay~à nae~rl na cly cçgk~ay ay~kzqc`nly zlr c`y ca{ay

`gokae~`cay ay na z 7 :%= &ëvk~l+# fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly8

&`+ I`ciqc`r ac zrlgankl { c` nay}k ikùe ay~àen`r na c }`rkòca

`ca`~lrk` V okelgk`c%

&o+ Qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c i`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa avì~`gae~a 0:

i`yly na NOL ay~ëe nae~rl nac cçgk~a ay~kzqc`nl%

&i+ Fìar cly gkygl pqa ae ac keikyl &o+ zarl qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c%

&n+ Fìar qe` ~òc` na cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V ilrrayzlenkae~ay ` v 7

:# 0# ?# 9# >#…#0; ae mqeikùe na e 7 ?: { z 7 :%= qyènl c` mùrgqc` { c` ~òc`




9'?:

okelgk`c% I`ciqc`r ~`gokëe c` zrloòkckn`n ìqgqc`n`%

&a+ Fìar qe fky~lbr`g` na zrloòkckn`nay okelgk`cay z`r` ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r`

e 7 ?: { z 7 :%= ile qe` iqr}` elrg`c ylorazqay~`%

&m+ I`ciqc`r Z& V ≮ 1+# Z& V ≡ 0?+ { Z& V ≮ 0?+ qyènl# `go`y c` nky~rkoqikùe

okelgk`c { c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ilgl `zrlvkgìkùe ` ay~` øc~kg`%

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ Ac zrlgankl# c` }`rkèx` { c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r okelgk`cay yle8

Zrlgankl 7 ± 7 ez 7 &?:+&:%=+ 7 0?

]`rkèx` 7 ω?7 ezp 7 ±&:%>+ 7 >%6

Nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r 7 ω 7 ∘ω?7 ?%0;

&o+ @pqç# c` `zrlvkgìkùe na c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay

oqae`# zlrpqa ez 7 &?:+&:%=+ ≡ 0: { ep 7 &?:+&:%>+ ≡ 0:%

Z`r` i`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqë# avì~`gae~a# 0: i`yly ay~ëe nae~rl na c`y

elrg`y ay~kzqc`n`y ya fìa qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ile cly }`clray e 7 ?:#

z 7 :%= { p 7 0 ’ z 7 0 ’ :%= 7 :%>% @flr`# yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray ae c` mùrgqc`

okelgk`c ely n`8

o&v4e#z+ 7 eIv zv

pe'v

z`r` v 7 :# 0# ?# 9# ># 1# =# 2# 6# ;# 0:……# 0;

O&0:4?:#:%=+ 7 ?:I0: &:%=:+0:

&:%>+?:'0:

7 :%00=?

Yke ago`rbl# qyènl c` ~òc` okelgk`c na zrloòkckn`nay ìqgqc`n`y ely n` c`

zrloòkckn`n kenk}knq`c8

Z& V 7 0:+ 7 %?>>2 ' %0?21 7 %002?

^`gokëe# qyènl c` ~òc` okelgk`c na zrloòkckn`nay na mqeikùe na g`y` ile e 7

?:# ϊ 7 %=:: { ` 7 0: n` qe }`clr na :%002%

Ilgl ya }a `rrko`# ac qyl na c` mùrgqc` okelgk`c ay c`rbl { ~anklyl% Yke

ago`rbl# yk qy`gly c` ~òc` na c`y zrloòkckn`nay okelgk`cay kenk}knq`cay l na




9'?0

mqeikùe na g`y` l# okae# c` ~òc` na zrloòkckn`nay ìqgqc`n`y# cly iàciqcly ya

ykgzckmkiè na yloragèar`%

&i+ @flr`# qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ile }`rkòcay `ca`~lrk`y ile~keq`y# ely n`8

&;%1 ≮ V ≮ 0:%1+ l ya` Z&'0%0> ≮ X ≮ '%=6+% Ay~l ya i`ciqc` qyènl c` }`rkòca

`ca`~lrk` ay~èn`rkx`n` X# ay naikr#

X 7 & V ’ ±+ , ω nlena V 7 ;%1 { 0:%1# ± 7 0?# y 7 ω 7 ?%0;

X;%1 7 &;%1 ’ 0?+ , ?%0; 7 ' 0%0>

X0:%1 7 &0:%1 ’ 0?+ , ?%0; 7 ' :%=6

Aeyabqkn`# qyènl c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c r`xle`gly ilgl8

Z&'0%0> ≮ X ≮ '%=6+ 7 Z&X 7 '%=6+ ’ Z&X 7 '0%0>+

7 &:%?>69 ’ :%0?20+

7 %0?0?

@c ilgz`r`r cly nly rayqc~`nly }agly pqa c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c n` :%002? { c`

nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c n` :%0?0?% Ay~` `zrlvkgìkùe yarç` gahlr ` gankn` pqa e mqar`

gày brèna%

&n+ Z`r` fìar qe` ~òc` ile ~ln`y c`y zrloòkckn`nay ilrrayzlenkae~ay ` v 7 :# 0# ?#

9# >#…# 0;% &]ar ^@OC@ 9%0 na ò`hl+%




9'??

^@OC@ 9%0% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay { ìqgqc`n`y ile e

kbq`c ` ?: { z kbq`c ` :%=% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

]`clr na c` }`rkòca Z& V + kenk}knq`c Z& V + ìqgqc`n`

`ca`~lrk` V

: :%::: :%:::

0 :%::: :%:::

? :%::: :%:::

9 :%::: :%:::

> :%::: :%:::1 :%::? :%::?

= :%::> :%::=

2 :%:01 :%:?0

6 :%:9= :%:12

; :%:20 :%0?6

0: :%002 :%?>1

00 :%01; :%>:>

V 7 ± 7 0? &zrlgankl+ :%06: :%16>(

0> :%0?> :%;2>

01 :%:21 :%;>;

0= :%:91 :%;6>

06 :%::9 :%;;;

?: :%::: 0%:::

Ac `y~arkyil &(+ yað`c` c` cli`ckxìkùe nac zrlgankl%

&a+ Z`r` ay~a keikyl c` Mkbqr` 9%? a ò`hl gqay~r` qe fky~lbr`g` na zrloòkckn`n




9'?9

okelgk`c z`r` e 7 ?:# z 7 :%=# ± 7 0? { ω 7 ?%0;# ile iqr}` elrg`c na

`zrlvkgìkùe ylorazqay~`% @pqç# ya }a pqa# `qe iqènl ac fky~lbr`g` na

zrloòkckn`n ay~à qe zlil yayb`nl fìk` c` kxpqkarn`# zlrpqa z 5 %=% C` iqr}`

elrg`c n` gq{ oqae` `zrlvkgìkùe ` c` okelgk`c%

Mkbqr` 9%?% Bràmki` gly~rènl qe fky~lbr`g` na zrloòkckn`n okelgk`c z`r` e 7 ?:#

z 7 :%=# ± 7 0? { ω 7 ?%0;# ile iqr}` elrg`c na `zrlvkgìkùe ylorazqay~`% @pqç#

ya }a ic`r`gae~a# pqë# `qe iqènl ac fky~lbr`g` na zrloòkckn`n ay~à qe zlil

yayb`nl fìk` c` kxpqkarn`# &zlrpqa z 5 %=+# c` iqr}` elrg`c n` gq{ oqae`

`zrlvkgìkùe ` c` okelgk`c% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

&m+ Z`r` i`ciqc`r cly }`clray na ò`hl qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c { c` elrg`c#

ya zrliana ilgl8

0% Z& V ≮ 1+

?% Z& V ≡ 0?+

9% Z& V ≮ 0?+

Qyènl c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ile e 7 ?:# z 7 :%= { p 7 :%> n` cly

ykbqkae~ay rayqc~`nly%




9'?>

Z`r`8 Z& V ≮ 1+ 7 %::?

Z`r`8 Z& V ≡ 0?+ 7 0 ’ Z& V 3 0?+

7 0 ' %>:>

7 %1;=

El~`8 Z`r` Z& V ≡ 0?+ ¼zlrpqë ac }`clr lo~aeknl el ya `zrlvkgù ` %1< Z`r` ile~ay~`r

ay~` zrabqe~` ramkër`ya ` c` Mkbqr` 9%? na `rrko`%

Z`r`8 Z& V ≮ 0?+ 7 0 ’ Z& V 5 0?+ 7 %1;=

@flr`# z`r` i`ciqc`r cly }`clray na `rrko` qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c#

ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe ` c` okelgk`c# z`r` i`n` qel na c`y zrabqe~`y Z& V ≮ 1+#

Z&V ≡ 0?+ { Z& V ≮ 0?+ eaiayk~`gly ile}ar~kr c`y }`rkòca `ca`~lrk`y nkyira~`y ` c`y

}`rkòcay `ca`~lrk`y elrg`cay X qyènl c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ay~èn`rkx`n` X ile ±

7 0? { ω 7 ?%0; { cqabl oqyi`r ac }`clr na X ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c {

i`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n ilrrayzlenkae~a%

Qyènl c` mqeikùe X 7 & V ’ ±+,ω { ay~èn`rkxènl ely n`8

X1 7 &1 ’ 0?+,?%0; 7 ' 9%0;2

@flr` qyènl c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c oqyi`gly x 7 '9%0;2 { n` %:::2# l

ya` ≆ %::0% Ykgkc`rgae~a# ile Z& V ≡ 0?+ ile}ar~kgly V 7 0? ` }`clray na X ile ± 7

0? { ω 7 ?%0; { n`8

X 7 &0? ’ 0?+,?%0; 7 :

Pqa ilrrayzlena ` qe` zrloòkckn`n na %1:::% C` gkyg` yk~qìkùe liqrrkrç` ile

Z& V ≮ 0?+…… &Pqa ~`gokëe ya zqana caar na c` bràmki`+%

Ahagzcl )09% Yk ae c` mòrkiìkùe na ìiaylrkly z`r` qe yky~ag` na ile~rlc na

z`r~çiqc`y &ikicùe+ ya `ylik` ile qe zrliayl Oarelqcck# ile qe zrlgankl na z`r~ay

namai~qly`y na :%?:# ay~kg`r c` zrloòkckn`n8

&`+ Na el aeile~r`r z`r~ay namai~qly`y nac yky~ag` na ile~rlc na qe` gqay~r`




9'?1

`ca`~lrk` na 0: z`r~ay%

&o+ Na el aeile~r`r z`r~ay namai~qly`y na cly ikicleay mòrki`nly na qe` gqay~r`

na ?: z`r~ay%

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ Qyènl c` mùrgqc` okelgk`c8 o&v4e#z+ 7 eIv zv

pe'v

{ yqy~k~q{aenl V 7 :# z 7 :%?

{ p 7 :%6 ely n`8

Z& V 7 :+ 7 O&:40:#:%?+ 7 0:I: &:%?+:

&:%6+0:':

7 :%0:2

Ay~a rayqc~`nl ~`gokëe ya zqana lo~aear qyènl c` ~òc` okelgk`c na

zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay l na mqeikùe na g`y`# ay naikr# oqyiènl e 7 0:# z 7

:%? { V 7 :%

&o+ Eqa}`gae~a qyènl c` mùrgqc` okelgk`c { yqy~k~q{aenl n`8

Z& V 7 :+ 7 O&:4?:#:%?+7 ?:I: &:%?+:

&:%6+?:':

7 &0+&0+&:%:0?+

7 :%:0?

@eàclb`gae~a# ay~a gkygl rayqc~`nl ya zqana lo~aear qyènl c` ~òc` okelgk`c

ìqgqc`n` oqyiènl e 7 ?:# z 7 :%? { V 7 : { n` :%:0?% @pqç# eù~aya pqa ~`gokëe

ya lo~kaea ac gkygl rayqc~`nl qyènl c` ~òc` okelgk`c na zrloòkckn`nay

kenk}knq`cay%

Ahagzcl )0>% Yk ~aeagly qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na e 7 ?: &zaiay+ z`r` }`rkly

}`clray na z# zlnagly ay~kg`r c` zrloòkckn`n na V gqar~ay na cly lrbèkygly

ylga~këenlcly ` ikar~`y ileiae~rìkleay ~ùvki`y zrl}aekae~ay na qe` nayi`rb`

kenqy~rk`c na qe rçl% Z`r` ay~l fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly8

&`+ I`ciqc`r ac zrlgankl ± { c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ω# na c` gqar~a na cly zaiay# yk

ac }`clr na z 7 :%:1

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa gqar` ` cl gày 0 lrbèkygl




9'?=

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa el gqar` ekebøe lrbèkygl

&n+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa gqarè iqènl gaely 9 lrbèkygly

&a+ C` zrloòkckn`n na Z& V 7 0:+

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ Zrlgankl 7 V 7 ± 7 ez 7 &?:+&%:1+ 7 0%:%

Nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r 7 ω 7 ezp 7 &0%:+&%;1+ 7 %;1

&o+ Z& V ≮ 0+ 7 %29=

&i+ Z& V 7 :+ 7 %916

&n+ Z& V ≡ 9+ 7 0 ' Z& V 3 9+ 7 0 ' %;?>1 7 %:211

&a+ Z& V 7 0:+ 7 0%:

Ahagzcl )01% C` zlykokckn`n na pqa qe` gqay~r` na `kra ile~aeb` qe

gkirllrbèkygl ca~`c ay na 0:% Yqzlekaenl pqa c`y gqay~r`y yle kenazaenkae~ay#

ile rayzai~l ` c` zrayaeik` nac gkirllrbèkygl# aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa8

&`+ Ae c`y 06 ykbqkae~ay# avì~`gae~a ? ile~aebè ac bargae%

&o+ @c gaely > gqay~r`y ile~aebè ac bargae%

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa gaely na 2 gqay~r`y na `kra ile~aebè ac bargae# zarl

iqènl gaely 9 gqay~r`y ~`gokëe cl ~aebè# a%b%# Z&9≮ V 3 2+%

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ Ya` V ac eøgarl na gqay~r`y na `kra pqa ile~aebè ac bargae z`~ùbael ae c`y

06 gqay~r`y ykbqkae~ay è`ckx`n`y% Ae~leiay# V ay qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` okelgk`c#

ile z 7 :%0 { e 7 06% Zlr ileykbqkae~a8

Z& V 7 ?+ 7 O&?406#:%0+ 7 06I? &:%0+?

&:%;+0=

7 :%?6>

06

&o+ Z& V ≡ >+ 7 Ω 06Iv &:%0+v

&:%;+06'v

# nlena 06Iv 7 06!,v!&06 ’ v+!v7:

@pqç# yke ago`rbl# ay gày màikc qy`r ac a}ae~l ilgzcagae~`rkl%




9'?2

Z& V ≡ >+ 7 0 ’ Z& V 3 >+

9

7 0 ’ Ω 06IV &:%0+v

&:%;+06'v

v7:

7 0 ’ &:%01 $ :%9:: $ :%?6> $ :%0=6+

7 :%:;6

=

&i+ Z&9 ≮ V 3 2+ 7 Ω 06Iv &:%0+v

&:%;+06'v

v79

7 :%0=6 $ :%:2 $ :%:?? $ :%::1

7 :%?=1

^`gokëe# Z& V ≮ =+ ’ Z& V ≮ ?+ 7 %;;69 ' %2996

7 %?=>1

Ahagzcl )0=% Ae qe ay~qnkl na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n cca}`nl ` iòl ae

gqif`y g`pqkc`nlr`y kenqy~rk`cay# yqzùeb`ya pqa f`{ qe` zlocìkùe brèna na

~lg`nlray na ckilr { l~r` zlocìkùe na òy~agkly% Ae ay~a i`yl# c` zrloòkckn`n na

ëvk~l l na ~lg`nlray ya `yqga pqa ay z kbq`c ` :%> {# c` zrloòkckn`n na òy~agkly

&zrloòkckn`n na mrì`yl+ ay na p kbq`c ` :%=% Yk yì`gly qe` gqay~r` `c `x`r na e 7

0: lzar`nlray na c` g`pqkc`nlr`# ae~leiay# ac eøgarl na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` na V

~lg`nlray na ckilr ay na v 7 :# 0# ?# 9# ># 1# =# 2# 6# ;# 0:# ykaenl `yç8

&`+ Zraz`r`r qe` ~òc` gly~rènl c`y zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay { }`clray na V %

&o+ Zraz`r`r qe` bràmki` ae mqeikùe na zrloòkckn`nay okelgk`cay kenk}knq`cay ae c`

lrnae`n` { na v ae c` òyiky`# nlena c`y o`rr`y kenkpqae c` zrloòkckn`n na mqeikùe

na g`y` Z& V 7 v+%

&i+ I`ciqc`r ac zrlgankl { c` }`rkèx` na ay~` nky~rkoqikùe%

&n+ Na c` bràmki` caar ~ln`y c`y zrloòkckn`nay Z& V 7 v+%

&a+ Ay~kg`r Z& V 7 >+ a ke~arzra~`r ac rayqc~`nl




9'?6

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ C` ~òc` na zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay# ile e 7 0: { z 7 :%> ya n` ae c`

^@OC@ 9%? na ò`hl% Ay~l ya fìa ile ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò% Ac zrliankgkae~l

z`r` baear`r c`y zrloòkckn`nay na mqeikùe na g`y` Z& V 7v+ ay8

I`ci ↟ Zrloòkck~{ nky~rkoq~kley↟ Okelgk`c

Ae c` }ae~è` na –Okelgk`c Nky~rkoq~kle‗ zqe~a`r –Zrloòkck~{‗ a ke~rlnqikr ac

eøgarl na aey`{ly &0:+ { c` zrloòkckn`n na ëvk~l &:%>+% @nagày# zqe~a`r –Kezq~

ilcqge‗# ke~rlnqikr cly }`clray na V # { ae c` }ae~èkcc` na –Lz~kle`c y~lr`ba‗ zlear

Z& V 7v+ { cqabl LD% ^ln`y ay~`y lrnaeay baearè c` cly }`clray na c` ^@OC@ 9%?%

^@OC@ 9%?% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y zrloòkckn`nay

okelgk`cay kenk}knq`cay }y% }`clray na V %

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Z& V7v+ ]`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V

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:%::=:>2 :

:%:>:900 0

:%0?:;9? ?

:%?0>;;0 9

:%?1:6?9 >

:%?::=16 1

:%000>22 =

:%:>?>=2 2

:%:0:=02 6

:%::0129 ;

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&o+ Z`r` fìar c` bràmki` na Z& V 7v+ }y% }`clray na V qy`r ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò {

zrlianar na c` ykbqkae~a gèar`8 Krya `8 Br`zf ↟ Yi`~~arzcl~% Ae c` }ae~è` na

–Yi`~~arzcl~‗ pqa `z`raia# krya ` –Rk~f Ileeai~ Ckea‗ a ke~rlnqikr cly }`clray na

Z& V 7v+ { }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V % Ae c` }ae~è` na –Yi`~~arzcl~ N`~`




9'?;

]ka‗ zqe~a`r –Y{golcy‗ { –Zrlhai~ Ckeay‗ { LD% Ay~l baear` c` bràmki` na c`y

zrloòkckn`nay okelgk`cay na mqeikùe na g`y` Z& V 7v+# ae mqeikùe na cly }`clray na

c` }`rkòca V gly~r`n` ò`hl% Ykaenl `yç# è`ckx`r c` ilemkbqrìkùe na cly rayqc~`nly

na c` br`mki` { naikr yk ay lockiq` ` c` naraif` l ` c` kxpqkarn` { avzcki`r zlrpqa

liqrra na ay` gèar`% C` bràmki` ya gqay~r` ò`hl%

]`r kòca `ca`~lrk` V

Z & V 7 v +

0:6=>?:

0:6=>?:

:%?1

:%?:

:%01

:%0:

:%:1

:%::

:%?1

:%?:

:%01

:%0:

:%:1

:%::

Br`mki` na Z&V7v+ }y% }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V

Mkbqr` 9%9% Bràmki` gly~rènl Z& V 7 v+ ae mqeikùe na V % @pqç# naoknl ` pqa z 7

:%> 3 :%1# c` nky~rkoqikùe ay lockiq` fìk` c` naraif`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

&i+ Ac zrlgankl ±# c` }`rkèx` ω?{ c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ω na ay~` nky~rkoqikùe

yle8 ± 7 ez 7 &0:+&:%>+ 7 >%:# ω? 7 ezp 7 &0:+&:%>+&:%=+ 7 ?%># ω 7 ∘?%> 7 0%111

&n+ Na c` Mkbqr` 9%9 ya zqanae caar ~ln`y c`y zrloòkckn`nay Z& V 7 v+ gly~r`n`y ae

c` ^@OC@ 9%9 { ~`gokëe qyènl c` ^@OC@ 9%?%




9'9:

^@OC@ 9%9% ^òc` gly~rènl cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V z`r` ay~a

zrlocag`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Z& V 7 :+ 7 :%::=: Z& V 7 =+ 7 :%0001Z& V 7 0+ 7 :%:>:9 Z& V 7 2+ 7 :%:>?1

Z& V 7 ?+ 7 :%0?:; Z& V 7 6+ 7 :%:0:=

Z& V 7 9+ 7 :%?01: Z& V 7 ;+ 7 :%;;0=

Z& V 7 >+ 7 :%?1:6 Z& V 7 0:+ 7 :%:::0

Z& V 7 1+ 7 :%?::=

&a+ Z& V 7 >+ 7 :%?1:6 nkia pqë# yk yacaiikleàr`gly 0:: gqay~r`y na ~`g`ðl e 7 0:#

na qe` zlocìkùe na lzar`nlray na c` kenqy~rk` g`pqkc`nlr` ayzar`rç`gly pqa ?1

na ay~`y gqay~r`y ~aenrçè qe }`clr na V 7 > ~lg`nlray na ckilr%

Ahagzcl )02% C` z`rày~`~`c ZAGAV na Gëvkil ya `}liù ` fìar zarmlrìkleay ae

ac yqray~a na ^ò`yil% Z`r` }ar c` mì~kokckn`n mkeèikar` na pqa mqar` ile}aekae~a

fìar c`y zarmlrìkleay# ZAGAV ile~r`~ù cly yar}kikly na qe` mkrg` na ay~qnkly

ay~`nçy~kily% Ya yòa pqa# i`n` zlxl zarmlr`nl ya ic`ykmki` ilgl zrlnqi~k}l l el

zrlnqi~k}l% C` avzarkaeik` na ZAGAV ay pqa# ae ay~a ~kzl na avzclrìkleay# ya

yòa zlr avzarkaeik` pqa# ac 01 na cly zlxly zarmlr`nly yle zrlnqi~k}ly% Z`r` c`y

avzclrìkleay za~rlcar`y ya yacaiikle`rle `ca`~lrk`gae~a 0? yk~kly% Ile ay~`

kemlrgìkùe ae gae~a# fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly%

&`+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa cly 0? zlxly pqa ya zarmlrae ae i`n` qel na cly

0? yk~kly# yaè zrlnqi~k}ly<

&o+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ekebøe zlxl zarmlr`nl ya` zrlnqi~k}l<

&i+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa avì~`gae~a qe zlxl ya` zrlnqi~k}l<&n+ Z`r` fìar rae~òca `c z`çy# iqènl gaely ~ray na cly zlxly na avzclrìkùe

naoae yar zrlnqi~k}ly% Ykaenl `yç# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac eablikl ya`

rae~òca<




9'90

Yqbaraeik`8 Qy`r Z& V 7 0?+# Z& V 7 :+# Z& V 7 0+# Z& V ≡ 9+# a~i%

Nky~rkoqikùe Fkzarbalgë~rki`

C` mqeikùe fkzarbalgë~rki` ay qe` nky~rkoqikùe nkyira~` na zrloòkckn`n# c` iq`c

ay~à ay~raif`gae~a ckb`n` ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c% C` gèar` gày ykgzca na }ar

c` nkmaraeik` ae~ra c`y nly nky~rkoqikleay r`nki` ae c` mlrg` pqa ya fìa ac

gqay~ral% C` nkmaraeik` ae~ra ay~`y nly nky~rkoqikleay ay pqa# ae c` nky~rkoqikùe

okelgk`c# cly ke~ae~ly yle kenazaenkae~ay# zlrpqa f`{ raagzc`xl ae c` yacaiikùe na

c` gqay~r`% Yke ago`rbl# ae ac i`yl na c` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki`# f`{

nazaenaeik`# zlrpqa c` yacaiikùe na c` gqay~r` ya fìa yke raagzc`xl { c`

zrloòkckn`n na ëvk~l i`gok` na qe ke~ae~l ` l~rl%

Ac glnacl fkzarbalgë~rkil ay `zrlzk`nl# iqènl ac gqay~ral ay yke

raagzc`xl na qe` zlocìkùe mkek~` {# iqènl ya rapqkara c` zrloòkckn`n na qe

eøgarl ayzaiçmkil na ëvk~ly {,l mrì`yly%

Yqzlykikleay { zrlzkan`nay na c` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki`

0% Qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na ~`g`ðl e ya yacaiikle` yke raagzc`xl na E ç~agy%

?% d na cly E ç~agy zqanae yar ic`ykmki`nly ilgl ëvk~ly {# E ’ d ay ic`ykmki`nl

ilgl mrì`yly%

9% C` zlocìkùe l ilehqe~l na c` gqay~r` ileyky~a na E kenk}knqly# loha~ly l

acagae~ly &qe` zlocìkùe mkek~`+%

>% I`n` kenk}knql zqana yar i`rì~arkx`nl ilgl qe ëvk~l l qe mrì`yl { f`{ d

ëvk~ly ae c` zlocìkùe%

1% Qe` gqay~r` na e kenk}knqly ya yacaiikle` yke raagzc`xl &f`{ nazaenaeik`# ae

ile~r`y~a ile c` okelgk`c ae c` pqa f`{ kenazaenaeik`+ ae mlrg` `ca`~lrk`%

Namkekikùe na c` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki`

Ae c` nky~rkoqikùe na zrloòkckn`n na qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` fkzarbalgë~rki` V# ac




9'9?

eøgarl na ëvk~ly ae qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na ~`g`ðl e# yacaiikle`n` na E ç~agy#

na cly iq`cay d ya cc`gè ëvk~ly { E ’ d ya cc`gè mrì`yly ay8

d Iv E'd Ie'v f& V 4E#e#d+ 7 ┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ v 7 :# 0# ?# 9#%%%# e &9'>+

EIe

Nlena8

d 7 ëvk~ly ae e ke~ae~ly# ay naikr# c` iè~kn`n na acagae~ly

knae~kmki`nly ilgl ëvk~l ae c` zlocìkùe

E ’ d 7 mrì`yly

e 7 ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` l iè~kn`n na acagae~ly ae c`

zlocìkùe

E 7 eøgarl na ç~agy &~`g`ðl na c` zlocìkùe+

Nlena v el zqana avianar na d { &e ’ v+ el zqana avianar na &E ’ d+

Loyar}ìkleay8

EIe _azrayae~` c` iè~kn`n na mlrg`y ae c`y pqa ya zqana

yacaiikle`r qe` gqay~r` na ~`g`ðl e na qe` zlocìkùe na

na ~`g`ðl E

d Iv _azrayae~` c` iè~kn`n na gèar`y ae c`y pqa ya zqana

yacaiikle`r v ëvk~ly na qe ~l~`c na d ëvk~ly na c`

zlocìkùe

E'd Ie'v _azrayae~` c` iè~kn`n na gèar`y ae c`y pqa ya zqana

yacaiikle`r e ’ v mrì`yly na qe ~l~`c na E ’ d mrì`yly ae c` zlocìkùe

@zckiìkleay na c` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki`

C`y `zckiìkleay na ay~` nky~rkoqikùe ya aeiqae~rè ae c`y zrqao`y acai~rùeki`y4

`yabqrèx` na i`ckn`n4 yacaiikùe na nk`gè~ay kenqy~rk`cay# `cbqely na cly iq`cay




9'99

yle na i`ckn`n yqzarklr ` cly l~rly4 ae zrlocag`y na gqay~raly na naic`rìkleay na

kgzqay~ly ylora kebrayly# nlena d ae~ra E naic`rìkleay `rifk}`n`y ile~kaeae

nanqiikleay iqay~kleòcay% Kbq`cgaea# c` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalga~rki` ~kaea c`y

gkyg`y `zckiìkleay ` c` kebaekarç` `gokae~`c# pqa ile c` okelgk`c# ile c`

nkmaraeik` pqa ile c` fkzarbalgë~rki` ac gqay~ral ay yke raagzc`xl%

I`rì~arçy~ki`y na c` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki`

Yk e ay rac`~k}`gae~a zapqaðl ile rayzai~l ` E# c` zrloòkckn`n z`r` i`n` ke~ae~l

i`gok` ckbar`gae~a# cl pqa kenki` pqa ya ~kaea qe avzarkgae~l okelgk`c% Ay~`

yk~qìkùe zqana `zrlvkg`rya ` c` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki` qyènl c`

nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ile z 7 d,E% @nagày# ac zrlgankl { c` }`rkèx` na c`

nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki` ya zqanae `zrlvkg`r gankè~a c`y mùrgqc`y8

± 7 ez 7 ed,E &9'1+

ω?7 ezp 7 e&d,E+&0 ’ d,E+ &9%=+

_acìkùe ae~ra c` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki` { c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c

F`{ qe` racìkùe ke~arayè~a ae~ra c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c { c` nky~rkoqikùe

fkzarbalgë~rki`% Ilgl ya nkhl è~ay# yk e ay zapqað` ilgz`r`n` ile E# c`

e`~qr`cax` na E ç~agy i`gok` gq{ zlpqk~l ae i`n` gqay~ral% Zlr cl ~è~l# c`

iè~kn`n d,E hqab` ac z`zac nac z`ràga~rl z na c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c% Ilgl

rayqc~`nl# c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c zqana yar }ky~` ilgl qe` ankikùe zlocìkle`c

brèna na c` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki`%

@yç# iqènl f`{ qe avzarkgae~l fkzarbalgë~rkil# ae ac iq`c el ya n` ac

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9'91

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&ìqgqc`n`y a kenk}knq`cay+ qyènl ac zrlbr`g` ilgzq~`rkx`nl Gkek~ò

Avky~ae gë~lnly z`r` baear`r ~òc`y okelgk`cay ìqgqc`n`y l ~òc`y okelgk`cay

kenk}knq`cay z`r` iq`cpqkar ~`g`ņl na e { na zrloòkckn`nay z% Ay~l ya fìa#

zlrpqa ay kgzrài~kil zlear ~lnly cly }`clray na e { na z ae c`y ~òc`y na c`y

nkmarae~ay nky~rkoqikleay% Qyènl ac Gkek~ò# ya zqanae baear`r ~òc`y na

zrloòkckn`nay okelgk`cay ìqgqc`n`y z`r` iq`cpqkar ~`g ņl na e { na z% Z`r`

ay~l# zrlianar ilgl8

I`ciqc`~lr ↟ Zrloòkck~{ Nky~rkoq~kley↟ Okelgk`c…

Ae c` }ae~è` na –Okelgk`c Nky~rkoq~kle‗ pqa `z`raia zqe~a`r –Iqggqc`~k}a

zrloòkck~{‗% &Ay~l ya fìa nayzqëy na ke~rlnqikr cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk`

V ae c` ilcqge` I0+% Ae c`y }ae~èkcc`y na –Eqgoar lm ~rk`cy‗ { –Zrloòkck~{ lm

yqiiayy‗ zlear ac ~`g`ņl na e { ac }`clr na z# rayzai~k}`gae~a% Ay~l baear`rà c`y

zrloòkckn`nay okelgk`cay ìqgqc`n`y# gkyg`y pqa ya `cgìaearàe ae –Lz~kle`c

y~lr`ba‗ l ae c` ilcqge` I?%

@eàclb`gae~a# ya zqana baear`r qe` ~òc` na zrloòkckn`nay okelgk`cay

kenk}knq`cay z`r` iq`cpqkar ~`g`ðl na e l na z% Z`r` ay~l zrlianar ilgl8

I`ciqc`~lr ↟ Zrloòkck~{ Nky~rkoq~kley↟ Okelgk`c…

Ae c` }ae~è` na –Okelgk`c Nky~rkoq~kle‗ pqa `z`raia# zqe~a`r –Zrloòkck~{‗% &Ay~l

ya fìa nayzqëy na ke~rlnqikr cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V ae c` ilcqge`

I0+% Ae c`y }ae~èkcc`y na –Eqgoar lm ~rk`cy‗ { –Zrloòkck~{ lm yqiiayy‗ zlear ac

~`g`ðl naya`nl na e { na z# rayzai~k}`gae~a% Ay~l baear`rà c`y zrloòkckn`nay




9'>>

okelgk`cay kenk}knq`cay# gkyg`y pqa ya `cgìaearàe ae –Lz~kle`c y~lr`ba‗ l ae c`

ilcqge` I9# ay~l ay# yk {` ya qyù c` ilcqge` I? z`r` ac `cgìae`ha na c`y

zrloòkckn`nay okelgk`cay ìqgqc`n`y%

Ahagzcl )?1% âùrki`gae~a# ikar~` mlrg` na nayeq~rkikùe liqrra ae ac 01 na

zaryle`y yke pqa ya nae iqae~` na ayl% Ay~` mlrg` na nayeq~rkikùe el ya naoa ` pqa

el ya ilg` cl yqmkikae~a# ykel ` yk~qìkleay ae pqa ac iqarzl el `ykgkc` cly

eq~rkae~kay# yke kgzlr~`r iqè~l l ilgl ya ilg`% Ay~l ay naoknl ` c` `c~arìkùe

pqçgki` na c` yèbra zlr }kn` è~ke`~qr`c% Ykaenl `yç na~argke`r c`y ykbqkae~ay

zrloòkckn`nay z`r` qe` gqay~r` na 1 zaryle`y%

&`+ Ekebqe` zaryle` cl ~kaea

&o+ Iqènl gaely ? zaryle`y cl ~kaeae

&i+ Ae~ra ? { > cl ~kaeae# keicqyk}`gae~a

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl ac Gkek~ò ya baear` c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^@OC@ 9%=% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y zrloòkckn`nay ìqgqc`n`y a kenk}knq`cay%

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ ]`rkòca ca`~lrk` V Zrloòkckn`nay okelgk`cay iqgqc`n`y Zrloòkckn`nay okelgk`cay kenk}knq`cay%

: :%1;:>; :%1;:>;

0 :%;061> :%9?6:1

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&`+ Z&V 7 :+ 7 :%1;:>;

&o+ Z&V ≡ ?+ 7 0 ’ :%;061> 7 :%:601

&i+ Z&? ≮ V ≮ >+ 7 :%;;;; ' :%;061> 7 :%:601




9'>=

&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa na c`y ykbqkae~ay ?: m`cc`y `c gaely 0: m`cc`y ya naoè `c

arrlr nac lzar`nlr%

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqë# el gày na > na ?: m`cc`y ya naoè ` arrlr nac lzar`nlr%

9%1% Na ìqarnl ile qe razlr~a zqocki`nl ae c` ra}ky~` Z`r`na# qe` aeiqay~` ` ek}ac

eìkle`c na c` Qek}arykn`n na Gkifkbè ` ay~qnkè~ay qek}aryk~`rkly nac øc~kgl `ðl#

ra}ac` pqa i`yk ac 1: mqgè g`rkfqè`% Yk ya yacaiikleè 0? ay~qnkè~ay

`ca`~lrk`gae~a { ya cay zkna yq lzkekùe `c rayzai~l# aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na

pqa ac eøgarl pqa mqgè g`rkfqè` ~lnly cly nç`y ya`8

&`+ Ae~ra 2 { ; keicqyl &:%9=6+

&o+ @ cl gày 1 &:%962?+

&i+ El gaely na 6 &0 ' Z& V ≮ 2++

9%=% Ae qe ay~qnkl na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n# ya yòa pqa c` zrloòkckn`n na

pqa qe lzar`nlr na c`y zcè~`y na raì~lray eqica`ray ya` `nki~l ` c`y nrlb`y

farlki`y ay na :%:1% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa avì~`gae~a 1 na cly

ykbqkae~ay 0:: lzar`nlray yaè `nki~ly ` cly e`riù~kily< Qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe

okelgk`c { c` elrg`c z`r` raylc}ar ay~a kgzlr~è~a { nacki`nl zrlocag`%

9%2% Qe ay~qnkl na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c av`gkeù c`y ì~k~qnay na cly ~rò`h`nlray

kenqy~rk`cay ìari` na cly è~knazrayk}ly% Ay~` ke}ay~kbìkùe ra}acù pqa#

`zrlvkg`n`gae~a# ac 2: na cly ~rò`h`nlray ae~ra}ky~`nly iraae pqa cly

è~knazrayk}ly# ae ra`ckn`n# el iqrè e`n`# ykel pqa ylcl aeiqorae ac zrlocag` ra`c

{ el `{qnè ` raylc}ar cly zrlocag`y na ~rò`hl% Na ìqarnl ` ay~` ke}ay~kbìkùe#

¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa `c gaely 9 na cly ykbqkae~ay 1 ~rò`h`nlray

yacaiikle`nly# `ca`~lrk`gae~a# yaè na ay~` lzkekùe< &%692+

9%6% Ile rayzai~l `c zrlocag` è~arklr 9%2# yk V razrayae~` ac eøgarl na

~rò`h`nlray na c` kenqy~rk` pqa iraa pqa cly è~knazrayk}ly el `{qnè ` raylc}ar




9'>2

cly zrlocag`y aglikle`cay nac ~rò`hl# ykel pqa nè ylc`gae~a qe` ylcqikùe

z`ck`~k}` `c zrlocag` na c`y nazraykleay aglikle`cay4 ykaenl `yç# ae~leiay#

aeile~r`r ac zrlgankl { c` }`rkèx`# iqènl ya yacaiikleè `ca`~lrk`gae~a 1

zaryle`y na qe` gqay~r` na ?:%

9%;% Ae qe` ke}ay~kbìkùe na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n# ac kebaekarl aei`rb`nl

nac naz`r~`gae~l na yabqrkn`n `mkrg` pqa# ylcl ac >: na ~lnly cly ~rò`h`nlray

qyè i`yily na yabqrkn`n iqènl `cgqarxè ae ac cqb`r nac ~rò`hl% Yqzlekaenl

pqa ay~` `mkrgìkùe ya` ilrrai~`# aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa > na cly

ykbqkae~ay = ~rò`h`nlray na c` kenqy~rk`# acabknly# `ca`~lrk`gae~a# qyae cly i`yily

na yabqrkn`n# gkae~r`y ilgae ae ac cqb`r nac ~rò`hl% &:%096+

9%0:% Qe` ilgz`ðç` iley~rqi~lr` na zraikzk~`nlray acai~rly~à~kily yòa pqa# ae

zrlgankl# ac ?; na ay~a apqkzl na ile~rlc na z`r~çiqc`y rapqarkràe na

raz`rìkleay nayzqëy na qe `ðl na qy`rya% Yk ya yacaiikleè# `ca`~lrk`gae~a# ?:

zraikzk~`nlray acai~rly~à~kily# na c` zrlnqiikùe ~l~`c# aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n pqa8

&`+ @c gaely 1 zraikzk~`nlray rapqkarè na raz`rìkleay nayzqëy na qe `ðl%

&o+ Avì~`gae~a 1 na ay~`y qekn`nay na ile~rlc na c` ile~`gkeìkùe `~glymërki`

rapqkarè raz`rìkùe nayzqëy na qe `ðl%

9%00% Ae qe ay~qnkl na `flrrl na aearbç`# ya `rbqgae~` pqa# ae ac >: na c`y

i`camìikleay ì~k}`n`y ile aearbç` ylc`r# c` iqae~` zlr yar}kikl o`h`

ileyknaròcagae~a% Na ìqarnl ` ay~a `rbqgae~l# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa

c` iqae~` na yar}kikl o`ha# ae iqènl gaely 1 na qe` gqay~r` na 1: i`camìikleay<

Fìar ay~a zrlocag` qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c { nayzqëy c` nky~rkoqikùe

elrg`c% Ilgz`r`r cly rayqc~`nly% &Okelgk`c 7 :%;;6# elrg`c 7 :%;;62+

9%0?% Fìar ac gkygl zrlocag` &9%00+ zarl qyènl 1: ile e 7 ?1 { Z& V ≡ 1+%

9%09% Ya nè cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly8 e 7 01# z 7 :%>% I`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac




9'>6

}`clr na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V ya` avì~`gae~a kbq`c ` >% Fìar ay~l8

&`+ Qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c% &:%0?=6+

&o+ Qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ilgl `zrlvkgìkùe% &:%0?0>+

9%0>% Ya `rbqgae~` pqa ae ac =: na c`y key~`cìkleay na i`camìikùe ylc`r c`

iqae~` zlr ileiaz~l na yar}kikl ya ranqia ae `c gaely qe ~arikl% Ae ileyleèik`

ile ay~l# ¼Iqàcay yle c`y zrloòkckn`nay na pqa c` iqae~` na yar}kikl ya ranqxi` ae

`c gaely qe ~arikl ae<8

&`+ Iq`~rl na ikeil key~`cìkleay%

&o+ @c gaely iq`~rl na ikeil key~`cìkleay%

9%01% Ae ay~qnkly na kebaekarç` ik}kc# yk c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ikar~` ilcqge` na

`c` èif` i`kb` o`hl qe` i`rb` `vk`c n`n` ay na :%:1# i`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n f`{

na pqa ae~ra 0= ilcqge`y na aya ~kzl8

&`+ ¼I`kbè iqènl gày nly< &:%;120+

&o+ ¼I`kbè `c gaely iq`~rl< &%::2:+

9%0=% C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ikar~` ic`ya na ilgzleae~a rayky~` qe` zrqao` na

iflpqa ay na :%11% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ylora}k}è# avì~`gae~a# ? na

cly ykbqkae~ay > ilgzleae~ay pqa ya zrqaoae%

9%02% C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe zìkae~a ya raiqzara na qe zrlocag` i`rnkìl ay

na :%>% Yk ya yacaiikle` `ca`~lrk`gae~a qe` gqay~r` na 01 zìkae~ay ile yçe~lg`y

na zrlocag`y i`rnçìly# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na8

&`+ Z& V ≡ 0:+ &:%:996+

&o+ Z&9 ≮ V ≮ 6+ &:%061;+

&i+ Z& V 7 1+ &:%061;+

&n+ Z&9 3 V 3 6+ &:%=;=>+




9'>;

9%06% C` zrlnqiikùe nk`rk` na 61: z`r~ay mòrki`n`y ile~kaea 1: z`r~ay pqa el

iqgzcae ile cly rapqarkgkae~ly nac ickae~a% Nac cl~a ya ayilbae ? z`r~ay#

`ca`~lrk`gae~a# yke raagzc`xl% Ya` V ac eøgarl na z`r~ay na c` gqay~r` pqa el

iqgzcae ile cly rapqarkgkae~ly% Ykaenl `yç# ¼Iqàc ay c` mqeikùe na c` nky~rkoqikùe

ìqgqc`n` na V <

9%0;% C` a~`z` na qe` ~ariar` `car~` na yglb ae c` ikqn`n na Gavkil f` yknl n`n`#

ae c` iq`c ya ke}lcqir` ` 1: kenqy~rk`y ile~`gkeè~ay% Qe keyzai~lr na Z_LMAZ@

}kyk~`rà 0: kenqy~rk`y yacaiikle`n`y `ca`~l`rk`gae~a# z`r` keyzaiikle`rc`y zlr c`y

}klcìkleay ` c`y cabkycìkleay `gokae~`cay# pqa c`y kenqy~rk`y zqnkarè ay~`r

ilga~kaenl% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa 01 na c`y kenqy~rk`y ke}lcqir`n`y ay~ëe

}klcènl# iqènl gaely# qe` cabkycìkùe `gokae~`c< &?1I V ²   1:'?1I0:' V , 1:I0:+

9%?:% Qe mòrkiè~a na ccè~`y z`r` `q~ly razlr~` pqa ae~ra qe i`rb`gae~l na =#:::

ccè~`y na c` g`ri` Blln{a`r ragk~kn`y ` qe nky~rkoqknlr cli`c# 0?: ccè~`y na ay~`

g`ri` ay~àe qe zlil namai~qly`y% Yk qe gl~lrky~` ilgzr`# `c `x`r# 0: na ay~`y

ccè~`y# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa > na ay~`y ccè~`y ay~ëe qe zlil n`ð`n`y<

Fìar ay~a zrlocag` qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe fkzarbalgë~rki` { c` okelgk`c%

9%?0% Qe mòrkiè~a na `z`r`~ly na glek~lral `gokae~`c &IL+ ile~kaena pqa ylcl ac

0: na ay~ly `z`r`~ly rapqkarae na raz`rìkùe nae~rl nac zarklnl na b`rè~ç` na qe

`ðl% Yk ya yì` qe` gqay~r` `c `x`r na 0: na ay~ly `z`r`~ly# ae~leiay# ykaenl `yç#

i`ciqc`r cly ykbqkae~ay aeqeik`nly8

&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa iqènl gaely 9 na cly 0: `z`r`~ly rapqkarè na

raz`rìkùe nae~rl nac zarklnl na b`rè~ç`% &:%:2:?+

&o+ Yk 1 na cly 0: `z`r`~ly rapqkrkarle na raz`rìkùe ae ac zrkgar `ðl# ¼`zl{`rç`

ay~l l ramq~`rç` c` ile~aeikùe nac mòrkiè~a< ¼Pqë ykbekmki`nl ~kaea c` zrloòkckn`n

i`ciqc`n`# &ae iqè~l ` c` ile~aeikùe nac mòrkiè~a na pqa ylcl ac 0: na cly




9'1:

`z`r`~ly rapqkarae na raz`rìkùe nae~rl na qe `ðl+# iqènl c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa

iq`cpqkar` na cly `z`r`~ly rapqkar` na raz`rìkùe ae ac zarklnl na b`rè~ç`# ay na

:%0:< &Ac rayqc~`nl ay kbq`c ` :%::0= { n`nl pqa c` zrloòkckn`n ay gq{

zapqað` ya raif`x` c` ile~aeikùe nac mòrkiè~a+

9%??% Ay~a ay qe ahagzcl ~aùrkil na qe zrlocag` na nayeq~rkikùe# pqa yqmrkrçè

gqif`y zaryle`y aemarg`y# yke n`rya iqae~` pqa ay~àe nayeq~rkn`y% @pqç# yke

ago`rbl# ac `q~lr na ay~a ahagzcl ya ramkara ` qe ~kzl na eq~rkikùe namai~qly` pqa

el ay~à racìkle`nl ile c` nayeq~rkikùe ~r`nkikle`c naoknl ` c` m`c~` na `ckgae~ly%

Ae ay~a ile~av~l# ac `q~lr ya ramkara ` qe ~kzl na nayeq~rkikùe zlil ileliknl zlr c`

gankike` ~r`nkikle`c &ykel zlr c` e`~qrlz`~ç`+# ilgl ae ac i`yl nac iàeiar baeërkil#

ae ac iq`c c` zaryle` `mai~`n` ay~à nayeq~rkn`# el zlr el ilgar# ykel zlrpqa ac

lrbèkygl el zqana `ykgkc`r cly `ckgae~ly# yke kgzlr~`r iqè~l l ilgl ya ilg`%

&Ay~l ~`c }ax ya nao` ` pqa c`y zaryle`y pqa yqmrae na cly yçe~lg`y nac iàeiar

ykagzra ay~àe ièy`n`y+% Na ìqarnl ` c` e`~qrlz`~ç`# ay~l liqrra ilgl rayqc~`nl

na c` `c~arìkùe pqçgki` na c` yèbra# li`ykle`nl zlr }kn` è~ke`~qr`c% Ykaenl `yç#

ae ay~a ahagzcl }`gly ` ileyknar`r qe i`yl fkzl~ë~kil na nayeq~rkikùe el

~r`nkikle`c# racìkle`nl ile zaryle`y pqa yqmrae aemargan`nay baeërki`y# { pqa ae

ay~a zrlocag`# ay~a ~kzl na nayeq~rkikùe ay nac ;:% Ykaenl `yç na~argke`r c`y

zrloòkckn`nay z`r` cly ykbqkae~ay i`yly na nayeq~rkikùe# z`r` qe ~`g ņl `ca`~lrkl

na 9: zaryle`y# yk8

&`+ ^ln`y c`y zaryle`y aemarg`y ~kaeae zrlocag`y na nayeq~rkikùe%

&o+ Iqènl gaely ?2 zaryle`y aemarg`y ay~àe nayeq~rkn`y%

&i+ O`hl ay~`y ilenkikleay ekebqe` zaryle` ay~à nayeq~rkn`%




9'10

Yqbaraeik`8 Z`r` raylc}ar ay~a zrlocag`# baear`r qe` ~òc` na zrloòkckn`nay

ìqgqc`n`y a kenk}knq`cay# zqay~l pqa cly }`clray na e { na z# na ay~a ahagzcl# yle

brènay# { el `z`raiae ae c`y ~òc`y okelgk`cay n`n`y zlr cly ~av~ly na ay~`nçy~ki`%

9%?9% Qe` aeiqay~` ` ikar~` qek}arykn`n# na qe z`çy nac fagkymarkl elr~a faif` ` ?:

ay~qnkè~ay nac øc~kgl `ðl ra}ac` pqa# i`yk ac >: na ay` zlocìkùe na ay~qnkè~ay

`zrqao` ac ileyqgl nk`rkl na c` g`rkfqè`% Yk ya yacaiikleè `c `x`r 0: na ay~ly

ay~qnkè~ay { ya cay zkna yq lzkekùe `c rayzai~l# i`ciqc`r cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqë# ylc`gae~a# 9 na cly ay~qnkè~ay yaè na ay~`

lzkekùe< &:%?>+

&o+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa iqènl gaely 0# zarl gaely na 9 ay~qnkè~ay

yaè na ay~` lzkekùe< &:%:21+




>'0

I@ZK^QCL >

Nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle

@zckiìkleay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle%' Ilenkikleay pqa ya rapqkarae z`r`

`zcki`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle%' Mqeikleay zrloòkcçy~ki`y na c` mqeikùe na

Zlkyyle%' @zckiìkùe na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle nae~rl na yqy zrlzkly

~ërgkely { ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c%' Zrlzkan`nay

na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle%' Zrlocag`y na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle qyènl

ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò%

C` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle ay qe` nky~rkoqikùe na zrloòkckn`n nkyira~`# zlrpqa ya

mlrg` ile~ènl `cbl% C` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle mqa nay`rrlcc`n` zlr ac mrèiëy

Ykgale Naeky Zlkyyle# pqkëe c` nayirkokù ae 0692%

C` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ya zqana ileyknar`r ilgl qe` cùbki` na

zrloòkckn`n nanqi~k}`# ae mlrg` èàclb` ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c# zlrpqa ae ac

iàciqcl na c`y zrloòkckn`nay ya }` nac ~l~`c ` c` z`r~a% Ay~l ay# zlrpqa ykagzraileliagly c` zrloòkckn`n nac ayzìkl gqay~r`c# c` iq`c ykagzra ay kbq`c ` 0 &ac

~l~`c l ilehqe~l+%

C` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ~`gokëe zqana yar aemli`n` ilgl qe` mlrg`

ckgk~è~a na c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c# ay naikr# ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe na c`

okelgk`c# ay~l ay# iqènl cly iàciqcly okelgk`cay yle gq{ c`rbly { ~anklyly% Zarl#

gày kgzlr~è~a ~ln`}ç`# c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle# ~`gokëe zqana yar aemli`n`

nae~rl na yqy zrlzkly ~ërgkely l naraifly%

C` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ~kaea `zckiìkleay ` qe` brè }`rkan`n na

zrliayly mçykily4 ilgl rayqc~`nl na ay~l# ae c` gkyg` mlrg` pqa c` nky~rkoqikùe




>'?

elrg`c { c` okelgk`c# c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ay qe` na c`y nky~rkoqikleay gày

qy`n`y% C` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle `zcki` ` c` liqrraeik` na `cbøe a}ae~l `ca`~lrkl

V # ylora qe ke~ar}`cl ayzaikmki`nl# nlena ac ke~ar}`cl zqana yar ~kagzl# nky~èik`#àra`# }lcqgae# a~i%

Ae iqè~l ` c`y nkmaraeik`y ae~ra c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle { c` nky~rkoqikùe

okelgk`c# c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ay `mai~`n` zlr ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` e { c`

zrloòkckn`n z# gkae~r`y pqa# c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ay `mai~`n` zlr ac

zrlgankl ±% @nagày# c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ~kaea }`clray zlykocay na v 7 :# 0# ?#

9#%%%# e# gkae~r`y pqa c` Zlkyyle ~kaea }`clray zlykocay na v 7 :# 0# ?# 9#%%%%`n

kemkek~qg# ay naikr yke ekebøe cçgk~a yqzarklr% C` Mkbqr` >%: na ò`hl gqay~r` c`

nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle%

Mkbqr` >%:% Bràmki` gly~rènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+




>'9

@zckiìkleay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle

0% C`y `zckiìkleay na c` nky~rkoqikùe zqanae yar aemli`n`y ` ay~qnk`r ac eøgarl na

~ùvkily aeile~r`nly ae qe }lcqgae na `kra agk~knl zlr qe` kenqy~rk`

&ile~`gkeìkùe nac `kra+% L~r`y `zckiìkleay yle ae c` ga~alrlclbç`# z`r` aeile~r`r

c` mraiqaeik` kgzra}ky~` na ~agzay~`nay# ikicleay# ~lre`nly# brèkx`n`y#

keqenìkleay# mqably mlray~`cay# a~i%# ae ikar~`y rabkleay nac gqenl%

?% ^`gokëe ya qy` ae oklclbç` z`r` ile~`r ac eøgarl na oì~ark`y ae qe zc`~l na

zrqao`% Ya qy` ~`gokëe ae c` mçyki` z`r` ile~`r ac eøgarl na z`r~çiqc`y agk~kn`y na

qe` yqy~èik` r`nkì~k}`# ilgl zlr ahagzcl# iqènl qe` yqy~èik` r`nkì~k}` agk~a z`r~çiqc`y `cm`# oa~` l b`gg`% @pqç c`y z`r~çiqc`y yle agk~kn`y# `c `x`r# ylora qe

c`rbl zarklnl na ~kagzl# { c` liqrraeik` na qe` agkykùe ay kenazaenkae~a na l~r`y

agkykleay%

9% Kbq`cgae~a# c` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle ya qy` z`r` ac ile~rlc ay~`nçy~kil na i`ckn`n l

z`r` ile~`r ac eøgarl na ç~agy namai~qlyly &iqènl ay nkmçikc qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe

okelgk`c+%

>% L~r`y `zckiìkleay kgzlr~è~ay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle yle z`r` aeile~r`r

ac eøgarl na ìiknae~ay# ae~ra cly ~rò`h`nlray# ilgl zlr ahagzcl# ae qe`

kenqy~rk`# ae ay~qnkly na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n%

1% @nagày# l~r`y `zckiìkleay yle c`y zrloòkckn`nay na c`y nagèn`y na qe

zrlnqi~l { nagèn`y na yar}kikly% C` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ~`gokëe ya qy` z`r`

aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa fòrà qe eøgarl ayzaiçmkil na raic`gly na

ìiknae~ay na `q~ly# ae qe` ilgz`ðç` na yabqrly nqrè~a qe zarklnl na ~kagzl%

Ay~` nky~rkoqikùe ay kbq`cgae~a ø~kc z`r` aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na qe eøgarl

ayzaiçmkil na liqrraeik`y pqa ~lgè cqb`r zlr qe ~kagzl n`nl l ae qe` rabkùe

ayzaiçmki`%




>'>

=% @eàclb`gae~a# qe zrliayl na zrlnqiikùe ile~keq`# pqa mòrki` qe ikar~l loha~l

ae brènay iè~kn`nay# nlena qe loha~l namai~qlyl liqrra# `ca`~lrk`gae~a# ile

zrloòkckn`n zapqað` a kenazaenkae~a# ~`gokëe zqana yar ileyknar`nl qe zrliaylZlkyyle%

2% Cly ìiknae~ay ae qe` màorki` brèna zqanae liqrrkr# `c `x`r# ile qe` zapqað`

zrloòkckn`n { yar kenazaenkae~ay na i`n` qel na cly l~rly ylora qe ~kagzl

ile~keql# ae iq{l i`yl# ay~a zrliayl ykbqa ` c` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle% @nagày# ay~`

nky~rkoqikùe `zcki` z`r` aeile~r`r ac eøgarl na ìiknae~ay ae qe na~argke`nl

~r`gl i`rra~arl nqrè~a qe zarklnl nkb`gly na 9 gayay%

6% @ykgkygl# c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ya qy` z`r` yòar ac z`~rùe na ccab`n`y na

`}kleay ` qe àrlzqar~l4 ac eøgarl na namai~ly ylora c` yqzarmkika na qe` gay`4 ac

eøgarl na arrlray na kgzrae~` na qe ckorl# a~i%

Ilenkikleay pqa ya rapqkarae z`r` `zcki`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle

0% Qe avzarkgae~l ileyky~a ae ile~`r ac eøgarl na }aiay na pqa qe ikar~l a}ae~l

liqrr` & v+# nqrè~a qe` qekn`n na ~kagzl l ayzìkl%

?% C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe a}ae~l liqrr` ay c` gkyg` z`r` i`n` qekn`n na

~kagzl l ayzìkl%

9% Ac eøgarl na a}ae~ly pqa liqrrè ae qe` qekn`n na ~kagzl l ayzìkl ay

kenazaenkae~a nac eøgarl na a}ae~ly pqa liqrrae ae c`y l~r`y yqylnkif`y qekn`nay%

>% âùrki`gae~a# qe eøgarl kemkek~l na liqrraeik`y nac a}ae~l naoae yar zlykocay

ae ac ke~ar}`cl%

Mqeikleay zrloòkcçy~ki`y na c` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle

Iqènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ay `zrlzk`n`# c` zrloòkckn`n na loyar}`r

avì~`gae~a v eøgarl na liqrraeik`y zlr qekn`n na gankikùe &flr`y# gkeq~ly#

iae~çga~rly iøokily# zàbke`y# a~i%+# ay naikr# ac eøgarl na rayqc~`nly pqa liqrrae




>'1

ae qe ke~ar}`cl na ~kagzl n`nl l ae qe` rabkùe ayzaiçmki`# ya aeiqae~r` qyènl c`y

aiqìkleay na ò`hl8

Z& V + 7 m& v+ 7 ± v

a'±

, v! &>'0+

Nlena8

± 7 zrlgankl na liqrraeik`y zlr ke~ar}`cl

7 ez

Nlena8 e 7 ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r`

z 7 c` zrloòkckn`n

a 7 ?%206?6%%% &O`ya na cly clb`rk~gly Eazarkèly+ v 7 :# 0# ?#%%%%%# ∕# ay naikr# cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk V # ay~l ay# ac eøgarl

na rayqc~`nly pqa liqrrae ae qe ke~ar}`cl na ~kagzl%

Na ìqarnl ` c` mùrgqc` na `rrko`# c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ~kaea qe ylcl

z`ràga~rl ykgolckx`nl zlr c` ca~r` brkab` ±% Yk ileliagly ay~a }`clr nac zrlgankl

± zlnagly ayirkokr c` nky~rkoqikùe na zrloòkckn`n ilgzca~`% Ay~a z`ràga~rl ±

zqana yar ke~arzra~`nl ilgl ac zrlgankl na c`y liqrraeik`y# zlr ke~ar}`cl na

~kagzl l ayzìkl pqa i`rì~arkx` ac zrliayl baear`nl zlr c` nky~rkoqikùe na

Zlkyyle%

L~r` gèar` na }ar c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ay qyènl c` mqeikùe n`n`

ò`hl8

&δ + v a'δ

z& v4δ + 7 ┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ &>'?+

v!

Nlena8

δ 7 ez ay qe` iley~è~a n`n`% Ay ac eøgarl zrlgankl na




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rayqc~`nly zlr qekn`n na ~kagzl l rabkùe% @pqç# naoknl ` pqa δ ay zlyk~k}` z`r`

~lnly cly zlykocay }`clray na V# ae~leiay8

∕

Ω z&v4 δ + 7 0# cl iq`c ay c` ileyaiqaeik` nac nay`rrlccl na aδ ae c` yarka kemkek~` nav7:

Gìc`qrke n`n` ae ~lnly cly ~av~ly na iàciqcl# c` iq`c ya avzray` ilgl8∕

aδ

7 0 $ δ $ δ ?,?! $ δ 9,9! $ … $ 7 Ω δ v,v! &>'?`+v7:

Ay~` aiqìkùe nagqay~r` pqa c` mqeikùe z&v4δ + y`~kymìa c` yabqen` ilenkikùe

eaiay`rk` z`r` ayzaikmki`r qe` mqeikùe na zrloòkckn`n na g`y` &zgm+%

± 7 ez c` iq`c ya zqana ke~arzra~`r ilgl ac eøgarl zrlgankl na ëvk~ly zlr ac

~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` e%

a 7 ?%206?6%%%

v 7 eøgarl na rayqc~`nly pqa liqrrae ae qe ke~ar}`cl na ~kagzl &:# 0# ?# 9%%%%`n

kemkek~qg+

@zckiìkùe na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle nae~rl na yqy zrlzkly ~ërgkely {

ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c

Ilgl ya gaeikleù `c zrkeikzkl# c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle zqana avzcki`rya nayna

nly àebqcly8 nae~rl na yqy zrlzkly naraifly { ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe na c`

nky~rkoqikùe oklelgk`c% Ay~l liqrra# zlrpqa gqif`y }aiay yk ya `zcki` c`

nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ` ikar~ly zrlocag`y# cly iàciqcly yle gq{ av~aeyly# ae iq{l

i`yl ya zqana `zcki`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle# c` iq`c n` cly gkygly rayqc~`nly#

zarl gqifl gày màikc na i`ciqc`rcly% Zlr ahagzcl# iqènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na

Zlkyyle ya qy` ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c# ay~l ay

`zckiòca# iqènl e ay brèna { c` zrloòkckn`n# z ay zapqað`% &_ailrnènl pqë#

ile c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c# c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ya qy` ilgl qe`

`zrlvkgìkùe ` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c iqènl e ay brèna { iqènl z l p ay~àe




>'2

iariè`y ` :+% C` `zrlvkgìkùe na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ` c` nky~rkoqikùe

okelgk`c ay `zrlzk`n` iqènl z ≮ :%:1 { e ≡ ?:% Ae }arn`n# ac zlriae~`ha na arrlr

na cly rayqc~`nly lo~aeknly qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle# ilgl qe``zrlvkgìkùe ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c# ay na 0 ae ?2: l iari` na :%>% C`

^@OC@ 0%: gqay~r` c`y ilgz`rìkleay na c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c { c` Zlkyyle%

^@OC@ 0%:% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y ilgz`rìkleay na rayqc~`nly na ahagzcly

`ca`~lrkly qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c { c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle%


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Nky~rkoqikùe Okelgk`c Nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle

Z& V ≡ 0+ 7 0 ’ M&:+ Z& V ≡ 0+ 7 0 ’ M&:+

7 0 ’ :%0?0= 7 :%626> 7 0 ’ :%091 7 :%6=1

Z& V ≮ ?+ 7 M&?+ 7 :%=2=; Z& V ≮ ?+ 7 M&?+ 7 :%=22

Z& V ≡ 9+ 7 0 ’ M&?+ Z& V ≡ 9+ 7 0 ’ M&?+

7 0 ’ :%=2=; 7 0 ’ :%=22

7 :%9?90 7 :%9?9

Zlr l~r` z`r~a# iqènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ay avzcki`n` nae~rl na yqy

zrlzkly gërk~ly# ay~` nky~rkoqikùe rayqc~` na c`y liqrraeik`y pqa zqanae yar

nayirk~`y zlr qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` nkyira~`% Ay~` }`rkòca nael~`n` zlr V # zqana

~lg`r }`clray na v 7 :# 0# ?# %%% &Nlena cly zqe~ly yqyzaeyk}ly nael~è `n

kemkek~qg+# ay~l# ae ile~r`y~a ile c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c nlena cly }`clray na v

yle na :# 0# ?# 9#%%%%# e%

Ahagzcly na c` `zckiìkùe na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle nae~rl na yqy zrlzkly

~ërgkely l naraifly { ilgl `zrlvkgìkùe ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c

Ahagzcl )0% @yøg`ya pqa qe` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ya n` zlr c` mqeikùe na

ò`hl8




>'6

z& v+ 7 T&:%2?+ v

a':%2?

W , v!

Aeile~r`r8

&`+ z&:+&o+ z&0+

&i+ z&?+

&n+ z&9+

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ z&:+ 7 T&:%2?+:

a':%2?

W , :! 7 :%>6=6

&o+ z&0+ 7 T&%2?+0

a':%2?

W , 0! 7 :%91:1

&i+ z&?+ 7 T&%2?+?

a':%2?

W , ?! 7 :%0?=?

&n+ z&9+ 7 T&:%2?+9

&:%>6=6W , 9! 7 :%:9:

Ahagzcl )?% Qe ay~qnkl na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n faifl ` c`rbl zc`xl na

cly ìiknae~ay ae qe` màorki`# cca}ù ` c` baraeik` ` ileicqkr pqa ac eøgarl na

ìiknae~ay zlr ~rò`h`nlr# nqrè~a qe `ðl & V + ykbqa ` qe` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle% Yk

ac eøgarl zrlgankl na ìiknae~ay zlr ~rò`h`nlr zlr `ðl mqa na :%9# ay~kg`r cl

ykbqkae~a8

&`+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe ~rò`h`nlr yacaiikle`nl# `ca`~lrk`gae~a# el

~aenrà qe ìiknae~a nqrè~a ac `ðl ykbqkae~a<

&o+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe agzca`nl yacaiikle`nl# `ca`~lrk`gae~a#

~aenrà iqènl gaely 0 ìiknae~a nqrè~a ac ykbqkae~a `ðl<

&i+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe ~rò`h`nlr ~aenrà# avì~`gae~a# 0 ìiknae~a<

&n+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe ~rò`h`nlr yacaiikle`nl `c `x`r na c` màorki`~aenrà ae~ra ? { > ìiknae~ay# keicqyk}`gae~a# ac zrùvkgl `ðl<

Ylcqikùe8

Ay~a zrlocag` ya zqana raylc}ar qyènl c` aiqìkùe na Zlkyyle { ~`gokëe qyènl




>';

c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle%

@pqç# δ 7 :%9# V 7 :

Qyènl c` aiqìkùe &>'?+# z&v4δ + 7 δ

v

a'δ

, v! { yqy~k~q{aenl }`clray n`8&`+ z& V + 7 Z& V 7 :+ 7 &:%9+

:a

':%9, :! 7 :%2>0

Ay~l nkia pqa# ac `ðl ykbqkae~a# na i`n` 0:: ~rò`h`nlray# 2> el ~aenràe ekebøe

ìiknae~a { ?= yk cl zqnkarè ~aear%

Ilgl ya nkhl è~arklrgae~a# ay~a zrlocag` ~`gokëe ya zqana raylc}ar

qyènl c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle% Z`r` ay~l# oqyi`gly ae c` ~òc` na

zrloòkckn`nay ìqgqc`n`y l kenk}knq`cay ileδ 7 :%9 { ile v 7 : { n` %2>:

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe ~rò`h`nlr ~aeb` iqènl gaely qe ìiknae~a ya

zqana fìar qyènl c`y ~òc`y na Zlkyyle%

Z& V ≡ 0+ 7 0 ' Z& V 7 :+ 7 0 ' :%2>0 7 :%?1;

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa# ac ~rò`h`nlr ~aeb` avì~`gae~a# qe ìiknae~a ya zqana

fìar qyènl c` mùrgqc` l c`y ~òc`y na zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay l ìqgqc`n`y%

Qyènl c` mùrgqc` n` &>'0+# Z&V+ 7 m & v+ 7 ± v

a'±

, v!# ile ± 7 :%9 { V 7 0

m&0+ 7 &:%9+0 a':%9,0!

7 :%????

Qyènl c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle na zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay ely `8

Z& V 7 0+ 7 Z& V ≡ 0+ ' Z& V 7 :+ 7 :%;=9 ' :%2>0 7 :%???

&n+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe ~rò`h`nlr ~aeb` ae~ra ? { > ìiknae~ay# keicqyl# ay8

Z&? ≮ V ≮ >+ 7 Z&?+ $ z&9+ $ Z&>+

7 :%:999 $ %::99 $ :%:::?7 :%:9=6 &qyènl c`y zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay

na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle+

Ahagzcl )9% Z`r` ay~a zrlocag` qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle { c` okelgk`c%




>'0:

Ykaenl `yç# yk ac eøgarl na namai~ly# zlr zka iq`nr`nl na c` ~ac` na qe apqkzl na

ile~rlc &mkc~rly+ gèqmì~qr`nl zlr ikar~` kenqy~rk` ykbqa ` qe zrliayl Zlkyyle# ile

δ 7 :%:6# ae~leiay# yk qe zka iq`nr`nl na c` ~ac` ay keyzaiikle`nl na qe` gqay~r``ca`~lrk` na 1:# ¼iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac eøgarl na namai~ly loyar}`nly

ya`<8

&`+ Ekebøe namai~l

&o+ Iqènl gaely 0 namai~l

&i+ Avì~`gae~a# ? namai~ly

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Zrkgar`gae~a# }`gly ` qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle# ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe `

c` okelgk`c%

&`+ Zrloòkckn`n na ekebøe namai~l%

Qyènl c` mùrgqc` &>'?+# ile ± 7 δ 7 %:68

Z& V 7 :+ 7 δ v a'δ

, v!

7 &%:6+:

&a'%:6

+ , :!

7 %;?9

@c~are`~k}`gae~a# zlnagly yì`r ac gkygl rayqc~`nl qyènl c` ~òc` na Zlkyyle

ìqgqc`n`% Ay~l ya fìa oqyiènl ac }`clr na δ 7 %:6 ile V 7 : { n` %;?9

&o+ Iqènl gaely qe namai~l% @pqç# qyènl# eqa}`gae~a# c` mùrgqc` &>'?+ na

Zlkyyle ile δ 7 %:6 { yqoy~k~q{aenl n`8

Z& V ≡ 0+ 7 0 ’ Z& V 7 :+ 7 0 ' %;?9 7 %:22

&i+ Avì~`gae~a ? namai~ly%Z& V 7 ?+ 7 &%:6+

?a

'%:6, ?!

7 &:%::=>+ &:%;?+ , ?

7 :%::?;1




>'00

@flr`# okae# yk ya qy`rà c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c# ay~l yarç` c`rbl { ~anklyl# zlrpqa

e ay brèna% Yke ago`rbl# z`r` qy`r c` racìkùe o& v4e#z+ 7 e!, v!&e ’ v+! z v

pe' v

#

eaiayk~`gly i`ciqc`r ac }`clr z# ay naikr# qyènl ± 7 δ 7 ez% Ile δ 7 %:6 { e 7 1:n`8 %:6 7 &1:+&z+ { z 7 %::0= u %::?%

&`+ Qyènl c` mùrgqc` okelgk`c o&v4e#z+ 7 e!,v!&e ’ v+! zv

pe'v

{ yqy~k~q{aenl cly

}`clray n`8

o& v41:#%:6+ 7 1:!, v!&1: ’ :+! &%::?+v

&%;;6+1:'v

O&:41:#%:6+ 7 1:!,:!&1: ’ :+! &%::?+:

&%;;6+1:':

7 &0+ &0+ &:%;:1+ 7 :%;:1

O&041:#%:6+ 7 1:!,0!&1: ’ 0+! &%::?+0

&:%;;6+1:'0

7 >;&%::?+&:%;:2+ 7 %:;6

O&?41:#:%:6+ 7 1:!,?!&1: ’ ?+! &%::?+?

&%;;6+1:'?

7 0??1 &%:::::>+&:%;:6+ 7 :%::>1

&o+ Iqènl gaely qe namai~l ay8

Z& V ≡ 0+ 7 0 ’ Z& V 7 :+ 7 0 ' :%;:1

7 :%:;1

&i+ Avì~`gae~a# ? namai~ly%

Ay~l ely cca}` ` Z& V 7 ?+ 7 O&?41:#:%:6+

7 1:I?&%::?+?&%;;6+

1:'?

7 &0??1+ &%:::::>+&:%;0+

7 :%::>1

Ilgl ya }a `rrko`# `c qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c# ac zrliayl ay c`rbl {ilgzcki`nl# zlr cl pqa ay gahlr qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ilgl qe`

`zrlvkgìkùe ` c` okelgk`c% Ae ay~a key~è~a# ac cai~lr naoarà qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe

Zlkyyle { ilgz`r`r cly rayqc~`nly lo~aeknly%




>'0?

Ahagzcl )>% Ae qe ay~qnkl na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n# qe` zlocìkùe na

~rò`h`nlray na qe brqzl na kenqy~rk`y pqa gèahè zrliayly# nlena f`{ rqknl# ac

1 yqmrae na zrlocag`y aglikle`cay pqa ke~armkarae ile yq ~rò`hl% Yk ya yì` qe`gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na =: ~rò`h`nlray# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n nac eøgarl na

~rò`h`nlray# pqkaeay yqmrae nky~qrokly aglikle`cay< Fìar ay~a zrlocag` ile c`

nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c {# cqabl# ile c` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe

` c` okelgk`c# { ilgz`r`r rayqc~`nly%

&`+ Gày na ? ~rò`h`nlray yqmrè na nky~qrokly aglikle`cay

&o+ Iqènl gaely >

&i+ 1 l gày

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ile z 7 %:1# e 7 =:# V 5 ?

o& v4=:#%:1+ 7 =:Iv &%:1+v

&%;1+=:'v

O&:4=:#%:1+ 7 =:I: &%:1+:

&%;1+=:':

7 &0+ &0+ &:%:>=+

7 :%:>=0

O&04=:#%:1+ 7 =:I0 &%:1+0

&%;1+=:'0

7 =: &%:1+&:%:>;+

7 :%0>11

O&?4=:#%:1+ 7 =:I? &%:1+?

&:%;1+=:'?

7 &=:+&1;+,? &%::?1+&:%:10+

7 :%??1;O&94=:#%:1+ 7 =:I9 &%:1+

9&%;1+

=:'9

7 &=:+&1;+&16+,= &%:::09+&%:19+

7 :%??;6




>'09

O&>4=:#%:1+ 7 =:I> &%:1+>

&%;1+=:'>

7 &=:+&1;+&16+&12+,?> &%:::::=9+&:%:12+

7 :%02?> Eù~aya pqa ~lnly ay~ly }`clray ~`gokëe ya zqanae yì`r qyènl c` ~òc` na Zlkyyle

na zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay# ay naikr# oqyiènlδ 7 :%:1 { V 7 :# 0# ?# 9# >%

&`+ Gày na nly ~rò`h`nlray yqmrè na nky~qrokly aglikle`cay

Z& V 5 ?+ 7 0 ’ Z& V ≮ ?+ 7 0 ’ Z&:+ $ Z&0+ $ Z&?+

7 0 ’ &:%:>=0 $ :%0>11 $ :%??1;+

7 :%16?1

&o+ Iqènl gaely > nkia8

Z& V ≡ >+ 7 0 ’ Z& V 3 >+ 7 0 ’ Z&:+ $ Z&0+ $ Z&?+ $ Z&9+

7 0 ' %=191

7 :%9>=1

&i+ 1 l gày nkia8

Z& V ≡ 1+ 7 0 ’ Z& V ≮ >+ 7 0 ’ Z&:+ $ Z&0+ $ Z&?+ $ Z&9+ $ Z&>+

7 0 ' %6?617 :%0201

@flr`# qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle nae~rl na yqy zrlzkly naraifly

eaiayk~`gly i`ciqc`r δ # ay naikr# ± 7 ez 7 &=:+&%:1+ 7 9%:# zarl zrkgarl }`gly `

i`ciqc`r c`y zrloòkckn`nay z`r` v 7 :# 0# ?# 9# > è~ay na i`ciqc`r ac keikyl &`+%

Qyènl c` mqeikùe &>'0+# Z& V + 7 m& v+ 7 ± v

a'±

, v! { yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray n`8

Z& V 7 :+ 7 9%::

&a'9%:

+ , :! 7 :%:>;6

Z& V 7 0+ 7 9%:0%:

&:%:>;6+,0! 7 :%0>;>

Z& V 7 ?+ 7 9%:?%:

&:%:>;6+,?! 7 :%??>:




>'0>

Z& V 7 9+ 7 9%:9%:

&:%:>;6+,9! 7 :%??>:

Z& V 7 >+ 7 9%:>%:

&:%:>;6+,>! 7 :%0=6:

&`+ Gày na ? ~rò`h`nlray yqmrè nky~qrokly aglikle`cay

Z&v+ 7 Z& V 5 ?+ 7 0 ’ Z& V ≮ ?+ 7 0 ’ Z& v 7 :# 0# ?+

7 0 ’ :%>?9

7 :%122:

&o+ Iqènl gaely > ~rò`h`nlray

Z&V ≡ >+ 7 0 ’ Z& V ≮ 9+ 7 0 ’ :%=>2?

7 :%91?6

&i+ 1 l gày ~rò`h`nlray

Z& V ≡ 1+ 7 0 ’ Z& V ≮ >+ 7 0 ’ :%601?

7 :%06>6

Ahagzcl )1% Na cly ç~agy zrlnqiknly zlr qe` mì~lrç`# ac 9 ay~àe namai~qlyly%

Qe` gqay~r` na ?1 ç~agy ya yacaiikle` z`r` qe` keyzaiikùe% Qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe

okelgk`c { c` Zlkyyle { ilgz`r`r cly rayqc~`nly na cly ykbqkae~ay8&`+ Avì~`gae~a > ç~agy ay~`ràe namai~qlyly

&o+ 9 l gày loha~ly ay~`ràe namai~qlyly

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c8

&`+ :%::1>

&o+ :%:96

Qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle8

&`+ :%::=

&o+ :%:>0




>'01

Ahagzcl )=% Qe zrlgankl na 9 `q~ly `rrkoè ` c` i`ya~` na ilorl na qe` i`rra~ar`

i`n` gkeq~l% Yk ay~` ~`y` ay `zrlvkg`n` zlr qe zrliayl Zlkyyle# ¼iqàc ay c`

zrloòkckn`n na pqë# avì~`gae~a# 1 `q~ly `rrko`ràe ae qe zarklnl na qe gkeq~l<Ylcqikùe8

@pqç# δ 7 ± 7 9# v 7 1

Qyènl c` aiqìkùe m& v+ 7 ± v

a'±

, v! { yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray lo~aeagly8

Z& V 7 1+ 7 &9+1

&a+'9

, 1! 7 T&?>9+&%:>;6+W , 0?: 7 %0::6

Ac }`clr na %0::6 ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa 1 `q~ly `rrkoae ae qe gkeq~l

Eù~aya pqa ay~a zrlocag` ~`gokëe ya zqana raylc}ar qyènl c` ~òc` na

zrloòkckn`nay na Zlkyyle# ay naikr# z`r` }`clray ayzaiçmkily na ± { na v pqa nè

qe` ylcqikùe gày màikc { zraiky`% Z`r` ay~l# oqyi`gly ac }`clr na ± 7 9 ile v 7 1 {

n` :%;0=0# zarl ilgl c` ~òc` n` c`y yqg`~lrk`y ìqgqc`n`y# ca ray~`gly 0% Zlr cl

~è~l# Z& V 7 1+ 7 0 ' :%;0=0 7 %:6 u %0 &]ar ~òc` na }`clray yacai~ly na c`

nky~rkoqikùe ìqgqc`n` na Zlkyyle+

Ahagzcl )2% Ac 0: na c`y farr`gkae~`y zrlnqikn`y ae ikar~l zrliayl na

gèqmì~qr` yle namai~qly`y% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqë# ae qe` gqay~r` na

0: farr`gkae~`y yacaiikle`n`y# `ca`~lrk`gae~a# avì~`gae~a# ? farr`gkae~`y yaè

namai~qly`y% Fìar ay~l qyènl8

&`+ C` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle

&o+ C` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c%

Ylcqikùe8

@pqç zleagly e 7 0: farr`gkae~`y% Ae~leiay# zrloòkckn`n na qe` farr`gkae~`namai~qly` ay# z 7 0: 7 :%0: { ez 7 &0:+&:%0:+ 7 0%:# v 7 ?

&`+ Qyènl c` aiqìkùe na Zlkyyle8

z& v+ 7 &± v

a'±

+ , v! l okae Z& v+ 7 ± v

a'±

, v!




>'0=

Nlena8 z 7 :%0# ± 7 ez 7 &0:+&:%0+ 7 0%:

Zrtna ? farr`gkae~`y namai~qly`y ae 0:w 7 &0%:+?

&a'0

+ , ?!

7 0,?a 7 :%069;&o+ Qyènl c` aiqìkùe na Oarelqcck

Z& V 7 ?+ 7 eIv z v

pe' v

Nlena8 e 7 0:

V 7 ?

z 7 :%0

p 7 0 ' z 7 0 ' :%0 7 :%;

Z& V 7 ?+ 7 0:I? &:%0+?&:%;+

0:'?7 0:! , T?!&0:'?+!W 7 :%0;

Ahagzcl )6% Ae ay~a zrlocag` `zcki`r c` mqeikùe ay~`nçy~ki` gày `zrlzk`n`% Ykaenl

`yç# yk ac 9%: na cly mlily acëi~rkily gèqmì~qr`nly zlr qe` ilgz`ðç` ay~àe

namai~qlyly# ae~leiay# aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqë# ae qe` gqay~r` na 0::

mlily8

&`+ Ekebøe mlil ay~ë namai~qlyl

&o+ 0 mlil ay~ë namai~qlyl

&i+ ? mlily ay~ëe namai~qlyly

&n+ 9 mlily ay~ëe namai~qlyly

&a+ > mlily ay~ëe namai~qlyly

&m+ 1 mlily ay~ëe namai~qlyly

Ylcqikùe8

@pqç ay gày `zrlzk`nl qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle# zlrpqa e ay brèna% Ykaenl`yç# z 7 :%:9# e 7 0::# ± 7 ez 7 &0::+&:%:9+ 7 9%:# v 7 :# 0# ?# 9# ># 1

&`+ Qyènl c` mùrgqc` Zlkyyle z& v#±+ 7 ± v

a'±

, v!# ile a'9

7 :%:>;2;

z& v#±+ 7 ± v

a'±

, v!




>'02

z&:#9+ 7 &9%:+:

&a+'9%:

, :! 7 &0+& :%:>;2;+ 7 :%:>;2;

&o+ Z&0#9+ 7 &9+0&a+

'9%:, 0! 7 &9+&:%:>;2;+,0 7 :%0>;>

&i+ Z&?#9+ 7 &9+?

&a+'9%:

, ?! 7 &;+&:%:>;2;+ , ? 7 :%>>600&n+ Z&9#9+ 7 &9+

9&a+

'9%:, 9! 7 &?2+&:%:>;2;+ , = 7 :%??>0

&a+ Z&>#9+ 7 &9+>

&a+'9%:

, >! 7 &60+&:%:>;2;+ , ?> 7 :%0=6:

&m+ Z&1#9+ 7 &9+1

&a+'9%:

, 1! 7 &?>9+&:%:>;2;+ , 0?: 7 :%0::6

Zrlzkan`nay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle

^@OC@ >%0% ^òc` gly~rènl `cbqe`y zrlzkan`nay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle%

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Zrlgankl ± 7 δ

]`rkèx` ω?7 δ

Nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ω 7 ∘ δ

Glgae~l nac ilamkikae~a nac yaybl ΰ9 7 0,∘ δ

Glgae~l nac ilamkikae~a na dqr~lyky ΰ> 7 9 $ 0,δ

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

&Mqae~a8 Yzkabac# 0;=0+

Ahagzcl );% C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe` zaryle` gqar` na qe `rray~l i`rnkìl# zlr

mqg`r ae aviayl# ay na :%::?% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa gaely na 1

zaryle`y# na c`y ykbqkae~ay ?#:::# glrkràe na qe yçe~lg` nac ilr`xùe% Aeile~r`r#

~`gokëe# ac zrlgankl { c` }`rkèx`%

Ylcqikùe8Zrkgarl i`ciqc`gly ac zrlgankl { c` }`rkèx`% C`y mùrgqc`y z`r` ay~l yle8

± 7 ez 7 &?:::+&:%::?+ 7 >%:

ω?7 ezp 7 &?#:::+&:%::?+&:%;;6+ 7 9%;;?




>'06

Qyènl c` ~òc` na Zlkyyle { ykbqkaenl ay~a r`xle`gkae~l n`8

Z& V 3 1+ 7 Z& V ≮ >+

7 :%=?66 &na c` ~òc` na Zlkyyle+Ahagzcly kcqy~rènl ilgl br`mki`r cly n`~ly na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V

Ahagzcl )0:% Yqzùeb`ya pqa ae qe ay~qnkl na ile~`gkeìkùe `gokae~`c ya key~`c`

qe` ran na 9#6>: yaeylray na `c~l }lcqgae z`r` gankr c`y ileiae~rìkleay na

z`r~çiqc`y `~glymërki`y# gaelray pqa 0: gkir`y% Yk c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa

iq`caypqkar` na ay~ly gqay~ra`nlray m`cca ay na %:::69 nqrè~a qe `ðl# ae~leiay#

na~argke`r c`y zrloòkckn`nay na pqa :# 0# ?# 9# >#… na cly gqay~ra`nlray m`ccae

nqrè~a ac `ðl ae iqay~kùe% Fìar qe` bràmki` qyènl z`zac yagkclb`rk~gl%

Ylcqikùe8

@pqç ya zqnkar` qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c# zlrpqa fòc` na qe` yk~qìkùe

oke`rk`# ay naikr# m`cc`r l el m`cc`r% Yke ago`rbl# naoknl ` pqa e ay gq{ brèna { z

ay zapqað`# c` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle ay `zckiòca% Ykaenl `yç# zrkgarl i`ciqc`gly ac

}`clr na δ %

δ 7 ez 7 &96>:+&:%:::69+ 7 9%?

Aeyabqkn`# ay~òcaiagly eqay~rl zqe~l na z`r~kn` ile c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk V # ilgl

}`rkòca kenazaenkae~a%

m& v+ 7 z& v49%?+ 7 &9%?+v

a'9%?

, v!

Cqabl yqy~k~qkgly cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk V ae c` mùrgqc` na `rrko`

z&:49%?+ 7 9%?:

&:%:>0+,:! 7 :%:>0

z&049%?+ 7 9%?0

&:%:>0+,0! 7 :%09: z&?49%?+ 7 9%?

?&:%:>0+,?! 7 :%?:;

z&949%?+ 7 9%?9

&:%:>0+,9! 7 :%??9

z&>49%?+ 7 9%?>

&:%:>0+,>! 7 :%026




>'0;

z&149%?+ 7 9%?1

&:%:>0+,1! 7 :%00>

z&=49%?+ 7 9%?=

&:%:>0+,=! 7 :%:=0

z&249%?+ 7 9%?2

&:%:>0+,2! 7 :%:?6 z&649%?+ 7 9%?

6&:%:>0+,6! 7 :%:00

z&;49%?+ 7 9%?;

&:%:>0+,;! 7 :%::9;2

z&0:49%?+ 7 9%?0:

&:%:>0+,0:! 7 :%::09

Z`r` br`mki`r cly n`~ly na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V &òyiky`+ { na c`

zrloòkckn`n m& v+ 7 z& v4±+ &lrnae`n`+# ya qy` z`zac yagkclb`rç~gkil% Zlr ahagzcl#

c` Mkbqr` >%0 gqay~r` ac qyl na z`zac yagkclb`rç~gkil qy`nl z`r` br`mki`r cly

}`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V &ae c` òyiky`+ { na c` zrloòkckn`n m& v+ 7 z& v4±+%

C` bràmki` ile ay~ly }`clray ya gqay~r` ò`hl% Na c` Mkbqr` >%0 ay~kg`r c`y

ykbqkae~ay zrloòkckn`nay% &Ac ay~qnkè~a cl naoarà fìar+%

&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa m`ccae &keicqyk}`gae~a+# ae~ra 9 { ; gqay~ra`nlray

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa m`ccae gày na 6 gqay~ra`nlray

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa m`ccae &avicqyk}`gae~a+# ae~ra > { = gqay~ra`nlray

&n+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa m`ccae gày na 0: gqay~ra`nlray

&a+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa m`ccae ~lnly cly gqay~ra`nlray

&m+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa el m`cca ekebøe gqay~ra`nlr




>'?:

Mkbqr` >%0% Mkbqr` gly~rènl ac qyl nac z`zac yagkclb`rk~gl br`mkiènl cly }`clray

na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V &ae c` òyiky`+ { na z& v4±+ ae c` lrnae`n`% &Acòlrìkùe

zrlzk`+




>'?0

Zrlocag`y na c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle qyènl ac zrlbr`g` na ilgzq~`nlr`

Gkek~ò

Ahagzcl )00%Yqzùeb`ya pqa ac eøgarl V na fqrìèay loyar}`nly ae c` rabkùe nacI`rkoa# nqrè~a cly øc~kgly 9 `ðly ~kaea qe` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle ile qe

zrlgankl na δ 7 ± 7 6% I`ciqc`r c`y ykbqkae~ay zrloòkckn`nay8

&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa liqrrè ` cl gày 6 fqrìèay%

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa liqrrè avì~`gae~a 6 fqrìèay%

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa liqrrè iqènl gaely ; fqrìèay%

&n+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa liqrrè ae~ra 1 { 6 fqrìèay keicqyl%

&a+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa liqrrè ae~ra 1 { 6 fqrìèay avicqyl%

&m+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa liqrrè ` cl gày 6 fqrìèay# zarl gày na 1%

&b+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa liqrrè gày na ? fqrìèay%

&f+ Fìar bràmki`y na Z& V 7 v+ { Z& V ≮ v+ ae mqeikùe na v%

Ylcqikle8

Zrliankgkae~l8 Zrkgar`gae~a# qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò oqyi`gly c`y

}ae~èkcc`y yað`c`n`y ò`hl# ay naikr zrliankaenl ilgl8

I`ci 5 Zrloòkck~{ nky~rkoq~kle 5 Zlkyyle%%

Ae c` }ae~è` na –Zlkyyle nky~rkoq~kle‗ z`r` c` zrkgar` ilrrkn` zqe~a`gly ae

–Zrloòòkck~{‗ {# z`r` c` yabqen` ilrrkn` zleagly ac zqe~l ae –Iqggqc`~k}a

Zrloòkck~{‗% Ae c` }ae~è` na –Gaè‗ zleagly ac }`clr nac zrlgankl δ l ± kbq`c `

6% Ae c` }ae~è` na –Kezq~ ilcqge‗ zleagly I0 &cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca

`ca`~lrk` v 7 :# 0# ?#%%%e+% @pqç# ay ile}aekae~a key~rqkr `c zrlbr`g` na pqa zleb`cly }`clray na c`y zrloòkckn`nay na mqeikùe na g`y` &zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay

Z& V 7 v+ ae c` ilcqge` I?% @ykgkygl# ya key~rq{a `c zrlbr`g` pqa zleb` c`y

zrloòkckn`nay ìqgqc`n`y Z& V ≮ v+ ae c` ilcqge` I9% Qe` }ax# pqa ya ilrra ac




>'??

zrlbr`g`# ya baear` c` ~òc` na ò`hl pqa gqay~r` cly rayqc~`nly%

^@OC@ >%?% ^òc` gly~rènl c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` v ae mqeikùe na c` zrloòkckn`n#

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Ylcqikùe8

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&a+ Z&1 3 V 3 6+ 7 :%?10




>'?9

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>'?>

Aharikikly I`zç~qcl >

>%0% Yqzùeb`ya pqa V ~kaea qe` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle ile zrlgankl na >% I`ciqc`r


`% Z& V 7 :+ &:%:069+

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n% Z& V 7 6+ &:%0;19+

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>%?% Yk c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe ifapqa ya` na}qac~l zlr ac oèil ay na :%:::9 {

0:#1:: ifapqay ya i`gokè# ae~leiay# ¼iqàc ay ac eøgarl zrlgankl &δ l ±+ na

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>%9% C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe kenk}knql yqmr` na qe` g`c` raìikùe na qe`

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Yqbaraeik`8 qy`r z& v4δ ~+ 7 a'δ ~

&δ ~+ v, v!

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ìiknae~a nqrè~a ac ykbqkae~a `ðl< &:%2>0:+




>'?1

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ykbqkae~a `ðl<>%2% _amkrkëenlya `c zrlocag` >%18

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ìiknae~a< &:%??2:+

&o+ Ay~kg`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe agzca`nl ~aenrà ` cl gày qe ìiknae~a%

>%6% @yqgkr pqa ac eøgarl na `q~ly pqa `rrkoè ` c` i`ya~` na ikar~` `q~lzky~` ykbqa

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flr` ay na =# ¼iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ae 0 flr` n`n`# el ccabqa ekebøe `q~l<

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cly rayqc~`nly { i`ciqc`r cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ya cay ekabqa c` ae~r`n` ` cly i`gkleay iqènl ac

eøgarl avian` 6% &:%9;+&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa `rrkoae ae~ra ? { > i`gkleay# keicqyl% &%::0?+

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&n+ Z& V 7 :# 0# ?# 9#%%%%%# ∕+ &0%:::+




>'?=

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i`ciqc`r cly ykbqkae~ay aeqeik`nly8

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>%0>% Ac eøgarl zrlgankl na i`rrly ~èpqa pqa `rrkoè i`n` nç` ` ikar~l zqar~l

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~èpqay & V ≮ 01+ zlr nç`% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ae qe nç` n`nl ~aebè

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I`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n na8

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ae qe` yaiikùe na qe` i`rra~ar` ke~aray~`~`c pqa rapqkarae na raz`rìkùe qrbae~a#




>'?2

z`r` a}k~`r ìiknae~ay# zqana glnac`rya ile qe` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle% Yk c`

i`rra~ar` ~kaea qe zrlgankl na ? oìfay zlr gkcc`# ae~leiay8

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>%02% C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe zìkae~a ya raiqzara na qe` r`r` aemargan`n ay na

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>'?6

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&Or`ya# a~ `c% 0;;1+%




>'?;

&`+ Avzcki`r zlrpqa c` nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle yarç` qe` oqae` yacaiikùe z`r` r 7

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>'9:

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1'0

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fkzù~ayky ay~`nçy~ki`y% Fkzù~ayky eqc` &Fl8+ a fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y &F08# F?8# F98+%'

^kzly na arrlray K &`cm`+ { KK &oa~`+%' Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky el ~r`nkikle`cay

qyènl ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%' Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky z`r` qel { nly

zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay &±0# { ±?+%' Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky z`r` c`y nkmaraeik`y na

nly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay &±0 ’ ±?+# z`r` gqay~r`y brènay &e 9:+ qyènl c`

nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ile }`rkèx`y ilelikn`y a kbq`cay &ω?0 7 ω

??+%' Ke~ar}`cly na

ilemkèx` z`r` nly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay%' Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky a ke~ar}`cly

na ilemkèx` z`r` zrlzlrikleay%

Namkekikùe na }`rkòca ca`~lrk` ile~keq`

Qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V ya nkia pqa ay ile~keq` yk# yq ilehqe~l na }`clray zlykocay ay

qe ke~ar}`cl ilgzca~l na eøgarly# ay~l ay# yk zlr ` 3 o iq`cpqkar eøgarl V ae~ra ` { o

ay zlykoca% Ae ~ërgkely ykgzcay# c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V ya namkea# ilgl c` }`rkòca

`ca`~lrk` pqa ile~kaea qe ke~ar}`cl mkek~l l kemkek~l na eøgarly ra`cay% Na ay~` gèar`#

qe` }`rkòca pqa# ~aùrki`gae~a# zqan` `yqgkr iq`caypqkar }`clr ae~ra nly }`clray

n`nly# ay ile~keq`4 na l~r` gèar` ay nkyira~`% Ae baear`c# gankikleay nè cqb`r `

n`~ly ile~keqly# gkae~r`y pqa aeqgarìkleay l ile~al n` cqb`r ` n`~ly nkyira~ly% Zlr




1'?

ahagzcl# ac eøgarl na ekðly ae qe` m`gkck` zqanae ~aear }`clray na :# 0# 9# >#… zarl

el zqanae ~aear }`clray na ?%1# l 9%6>?% Zlr l~rl c`nl# ahagzcly na }`rkòcay

ile~keq`y yle c`y `c~qr`y na qe brqzl na zaryle`y pqa ya zqanae avzray`r ilgl =?#=9%6 zqcb`n`y# =1%69>0? zqcb`n`y# a~i% Zlr ahagzcl# naikr iq`cay na cly ykbqkae~ay

~ërgkely razrayae~è n`~ly nkyira~ly l ile~keqly%

&`+ Eøgarl na ìikleay oqryà~kcay }aenknly i`n` nç` ae ac gari`nl oqryà~kc%

Ylcqikùe8 @pqç c` }`rkòca ay `ca`~lrk` nkyira~`%

&o+ C`y ~agzar`~qr`y rabky~r`n`y i`n` gank` flr` ae c` lmkike` na ga~alrlclbç`%

Ylcqikùe8 @pqç c` }`rkòca ay `ca`~lrk` nkyira~`%

&i+ C`y clebk~qnay na 0::: ~lrekccly zrlnqiknly zlr qe` màorki`%

Ylcqikùe8 @pqç c` }`rkòca ay ile~keq`%

Mqeikùe na naeykn`n na zrloòkckn`n na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ile~keq` V

Qe` mqeikùe m& v+ ay qe` mqeikùe na naeykn`n na zrloòkckn`n na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk`

ile~keq` V z`r` ac ilehqe~l na zlykocay }`clray na V ay~àe ae iq`cpqkar ke~ar}`cl na

eøgarly ra`cay T v0 # v?W% Ay~` mqeikùe ccae` cl ykbqkae~a8 &Gle~blgar{ a~ `c% 0;;=+

0% m v & v+ ≡ : &1'0+∕

?% ∤ '∕ m& v +nv 7 0 &1'?+v?

9% Z & v0 ≮ V ≮ v?+ 7 ∤ v0 m v&q+ nq &1'9+

Namkekikùe8 Nahagly pqa V ya` qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ile~keq`# ae~leiay c`

nky~rkoqikùe na zrloòkckn`n l mqeikùe na naeykn`n na zrloòkckn`n na V ay qe`

mqeikùe m& v+ na ~`c gèar` pqa# z`r` iq`caypqkar nly eøgarly ` { o ile ` ≮ o#

ae~leiay8




1'9

o

Z&` ≮ V ≮ o+ 7 ∤ ` m& v+ nv &1'>+

Z`r` pqa c` mqeikùe na naeykn`n na zrloòkckn`n ya` }àckn` naoa na y`~kymìar c`y

ykbqkae~ay nly ilenkikleay8

0% m & v+ ≡ : z`r` ~ln`y c`y v‛y &1'1+

∕

?% ∤ '∕ m & v+ nv 7 àra` o`hl c` bràmki` ilgzca~` na m & v+ 7 0 &1'=+

Mùrgqc` mqen`gae~`c nac iàciqcl

Nahagly pqa m ya` qe` mqeikùe pqa ya namkea ae ac ke~ar}`cl iarr`nl na T`# oW#

o

ae~leiay# ac ke~abr`c namkeknl na m na ` ` o# nael~`nl zlr ∤ ` m&v+ nv ya n` zlr8 o

∤ ` m & v+ nv 7 ckg Ωm &k+ ∍vk &1'2+

ssZss↟: k

Iq`cpqkar è~knark}`n` na m& v+ zqana yar qy`n` z`r` a}`cq`r ac ke~abr`c &1'2+%

Ae~leiay# yk M ay qe` e~knark}`n` na m# qy`gly c` mùrgqc` na o`hl8 o

∤ ` m & v+ nv 7 M&o+ ’ M&`+ &1'6+

Z`r` ilgzq~`r c` mqeikùe na rrko` M&o+ ’ M&`+ ke~rlnqikgly c` racìkùe8

o o

∤ ` m & v+ nv 7 M & v+ ┏ ` 7 M &o+ ’ M &`+ &1';+

Ahagzcl )0% Yk qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ~kaea c` naeykn`n na zrloòkckn`n na8

M & v+ ta'?v z`r` v 5 :# l z`r` v ≮ :w




1'>

Na~argke`r c`y zrloòkckn`nay na pqa c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V `nlz~a qe }`clr na8

&`+ Ae~ra 0 { 9

&o+ G`{lr pqa :%1&i+ @ cl gày 9

Ylcqikùe8 o

Qyènl Z&` ≮ V ≮ o+ 7 ∤ ` m& v+ nv Ke~ar}`cl T0# 9W

9

&`+ ∤ 0 a'?v nv 7 &':%1+ Ta'? ’ a'=W 7 :%:=2

∕

&o+ ∤ :%1 a'?v nv Ke~ar}`cl T:%1# ∕W

9

&i+ ∤ : a'?v nv 7 &':%1+ Ta'= ’ 0W 7 :%1 Ke~ar}`cl T:# 9W

Ahagzcl )?% Ykgolckx`r ile V c` iè~kn`n na ~kagzl na keiqoìkùe na oì~ark`y ae qe

zc`~l na zrqao` nqrè~a ? flr`y% Yqzùeb`ya pqa c` }`rk oca `ca`~lrk` V ~kaea mqeikùe

na naeykn`n na m &v+ 7 :%1v# z`r` ac ilehqe~l zlykoca na }`clray na V ae ac ke~ar}`cl &:

≮ V ≮ ?+% Ykaenl `yç# i`ciqc`r c`y ykbqkae~ay zrloòkckn`nay8

&`+ Z & V ≮ 0+

&o Z &%1 ≮ V ≮ 0%1+

&i+ Z &0%1 3 V +

Ylcqikùe8




1'1

0 0

&`+ ∤ : :%1v nv 7 :%1 &v?,?+┏: 7 :%1 &:%1 ’ :,?+ 7 :%?1

0%1 0%1

&o+ ∤ :%1 :%1 v nv 7 :%1 &v?,?+┏:%1 7 &:%1+&0%0?1 ' %0?1+ 7 :%1

?%: ?%:

&i+ ∤ 0%1 :%1 v nv 7 :%1&v?,?+┏0%1 7 :%1&?%: ’ 0%0?1+ 7 :%>>

Ahagzcl )9% Yqzùeb`ya pqa ac arrlr ae c` raìikùe na ~agzar`~qr`# ae lI# na qe`

keiqo`nlr` na qe còlr`~lrkl na oì~arklclbç`# z`r` c` keiqoìkùe na qe zc`~l na `b`r#ay qe` }`rkòca V ile~keq` pqa ~kaea qe` naeykn`n na zrloòkckn`n na m&v+ 7 v?,9#

nlena V zqana `yqgkr }`clray na ae~ra &'0 3 V ≮ ?+% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na

naeykn`n na pqa c` ~agzar`~qr` ay~ë ae~ra : lI { 0 lI%

Ylcqikùe8

@pqç pqaragly aeile~r`r Z&: 3 V ≮ 0+ ae ac ke~ar}`cl T:#0W% Ae~leiay…0 0

Z&: 3 V ≮ 0+ 7 ∤ : v?,9 nv 7 v9,; ┏ : 7 0,;

Ahagzcl )>% C` zrlzlrikùe na kenqy~rk`y pqa rayzlenae ` ikar~l iqay~kle`rkl

ailcùbkil &}lcqe~`rkl# zarl pqa# ì~q`cgae~a# }` ` yar lockb`~lrkl+ ay qe` }`rkòca

`ca`~lrk` ile~keq` V iq{` mqeikùe na naeykn`n ay m&v+ 7 ?&v $ ?+,1% Ay~` mqeikùe ~kaea

qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V zqana `yqgkr }`clray na : 3 V 3 0% Fìar cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ Gly~r`r pqa Z&: 3 V 3 0+ 7 0

&o+ Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa gày na ?1# zarl gaely pqa 1: na c`y

kenqy~rk`y ile~ì~`n`y rayzlenaràe }lcqe~`rk`gae~a ` ay~` ylckik~ìkùe%

Ylcqikùe8




1'=

&`+ Qyènl c` racìkùe g`~agà~ki` na m&v+ { b&v+ iq{`y mqeikleay yle ile~keq`y {

~kaeae qe` è~knark}`n` ae ac ke~ar}`cl T`# oW# ykaenl `yç# ae~leiay# qy`gly c` mqeikùe

&1'0:+ na ò`hl { yqy~k~q{aenl n`8

o o o

∤ ` Tm&v+ $ b&v+W nv 7 ∤ ` m&v+ nv $ ∤ ` b&v+ nv &1'0:+

0 0 0

∤ : &?v,1 $ >,1+ nv 7 ∤ : ?v,1 nv $ ∤ : >,1 nv 7 ?v?,&?+&1+ $ >v,10 0

7 v?,1┏:

$ >v,1┏:

7 T0,1 ’ :W $ T>,1 ’ :W7 0

&o+ @pqç ac ke~ar}`cl ay T:%?1 3 V 3 %1:W% Ay~l nkia pqa# ` 7 :%?1 { o 7 :%1:%1: %1: %1:

Zlr cl ~è~l8 ∤ %?1 &?v,1 $ >,1+ nv 7 v?,1┏ %?1 $ >v,1 ┏ %?1

7 T&:%1+? ,1 ’ &:%?1+?,1W $ T>&:%1+,1 ’ >&:%?1+,1W7 0;,6:

C` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c

C` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay ac ahagzcl gày kgzlr~è~a na qe` nky~rkoqikùe na

zrloòkckn`n ile~keq % @or`f`g Na Glk}ra &0==2'021>+ c` kekikù ae 0299%

Nay`mlr~qe`n`gae~a# yq ~rò`hl ya zarnkù {# i`yk 0:: `ðly nayzqëy# D`rc B`qyy &0222'

0611+ { Zkarra Ykgle# G`rpqay na C`zcìa nay`rrlcc`rle# na gèar` kenazaenkae~a# c`

nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c% Zlr ay~` r`xùe# ` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ~`gokëe ya ca cc`g`

nky~rkoqikùe B`qyykè`%I`rì~arçy~ki y na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c

0% Ay ykgë~rki` `crananlr na yq zrlgankl ± { ae mlrg` na i`gzè`%




1'2

?% Ac zrlgankl# c` gankè` { c` gln` yle kbq`cay%

9% Ac àra` ~l~`c o`hl c` iqr}` ay kbq`c ` qel% Ac 1: na c`y loyar}ìkleay ay~àe ` c`

naraif` nac zrlgankl { ac l~rl 1: na c`y loyar}ìkleay ay~àe ` c` kxpqkarn` nac zrlgankl%

>% C` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ya na~argke` ilgzca~`gae~a zlr yqy z`ràga~rly ± { ω%

Iqènl ± 7 : { ω 7 0 c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay~à ae yq mlrg` ay~èn`rkx`n`%

C` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay ra`cgae~a qe` m`gkck` na nky~rkoqikleay nky~kebqkn`

qe` na c` l~r` zlr cly }`clray na ± { na ω% Yke ago`rbl# ac gkagorl gày kgzlr~è~a na

ay~` m`gkck` na nky~rkoqikleay ay c` pqa ~kaea qe zrlgankl na : { qe` nay}kìkùe

ay~àen`r na 0% C` aiqìkùe na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay~àen`r ya ayirkoa ilgl8

m &x+ 7 0,∘ ?ϊ avz ':%1 x ? ' ∕ 3 x 3 $ ∕ &1'00+

Qyq`cgae~a# ya qy` c` ca~r` gkeøyiqc` x zlr c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` pqa rayqc~`%

Àra`y o`hl c` iqr}` elrg`c

C` iqr}` na iq`cpqkar nky~rkoqikùe ile~keq` na zrloòkckn`n l mqeikùe na naeykn`n ya

iley~k~q{a na ~`c glnl pqa# ac àra` ay~à ckgk~`n` zlr cly nly zqe~ly v 7 vk { v 7 v? { ay

kbq`c ` c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V `yqg` qe }`clr ae~ra v 7 vk { v 7

v?% Ae~leiay# ac àra` z`r` c` iqr}` elrg`c ya n` zlr c` mqeikùe &R`czlca a~ `c% 0;;?+8

V?

Z&v0 3 V 3 v?+ 7 ∤ v0 e &v4±#ω+ nv &1'0?+v?

7 0,∘ ?ϊ ω ∤ v0 avz'&:%1+T&v'±+,ωW? nv &1'0?`+

Yke ago`rbl# ay nkmçikc raylc}ar c`y ke~abr`cay na c`y mqeikleay na naeykn`n elrg`c#

naoknl ` pqa el ya zqanae ke~abr`r ae mlrg` iarr`n`# ae~ra i`n` z`r na cçgk~ay na ` {

o% Naoknl ` ay~` yk~qìkùe ya fìa eaiay`rkl c` ~òqcìkùe na c`y àra`y na c` iqr}`




1'6

elrg`c% Na iq`cpqkar gèar`# c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay~àen`r ile ± 7 : { ω

7 0 { yqy ae~r`n`y yle cly }`clray na8

x

M&x+ 7 0,∘ ?ϊ ∤ ∕ avz T':%1 ~?W n~ &1'09+

@nagày# yarç` gq{ nkmçikc fìar qe` ~òc` zlr yaz`r`nl z`r` i`n` }`clr na ± {

ω% @mlr~qe`n`gae~a# ay zlykoca ~rèymlrg`r ~ln`y c`y loyar}ìkleay na iq`cpqkar

}`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c V ` eqa}l ilehqe~l na loyar}ìkleay na qe` }`rkòca

`ca`~lrk` elrg`c x ile zrlgankl na : { }`rkèx` na 0% C`y ~rèymlrgìkleay ya fìae

qyènl c` mùrgqc` na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c ay~èn`rkx`n` x pqa ya qy` z`r`~rèymlrg`r iq`cpqkar }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c V ile zrlgankl ± { nay}kìkùe

ay~àen`r ω ` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay~èn`rkx`n`% Ay~` mùrgqc` z`r` i`ciqc`r c`y

zrloòkckn`nay na iq`cpqkar nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c &el ay~èn`rkx`n + ya n` ilgl8

V ’ ±X 7 „„„„ &1'0>+

ω

Yq ay~kg`nlr na c` gqay~r` ay8

x 7 &V ’ V + , y &1'01+

Ilgl ya nkhl `rrko`# f`{ ~òc`y pqa nè cly rayqc~`nly na c` ke~abrìkùe# zlr cl

~è~l# el ~aeagly pqa fìar c` ke~abrìkùe z`r` i`ciqc`r c`y zrloòkckn`nay% Ae iqè~l

` c`y zrlzkan`nay na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ëy~`y ya nè ae c` ^@OC@ 1%: na ò`hl%




1';

^@OC@ 1%:% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y zrlzkan`nay na c` iqr}` elrg`c l B`qyykè`% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Zrlgankl `rk~gë~kil ±

]`rkèx` ω?

Nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ω Glgae~l nac ilamkikae~a nac yaybl ΰ9 7 :Glgae~l nac ilamkikae~a na dqr~lyky ΰ> 7 9 Nay}kìkùe nac zrlgankl `rk~gë~kil ω∘ ?,ϊ 7 :%2;2; ω

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ &Mqae~a8 Yzkabac# 0;=0+

C` bràmki` na c` iqr}` elrg`c ya gqay~r` ae c` mkbqr` na ò`hl% Na c` bràmki` zqana

}arya pqa# c` iqr}` ay ae mlrg` na i`gzè`# ay ykgë~rki` ile rayzai~l ` c` cçea`nkoqh`n` zarzaenkiqc`rgae~a# `c aha flrkxle~`c ae ac zrlgankl ±% C` bràmki` }` ae

mqeikùe na c` mraiqaeik` rac`~k}` { c`y nay}kìkleay ay~àen`ray% C` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r

na~argke` ac ayz`rikgkae~l na c` iqr}`% @ gankn` pqa f`{ gày }`rkìkùe ae qe`

gqay~r` l ae qe` zlocìkùe# c` iqr}` ya fìa gày ìf`~`n`% Ac àra` ~l~`c o`hl c` iqr}`

ay na 0::% C`y bràmki`y na ò`hl gqay~rè c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ae nkmarae~ay

mlrg`y%

Mkbqr` 1%0% Aypqag` gly~rènl c`y àra`y o`hl c` iqr}` elrg`c% &Or`ya a~ `c% 0;;1+

Na c` Mkbqr` 1%0# ya }a pqa# `zrlvkg`n`gae~a# ac =6%?2 na cly }`clray na cly n`~ly




1'0:

ay~àe nae~rl na qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ` i`n` c`nl nac zrlgankl4 `zrlvkg`n`gae~a#

ac ;1%>1 na cly }`clray ay~àe nae~rl na nly nay}kìkleay ay~àen`r ae i`n` c`nl nac

zrlgankl4 { `zrlvkg`n`gae~a# ac ;;%29 na c`y loyar}ìkleay ay~àe nae~rl na ~raynay}kìkleay ay~àen`r nac zrlgankl%

Mkbqr` 1%? % Ay~` mkbqr` gqay~r` c`y àra`y ilrrayzlenkae~ay ` }`clray na x 7 °0# x 7 °?

{ x 7 °9# ilrrayzlenkae~ay ` c`y zrloòkckn`nay na =6%?2# ;1%>1 { ;;%29#

rayzai~k}`gae~a% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+%

Na c` Mkbqr` 1%?# eù~aya pqa# ae ~ërgkely na mraiqaeik` rac`~k}`# c` zrloòkckn`n ae~ra x 7 : { x 7 $0#

ay kbq`c ` %9>094 c` zrloòkckn`n ae~ra x 7 $0 { x 7 ? ay kbq`c ` %091; {# c` zrloòkckn`n ae~ra x 7 $?

{ x 7 $9 ay kbq`c ` %:??6% Zlr ykga~rç` ac àra` ~l~`c ay ≆ 0%

Nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay~àen`r

Ilgl ya nkhl è~arklrgae~a# c` nky~rkoqikùe na qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c# ile

zrlgankl kbq`c ` : { }`rk ex` kbq`c ` 0# ya cc`g` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay~àen`r { ya

nael~` ile c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c ay~èn`rkx`n` X 7 & V ’ ±+,ω% Yke ago`rbl#

iqènl ya ilelia ac zrlgankl { c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r# ya cc`g` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`cel ay~èn`rkx`n`% @pqç# ay kgzlr~è~a nky~kebqkr c`y nkmaraeik`y ae~ra c` iqr}` elrg`c

ay~àen`r { c` el ay~àen`r%

Ahagzcl )1% N`n` qe` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay~àen`r# aeile~r`r ac àra` o`hl c` iqr}`




1'00

pqa ay~ë ae~ra x 7 '0%;2 { x 7 :%6=%

Ylcqikùe8

Ac àra` ae~ra x 7 '0%;2 { x 7 :%6= ya nael~` ilgl8

Z&'0%;2 3 x 3 :%6=+ 7 Z&x 3 :%6=+ ’ Z&x 3 '0%;2+7 :%6:10 ’ :%:?>> 7 :%26:2 &na c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c+

Cly }`clray na c` zrloòkckn`n pqa ilrrayzlenae ` c` }`rkòca ay~èn`rkx`n` x yle na x

7 :%6= { x 7 '0%;2 { ya aeiqae~rè ac c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c%

Ahagzcl )=% N`n` qe` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ile ± 7 1: { ω 7 0:% Aeile~r`r c`

zrloòkckn`n na pqa V ay~ë ae~ra >1 { =?%

Ylcqikùe8

Zrkgar`gae~a# `pqç ay~`gly fòcènl na ~lnl ac ilehqe~l# el na qe` gqay~r`% Z`r`

ay~l ~rèymlrg`gly cly }`clray na V ` }`clray na X qyènl c` mùrgqc` na c` }`rkòca

`ca`~lrk` ay~èn`rkx`n` &1'0>+# X 7 & V ’ ±+ , ω% Cly }`clray na X ilrrayzlenkae~ay ` V

7 >1 { V 7 =? ya fìae qyènl ay~` mùrgqc`% Yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray n`8

X>1 7 &>1 ’ 1:+,0: 7 ':%1[ X=? 7 &=? ’ 1:+,0: 7 0%?

Zlr cl ~è~l8 Z&>1 3 V 3 =?+ 7 Z&':%1 3 X 3 0%?+

7 Z&X 3 0%?+ ' Z&X 3 ':%1+

7 :%66>; ’ :%9:61

7 :%12=>

Ahagzcl )2% Ya yì` qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na qe` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c zlocìkle`c {

ya i`ciqc` qe zrlgankl na V 7 9:: { qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na 1:% Aeile~r`r c`

zrloòkckn`n na pqa V `yqg` qe }`clr g`{lr pqa 9=?%

Ylcqikùe8




1'0?

Zrkgar`gae~a# `pqç ya el~` pqë# {` el ay~`gly fòcènl na qe` zlocìkùe qyènl ±#

ilgl ac zrlgankl { ω ilgl c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r% @flr` qy`gly c` }`rkòca elrg`c

ay~èn`rkx`n` na c` gqay~r` na x 7 & V ’ V +,y# c` iq`c ay ac ay~kg`nlr na c` }`rkòca X 7& V ’ ±+,ω% Ykaenl `yç# zrkgarl ~rèymlrg`gly V 7 9=? `c }`clr ilrrayzlenkae~a na x

qyènl c` mùrgqc` è~arklr% &Eù~aya pqa ae ay~a i`yl qy`gly c` mùrgqc` na c` }`rkòca

ay~èn`rkx`n` x ilgl ac ay~kg`nlr na c` }`rkòca X zlocìkle`c# ay~l ay# x 7 & V ’

V +,y+%

x9=? 7 &9=? ’ 9::+,1: 7 0%?>

Zlr cl ~è~l# Z& V 5 9=?+ 7 Z&x 5 0%?>+ 7 0 ’ Z&x 3 0%?>+7 0 ’ :%6;?1 7 :%0:21

C` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay qe` nky~rkoqikùe na zrloòkckn`n ile~keq` &ae

ile~r`y~a ile c` Zlkyyle# okelgk`c# fkzarbalgë~rki`# balgë~rki`# a~i%# pqa yle

nky~rkoqikleay na zrloòkckn`n nkyira~`y+% Ay~l pqkara naikr pqa# cly rayqc~`nly na qe

avzarkgae~l na zrloòkckn`n ileyky~ae na qe keeqgaròca a kemkek~l ile~al na

}`clray% @yç# qe` nky~rkoqikùe na zrloòkckn`n ile~keq` ely zargk~a gankr eqay~r`}`rkòca ` iq`cpqkar br`nl na zraikykùe rapqarkn` { ay~à `ylik`n` ile }`rkòcay

`ca`~lrk`y ile~keq`y% Ae ile~r`y~a# c`y nky~rkoqikleay na zrloòkckn`n nkyira~` yle

ilgl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c l na Oarelqcck { c` Zlkyyle# c`y iq`cay ay~àe `ylik`n`y

ile }`rkòcay ca`~lrk`y nkyira~`y%

C`y }`rkòcay nkyira~`y yle gankikleay zraiky`y% Ahagzcly na }`rkòcay

nkyira~`y yle ac ~`g`ðl na qe` m`gkck` l ac eøgarl na `q~ly pqa ya ~kaeae# l ac

eøgarl na ay~qnkè~ay na qe` ic`ya% ^ln`y ay~`y yle }`rkòcay nkyira~`y% Ay~l pqkara

naikr pqa# iqènl `cbl ya zqana gankr ile zraikykùe# ae~leiay# ay qe` }`rkòca

nkyira~`% Ae ile~r`y~a# c`y }`rkòcay ile~keq`y el ya zqanae gankr# zraiky`gae~a#




1'09

iqènl keiragae~`gly c` zraikykùe na c` gankikùe yì`gly qe yky~ag` na ile~al gày

mkel% Qe` }`rkòca ile~keq` el }kaea ae z`pqa~ay na qekn`n# ykel pqa gkna l

razrayae~` qe br`nl na zraikykùe `rok~r`rkl# ay naikr# ranlena`nl% Ahagzcly na}`rkòcay ile~keq`y yle cly zayly# c` ~agzar`~qr`# c` `c~qr`# c`y naeykn`nay# a~i%

_acìkùe ae~ra c` iqr}` elrg`c { c` okelgk`c

Yk e ay brèna {# yk ek z ek ~`gzlil p ay~àe iariè`y ` iarl# c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c

zqana `zrlvkg rya ` c` elrg`c# ile c` }`rk oca ay~èn`rkx`n` n`n` zlr c` mqeikùe

ay~`nçy~ki` x 7 &v ’ ez+, ∘ ezp%

C` `zrlvkgìkùe elrg`c ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ay oqae` yk e ay o`y~è~a

brèna ile rayzai~l ` z% Ae z`r~kiqc`r# ay~l ay ikar~l iqènl ez 5 0: { e&0 ' Z+ 5 0:%

Z`r` fìar c`y `zrlvkgìkleay okelgk`cay qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ya qy` c`

}`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ay~èn`rkx`n` x% &¼Iqàc }arykùe na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` na x ya

qy`rç`8 c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ay~èn`rkx`n` na x zlocìkle`c l c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk`

ay~èn`rkx`n` na x gqay~r`c<+%

Zlr l~r` z`r~a# C`zke &0;6?+ rai`zk~qc` ac faifl na pqa c` bràmki` na c`

nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ~kaena ` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ` gankn` pqa e `qgae~`% Ay~l

yqbkara pqë# z`r` gqay~r`y na ~`g`ðly brènay# c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ya `zrlvkg`

` c` elrg`c% C`zke n` c`y bqç`y ìaz~`n`y z`r` qy`r c`y `zrlvkgìkleay elrg`cay# na

ìqarnl ` c` rabc` zlzqc`r na pqa c` `zrlvkgìkùe elrg`c ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c

ay `naiq`n`# ykagzra { iqènl# ez ≡ 1 { e&0 ’ z+ ≡ 1% C` ^@OC@ 1%0 gqay~r` c`y

bqç`y ilgøegae~a ìaz~`n`y z`r` qy`r c` `zrlvkgìkùe elrg`c ` c` nky~rkoqikùe

okelgk`c% Yke ago rbl# ya `rbqgae~ pqa `cbqely ay~`nçy~kily keyky~ae na pqa~`g`ðly na gqay~r`y gày brènay pqa cly n`nly ae c` ^@OC@ 1%0 naoae yar qy`nly

è~ay na pqa c` `zrlvkgìkùe ya` ìaz~òca% Ay~l ya naoa ` pqa# ac yaybl na c`

nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ay ~è zrleqeik`nl z`r` ~`g`ðly na z brènay l zapqaðly na ~`c




1'0>

gèar` pqa# c` mlrg` na i`gzè` ya `yqga zlr c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c# ylc`gae~a#

z`r` qe ~ g`ðl na e gq{ br ena%

^@OC@ 1%0% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y bqç`y gày ilgøegae~a ìaz~`n`y z`r` qy`r c``zrlvkgìkùe elrg`c ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c%

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ykagzra pqa z kbq`ca `8 Qy`r c` `zrlvkgìkùe elrg`c# ylc`gae~a#

yk e el ay gày zapqað` pqa8 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

%1 0:%>: l %=: 09%9: l %2: 02%?: l %6: ?1%0: l %;: 1:%:1 l %;1 0::%:0 l %;; 1::%::1 l %;;1 0#:::%::0 l %;;; 1#:::

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Mqae~a8 Y~`~ky~kiy mlr Glnare Oqykeayy Naikykle% C`raia C% C`zke &0;60+%

Cly ykbqkae~ay ahagzcly i`ciqcè c`y zrloòkckn`nay z`r` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`cay~èn`rkx`n`

Ahagzcl )6% ¼Iqàc ay ac àra`# c` zrloòkckn`n# zrlzlrikùe l ac zlriae~`ha na aeile~r`r

qe }`clr na x o`hl c` iqr}` l nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ae~ra cly }`clray na x 7 '0%29 { x 7

$?%>1< Nkoqh`r c` bràmki`%

Ylcqikùe8

Nackea`r ac ke~ar}`cl na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` x# ay~l ay# &'0%29 ≮ x ≮ ?%>1+ r`xleènl

na c` ykbqkae~a gèar`8

Z&'0%29 ≮ x ≮ ?%>1+ 7 Z&x ≮ ?%>1+ ’ Z&x ≮ '0%29+

Oqyiènl x 7 ?%>1 ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c n` qe` zrloòkckn`n na %;;?;%




1'01

Aeyabqkn`# ya fìa cl gkygl ile ac }`clr na x 7 '0%29 { n` qe` zrloòkckn`n na %:>06%

Zlr cl ~è~l8

Z&'0%29 ≮ x ≮ ?%>1+ 7 Z&x ≮ ?%>1+ ’ Z&x ≮ '0%29+7 %;;?; ' %:>06

7 %;100

Mkbqr` 1%9% Bràmki` na c` iqr}` elrg`c z`r` ac Ahagzcl )6% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Ahagzcl );% ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n# ae c` iqr}` elrg`c ae~ra qe }`clr na x 7 '0%1> {

qe }`clr na x 7 '%2=<

Ylcqikùe8

Z&'0%1> ≮ x ≮ '%2=+ 7 Z&x ≮ '%2=+ ’ Z&x ≮ '0%1>+

7 %??9= ' %:=06 7 %0=06 &na c` ~òc` na x+

Ahagzcl )0:% ¼Iqàc ay ac àra` o`hl c` iqr}` elrg`c ` c` kxpqkarn` na x 7 '0%;=<

Ylcqikùe8

Ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ya oqyi` ac }`clr na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` x 7 '0%;=

{ n` %:?1 ay naikr#

Z&x 3 '0%;=+ 7 %:?1:

Ahagzcl )00% ¼Iqàc ay ac àra` o`hl c` iqr}` elrg`c ` c` kxpqkarn` na qe }`clr na x 7

0%>?<




1'0=

Ylcqikùe8

Ya oqyi` ac }`clr na x 7 0%>? ae c` ~òc` na x { n` %;???% Ay~l ay cl gkygl pqa# àra`

rapqarkn` na %1::: $ %>??? 7 %;???%Ahagzcl )0?% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` }`rkòca X ay~ë ae~ra ':1 { 0%?1%

Ylcqikùe8

Z&':%1 3 X 3 0%?1+ 7 0%: ’ :%9:61 ’ :%0:1= 7 :%161;

C` Mkbqr` 1%> gqay~r` aypqagà~ki`gae~a ay~` yk~qìkùe%

Mkbqr` 1%>% Mkbqr` gly~rènl c` zrloòkckn`n na Z&':1 3 X 3 0%?1+% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Cly ykbqkae~ay zrlocag`y i`ciqcè c`y zrloòkckn`nay z`r` iq`cpqkar }`rkòca

elrg`c nky~rkoqkn` qyènl c` }`rkòca ay~èn`rkx`n` X 7 & V ' ±+,ω {,l yq

ay~kg`nlr ay~`nçy~kil ilrrayzlenkae~a# x 7 & V ' V +,y%

Ahagzcl )09% Yk V ay qe` }`rkòca elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqkn`# ile qe zrlgankl

`rk~gë~kil na V 7 ?> { qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na 9# ¼iqàc ay ac }`clr na c` }`rkòca

elrg`c ay~èn`rkx`n` &~kzkmki`n`+# x pqa ilrrayzlena ` qe }`clr na V 7 0;<

Ylcqikùe8

Zrkgarl ~rèymlrg`gly &ay~èn`rkx`gly+ ac }`clr na V 7 0; ` }`clray na x# ay naikr8

x0; 7 & V ' V +,y 7 &0; ' ?>+,9 7 '0%=2

@pqç# ya el~` pqa# ac }`clr na V 7 0; ay~à 0%=2 nay}kìkleay ay~àen`r ò`hl nac

zrlgankl na ?>%




1'02

Ahagzcl )0>% Yk V ay qe` }`rkòca elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqkn`# ile qe zrlgankl

`rk~gë~kil na 01: { qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na ?># ¼iqàc ay ac }`clr na x

ilrrayzlenkae~a ` qe }`clr na V 7 06?<Ylcqikùe8

x06? 7 &06? ' 01:+,?>

7 0%99

Ay~a }`clr na 06? ay~à ` 0%99 nay}kìkleay ay~àen`r `rrko` nac zrlgankl na V 7 01:%

Ahagzcl )01% Yk V ay qe` }`rkòca elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqkn`# ile qe zrlgankl na 0::

{ qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na 01# i`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n na8 Z&2: 3 V 3 09:+%Ylcqikùe8

Zrkgarl ~rèymlrg`gly &ay~èn`rkx`gly+ cly }`clray na V 7 2: { V 7 09: ` }`clray na

c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` x% Ay~l ay8

x2: 7 &2: ' 0::+,01 7 '?%::

x09: 7 &09: ' 0::+,01 7 ?%::

Ac }`clr na x ilrrayzlenkae~a `c ke~ar}`cl &2: 3 V 3 09:+ ay na &'?%:: 3 x 3 $?%::+ {

c` zrloòkckn`n ay8

Z&2: ≮ V ≮ 09:+ 7 Z&'?%: ≮ x ≮ ?%:+

7 Z&x ≮ ?%:+ ’ Z&x ≮ '?%:+

7 %;22? ' %:??6

7 :%;1>>

@pqç# ya zqana }ar pqë# yke ileyqc~`r c` ~òc` na c` x# {` yòagly pqa# ` ?%: qekn`nay

na x `rrko` nac zrlgankl ay~àe ilgzraenkn`y ac ;2%2? na c`y loyar}ìkleay%Ykgkc`rgae~a# ` '?%: qekn`nay ò`hl nac zrlgankl ay~àe ilgzraenkn`y ac ?%?6 na c`y

loyar}ìkleay4 zlr cl ~è~l# %;22? ' %:??6 7 :%;1>>% C` Mkbqr` 1%1 gqay~r` ay~l%




1'06

Mkbqr` 1%1% Bràmki` gly~rènl c` iqr}` elrg`c z`r` ay~a zrlocag`% &Acòlrìkùe

zrlzk`+%

Ahagzcl )0=% Ae qe` ke}ay~kbìkùe na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n# racìkle`n` ile

qe zrliayl kenqy~rk`c# ya rapqkara qe` `z~k~qn gae~`c gq{ `c~`% Z`r` ay~l# cly

~rò`h`nlray ya ylga~karle ` qe` zrqao` nac ilamkikae~a na ke~acai~l &KP+% Yk ya yì`

qe` gqay~r` `c `x`r pqa n` V 7 0?: zqe~ly { y 7 ?: zqe~ly# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n

na pqa qe ~rò`h`nlr yacaiikle`nl ~aenrà qe }`clr na ilamkikae~a na ke~acai~l pqa ay~ë

ae~ra 6: { 0>: zqe~ly<

Ylcqikùe8

@pqç ay~`gly oqyiènl c` zrloòkckn`n na Z&6: 3 V 3 0>:+ 7 Z&'?%:: 3 x 3 $0%::+%

Zlr cl ~è~l# ac àra` ~l~`c l c` zrloòkckn`n rapqarkn` ay kbq`c ` :%6061% Ay~l nkia pqa#

iari` nac 6? na c` zlocìkùe ~kaea qe KP na ay~` zrqao` nac ke~acai~l pqa ay~à ae~ra

6: { 0>: zqe~ly%

Ahagzcl )02% Yk qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na qe` zlocìkùe elrg`c na ke~aeykn`nay na

}kae~l# ae g,yabqenl# ~kaea qe zrlgankl na 0: g,yab { qe` }`rkèx` na >8

&`+ ¼Pqë zlriae~`ha {,l zrloòkckn`n na c`y ke~aeykn`nay nac }kae~l iàe ae~ra ; { 0>g,yab%<

&o+ ¼Ae~ra 09 { 01<

Ylcqikùe8




1'0;

&`+ 7 &Àra` na '∕ ` ?+ ' &àra` na '∕ ` '%1+ 7 %;22? ' %9:61

L ya`8 Z&; ≮ V ≮ 0>+ 7 Z&':%1 ≮ x ≮ ?+ 7 :%;22? ' :%9:61

7 :%==62 7 ==%62@pqç# ya el~` pqa# yk ac }`clr na y ay kbq`c ` ?# zlr cl ~è~l# f`{ ? qekn`nay na

nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r z`r` cly }`clray na V 7 0> { V 7 ;# ay naikr# ` c` naraif` a

kxpqkarn` nac zrlgankl%

&o+ @pqç ay~`gly nkikaenl pqa 09 ay~à ` 0%1 qekn`nay ò`hl nac zrlgankl { 01 ay~à `

?%1 qekn`nay `rrko` nac zrlgankl% Ay~l ay8

Z&09 ≮ V ≮ 01+ 7 Z&0%1 ≮ x ≮ ?%1+ 7 %;;96 ’ %;99? 7 :%:= 7 =Aeile~rènl cly }`clray na x nènl c`y zrloòkckn`nay

Ahagzcl )06% Qe àra` na %>92: ay~à o`hl c` iqr}` elrg`c ae~ra ac zrlgankl { qe }`clr

zlyk~k}l na x% ¼Iqàc ay ac } clr na x<

Ylcqikùe8

Oqyiènl ac }`clr na :%>92: ae c` ~òc` na c` x }agly pqa ilrrayzlena ` x 7 $0%19%

Ahagzcl )0;% Qe àra` na %>6:6 ay~à o`hl c` iqr}` elrg`c ae~ra ac zrlgankl { qe }`clr

na x eab`~k}l% ¼Iqàc ay ac }`clr na x<

Ylcqikùe8

Oqyi`gly ac }`clr na %>6:6 ae c` ~òc` { n` x 7 '?%:2%

Ahagzcl )?:% Ac ;: na c` nky~rkoqikùe na z`r~çiqc`y `~glymërki`y na qe` iqr}`

elrg`c ay~à ` c` kxpqkarn` na qe }`clr na x ae z`r~kiqc`r% ¼Iqàc ay ac }`clr na x<

Ylcqikùe8

Ac }`clr na x naoa na ay~`r ` c` naraif` nac zrlgankl# zlrpqa ac 1: na c`nky~rkoqikùe ay~à ` c` kxpqkarn` nac zrlgankl% Ayl nah` :%>:: na c` iqr}` ae~ra ac

zrlgankl { ac }`clr rapqarknl na x% Na gèar` pqa# `flr` ~aeagly pqa aeile~r r ac

}`clr na x pqa ilrrayzlena ` qe` àra` na %>:: ae c` ~òc` na c` iqr}` elrg`c &%;:: '




1'?:

%1::+% Yke ago`rbl# `pqç }agly pqa el f`{ ae~r`n` na :%>:::# el loy~è~a# cl gày

iarièl ay %9;;2 pqa ilrrayzlena `c }`clr na x 7 0%?6%

Aeile~rènl cly }`clray x nac zqe~l na avzèykùe z`r` }`rkòcay elrg`cgae~anky~rkoqkn`y

Ahagzcl )?0% I`ciqc`r nae~rl na pqa rèbl ay~`ràe ilgzraenkn`y ac ;1 na c`y

loyar}ìkleay iae~r`cay l na ae gankl# yk ac zrlgankl ay na 0: { c` nay}kìkùe

ay~àen`r ay na ?% Fìar qe` bràmki`%

Ylcqikùe8

@pqç# }`gly ` qy`r c` racìkùe8 V 7 V ° x &y+# ile V 7 0:%: { y 7 ?%:# ay naikr80: ° 0%;= &?+ 7 0: ° 9%;? z`r` n`r &=%:6 ≮ V ≮ 09%;?+% C` mkbqr` na ò`hl gqay~r`

ay~` yk~qìkùe%

Mkbqr` 1%=% Br`mki` gly~rènl cly rayqc~`nly na ay~a zrlocag`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Ahagzcl )??% Yk V 7 0: { y 7 ?# ¼Nae~rl na pqa rèbl ay~àe ilgzraenkn`y ac ;; na

c`y loyar}ìkleay na ae gankl na c` iqr}` elrg`c<

&o+ ¼Ac ;:<

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c` racìkùe V 7 V ° x%:0 &y+ { yqy~k~q{aenl n`8

&`+ V 7 V ° x%:0&y+ 7 0: ° ?%12&?+7 &>%61 ≮ V ≮ 01%01+




1'?0

Mkbqr` 1%2% Bràmki` gly~rènl cly rayqc~`nly nac ahagzcl )??%

Ahagzcl )?9% Yk V 7 ?: { y? 7 ;# nae~rl na pqa rèbl ay~àe ilgzraenkn`y8&`+ ¼Ac ;; na c`y loyar}ìkleay na ae gankl na c` iqr}` elrg`c<

&o+ ¼Ac ;:<

&i+ ¼Ac 6:<

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c` racìkùe V 7 V ° x%:0 &y+ { yqy~k~q{aenl n`8&`+ V 7 V ° x%:0&y+ 7 ?: ° ?%12&9+

7 ?: ° 2%>0

7 &0?%?; ≮ V ≮ ?2%90+

&o+ Qyènl c` racìkùe V 7 V ° x:%0&y+ { yqy~k~q{aenl n`8

V 7 V ° x:%0&y+ 7 ?: ° 0%=>1&9+

7 ?: ° >%;917 &?0%;= ≮ V ≮ ?>%;>+

&i+ Qyènl c` racìkùe V 7 V ° x:%:1 &y+ { yqy~k~q{aenl n`8

V 7 V ° x:%?: &y+ 7 ?: ° 0%?6 &9+




1'??

7 ?: ° 9%6>

7 &0=%0= ≮ V ≮ ?9%6>+

Zrlocag`y kcqy~rènl c`y zrlvkgìkleay elrg`cay c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c

Ahagzcl )?>% Qe` gàpqke` zrlnqia ~lrekccly na cly iq`cay 0: yle namai~qlyly%

Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa# ae qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na >:: ~lrekccly

zrlnqiknly zlr ay~` gàpqke`8

&`+ @ cl gày 9: ~lrekccly ay~`ràe namai~qlyly

&o+ Ae~ra 9: { 1: ay~`ràe namai~qlyly

&i+ Ae~ra 91 { >1 ay~`ràe namai~qlyly

&a+ 11 l gày ~lrekccly ay~`ràe namai~qlyly

Ylcqikùe8

Zrkgarl ya i`ciqc` ac zrlgankl { c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r8

± 7 ez 7 &>::+&:%0+ 7 >: { ω 7 ezp 7 T&>::+&:%0+&%;:+W:%1 7 =%:

Aeyabqkn`# ya i`ciqc` ac }`clr na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` X qyènl c` racìkùe8

X 7 &V ’ ±+ , ω%

&`+ Z&V ≮ 9:+% Z`r` i`ciqc`r ay~l# zrkgarl ya ~rèymlrg` ac }`clr na 9:# ` }`clray na X

qyènl c` mqeikùe na `rrko`# ay naikr#

X9: 7 &9: ’ >:+,=%: 7 '0%=2Zlr cl ~è~l8

Z&V ≮ 9:+ 7 Z&X ≮ '0%1;+ 7 :%:11;

&o+ Z&9: ≮ V ≮ 1:+% Z`r` i`ciqc`r ay~l# zrkgarl ~rèymlrg`gly cly }`clray na 9: {

1: ` }`clray na X# ay naikr#

X9: 7 &9: ’ >:+ , =%: 7 '0%=24 X1: 7 &1: ’ >:+ , =%: 7 0%=2




1'?9

Zlr cl ~è~l#

Z&9: ≮ V ≮ 1:+ 7 Z&V ≮ 1:+ ’ Z&V ≮ 9:+

7 Z&X ≮ 0%1;+ ' &X ≮ '0%1;+7 %;>>0 ' :%:11;

7 %666?

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqë# ae~ra 91 { >1 ~lrekccly ay~ëe namai~qlyly# ay# Z&91 ≮ V ≮

>1+% Z`r` ay~l# zrkgarl ~rèymlrg`gly cly }`clray na V ` }`clray na X%

X91 7 &91 ’ >:+,=%: 7 ':%69 { X>1 7 &>1 ’ >:+,=%: 7 :%69%

Zlr cl ~è~l# Z&91 ≮ V ≮ >:+ 7 Z&'0%1; ≮ X ≮ :%2;+7 %261? ' %:11;

7 :%2?;9

&a+ Zrkgarl ay~èn`rkx`gly ac }`clr na V 7 11 ` }`clray na X%

x11 7 &11 ’ >:+ , =%: 7 ?%1: pqa ilrrayzlena ` qe` zrloòkckn`n na %;;96% Zlr cl ~è~l8

Z&V ≡ 11+ 7 0 ’ Z&V ≮ 11+ 7 0 ' %;;96 7 %::=?

Ahagzcl )?1% C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa V `yqg` qe }`clr avì~l na > ya n` ò`hl# ay~l

ay# qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c%

Z&V 7 >+ 7 O&>401#:%>+ 7 :%0?=6

Ykaenl `yç qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe8

Ylcqikùe8

Zrkgarl ya i`ciqc` ac }`clr nac zrlgankl# ± 7 ez { n` ± 7 &01+&:%>+ 7 =% C` nay}kìkùe

ay~àen`r ay ω 7 ezp 7 :%=+&01+&:%>+& 7 0%6;2% @nagày# V 7 > zqana `yqgkr }`clray

na 9%1 { >%1% Aeyabqkn`# ~rèymlrgènl cly }`clray qyènl c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c

X n`8




1'?>

X9%1 7 &9%1 ’ =+ , 0%; 7 '0%9? { X>%1 7 &>%1 ’ =+ , 0%; 7 ':%2;

Yk V ay qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` okelgk`c { X ay qe` }`rkòca elrg`c# ae~leiay8

Z&V 7 >+ 7 O&>401#:%>+ ≆ Z&'0%9? 3 X 3 ':%2;+7 Z&X 3 ':%2;+ ’ Z&X 3 '0%9?+

7 :%?0>6 ’ :%:;9> 7 :%0?0>

Ay~a }`clr yì`nl qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe ` c`

nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ay~à gq{ iarièl `c na :%0?=6 i`ciqc`nl zlr c` nky~rkoqikùe

okelgk`c%

Nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c

C` nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c ay qe` nky~rkoqikùe ile~keq` na zrloòkckn`n z`r`

nayirkokr ac ~kagzl pqa ya ~`rn` ae ra`ckx`r qe` ì~k}kn`n% Ay~` nky~rkoqikùe ay qe i`yl

ayzaik`c na c` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg`% Ay~` mqeikùe ya qy` z`r` glnac`r c`y }kn`y na c`y

o`~arç`y# na ~rèyky~lray# na }`carly# a~i% ^`gokëe ya qy` z`r` glnac`r c` nky~ eik

ae~ra cly zrkeikz`cay namai~ly ae qe` i`rra~ar`# a~i% @ zay`r na pqa c` nky~rkoqikùe

avzleaeik`c ay ile~keq`# ay~` nky~rkoqikùe ay~à iariè`gae~a racìkle`n` ile c`

nky~rkoqikùe na Zlkyyle# pqa ay nkyira~`% Ay~l liqrra ae ac yae~knl pqa# qe` }`rkòca

`ca`~lrk` Zlkyyle iqae~` ac eøgarl na liqrraeik`y na qe a}ae~l nqrè~a qe ke~ar}`cl

na ~kagzl n`nl% Ae ile~r`y~a c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` avzleaeik`c V pqa zqana yar qy`n`

z`r` gankr ac ~kagzl pqa ~rèyiqrra è~ay na c` zrkgar` liqrraeik` na qe a}ae~l#

nlena c`y liqrraeik`y nac a}ae~l ykbqae ` qe` nky~rkoqikùe Zlkyyle%

Apqk}`cae~agae~a# qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` avzleaeik`c zqana yar qy`n` z`r` gankr ac

~kagzl pqa ~rèyiqrra ae~ra c`y liqrraeik`y na qe a}ae~lC`y `zckiìkleay na c` nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c# ` c` kebaekarç` `gokae~`c yle

}`rk`y% Zlr ahagzcl# ya zqana qy`r z`r` glnac`r ac ~kagzl pqa ya ~`rnè cly zay~kikn`y

ae nabr`n`rya ae c` ~karr` l z`r` gankr ac ~kagzl ae pqa ya ~lg` ae nabr`n`rya qe`




1'?1

yqy~èik` r`nkì~k}`% Kbq`cgae~a# ay ø~kc z`r` gankr c` ikeë~ki` na c` nagèn`

oklpqçgki` na lvçbael &NOL1+% @eàclb`gae~a# ya zqana qy`r z`r` gankr ac ~kagzl

pqa ~`rnè c`y z`r~çiqc`y ~glymërki`y ae iàr c` yqzarmkika na c` ~karr`%Qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ile~keq` V ya nkia pqa ay~à avzleaeik`cgae~a

nky~rkoqkn` yk yq mqeikùe na naeykn`n ay8

m &v+ 7 δ a'δv z`r` V ≡ :# δ ≡ : &1'0=+

Nlena8 δ ay qe z`ràga~rl na c` nky~rkoqikùe# { a qe` iley~è~a kbq`c ` ?%206?6

V { y? na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` avzleaeik`c V yle A&V+ 7 0,δ { ]&V+ 7 0,δ?#

rayzai~k}`gae~a% Ya zqana nagly~r`r pqa ac zrlgankl { c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na qe`

nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c yle kbq`cay ac qel `c l~rl# ay~l ay8 ± 7 ω 7 0,δ%

Zlr l~rl c`nl# Daccar a~ `c% &0;;:+ `mkrg` pqa# ae ac i`yl na qe` }`rkòca

`ca`~lrk` avzleaeik`c V# ya zqana nagly~r`rya pqa c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa V zqan`

~lg`r qe }`clr gày brèna pqa qe eøgarl ayzaikmki`nl el eab`~k}l `# ay a'δ`% Ay~l ya

zqana avzray r qyènl iàciqcl ke~abr c# ay naikr8

∕ ∕

Z&V ≡ `+ 7 ∤ ` δ a'δv nv 7 'a'δv s ` 7 a'δ` &1'0=`+

Ac iàciqcl na c`y mqeikleay avzleaeik`cay ke}lcqir` c` a}`cqìkùe na ke~abr`cay

na zrloòkckn`n ae~ra cly cçgk~ay na ` { o% Z`r` ay~l# ya n` qe` ~òc` na zrloòkckn`nay

avzleaeik`cay% C`y ykbqkae~ay mùrgqc`y ya qyè ile ay` ~òc`%

Z&` ≮ V ≮ o+ 7 a'δ` ’ a'δ o &1'02`+

Z&V ≮ `+ 7 0 ’ a'δ`

&1'02o+Z&V ≡ `+ 7 a'δ` &1'02i+

C` nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c ay qe` m`gkck` na nky~rkoqikleay glnkmki`n`y zlr

qe ylcl z`ràga~rl# δ# c`y iq`cay ya gqay~rè ae c` Mkbqr` 1%6%




1'?=

Mkbqr` 1%6% Bràmki`y na ~ray nky~rkoqikleay avzleaeik`cay% Mqae~a8 Na}lra &?:::+

Ahagzcl )?=% Yqzleb`gly pqa ac ~kagzl zrlgankl pqa ya ~`rn` qe` yqy~èik`

r`nkì~k}` ae nabr`n`rya ay na ± 7 01 { yq mqeikùe na naeykn`n ay m&v+ 7 0,01 a'v,01% Yk

cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` v yle 1# 01# ?1# 91# { >1# i`ciqc`r c`y ykbqkae~ay zrloòkckn`nay8

&`+ @ cl gày = `ðly

&o+ Ae~ra = { 06 `ðly

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ Qyènl &1'02o+ ile ± 7 0,δ# ay naikr# δ 7 0,01 { ` 7 v 7 = { yqy~k~q{aenl ae c`mqeikùe Z&V ≮ `+ 7 0 ’ a'δ`# n`8

Z&V ≮ =+ 7 0 ’ a'&=,01+ 7 :%9?;2

&o+ Qyènl c` mqeikùe &1'02`+ { yqy~k~q{aenl n`8

Z&^kagzl na i`çn` = ≮ V ≮ 06 `ðly+ 7 %=;66 ' %9?;2 7 %9=;0

Ahagzcl )?2% _amkrkëenlya `c Ahagzcl )?=# ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c`

nabr`nìkùe na c` yqy~èik` r`nkì~k}` nqra iqènl gaely 0: `ðly%

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c` mqeikùe &1'02i+# ay naikr8 Z&V ≡ `+ 7 a'0:,01 7 :%10




1'?2

Mkbqr` 1%;% Bràmki`y gly~rènl cly rayqc~`nly z`r` &`+ { &o+# nac ahagzcl )?=%

Ahagzcl )?6% Ac ~kagzl rapqarknl z`r` pqa liqrr` qe` raìikùe pqçgki` ay~àavzleaeik`cgae~a nky~rkoqkn` ile qe ~kagzl ayzar`nl na 1 gkeq~ly% &`+ ¼Pqë

zrlzlrikùe na c` yqy~èik` ya mlrg rà nae~rl na 0 gkeq~l< &o+ ¼Ae 1 gkeq~ly< &i+

¼Ae~ra > { 6 gkeq~ly< &n+ Yk c` iè~kn`n na c` yqy~èik` pqçgki` ay na 1%:: br`gly#

¼iqàe~l ay cl pqa ya }` mlrgènl ae i`n` qel na cly ke~ar}`cly< &Ac cai~lr cl f`rà+

Ylcqikùe8

Qy`ragly ke~ar}`cly na 0 gkeq~l z`r` i`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n% Zlr cl ~è~l# naoknl

` pqa c` raìikùe ya fìa ae 1 gkeq~ly ae zrlgankl &zaey`gly na ay~l

zrlnqikëenlya ae 1 ke~ar}`cly ile~keqly na qe gkeq~l+ ac eøgarl ayzar`nl na

zrlnqiikùe ae qe gkeq~l ay 0,1 7 %?: 7 δ &l ya` ac eøgarl ayzar`nl na liqrraeik`y

ae 0 gkeq~l+% C` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V ya namkea ilgl ac ~kagzl# ae gkeq~ly#

rapqarknl z`r` ilgzca~`r c` raìikùe% Zlr cl ~è~l8

&`+ ZT V ≮ 0W 7 0 ’ a'&:%?:&0+ 7 :%6062 7 60%62 &Qyènl c` mùrgqc` 1'02o+

&o+ ZTV ≮ 1W 7 0 ’ a'&:%?:+&1+ 7 :%9=2; 7 9=%62 &qyènl c` mùrgqc` 1'02o+&i+ ZT> 3 V 3 6W 7 a'&:%?:+&>+ ’ a'&:%?:+&6+ 7 :%?>2> &qyènl c` mùrgqc` 1'02`+

&n+ >%:; b%# 0%6> { 0%?9 b# rayzai~k}`gae~a%




1'?6

Nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` ile~keq`

@ zay`r na pqa c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c zqana raylc}ar gqifly zrlocag`y ae

kebaekarç`# f`{ l~r`y yk~qìkleay pqa rapqkarae na nkmarae~ay ~kzly na mqeikleay nanaeykn`n% Mqeikleay ilgl ëy~`y yle c` avzleaeik`c# c` b`gg`# c` Rakoqcc# c` oa~`#

a~i% F`{ gqif`y yk~qìkleay ae pqa c` }`rkòca na ke~arëy# z`r` ac avzarkgae~`nlr#

zqan` ~aear qe` nky~rkoqikùe lockiq`% Ykaenl `yç# ae~leiay# qe` m`gkck` na

mqeikleay na zrloòkckn`n na naeykn`n &znm+ pqa nè qe` `gzck` }`rkan`n na

nky~rkoqikleay yayb`n`y ay c` m`gkck` na nky~rkoqikleay b`gg`%

Ilgl ya nkhl è~ay# c` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` ay qe i`yl ayzaik`c na c`

nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c% C`y mqeikleay avzleaeik`cay { c` mqeikùe b`gg` hqabè

qe z`zac gq{ kgzlr~è~a ae c` ~alrç` na mkc`y pqa ayzarè ac lrnae na yq ccab`n`%

C` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` zqana yar }ky~` ilgl qe` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg`

ay~èn`rkx` l ilgl qe` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` el ay~èn`rkx`n`%

Yk qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ile~keq` v ~kaea qe` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg`# ile

z`ràga~rly ΰ { ο# ae~leiay# z`r` iq`cpqkar v 5 : c` nky~rkoqikùe ìqgqc`n` na

mraiqaeik` &inm+ na v ay~à n`n` zlr8

Z&V ≮ v+ 7 M&v4ΰ#ο+ 7 M&v,ο4ΰ+ &1'06+

Nlena8

ΰ ay ac zrkgar z`ràga~rl na mlrg` pqa namkea c` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg`

ο ay ac z`ràga~rl na ayi`c` pqa namkea c` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` &zlrpqa }`clray

g`{lray pqa c` ilgzrkgae l ay~krè c` mqeikùe na zrloòkckn`n na naeykn`n &znm+

ae c` nkraiikùe na v+4 M&v,ο4ΰ+ ay qe` mqeikùe na b`gg` keilgzca~`%Ae c` m`gkck` na nky~rkoqikleay b`gg` qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ile~keq` V ya

nkia pqa ~kaea qe` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` el ay~èn`rkx`n` yk c` znm na V ay8

m&v4ΰ#ο+ 7 t0,οΰ Й&ΰ+ vΰ'0 a'v,ο v ≡ : &1'0;+




1'?;

l na l~r` gèar`

Nlena cly z`ràga~rly ΰ { ο y`~kymìae ΰ 5 : { ο 5 :

Yk ya zlea ο 7 0 c` avzraykùe &1'0;+ ya ranqia ` c` mlrg` na na c` nky~rkoqikùeb`gg` ay~àen`r nayirk~` ò`hl%

v

m &v4ΰ+ 7 ∤ : vΰ'0 a'v , Й&ΰ+ nv v 5 : &1'?:+

C` mqeikùe &1'?:+ ya cc`g` mqeikùe na b`gg` keilgzca~`# iqènl el ~kaea ac

naelgke`nlr ile Й&ΰ+ ae ac ke~abr`nlr%

Iqènl ya qyè c`y mqeikleay &1'0;+ { &1'?:+ c` ~`ra` ya mìkck~` qyènl c`~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg`# ile }`clray na ΰ 7 0# ?# 9#…#0: { na v 7 0# ?#…#01%

Ac zrlgankl { c` }`rkèx` na c` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` yle# rayzai~k}`gae~a8

A&V+ 7 ± 7 ΰο &1'?0+

{ ]&V+ 7 ω? 7 ΰο? &1'?0`+

Mkbqr` 1%0:% Bràmki`y ile nky~rkoqikleay b`gg` na naeykn`n ile nkmarae~ay }`clray

na ΰ { ο { iqr}`y na naeykn`n b`gg` ay~àen`r% Eù~aya pqa iqènl ο 7 0# ay cìqr}` avzleaeik`c% &Na}lra ?:::+%

Ahagzcl )?;% Yqzùeb`ya pqa ya ~kaea qe` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` ay~àen`r ile

z`ràga~rl ΰ 7 9# i`ciqc`r8




1'9:

&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa V ay~ë ae~ra > { 1%

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa V ya` g`{lr pqa >

Ylcqikùe8Naoknl ` pqa Z&` ≮ V ≮ o+ 7 M&o+ ’ M&`+ iqènl V ay ile~keq`# zlr cl ~è~l8

&`+ Z&> ≮ V ≮ 1+ 7 M&149+ ’ M&>49+

7 :%621 ’ :%2=? 7 :%009

&o+ Z&V 5 >+ 7 0 ’ Z&V ≮ >+ 7 0 ’ M&>#9+

7 0 ' %2=?

7 :%?96

Ahagzcl )9:% Ay~a zrlocag` ke}lcqir` qe avzarkgae~l ile ileahkccly na Kenk`

yacaiikle`nly `c `x`r% Ay~a ay qe ay~qnkl racìkle`nl ile ac ~kagzl V na

yqzar}k}aeik`# ae yagè`y% Cly èkg`cay mqarle avzqay~ly ` qe` r`nkìkùe na >::

r`ny &nlyky na r`nkìkùe òylrokn`+# ay naikr# na r`nkìkùe b`gg` &aearbç`

r`nkè~a+% Ya `yqga pqa ay~` yk~qìkùe ykbqa ` qe` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` ile

z`ràga~rly na ayi`c` na ΰ 7 0: { ο 7 ?:% Ykaenl `yç# fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly8

&`+ I`ciqc`r c` gank` na yqzar}k}aeik` { c` }`rkèx`%

&o+ I`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe ileahkccl ylora}k}` ae~ra 6: { 0?: nç`y%

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe èkg`c ylora}k}`# iqènl gaely ?: nç`y%

Ylcqikùe8

@pqç qy`gly c` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` el ay~èn`rkx`n`%

&`+ Ac zrlgankl ay8 A&V+ 7 ± 7 ΰο 7 &0:+&?:+ 7 ?:: nç`y%

C` }`rkèx` ay8 ]&V+ 7 ω?

7 ΰο?

7 &0:+&?:+?

7 >::: nç`y%&o+ Z&6: ≮ V ≮ 0?:+ 7 M&0?:,?:40:+ ’ M&6:,?:40:+

7 M&=40:+ ’ M&>40:+

7 :%:6> ' :%::6 &na c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe na b`gg`+




1'90

7 :%:2=

Ay~l nkia pqa ac }`clr na :%:2= ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe ileahkccl ylora}k}`

ae~ra 6: { 0?: nç`y%&i+ Z&V ≡ ?:+ 7 0 ' Z&V 3 ?:+

7 0 ' M&?:,?:40:+

7 :%::: &na c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg`+

Nky~rkoqikùe Rakoqcc

C` nky~rkoqikùe Rakoqcc mqa ke~rlnqikn` zlr ac mçykil yqail R`clnnk Rakoqcc ae

0;9;% Ae mlrg` èàclb` ` c`y nky~rkoqikleay b`gg` { avzleaeik`c c` nky~rkoqikùe

na Rakoqcc ~kaea `zckiìkleay racìkle`n`y ile ~kagzl na m`cc` l clebk~qn na }kn`%

Ay naikr# z`r` gankr c` ilemkòkckn`n na qe ilgzleae~a l zrlnqi~l# ilgl c`

zrloòkckn`n na pqa yk mqeikle`rà `zrlzk`n`gae~a# zlr iqènl gaely qe ~kagzl

ayzaikmki`nl o`hl ilenkikleay avzarkgae~`cay ayzaikmki`n`y% Ay~` mqeikùe#

kbq`cgae~a# ya qy` ae ac nkyaðl na yky~ag`y ilgzcki`nly# iq{` lzarìkùe l

yabqrkn`n nazaena na cly }`rkly ilgzleae~ay ke}lcqir`nly ae ac yky~ag`% Zlr

ahagzcl# qe` ilcqge` na ìarl zqana }aeiarya% L~r` `zckiìkùe ay ac glnac`nl na

`cbøe `z`r`~l yaeykoca `c i`clr pqa zqan` m`cc`r% L~r` `zckiìkùe yarç` ac ay~qnkl na

ilgzleae~ay knëe~kily yqha~ly ` ilenkikleay `gokae~`cay knëe~ki`y# pqa zqanè

m`cc`r ` ~kagzly nkmarae~ay a kgzranaikocay%

C` mqeikùe na zrloòkckn`n na naeykn`n &znm+ na c` nky~rkoqikùe Rakoqcc ay8

m &v+ 7 ΰ vΰ'0 avz'&v,ο+? , οΰ # v 5 : &1'??+

Nlena ΰ { ο yle cly z`ràga~rly ilenkikle`nly ` ΰ 5 : { ο 5 :




1'9?

Mkbqr` 1%00% Bràmki` gly~rènl c` iqr}` na naeykn`n na Rakoqcc% Eù~aya pqa iqènl

ΰ7 0 {

ο7 0# c` iqr}` ya ~lre` avzleaeik`c% &Na}lra# ?:::+

Zrlzlykikùe8 C` mqeikùe na nky~rkoqikùe ìqgqc`n` &inm+ na qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk`

pqa ~kaea z`ràga~rly ΰ { ο ay8

M&v4ΰ#ο+ 7 t0 ’ avz'&v,ο+ΰ v ≡ : &1'??`+

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?: { ο 7 0:: &Na}lra# ?:::+% Ae~leiay# i`ciqc`r8

&`+ Z&V ≮ 0:1+&o+ Z&;6 ≮ V ≮ 0:?+

Ylcqikùe8

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7 0 ' %:2: 7 %;9:

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7 avz'&%;6+?: ’ avz'&0%:?+?:

7 %109 ' %??= 7 %?62

Ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r` ± ile ω? ilelikn`

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1'99

{ ω 7 0% Yk ~ln`y c`y gqay~r`y zlykocay na qe ~`g`ðl e yle yì`n`y na qe` zlocìkùe {

ac }`clr na X ya i`ciqc` z`r` i`n` gqay~r`# ac ;1 l ;; na cly }`clray na X iàràe

ae~ra ’xΰ,? { xΰ,?% Yòagly pqa c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa x ay~ë ae~ra ’xΰ,? { xΰ,? ay 0 ’ ΰ%Ay~l ya zqana avzray`r ilgl8

Z&'xΰ,? 3 X 3 xΰ,?+ 7 0 ’ ΰ% &1'?9+

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{ cqabl ya ca ray~` V na i`n` ~ërgkel% Nayzqëy na ay~l# ya gqc~kzcki` zlr '0

&ra}aryènl ac yae~knl na c`y naykbq`cn`nay+ { ely n` c` mqeikùe na ò`hl8

Z& V ' xΰ,? ω, e 3 ± 3 V $ xΰ,? ω, e + 7 0 ’ ΰ &1'?>+

Nlena8

C` zrloòkckn`n 0 ’ ΰ ya cc`g` ac ek}ac na ilemkèx`

V ’ xΰ,? ω, e ya cc`g` ac cçgk~a na ilemkèx` kemarklr

V $ xΰ,? ω, e ya cc`g` ac cçgk~a na ilemkèx` yqzarklr

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ùvknly na ek~rùbael &EL+ `~glymërkil yì`n` na qe` zlocìkùe elrg`c ~kaea ω 7 ?1 {

V 7 ?:# ile qe ~`g`ðl na gqay~r` na e 7 0::% Aeile~r`r ac ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx`




1'9>

ay~kg`nl nac ;1 z`r` ac zrlgankl zlocìkle`c ±%

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c` aiqìkùe &1'?>+# ile ω 7 ?1# V 7 ?: { e 7 0::# ΰ 7 :%:1 { ile rabkleayirç~ki`y na °0%;= n`8

Z&?: ’ 0%;= &?1+, 0:: 3 ± 3 ?: $ 0%;= &?1+, 0:: + 7 0 ' ΰ

01%0 3 ± 3 ?>%;

Ay~`nçy~ki` kemaraeik c% alrç` na naikykùe ay~`nçy~ki`% Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky

Ae c` zrài~ki` ay eaiay`rkl fìar naikykleay ìari` na zrlocag`y o`yàenlya aegqay~r`y ay~`nçy~ki`y% Yagahè~ay naikykleay ya cc`gè naikykleay ay~`nçy~ki`y% C`y

zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky ya zqanae fìar ile c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg c z`r` ay~kg`r cly

z`ràga~rly na zlocìkùe ±# ω?# ω# π# ο# a~i%# yk ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` ay e ≡ 9:

loyar}ìkleay% Yke ago`rbl# yk ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` ay e 3 9: i`yly# ae~leiay# ya

zqana qy`r cl pqa ya cc`g` ~alrç na gqay~ral zapqaðl# qy enl c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na

Ay~qnkè~a%

Ae ay~a raebcùe# z`r` fìar zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky a ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx`#

~`gokëe ya zqana qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na c` HK iq`nr`n` &ς ?+# z`r` ay~kg`r cly

z`ràga~rly zloc ikle`cay ω? { ω% @nagày# ya zqana qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe M# ay naikr#

fìkaenl ~òc`y na èàckyky na }`rkèx`y# a~i%

Zrqao`y na Fkzù~ayky ay~`nçy~ki`y% Fkzù~ayky eqc` &Fl8+ a fkzù~ayky c~are`~k}`y

Z`r` zrlocag`y na zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky icàyki`y &ya nkia pqa yle icàyki`y# zlrpqa ya

nkyað`rle ac ykbcl è~az`y`nl+ ya ile~r`y~è ile ac eqa}l aemlpqa glnarel naciàciqcl na c` zrloòkckn`n# z na zrlbr`g`y na ilgzq~`nlr` na c` ar` ikoareë~ki`%

@c ~r`~`r na `cièx`r naikykleay ay~`nçy~ki`y# ay eaiay`rkl `yqgkr yk~qìkleay

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1'91

yqzlykikleay# pqa zqanae l el yar }arn`nar`y# ya cc`gè fkzù~ayky eqc`y% Ae gqif`y

li`ykleay mlrgqc`gly qe` fkzù~ayky ay~`nçy~ki`# ile ac zrlzùyk~l na raif`x`rc` l#

iqènl gaely# na el ìaz~`rc` ae o`ya na c` a}knaeik` lo~aekn`%Ile c` ke}ay~kbìkùe ikae~çmki` c` kna` na~rày na fìar zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky ay c`

na ~r`~`r na zrlnqikr a}knaeik` z`r` raif`x`r c` fkzù~ayky% Ay~l ya naoa ` pqa# ac

raif`xl na qe` fkzù~ayky# ae ~rò`hly na ke}ay~kbìkùe nael~` nkyaðly avzarkgae~`cay

mqar~ay# zraikyly { ileikyly% @nagày# ile c` kebaekarç` na gèqmì~qr`# ac zrlzùyk~l

na fìar zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky ay ile ac loha~l na }arkmki`r ac ile~rlc na i`ckn`n na cly

zrlnqi~ly zrlnqiknly zlr c` kenqy~rk gèqmì~qrar`% El loy~ e~a# yk c` fkzù~ayky el

ya zqana raif`x`r zqan` naoarya ` pqa c` a}knaeik` pqa zqnkar` raif`x`r c` fkzù~ayky#

el ya zqana zrlnqikr% Ay~l zqana rayqc~`r na qe` gqay~r` zapqað` l na qe arrlr

avzarkgae~`c aviayk}l &nlena f`{ gqif` }`rkìkùe+%

C` gèar` na zrlnqikr a}knaeik` z`r` raif`x`r c` fkzù~ayky ay è`ckxènl ac

arrlr ay~àen`r nac zrlgankl# ac iq`c zrqao` pqa `goly arrlray# K &`cm`+ { KK &oa~`+

zqanae yar ranqiknly `qgae~ènl ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` l nkygkeq{aenl c`

nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r% Ay~l cl zlnagly nagly~r`r è`ckxènl ac arrlr ay~àen`r na c`

gqay~r`% Ay~l ay8

ω V 7 ω , E &1'?1+l yq ay~kg`nlr y 7 y , e &1'?1`+

@pqç# yke ago`rbl# iòa el~`r pqa avky~ae }`rkly arrlray ay~àen`ray na c`y

nky~rkoqikleay ay~`nçy~ki`y% Ay~` kemlrgìkùe ya n` ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%




1'9=

^@OC@ 1%9% Arrlray ay~àen`ray na nky~rkoqikleay ay~`nçy~ki`y% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ay~`nçy~ki` Arrlr ay~àen`r Loyar}ìkleay ayzaik`cay

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Zrlgankly ωv 7 ω , e Ay~l ay }arn`narl z`r` gqay~r`y zapqað`y l

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Nay}kìkleay ωy 7 ω , E ? &0+ay~àen`ray ωy 7 ±>' ±?,>E±? &?+

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Eù~aya pqa &?+ ya ranqia ` &0+ iqènl ±?7ω? { ±> 7 9ω># z`r` zlocìkleay elrg`cay%Z`r` e ≡ 9:y 7 ω

]`rkèx`y ω?y 7 ω? E ,? &9+

ωy? 7 ±> ' ±?? , E &>+

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1'92

^kzly na arrlray K &`cm`+ { KK &oa~`+

Iq`caypqkar` na c`y fkzù~ayky pqa ya` ilrrai~`# ykagzra f`{ c` zlykokckn`n na pqa qe

arrlr na gqay~ral ely keickea ` ilga~ar cl pqa ya cc`gè arrlray K l KK% @yç# zlnagly

raif`x`r qe` fkzù~ayky eqc` Fl8 pqa ay }arn`nar` l zlnagly ìaz~`r qe` fkzù~ayky

eqc` pqa ay m`cy`% Yk ya raif`x` qe` fkzù~ayky# iqènl naokù yar ìaz~`n`# ya nkia pqa

ya ilga~kù ac arrlr K% Ae ile~r`y~a# yk ya ìaz~` qe` fkzù~ayky m`cy`# iqènl naokù yar

raif`x`n`# ya nkia pqa ya ilga~kù ac arrlr KK% Ilgl ya }arà# ay~ly nly arrlray ya

zqanae a}k~ r `qgae~ènl ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` ay~`nçy~ki` {,l ranqikaenl c`

nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r &ay~l ya zqana zrlo`r ` ~r`}ëy nac arrlr ay~àen`r nac zrlgankl#pqa ay kbq`c ` y, e +%

Na iq`cpqkar gèar`# ilgl ya `yae~ù è~ay# c` kna` na qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky

ay ~r`~`r na zrlnqikr a}knaeik` z`r` raif`x`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc`# Fl8 Yk el ya zqana

raif`x`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc`# ay~` m`c~` na a}knaeik` zqana rayqc~`r# {` ya` ` ~r`}ëy na qe`

gqay~r` keyqmkikae~agae~a brèna l ` ~r`}ëy na qe arrlr na còlr`~lrkl aviayk}`gae~a

brèna &pqa ya ramcah` ae c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r# ω+% ^`gokëe# c` ìaz~ìkùe na qe`fkzù~ayky m`cy` zqana naoarya ` qe` }`rkìkùe kefarae~a na c` zlocìkùe pqa ay~`gly

gqay~raènl &ilgl ae ac i`yl na c`y ~agzar`~qr`y ` ek}ac gqenk`c iq{ly rabky~rly ya

ay~àe rlgzkaenl i`n` `ðl# zlr ac i`cae~`gkae~l bclo`c naoknl ` c`y agkykleay na

okùvknl na i rolel+% Na iq cpqkar gèar` na ay~`y ~ray }`rk ocay# ω ay c` gày yaeykoca%




1'96

Mkbqr`% 1%0?% Nky~rkoqikùe na cly zrlgankly na nly gqay~r`y na c`y iqr}`y @ { Okcqy~rènl ac ~kzl na arrlr KK l oa~` ile ± 7 1: &ae iqr}` @+ { ω 7 0:# ile qe ek}ac na

ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1 { ile qe ~`g`ðl na gqay~r` na e 7 0=% &Ck 0;=>+

Mkbqr` 1%09% Bràmki`y gly~rènl ilgl ya ranqia c` zrloòkckn`n na ilga~ar cly

arrlray K { KK# `c `qgae~`r ac ~`g`ðl na e% &Ck 0;=>+%

Ek}acay na ykbekmkièik`

Ae c` zrqao` na qe` fkzù~ayky# c` gàvkg` zrloòkckn`n ile c` iq`c zqnkër`gly

`rrkayb`r ac ~kzl na arrlr K ya cc`g` ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na c` zrqao`% Ay~a ek}ac ya




1'9;

ayzaikmki` è~ay na pqa ya y`pqae c`y gqay~r`y { ya f`b` c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky# z`r`

pqa el f`{` kemcqaeik` ylora cly rayqc~`nly lo~aeknly%

C` zrqao` na ykbekmkièik` ay iqènl ya ayzaikmki` c` zrloòkckn`n ile c` iq`cay~`gly nkyzqay~ly ` `rrkayb`r ac raif`xl na c` fkzù~ayky# ìari` nac zrlgankl

zloc ikle`c# `qe iqènl ay }arn`narl% Cly ek}acay na ykbekmkièik` gày qy`nly ae c`y

zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky yle ac na ΰ 7 :%:1 { ΰ 7 :%:0% Ay~ly }`clray ilrrayzlenae `

ek}acay irç~kily na 0%;= { ?%16# iqènl ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c x% Zlr ahagzcl#

ae zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky okc`~ar`cay# ile ΰ 7 :%:1# yk c` x i`ciqc`n` ay x 3 '0%;= l x 5

0%;=# ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky% Kbq`cgae~a liqrra yk ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` ayΰ

7 :%:0#

ay naikr# iqènl x 3 '?%16 { x 5 ?%16# ae~leiay# ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky% Na l~r`

gèar` ya ra~kaea l ya nkia pqa el fqol yqmkikae~a a}knaeik` z`r` raif`x`r Fl8 Ay~`

zrqao` na ykbekmkièik ely `{qn` ` naiknkr yk c` nkmaraeik` ae~ra ac zrlgankl na c`

gqay~r` ay~`nçy~ki` { ac zrlgankl zlocìkle`c `yqgknl# ya `~rkoq{a ` c` i`yq`ckn`n l

yk ay ay~`nçy~ki`gae~a ykbekmkiè~a# ay~l ay# yk ay gq{ brèna z`r` yar `~rkoqknl ` c`

i`yq`ckn`n% C` ^@OC@ 1%> n` cly }`clray irç~kily gày ilgqeay%

^@OC@ 1%>% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y pqa ya namkeae na ìqarnl `c }`clr nac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` qy`nl# ay naikr# yk c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ay okc`~ar`c#qekc`~ar`c naraif` l qekc`~ar`c kxpqkarn`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Ek}ac na ykbekmkièik ΰ :%0: :%:1 :%:0 :%::1 :%::?

]`clray irç~kily na x

z`r` zrqao`y qekc ~ar cay °0%?6 °0%=>1 °?%99 °?%16 °?%66

&naraif` l kxpqkarn`+]`clray irç~kily na x z`r` °0%=>1 °0%;= °?%16 °?%60 °9%:6

zrqao`y okc ~ar`cay

Zlr ahagzcl yk qy`gly qe ek}ac na ilemkèx` na ;1# ay naikr# qe ek}ac na




1'>:

ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1# z`r` qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky qekc`~ar`c kxpqkarn`# ae~leiay#

o`hl ay~ y ilenkikleay# ac }`clr irç~kil na x ay '0%?6% Ykgkc`rgae~a# yk ya qy` ac ek}ac

na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%0:# z`r` qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky qekc`~ar`c naraif`#ae~leiay# ac }`clr irç~kil na x ay na $0%?6%

Iòa el~`r pqë# z`r` c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky# cly }`clray na cly ek}acay na

ykbekmkièik` gày ilgqeay yle cly na ΰ 7 :%:1 { na ΰ 7 :%:0% Zlr ahagzcl# z`r` qe`

zrqao` okc`~ar`c ile ΰ 7 :%:1# cly }`clray irç~kily na x yle na °0%;=% El loy~è~a# z`r`

qe` zrqao` qekc`~ar`c kxpqkarn` ile ΰ 7 :%:1# ac }`clr irç~kil na x yarç` na na '0%=>1 {

`yç yqiayk}`gae~a%

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ae~leiay# xi`ci% 7 ?%??# {# zlr cl ~è~l# ?%?? 5 0%;= { ya raif`x` Fl8 @pqç# c`

ilemkòkckn`n ay nki~`n` zlr ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z# ay~l ay# z 7 0 ' %;6=0 7

%:09;% Ay~l nkia pqa# c` zrloòkckn`n na fòar faifl qe` naikykùe apqk}li`n` ae

raif`x`r qe` fkzù~ayky }arn`nar` ay na# `zrlvkg`n`gae~a# 0 ae 0::%

@flr`# yqzleb`gly pqa xi`ci% 7 0%?# ile ω 7 6%999 { ile c`y nagày }`rkòcay

iley~è~ay% O`hl ay~`y ilenkikleay# 0%? 3 0%;= {# ya ìaz~` Fl8 ile qe }`clr na

zrloòkckn`n na z 7 0 ' %66>; 7 %0?% @pqç# ac }`clr na z nkia pqa# c` zrloòkckn`n na

fòar faifl qe` naikykùe arrùea`# ae fòar ìaz~`nl qe` fkzù~ayky m`cy` ay na 0 zlykokckn`n ae 0:% Ae~leiay# na ìqarnl `c r`xle`gkae~l avzqay~l è~arklrgae~a# ¼ae

iqàc na c`y nly yk~qìkleay f`{ gày ilemkòkckn`n# ay naikr# gày iar~ax` ae eqay~r`y

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1'>0

Ile c` kebaekarç` na gèqmì~qr`# qe raif`xl na fkzù~ayky &ayzaik`cgae~a# yk ac

}`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z ay gqifl gq{ ykbekmkiè~a# a%b%# z 7 %::0+ yqbkara pqa c`

cçea` na zrlnqiikùe na c` màorki` l na c` gèqmì~qr` kenqy~rk`c na farr`gkae~`y#`r~çiqcly# ramìikleay# a~i%# ay~à ~rò`hènl ae mlrg` ùz~kg`% Ae mlrg` èàclb`# ile c`

ke}ay~kbìkùe ikae~çmki`# qe raif`xl na fkzù~ayky# na qe` gqay~r` na cly rayqc~`nly

lo~aeknly na còlr`~lrkl# kenki` qe nkyaðl avzarkgae~`c ileikyl { zraikyl% El

loy~è~a# qe` ìaz~ìkùe na fkzù~ayky yqbkara pqa naoae na ramke`rya c`y ~ëieki`y na

còlr`~lrkl l na c` zrlnqiikùe% ^`gokëe ya zqana fìar yacaiikleènl ~`g`ðly na

gqay~r`y gày brènay &`qepqa ay~l ay gày ily~lyl+%

Ilgzleae~ay na c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky mlrg`c

0% Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky icàyki`y% Ay~`y zrqao`y ~r`nkikle`cay ya nkyað`rle ac ykbcl 0;%

Ay~`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky eqc`y ya nael~è zlr Fl8 { ay qe` `mkrgìkùe ìari` nac

}`clr nac z`ràga~rl na zlocìkùe# ±% Ay~` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` &Fl8+ ya nael~`

qyènl naykbq`cn`nay `cbaor`ki`y# c`y iq`cay ya nayirkoae ile cly yçgolcly 7# ≮ # ≡ %

Ay~l pqkara naikr pqa# c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` {# c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y ~kaeae

~ray mlrg`y zlykocay8

&`+ Fl8 ± 7 ±l &1'?=+

Ay~` racìkùe pqkara naikr pqa ay /kbq`c/ `c }`clr ayzar`nl na ±l%

&o+ Fl8 ± ≡ ±l &1'?=`+

Ay~` racìkùe ile c` naykbq`cn`n ≡ pqkara naikr /iqènl gaely/ pqa l /kbq`c l g`{lr

pqa/ ac }`clr ayzar`nl na ±l+

&i+ Fl8 ± ≮ ±l &1'?=o+Ae ay~` racìkùe c` naykbq`cn`n ≮ pqkara naikr /` cl gaely/# /elgày pqa/ l /kbq`c l

gaelr pqa/ ac }`clr ayzar`nl na ±l

?% Zrqao`y `c~are`~k}`y% Ay~`y zrqao`y ya nael~è zlr cly yçgolcly F08# F?8 l F98%




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Ay~`y zrqao`y `c~are`~k}`y el naoae na ile~aear kbq`cn`nay# ilgl ae ac i`yl na qy`r

cly yçgolcly 7# ≡ # l ≮ # pqa nael~è c`y fkzù~ayky eqc`y# ykel pqa naoae na ~aear

naykbq`cn`nay ilgl 5 l 3% Na gèar` pqa# z`r` nael~`r c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y#baear`cgae~a# avky~ae ~ray gèar`y na avzray`rc`y# ay~l ay8

F08 ± ≪ ±l# yk Fl8± 7 ±l &1'?=i+

F08 ± 3 ±l# yk Fl8± ≡ ±l &1'?=n+

F08 ± 5 ±l# yk Fl8± ≮ ±l &1'?=a+

Zlr ahagzcl# yk ya zrqao` c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na pqa ac }`clr ayzar`nl zlocìkle`c ay ± l

7 1:%:# ae~leiay# c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` ay Fl8± 7 1:%:# { c`y fkzù~ayky

`c~are`~k}`y yle Fl8± ≪ 1:%:# F08± 5 1: { F?8± 3 1:% @nagày# yk ay~q}kër`gly

zrloènl c`y fkzù~ayky eqc`y na Fl8± ≡ 1:%:# ae~leiay# c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` ay F08±

3 1:% Na kbq`c gèar`# yk ay~q}kër`gly zrloènl c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na pqa Fl8± ≮ 1:#

ae~leiay c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` naoa yar F08± 5 1:%:

El~` 0% Yk ay~`gly fìkaenl eqay~r`y zrlzk`y zrqao`y# naoarç`gly `rrabc`r c`y

fkzù~ayky eqc`y { c`y `c~are`~k}`y na ~`c gèar` pqa# ac arrlr gày yarkl mqar` ac raif`xl

na qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky }arn`nar` &arrlr K+% @pqç# ae ay~a ~av~l# ay~`gly yqgkaenl

pqa ay~`gly fìkaenl c`y zrqao`y faif`y zlr `cbqkae gày% Kna`cgae~a# naoarç`gly

fìar ~ln`y c`y zrqao`y { raic`gly na ~`c gèar` pqa ~ln`y mqarè fkzù~ayky eqc`y%

Ay~`y cçea`y mqarle ayirk~`y ile ac ae~aenkgkae~l na pqa# el ~lnly cly raic`gly yle

ilgl naoarçè na yar# zlrpqa `cbqely aharikikly ke}lcqirè raic`gly pqa yle zrqao`y

na fkzù~ayky eqc`y { l~rly pqa ke}lcqirè fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y% Zlr ahagzcl# yk

pqaragly naiknkr yk qe zrliankgkae~l ay gahlr pqa l~rl# mlrgqc`gly c` fkzù~ayky napqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra cly zrliankgkae~ly% Yagahè~ay fkzù~ayky ya naelgkeè

fkzù~ayky eqc`y { ya nael~è zlr Fl% ^`gokëe zlnagly agzax`r ile fkzù~ayky

`c~are`~k}`y &l fkzù~ayky na ke}ay~kbìkùe+ pqa nkmkarae na qe` fkzù~ayky eqc`




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yqy~ae~`n`% Ae ac ay~òcaikgkae~l na c`y fkzù~ayky# ay~l# yke ago`rbl# naoa ay~`r

o`y`nl ae faifly# zarl el ae zrahqkikly% Na iq cpqkar gèar`# yk ya raif`x` c`

fkzù~ayky eqc`# &Fl8+ ely keicke`gly zlr c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` &F08+%Ac irk~arkl z`r` raif`x`r l ìaz~`r Fl8 ykbqkaenl ac gë~lnl icàykil# ay na pqa yk

ac }`clr na c` x i`ciqc`n`# ay naikr# qyènl c` ay~`nçy~ki` x 7 & V ' ±+ , ω, e # ay g`{lr

pqa c` x ~òqc`n` &xΰ+# ile yq ilrrayzlenkae~a }`clr irç~kil na ΰ# ae~leiay ya raif`x`

Fl8 { ya keicke` zlr c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` F08% Na l~r` gèar`# el ya raif`x` Fl8 l ya

zlyzlea c` naikykùe%

9% Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky el ~r`nkikle`cay% Ay~` zrqao`y ke}lcqirè cly iàciqcly na c` zrloòkckn`n# z% Ay~`y zrqao`y yle mlrg`y el icàyki`y na fìar zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky

eqc`y# Fl8 Ay~`y zrqao`y }kaeae ae ~lnly cly zrlbr`g`y na ilgzq~`nlr` { ya zqanae

fìar ile c` nky~rkoqikùe na x# ile c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# ile c` HK

iq`nr`n` l c` nky~rkoqikùe M%

Knae~kmkiènl c`y zrqao`y na ay~`nçy~ki` na kemaraeik` okc`~ar`cay na &ile c` ilc`

naraif` l ile c` kxpqkarn`+ { zrqao`y okc`~ar`cay &ile nly ilc`y na c`y

nky~rkoqikleay zrlo`n`y+

Iqènl ay~`gly fìkaenl zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky# `cbqe`y }aiay ay eaiay`rkl fìar ay~`y

zrqao`y ae mlrg` okc`~ar`c l qekc ~ar c &qekc`~ar`c naraif` l kxpqkarn`+% Ay~l ya fìa

qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# c` ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# c` HK iq`nr`n`# c` nky~rkoqikùe na

Mkyfar# a~i%

Iqènl fìagly eqay~r`y zrlzk`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky# { yòagly zlr

avzarkaeik` pqa cly }`clray ayzar`nly na ±l }è ` yar g`{lray na ikar~ly }`clray &liqènl naikgly pqa F08± 5 ±l+# ae~leiay qy`gly ac av~ragl naraifl na c`

nky~rkoqikùe { zleagly ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1 l :%:0# ile Fl8 7 ` ikar~l

}`clr% Ae mlrg` èàclb`# yk cly }`clray ayzar`nly }è ` yar gaelray na ikar~ly }`clray




1'>>

&l F08± 3 pqa ikar~l }`clr+# qy`gly ac av~ragl kxpqkarnl na c` nky~rkoqikùe { zleagly

ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1 l :%:0% Mke`cgae~a# yk ayzar`gly pqa cly }`clray

}`{è ` yar gaelray l g`{lray na ikar~`y iè~kn`nay &Fl8± 7 ` qe na~argke`nl }`clr+#ae~leiay qy`gly cly nly av~ragly na c` nky~rkoqikùe { nk}knkgly ΰ# kbq`cgae~a# ae~ra

nly# z`r` pqa ely në# ΰ 7 :%:1,? l ΰ 7 :%:0,?# a~i%

Yk fìagly c`y zrqao`y na l~rly# zlr gankl nac av`gae na c` fkzù~ayky eqc`#

Fl8 zlnagly nanqikr yk c` zrqao` ay na nly ilc`y l na qe` ilc` &naraif` l kxpqkarn`+%

Zlr ahagzcl# yk Fl8± 7 ;6%=# ae~leiay F08± ≪ ;6%= { ya nkia pqa c`y zrqao`y

`c~are`~k}`y yle na F08± 5 ;6%= { F

08± 3 ;6%=% El loy~è~a# yk c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky

eqc` ay na Fl8± ≡ ;6%=# ae~leiay# c` ilc` na c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` &pqa ay cl

ile~r`rkl na c` fkzù~ayky eqc` Fl8+ `zqe~` ` c` kxpqkarn` &ilgl ± 3 ;6%=+# { c` zrqao`

ay na c` ilc` kxpqkarn` &qekc`~ar`c kxpqkarn`+% Yke ago`rbl# yk Fl8± ≮ ;6%=# ae~leiay c`

zrqao` ay na pqa ± 5 ;6%=# { c` zrqao` ay na c` ilc` naraif` &qekc`~ar`c naraif`+%

_ayqgae ae ac ay~òcaikgkae~l na c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky okc`~ar`cay &nly ilc`y+

l qekc`~ar`cay &na c` ilc` naraif` l na c` kxpqkarn`+8

Yk c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` ay Fl8± 7 ±l# ae~leiay# c` zrqao` ay okc`~ar`c { c`y

fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y yle8 F08± ≪ ±l% F?8± 5 ±l { F98± 3 ±l# nlena ±l ay ac }`clr

ayzar`nl%

Yk c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` ay Fl8± ≡ ±l# ae~leiay# c` zrqao` ay qekc`~ar`c kxpqkarn`

{ c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` ay F08± 3 ±l%

Yk c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` ay Fl8± ≡ ±l# ae~leiay# c` zrqao` ay qekc`~ar`c naraif` {

c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` ay F08± 5 ±l%Namkekaenl cly z`yly icàykily ae ac zrliankgkae~l z`r` fìar zrqao`y na

fkzù~ayky

0% Ay~òcaiar c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` &Fl8+ { ac zrlgankl ayzar`nl ±l { c`y zrqao`y




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na fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y &F0# F?8# F98+% Ae ay~a raebcùe# yk ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe

elrg`c# ~`gokëe ay eaiay`rkl fìar ikar~`y yqzlykikleay na pqa c` gqay~r` ay `ca`~lrk`#

na pqa c` zlocìkùe gqay~ra`n` ay elrg`c {# na pqa c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r zloc ikle`c# ω ay ilelikn`%

?% Yacaiikle`r ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ naya`nl &:%:1# :%:0# a~i%# a% b% nac ;1#

nac ;;# a~i%+% @pqç# z`r` c` zrqao` na nly ilc`y# ay xΰ,? { z`r` c`y ilc`y naraif` l

kxpqkarn`# ykgzcagae~a ΰ%

9% Na~argke`r c` zrqao` ay~`nçy~ki` pqa ya }` ` qy`r z`r` ac zrlgankl# c` }`rkèx`# c`y

zrlzlrikleay# a~i%# pqa ya }è ` zrlo`r# ay naikr# qyènl c`y nky~rkoqikleay x# ~#ς

?# M#

a~i% Na ay~` gèar`# yk e ≡ 9: i`yly ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe na x z`r` ac zrlgankl% Na

l~r` gèar`# yk e 3 9: ya qy` cl pqa ya cc`g` ~alrç` na gqay~ral zapqaðl# ilgl c` ~ na

ay~qnkè~a# c` HK iq`nr`n`# a~i%

>% Namkekr c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y# ay naikr# na qe` ilc` &kxpqkarn` l naraif`+ l na nly

ilc`y% &]ar rayqgae na zrqao`y z`r` nly ilc`y# z`r` c` naraif` l z`r` c` kxpqkarn`+%

Zlr ahagzcl# yk F08± 5 qe }`clr# ya qy` c` ilc` naraif`% Yk ± 3 pqa qe }`clr# ya qy` c`

ilc` kxpqkarn`# zarl yk ± ay naykbq`c ` qe }`clr n`nl ya qyè nly ilc`y% @pqç# yke

ago`rbl# ay na el~`rya pqa ay~`y ikriqey~èik`y nazaenae nac nkyaðl avzarkgae~`c pqa

ya pqkar` fìar%

1% Namkekr c` rabc` na naikykùe# ay naikr# na raif`x`r l na ra~aear l ìaz~`r c` fkzù~ayky

eqc`# Fl8 {,l na keicke`rya zlr c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y# F08# F?8# a~i%

=% Fìar cly iàciqcly eaiay`rkly na cly n`~ly na c` gqay~r` { i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c`

mqeikùe ay~`nçy~ki` na c`y nky~rkoqikleay na x# na ~# na ς ?

# a~i%# pqa ya }`{è ` qy`r% Zlr ahagzcl# yk qy`gly c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c na x l c` na ~ na ay~qnkè~a z`r` ac zrlgankl

`rk~gë~kil# qy`gly8

x 7 & V ' ±+ , ω, e l okae ~ 7 & V ' ±+ , y, e




1'>=

Eù~aya pqa c øeki` nkmaraeik` ae~ra c` x { c` ~ ay na pqa ae c` x ya qy` ω { ae c` ~ ya qy`

y z`r` c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r%

2% Ilgz`r`r ac }`clr na c` mqeikùe qy`n` ile c` rabc` na naikykùe ay~òcaikn`# { fìar c` naikykùe ay~`nçy~ki` icàyki` l ~r`nkikle`c &pqa ya nkyaðù ae ac ykbcl è~az`y`nl+

ìari` na c` fkzù~ayky eqc`% @pqç ~`gokëe ya zqana fìar c` zrqao` na c` zrloòkckn`n

na z# pqa ay qe` zrqao` el ~r`nkikle`c l glnare` na c` ar` ikoareë~ki`% @yç# yk ac }`clr

na c` ay~`nçy~ki` i`ciqc`n` ay g`{lr pqa c` xi l ~ ~òqc`n`y# ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky

eqc`# Fl8 { ya keicke` zlr c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`% Na l~r` gèar` el ya raif`x` Fl8 l

el ya fìa ekebqe` naikykùe% Ay~` zrqao` na zrloòkckn`n z# ya fìa z`r` }ar# ile pqë

~è~` mknackn`n &ae ~ërgkely na zrloòkckn`n+ zqnkër`gly ay~`r ìar~`nly l

apqk}li`nly ae fòar raif`xènl c` fkzù~ayky eqc`% @pqç# zlr ahagzcl# yk ac }`clr na z

ay gaelr pqa ac }`clr nac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ# ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky { ya nkia

yk ay ykbekmkiè~a l gq{ ykbekmkiè~a# a~i%

_abc`y na naikykùe o`hl }`rk`y ilenkikleay ile c`y nky~rkoqikleay x { ~

Z`r` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c8

Iqènl e ≡ 9: i`yly# ω ilelikn` {# ` yòkaen`y pqa c` nky~rkoqikùe ay elrg`c%

Z`r` zrqao`y okc`~ar`cay &nly ilc`y+8 raif`x`r Fl8 { ìaz~`r F08# yk ac }`clr na c`

ay~`nçy~ki` x ay g`{lr pqa c` xi ~òqc`n`4 na l~r` gèar` ìaz~`r Fl8 l zly~arb`r c`

naikykùe%

Z`r` zrqao`y qekc`~ar`cay &qe` ylc` ilc`+# nkb`gly# c` kxpqkarn`8 raif`x`r Fl8 { ìaz~`r

F08 yk ac }`clr na c` ay~`nçy~ki` x ay gaelr pqa c` xi ~òqc`n`% Na l~r` gèar`# ìaz~`r

l ra~aear Fl8Z`r` zrqao`y qekc`~ar`cay &qe` ylc` ilc`+# nkb`gly c` naraif`8 raif`x`r Fl8 { ìaz~`r

F08 yk ac }`clr na c` ay~`nçy~ki` x ay g`{lr pqa c` xi ~òqc`n`4 na l~r` gèar`# ìaz~`r

c` Fl8




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Z`r` c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a8

Iqènl e ≡ 9: i`yly# ω nayilelikn` { yòkaenl pqa c` zlocìkùe gqay~ra`n` ay

elrg`c%Z`r` zrqao`y okc`~ar`cay &nly ilc`y+8 raif`x`r Fl8 { ìaz~`r F08 yk ac }`clr na c`

ay~`nçy~ki` ~ 5 $~ΰ,?% Fìarcl na kbq`c gèar`# yk ac }`clr na c` ay~`nçy~ki` ~ 3 '~ΰ,?4 na

l~r` gèar`# ra~aear Fl8

Z`r` qe` ylc` ilc`# nkb`gly c` kxpqkarn`# raif`x`r Fl8 { ìaz~`r F08 yk ac }`clr na c`

ay~`nçy~ki` ~ 3 '~ΰ4 na l~r` gèar` ìaz~`r Fl l el fìar ekebqe` naikykùe

Z`r` qe` ylc` ilc`# nkb`gly c` naraif`8 raif`x`r Fl8 { ìaz~`r F

08 yk ac }`clr na c`

ay~`nçy~ki` ~ 5 $~ΰ% Na l~r` gèar` ìaz~`r Fl8

C` kna` na~rày na fìar zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky

Ilgl ya nkhl è~ay# c` kna` na fìar zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky ay c` na ìqgqc`r a}knaeik`

z`r` raif`x`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc % Ae ac i`gzl na c` ke}ay~kbìkùe ikae~çmki`# ~lnly cly

ke}ay~kb`nlray ykagzra ay~àe ayzarèx`nly ae raif`x`r c`y fkzù~ayky eqc`y na yqy

~rò`hly na ke}ay~kbìkùe% Ily` ykgkc`r liqrra ile c` kebaekarç` kenqy~rk`c { na

gèqmì~qr`% Cly kebaekarly kenqy~rk`cay ykagzra ~kaeae pqa fìar zrqao`y na

fkzù~ayky zarkùnki`y na cly zrlnqi~ly gèqmì~qr`nly l na cly `r~çiqcly zrlnqiknly

zlr c` kenqy~rk na gèqmì~qr % Ay~l ya fìa ile ac loha~l na ra}ky`r c` amkikaeik` na

c` cçea` na zrlnqiikùe na c` màorki`% Ay~l ya naoa ` pqa# `c raif`x`r qe` fkzù~ayky eqc`#

ay~l nael~` qe nkyaðl avzarkgae~`c mqar~a { ilemkòca% Ae c` kenqy~rk` na gèqmì~qr`

cly raif`xly na fkzù~ayky kenkiè pqa c` cçea` na zrlnqiikùe ay~à lzarènl

elrg`cgae~a%Ae c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky# ac }`clr na y l na ω ay gq{ kgzlr~è~a# zlrpqa `fç

ya ramcah` c`y ~ëieki`y nac còlr`~lrkl ramke`n`y l namai~qly`y% Qe }`clr o`hl na y

ramcah` ~ëieki`y na còlr`~lrkl gq{ ylmky~ki`n`y l ramke`n`y# gkae~r`y pqa qe }`clr `c~l




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na y# ramcah` cl ile~r`rkl% ^lnl ay~l ya avzcki` { ya zrqao` ` ~r`}ëy nac zlnar na c`

zrqao` { na cly arrlray ay~àen r nac zrlgankl# na c` nay}k ikùe ay~àen`r# a~i%

Ac }`clr na z ae c` ~lg` na naikykleayAe c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky f`{ l~r` mlrg` `c~are`~k}` glnare` ilgzq~`rkx`n` na

zrlo`r c` gkyg` yk~qìkùe &pqa ya fìa ile c` zrqao` icàyki` na fkzù~ayky pqa ya

nkyaðù ae ac ykbcl è~az`y`nl+# ay naikr# ac aemlpqa glnarel% Ae }arn`n# ac }`clr na z

ay c` zrloòkckn`n# o`hl c` fkzù~ayky eqc` &l c` zrloòkckn`n# yk c` fkzù~ayky eqc` ay

}arn`nar`+# na lo~aear qe }`clr ~è keqyq`c l gày keqyq`c pqa `pqëc pqa lo~q}kgly na

c` gqay~r`# iqènl c` fkzù~ayky eqc` ay }arn`nar` &qe` yk~qìkùe keqyk~`n`+%

Ay~` zrqao` el ~r`nkikle`c ya fìa qyènl ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z% Zlr

ahagzcl# iqènl raif`x`gly l ìaz~`gly qe` fkzù~ayky eqc` Fl8 { ely keicke`gly zlr

c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`# F08# ile qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1 l kbq`c ` :%:0#

a~i%# pqaragly yòar# pqë ~è~` ilemkòkckn`n zlnagly zlear `c fìar eqay~r`y

naikykleay ay~`nçy~ki`y% Ay~a br`nl na ilemkòkckn`n ya n` zlr c` zrloòkckn`n# z%

Ae }arn`n# ac ileiaz~l mkclyùmkil nac }`clr na z ay pqa ay~a }`clr razrayae~` qe

nairagae~l ae ac br`nl na ilemkòkckn`n ae qe rayqc~`nl% Ay~a aemlpqa ay~à nkyað`nl

z`r` n`rely c` `c~are`~k}` &ae ~ërgkely na zrloòkckn`n+# na raif`x`r l el raif`x`r c`

fkzù~ayky yqy~ae~`n`% @yç# ae~ra gày o`hl ya` ac }`clr na z# gaely zlnagly iraar ae c`

fkzù~ayky eqc`% Ayzaiçmki`gae~a fòcènl# ac ek}ac na z razrayae~` c` zrloòkckn`n na

arrlr ae ìaz~`r cly rayqc~`nly loyar}`nly ilgl }àcknly%

Zlr ahagzcl# ile qe }`clr na z 7 %:1 ay~l ykbekmki` 0,?:# ay naikr pqa

zqnkër`gly ay~`r apqk}li`nly ile qe` zrloòkckn`n na 0 ae ?: ae c` naikykùe naraif`x`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc`# Fl8 yqy~ae~`n`% @nagày# yk z 7 %:0# ay~l ay# 0,0::# kenki`

pqa zqnkër`gly ay~`r apqk}li`nly ae eqay~r` naikykùe na raif`x`r c` fkzù~ayky ile

qe` zrloòkckn`n na 0 ae 0::% &@pqç# ae ay~ly i`yly# e`nka }` ` `rbqgae~`r pqa }`gly




1'>;

` apqk}li`rely ae eqay~r` naikykùe# ile ay~` zrloòkckn`n ~è o`h`+%

Ae ~ërgkely baear`cay# }`clray brènay na z# nkb`gly 5 :%0 `zl{è ac el

raif`xl na c` fkzù~ayky &ay naikr ya ìaz~` l ya rayar}` qe` naikykùe+% Zlr l~rl c`nl#}`clray zapqaðly na z `zl{è ac raif`xl na c` fkzù~ayky%

Cly ~kzly na gaièkygly pqa ya ykbqae z`r` ay~òcaiar c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky

0% C` fkzù~ayky eqc` ya zqana fìar ilgl8 Fl8± 7 ±l% O`hl ay~`y ilenkikleay na

kbq`cn`n# c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y yle8

F08± ≪ ±l# F?8± 3 ±l { F98± 5 ±l# nlena ±l ay ac zrlgankl zlocìkle`c pqa ya pqkara

zrlo`r% @pqç# iòa el~`r pqa ae ay~a i`yl# c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ay okc ~ar c l na nly

ilc`y%

?% ^`gokëe c` fkzù~ayky eqc` ya zqana fìar ilgl8 Fl8± ≡ ±l% Ae ay~a i`yl# c`

fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` ay Fl8± 3 ±l% @pqç# c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ay qekc`~ar`c kxpqkarn`%

9% Kbq`cgae~a# c` fkzù~ayky eqc` ya zqana fìar ilgl8 Fl8± ≮ ±l% Ae ay~a i`yl c`

fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` ay F08± 5 ±l% @pqç# c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ay qekc`~ar`c naraif`%

>% Yacaiikle`r qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ~`g`ðl ΰ# ay~l ay# ΰ 7 %:1 l ΰ 7 %:0 ile yqy

rayzai~k}ly ek}acay na ilemkèx` na ;1 { ;;% ^`gokëe# ya zqanae qy`r l~rly

ek}acay na ykbekmkièik`# ilgl ac %0:# %?:# a~i%# zarl cly gày ilgqeay yle cly na :%:1

{ %:0%

1% Yacaiikle`r c` ay~`nçy~ki` `zrlzk`n` &zlr ahagzcl# yk e 5 9: i`yly ya qy` c`

nky~rkoqikùe x% Yk c` gqay~r` ay e 3 9: i`yly { c` zlocìkùe gqay~ra`n` el ay elrg`c

ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~# a~i%

=% Ya ay~òcaiae c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y qyènl ek}acay na ilemkèx` nac ;1# ;;# ;:#6: a~i% &;1 { ;; cly gày ilgqeay+

2% Ya ay~kg` ac }`clr na c` zrqao` na ay~`nçy~ki` na c` gqay~r` { ya ilgz`r` ile ac

}`clr na c` ay~`nçy~ki` i`ciqc`n`# ay naikr# xi`ci% l ~i`ci% &na c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y+ { ya




1'1:

ilgz`rè ile x~ò% l ~~ò% Yk c` ay~`nçy~ki` i`ciqc`n` ay g`{lr pqa c` ay~`nçy~ki` ~òqc`n`

&na c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y+ ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky eqc`% Na l~r` gèar`# ya ìaz~` c`

fkzù~ayky l el ya fìa ekebqe` naikykùe% Na ay~` gèar`# yk ac }`clr na c` ay~`nçy~kiì`ciqc`n` ya ga~a ae c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky eqc` &l ~`gokëe yk ac

}`clr na z ay gaelr l kbq`c c ek}ac na ykbekmkièik # ΰ naya`nl+%

El~ 8 @pqç ay kgzlr~è~a railrn`r pqa# c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` ay~`nçy~ki` ya

nkyaðù ac ykbcl è~az`y`nl% Ae ~kagzly glnarely na c` ar` ikoareë~ki`# avky~a c`

zrqao` el ~r`nkikle`c racìkle`n` ile ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z% ^`gokëe ay

kgzlr~è~a el~`r pqa gqifly zrlbr`g`y na ilgzq~`nlr` nè øeki`gae~a ac }`clr na

z { ac ke}ay~kb`nlr l cai~lr ~kaea pqa ke~arzra~ rcl ilrnagae~a%

Gaièkygly z`r` i`ciqc`r cly }`clray na c` zrloòkckn`n z &z`r` c` nky~rkoqikùe

elrg`c+ iqènl ya fìae c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky el ~r`nkikle`cay &i`ciqcènl ac

}`clr na z+

0% Z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z# ya oqyi` ac }`clr na c` x i`ciqc`n` ae c`

~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ile ac }`clr nac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` qy`nl% Cly

irk~arkly pqa ya ykbqae ya fìae ilgz`rènl ac }`clr na c` z ile ac }`clr na ΰ%

?% Cly irk~arkly pqa ya ykbqae z`r` ke~arzra~`r ac }`clr na z yle8

Z ≮ %:1 C` zrqao` ay~à ae ac qgor`c na c` ykbekmkièik`% @pqç i`yk ykagzra ya

ìaz~` c` fkzù~ayky eqc`% Ay qe `rbqgae~l nëokc { el ile}keiae~a ae c` zrqao`y na

fkzù~ayky% Ely nah` ae qe` yk~qìkùe na keiar~knqgora% Ely nkia pqa# –~`c }ax `yç

ya`‗%

Z ≮ %:0 C` zrqao` ay `c~`gae~a ykbekmki`~k}`% Ya ileyknar` qe `rbqgae~lay~`nçy~kil gq{ mqar~a ae ile~r` na c` ìaz~ìkùe na c` fkzù~ayky eqc`% C`

zrloòkckn`n na %:0 nkia pqa zqnkër`gly fòarely apqk}li`nl ae c`

naikykùe na raif`x`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc`# ile qe` zrloòkckn`n na 0 ae 0:: na fòar




1'10

raif`x`nl qe` fkzù~ayky }arn`nar`# iqènl naokù yar ìaz~`n`%

Z ≮ %::0 C` zrqao` ay gqifl gq{ ykbekmki`~k}`% Ya ileyknar` qe `rbqgae~l

ay~`nçy~kil gqifl gq{ mqar~a# ileikyl { zraikyl% @pqç# c` zrloòkckn`n ile c` iq`c zqnkër`gly fòarely apqk}li`nl ae fòar faifl qe` naikykùe arrùea` ae ac

raif`xl na c` fkzù~ayky eqc` ay na qe` gkcëykg`# ay naikr# na 0 ae 0:::%

Ke~arzra~ìkùe g`~agà~ki` na cly }`clray na c` zrloòkckn`n z &Zm`mmaeoarb a~ `c%

0;62+

Mlrg` K% ]`clr na z 7 ?ZTV 5 vW# yk Fl8 ± 7 ±l ile F08 ± 5 ±l

]`clr na z 7 ?ZTV 3 vW# yk F?8 ± 3 ±

l

Mlrg` KK% ]`clr na z 7 TV 3 vW# yk Fl8 ± ≡ ±l# ile F08 ± 3 ±l

Mlrg` KKK% ]`clr na z 7 ZTV 5 vW# yk Fl8 ± ≮ ±l ile F08 ± 5 ±l

Nlena8 V ay ≮ # ≡ # 7 # pqa# ac zrlgankl gqay~r`c V

Ahagzcl )99% @o`hl ya nè cly }`clray na c` x i`ciqc`n`% I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c`

zrloòkckn`n z# yk8

&`+ Ac }`clr na x 7 9%?# ile Fl8± 7 ±l%

&o+ Ac }`clr na x 7 9%:# ile Fl8± ≮ ±l

&i+ Ac }`clr na x 7 '9%?# ile Fl8± ≡ ±l%

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ Oqyi`gly ac }`clr na x 7 9%? ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c { n` qe }`clr na

%;;;9% Ae~leiay# z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z zrlianagly ilgl ykbqa8

z 7 0 ' %;;;9 7 %:::2%

Yke ago`rbl# naoknl ` pqa c` zrqao` ay okc`~ar`c# ay~a }`clr na z ya gqc~kzcki` zlr ? z`r` n`r z 7 %::0>%

&o+ Oqyi`gly ac }`clr na x 7 9%: ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c { ely n` %;;62%

Ae~leiay# z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n# z zrlianagly ilgl8




1'1?

z 7 0 ' %;;62 7 %::09

Ilgl c` zrqao` ay qekc`~ar`c# `yç ya pqan`%

&i+ Z`r` x 7 '9%? ile Fl8 ± ≡ ±l% Ay~` ay qe` zrqao` qekc`~ar`c kxpqkarn` &zlrpqa ac}`clr na x ay eab`~k}l+% Oqyi`gly ay~a }`clr ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c { n`

%:::2%

Ga~lnlclbç` z`r` i`ciqc`r cly }`clray na c` zrloòkckn`n z nazaenkaenl na c`

ay~`nçy~ki` qy`n`

Z`r` c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky el ~r`nkikle`cay# ay naikr# qyènl ac }`clr na c`

zrloòkckn`n z# ay eaiay`rkl fìar ke~arzlc ikleay na cly }`clray lo~aeknly% Yke

ago`rbl# ae ac i`yl na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# z`r` ay~kg`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n

z# el ay eaiay`rkl fìar ke~arzlcìkleay# zlrpqa ya zqana caar nkrai~ gae~a ae c` ~ oc`

na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ac }`clr na c` ay~`nçy~ki` x i`ciqc`n`% El loy~è~a# z`r` c`

nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na ay~qnkè~a# z`r` c` nky~rkoqikùe Mkyfar# z`r` c` nky~rkoqikùe na c` HK

iq`nr`n`# a~i%# yk ay eaiay`rkl fìar ke~arzlcìkleay% Ay~l ya fìa oqyiènl ac }`clr na

c` ay~`nçy~ki` i`ciqc`n` ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe pqa ya ay~à qyènl ile yq

ilrrayzlenkae~a }`clr na br`nly na ckoar~`n { nac }`clr zlriae~q`c naya`nl%

Mùrgqc` agzçrki` z`r` fìar ke~arzlcìkleay { i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c`

zrloòkckn`n z

@pqç }`gly ` n`r qe gë~lnl z`r` fìar ke~arzlcìkleay qyènl qe` mùrgqc` agzçrki`

nkyað`n` zlr ac `q~lr na ay~a ckorl# ac Nr% Fëi~lr Pqa}anl Qrç`y &`q~lr na ay~a ckorl+ {

zlr c` Nr`% Ylilrrl @r~a`b`% Ay~` mùrgqc` ya n` ilgl8&δ? ’ δ0+,&^_ ? ’ ^_ 0+ 7 &δ? ’ V+,&^_ ? ’ ^_ i`ci%+ &1'?2+

Nlena8

δ? 7 Ac ek}ac na ilemkèx` gày `c~l na c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe qy`n`%




1'19

δ0 7 Ac ek}ac na ilemkèx` gày o`hl na c` ~òc` qy`n`%

^_ ? 7 zrloòkckn`n na c` ay~`nçy~ki` qy`n` ilrrayzlenkae~a ` δ?%

^_ 0 7 zrloòkckn`n na c` ay~`nçy~ki` qy`n` ilrrayzlenkae~a ` δ0%V 7 }`clr pqa ya pqkara ke~arzlc`r% @pqç# iqènl c` zrqao` ay okc`~ar`c ay~a }`clr ya

gqc~kzcki` zlr ?%

^_ i`ci% 7 }`clr na c` ay~`nçy~ki` i`ciqc`n`%

Mùrgqc`y z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z zlr gankl na ke~arzlcìkleay z`r`

nkmarae~ay nky~rkoqikleay

Z`r` c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a &c` iq`c ya ra~lg`rà ae ac i`zç~qcl =+8

&δ? ’ δ0+ , &~? ’ ~0+ 7 &δ? ’ V+ , &~? ’ ~i`ci%+ &1'?6+

Z`r` c` nky~rkoqikùe na c` HK iq`nr`n`8

&δ? ’ δ0+ , &ς ?? ’ ς ?0+ 7 &δ? ’ V+ , &ς ?? ’ ς ?i`ci%+ &1'?;+

Z`r` i`ciqc`r c` nky~rkoqikùe M8

&δ? ’ δ0+ , &M? ’ M0+ 7 &δ? ’ V+ , &M? ’ Mi`ci%+ &1'9:+

Ahagzcly gly~rènl c` gèar` na i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z

Ahagzcl )9>% Yqzùeb`ya pqë# yk ac }`clr i`ciqc`nl na c` ay~`nçy~ki` na c` nky~rkoqikùe

na x mqar`# nkb`gly na x 7 ' 9%> ile qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky okc`~ar`c# ae~leiay#

oqyi`gly ay~a }`clr ae c ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c { ely n` %:::9% Ay~a }`clr ay

zraiky`gae~a ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z% Zarl ilgl c` zrqao` ay okc ~ar c# ya

gqc~kzcki` zlr nly { n` z 7 %:::=%

Ahagzcl )91% Yqzùeb`ya `flr` pqa ac }`clr na c` ay~`nçy~ki` x mqar` nkb`gly x 7 9%>

ile qe` zrqao` okc`~ar`c% Ae~leiay oqyi`gly ay~a }`clr ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùeelrg`c { }agly pqa ay~à `c av~ragl naraifl ile qe }`clr na %;;;6% @flr` ca

ray~`gly 0 { ely n` z 7 0 ' %;;;6 7 %:::?% Eqa}`gae~a# ilgl c` zrqao` ay okc`~ar`c#

ac }`clr cl gqc~kzcki`gly zlr nly { n` z 7 %:::>%




1'1>




1'11

Zrqao` na fkzù~ayky z`r` qe ylcl zrlgankl zlocìkle`c ± ile }`rkèx` ω?

ilelikn` qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c

Qe` fkzù~ayky ay~`nçy~ki` ay qe` `ya}arìkùe l ileha~qr` ile rayzai~l ` qe` l gày zloc ikleay% Ae ay~`nçy~ki`# qe` fkzù~ayky ay qe aeqeik`nl na pqa `cbl ay }arn`narl%

Ae c` }arn`n l m`cyan`n na qe` fkzù~ayky ay~`nçy~ki` ykagzra f`{ qe` keiar~knqgora#

zlrpqa el ya zqana gqay~ra`r ~ln` c` zlocìkùe &ay~l yarç` kgzlykoca+% Ae cqb r na

ay~l# ya ~lg` qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na c` zlocìkùe na ke~arëy { ya qyè cly n`~ly z`r`

zrlzlrikle`r a}knaeik &ae ~ërgkely na c` zrloòkckn`n z+ z`r` `zl{`r l ramq~ r c`

fkzù~ayky% Zlr ahagzcl# c` ìaz~ìkùe na qe` fkzù~ayky eqc` kgzcki` pqa el f`{

yqmkikae~a a}knaeik` z`r` zlnar raif`x`r c` fkzù~ayky% El loy~è~a# yk ya raif`x` qe`

fkzù~ayky f`{ qe` a}knaeik` gày mqar~a a kgzcki` qe nkyaðl avzarkgae~`c mqar~a#

zraikyl { ileikyl% Ile~r`rk`gae~a# ac el raif`xl na qe` fkzù~ayky kgzcki` qe nkyaðl

avzarkgae~`c nëokc# ile qe` gqay~r` na keyqmkikae~a ~`g`ðl l ~ëieki`y na còlr`~lrkl

namai~qly`y pqa ilecca}è gqif` }`rkìkùe%

C` ay~`nçy~ki` pqa ya qy` z`r` fìar zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky z`r` qe ylcl zrlgankl

zloc ikle`c ±# ile }`rkèx` ilelikn` ΰ qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ` yòkaen`y na

pqa c` zlocìkùe gqay~ra`n` ay elrg`c l pqa e 5 9: i`yly# ay8

x 7 & V ’ ±l+ , ω, e &1'90+

Nlena8

x 7 }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c ay~àen`r

V 7 zrlgankl ay~`nçy~kil

±l 7 }`clr ayzar`nl nac zrlganklω 7 nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ilelikn`

e 7 ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r`

C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` cly iàciqcly na c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y qyènl nkmarae~ay




1'1=

ek}acay na ykbekmkièik`%

^@OC@ 1%1% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y na ìqarnl `c }`clr nac ek}ac na

ilemkèx` qy`nl# ay naikr# yk c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ay okc`~ar`c# qekc`~ar`c naraif` lqekc`~ar`c kxpqkarn`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Ek}ac na ilemkèx` &+ ;: ;1 ;; ;;%1

]`clray irç~kily na x

z`r` zrqao`y qekc`~ar`cay 0%?6 0%=>1 ?%99 ?%16

&naraif` l kxpqkarn`+ l '0%?6 l '0%=>1 l '?%99 l '?%16

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ ]`clray irç~kily na x z`r` °0%=>1 °0%;= °?%16 °?%60

zrqao`y okc ~ar`cay

Zlr ahagzcl yk qy`gly qe ek}ac na ilemkèx` na ;1# ay naikr# qe ek}ac na

ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1# z`r` qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky qekc`~ar`c kxpqkarn`# ae~leiay#

o`hl ay~`y ilenkikleay# ac }`clr irç~kil na x ay '0%=>1% Ykgkc rgae~a# yk ya qy ac ek}ac

na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%0:# z`r` qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky qekc`~ar`c naraif`#

ae~leiay# ac }`clr irç~kil na x ay na $0%?6%

Iòa el~`r pqë# z`r` c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky# cly }`clray na cly ek}acay na

ykbekmkièik` gày ilgqeay yle cly na ΰ 7 :%:1 { na ΰ 7 :%:0% Zlr ahagzcl# z`r` qe`

zrqao` okc`~ar`c ile ΰ 7 :%:1# cly }`clray irç~kily na x yle na °0%;=% El loy~è~a# z`r`

qe` zrqao` qekc`~ar`c kxpqkarn` ile ΰ 7 :%:1# ac }`clr irç~kil na x yarç` na na '0%=>1 {

`yç yqiayk}`gae~a%

Ahagzcly na zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c

Ahagzcl )9=% Ya yì` qe` gqay~r` na 9= èàckyky na ek~r`~ly &EL9'+ z`r` ac nkyaðl na

qe` zcè~` na ~r`~`gkae~l na `bq`y kenqy~rk`cay% Z`r` ay~l# ya i`ciqc` qe zrlgankl




1'12

ay~`nçy~kil na V 7 ;? gb,C% Ay~qnkly zra}kly kenkiè qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r

ilelikn` na ω 7 ; gb,C% Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na pqa ac }`clr ayzar`nl na ±l ay 0::

gb,C% @yqgkr ΰ 7 :%:1 { i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%Ylcqikùe8

0% C` fkzù~ayky eqc` ay Fl8± 7 0::%

?% C`y fkzù~ayky c~are`~k}`y yle F08±l ≪ 0::# F?8±l 5 0::# F98±l 3 0::%

9% C`y yqzlykikleay yle pqa c` zlocìkle`c gqay~ra`n` ay elrg`c# ω ay ilelikn` {# c`

gqay~r` ay `ca`~lrk`%

>% Ile ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1 &ek}ac na ilemkèx` ;1+# c`y rabkleayirç~ki`y { cly ilamkikae~ay irç~kily yle na °0%;=%

1% C` ay~`nçy~ki` qy`n` ay c` na c` nky~rkoqikùe x # x 7 & V ’ ±l+ , ω, e

=% Yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray na V 7 ;?# ±l 7 0::# ω 7 ; { e 7 9= ae c` mùrgqc` na

`rrko` n`8

x 7 &;? ’ 0::+ , ;, 9=

7 ' 1%9

2% @flr` ilgz`rènl c` xi`ci% 7 ’ 1%9 ile c` x ~òqc`n` x~ò% Kbq`c ` '0%;=# ya raif`x` c`

fkzù~ayky { ely keicke`gly zlr F98±l 3 0::%

6% Ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z ya i`ciqc` oqyiènl ac }`clr na ’1%9 ae c` ~òc` na c`

nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# zarl ilgl el ay~à ~lg`gly ac }`clr na %:::9% @nagày# ilgl c`

zrqao` ay okc ~ar c# ae~leiay# gqc~kzcki`gly %:::9 zlr ?# ay naikr# &?+&%:::9+ 7 %:::=%

Ay~a }`clr ay gqifl gq{ ykbekmkiè~a { n` gqif` a}knaeik` z`r` `zl{`r ac raif`xl na

c` fkzù~ayky%

Ahagzcl )92% Qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na 9= ileiae~rìkleay `~glymërki`y na ùvknly na

ek~rùbael &ELv+# ae gb,C# gly~rù qe zrlgankl ay~`nçy~kil l na c` gqay~r` na V 7




1'16

2>%: gb,C% Yqzlekaenl pqa ω? 7 60%: gb,C# ¼kenki`rç` ay~l pqa qe cçgk~a na

ileiae~rìkleay na ELv ay~ë `rrko` na 2: gb,C< Qy`r ΰ 7 :%:1%

Ylcqikùe80% C` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` naoa yar Fl8± ≮ 2:# zlrpqa c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`#

n`n` zlr ac zrlocag`# ay F08± 5 2:%

?% Zlr cl ~è~l# c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ay qe` zrqao` qekc`~ar`c naraif`%

9% C` rabkùe irç~ki` ay xΰ 7 x:%:1 7 0%=>1

>% C` ay~`nçy~ki` qy`n` ay x 7 & V ’ ±l+ , ω, e

Yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray nac zrlgankl V 7 2># na c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ω 7 ;# e 79= { ±l 7 2: ae c` mqeikùe ay~`nçy~ki` x n`8

x 7 &2> ’ 2:+ , ;, 9= 7 ?%==

1% @c ilgz`r`r ac }`clr na xi`ci% 7 ?%==# ile x~ò% 7 0%=>1# ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky eqc` {

ya nkia pqa# F08± 5 2:# ile qe }`clr na z 7 0 ' %;;=0 7 %::9;# na fòar faifl c`

naikykùe apqk}li`n`% @pqç# eù~aya pqa ac }`clr na z el ya gqc~kzcki` zlr ?# zlrpqa c`

zrqao` ay qekc`~ar`c naraif`% Ilgl rayqc~`nl# c` a}knaeik ` m`}lr na F08 ay gày

mqar~a pqa c` yqbarkn` zlr qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na :%:1 &zlrpqa %::9; 333 :%:1+%

Ahagzcl )96% Ae qe ay~qnkl na c` kebaekarç` `gokae~`c `~glymërki`# z`r` a}k~`r c`

ile~`gkeìkùe `gokae~`c zrlnqikn` zlr ac ileyqgl aviayk}l a keeaiay`rkl na

b`ylcke`# ae ac nkyaðl na qe gl~lr na ilgoqy~kùe ke~are`# ac naz`r~`gae~l na

kebaekarç` na qe iley~rqi~lr na `q~ly# na ikar~l glnacl# `mkrg` pqa ac raenkgkae~l nac

gkcc`ha na ay~a glnacl na `q~l ay na iqènl gaely 91 gkcc`y zlr b`cùe% Ac

naz`r~`gae~l na ile~rlc na i`ckn`n yqbkara pqa ac }`clr na c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ay

na ω 7 > gkcc`y% C` Ae}krlegae~`c Zrl~ai~kle @baei{ na Ay~`nly Qeknly na @gërki`

pqkara zrlo`r ay~` `mkrgìkùe z`r` }ar yk c` mkbqr` `mkrg`n` naoarç` yar gày `c~` l gày

o`h` pqa 91 gkcc`y zlr b`cùe% Z`r` ay~l# ya yì` qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na 1: glnacly




1'1;

na ay~a ~kzl { ya zrqaoè o`hl ikriqey~èik`y kbq`cay% Cly rayqc~`nly nè qe zrlgankl

gqay~r`c na 99%= gkcc`y zlr b`cùe% Zrlo`r ac raic`gl nac naz`r~`gae~l na kebaekarç`

qyènl qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na :%:1% I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z%Ylcqikùe8

0% C` zrqao` ay okc`~ar`c# zlrpqa qe zrlgankl gqay~r`c ykbekmkiè~agae~a# gày `c~l

pqa 91 &ilc` naraif`+ l gaely pqa 91 &ilc` kxpqkarn`+ ay qe` mqar~a a}knaeik` ile~r`

c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na ± 7 91%

?% C`y rabkleay irç~ki`y yle nky~rkoq{aenl ΰ 7 :%:1 kbq`cgae~a ae~ra c`y nly ilc`y z`r`

lo~aear :%:?1 ae i`n` qe`# ile ay~l# cly }`clray irç~kily yle na °0%;=%

9% Qy`gly c` mqeikùe ay~`nçy~ki` { yqy~k~qkgly cly }`clray { n`8

x 7 & V ’ ±l+ , ω, e

x 7 &99%= ’ 91+ , > 1: 7 '?%>2

>% Ae ileicqykùe# naoknl ` pqa ac }`clr na '?%>2 ya ke~rlnqia ae ac av~ragl kxpqkarnl

na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky% Ac }`clr na z ay na %::=6# zarl

ilgl yle nly ilc`y# ae~leiay# ay~a }`clr ya gqc~kzcki` zlr ? { n` %:09=% ]ar mkbqr` na

ò`hl%

V 7 99%=x 7 '?%>2

Mkbqr` 1%0>% Bràmki` gly~rènl cly }`clray irç~kily z`r` ac zrlocag` na `rrko`%




1'=:


Ahagzcl )9;% Ac ay~àen`r pqçgkil z`r` ac `bq` zl~òca# ae iqè~l ` yùcknly nkyqac~ly

~l~`cay &YN^+ ay na 1:: gb,C% Z`r` zrlo`r ay~` `ya}arìkùe ya yì` qe` gqay~r``ca`~lrk` na 0>> i`yly { n` qe zrlgankl `rk~gë~kil ay~`nçy~kil na 1:9 gb,C# ile qe`

nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na 01 gb,C% Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na pqa ac ay~àen`r pqçgkil# z`r`

ac `bq` zl~òca ay na el gày na 1:: gb,C% Z`r` ay~l# qy`r ΰ 7 :%:1 { i`ciqc`r ac }`clr

na z%

Ylcqikùe8

0% C` zrqao` na c` fkzù~ayky eqc` ay Fl8±

≮1::% Ay~l pqkara naikr pqa# c` zrqao` ay

qekc`~ar`c naraif`%

?% C` fkzù~ayky c~are`~k}` ay F08± 5 1::%

9% C` rabkùe irç~ki` ay qekc`~ar`c naraif`# ay~l ay# xΰ 7 x:%:1 7 0%=>1%

>% @flr`# yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray ilrrayzlenkae~ay na V 7 1:9# ω 7 y 7 01# e 7 0>> {

±l 7 1::# ae c` mqeikùe na x ely n`8

xi`ci% 7 &1:9 ’ 1::+ , 01, 0>> 7 ?%>

1% Ae ileicqykùe# naoknl ` pqa ac }`clr na c` ay~`nçy~ki` ya ke~rlnqia ae ac av~ragl

naraifl na c` nky~rkoqikùe# ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky eqc` { ya keicke` zlr c` fkzù~ayky

`c~are`~k}`%

=% Ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z ya i`ciqc` oqyiènl ac }`clr na ?%> ae c` ~òc` na c`

nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c { n` %;;06# zarl ilgl pqaragly øeki`gae~a ac }`clr na z# ca

ray~`gly 0 { ely n` z 7 0 ' %;;06 7 %::6?% Ay~a }`clr ay gq{ ykbekmkiè~a%

Ahagzcl )>:% Ya i`ciqc` ac zrlgankl gqay~r`c na 1 zzg na i`ngkl &In+# z`r` gankr c` i`ckn`n nac `kra# na ikar~` rabkùe kenqy~rk`c% Ay~l ya fìa yìènl qe` gqay~r` na 9=

loyar}ìkleay na In `~glymërkil% Fìar cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ Qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ile ±l 7 >%61 zzg# ile ΰ 7 :%:1 { ΰ 7 :%:0




1'=0

&o+ @nagày# i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z a ke~arzra~`rcl ìlrnagae~a% L~rlyç#

aeile~r`r cly ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` ile cly gkygly }`clray na ΰ na `rrko`# z`r` ac

zrlgankl zlocìkle`c ±%@yqgkr pqa c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r zlocìkle`c ay na :%9%

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ C` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` ay Fl8± 7 >%61% C`y zrqao`y `c~are`~k}`y yle na F08± ≪

>%61# F?8± 3 >%61 { F98± 5 >%61%

C`y rabkleay irç~ki`y ile ΰ 7 :%:1 { ΰ 7 :%:0# z`r` qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky okc`~ar`c

yle# rayzai~k}`gae~a# °0%;= { °?%16%

Qyènl c` ay~`nçy~ki` x 7 & V ’ ±l+ , ω, e ile V 7 1 zzg# ±l 7 >%61# ω 7 :%9 { e 7 9=

{ yqy~k~q{aenl ~lnly ay~ly }`clray ae c` ay~`nçy~ki` na `rrko` ely n`8

x 7 &1%: ’ >%61+ , :%9, 9= 7 9%:

Ae ileicqykùe# naoknl ` pqa ac }`clr na xi`ci% 7 9%:: ay g`{lr pqa ac }`clr irç~kil na

0%;= ya raif`x` Fl8 { ely keicke`gly zlr c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` na F98± 5 9%61% Ily`

ykgkc`r liqrra ile ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:0# zlrpqa ac }`clr na 9%:: ay

g`{lr pqa ac }`clr irç~kil na ?%16%

Zlr l~r` z`r~a# ile rayzai~l ` c` ay~kgìkùe nac ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` nac ;1#

pqa ilrrayzlena ` qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1# cly }`clray irç~kily yle na

°0%;=% C` ay~kgìkùe zqe~q`c na ± ay V 7 1%:% Z`r` i`ciqc`r ac ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx`

na ;1# ya yqy~k~q{ae cly }`clray ae aiqìkùe &1'?>+ na o`hl z`r` n`r8

V ’ xΰ,? ω, e 3 ± 3 V $ xω,? ω, e

1%: ’ &0%;=+&:%9+, 9= + 3 ± 3 1%: $ &0%;=+&:%9, 9= +

Ac iq`c ya ykgzckmki` 8




1'=?

>%;:? 3 ± 3 1%:;6

Zlr l~r` z`r~a# ac }`clr ilrrayzlenkae~a ` qe ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` nac ;;# ay

naikr# ile qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:0# ae ay~a i`yl cly }`clray irç~kily ylena °?%121% C` ay~kgìkùe zqe~q`c na ± ay V 7 1%:% Na `pqç pqa ac ke~ar}`cl na

ilemkèx` nac ;;# ay8

1%: ’ &?%16+&:%9, 9= + 3 ± 3 1%: $ &?%16+&:%9, 9= +

Ac iq`c ya ykgzckmki` 8

>%620 3 ± 3 1%0?;

Ahagzcl )>0% Ae qe ay~qnkl na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n# c`y ~agzar`~qr`y naciqarzl na qe brqzl na 0:: ~rò`h`nlray kenqy~rk`cay# pqa còlrè qe mrkblrçmkil# ya

è`ckx`rle% C` ~agzar`~qr` zrlgankl mqa na ;6%? lM ile qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na

:%=? lM% Aeile~r`r ac gahlr zqe~l ay~kg`nlr nac z`ràga~rl zlocìkle`c ± na ~ln`y c`y

~agzar`~qr`y nac iqarzl% Z`r` qe ek}ac na ilemkèx` na ;1# aeile~r`r# `goly# ac

g`rbae na arrlr A { ac ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` ±%

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c` mqeikùe8

V ’ xΰ,?&ω e + 3 ± 3 A $ xΰ,?&ω, e + &1'9?+

Nlena8 A 7 g`rbae na arrlr 7 xΰ,?&ω,∘ e+% @flr`# yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray `zrlzk`nly#

ile xΰ,? 7 0%;=# ω 7 y 7 :%=? &zlrpqa e 5 9:+# V 7 ;6%? { e 7 0::# lo~aeagly8

;6%? ’ 0%;=&:%=?+,& 0:: + 3 ± 3 ;6%? $ 0%;=&:%=?+, 0:: +

;6%? ’ :%0? 3 ± 3 ;6%? $ :%0?

;6%:6 3 ± 3 ;6%9?

Ac }`clr nac g`rbae na arrlr ay A 7 0%;=&:%=?+,& 0:: + 7 :%0?01%

Ay~a ke~ar}`cl ;6%:6 3 ± 3 ;6%9? nkia pqa yk mqër`gly ` yacaiikle`r gqif`y gqay~r`y




1'=9

na qe ~`g`ðl na 0:: { iley~rq{ër`gly qe ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx`# ac ;1 na ay~`y

gqay~r`y ile~aenrçè ac zrlgankl zlocìkle`c ±% @pqç# eù~aya pqa ac ke~ar}`cl na

ilemkèx` el ile~kaea ac }`clr na ;6%= lM# c` iq`c ay c` ~agzar`~qr` elrg`c nac iqarzl%Ahagzcl )>?% Ya yì` qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na qe` zlocìkùe elrg`c% Cly }`clray na

c`y loyar}ìkleay yle8 ??# ?># ??# ?1# 9:# ?6# ?;# ?6# ?># ?9# ?1# ?2# ?=# ?9# ?># ?0# ??#

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zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò%

&`+ I`ciqc`r c` ay~`nçy~ki` nayirkz~k}` { na~argke`r ac ;1 nac ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx`

z`r` ac zrlgankl zloc ikle`c ±%

&o+ Na~argke`r ac ;1 nac ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ω# { c`

gankè`%

&i+ Fìar qe` zrqao` na elrg`ckn`n qyènl c` ay~`nçy~ki` na Dlcglblrl}'Ygkrel}%

Ylcqikùe8

Z`r` ay~kg`r cly keikyly &`+ { &o+ qy`r ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò na c` ykbqkae~a gèar`8

Y~`~ 5 O`yki y~`~ky~kiy 5 Br`zfki`c Yqgg`r{

Ay~l baear` c` Mkbqr` 1%01 na ò`hl# c` iq`c keicq{a fky~lbr`g` ile iqr}` elrg`c

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nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r# c` ay~`nçy~ki` nayirkz~k}`# c` zrqao` na @enaryle'N`rckeb# cly

iq`r~kcay# a~i%%




1'=>

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nayirkz~k}`%

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qyènl c` ay~`nçy~ki` na Dlcglblrl}'Ygkrel}# nac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò% Ykaenl `yç# ya

zrliana na c ykbqkae~a gèar`8O`yki Y~`~ky~kiy ↟ Elrg`ck~{ ây~

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Dlcglblrl}'Ygkrel}% Ay~l baear` c` mkbqr` na ò`hl%




1'=1

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Mkbqr` gly~rènl c` br`mki` na cly }`clray%Elrg`c

Mkbqr` 1%0=% Bràmki` gly~rènl c` zrqao` na elrg`ckn`n qyènl c` mqeikùe na

Dlcglblrl}'Ygkrel}%

Ilgl ya }a ae c` Mkbqr` 1%0=# c`y zrloòkckn`nay &l zlriae~`hay ae ay~a i`yl+ ya

br`mkiè ae mqeikùe na cly }`clray ay~kzqc`nly zlr ac zrlocag`% Cqabl ac zrlbr`g`

~r`x` qe` cçea` na cly iq`nr`nly gçekgly# ile ac loha~l na }arkmki`r yk cly zqe~ly ay~àenae~rl na c`y oèn`y na ilemkèx`% Yke ago`rbl# ay na el~`rya pqa# ae ilgz`rìkùe

ile c` mqeikùe na @enaryle'N`rckeb l na Ckcckamlry# c` zrqao` na Dlcglblrl} ay

gaely zraiky` pqa c` mqeikùe na @enaryle'N`rckeb% Yke ago`rbl# c` mqeikùe na

Dlcglblrl}'Ygkrel} ya ykbqa qyènl# ~r`nkikle`cgae~a# zlr gqifly ke}ay~kb`nlray

ay~`nçy~kily%

Ahagzcl )>9% Qe mòrkiè~a na yky~ag`y na `yzarykùe ile~r` keiaenkly# pqa ya key~`cènae~rl na i`y`y { ankmkikly# `rbqgae~` pqa ac zrlgankl zlocìkle`c na ~agzar`~qr` na

yqy yky~ag`y na `yzarykùe ile~r` keiaenkly ay na 1>%> lI% Z`r` ay~l ya yì` qe`

gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na 0= qekn`nay# c`y iq`cay# `c zrlo`rya nè qe zrlgankl ay~`nçy~kil




1'==

na 11%: lI# ile qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na 0%: lI% Yk ya yòa pqa c` nky~rkoqikùe na

cly ~kagzly na ì~k}ìkùe na cly yky~ag`y na `yzarykùe# ile~r` cly keiaenkly# na ay~a

mòrkiè~a# ay elrg`c# ¼ya ramq~`rç` ac `rbqgae~l nac mòrkiè~a na pqa ac }arn`narl zrlgankl ay ac pqa ya gaeikle` `rrko`< @yqgkr qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na :%:1%

0% @pqç c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ay Fl8± 7 1>%> ile~r` c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`

na F08± ≪ 1>%>%

?% Naoknl ` pqa c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ccae` c` ilenkikùe na kbq`cn`n# c` zrqao` ay

okc ~ar c# ay naikr# x ≡ x%:?1 { x ≮ x%:?1# ay~l ay# x ≡ 0%;= l x ≮ '0%;=%

9% Qy`gly c` nky~rkoqikùe na x# `qepqa ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` el ya` na e 5 9:

i`yly% Ay~l ay `yç# zlrpqa yòagly na è~agèl pqa c` zlocìkùe gqay~ra`n` ay

elrg`c% ^`gokëe ya zqnkar` qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na ay~qnkè~a# zarl ae ay~a i`yl

ay gahlr qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe x zlrpqa ay g`y zraiky`%

>% Ykaenl yç# ac }`clr na c` zrqao` ay~`nçy~ki` ay8

x 7 &11%: ’ 1>%>+ , 0%:, 0=

7 ?%>

1% Na ìqarnl `c keikyl &>+ ac zrlgankl gqay~r`c loyar}`nl ya aeiqae~r` ` ?%>

nay}kìkleay ay~àen`r `rrko` na cl pqa ya fqokar` ayzar`nl# yk Fl8 mqar` }arn`nar`%

=% Ae ileicqykùe# naoknl ` pqa ac }`clr i`ciqc`nl na x ià ae c` rabkùe irç~ki` naraif`#

ya raif`x` c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ~r`nkikle`c%

2% @flr`# z`r` fìar c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky el ~r`nkikle`c# ay naikr# i`ciqcènl ac }`clr

na z# oqyi`gly ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ac }`clr na ?%> { }agly pqa ac

}`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z ay z 7 ?&0 ’ :%;;06+ 7 :%:0=>%6% Ac }`clr na z 7 :%:0=> ile~r`nkia c` `mkrgìkùe nac mòrkiè~a na pqa ac }arn`narl

zrlgankl na yqy zrlnqi~ly ile~r` keiaenkly ay na 1>%> lI%




1'=2

Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky z`r` c`y nkmaraeik`y na nly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay &±0 ’

±?+# z`r` gqay~r`y brènay &e 9:+ qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ile

}`rkèx`y ilelikn`y a kbq`cay &ω?0 7 ω??+% @pqç ya `yqga pqa c`y nly gqay~r`y ylekenazaenkae~ay

F`y~` `flr`# fagly nkyiq~knl zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky na qe` ylc` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk`# ay

naikr# z`r` qe ylcl zrlgankl% @flr`# }`gly ` nkyiq~kr zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky nlena ya

ke}lcqirè ? gqay~r`y zrl}aekae~ay na nly zlocìkleay% Na ay~` gèar`# ae gqifly

zrlocag y zrài~kily ay~`gly ke~aray`nly ae ilgz`r`r nly zlocìkleay ile racìkùe `

`cbqe` i`rì~arçy~ki` iqè~k~`~k}`% Zlr ahagzcl# c` ilgz`rìkùe na nly gë~lnly z`r`

gankr ac gkygl zrliayl iq`ck~`~k}l l iqè~k~`~k}l%

Ae kebaekarç` `gokae~`c# zlr ahagzcl# ya zqanae ilgz`r`r nly gë~lnly z`r`

gankr c`y ileiae~rìkleay na `ryëekil ae gqay~r`y na `bq`% L~r` `zckiìkùe yarç`

gankr nly gë~lnly z`r` ac i`ngkl ae gqay~r`y na `bq`# { `yç yqiayk}`gae~a%

Ae ~ërgkely ay~`nçy~kily# yk ya ~kaeae nly zlocìkleay ile gank`y ±0 { ±? { ile

}`rkèx`y ω0 { ω? rayzai~k}`gae~a# ac ay~kg`nlr zqe~q`c na c` nkmaraeik` na cly

zrlgankly &±0 ' ±?+ cl n` ac ay~`nçy~kil & V 0 ’ V ?+% Zlr cl ~è~l# z`r` lo~aear qe`

ay~kgìkùe zqe~q`c na &±0 ’ ±?+ ya yacaiikleè nly gqay~r`y `ca`~lrk`y kenazaenkae~ay#

qe` na i`n` zlocìkùe na ~`g`ðly e0 { e? { ya i`ciqc` c` nkmaraeik`# V 0 ’ V ?% Na ay~`

gèar`# nahagly pqa V 0 { V ? yaè cly zrlgankly na nly gqay~r`y brènay na

~`g`ðly e0 { e? yì`nly na nly zlocìkleay pqa ~kaeae zrlgankly na ±0 { ±? {

nay}kìkleay ay~àen`r na ω0 { ω?# rayzai~k}`gae~a% Ae~leiay# yk zleagly ±0 7 ±?

ay~`gly nkikaenl pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra `goly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay# pqaay cl gkygl pqa naikr# pqa nly gqay~r`y ya yì`rle na zlocìkleay pqa ~kaeae ac

gkygl zrlgankl# ±% C` ay~`nçy~ki` pqa ya qy` z`r` ay~kg`r c`y nkmaraeik`y ae~ra nly

zrlgankly ay8




1'=6

x 7 T& V 0 ' V ?+ ' &±0 ' ±?+W ,ee ?

?

?

0

?

0 ω ω $ &1'99+

Nlena8

V 0# V ? 7 zrlgankly na gqay~r`y qel { nly# rayzai~k}`gae~a

ω?0# ω?

? 7 }`rkèx`y na gqay~r`y qel { nly rayzai~k}`gae~a

& V 0 ’ V ?+ 7 ay~kg`nlr zqe~q`c na &±0 ’ ±?+

e0 { e? 7 ~`g`ðly na gqay~r`y qel { nly# rayzai~k}`gae~a

x 7 }`rkòca elrg`c ay~àen`r

Yk ya `yqga pqa ω0 7 ω? 7 ω# c` ay~`nçy~ki` na `rrko` ya ranqia `8

x 7 & V 0 ’ V ?+ ’ &±0 ’ ±?+ , ωee ?0

00$ &1'9>+

C`y mqeikleay z`r` c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky eqc`y { c`y `c~are`~k}`y# yle8

Fl8±0 ' ±? 7 : ay naikr# pqa ±0 7 ±?

F08± ' ±? ≪ : { F?8±0 ' ±? 5 ξ { F98±0 ' ±? 3 ξ

@pqç# `qepqa ξ zqana yar iq`cpqkar }`clr iley~è~a# gqif`y }aiay ac }`clr na ξ ay na

: { ya zrqao` c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na el /nkmaraeik`/# ay naikr Fl8±0 7 ±?%

Ahagzcl )>>% Z`r` gankr c` i`ckn`n nac `kra na ikar~` xle` kenqy~rk`c# ile racìkùe `

cly ùvknly na `xqmra# ya yì`rle nly gqay~r`y na ~`g`ðly 1: { 21# rayzai~k}`gae~a%

Cly zrlgankly mqarle na 2= gb,C { na 6? gb,C# rayzai~k}`gae~a% @yqgkr pqa c`y

}`rkèx`y na ay~`y zlocìkleay yle ilelikn`y a kbq`cay ` 0=% @yqgkr qe ek}ac na

ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 %:1% Qyènl ac }`clr na z# zrlo`r pqa el f`{ namaraeik`y ae~ra c`y

nly zlocìkleay gqay~ra`n`y# pqa ay cl gkygl pqa ±0 7 ±?# ay~l ay# ±0 ’ ±? 7 :Ylcqikùe8

0% Qy`gly c` mqeikùe na x# zlrpqa c`y gqay~r`y yle brènay%

?% C`y fkzù~ayky eqc`y { `c~are`~k}`y# yle# rayzai~k}`gae~a8




1'=;

Fl8±0 ’ ±? 7 : { F08±0 ’ ±? ≪ :

9% Cly }`clray irç~kily ilrrayzlenkae~ay ` c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y# ile ΰ 7 %:1 yle na

°0%;=%>% Cly }`clray pqa ya yqoy~k~q{ae ae c` mùrgqc` &1'9>+ yle8

V 0 7 2=# V ? 7 6?# e0 7 1:# e? 7 21# ω0 7 ω? 7 0=% Yqoy~k~q{aenl ay~ly }`clray ae c`

mùrgqc` &1'9>+ ely nè8

x 7 T& V 0 ’ V ?+ ’ &±0 ’ ±?+W , ω ee ?0

00$

7 T&2= ’ 6?+ ’ :W , 0=W 2101:0$ 7 ?%:1

1% Ae ileicqykùe# naoknl ` pqa ac }`clr i`ciqc`nl na x 7 ?%:1 ay g`{lr pqa c` rabkùe

irç~ki` naraif` na 0%;=# ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky { ya ileicq{a pqa cly zrlgankly el

yle kbq`cay%

=% Ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z ya i`ciqc` oqyiènl ac }`clr na x 7 ?%:1 ae c` ~òc` na

c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c { n` :%;2;6% Zlr cl ~è~l# ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n ay z 7 ?&0

' %;2;6+ 7 :%:>%Ahagzcl )>1% Qe` ilgz`ðç` m`rgìëq~ki` pqkara zrlo`r qe` nrlb` z`r` c` mkorlyky

zqcgle`r# c` iq`c ay gq{ ilgøe ae~ra cly ~rò h`nlray kenqy~rk cay% Z`r` ay~l ya

zrqaoè nly brqzly# ay naikr# ac na /ile~rlc/ &pqa el qyè c` nrlb`+ { ac brqzl na

/~r`~`gkae~l/ &pqa yk qyè c` nrlb`+% Ya ~lg` qe` gqay~r` na 1: ~rò`h`nlray ` cly

iq`cay ya cay n` c` nrlb` { l~rl brqzl gày na 0:: zaryle`y# `c iq`c el ya cay n` c`

nrlb`% C` zraykùe `r~ark`c ya ~lg` z`r` i`n` yqha~l% C` ilgz`ðç` na nrlb`y `mkrg` pqac` nrlb` el i`qy` ekebøe amai~l yaiqen`rkl# z`r` ac brqzl na ~r`~`gkae~l% Nkifl ae

l~r`y z`còr`y# ay~l nkia pqa ac zrlgankl ±0 nac brqzl ile~rlc { ac zrlgankl ±? nac

brqzl na ~r`~`gkae~l yle kbq`cay% Zrlo`r ac raic`gl na c` ilgz`ðç` na pqa el f`{




1'2:

amai~ly yaiqen`rkly ae~ra ac brqzl pqa ~lg` c` nrlb` { ac pqa el c` ~lg`% &El~`8 Ae

ay~a zrlocag`# na ìqarnl `c `q~lr na ay~a ckorl na ay~`nçy~ki`# ac qyl na ganki`gae~ly

`r~kmkik`cay ykagzra i`qy`rà amai~ly yaiqen`rkly% Ay~l ya naoa ` pqë# ac iqarzl ay qeàyaeik` e`~qr`c# pqa el zqana ìaz~`r `r~kmkik`ckygly# zlr yar è~`bùekily `c nkyaðl

e`~qr`c nac lrbèkygl fqgèl% @nagày# ac ganki`gae~l `r~kmkik`c `~ì` qe amai~l

raì~k}l &ac yçe~lg` na c` aemargan`n+# gày el yq lrkbae i`qy`c &}kn` è~ke`~qr`c+% Ae

}arn`n# ac amai~l yaiqen`rkl ay qe` raìikùe lrbàeki` e`~qr`c# ae rayzqay~` ` c` ìikùe

keilgz`~koca nac `r~kmkik`ckygl gënkil% Na iq`cpqkar gèar`# z`r` ay~a zrlocag` qy`r

ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` naΰ

7 %:1% Cly iàciqcly na c`y }`rkòcay { yqy }`clray ya nè

ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^@OC@ 1%=% ^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac Ahagzcl )>1% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Brqzl na ~r`~`gkae~l Brqzl na ile~rlc

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ e0 7 1: e? 7 0:: V 0 7 ?:9%> V ? 7 06;%>ω0 7 9;%> ω? 7 9;%:

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Eù~aya pqa ~`gokëe ya zqnkar` qy`r y ae cqb r na ω# naoknl ` pqa# ac }`clr na c`

gqay~r` e ay e 555 9:%

Ylcqikùe8

0% Ac raic`gl na c` ilgz`ðç` ya avzray` ilgl ±0 7 ±?% Ay~l pqkara naikr pqa# ae

ekebqel na cly nly brqzly f`{ qe amai~l yaiqen`rkl na `c~` zraykùe `r~ark`c%

?% Yk ac raic`gl lrkbke`c ay m`cyl# ae~leiay ±0 ≪ ±?

9% C` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` ile~kaea c` ilenkikùe na kbq`cn`n na gèar` pqa# c`y

zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky eqc`y { c`y `c~are`~k}`y yle8




1'20

Fl8&±0 ' ±?+ 7 :# F08&±0 ' ±+ ≪ :?# F?8&±0 ' ±?+ 5 :# F98&±0 ’ ±?+ 3 :

>% Ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` ay na ΰ 7 %:1

1% Ac zrlocag` y`~kymìa c`y yqzlykikleay na elrg`ckn`n%=% Qy`gly c` ay~`nçy~ki` na x &1'99+ pqa ya n` ò`hl { ya yqy~k~q{ae cly }`clray

ilrrayzlenkae~ay8

x 7 T& V 0 ' V ?+ ' &±0 ' ±?+W ,ee ?

?

?

0

?

0 ω ω $

7 T&?:9%> ' 06;%>+ ' &:+W ,0::

:?%9;

1:

>?%9;$ 7 ?%:=

2% C`y rabkleay irç~ki`y yle na xΰ,? 7 :%:1,? 7 °0%;=

6% Naoknl ` pqa c` ay~`nçy~ki` x ià ae c` rabkùe irç~ki` naraif` ya raif`x` c` Fl8 ±0 7

±? { ya nkia pqa cly zrlgankly yle naykbq`cay%

;% Ya ileicq{a pqa yk f`{ amai~ly yaiqen`rkly { c` nrlb` yk i`qy` `c~` zraykùe `r~ark`c%

Zlr cl ~è~l# ya raif`x` ac raic`gl na pqa# `goly brqzly ~aebè ac gkygl zrlgankl%

Na ay~` gèar`# ya ileicq{a pqa F?8 ±0 ' ±? 5 :%

0:% @flr` z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z# ya oqyi` ac }`clr na x 7 ?%:= ae

c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c { ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n ilrrayzlenkae~a ay na

:%;6:9% Zlr cl ~è~l# ac }`clr na z ay na8 z 7 :%1::: ' :%>6:9 7 :%:0;2% Yke ago`rbl#

naoknl ` pqa c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ay okc`~ar`c# ac }`clr na :%:0;2 ya naoa na

gqc~kzcki`r zlr ?%

C` Mkbqr` 1%02 na ò`hl gqay~r` ~ln` c` kemlrgìkùe rapqarkn` zlr ay~a

zrlocag %




1'2?

Mkbqr` 1%02% Mkbqr` gly~rènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na c`y nkmaraeik`y na cly zrlgankly na

cly nly brqzly na ile~rlc { na ~r`~`gkae~l% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+%

Ahagzcl )>=% Ya pqkarae zrlo`r nly è`ckx`nlray na IL na nkmarae~ay g`ri`y# z`r`

}ar yk cly nly nè cly gkygly rayqc~`nly ae c`y gankikleay na IL% Cc`gagly `c

zrkgar è`ckx`nlr @ { `c yabqenl O% Zrlo`r pqa cly rayqc~ nly na c`y nly gankikleay

na IL zrl}aekae~ay na cly nly è`ckx`nlray yle kbq`cay% @yqgkr ΰ 7 :%:1% I`ciqc`r

nac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z% Cly n`~ly ya nè ò`hl%

^@OC@ 1%2% ^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly na ay~a zrlocag`%

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Gqay~ra`nlr na IL &@+ Gqay~ra`nlr na IL &O+

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

e0 7 1: e? 7 0::

V 0 7 >%19 dby% V ? 7 >%:0 dby%

ω0 7 :%6: ω? 7 :%6:

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Ylcqikùe8

Cly nly zrlgankly yle kenazaenkae~ay { ω0 { ω? yle ileliknly# zlr cl ~è~l# qy`gly




1'29

c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c% Qy`gly ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1% C` zrqao`

ke}lcqir` nly ilc`y%

0% C`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky yle8Fl8±0 7 ±? &l ±0 ' ±? 7 :+

F08±0 ≪ ±? &l ±0 ' ±? ≪ :+

?% C`y rabkleay irç~ki`y yle na °0%;=

9% Qe` }ax pqa ya yqy~k~q{ae ~lnly cly }`clray ae c` aiqìkùe na x &1'99+# ac rayqc~`nl

ay na x 7 >%:=%

>% Naoknl ` pqa >%:= ià nae~rl na c` rabkùe irç~ki` naraif`# ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky

eqc` { ya ileicq{a pqa cly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay ilrrayzlenkae~ay ` `goly

gqay~ra`nlray na IL el yle kbq`cay% ^`c z`raia pqa ac gqay~ra`nlr @ n` rayqc~`nly

na gankikleay na IL# ile qe` zrloòkckn`n gqifl gày ykbekmkiè~a pqa ac

gqay~ra`nlr O%

1% Z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z oqyi`gly x 7 >%:= ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c {

}agly pqa ac }`clr gày iarièl ay %;;;2 l ya` 0 ' %;;;2 7 %:::9# cl iq`c nkia pqa z

33 %:::9

Ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r` c`y nkmaraeik`y na nly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay# &±0

' ±?+# iqènl c` }`rkèx y ω?0 { ω?

? ya ileliae%

Yk V 0 { V ? yle cly zrlgankly na nly gqay~r`y ay~`nçy~ki`y kenazaenkae~ay na

~`g`ðly e0 { e? na zlocìkleay pqa ~kaeae }`rkèx`y ilelikn`y na ω?0 { ω?

?# ae~leiay#

ac ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` ya n` ilgl8

& V 0 ' V ?+ ' xΰ,?ee ?

??

0

?0 ω ω $ 3 &±0 ' ±?+ 3 & V 0 ' V ?+ $ xΰ,?

ee ?

??

0

?0 ω ω $ &1'91+

Nlena8

xΰ,? ay ac }`clr na x ile ΰ 7 :%:1 { :%:0 ek}acay na ykbekmkièik`




1'2>

Ahagzcl )>2% Qe avzarkgae~l z`r` ranqikr ac ileyqgl na b`ylcke` &z`r` pqa ya

ile~`gkea gaely ac gankl `gokae~a# ayzaik`cgae~a# ile IL? pqa ay~à i`cae~ènl c`

~karr` { i`gokènl ac ickg`+ ya fkxl qe ay~qnkl z`r` ilgz`r`r nly ~kzly na gàpqke`y@ { O% Ac raenkgkae~l# ae dkcùga~rly zlr ck~rl ya gknkù% Z`r` ay~l ya yacaiikleù qe`

gqay~r` na 1: qekn`nay nac ~kzl gàpqke` @ { l~r` gqay~r` na 1: qekn`nay ~kzl

gàpqke` O% Ac zrlgankl na b`ylcke` ileyqgkn` z`r` c` gàpqke` @ mqa na V 0 7 9=

Dg% zlr ck~rl { ac zrlgankl z`r` c` gàpqke` O mqa na V ? 7 >?% C`y nay}kìkleay

ay~àen`r mqarle na = { 6 Dg% z`r` c`y gàpqke`y @ { O# rayzai~k}`gae~a% Fìar cl

ykbqkae~a8&`+ Aeile~r`r ac ;1 na ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` &±@ ' ±O+%

&o+ Fìar qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky z`r` naiknkr yk f`{ nkmaraeik` ae~ra cly nly

zrlgankly zlocìkle cay%

&i+ I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%

Ylcqikùe8

Cly zrlgankly rk~gë~kily { c`y nay}kìkleay ay~àen`r yle na8

V 0 7 9= Dg% { V ? 7 >? Dg% ile ω0 7 = { ω? 7 6# rayzai~k}`gae~a% Cly ~`g`ðly na

c`y gqay~r`y yle e0 7 e? 7 1:

&`+ Ac zqe~l ay~kg`nlr na ±0 ' ±? ay V 0 { V ?% Qyènl xΰ,? 7 x%:1,? ely n` ac ke~ar}`cl na

xΰ,? 7 °0%;=% @flr`# yqoy~k~q{aenl ~lnly ay~ly }`clray ae c` mqeikùe ay~`nçy~ki` nac

ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx`# ely n`8

9%>9 3 &±0 ' ±?+ 3 6%12

&o+ @pqç# qy`gly qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky z`r` zlocìkleay elrg`cay ile }`rkèx`yilelikn`y% Ya qy` c` ay~`nçy~ki` &1'99+ rai`zk~qc`n` è~arklrgae~a8




1'21

x 7 T& V 0 ’ V ?+ ’ &±0 ’ ±?+W ,ee ?

?

?

0

?

0 ω ω $

Yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray `zrlzk`nly ae ay~` mlrgqc`8

x 7 &9= ’ >?+ ’ : ,1:

6

1:

=$

7 = , :%1?;

7 00%9>

Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky z`r` zrlzlrikleay

C`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky racìkle`n`y ile zrlzlrikleay &zlriae~`hay+ ya rapqkarae ae

gqif`y àra`y na c` kebaekarç`% Zlr ahagzcl# c`y ilgz`ðç`y iley~rqi~lr`y ay~àe

ke~aray`n`y ae yòar# pqë zrlzlrikùe na yqy zrlnqi~ly y`cae namai~qlyly% @nagày# cly

zlcç~kily ay~àe ke~aray`nly ae yòar pqë mrìikùe na cly }l~è~ay cly m`}lraiaràe%

Zlr l~rl c`nl# ae c` kebaekarç` `gokae~`c ay~`gly ke~aray`nly ae yòar pqë

mrìikùe na c`y kenqy~rk`y ay~àe iqgzckaenl ile c`y cabkycìkleay `gokae~`cay%

^`gokëe# ay na ke~arëy ylik`c yòar pqë mrìikùe na cly hù}aeay qek}aryk~`rkly

qyè na~argke`n`y nrlb`y% Kbq`cgae~a# ay na ke~arëy yòar pqë mrìikùe l zrlzlrikùe

na zaryle`y pqa zqanè ay~`r ileyikae~ay na c` g`bek~qn nac zrlocag` na c`

ile~`gkeìkùe `gokae~`c# a~i%

C`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky ile c` ay~`nçy~ki` z &pqa ay~kg` ` π+ na zrlzlrikùe

ay~àe o`y`n`y ae qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na ~`g`ðl e na c` zlocìkùe gqay~ra`n`% Yk ac

~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` e ay zapqaðl# ile racìkùe `c ~`g`ðl zlocìkle`c# ac zrlgankl

V ~kaea `zrlvkg`n`gae~a qe` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c% @nagày# yk e ay brèna# ac zrlgankl V { ac ay~kg`nlr z 7 V,e zlyaa qe` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c% Zarl yk e ay

brèna# ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ilgl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe ` c` okelgk`c%

C`y ilenkikleay z`r` qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ay ~aear qe eøgarl mkhl na




1'2=

aey`{ly kenazaenkae~ay# pqa ~aebè zrloòkckn`nay iley~è~ay { na pqa# i`n` aey`{l#

~aeb` nly rayqc~`nly ic`ykmki`nly ilgl –ëvk~l‗ l –mrì`yl‗%

Yke ago`rbl# yk c`y ilenkikleay na ez ≡ 1 { ep ≡ 1 ya y`~kymìae# c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c ya zqana `zrlvkg r zlr c` elrg`c ile ± 7 ez { ω 7 ezp # nlena# e ay ac

~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r`# z ay c` zrloòkckn`n &+ { p ay 0 ’ z% Ae ay~a ~ùzkil#

ileyknar`ragly øeki`gae~a# c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ilgl `zrlvkgìkùe ` c` okelgk`c#

ay naikr# z`r` gqay~r`y brènay%

Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky z`r` zrlzlrikleay ile gqay~r`y brènay

C` ay~`nçy~ki` qy`n` z`r` zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky z`r` zrlzlrikleay# z`r` gqay~r`ybrènay ay8

x 7 &z ’ zl+ , e zp , 7 &z ’ zl+ , e z z ,+0& :: ∟ &1'9=+

Nlena8

z 7 zrlzlrikùe gqay~r`c 7 zrlgankl,e 7 mrìikùe,e

πl 7 zrlzlrikùe zlocìkle`c l }`clr ayzar`nl

p 7 0 ’ z


C` zrlzlrikùe gqay~r`c `cbqe`y }aiay ya n` nkrai~`gae~a% Zlr ahagzcl# yk ya n`

>:# ay~l ya ~r`nqia ae z 7 :%>: qyènl c` mrìikùe z 7 V,e% Zlr ahagzcl# na c`

`mkrgìkùe ?: na 1: zlnagly i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrlzlrikùe gqay~r`c ilgl z 7

V ,e 7 ?:,1: 7 :%>:%

Ahagzcl )>6% Qe brqzl `gokae~`c `mkrg` pqa cly keiknae~ay na c`y `}ay pqa ifliè

ile cly `}kleay yle gq{ r`rly# ay naikr# ilgl z`r` hqy~kmki`r c` g`~èx` na `}ay ae cly

àrlzqar~ly% Yke ago`rbl# qe brqzl na zkcl~ly `}k`nlray `mkrgè pqa# ae ac nayzabqa

na cly `}kleay# ae ac 0: na cly i`yly# c`y `}ay ifliè ile~r` ac `}kùe% Qy`r ΰ 7 :%:1




1'22

z`r` zrlo`r ay~ `mkrgìkùe% C` gqay~r` ay na 01: nayzabqay òlr~`nly na }kleay# na

cly iq`cay 1 ya naokarle ` iflpqa ile~r` c`y `}ay%

Ylcqikùe80% Ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ilgl `zrlvkgìkùe ` c` okelgk`c# zlrpqa ez ≡ 1 {

ep ≡ 1# ay naikr# &01:+&:%0:+ 7 01 { ep 7 &01:+&:%;:+ 7 091%

?% Naoknl ` pqa ac raic`gl ay nac 0:# ae~leiay# c` mrìikùe 7 z 7 :%0:% Cl lzqay~l

nac raic`gl lrkbke`c ay π 7 :%0:%

9% Naoknl ` pqa π 7 :%0: ile~kaea c` ilenkikùe na kbq`cn`n# c` fkzù~ayky eqc` { c`

`c~are`~k}` yle8

Fl8π 7 :%0: { F08π ≪ :%0:

>% Ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` ay na ΰ 7 :%:1%

1% C` ay~`nçy~ki` `zrlzk`n` z`r` zrlo`r yk z 7 1,01: 7 :%:99 ay qyènl c` ay~`nçy~ki` x

pqa ya `zrlvkg` ` c` nky~rkoqikùe okelgk`c%

x 7 &z ’ zl+ ,e

zp 7 &:%:99 ’ :%0+ ,01:

&:%0+&:%;+ 7 '?%2;

=% Cly }`clray irç~kily ile ΰ 7 :%:1 yle x 7 °0%;=2% Naoknl ` pqa ac }`clr na ’?%2; ià ae c` rabkùe irç~ki` kxpqkarn`# ya raif`x` c`

fkzù~ayky%

6% Ac }`clr na z ay na z 7 0 ' %;;2> 7 :%::?=

Ahagzcl )>;% Qe ì~k}ky~` nac gankl `gokae~a `mkrg` pqa# gaely na c` gk~`n na c`y

kenqy~rk`y# iqgzcae ile cly cçgk~ay `gokae~`cay% Zrlo`r ay~` `ya}arìkùe# yk qe ylenal

nkia pqa >6 na 0;;6 kenqy~rk`y yk iqgzcae# y`~kymì~lrk`gae~a# ile cly rabc`gae~ly`gokae~`cay% Qy`r qe ek}ac na ΰ 7 :%:1 { i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z%

Ylcqikùe8

Ae ay~a zrlocag` c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` ya ke~arzra~` ilgl F08π 3 :%1% Ykaenl `yç#




1'26

zlr cl ~ e~l# c` fkzù~ayky eqc` naoa yar Fl8π ≡ :%1%

?% C` rabkùe irç~ki` ay c` kxpqkarn` { ile ΰ 7 :%:1 { ac }`clr irç~kil ay ’0%=>1

9% C` ay~`nçy~ki` qy`n` ay c` `zrlvkgìkùe na x c` okelgk`c% @pqç# z 7 :%>6# πl 7 :%1{ e 7 0;;6% Yqy~k~q{aenl ~lnly ay~ly }`clray ae c` ay~`nçy~ki` &1'9=+ na o`hl n`8

x 7 &z ' πl+ ,e

zp

7 &:%>6 ’ :%1+ ,0;;6

&:%1+&:%1+ 7 '0%2;

>% Naoknl ` pqa ac }`clr na ’0%2; 3 0%=>1# ya ke~rlnqia ae ac av~ragl kxpqkarnl na c`

nky~rkoqikùe# ya raif`x` Fl8

1% Ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z ay z 7 0 ' %;=9= 7 :%:9=

Ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` zrlzlrikleay

Yk z ay c` zrlzlrikùe na ëvk~ly ae qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na ~`g`ðl e { p 7 0 ’ z# qe

ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` `zrlvkg`nl na &0 ’ ΰ+0:: z`r` ac z`ràga~rl okelgk`c π ya n`

zlr c` mqeikùe na ò`hl8

z ’ xΰ,?e

zp 3 π 3 z $ xΰ,?e

zp &1'92+

Nlena8 xΰ,? ay ac }`clr na x nahènl qe àra` na ΰ,? ` c` naraif`

Ahagzcl )1:% Yk z 7 ?%1# e 7 9=# p 7 2%1 { c` rabkùe irç~ki` ay na 0%=>1# ay~kg`r ac

ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` ac z`ràga~rl π%

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c` mqeikùe &1'92+ { yqy~k~q{aenl ~lnly cly }`clray# ely n`8

?%1 ’ 0%=>1& 1?:6%: + 3 π 3 ?%1 $ 0%=>1& 1?:6%: +

C` iq`c ya ykgzckmki` 8

:%=?; 3 π 3 >%920




1'2;

Ahagzcly na zrlocag`y qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò z`r` c` nky~rkoqikùe

elrg`c# c` nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c# c` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` { c` nky~rkoqikùe

Rakoqcc# z`r` baear`r }`clray na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ay~àen`r ìqgqc`n`8I`ci 5 Zrloòkck~{ nky~rkoq~kley 5 Elrg`c…

Ae c` }ae~è` na –Iqggqc`~k}a zrloòkck~{‗ zqe~a`r iqggqc`~k}a zrloòkck~{% Ae c`

}ae~è` na –Kezq~ ilcqge‗ zlear cly }`clray na '> f`y~` $># ay naikr# ae I0% Ae c`

}ae~è` na –Lz~kle`c y~lr`ba‗ zlear I?# z`r` rabky~r`r cly }`clray na c` zrloòkckn`n

ìqgqc`n`%

Zlr l~rl c`nl# yk ya pqkarae fìar c`y bràmki`y na mraiqaeik` rac`~k}` { na

mraiqaeik` ìqgqc`n`# na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c zrlianar ilgl ay~à ò`hl { yabqkr c`y

key~rqiikleay8

Br`zf 5 Zcl~

@nagày# z`r` i`ciqc`r cly }`clray na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c el ay~èn`rkx`n`8

I`ci 5 Zrloòkck~{ nky~rkoq~kley 5 Elrg`c…

Ae c` }ae~è` na –Gaè‗ { na –Ay~àen`r na}k`~kle‗ zlear cly }`clray nac zrlgankl {

na c` nay}kìkùe ay~èn`r naya`nly% Ae c` ilcqge` I0 zlear cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca

`ca`~lrk` V pqa ya pqkarè ay~èn`rkx`r% Z`r` c`y bràmki`y zrlianar ilgl `rrko`%

@nagày# z`r` i`ciqc`r cly }`clray na c` nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c krya `8

I`ci 5 Zrloòkck~{ nky~rkoq~kley 5 Avzleae~k`c%%

Ae c` }ae~è` na –Avzleae~k`c nky~rkoq~kle‗ zqe~a`r –Iqggqc`~k}a zrloòkck~{‗% Ae c`

}ae~è` na –Gaè‗ zlear ac zrlgankl naya`nl%

Z`r` i`ciqc`r cly }`clray na c` nky~rkoqikùe Rakoqcc8I`ci 5 Zrloòkck~{ nky~rkoq~kley 5 Rakoqcc…

Ae c` }ae~è` na –Rakoqcc nky~rkoq~kle‗ zqe~a`r –Iqggqc`~k}a nky~rkoq~kle‗% Ae c`

}ae~è` na –Yf`za z`r`ga~ar‗ { –Yi`ca z`r`ga~ar‗ ~aica`r cly }`clray na ΰ { ο% Z`r`




1'6:

ac ray~l zrlianar ilgl `rrko`% Z`r` c`y bràmki`y fìar cl gkygl pqa `rrko`%

Ykgkc`rgae~a# z`r` i`ciqc`r cly }`clray na c` nky~rkoqikùe B`gg`8

I`ci 5 Zrloòkck~{ nky~rkoq~kley 5 B`gg`…Zrlianar ae mlrg` èàclb` ` ilgl ya fkxl ile c` mqeikùe Rakoqcc

Ahagzcl )10% I`ciqc`r c`y ykbqkae~ay zrloòkckn`nay o`hl c` iqr}` elrg`c ay~àen`r

qyènl ac z`pqa~a na ilgzq~`nlr` Gkek~ò8

&`+ Ae~ra x 7 '0%1 { x 7 '0

&o+ Z&x ≡ ?+

&i+ Ae~ra x 7 0 { x 7 '0

&n+ Fìar qe` bràmki`

Ylcqikùe8

@orkr ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò { yabqkr c`y key~rqiikleay ilrrayzlenkae~ay% Ay~l baear`rà

qe` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^@OC@ 1%6% ]`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V { c` izn% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ilcqge`y I0 I?

]`rkòca `ca`~lrk` x Nky~rkoqikùe na Zrloòkckn`n ìqgqc`n`0 '>%: %::::9?? '9%1 %:::?999 '9%: %::091:> '?%1 %::=?0:1 '?%: %:??21:= '0%1 %:==6:22 '0%: %016=116 :%: %1:::::; 0%: %6>09>1

0: 0%1 %;990;900 ?%: %;22?1:0? ?%1 %;;92;:09 9%: %;;6=1:0> 9%1 %;;;2=201 >%: %;;;;=6

&`+ Z&'0%1 ≮ x ≮ '0%:+ 7 :%0162 ’ :%:==6 7 :%:;0; &na c` ~òc` na `rrko`+




1'60

&o+ Z&x ≡ '?+ 7 0 ’ Z&x ≮ '?%1+ 7 0 ’ :%::=? 7 :%;;96

&i+ Z&0 ≮ x ≮ '0+ 7 :%=6?2 &yke ileyqc~`r c` ~òc`% ¼Zlr pqë<+

Ahagzcl )1?% I`ciqc`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na c`y zrloòkckn`nay ìqgqc`n`y z`r` cly

}`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V 7 ?%1# ?%=# ?%2# ?%6# ?%;# 9%:# 9%0# 9%?# 9%9# 9%>%

@nagày# i`ciqc`r cly ykbqkae~ay aeqeik`nly8

&`+ Z& V ≡ ?%;+

&o+ Z&?%= ≮ V ≮ 9%?+

&i+ Ac }`clr na V ay na iqènl gaely 9%>

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò# zrkgar`gae~a i`ciqc`gly ac zrlgankl { c` nay}kìkùe

ay~àen`r# na cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V # { n` cly rayqc~`nly na c` ay~`nçy~ki`

nayirkz~k}` na ò`hl%

Mkbqr` 1%02% _ayqc~`nly na c` ay~`nçy~ki` nayirkz~k}` qyènl ac Gkek~ò% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ay~`nçy~ki` Nayirkz~k}`8 ]`rkòca `ca`~lrk` v

]`rkòca E Zrlgankl Arrlr ay~àen`r y y? Ilam% na ]`r%

]`rkòca `ca`~lrk` 0: ?%;1:: :%:;12 :%9:?6 :%:;02 0:%?=

]`rkòca P0 Gankè` P9 G`vkgqg Yaybl Dqr~lyky

]`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ?%=21: ?%;1:: 9%??1: 9%>::: :%:: '0%?:

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Nayzqëy# ~òcaènl cly }`clray na V ae I0 ile V 7 ?%;1 { y 7 :%9:?6# ae yqy

}ae~è`y rayzai~k}`y# ya baear` c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^@OC@ 1%;% ^òc` gly~rènl c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V { zrloòkckn`nay ìqgqc`n`y%&Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+




1'6?

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ilcqge`y I0 I?

]`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V Zrloòkckn`n ìqgqc`n`

0 ?%1 :%:=6=??? ?%= :%0?96=19 ?%2 :%?:>1:6> ?%6 :%90:0=21 ?%; :%>9>>?9= 9%: :%1=11222 9%0 :%=6;6996 9%? :%2;1>;?; 9%9 :%62=091

0: 9%> :%;90926

@flr`# z`r` raylc}ar cly keikyly zanknly zlr ac zrlocag` ya zrliana ilgl8

&`+ Z&V ≡ ?%;+ 7 0 ’ :%90:? 7 :%=6;: &na c` ~òc` na `rrko`+

&o+ Z&?%= ≮ V ≮ 9%?+ 7 :%2;1>;? ’ :%:=6=?? 7 :%2?=;

&i+ Z&V ≡ 9%>+ &z`r` raylc}arya zlr ac cai~lr+

Ahagzcl )19% Yqzleb`gly pqa ac ~kagzl zrlgankl pqa ya ~`rn` qe` yqy~èik`

r`nkì~k}` &qe kyù~lzl r`nkì~k}l pqa ~kaea ac gkygl eøgarl `~ùgkil zarl nkmarae~a zayl glcaiqc r+ ae nayilgzlearya ay na ± 7 01 ðly4 ykaenl yç8

&`+ Fìar qe` ~òc` ile cly }`clray na c` mqeikùe avzleaeik`c na naeykn`n z`r` cly

}`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V 7 :# 1# 0:# 01# ?:# ?1# 9:# 91# >:# >1 { 1: `ðly%

&o+ Br`mki`r c`y zrloòkckn`nay kenk}knq`cay { c`y zrloòkckn`nay ìqgqc`n`y ae

mqeikùe nac ~kagzl ae `ðly%

&i+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n pqa ac kyù~lzl ~`rna ae nabr`n`rya ` cl gày ae 1 `ðly<

&n+ ¼C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac kyù~lzl ~`rna ae lvkn`rya ae iqàenl gaely ?: `ðly<

&a+ ¼C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac kyù~lzl ~`rna ae nabr`n`rya ae~ra ?: { 1: `ðly<

&m+ ¼Iqàe~` r`nkì~k}kn`n pqanù nayzqëy na >: `ðly<




1'69

&b+ ¼Iqàe~` aearbç` ya ckoarù nayzqëy na >: `ðly<

&f+ ¼Pqë iè~kn`n nac kyù~lzl r`nkì~k}l pqanù nayzqëy na 1: `ðly<

^@OC@ 1%0:% ^òc` gly~rènl cly }`clray baear`nly na c` zrloòkckn`n ìqgqc`n` {c` zrloòkckn`n kenk}knq`c% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ ]ar ^@OC@ 1%0:

&o+ Z`r` ay~a keikyl# c`y bràmki`y na ò`hl gqay~rè ay~` yk~qìkùe%

^kagzl ae `ðly

_ ` n k ` i ~ k } k n ` n r a y ~ ` e ~ a

1:>:9:?:0::

:%:2

:%:=

:%:1

:%:>

:%:9

:%:?

:%:0

:%::

Yi`~~arzcl~ lm _`nkì~k}kn`n ray~è~a }y ^kagzl ae `ðly

Mkbqr` 1%06% Bràmki` gly~rènl c` r`nkì~k}kn`n ray~è~a# ae mqeikùe nac ~kagzl ae`ðly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+




1'6>

kagzl ae `ðly

A e a r b k ` c k o a r ` n `

1:>:9:?:0::

0%:

:%6

:%=

:%>

:%?

:%:

Yi`~~arzcl~ lm Aearbk ckoar`n` }y kagzl ae ðly

Mkbqr` 1%0;% Bràmki` gly~rènl c` aearbç` ckoar`n` &l c` iè~kn`n na c` yqy~èik`

aharikn`+ nac kyù~lzl r`nkì~k}l# ae mqeikùe nac ~kagzl ae `ðly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+&i+ Z&V ≮ 1+ 7 :%?691 &na c` ^òc` 1%0: na c` zrloòkckn`n ìqgqc`n`+

&n+ Z&V ≡ ?:+ 7 0 ’ Z&V ≮ 01+ 7 0 ’ :%=9?0 7 :%9=2;

&a+ Z&?: ≮ V ≮ 1:+ 7 :%99??

&m+ Z&V 5 >:+ &raylc}arya zlr ac cai~lr+

&b+ &_aylc}arya zlr ac cai~lr+

&f+ &_aylc}arya zlr ac cai~lr+

Ae mlrg` èàclb` z`r` fìar bràmki`y na zrloòkckn`n z`r` c`y nkmarae~ay

nky~rkoqikleay ilgl c` Clbelrg`c# b`gg`# Rakoqcc# Clbçy~ki`# a~i%# krya `8

Br`zf ↟ Zrloòkck~{ Zcl~

Fìkaenl ay~l `z`raia c` }ae~è` na –Zrloòkck~{ Zcl~y‗ { cqabl zlear LD# cl pqa

cca}` ` c` }ae~è` na –Zrloòkck~{ Zcl~ Ykebca‗% Nayzqëy na krya ` –Nky~rkoq~kle‗ {

`z`raia c` }ae~è` ile c` cky~` na ~ln`y c`y nky~rkoqikleay ilgl elrg`c# clbelrg`c#

Rakoqcc# clbçy~ki`# b`gg`# avzleaeik`c# a~i% Ya ca zkna `c cai~lr fìar qe aharikikl

fìkaenl bràmki`y na zrloòkckn`n z`r` c`y nky~rkoqikleay ile~keq`y%




1'61


1%0% Ae qe gqay~ral na z`r~çiqc`y `~glymërki`y# ac zrlgankl na c` gqay~r` mqa na 2?

gkir`y { c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r mqa na 01 gkir`y% Na~argke`r c`y qekn`nay na

nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na c`y z`r~çiqc`y pqa ~q}karle }`clray na8

&`+ =: &':%6:+

&o+ ;9 &0%>+

&i+ 2? gkir`y &:+

1%?% _amkrkëenlya `c zrlocag` è~arklr# aeile~r`r cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk`

elrg`c x ilrrayzlenkae~ay 8&`+ x 7 '0

&o+ x 7 0%=

1%9% Ae qe ay~qnkl kenazaenkae~a# nly kenqy~rk`y ile~`gkeè~ay mqarle kemlrg`n`y na

pqa raikokarle a}`cqìkleay ailcùbki`y na }`rkòcay `ca`~lrk`y elrg`cay ay~àen`ray na

x na :%2 { ':%1# rayzai~k}`gae~a% Yk yqy rayqc~`nly &a}`cqìkleay+ mqarle na ;: { 2>#

rayzai~k}`gae~a# { `yqgkaenl pqa y 7 09%9?# aeile~r`r ac zrlgankl `rk~gë~kil# z`r`

`goly i`yly% & V 7 6:%=2# V 7 =:%=2+ 1%>% Aeile~r`r ac àra` l c`

zrlzlrikùe na c` }`clray na c` }`rk oca ca ~lrk x na c iqr}` elrg c ae~ra x 7 : { x 7

0%?%

1%1% Aeile~r`r ac àra` ae~ra x 7 :%60 { x 7 0%;>% &:%06?6+

1%=% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe` x loyar}`n` ya aeiqae~ra ` c` naraif` na x 7

?%:1 { ` c` kxpqkarn` na x 7 '0%>>%

1%2% Na~argke`r ac }`clr l cly }`clray na x iqènl8&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n ae~ra : { x ay na :%922: &°0%0=+

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n ` c` kxpqkarn` na x ay na :%6=?0 &0%:;+

1%6% Ac zayl zrlgankl na rayknqly ~ùvkily zackbrlyly baear`nly zlr 1:: kenqy~rk`y ay




1'6=

na 010 ~leac`n`y gë~rki`y# ile qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na 01 ~leac`n`y% Yk cly zayly

na cly rayknqly ~ùvkily baear`nly zlr ay~`y kenqy~rk`y ay~àe elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqknly#

aeile~r`r ~lnl cl ykbqkae~a8&`+ Iqàe~`y kenqy~rk`y baearè ae~ra 0?: { 011 ~leac`n`y# keicqyk}a%

&o+ Iqàe~`y baearè gày na 061 ~leac`n`y

&i+ Iqàe~`y baearè iqènl gaely 0?6 ~leac`n`y

&n+ Iqàe~`y baearè kbq`c ` 0?6 ~leac`n`y

&a+ Iqàe~`y baearè gày na 21# zarl gaely na 0:: ~leac`n`y

1%;% Yk cly nkàga~rly na qe`y ifqgìar`y na qe` g`pqke`rk` ay~àe elrg`cgae~a

nky~rkoqknly# ile qe zrlgankl na :%=0>: zqcb`n`y { qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na %::?1

zqcb`n`y# na~argke`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c y ifqgìar`y ~aebè nkàga~rly na8

&`+ Ae~ra %=0: { %=06 zqcb`n`y keicqyk}`gae~a &:%6;:>+

&o+ 5 %=02 zqcb`n`y &:%0010+

&i+ 3 %=:6 zqcb`n`y &%:?:2+

&n+ Kbq`c ` %=01 zqcb`n`y

1%0:% Yk qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na èàckyky na c`y ileiae~rìkleay na nagèn`

oklpqçgki` na lvçbael na 1 nç`y &NOL1+ ay~à elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqkn`y# ¼pqë

zrloòkckn`n f`{ na pqa ëy~`y nkmkarè nac zrlgankl zlr<

&`+ Gày na c` gk~`n na c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r

&o+ Gaely pqa :%21 na c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r%

1%00% N`n` qe` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c na zraikzk~ìkleay zcq}k`cay ile zrlgankl na 1:

gg { y 7 0: gg% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa V `yqg` qe }`clr ae~ra >1 gg {=? gg na ccq}k`% &:%12=>+

1%0?% Yk ac V { y yle ac zrlgankl { c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na

èàckyky na `bq`y rayknq`cay na ileiae~rìkleay na ek~r`~ly# ae gb,C# ¼Iqàc ay c`




1'62

zrloòkckn`n na pqa c y ileiae~rìkleay ay~ëe<

&`+ Nae~rl nac rèbl & V ° ?y+

&o+ @mqar` nac rèbl & V ° 0%?y+

&i+ G`{lr pqa & V ' 0%1 y+

1%09% N`n` qe` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c na }`clray# ae z`r~ay zlr gkccùe# na IL

`~glymërkil# ile V 7 9:: { y 7 1:% Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa V `yqg` qe

}`clr g`{lr pqa 9=?% &:%0:21+

1%0>% N`n` qe` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ile ± 7 >: { ω 7 =# aeile~r`r ac }`clr na V pqa

~aeb`8&`+ >1 nac àra` ` c` kxpqkarn`

&o+ 0> nac àra` ` c` naraif`%

1%01% C` ~ac` na mkor` na }knrkl nac apqkzl na ile~rlc z`r` z`r~çiqc`y `~glymërki`y nqr`

qe zrlgankl na 9%: `ðly# ile qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na :%1 `ðly% Yk c`y nqrìkleay

na c`y ~ac`y ay~àe elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqkn`y# aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe` ~ac`

na qe mkc~rl nqra gaely na ?%9 `ðly% &:%:6:6+

1%0=% Qe` ilgz`ðç` mòrki` acai~rlnly z`r` cly zraikzk~`nlray acai~rly~à~kily &apqkzl

na ile~rlc z`r` z`r~çiqc`y ile~`gkeè~ay ae `kra+# iq{` nqrìkùe ay~à elrg`cgae~a

nky~rkoqkn`# ile qe zrlgankl kbq`c ` 6:: flr`y { qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na >: flr`y%

Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe acai~rlnl ya mqen` ae~ra 226 { 69> flr`y%

1%02% Ae qe zrliayl kenqy~rk`c ac nkàga~rl na qe o`carl ya ay~òcaia ae yqy

ayzaikmkiìkleay ilgl 9%: ° :%:0 ig% Ae c` gèqmì~qr` na ay~ly }`carly# c`

kgzckiìkùe ay pqa el ya ìaz~` ekebøe o`carl pqa ya y`cb` na ay~` gankn`% Ya yì`qe` gqay~r` na 0:: }`carly `c `x`r { ya i`ciqc` ac zrlgankl `rk~gë~kil na 9%: ig%# ile

qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na :%::1 ig% Ae zrlgankl# ¼iqàe~ly }`carly mòrki`nly ya

nayi`r~`ràe< &≆ 1 }`carly+




1'66

1%06% Ya q~kckxè ganknlray z`r` raif`x`r ~lnl cly ilgzleae~ay iq{`y nkgaeykleay el

ya aeiqae~rae nae~rl nac c` ayzaikmkiìkùe n`n` na 0%1: ° n% Yke ago`rbl# ya yòa pqa

ay~` nkgaeykùe ay~à elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqkn` ile qe zrlgankl na 0%1: [ qe`nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na :%?% Na~argke`r ac }`clr na n z`r` pqa c` ayzaikmkiìkùe iqor`

ac ;: na c`y gankikleay%

1%0;% Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa8

&`+ Z&':%1 3 x 3 0%?1+ &:%161;+

&o+ ¼Ac }`clr na x el ay~ë ae~ra ay~ly nly }`clray< &:%>0>>+

1%?:% Ae qe ay~qnkl na kebaekarç` na fkbkaea kenqy~rk`c { yabqrkn`n# ac yqzar}kylr na

zrlnqiikùe aeiqae~r` pqa# cly ~rò`h`nlray# ae zrlgankl# ilgzca~ e qe` ~`ra` ae 0:

gkeq~ly iqènl ay~àe avzqay~ly ` `c~`y ileiae~rìkleay na b`yay% Cly ~kagzly

rapqarknly z`r` ilgzca~`r c` ~`ra` yle `zrlvkg`n`gae~a elrg`cay ile qe` nay}kìkùe

ay~àen`r na 9 gkeq~ly% Aeile~r`r cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ C` zrlzlrikùe na agzca`nly pqa ilgzca~è c` ~`ra` ae gaely na > gkeq~ly%

&o+ Ac na agzca`nly pqa rapqkarae gày na 1 gkeq~ly ae ilgzca~`r c` ~`ra`%

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa qe agzca`nl# pqkae ìò` na yar `ykbe`nl ` c` ~`ra`# c`

ilgzca~`rà nae~rl na 9 gkeq~ly%

1%?0% Ya cca}ù ` iòl qe gqay~ral { qe èàckyky na c`y ileiae~rìkleay na ek~r`~ly

&EL'9+ na qe yky~ag` na ~r`~`gkae~l na `bq`y kenqy~rk`cay% C`y ileiae~rìkleay na

ek~r`~ly ya razlr~`rle ae gb,C% Cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly ya nè ae gb,C ae c` ~òc` na

ò`hl8




1'6;

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac zrlocag`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ =%; 2%6 6%; 1%? 2%2 ;%= 6%2 =%2 >%6 6%: 0:%0 6%1

=%1 ;%? 2%> =%: =%0 =%9 1%= 1%? 1%> 2%9 6%? 6%92%? 2%1 =%0 =%: ;%> 1%> 2%= 6%0 2%;

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly ilrrkaenl qe` ay~`nçy~ki` nayirkz~k}` pqa keicq{`8

&`+ Ac zrlgankl gqay~r`c# c` }`rkèx`# c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r { ac rèbl% & V 7 2%?=#

y? 7 ?%:?# y 7 0%>?# rèbl 7 1%9+

&o+ Aeile~r`r ac arrlr ay~àen`r# ac yaybl# c` dqr~lyky# ac }`clr gàvkgl { ac }`clr gçekgl% &:%?1# :%:6# '%:66# 0:%0# >%6+

&i+ A}knaeik`r c` ykga~rç` na cly n`~ly%

&n+ Yk ac cçgk~a na c`y ileiae~rìkleay na ek~r`~ly ae ac amcqae~a ay na 6%1 gb,C# na

ìqarnl ` c` cabkycìkùe `gokae~`c na `bq`y# fìar qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ile qe

ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 %:1 { i`ciqc`r c` zrloòkckn`n z a ke~arzra~`rc`

ìlrnagae~a% &Z 333 %:::9+

&a+ Fìar qe ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` ac zrlgankl ±% &=%2=# 2%2=+

&m+ Fìar qe ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` c` gankè`% &=%9;# 2%;1+

&b+ Fìar qe ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` ile ek}ac na ilemkèx` na ;1 z`r` c` nay}kìkùe

ay~àen`r zlocìkle`c# ω% &0%0># 0%66+

&f+ Aeile~r`r ac zrkgar iq`r~kc &=%:1+

&k+ Aeile~r`r ac ~ariar iq`r~kc% &6%?1+

1%??% Ae qe ay~qnkl na ga~alrlclbç` na zraikzk~ìkùe zcq}k`c# ac zrlgankl na ccq}k`rabky~r`nl# ` c` iae~ëykg` na qe iae~çga~rl# z`r` ac gay na g`rxl mqa na ;%??

iae~çga~rly% @yqgkaenl pqa ay~ly }`clray ay~àe elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqknly ile qe`

nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ilelikn` na ?%69 ig%# aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac




1';:

ykbqkae~a gay na g`rxl nac `ðl ae~rè~a# ya raikoè8

&`+ Gaely na 0%6> ig% na ccq}k`%

&o+ Gày na 1 ig% na ccq}k`%&i+ Iqènl gaely 09%6 ig% na ccq}k`%

&n+ @ cl gày 0:%: ig% na ccq}k`%

&a+ Kbq`c ` 1 ig% na ccq}k`# a%b%# Z&>%1 ≮ V ≮ 1%1+

&m+ Fìar qe` bràmki` z`r` i`n` keikyl%

1%?9% Yqzùeb`ya pqa c` mqeikùe na naeykn`n na ikar~l avzarkgae~l na gankikleay na

lvçbael nkyqac~l &LN+ ay m& v

+ 7 a v% Yk yqzleagly pqa c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ile~keq`

`yqg` }`clray ae~ra V 7 ?%: { V 7 1%:# aeile~r`r c`y ykbqkae~ay zrloòkckn`nay%

&`+ Z&: 3 V 3 >+ &a> ’ 0+

&o+ Z& V 3 >+ &a?+ &i+

Z&? 3 V 3 1+ &a9+ &n+

Z&: 3 V 3 9+ &a9 ’ 0+ 1%?>%

N`r ac nlgkekl na i`n` qe` na c`y ykbqkae~ay }`rkòcay { naikr yk c`y }`rkòcay yle

ile~keq`y l nkyira~`y%

&`+ Ac eøgarl na ck~rly na `bq` ae qe r`nk`nlr na `q~lgù}kc%

&o+ Ac eøgarl na ckorly ae ac ay~è~a na qe` ckorarç`%

&i+ Ac nkàga~rl N na qe` aymar`%

1%?1% Ya` x qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c ay~àen`r# ae~leiay# i`ciqc`r c`y ykbqkae~ay

zrloòkckn`nay# nkoqhènl c`y bràmki y%

&`+ Z&: ≮ x ≮ ?%02+ &:%>61:+&o+ Z&: ≮ x ≮ 0+ &:%9>09+

&i+ Z&'?%1 ≮ x ≮ :+ &:%>;96+

&n+ Z&'?%1 ≮ x ≮ ?%1+




1';0

&a+ Z&0%1 ≮ x+ &0 ' :%;99?+

&m+ Z&sxs ≮ ?%1:+

1%?=% Yk V ay qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c ile zrlgankl na 6: { nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na 0:# ae~leiay# i`ciqc`r c`y ykbqkae~ay zrloòkckn`nay# gankè~a ay~èn`rkxìkùe%

&`+ Z& V ≮ 0::+

&o+ Z&=1 ≮ V ≮ 0::+

&i+ Z&61 ≮ V ≮ ;1+

&n+ Z&2: ≮ V +

&a+ Z&;: ≮ V ≮ 0::+&m+ Z&6: ≮ V ≮ 00:+

&b+ Z&? 3 x 3 '?+

1%?2% C` }kn` zrlgankl na qe` z`r~çiqc` ae c` `~gùymar`# ykbqa ` c` ca{ na Y~lda% Ëy~`

}` ae mqeikùe nac nkàga~rl na yankgae~ìkùe# gkyg` pqa }` ae mqeikùe na c` naeykn`n

na c` z`r~çiqc`# c` naeykn`n nac gankl# c` }kyilykn`n òylcq~` nac gankl# c` ìacarìkùe

na c` br`}an`n &;60 ig,yai?+# a~i% Ile ay~l# ya zqana glnac`r c` i`çn` na c` z`r~çiqc`

qyènl c` mqeikùe avzleaeik`c% Yqzlekaenl pqa c` }kn` zrlgankl ae c` `~gùymar` na

ay` z`r~çiqc` ya` na 0? `ðly# ae~leiay i`ciqc`r c`y ykbqkae~ay zrloòkckn`nay8

&`+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` }kn` na rayknaeik` `~glymërki` na c` z`r~çiqc`

ya` na ` cl gày = `ðly% &:%9;9>+

&o+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` }kn` na rayknaeik` `~glymërki` na c` z`r~çiqc`

ya` ae~ra 1 { 0: `ðly< &:%??>>+

Yqbaraeik`8 Qy`r c`y ykbqkae~ay racìkleay8Z& v ≮ vl+ 7 0 ’ a' v,± { Z& v ≮ vl+ 7 Z& V ≮ 0:+ ’ Z& V ≮ 1+

1%?6% C` }kn` &ae flr`y+ na qe nkyzlyk~k}l acai~rùekil ay qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ile c`

ykbqkae~a nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c na zrloòkckn`n8 m& v+ 7 0,1: a' v,1: z`r` v ≡ :




1';?

&`+ ¼Iqàc ay c` }kn` zrlgankl nac nkyzlyk~k}l<

&o+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac nkyzlyk~k}l mqeiklea 0: l gaely flr`y è~ay na

pqa m`cca<&i+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac nkyzlyk~k}l nqra ae~ra >: { =: flr`y<

&n+ Fìar qe` bràmki` ile }`clray na v 7 1# 0:# ?:# 9:# >:# 1:# =: ile yqy

zrloòkckn`nay ilrrayzlenkae~ay m& v+%

1%?;% C` nagèn` oklpqçgki` na lvçbael &NOL1+ na 1 nç`y &¼zlrpqë na 1 nç`y<+ na

qe` gqay~r` na g`~ark` lrbàeki` ykbqa ` qe` nky~rkoqikùe avzleaeik`c na zrloòkckn`n

ile qe zrlgankl na 6: gb,C na NOL18 m & v+ 7 0,6: a

' v,6:

&`+ Fìar qe` bràmki` ile ay~` mqeikùe qyènl v 7 0# ?# 9# ># 1 nç`y%

&o+ I`ciqc`r c` iè~kn`n na NOL &ae gb,C+ pqa pqanù ae~ra 0 { ? nç`y% Avzray`rcl ae

c` bràmki`% &:%:?>1+

&i+ I`ciqc`r c` ileiae~rìkùe na NOL &gb,C+ pqa pqanù ae~ra 0 { 9 nç`y% Avzray`rcl

ae c` bràmki`% &:%:9=6+

&n+ I`ciqc`r c` ileiae~rìkùe na NOL &gb,C+ pqa pqanù ae~ra 0 { 1 nç`y% &%:=:+

&a+ I`ciqc`r c` iè~kn`n na NOL pqa ya aharikù &iè~kn`n na g`~ark` lrbàeki`

lvkn`n`+ ae ` cl gày > nç`y% Avzray`rcl ae c` bràmki`% &:%:>66+

&m+ I`ciqc`r c` ileiae~rìkùe na NOL pqa pqanù nayzqëy na 1 nç`y% &:%:=:=+

&b+ ¼Pqë zlriae~`ha na NOL ya aharikù# ` cl gày ae 1 nç`y< &:%=::=+




1';9

^òc` gly~rènl cly rayqc~`nly nac NOL pqa }` pqanènl { ac NOL lvkn`nl lahariknl% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+ V NOL ray~è~a NOL lvkn`nl

&Nç`y+ &Zrlo% kenk}knq`c+ &Zrlo% ìqgqc`n`+0 %:0?9 %:0?>? %:0?? %:?>29 %:0?: %:9=6> %:00; %:>661 %:002 %:=:=

1%9:% Ya n` c` ~òc` na ò`hl ile cly zlriae~`hay na NOL lvkn`nl ae mqeikùe nac

~kagzl { na c` iley~è~a na naylvkbaeìkùe d% Yk ac NOL1 øc~kgl l ~l~`c ay na Cl 79:: gb,C &nark}`nl na c` aiqìkùe glelglcaiqc`r { 7 Cl&0 ’ 0:'d~+# fìar cl

ykbqkae~a8

&`+ Qe` bràmki` z`r` }ar ac amai~l na c` }aclikn`n na c` iley~è~a d z`r` qe ek}ac n`nl

na Cl na c` aiqìkùe glelglcaiqc`r%

&o+ Qe` bràmki` pqa kenkpqa ac NOL pqa }` pqanènl { c` iè~kn`n na NOL pqa ya

}` aharikaenl# z`r` i`n` qel na cly ?: nç`y { z`r` i`n` qe` na c`y ~`y`y d%

&i+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` ileiae~rìkùe na NOL ay~ë ae~ra 9 { = nç`y

keicqyk}`gae~a# z`r` d 7 :%01< ¼@ pqë ileiae~rìkùe na NOL `yiaenkù ay~l<

&n+ I`ciqc`r c` ileiae~rìkùe na NOL pqa pqanù ae~ra 9 { 1# z`r` d 7 :%0:%




1';>

^òc` gly~rènl c` ~`y` na raìikùe na c` }`rkòca d ae ac NOL }y% ~kagzl%^kagzl &nç`y+ Zlriae~`ha nac ~l~`c na NOL ahariknl

„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„

d 7 :%:1 d 7 :%0: d 7 :%01 d 7 :%?: d 7 :%?10 0:%; ?:%= ?;%? 9=%; >9%6? ?:%= 92%: 1:%: =:%: =6%:9 ?;%: 1:%: =>%: 21%: 6?%:> 92%: =:%: 21%: 6>%: ;:%:1 >>%: =6%: 6?%: ;:%: ;>%:= 1:%: 21%: 62%: ;>%: ;2%:2 11%: 6:%: ;0%: ;=%: ;6%:0: =6%: ;:%: ;2%: ;;%: ;;%:

?: ;:%: ;;%: ;;%:$ ;;%:$ ;;%:$

&Mqae~a8 Y`{ar a~ `c% 0;=2+

1%90% Yqzùeb`ya pqa# ac ~kagzl ae flr`y# rapqarkn`y z`r` raz`r`r qe` olgo` na i`clr

ay qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V pqa ~kaea qe nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` ile z`ràga~rly ΰ 7 ? { ο

7 :%1%

&`+ Aeile~r`r ac zrlgankl# c` }`rkèx` { c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r% &± 7 0%:# ω? 7 :%1+

&o+ ¼Iqàc ay c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ac ykbqkae~a yar}kikl rapqarkrà ` cl gày qe` flr`

z`r` raz r`r c olgo`<

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ya rapqkarè iqènl gaely ? flr`y z`r` raz`r`r c` olgo`%

&:%:;0=+

1%9?% Ae ikar~` ikqn`n# ac ileyqgl nk`rkl na acai~rkikn`n# ae gkccleay na dkcl`~~'

flr`y# ay qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` V pqa ykbqa ` qe` nky~rkoqikùe b`gg` ile ± 7 = { ω?

7 0?% Aeile~r`r8&`+ Cly }`clray na ΰ { ο%

&o+ Aeile~r`r c` zrloòkckn`n na pqa ae qe nç` n`nl ac ileyqgl nk`rkl na acai~rkikn`n

avianarà 0? gkccleay na dkcl`~~'flr`y%




1';1

1%99% Ya yòa pqa c` nky~rkoqikùe na Rakoqcc ay `gzck`gae~a qy`n` ae zrlocag`y na

ay~`nçy~ki` racìkle`nly ile ac ae}ahaikgkae~l { na~arklrl na g`~ark`cay yùcknly

`kycè~ay yqha~ly ` }lc~`hay @I% Cly }`clray na cly z`ràga~rly nazaenae nac }lc~`ha {na c` ~agzar`~qr`% O`y`nl ae ay~l# yqzùeb`ya pqa ΰ 7 ?%1 { ο 7 ?::% Ykaenl `yç#

i`ciqc`r cl ykbqkae~a8

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?::< &%=9?+

&o+ Gaely pqa ?:: &:%=?21+

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Ae~ra 0:: { ?:: &:%?>9+

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~agzar`~qr` ay gaelr pqa ;6%= lM% Fìar cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ Knae~kmki`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` Fl8

&o+ Knae~kmki`r c` fkzù~ayky c~are`~k}` F08

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1%91% C` `mkrgìkùe na pqa ac zrlgankl zlocìkle`c nac zayl na c`y ~òca~`y na

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pqa ya zqana qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c zlrpqa e 5 9:% Aeile~r`r c`y rabkleay

irç~ki`y l cly }`clray irç~kily na x# yk c` zrqao` ay na8

&`+ Nly ilc`y% &x~ò% 7 °0%;=+

&o+ Na c` ilc` kxpqkarn`% &x%:1 7 '0%=11+&i+ Na c` ilc` naraif`% &x~ò% 7 0%=>1+

1%9=% Ile~ay~`r c`y zrabqe~`y ae cly aharikikly nac 0 `c =%

0% Ac zrlgankl nac ilamkikae~a na cly key~rqi~lray na ay~`nçy~ki` ay na 061%




1';=

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na z`zac ay gaelr pqa 0: dkclbr`gly%

9% Ac ~kagzl zrlgankl rapqarknl z`r` cly ay~qnkè~ay zqanè `npqkrkr yq ~ç~qcl ayg`{lr pqa 1 `ðly%

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gkcc`y,b`cùe%

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&o+ Knae~kmki`r c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`# F08

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ae ~ërgkely el ~ëiekily% @yabqr`rya na aecky~`r ac raic`gl lrkbke`c%

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1%92% I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z ile ek}acay na ykbekmkiìkùe na ΰ 7 :%:1 {

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n` V 7 096%6> ile qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na ?:% Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na Fl8± 7 0>1

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1';2

Ac zrlgankl na qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na 0:: èàckyky na yqcm`~ly &YL>'?+ ay na 012:

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i`yly na yqcm`~ly# zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na Fl8± 7 0=:: gb,C# ile~r` c` fkzù~ayky`c~are`~k}` na F08± ≪ 0=:: gb,C qyènl cly ek}acay na ykbekmkiìkùe na :%:1 { :%:0%

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qy`r ek}acay na ykbekmkièik` na :%:1 { :%:0% Z`r` ay~l# ~lgù qe` gqay~r` na ylenaly

na zrlmqenkn`n ae >: cli`ckxìkleay g`rke`y { aeile~rù pqa ac zrlgankl na c`

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raif`x` Fl8 { i`ciqc`r ac ek}ac na zrloòkckn`n%

1%>0% Ay~a ay qe ay~qnkl racìkle`nl ile ac èàckyky na `bq`y kenqy~rk`cay na i`cikl

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ya i`ciqc` qe zrlgankl ay~`nçy~kil na 2=%> gb,C ile qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na 9%=%

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na cly èàckyky ya n` ò`hl8




1';6

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&n+ Fl8± 7 10

&a+ Fl8± 7 =:

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arrlr KK ya zqana ilga~ar yk ac zrlgankl zlocìkle`c fkzl~ë~kil ay~à iarièl `c

}arn`narl zrlgankl zlocìkle`c%

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1';;

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nagly~r`r pqa c` zrloòkckn`n na ilga~ar `goly arrlray ~kzl K { ~kzl KK ya zqanae

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9:#::: gkcc`y%

1%>2% Ya nè cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly zrlianae~ay na qe ay~qnkl na zraikzk~ìkùe zcq}k`c ae




1'0::

gankikleay na gkcçga~rly na ccq}k`8 Fl8± 7 :%9>: gg# F08± ≪ :%9>:# nlena :%9> 7 ±l#

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nkmaraeik` ykbekmkiè~a ae~ra cly rayqc~`nly na cly nly còlr`~lrkly% @yqgkr ek}acay naykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 %:1 { ΰ 7 %:0% &x 7 '?%>;# z 7 %::=>+

1%1:% Qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na 0:: gqar~ay ae A% Q% gly~rù qe` }kn` zrlgankl na




1'0:0

20%6 `ðly ile qe` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na 6%; `ðly% ¼Zqnkar` ay~l kenki`r pqa c` }kn`

zrlgankl na fl{ ae nç ay g`{lr pqa 2: `ðly< Qy`r ΰ 7 %:1%

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@yqgkr ΰ 7 :%:1% Fìar c`y ykbqkae~ay ay~kgìkleay8

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kemlrgìkùe rapqarkn` z`r` ay~a zrlocag`%




1'0:?

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ac ~kagzl na zrlnqiikùe zlr ilgzleae~a { n` qe zrlgankl na V 0 7 1%?9 gkeq~ly

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V ? 7 1%92 gkeq~ly z`r` qe` gqay~r` na => ilgzleae~ay% Ae z`y`n`y avzarkaeik`y# ya

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&i+ I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z% &z 7 :%:00+

1%1>% Ae qe` ke}ay~kbìkùe racìkle`n` ile c`y ileiae~rìkleay na zclgl &Zo+# ya




1'0:9

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ileiae~rìkleay &ae gb,C+ na nly gqay~r`y na gë~lnl @ { gë~lnl O% @yqgkr qe

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1%11% Nly `y~rùelgly rabky~r`rle loyar}ìkleay na ikar~` ay~racc` ae ac mkrg`gae~l%

Ya lo~q}karle 0? loyar}ìkleay zlr ac zrkgar `y~rùelgl { nkl qe zrlgankl na 0%?:

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1'0:>

zrlgankl na 0%01 gankikleay% C` avzarkaeik` z`y`n` kenkiù pqa ay~ly `y~rùelgly

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gqay~ra`n` ay elrg`c% Qy`r ac ek}ac na ykbekmkiìkùe na :%:1 { zrlo`r c`y fkzù~ayky8Fl8±0 ' ±? 7 : ile~r` c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y na F?8± 5 : { F98± 3 :% &x 7 :%02+

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zrqao`y c~are`~k}`y8

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Fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly8

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&`+ Knae~kmki`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` Fl8

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1'0:1

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:%:0%

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&i+ Zrqao` okc`~ar`c ileΰ

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1'0:2

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1'0:6

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na nly zrlgankly%

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1'0:;

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1'00:

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1'000

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1'00?

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ae &`+%

1%2=% C` nqrìkùe na ikar~` ramìikùe z`r` `q~lgù}kcay ykbqa ` qe` nky~rkoqikùe

Rakoqcc ile qe` ~`y` na m`cc` @&~+ 7 0,∘ ~% Ykaenl `yç# aeile~r`r c`y ykbqkae~ay

zrloòkckn`nay8

&`+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` ramìikùe ae iqay~kùe ya na~arklra è~ay na > `ðly%

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` ramìikùe el ya nayb`y~a nayzqëy na > `ðly%

1%22% Qe` o`~arç` ylc`r ~kaea qe` }kn` zrlgankl pqa ay~à avzleaeik`cgae~a

nky~rkoqkn` ile qe zrlgankl na }kn` na 0: flr`y% Qyènl iàciqcl ke~abr`c# na~argke`r


&`+ C` gankè` na c`y }kn`y na c`y o`~arç`y% &=%;9 flr`y+

&o+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` }kn` na qe` o`~arç` ay~ë ae~ra 6 { 0? flr`y% &:%0>6

flr`y+

&i+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` }kn` na qe` o`~arç` avianarà 01 flr`y% &:%222 flr`y+

&n+ C` zrloòkckn`n na pqa c` }kn` na qe` o`~arç` ylc`r ay~ë ae~ra =: { 0?: gkeq~ly%1%26% Naikr iqàc na c`y ykbqkae~ay `mkrgìkleay ay ilrrai~`8

&`+ @ gankn` pqa ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r`# e nkygkeq{a { c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r# y

`qgae~`# ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n# z nkygkeq{a%




1'009

&o+ @ gankn` pqa e nkygkeq{a { y nkygkeq{a# ac }`clr nac arrlr ay~àen`r `qgae~` {#

zlr cl ~è~l# ac }`clr na z nkygkeq{a%

&i+ @ gankn` pqa e `qgae~` { c`y ~ëieki`y nac còlr`~lrkl ya ramkeè i`qyènl qe`}`rkèx` zapqað`# ac arrlr ay~àen`r nac zrlgankl o`h` {# zlr ileykbqkae~a# ac }`clr

na z `qgae~` { c` fkzù~ayky eqc` ya raif`x`%

&n+ @ gankn` pqa ac arrlr ay~àen`r nac zrlgankl nkygkeq{a zlr ~`g`ðly na

gqay~r` brènay# ile zapqað`y }`rkìkleay# ay~l ilecca}` ` qe }`clr zapqaðl na z

gqifl gq{ ykbekmkiè~a# cl iq`c ely cca}` ` ra~aear c` fkzù~ayky eqc`%

&a+ @ gankn` pqa c` }`rkèx` nkygkeq{a# ile e iley~è~a# ac }`clr na z nkygkeq{a {

c` fkzù~ayky eqc` ya raif`x`%

&m+ @ gankn` pqa e `qgae~` { c`y ~ëieki`y nac còlr`~lrkl ya ramkeè i`qyènl qe`

}`rkèx` zapqað`# ac arrlr ay~àen`r o`h` {# zlr ileykbqkae~a# ac }`clr na z

nkygkeq{a { ya ra~kaea Fl8

&b+ @ gankn` pqa e `qgae~` { c`y ~ëieki`y nac còlr`~lrkl ya ramkeè i`qyènl qe`

}`rkèx` zapqað`# ac arrlr ay~àen`r o`h` {# zlr ileykbqkae~a# ac }`clr na z

nkygkeq{a { ya ìaz~` F@8

&f+ cly keikyly &n+# &a+ { &m+ yle ilrrai~ly

&k+ Cly keikyly &a+ { &b+ yle ilrrai~ly

1%2;% @i~q`cgae~a# f`{ gqifl nao`~a# zlr yòar yk c`y agkykleay na i`gzly

acai~rlg`beë~kily zrlnqiknly zlr ~acëmlely gù}kcay &iacqc`ray+ { yqy ay~ìkleay na

è~ae`y o`ya zqanè ay~`r `mai~ènl c` y`cqn% Ile gày na 1:: gkccleay na

~acëmlely gù}kcay ae ~lnl ac gqenl# na ìqarnl ` `c `r~çiqcl Av`gkekeb ~fa ammai~y

lm acai~rlg`bea~ki mkacny agk~~an o{ BYG glokca zfleay le fqgè a}ae~'rac`~an

zl~ae~k`cy èn zarmlrgèia nqrkeb è `qnk~lr{ ~`yd zqocki`nl ae Ickeki`c

Eaqrlzf{yklclb{ 001 &?:>+ 020' 026 &f~~z8,,%l'ilg%ilg,kenqy~r{,y~`~y+#




1'00>

ac naygayqr`nl keiragae~l nac qyl na c` ~acamleç` iacqc`r { yqy ileykbqkae~ay

amai~ly ae c`y mqeikleay ilbek~k}`y { mkyklcùbki`y naoknl ` c`y r`nkìkleay

acai~rlg`beë~ki`y &_A+# ay qe` yk~qìkùe pqa ay~à i`qyènl zraliqzìkùe ae~ra c`y zaryle`y ilelianlr`y na ay~a zrlocag`% Ya fè faifl gqif`y ke}ay~kbìkleay ile

racìkùe ` cly amai~ly ae c` y`cqn zrlnqiknly zlr c` r`nkìkùe na gkirllen`y

naokn`y ` c` zrlvkgkn`n na cly ~acëmlely iacqc`ray ` c` iòax` nac qyq`rkl { na c`

zrlvkgkn`n ` c`y ay~ìkleay na è~ae`y o`ya na ~acamleç` iacqc`r# ` ay~ìkleay

acëi~rki`y# ` cçea`y na na `c~` ~aeykùe# flrely na gkirllen`y# a~i% C` g`{lrç` na

ay~`y ke}ay~kbìkleay ilkeiknae ae pqa cly amai~ly na ay~ly ~kzly na _A ay~àe

`mai~ènl ac iaraorl { `c yky~ag` ear}klyl ae g`{lr l gaelr br`nl% F`{ ay~qnkly

pqa fè racìkle`nl c`y agkykleay acai~rlg`beë~ki`y ile i`yly na iàeiar ae ac

iaraorl# amai~ly ae c` ì~k}kn`n aexkgà~ki` { ayzargà~ki`# amai~ly }kyq`cay {

`qnk~lrkly# zra}`caiç` na nlclray na iòax` ae~ra cly qyq`rkly na ~acëmlely gù}kcay#

zrlocag`y ile ac yqaðl# amai~ly ae c`y iëcqc`y ckemà~ki`y fqgè`y# gq~ìkleay# a~i%#

na c`y zaryle`y avzqay~`y% Ae iqè~l ` c` zrlvkgkn`n na c`y è~ae`y o`ya na

~acamleç` gù}kc# { yqy amai~ly ae c` y cqn# `cbqely z`çyay fè ay~kzqc`nl# ilgl qe

irk~arkl yabqrl# ac ay~òcaikgkae~l na c`y è~ae`y na gkirllen`y ` nky~èik`y

gçekg`y na =:: ga~rly na ilgzcahly fòk~ìkle`cay% Ykaenl `yç# ya nkyað` qe

ahagzcl fkzl~ë~kil racìkle`nl ile c`y gankikleay na r`nkìkùe acai~rlg`beë~ki` {

c` zrlvkgkn`n ` c` mqae~a agkylr`# ay naikr# na gankikleay ` nkmarae~ay nky~èik`y

na c`y è~ae`y o`ya na ~acamleç` iacqc`r% Z`r` ay~a ahagzcl# ae z`r~kiqc`r# ya i`ciqcè

cly zrlgankly na qe` gqay~r` na 9: gankikleay na r`nkìkùe acai~rlg`beë~ki`# z`r` i`n` qe` na c`y ykbqkae~ay nky~èik`y8 ?1# 1:# 0::# ?::# 9::# >::# 1:: { =::

ga~rly na c` è~ae` o`ya na ~acëmlely gù}kcay% Cly zrlgankly na c` r`nkìkùe

acai~rlg`beë~ki` z`r` i`n` nky~èik` yle8 ;1: GFx# 6:: GFx# 11: GFx# >::




1'001

GFx# 0;1 GFx# 6:#::: Fx# 9:#::: Fx { 1:: Fx# rayzai~k}`gae~a% Yqy rayzai~k}`y

nay}kìkleay ay~àen`ray mqarle 1: GFx# >: GFx# 91 GFx# 6: GFx# 0:: GFx#

?:#::: Fx# 0:#::: Fx { 0:: Fx% Ac ay~qnkl ya cca}ù ` iòl nqrè~a ~lnl qe `ðl# aeqe aymqarxl zlr a}`cq`r }`rkòcay# ilgl c` nky~èik`# c` `c~qr`# ëzli` nac `ðl#

mì~lray ga~alrlcùbkily &ilgl ~agzar`~qr`# zraykùe `~glymërki`# ke~aeykn`n {

nkraiikùe nac }kae~l# fqgan`n rac`~k}`+# ile~`gkeìkùe nac `kra zlr z`r~çiqc`y {

b`yay# a~i%# pqa zqnkarè `mai~`r ac zlnar na c` naeykn`n na c` r`nkìkùe

acai~rlg`beë~ki` agk~kn`% Z`r` raylc}ar ay~a zrlocag` ay~kg`r ac glnacl

g`~agà~kil pqa gahlr `hqy~a cly n`~ly% Qe` }ax pqa ya a}`cøa ac glnacl

ìlrnagae~a# zranaikr c` r`nkìkùe na gkirllen`y ` qe` nky~èik` na 0: { 0:::

ga~rly na c` è~ae` o`ya% Yk fqokaya }`clray `~çzkily av~ragly# aecky~`r ~ray

zlykocay mì~lray pqa zqanè avzcki`r ay~`y yk~qìkleay%




='0

I@ZK^QCL =

Nky~rkoqikleay na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# HK iq`nr`n` { M

Zrlzkan`nay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a%' Ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r`

ac zrlgankl zlocìkle`c ±%' Zrqao` na fkzù~ayky z`r` ±%' Zrqao` na ~ z`ra`n`

z`r` na~ai~`r nkmaraeik`y ae~ra nly ~r`~`gkae~ly%' Zrqao` na ~ z`r` zrlo`r c`

fkzù~ayky na nly zrlgankly# iqènl c`y }`rkèx`y yle kbq`cay%' Zrqao` na ~ z`r`

zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na nly zrlgankly iqènl c`y }`rkèx`y yle naykbq`cay%'

Gaièkygly z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z iqènl ya fìae zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky el

~r`nkikle`cay%' Ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` { zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky ile c` HK iq`nr`n`#

&ς ?+%' @zckiìkùe na c` HK iq`nr`n` ae iqè~l ` c` zrqao` na olen`n na `hqy~a

ilgz`rènl c`y mraiqaeik`y loyar}`n`y { c`y mraiqaeik`y ~aùrki`y%' Nky~rkoqikùe

M { yq `zckiìkùe ae c` ilgz`rìkùe na }`rkèx`y gqay~r`cay%'

@pqç# nkyiq~kragly c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# pqa ay~à racìkle`n` ile c`

~alrç` na gqay~ral zapqaðl% ^`gokëe# nkyiq~kragly c` nky~rkoqikùe na HK iq`nr`n` {

c` nky~rkoqikùe na M%

Ae cly i`zç~qcly è~arklray fkikgly fkei`zkë na pqa# z`r` gqay~r`y pqa mqarè

≡ 9: i`yly# ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c% Yke ago`rbl# z`r` gqay~r`y gaelray pqa

9: loyar}ìkleay ya qy` cl pqa ya cc`g` ~alrç` na gqay~ral zapqaðl# pqa ay~à

racìkle`n` ile c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# ile c` HK iq`nr`n` l ile c`

nky~rkoqikùe M% C` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ ya elgorù nayzqëy na R%Y% Blyya~# pqkae qyù ac

yaqnùekgl na ay~qnkè~a%

Zlr ahagzcl# iqènl qy`gly c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ykagzra ya ilelia ac }`clr

na ω# ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` ay 5 9: { ya yòa pqa c` nky~rkoqikùe gqay~ra`n` ay

elrg`c% Zarl iqènl qy`gly c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# el ya ilelia ω { ac

~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` ay gaelr pqa 9: i`yly# yke yòar yk c` nky~rkoqikùe gqay~ra`n`




='?

ay elrg`c l el% Ay~`y yk~qìkleay ya avzckiè qyènl c`y mùrgqc`y na c` nky~rkoqikùe

elrg`c { c` na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a%

Nac I`zç~qcl 1# {` yòagly pqa# z`r` `zcki`r c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c ya qy` c`}`rkòca `ca`~lrk` elrg`c ay~èn`rkx`n` x# n`n` ilgl x 7 & V ' ±+ , ω,∘e% Yke

ago`rbl# ay~` mqeikùe ~kaea qe qyl ckgk~`nl# zlrpqa c` }`rkèx` ω? na c` zlocìkùe

r`r` }ax ya ilelia { zlrpqa c` zlocìkùe gqay~ra`n` naoa yar elrg`c l

`zrlvkg`n`gae~a elrg`c% C` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a el ~kaea ay~` ckgk~ìkùe#

zlrpqa `øe# z`r` gqay~r`y na e 3 9: i`yly# ya `yqga pqa ω 7 y% @yç yqy~k~q{aenl ac

}`clr na ω zlr y c` mqeikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a ely n`8~ 7 & V ' ±+ , y,∘e &='0+

Nlena8

V 7 zrlgankl gqay~r`c

± 7 zrlgankl zlocìkle`c pqa ya pqkara zrlo`r

y 7 nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r gqay~r`c


y,∘ e 7 arrlr ay~àen`r nac zrlgankl

Zrlzkan`nay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a

C` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a ay qe` m`gkck` na nky~rkoqikleay# i`n` qe`

i`rì~arkx`n` zlr ac eøgarl na br`nly na ckoar~`n η% Ay ykgkc`r ` c` nky~rkoqikùe na x

elrg`c# ile zrlgankl kbq`c ` iarl { ay ykgë~rki` ae mlrg` na i`gzè`% Yq mlrg`

nazaena ae ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r`% Ile ~`g`ðly na gqay~r`y zapqað`y# c` mlrg` na

ay~` iqr}` ay gaely zkiqn` pqa c` elrg`c# zarl ` gankn` pqa e ccab` ` 9: i`yly l ya}` ` kemkek~l# y? ya `zrlvkg` ` ω? { c` ~ na Ay~qnkè~a ya `zrlvkg` ` c` nky~rkoqikùe

elrg`c% C` bràmki` na ò`hl gqay~r` c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# ile nkmarae~ay

br`nly na ckoar~`n%




='9

Mkbqr` =%:% Bràmki` gly~rènl m`gkck`y na iqr}`y na c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a

ile nkmarae~ay br`nly na ckoar~`n η# nagly~rènl iùgl# ` gankn` pqa η ↟ ∕# c`

nky~rkoqikùe ~ ya `zrlvkg` ` c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c%

Nkmaraeik`y ae~ra c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a { c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c

C` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ ya qy` ae cqb`r na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# iqènl ac ~`g`ðl na c`

gqay~r` ay gaelr pqa 9: i`yly% Iqènl fòc`gly na c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c# ëy~`

rapqkara pqa c` gqay~r` ya` na e ≡ 9: loyar}ìkleay l pqa# c` zlocìkle`c gqay~ra`n`ya` elrg`c% Ay~a ~`g`ðl na gqay~r` ya ileyknar` ilgl qe` gqay~r` brèna% Zarl

iqènl c` gqay~r` na i`yly ay e 3 9: loyar}ìkleay# el ya zqana qy`r c` iqr}` elrg`c

{ ~aeagly pqa qy`r cl pqa ya cc`g` /~alrç` na gqay~ral zapqaðl%/ Z`r` ~`cay amai~ly

ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# c` HK iq`nr`n` l c` nky~rkoqikùe# M% C`

ay~`nçy~ki` ~ ya qy` z`r` ilgz`r`r cly zrlgankly na nly nky~rkoqikleay# gkae~r`y pqa c`

zrqao` na M ya qy` z`r` ilgz`r`r c`y }`rkèx`y na nly nky~rkoqikleay%

Na faifl# c`y nkmaraeik`y ae~ra c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ { c` nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c yle

pqa c` nky~rkoqikùe ~ el eaiayk~` ac z`ràga~rl na zlocìkùe# ω# gkae~r`y pqa c` elrg`c

yk cl rapqkara% @nagày# c` mqeikùe ~ el rapqkara na gqay~r`y brènay% L~rlyç# c`




='>

}`rkèx`# ω? 5 0 {# ylc`gae~a# iqènl e ↟ ∕ ae~leiay# `go`y nky~rkoqikleay yle

kbq`cay &zrài~ki`gae~a# iqènl e ≡ 9: i`yly+%

Mqeikleay qy`n`y ile c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a

0% Ya qy` z`r` fìar ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r` ±%

?% Ya qy` z`r` zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na pqa ± ~kaea qe }`clr na~argke`nl# ilgl zlr

ahagzcl# Fl8± 7 ±l%

9% Ya qy` z`r` zrlo`r nkmaraeik`y ae~ra nly ~r`~`gkae~ly nackoar`n`gae~a agz`rah`nly#

ay~l ay# Fl8±0 ' ±? 7 :% @pqç# cly ~`g`ðly na nky~rkoqikleay naoae yar kbq`cay%

>% Ya `zcki` z`r` zrlo`r nkmaraeik`y ae~ra nly zrlgankly qyènl ac gë~lnl na

yacaiikùe ilgzca~`gae~a `c `x`r &`ca`~lrkl+# { ile }`rkèx`y kbq`cay% @pqç cly

~`g`ðly na c`y nky~rkoqikleay zqanae yar kbq`cay l naykbq`cay%

1% Ya `zcki` z`r` yacaiikleay ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrk`y &`c `x`r+ ile }`rkèx`y

naykbq`cay% Ac ~`g`ðl nac c`y nky~rkoqikleay zqana yar kbq`c l naykbq`c%

@zckiìkleay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a

C`y `zckiìkleay na c` ~ na Ay~qnkè~a yle }`rk`y% Zlr ahagzcl# zqana qy`rya z`r` ac

ile~rlc na c` i`ckn`n kenqy~rk`c% ^`gokëe ay gq{ ø~kc z`r` ac ile~rlc na c` i`ckn`n na

qe yky~ag` na ~r`~`gkae~l na `bq`y rayknq`cay ae ac i`gzl na c` kebaekarç` `gokae~`c%

Zlr l~r` z`r~a# l~r` `zckiìkùe gq{ kgzlr~è~a na c` ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# ay c`

nky~rkoqikùe z`ra`n`% Ay~l ay# z`r` ilgz`r`r ac zrlgankl na nly nky~rkoqikleay l

~r`~`gkae~ly# ilgl# zlr ahagzcl# z`r` zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na Fl8±0 7 ±?# ay naikr#

pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra cly nly zrlgankly% @pqç# zqnkër`gly ay~kg`r nly ~kzly

na èàckyky qyènl nly gë~lnly { ~r`~`gkae~ly# nkb`gly na lvçbael nkyqac~l &LN+ lc` ilgz`rìkùe na nly gë~lnly ae c` kebaekarç` nac `bq` ilgl ac gë~lnl Rkedcar {

ac na acai~rlnly { }ar yk f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra cly nly gë~lnly qyènl c` zrqao` na ~

`z`ra`n`y% ^`gokëe ya zqana qy`r z`r` ilgz`r`r nly nky~rkoqikleay yacaiikle`n`y#




='1

`ca`~lrk`gae~a# {# ile }`rkèx`y kbq`cay l naykbq`cay% @pqç# iòa el~`r pqa# yk ya ~r`~`

na ilgz`r`r cly zrlgankly na gày na ? nky~rkoqikleay# ae~leiay ya qy` ac èàckyky na

}`rkèx` ykgzca l gøc~kzca%Nayirkzikùe na c`y mqeikleay qy`n`y ile c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a

Ay~`nçy~ki` nayirkz~k}`8

e

Zrlgankl8 V 7 Ω Vk , e &='?+

v7:

]`rkèx` gqay~r`c8 y? 7 T∐ V ? ’ &∐ V +? ,e W , e ' 0 &='9+

Nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r8 y 7 ∘ y? &='9`+

Ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r` ac zrlgankl zlocìkle`c ±8

Zrlot V ' ~T0 'ΰ,?4 ηW y,∘e 3 ± 3 V $ ~T0 ' ΰ,?4 ηw y,∘ew 7 0 ' ΰ &='>+

Nlena8

V 7 zrlgankl gqay~r`c

~T0’ ΰ,?4 ηW 7 }`clr zlriae~q`c na ~ ile qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` ΰ# ile η br`nly na

ckoar~`ny 7 nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r


y,∘ e 7 arrlr ay~àen`r nac zrlgankl

Zrqao` na fkzù~ayky z`r` ac zrlgankl zlocìkle`c ±

~ 7 & V ’ ±l+ , y,∘ e &='1+

Nlena8 V 7 zrlgankl gqay~r`c

±l 7 zrlgankl zlocìkle`c pqa ya naya` zrlo`r

y 7 nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r na c` gqay~r`




='=

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e 7 eøgarl na loyar}ìkleay±n 7 :

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z &0,e0 $ 0,e?+

Nlena8

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y? z 7 & η0 y0

?

$ η? y??

+ , & η0 $ η?+Nlena8

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='2

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& V 0 ' V ?+ ' &±0 ' ±?+

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? , e?+

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y?0 { y?

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='6

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ilc`y%

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ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# c` nky~rkoqikùe na Hk iq`nr`n`# c` nky~rkoqikùe

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Nlena8

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~? 7 c` zrloòkckn`n ilrrayzlenkae~a ` δ?

V 7 }`clr nayileliknl na δ

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a%b%# ΰ 7 %:1 l ΰ 7 %:0




='0:

Nlena8 &e ' 0+ 7 η 7 br`nly na ckoar~`n

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='00

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='0?

}`clr ykbekmkiè~a na ΰ 7 :%:1%

Ylcqikùe8

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='09

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='0>

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c` HK iq`nr`n` ~`gokëe ya qy` z`r` fìar zrqao`y na kenazaenaeik`# a~i%

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Zrlzkan`nay na c` nky~rkoqikùe na HK iq`nr`n` &ς ?+

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nkmarae~a z`r` i`n` eøgarl na br`nly na ckoar~`n# η% Zarl# ` gankn` pqa ac eøgarl

na br`nly na ckoar~`n `qgae~`# c` nky~rkoqikùe na c` HK iq`nr`n` ya `zrlvkg` ` c`

nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c%

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?Tδ # ηW%

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kxpqkarnl# ya ramkara ` c` ~òc` na c` HK iq`nr`n` { ya oqyi` η 7 ; ae c` ilcqge`

kxpqkarn` na c` ~òc` { ya }` f`y~` c` ilcqge` :%;21# zlrpqa ac àra` ~l~`c ` c`naraif` na ay~a }`clr ay :%;21 pqa cl yì`gly ray~ènl :%:?1 na 0 { ely n` ς ? 7

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gqay~r` ay~` yk~qìkùe%

← ← ς?:%;214; 7 ?%2: ς?:%:?14; 7 0;%:?9

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naraifl na c` nky~rkoqikùe ay na :%:1# yk8

&`+ η 7 01&o+ η 7 ?0

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&`+ Ac }`clr na c` ilc` naraif` na c` nky~rkoqikùe na HK iq`nr`n` ya oqyi` ae c` ~òc`

na ay~` nky~rkoqikùe { ay8 ς ?ΰ4e'0 7 ς ?%:140='0 7 ς ?%:1401 7 ?>%;;=

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Ahagzcl )00% Z`r` qe` nky~rkoqikùe na HK iq`nr`n` ile 0? br`nly na ckoar~`n#

aeile~r`r ac }`clr na ς ? na ~`c gèar` pqa8

&`+ Ac àra` ` c` naraif` na ς ? ay %:1#

&o+ Ac àra` ` c` kxpqkarn` na ς ? ay %;;

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na c` nky~rkoqikùe ay na ΰ 7 %:0# yk η 7 18

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Yk ac àra` ylgora`n` ylora c` naraif` ay %:0:# ac àra` ` c` kxpqkarn` na ς ?? ay %;; {

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Ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` { zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na HK

iq`nr`n` ς ?

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&e ’ 0+ y? , ς ?T0'ΰ,?4e'0W 3 ω? 3 &e ’ 0+y? , ς ?Tΰ,?4e'0W &='0>+

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ek}acay na ilemkèx` yle na8

&`+ ΰ 7 :%:1&o+ ΰ 7 :%:0

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Pqa ya ykgzckmki` `8

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ς ? 7 &e ’ 0+y? , ω? &='01+

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y? 7 }`rkèx` gqay~r`c

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e 7 ~`g`ðl gqay~r`

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gaelr l gaely pqa 9 zz~# c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` ay F08ω? 3 ;% Zlr cl

~è~l# c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky eqc` naoa yar Fl8ω? 7 ;

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cly }`clray n`8 &:%:?1 ’ :%:0+,&?%2 ’ ?%:;+ 7 &:%:?1 ’ V+,&?%2 ’ ?%1=+ { c`

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&zlocìkle`c+ nac ileyqgl ay na ?6%: dRf% Ya naikna zlear mlily mcqlrayiae~ay {

`z`b`r c`y cqiay iqènl el ya qyae# z`r` }ar yk f`{ qe` ranqiikùe ae c` }`rkìkùe

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ilenkikleay n`n`y% ^`gokëe fìar qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky el ~r`nkikle`ci`ciqcènl ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z a ke~arzra~`rc`# ìlrnagae~a%

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?% C` rabkùe irç~ki` ya i`ciqc` oqyiènl ac eqgarl na br`nly na ckoar~`n η 7 ?= ae

c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe na c` HK iq`nr`n` ile ς ?%:14?= { n` 01%92; &zrloòkckn`nayna c` ilc` kemarklr l kxpqkarn`+%

9% Qyènl c` ay~`nçy~ki` na c` nky~rkoqikùe na c` HK iq`nr`n` ς ? z`r` c` zrqao` na

fkzù~ayky &='01+# ay~l ay# ς ? 7 &e ' 0+y? , ω?# { yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray n`8

ς ?i`ci% 7 &?= ’ 0+&0=%:+ , ?6%: 7 0>%?;

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7 0>%?; 3 ς ?%:14?=

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{ ya keicke` zlr c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`%

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zrloòkckn`n na %:9%

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còlr`~lrkl+ { c`y mraiqaeik`y ~aùrki`y &cl ayzar`nl+

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naraif`y% ^`gokëe# ay na el~`rya pqa ya zqana qy`r c` zrqao` na Dlcglblrl}'

Ygkrel} ae c`y zrqao`y na olen`n na `hqy~a%Nayirkzikùe na c` ay~`nçy~ki` na ς

?qy`n` z`r` c` zrqao` na olen`n na `hqy~a

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na gqay~r`y `ca`~lrk y%

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1

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rabkùe irç~ki` ay nac av~ragl naraifl# ile η 7 d ’ 0 7 1 ’ 0 7 > br`nly na ckoar~`n%

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}`clr na ς ? 7 0:%=1 5 ς ?~ò% 7 ;%>;# ya raif`x` c` fkzù~ayky eqc`# { ya nkia pqa yk f`{

nkmaraeik`y ae~ra c`y mraiqaeik`y loyar}`n`y { c`y ayzar`n`y% @flr` qyènl c`

mùrgqc` na ke~arzlcìkùe z`r` c` HK iq`nr`n`# ile δ? 7 %:?1# δ0 7 %:1# ς ?? 7 00%0>#

ς ?0 7 ;%>66 { ς ?i`ci%7 0:%=1 { yqy~k~q{aenl ~lnly cly }`clray n`8

&:%:?1 ’ :%:1+,&00%0> ’ ;%>66+ 7 &:%:?1 ’ V+,&00%0> ’ 0:%=1+_aylc}kaenl zlr ac }`clr ` ke~arzlc`rya n` V 7 :%:01 7 z 7 :%:01%

Ahagzcly ile c` ~ na Ay~qnkè~a qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò

Z`r` qy`r ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò ae c`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky ile c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ ya




='91

zrliana ilgl8

Y~`~ 5 O`yki Y~`~ky~kiy 5 0'y`gzca ~…

Zrliankgkae~l8Ae c` }ae~è` na –]`rkòcay‗ zlear cly n`~ly nac zrlocag` ae c` ilcqge` I0% Ae c`

}ae~è` na –ây~ gaè‗ zlear ac zrlgankl zrlo`nl% Ae c` }ae~è` na –Lz~kley‗ ae c`

}ae~èkcc` na –@c~are`~k}a‗ zlear c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` naya`n` { cqabl zraykle`r c`

~aic` na –LD‗%

Ahagzcl )02% Ay~a zrlocag` ay~à racìkle`nl ile ac ahagzcl na c` yaiikùe na cly

gaièkygly qy`nly z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z% Qyènl cly n`~ly na aya ahagzcl )>

ilrrayzlenkae~ay ` ay` yaiikùe { `zckiènl c` mqeikùe na `rrko` nac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò#

zrlo`r8

&`+ Fl8± 7 9>%1 }y% F08± ≪ 9>%1

&o+ Fl8± ≡ 9>%1 }y% F08± 3 9>%1

&i+ Fl8± ≮ 99%? }y% F08± 5 99%?

Nayzqëy na yqy~k~qkr ~lnly cly }`clray# ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò n` cly rayqc~`nly

gly~r`nly ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%




='9=

^@OC@ =%>% ^òc` gly~rènl cly iàciqcly faifly zlr ac Gkek~ò% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Ahagzcly na zrlocag`y na c` ~ na Ay~qnkè~a qyènl ac zrlbr`g` na Aviac

Ay~a ay qe ahagzcl racìkle`nl ile qe zrlocag` na loyar}ìkleay z`ray% ^`gokëe ya

nè c`y key~rqiikleay z`r` zrlo`r c`y nkmaraeik`y ae~ra nly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay#iqènl c`y }`rkèx`y yle kbq`cay% Mke`cgae~a ya nè c`y key~rqiikleay z`r` raylc}ar

zrlocag`y iqènl c`y }`rk ex`y yle naykbq`cay%

Zlr ahagzcl# z`r` ac qyl na c` mqeikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a qy`n` z`r`

agz`rah`gkae~ly nackoar`nly ya zrliana na c` ykbqkae~a gèar`8

^llcy 5 N`~` è`c{yky 5 ~'ây~ Z`kran ^l Ykgzcay mlr Gaèy

Ahagzcl )02% Ay~a ay qe ahagzcl yì`nl nac ~av~l na Zrloòkckn`n { Ay~`nçy~ki` na

R`czlca a~ `c% &0;;;+% Ay~` ke}ay~kbìkùe ay~à racìkle`n` ile ac nay`rrlccl na cl

cc`g`nl ai~lg{ilrrfkx`c# qe` racìkùe ykgokù~ki` ae~ra c`y r`çiay na cly àrolcay { qe

flebl ae c` pqa ya ~rèymkarae gkear`cay nac flebl ` cly àrolcay { `xøi`ray na cly




='92

àrolcay ` cly flebly% Ay~a avzarkgae~l ileyky~kù ae `zcki`r ek~rùbael ` c` gk~`n na cly

àrolcay { ` c` l~r` gk~`n l ya` ac brqzl na ile~rlc `c iq`c el ya ca `zckiù ac ek~rùbael%

Cly zayly na cly àrolcay ya rabky~r`rle ae br`gly `c mke`c nac avzarkgae~l% Zrlo`r pqael f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra cly zayly na c`y nly zlocìkleay na àrolcay% @yqgkr qe

z`ra`gkae~l ae ay~a zrlocag % @yqgkr ΰ 7 :%:1% Cly n`~ly ya nè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^@OC@ =%1% ^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac zrlocag`% &R`czlca a~ `c% 0;;;+

Yke ek~rùbael s :%9? :%19 :%?6 :%92 :%>2 :%>9 :%9= :%>? :%96 :%>9

Ile ek~rùbael s :%?= :%>9 :%>2 :%>; :%1? :%21 :%2; :%6= :%=? :%>=

Ylcqikùe8Ac zrlbr`g` Aviac n` cly rayqc~`nly ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^@OC@ =%=% ^òc` gly~rènl cly rayqc~`nly nac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò% &Acòlrìkùe

zrlzk`+%

Ilgl ya }a ae c` ^@OC@ =%=# ac }`clr na c` ay~`nçy~ki` ~ ay na '?%2>% C`y rabkleay

irç~ki`y z`r` qe` { nly ilc`y yle na 0%69 { ?%?=# rayzai~k}`gae~a% @nagày# cly }`clray

na c` zrloòkckn`n z yle na :%:0 { na :%:? z`r` qe` { nly ilc`y# rayzai~k}`gae~a% Ae




='96

ileicqykùe# c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na el nkmaraeik`y ya raif`x` ae `goly i`yly { ya

ileicq{a pqa yk f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra cly zayly na c`y nly gqay~r`y na àrolcay%

Zrloènl c`y nkmaraeik`y ae~ra nly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay# iqènl c`y

}`rkèx`y yle kbq`cay8

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Ykgkc`rgae~a# z`r` c` mqeikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a iqènl c`y }`rkèx`y yle

naykbq`cay ya zrliana ilgl8

^llcy 5 N`~` @e`c{yky 5 ~'ây~ ^l Ykgzca @yyqgkeb Qeapq`c ]`rkèiay

Ya railgkaen` `c cai~lr qy`r ay~`y nly øc~kg`y mqeikleay na c` ~ na Ay~qnkè~a ile ac

zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò%

Mqeikùe zrloòkcçy~ki` na naeykn`n na c` nky~rkoqikùe M { yq `zckiìkùe ae c`

ilgz`rìkùe na }`rkèx`y gqay~r`cay

C` nky~rkoqikùe M ~kaea gqif` `zckiìkùe ae c` ilgz`rìkùe na }`rkèx`y

gqay~r`cay% Ay~` nky~rkoqikùe M ya aeiqae~r` ae zrlocag`y pqa ke}lcqirè nly `

gày gqay~r`y% Naoknl ` pqa# c` ay~`nçy~ki` M ya namkea ilgl qe` racìkùe# c`

nky~rkoqikùe M na zrloòkckn`n ~kaea nly z`ràga~rly razrayae~`nly zlr η0 { η?#

nlena ay~ly }`clray yle ae~arly zlyk~k}ly% Ac z`ràga~rl η0 ya cc`g` eøgarl na

br`nly na ckoar~`n nac eqgar`nlr { η? ya cc`g` ac eøgarl na br`nly na ckoar~`n nac

naelgke`nlr% Z`r` ay~kg`r cly br`nly na ckoar~`n η0 { η? ya qy` c` ~òc` na c`

nky~rkoqikùe M n`n` ae ac `zëenkia na ay~a ckorl%

C` nky~rkoqikùe na M ay ykgkc`r ` c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a { na HK

iq`nr`n` &ς ?

+# zlrpqa ay qe` m`gkck` na nky~rkoqikleay% I`n` z`r na }`clray na η0 { η? ayzaikmkiè qe` nky~rkoqikùe na M nkmarae~a% L~rlyç# M ay qe` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk`

ile~keq` pqa }`rç` na iarl f`y~` kemkek~l% Naoknl ` pqa c`y }`rkèx`y ae `goly# ac

eqgar`nlr { naelgke`nlr na c` racìkùe M# ay~àe aca}`n`y `c iq`nr`nl# ac }`clr na




='9;

M ay ykagzra zlyk~k}l% C` mlrg` na c` iqr}` M ay `ykgë~rki` { yayb`n` fìk` c`

naraif`% Yke ago`rbl# c` nky~rkoqikùe M ~kaena fìk` c` ykga~rç`# ` gankn` pqa η0 {

η? `qgae~è% El loy~è~a# c` zrqao` na M ay av~rag`n`gae~a yaeykoca `nky~rkoqikleay pqa el yle elrg`cay { ay~` m`c~` na rloqy~ax el ya gahlr` ile

gqay~r`y brènay &Glra a~ `c% 0;;9+% C` Mkbqr` =%2 gqay~r` }`rk`y iqr}`y na

naeykn`n na c` nky~rkoqikùe na M z`r` nkmarae~ay br`nly na ckoar~`n%

C` nky~rkoqikùe na M ya qy` ae yk~qìkleay ile nly gqay~r`y z`r` yì`r

kemaraeik`y ìari` na gày na nly }`rkèx`y zlocìkle`cay# ilgl ae ac i`yl na

zrlocag`y na èàckyky na }`rkèx`% Zlr ahagzcl# yk y?

0{ y?

?yle c`y }`rkèx`y na

gqay~r`y `ca`~lrk`y kenazaenkae~ay na ~`g`ðl e0 { e? ~lg`n`y na zlocìkleay

elrg`cay ile }`rkèx`y zlocìkle`cay ω?0 { ω?

?# rayzai~k}`gae~a# ae~leiay c`

racìkùe na ò`hl8

M 7 y?0,ω

?0 , y

??,ω

?? 7 ω

?? y?

0 , ω?0 y?

? &='06+

~kaea qe` nky~rkoqikùe na M ile η0 7 e0 ’ 0 { η? 7 e? ’ 0 br`nly na ckoar~`n

C` mqeikùe &='06+ ay `gzck`gae~a qy`n` z`r` fìar zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky#

z`r` }ar yk c`y }`rkèx`y yle kbq`cay l naykbq`cay% Qe` `zckiìkùe na c` mqeikùe &='

06+ ay~à aemli`n` ae ac qyl# zlr ahagzcl# na c`y mqeikleay &='2+ l &='6+# ay naikr#

z`r` naiknkr yk c`y }`rkèx`y yle kbq`cay l naykbq`cay%

Z`r` zrlo`r zlr }`rkèx`y kbq`cay zlocìkle`cay ya qy` ac ykbqkae~a irk~arkl

z`r` zrqao`y qekc`~ar`cay { zrqao`y okc`~ar`cay% Ay~` kemlrgìkùe ya n` ae c` ~òc`

na ò`hl &GiIc`}a a~ `c% 0;6?+%




='>:

^òc` =%2% Nk`br`g` gly~rènl cly irk~arkly pqa ya ykbqae z`r` zrqao`y nafkzù~ayky ile c` nky~rkoqikùe M%

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Zrqao` qekc`~ar`c Zrqao` okc`~ar`cFl8 ω

?0 7 ω?

? Fl8 ω?

0 7 ω??

F`8 ω?

0 3 ω?? F`8 ω

?0 ≪ ω?

?

&l F`8 ω?0 5 ω?

?+

Zrqao` ay~`nçy~ki`8 Zrqao` ay~`nçy~ki`8

M 7 y??,y

?0 M 7 ]`rkèx` gqay~r`c brèna,}`rkèx` gqay~r`c zapqað`

&l M 7 y?0,y

?? iqènl F`8 ω

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?+ 7 y?0,y

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&l y??,y

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_abkùe na raif`xl8 _abkùe na raif`xl8

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?

nlena M~ò% ay~à o`y`n` ae η0 7 e? '0 nlena Mΰ,? ya o`y` ae η0 7 e? '0

{ η? 7 e0 ’ 0 br`nly na ckoar~`n% { η? 7 e0 ’ 0 br`nly na ckoar~`n

&l Mi`ci% 5 M~ò% nlena F`8 ω?0 5 ω?

? &l Mi`ci% 5 Mΰ,? iqènl y?0 5 y?

?

nlena M~ò% ya o`y` ae η0 7 e0 ’ 0 nlena Mΰ,? ya o`y` η0 7 e0 ’ 0

{ η? 7 e? ’ 0 br`nly na ckoar~`n+ { η? 7 e? ’ 0 br`nly na ckoar~`n+

Mqae~a8 GiIc`}a a~ `c% &0;6?+




='>0

% Mraiqaeik` rac`~k}`

Mkbqr` =%2% Bràmki` gly~rènl qe` m`gkck` na nky~rkoqikleay na M ile nkmarae~ay

br`nly na ckoar~`n% Eù~aya pqa z`r` c` iqr}` ile η0 7 9: { η? 7 9: br`nly na

ckoar~`n# c` rabkùe irç~ki` ay kbq`c ` >%?6%

Mkbqr` =%6% Mkbqr` gly~rènl c` nky~rkoqikùe M# ile ac }`clr irç~kil na M kbq`c `

>%?=# ile ΰ 7 :%:1%

Ahagzcl )06% Ay~a ahagzcl ay~à aei`gke`nl ` aeile~r`r cly }`clray irç~kily qyènl

c` nky~rkoqikùe M% Ykaenl `yç# aeile~r`r8




='>?

&`+ M:%:1 ile η0 7 = { η? 7 0:

Ylcqikùe8

Cly br`nly na ckoar~`n nac eqgar`nlr yle η0 7 = { cly br`nly na ckoar~`n nacnaelgke`nlr yle η? 7 0:% Ile qe }`clr na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1 na c` ~òc` ya

caa 9%??% Zlr cl ~è~l# M:%:14=#0: 7 9%??

&o+ M:%:0 ile η0 7 = { η? 7 0:

Ylcqikùe8

Eqa}`gae~a ya oqyi` ΰ 7 :%:0 ae c` ~òc` na M ile η0 7 = { η? 7 0: { n` M:%:04=#0: 7

1%9;

&i+ Yk ac ~`g`ðl na qe` gqay~r` ay na e0 7 9 { ac ~`g`ðl na l~r` gqay~r` ay na e? 7

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rabkùe irç~ki` iqènl ΰ 7 :%:1%

Ylcqikùe8

M:%:14?#; 7 >%?= { M:%:04?#; 7 6%:?

C` Mkbqr` =%6 gqay~r` c` rabkùe irç~ki` { yq }`clr ilrrayzlenkae~a ile qe ek}ac na

ykbekmkièik` na 1%

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mknackn`n ya ca zqana n`r ` ac rayqc~`nl lo~aeknl% Z`r` ay~l# ya fìa qe` zrqao` nafkzù~ayky el ~r`nkikle`c qyènl ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z% Ykaenl `yç# ya oqyi`

ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe M ac }`clr na Mi`ci% 7 1%2:# ile > { = br`nly na ckoar~`n

{ ile ΰ 7 :%:1# zarl }agly pqa el ay~à avzcçik~`gae~a gly~r`nl% Yke ago`rbl#




='>9

}agly pqa ay~à ae~ra >%19 { ;%01 ile yqy }`clray rayzai~k}ly na ΰ 7 :%1: { %:0:#

zlr cl ~è~l c` zrloòkckn`n ay %:0 3 z 3 %:1% @flr`# z`r` lo~aear qe }`clr na z gày

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}`clr i`ciqc`nl%

@flr` ile δ?

7 :%:1# δ0

7 :%:0# M?

7 >%19# M0

7 ;%01 { Mi`ci%

7 1%2: { yqy~k~q{aenl {

raylc}kaenl zlr V n`8

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V 7 z 7 :%:>

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Z`r` ay~l# ya ~kaea pqa fìar qe` naikykùe yk ya }` ` qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe &='2+ na ~

na Ay~qnkè~a pqa rapqkara na }`rkèx`y kbq`cay {,l c` nky~rkoqikùe &='6+ pqa el

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&`+ Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na pqa c`y }`rkèx`y na c`y nly gqay~r`y yle kbq`cay%&o+ @nagày# i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z%

Ylcqikùe8

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~aenragly pqa ay~kg`r# {` ya` ω?0 5 ω?

?# l okae# ω?? 5 ω?

0%

?% Zlr cl ~è~l# c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` ay F`8ω?0 ≪ ω?

?%

9% C` zrqao` ay okc`~ar`c# ay naikr8 Fl8ω?0,ω?? 7 0 { F`8ω?0,ω??%>% C` zrqao` ay~`nçy~ki` ay8

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??

1% C`y yqzlykikleay yle na pqa c`y gqay~r`y ~kaeae mraiqaeik`y rac`~k}`y pqa yle

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kenazaenkae~ay%

=% C` naikykùe ay~`nçy~ki` ya o`y`rà ae ilgz`r`r c` rabkùe irç~ki` na 0%;6# ile ac

}`clr ay~`nçy~kil# ay~l ay8 Mi`ci% 5 M~ò% 7 M%:14?>#?> 7 0%;6

Nlena η0 7 e0 ’ 0 7 ?> { η? 7 e? ’ 0 7 ?> br`nly na ckoar~`n

2% @flr` ya i`ciqc` c` zrqao` ay~`nçy~ki` &='06+ { ya yqy~k~q{ae cly }`clray8

M 7 y?0,y

?? 7 &2=+?,&>=+? 7 ?%29

6% Naoknl ` pqa# ?%29 5 0%;6# zlr cl pqa ya raif`x` Fl8 na }`rkèx`y kbq`cay%

;% Qyènl ΰ 7 %0: ay~l nkia pqë# ylc`gae~a qe` }ax ae nkax# ay~` zrqao` ay~`nçy~ki`

ely cca}`rç` ` ileicqkr arrùea`gae~a pqa c`y }`rkèx`y ω?0,ω?

? mqarè nkmarae~ay#

iqènl na faifl mqarè kbq`cay%

0:% Z`r` i`ciqc`r z ya oqyi` ac }`clr na ?%29 ae c` ~òc` M ile η0 7 ?> { η? 7 ?> {

ay~à ae~ra %0:: { %:1:% Ay~l ay8 %:1: 3 z 3 %0::%

El loy~è~a# yk ya naya`r` gày zraikykùe ya zqana qy`r c` mùrgqc` na ke~arzlcìkùe

&1'9:+# ile δ? 7 %0::# δ0 7 %:1:# ile M? 7 0%;6# M0 7 ?%>0 { Mi`ci% 7 ?%29

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='>1

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=%0% Aeile~r`r cly }`clray irç~kily na ~ zlr cly iq`cay ac àra` nac av~ragl naraifl na c`

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cly yqha~ly ae qe yk~kl `can`ðl ` qe` zcè~` na mqenkikùe na ga~`cay { na av`c~`r ac

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rapqarkn` z`r` ay~a avzarkgae~l%

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='>2

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0,y??%

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='>6

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='1:

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c`y rabkleay na raif`xl { ìaz~ìkùe%

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='10

&o+ I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z% &z 7 :%:::?+

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='1?

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='19

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2'0

I@ZK^QCL 2

@eàckyky na ]`rkèx`

Nkyaðly na èàckyky na }`rkèx` ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkx`nly%' Gë~lnl na

ilgz`rìkleay gøc~kzcay z`r` yòar iq`cay zlocìkleay yle kbq`cay { iq`cay

yle naykbq`cay%' @eàckyky na }`rkèx` na nkyaðl na oclpqay `ca`~lrkx`nly%'

Yqzlykikleay nac glnacl na oclpqay `ca`~lrkly ilgzca~ly%' @eàckyky na

}`rkèx` ae nly yae~knly%' Ke~arìikùe ile @EL]@ na nly mì~lray%' @eàckyky

na }`rkèx` na ~ray yae~knly8 nkyaðl ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkl%' Ke~arìikùe ile

@EL]@ na nkyaðly mì~lrk`cay na ~ray ic`ykmkiìkleay%' Ahagzcly na èàckyky na

}`rkèx` qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò%'

Ac gë~lnl z`r` ilgz`r`r }`rkly zrlgankly ya cc`g` èàckyky na }`rkèx` l

ykgzcagae~a @EL]@% Ae yq gày ykgzca mlrg`# ac èàckyky na }`rkèx` ilgz`r`

}`rkly ~r`~`gkae~ly z`r` na~argke`r c` kbq`cn`n na cly zrlgankly% Ae ile~r`y~a ile

c` zrqao` na ~ na ay~qnkè~a# pqa ay~qnk` c` kbq`cn`n na nly zlocìkleay &Fl8 ±0 7

±?+# ac èàckyky na }`rkèx` ay~qnk` gày na ? nky~rkoqikleay# { qy` c` ay~`nçy~ki` M%

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naikr# na c` fkzù~ayky eqc` Fl8 ±0 7 ±? 7 ±9 7 %%%%% 7 ±e# ay~l ay# na pqa c`y }`rkèx`y

na cly zrlgankly yle kbq`c ` iarl &ω?± 7 :+% @ zay`r na pqa ay~a èàckyky na }`rkèx`

ay~qnk` cly zrlgankly# è`ckx`# na faifl# c` }`rkèx` na c`y zlocìkleay%

C`y zrlzkan`nay { yqzlykikleay ae ac èàckyky na }`rkèx` &@EL]@+ yle8

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nky~rkoqikùe M el ay ykgë~rki`# ykel yayb`n`# ay naikr# lockiq` fìk` c` naraif`%

?% Cly }`clray na M zqanae yar na iarl l zlyk~k}ly# zarl el




2'?

zqanae yar eab`~k}ly%

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C` Mkbqr` 2%0 gqay~r` ay~` yk~qìkùe% Z`r` nael~`r cly br`nly na ckoar~`n z`r` ac

eqgar`nlr ya qy` c` èl~ìkùe# η0 { z`r` cly br`nly na ckoar~`n ac naelgke`nlr ya

qy` c` èl~ìkùe# η?%

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ilenkikùe el zqana yar iqgzckn`# c` zrqao` na M el ay }àckn`% Ae ay~a i`yl ya naoana qy`r qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky nkmarae~a%

2% C`y gqay~r`y yle `ca`~lrk`y a kenazaenkae~ay qe` na c` l~r`%

El~`8 Iqènl el ya zqanae iqgzckr c`y ilenkikleay na elrg`ckn`n l na

kenazaenaeik` na cly n`~ly# qel ya ~kaea pqa ragk~kr ` c` zrqao`y el z`r`gë~rki`y#

pqa el rapqkarae na ay~`y yqzlykikleay%

Mkbqr` 2%0% Bràmki` gly~rènl c` nky~rkoqikùe M% F`{ qe` nky~rkoqikùe nkmarae~a na

M z`r` i`n` z`r na br`nly na ckoar~`n nac eqgar`nlr# η0 { nac naelgke`nlr# η?%





2'9

Nkyaðly na èàckyky na }`rkèx` ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkx`nly

Avky~ae nly ~kzly oàykily na èàckyky na }`rkèx`8 ac nkyaðl ilgzca~`gae~a

`ca`~lrkx`nl { ac nkyaðl na oclpqa ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkx`nl%

Ae ac i`yl nac nkyaðl ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkx`nl# ileliknl zlr èàckyky na

}`rkèx` ae qe yae~knl &@EL]@ na qe` ic`ykmkiìkùe+# ya `ykbeè cly ~r`~`gkae~ly

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kenazaenkae~agae~a# zlr cl ~è~l# c` yacaiikùe na qe` gqay~r` el `mai~` c`

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zrlgankl# V h { c` }`rkèx` y

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}ar yk c`y g`ri`y nkmkarae ile rayzai~l ` yq nqrìkùe%

Zlr l~r` z`r~a# ae ac i`yl na @EL]@ na nkyaðl na oclpqay ilgzca~`gae~a

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ilecca}` `c el raif`xl na fkzù~ayky naoknl ` pqa f`{ gqif` }`rkìkùe% Na gèar`

pqa# `c –oclpqa`r‗ c`y loyar}ìkleay ya ranqia c` }`rkìkùe% Ac ~ërgkel –oclpqa‗ ya

nark}` na nkyaðly avzarkgae~`cay `zcki`nly ` c` `brkiqc~qr`# ae cly iq`cay c`y

z`riac`y na ~karr`y na iqc~k}ly ya ramkarae ilgl –oclpqay‗% Zlr ahagzcl# ae ac i`yl

nac nkyaðl na oclpqa `ca`~lrkl# cly ~r`~`gkae~ly &ilgl mar~kckxè~ay+ ya `ykbeè

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yqacly z`raiknly%

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2'>

`nk~k}ly% Zlr ahagzcl# z`r` kcqy~r`r ay~` yk~qìkùe# yk ya br`mkiè cly zrlgankly

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2'1

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2'=

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Ylcqikùe8

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2'2

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Ylcqikùe8




2'6

Qyènl qe z`pqa~a na zrlbr`g` na ilgzq~`nlr` n`8

^@OC@ 2%2% ^òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Brqzly Ile~al Yqg` Zrlgankl ]`rkèx`

^r`~`gkae~l 0 = >9? 2? >:=%6

^r`~`gkae~l ? = 12: ;1 ;2%=

^r`~`gkae~l 9 = 9;= == 6:%6

^r`~`gkae~l > = >;6 69 =;%?

^òc` na @EL]@

Mqae~a na]`rkìkle YY bc GY M i`ci% ]`clr'z M irk~%

Ae~ra cly Brqzly ?;>: 9 ;6: 1%;;:?? :%::>962 9%:;69;0Nae~rl na clybrqzly 9?2? ?: 0=9%=

^l~`c =?0? ?9

Ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n na z ay na :%::>>% Ay~a }`clr ~`gokëe ya zqana i`ciqc`r

gèq`cgae~a oqyiènl ac }`clr na c` Mi`ci% 7 1%;; ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe M a

ke~arzlcènl ae~ra ac }`clr gày `c~l { ac gày o`hl qyènl c` racìkùe &2'>+ na ò`hl8

&δ? ’ δ0+ , &M? ’ M0+ 7 &δ? ’ V+ , &M? ’ Mi`ci%+ &2'>+

Nlena8

δ? 7 }`clr zlriae~q`c na M gày `c~l pqa ac }`clr na Mi`ci%

δ0 7 }`clr zlriae~q`c na M gày o`hl pqa ac }`clr na Mi`ci%

M? 7 }`clr na c` nky~rkoqikùe M ilrrayzlenkae~a ` δ?

M0 7 }`clr na c` nky~rkoqikùe M ilrrayzlenkae~a ` δ0

V 7 }`clr pqa ya pqkara ke~arzlc`r

Mi`ci% 7 }`clr i`ciqc`nl qyènl c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe M%

El~`8 Ac gaièkygl pqa ya ykbqa z`r` ke~arzlc`r ay oqyiènl ac }`clr na c` Mi`ci% 7




2';

1%;; ae c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe M ile η0 7 9 &eqgar`nlr+ { η? 7 ?:

&naelgke`nlr+ { }agly pqa 1%;; ay~à ae~raδ? 7 %::0 ile M? 7 6%0: &}`clr gày `c~l+

{ δ0 7 %:0 ile M0 7 >%;> &}`clr gày o`hl+% Aeyabqkn`# yqy~k~qkgly ac }`clr na c`

Mi`ci% 7 1%;; { cly nagày }`clray ae c` mùrgqc` na ke~arzlcìkùe &2'>+ z`r` n`r8

&%::0 ' %:0+,&6%0: ’ >%;>+ 7 &%::0 ’ V+,&6%0: ’ 1%;;+

_aylc}kaenl zlr V 7 %::17 z 7 %::1% Ay~a }`clr ay~à gq{ na ìqarnl `c }`clr na

%::>> na c` ^@OC@ 2%2% Ae ileicqykùe# ac }`clr na z 7 %::>> kenki` qe nkyaðl

avzarkgae~`c zraikyl { ileikyl%

Ahagzcl )9% Cly ek~r`~ly &EL

'

9+ razrayae~è c` m`ya gày lvkn`n` ae ac ikicl nacek~rùbael% Baear`cgae~a# ay~l liqrra ae gq{ zapqað`y iè~kn`nay ae c`y

yqzarmkikay na cly `cgìae`gkae~ly na `bq`# zarl zqana avky~kr ae brènay

iè~kn`nay ae `cbqe`y `bq`y yqo~arràea`y% Ae iè~kn`nay aviayk}`y# cly ek~r`~ly

zqanae li`ykle`r qe` aemargan`n kemè~kc cc`g`n` ga~agabclokeagk`% &Gë~lnly

Ay~àen`ray z`r` ac av`gae nac `bq` { na c`y `bq`y rayknq`cay# 0;20+% Zlr ay~`

r`xùe# ac cçgk~a ay na >1 gb,C z`r` ac `bq` zl~òca% Z`r` cly èàckyky na cly ek~r`~ly#

avky~ae }`rkly gë~lnly% Zlr ahagzcl# qe gë~lnl ay ac nac àiknl maelcnkyqcmùekil4

l~rl ay ac gë~lnl na c` ranqiikùe na i`ngkl4 l~rl gày ay ac gë~lnl na àiknl

irlgl~rùzkil {# l~rl gày ay ac gë~lnl na orqike` &`ci`clkna ~ùvkil+% Z`r` ay~l# ya

fkxl qe ay~qnkl ay~`nçy~kil z`r` ilgz`r`r cly rayqc~`nly na cly iq`~rl gë~lnly

gaeikle`nly `rrko` z`r` è`ckx`r cly ek~r`~ly% Cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly ya nè ò`hl%

Z`r` ay~l# cc`gagly ~r`~`gkae~l &0+ `c gë~lnl nac àiknl maelcnkyqcmùekil#

~r`~`gkae~l &?+ `c gë~lnl na c` ranqiikùe nac i`ngkl# ~r`~`gkae~l &9+ `c gë~lnl na

àiknl irlgl~rùzkil# { ~r`~`gkae~l &>+ `c gë~lnl na orqike`% C` ~òc` na ò`hl n`

cly rayqc~`nly ae gb,C% @yqgkr qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na :%:1% Fìar cly




2'0:

ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly8

&`+ Aecky~`r c`y yqzlykikleay kgzcki`n`y zlr ac glnacl na @EL]@%

&o+ Fìar qe` ~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx` { zrlo`r pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra

cly > gë~lnly%

&i+ Ay~kg`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z { yì`r c`y ileicqykleay `zrlzk`n`y%

^@OC@ 2%6% ^òc` ile cly n`~ly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

^r`~`gkae~l _ayqc~`nly na cly yaky èàckyky ae gb,C

&0+ ;; >: =0 2? 2= 6>

&?+ ;= 6> 6? 0:> ;; 0:1

&9+ =9 12 60 1; => 2?

&>+ 2; ;? ;0 62 26 20

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ C`y yqzlykikleay kgzcki`n`y zlr ac glnacl na èàckyky na }`rkèx` na qe` ylc`

ic`ykmkiìkùe yle8

0% C`y iq`~rl zlocìkleay na cly ek~r`~ly ay~àe elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqkn`y%

?% C`y }`rkèx`y na c`y iq`~rl zlocìkleay na ek~r`~ly yle kbq`cay%

9% C`y ?> loyar}ìkleay &èàckyky+ yle kenazaenkae~ay# ay naikr# pqa c`y gqay~r`y

mqarle yacaiikle`n`y `ca`~lrk`gae~a%

&o+ Qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò krya `8

Y~`~ ↟ @EL]@ ↟ Lea `{ &qey~ìdan+ n` cly kbqkae~ay rayqc~`nly gly~r`nly ae

c` ^òc` 2%;%




2'00

^@OC@ 2%;% ^òc` na @EL]@ z`r` cly rayqc~`nly na ahagzcl na `rrko` qyènl ac

Gkek~ò% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Lea'`{ @EL]@8 ^r`~`gkae~l 0# ^r`~`gkae~l ?# ^r`~`gkae~l 9# ^r`~`gkae~l >

Ylqria NM YY GY M Z

Mì~lr 9 ?;>: ;6: 1%;; :%::>

Arrlr ?: 9?2? 0=>

^l~`c ?9 =?0?

∘GY 7 ∘0=> 7 y 7 0?%60 _'Yp 7 >2%99! _'Yp&`nh+ 7 9;%>9!

Zlr l~r` z`r~a# qe gë~lnl ilr~l z`r` fìar èàckyky na }`rkèx` na qe yae~knl# ay

naikr# gèq`cgae~a# ya n` qyènl ac mlrg`~l na c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^@OC@ 2%0:% ^òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx` &@EL]@+ z`r` qe` ic`ykmkiìkùe# ile

gqay~r`y na ~`g`ðly kbq`cay qyènl ac gë~lnl òra}k`nl% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+%

Mqae~a na Yqg` na cly b%c% Iq`nr`nl nac Mi`ci% M~ò% ]`clr

]`rkìkùe iq`nr`nly zrlgankl na z

Naoknl `c YY` 7 ∐^?,e ’ B

?,è `’0 GY` 7 YY`,&`'0+ GY`,y

?a MT0'ΰ4`'0#`&e'0+W Ay~kg`nl

~r`~`gkae~l

_ayknql YYr 7 ∐V

?

' ∐ ^

?

,e `&e'0+ y

?

a 7 YYr ,`&e'0+

^l~`c YY~ 7 ∐V?

’ B?,è e`'0

Nlena8

^?

7 iq`nr`nl na cly ~l~`cay

b%c% 7 η 7 br`nly na ckoar~`n


B 7 brè ~l~`c

` 7 eøgarl na gqay~r`y




2'0?

Ahagzcl )>% C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` cly n`~ly na cly èàckyky na nagèn`

pqçgki` na lvçbael &NPL+ faifly zlr 9 còlr`~lrkly nkmarae~ay% Ya ~lg`rle 9

gqay~r`y na 1 loyar}ìkleay i`n` qe`% @yqgkr pqa c`y 9 gqay~r`y }kaeae na

zlocìkleay elrg`cay `ca`~lrk`y { pqa ~kaeae c` gkyg` }`rkèx`% @yqgkr qe ek}ac

na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1% Fìar cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ Qe` ~òc` ile qe èàckyky na }`rkèx` z`r` ac NPL%

&o+ Ay~òcaiar c` rabkùe irç~ki`%

&i+ Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na Fl8 ±0 7 ±? 7 ±9# l ya` pqa ω?± 7 :# ay naikr# pqa cly

zrlgankly na c`y ~ray zlocìkleay na NPL yle kbq`cay% @nagày# ay~òcaiar c`fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` `zrlzk`n`%

&n+ Yk ya raif`x` Fl8 i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%

Ya n` c` ~òc` na ò`hl ile `cbqely iàciqcly zrackgke`ray8

^@OC@ 2%00% ^òc` gly~rènl cly iàciqcly zrackgke`ray% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Eøgarl na gqay~r` &0+ &?+ &9+ Ilgokeìkùe

Loyar}ìkùe 9 ; 0

2 0? ?

2 00 =

= 6 >

? 1 2

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

^l~`cay ?1 >1 ?: B 7 ;:

Zrlgankl V 1 ; > V 7 =

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl c`y ay~`nçy~ki`y na c` ^@OC@ 2%0:# cly iàciqcly yle8




2'09

B 7 Ω^ 7 ΩV 7 ^0 $ ^? $ ^9 $%%%$ ^d 7 ?1 $ >1 $ ?: 7 ;:# è 7 &9+&1+ 7 01

Zrlgankl baear`c l zrlgankl na cly zrlgankly 7 V 7 B , è 7 ;: , 01 7 =

^`gokëe# V 7 & V 0 $ V ? $ V 9+ , ` 7 &1 $ ; $ >+ , 9 7 =

ΩV?

7 =66# e 7 1# ` 7 9# Ω^?

, e 7 9#:1: , 1 7 =0:

YY&ae~ra c`y gqay~r`y+ 7 &Ω^?

, e+ ' &Ω^+?

, è 7 Ω^?

, e ' B?,è

7 &?1?

$ >1?

$ ?:?+,1 ' T&?1 $ >1 $ ?:+

?W , T&9+&1+W 7 2:%:

El~` 08 c` yqg` na cly iq`nr`nly YY 7 YY&ae~ra c`y gqay~r`y+ gkna c` }`rkìkùe ae~ra cly

zrlgankly gqay~r`cay `%

YY&nae~rl na c`y gqay~r`y+ 7 Ω V ? ' Ω^?,e 7 Ω& V ' V +? 7 =66 ' =0: 7 26

El~` ?8 YYr 7 YY&nae~rl na c`y gqay~r`y+ gkna c` }`rkìkùe na c`y loyar}ìkleay nae~rl na

cly zrlgankly gqay~r`cay%

YY&~l~`c+ 7 YY&ae~ra c`y gqay~r`y+ $ YY&nae~rl na c`y gqay~r`y+

7 Ω V ? ' B?,è 7 Ω& V ' V +

?

El~` 9% YY&~l~`c+ gkna c` }`rkìkùe ~l~`c na c`y loyar}ìkleay è%

C` }`rkèx` na cly zrlgankly gqay~r`cay ay8y

? v 7 iq`nr`nl nac zrlgankl na YY&ae~ra c`y gqay~r`y+ 7 Ω& V ' V +

?, `'0

7 T&1 ' =+?

$ &; ' =+?

$ &> ' =+?W,9 ' 0

7 &'0?

$ 9?

' ??+,?

7 2%:

y?a 7 iq`nr`nl nac zrlgankl na YY&nae~rl na c`y gqay~r`y+

7 Ω& V ' V +?

, ` &e ' 0+

7 YY&nae~rl na c`y gqay~r`y+ , ` &e ' 0+

7 26 , 9&1 ' 0+

7 =%1




2'0>

Gë~lnl na ilgz`rìkleay gøc~kzcay z`r` yòar iq`cay zlocìkleay yle kbq`cay

{ iq`cay yle naykbq`cay

Qe` }ax pqa ya zrqaoè c`y fkzù~ayky na pqa cly zrlgankly yle kbq`cay# l

naykbq`cay# ae~leiay# eaiayk~`gly yòar iq`cay zrlgankly yle naykbq`cay { iq`cay

yle kbq`cay% Z`r` ay~l# ya qy` cl pqa ya cc`gè ilgz`rìkleay gøc~kzcay avzcki`nly

zlr R`czlca a~ `c% 0;;9%

Ac èàckyky na }`rkèx` ay qe zrliankgkae~l zlnarlyl z`r` zrlo`r c`

flglbaeakn`n na qe brqzl na zrlgankly% Yke ago`rbl# yk raif`x`gly c` fkzù~ayky

na kbq`cn`n &Fl8±0 7 ±? 7 ±9 7 ±e+# { ely keicke`gly zlr c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` napqë# iqènl gaely nly na cly zrlgankly yle kbq`cay# ~ln`}ç` el yòagly iq`cay

na cly zrlgankly yle kbq`cay { iq`cay yle naykbq`cay% Ac qyl nac gë~lnl na

ilgz`rìkleay gøc~kzcay kgzcki` fìar }`rk`y ilgz`rìkleay agz`rah`n`y ae~ra

cly ~r`~`gkae~ly l zrlgankly%

Zlr ahagzcl# c`y ilgz`rìkleay agz`rah`n`y yle zrqao`y ilgl c` na ò`hl

c`y iq`cay nkiae pqa yle kbq`cay l pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`8

Fl8±k ' ± h 7 : &2'1+

F08±k ' ± h≪ : &2'1`+

Z`r` fìar ay~`y zrqao`y agz`rah`n`y qy`gly c` }arykùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a na c`

mlrg` na8

V k ' V h~ 7 \„„„„„„„„„ ∟ &2'=+

y ?,e

Nlena8

V k 7 qely na cly zrlgankly pqa ya pqkar` ilgz`r`r

V h 7 l~rl na cly zrlgankly pqa ya pqkar` ilgz`r`r




2'01

y 7 nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r ilgoke`n` l c` r`çx iq`nr`n` nac iq`nrà~kil

zrlgankl nac arrlr GY

e 7 ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` na i`n` ~r`~`gkae~l

Ahagzcl )1% Ac ckorl Zrloòkckn`n { Ay~`nçy~kyi` na R`czlca a~ `c% &0;;9+ n` qe

ahagzcl nac qyl na c`y ilgz`rìkleay gøc~kzcay% C` ~òc` na ò`hl n` cly n`~ly

racìkle`nly ile ay~a zrlocag`% @yqgkr qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1%

Ay~kg`r na }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%

^@OC@ 2%0?% ^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac zrlocag`%

Eøgarl na @brab`nly

0 ? 9 > 1

110 1;1 =9; >02 1=9

>12 16: =01 >>; =90

>1: 1:6 100 102 1??

290 169 129 >96 =09

>;; =99 =>6 >01 =1=

=9? 102 =22 111 =2;

_aylc}ar cly ykbqkae~ay aeqeik`nly8

&`+ Ilrrar qe èàckyky na }`rkèx` qyènl ae z`pqa~a na ilgzq~`nlr`%

&o+ Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na pqa c` zlocìkùe nac `brab`nl 0 ay kbq`c ` c`

zlocìkùe nac `brab`nl 1# ay naikr# Fl8±0 7 ±1 ile~r` c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` na

F08±0 ≪ ±1%

&i+ Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na pqa c` zlocìkùe nac `brab`nl > ay kbq`c ` c`

zlocìkùe nac `brab`nl 1# ay naikr# Fl8±> ’ ±1 7 :# ile~r` F08±> ' ±1 ≪ :%




2'0=

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl qe zrlbr`g` na ilgzq~`nlr` ilgl AVIAC n` cly ykbqkae~ay rayqc~`nly%

&`+ C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` cly rayqc~`nly lo~aeknly qyènl ac z`pqa~a na

ilgzq~`nlr`%

^@OC@ 2%09% _ayqc~`nly qyènl èàckyky na }`rkèx` na qe ylcl mì~lr%

@eàckyky na }`rkèx` na qe ylcl mì~lr

_ayqgae

Brqzly Ile~al Yqg` Zrlgankly ]`rkèx`y

@brab`nl 0 = 99?: 119%9999 0?099%62

@brab`nl ? = 9>0= 1=;%9999 ?9:?%==2

@brab`nl 9 = 9==9 =0:%1 91;9%1 @brab`nl > = ?2;0 >=1%0==2 9906%1=2

@brab`nl 1 = 9==> =0:%===2 9>11%>=2

@EL]@

Mqae~a na ]`rkìkùe YY bc GY M i`ci% ]`clr'z M irk~%

Ae~ra cly brqzly 6191=%>2 > ?099;%0? >%9:019= :%::621? ?%21620

Nae~rl na cly brqzly 0?>:?:%9 ?1 >;=:%609

^l~`c ?:;92=%6 ?;

@c hqxb`r zlr cly rayqc~`nly lo~aeknly ya raif`x` cly fkzù~ayky na kbq`cn`n na

zrlgankly# ay naikr# Fl8±0 7 ±? 7 ±9 7 ±> 7 ±1# ile qe` zrloòkckn`n na z 7 :%::;%

& o+ @flr` okae# z`r` zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na pqa c` zlocìkùe nac `brab`nl 0 ay kbq`c

` c` zlocìkùe nac `brab`nl 1# ya qy` c` racìkùe8 Fl8±0 7 ±1 { F08 ±0 ≪ ±1% Qyènl

c` mqeikùe &2'=+ { yqy~k~q{aenl cly }`clray na ±0 7 119%99# ±1 7 =0:%=2# nay}kìkùe

ay~èn`r ilgoke`n` 7 y 7 ∘ >;=:%609 7 2:%>9 { e 7 = n`8 V k ' V h

~ 7 ┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ y ?,e




2'02

~ 7 &119%99 ’ =0:%=2+ , T&2:%>9+ &∘ ?,=+W 7 '0%>0

Z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z ya oqyi` ac }`clr òylcq~l# s'0%>0s ae c`

~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a { ay~à ae~ra :%:1 { :%0: { zlr

ke~arzlcìkùe n` z 7 :%02% Ay~a }`clr el ay ykbekmkiè~a {# zlr cl ~è~l# ya nkia pqa

–~`c }ax‗ ±0 7 ±1%

&i+ @pqç ya pqkara zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra c`y

zlocìkleay na cly `brab`nly > { 1# ay~l ay# Fl8±> 7 ±1% Z`r` ay~l# ya zrliana ae

mlrg` èàclb` `c keikyl &o+ qyènl cly }`clray na ±> 7 >=1%02# ±1 7 =0:%=2# y 7

2:%>9 { ~`g`ðl na gqay~r` na e 7 =% Yqy~k~q{aenl ~lnly ay~ly }`clray ae c` mqeikùe&2'=+ n`8

~ 7 &>=1%02 ’ =0:%=2+ , T&2:%>9+&∘ ?,=+ 7 '9%16

Z`r` i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z ya ileyqc~` c` ~òc` na c`

nky~rkoqikùe na ~ ile ?1 br`nly na ckoar~`n { }agly pqa ac }`clr z ilrrayzlenkae~a

` 9%16 ay~à ae~ra %:::1 3 z 3 :%::0% Zlr ke~arzlcìkùe# ac }`clr i`ciqc`nl na z ay

kbq`c ` :%:::6% Ay~a }`clr `zl{`# namkek~k}`gae~a# c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` na F08±>

≪ ±1%

@eàckyky na }`rkèx` na nkyaðl na oclpqay ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkx`nly

Ilgl ya nkhl è~arklrgae~a# ac nkyaðl na oclpqay ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkly ya qy`

z`r` ranqikr ac arrlr avzarkgae~`c# {` ya` naoknl ` gqay~r`y zapqað`y l naoknl `

}`rkìkùe kefarae~a na c`y loyar}ìkleay% Ile ay~a ~kzl na nkyaðl zlr oclpqay

ilgzca~ly ay zlykoca ile~rlc`r c` }`rkìkùe nae~rl na c`y gqay~r`y &rayknq`c+

baear`n` zlr `cbqe mì~lr kenayaòca% Na gèar` pqë# `c oclpqa`r c`y

loyar}ìkleay# ya ranqia c` }`rkìkùe# pqa ~`c }ax el ya zqan` ile~rlc`r iqènl ya

qyè nkyaðly ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkx`nly%

Ac nkyaðl na oclpqay `ca`~lrkx`nly ~`gokëe ya ramkara ilgl @EL]@ ile




2'06

nly mì~lray# ae ac yae~knl na pqa ya qy` K z`r` razrayae~`r ac eøgarl na ek}acay nac

zrkgar mì~lr @ { H z`r` razrayae~`r ac eøgarl na ek}acay nac yabqenl mì~lr O

&oclpqay+% Ykaenl `yç# f`{ KH zlykocay ilgokeìkleay pqa iley~è na qe ek}ac na

mì~lr @ { l~rl na mì~lr O% I`n` qe` na ay~`y ilgokeìkleay ya cc`g` ~r`~`gkae~l#

zlr cl pqa f`{ KH nkmarae~ay ~r`~`gkae~ly% @pqç# ae ac nkyaðl na oclpqay# ac eøgarl

na loyar}ìkleay faif`y ae ac ~r`~`gkae~l KH ya razrayae~è ile D kh 7 0# ac iq`c ay

qe i`yl ayzaik`c nac nkyaðl na oclpqay `ca`~lrkx`nly# nlena qe ylcl mì~lr @ ay na

ke~arëy zrkeikz`c# { ac l~rl mì~lr &O+ oclpqay ay keicqknl z`r` ranqikr ac arrlr

avzarkgae~`c% Ae c` ykbqkae~a nkyiqykùe na @EL]@ na nly mì~lray# elyiae~r`ragly ae ac i`yl na D kh 7 D 5 0# z`r` nkmaraeik`rcl nac nkyaðl na oclpqay

`ca`~lrkly ile D kh 7 0%

Na iq`cpqkar gèar`# ac ~ërgkel –oclpqa‗ ya nark}` na nkyaðly

avzarkgae~`cay `brçilc`y# ae cly iq`cay c`y z`riac`y na ~karr`y na iqc~k}ly ya ramkarae

ilgl –oclpqay‗% Zlr ahagzcl# ae ac i`yl nac nkyaðl na oclpqay `ca`~lrkly# cly

~r`~`gkae~ly ya `ykbeè `ca`~lrk`gae~a ` qekn`nay nae~rl na i`n` oclpqa ile

i`rì~arçy~ki`y na yqacly yagahè~ay% Na el yar `yç# c`y z`riac`y ` c`y pqa ya ca

`zcki` mar~kckxè~a# el ~ln`y zqnkarè ~aear ac gkygl ~kzl na ~karr`# eq~rkae~ay l

fqgan`n# &cl pqa zqankar` i`qy`r }`rkìkleay ae cly raenkgkae~ly `brçilc`y+% @c

`brqz`r c`y z`riac`y zlr i`rì~arçy~ki`y ykgkc`ray na yqacly# gkear`cay# eq~rkae~ay#

fqgan`n# a~i%# ac arrlr avzarkgae~`c ya ranqia%

L~rl ahagzcl# ay ac racìkle`nl ile avzarkgae~ly gënkily% Zlr ahagzcl# yk

cly ~r`~`gkae~ly yle 9 nrlb`y { f`{ ?> zìkae~ay# qyènl ac nkyaðl ilgzca~`gae~a

`ca`~lrkx`nl# 6 zìkae~ay yle `ykbe`nly `ca`~lrk`gae~a ` i`n` qel na cly

~r`~`gkae~ly% Zarl zqana liqrrkr pqa ac fky~lrk`c icçekil na cly ?> zìkae~ay el ya`

ac gkygl# cl iq`c zqana `mai~`r yq ilgzlr~`gkae~l ` c`y nrlb`y &cl pqa zqana




2'0;

i`qy`r qe arrlr l rayknq`c brèna+% Yke ago`rbl# `brqzènl cly zìkae~ay zlr

fky~lrk`cay icçekily ykgkc`ray# an`nay# yavl# zayly# mqg`nlray# ~lg`nlray#

lrkae~ìkleay yavq`cay# a~i%# ya ile~rlc` ay~` }`rkìkùe%

Ae ac i`yl na c` kebaekarç` `gokae~`c# qyènl glnacly na ile~`gkeìkùe

`~glymërki`# ya ayzar`rç` pqa c`y ileiae~rìkleay na cly ile~`gkeè~ay

nkygkeq{arè ae mqeikùe na c` nky~èik` &ykagzra { iqènl c`y `c~qr`y na cly

gqay~ra`nlray mqarè kbq`cay# c`y ilenkikleay ga~aralcùbki`y mqarè qekmlrgay {

ac ~kzl ~arrael zlr nlena ay~à z`yènl c` zcqg` mqar` ykgkc`r+% @c ile~rlc`r ay~ly

mì~lray# c`y ileiae~rìkleay na cly ile~`gkeè~ay nkygkeq{ae avzleaeik`cgae~a#ae mqeikùe na c` nky~èik` na c` mqae~a agkylr`# yke zrlnqikr gqif` }`rkìkùe%

C` ~òc` na ò`hl n` ac @EL]@ z`r` ac nkyaðl na oclpqay ilgzca~ly%

^@OC@ 2% 0>% @EL]@ na qe nkyaðl `ca`~lrkx`nl zlr oclpqay ilgzca~ly%

Mqae~a na Yqg` na cly Br`nly na Iq`nr`nl Mi`ci% M~ò% ]`clr na

}`rkìkùe iq`nr`nly ckoar~`n gankl z

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Naoknl ` cly YY o o ’ 0 GY o 7 YY o,&o ’ 0+ GY o,y?? MT0'ΰ4o'0#&`'0+&o'0+W

oclpqay

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YY o 7 ` Ω & { %h ’ { %% +?

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YY~ 7 Ω Ω &{kh ’ { %%+?

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{ k% 7 zrlgankl na c`y loyar}ìkleay z`r` ac k'ëykgl ~r`~`gkae~l

{ %h 7 zrlgankl na c`y loyar}ìkleay z`r` ac h'ëykgl oclpqa

{ %% 7 zrlgankl na ~ln`y c`y o` loyar}ìkleay l ac zrlgankl na cly zrlgankly

{kh 7 h'ëykg` loyar}ìkùe nac k'ëykgl ~r`~`gkae~l

Yqzlykikleay nac glnacl na oclpqay `ca`~lrkly ilgzca~ly

Ac glnacl l nkyaðl na oclpqay `ca`~lrkly ilgzca~ly `yqga iq`~rl yqzlykikleay

&Nqee a~ `c% 0;2>+ 8

0% C` rayzqay~` `c k'ëykgl ~r`~`gkae~l ae ac h'ëykgl oclpqa zrl}kaea na qe`

nky~rkoqikùe elrg`c%

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na ± $ ΰ $ ο% Ay~` zrlzkan`n qyq`cgae~a ya cc`g` `nk~k}kn`n l el ke~arìikùe%

9% C`y }`rkèx`y na c`y zlocìkleay ò yle ~ln`y kbq`cay% Ay~l ya cc`g`

flglyian`y~kikn`n% Ay~a ~ërgkel ya nkyiq~krà# eqa}`gae~a# ae ac i`zç~ql na

rabraykùe { ilrracìkùe%

>% C`y na}kìkleay na cly zrlgankly αkh yle kenazaenkae~ay% Zlr ahagzcl# yk ya yòa

pqa α00 ay brèna# el ya zqana ayzar`r pqa α0? ya` zapqað` l brèna%

Qe` yqzlykikùe kgzlr~è~a nac glnacl z`r` qe nkyaðl na oclpqay ilgzca~ly

`ca`~lrkx`nly ay pqa cly amai~ly na ~r`~`gkae~l { na oclpqal ya `yqgae pqa yle

`nk~k}ly% Zlr ahagzcl# z`r` kcqy~r`r ay~` yk~qìkùe# yk ya br`mkiè cly zrlgankly




2'?0

zlocìkle`cay }aryqy ~r`~`gkae~ly# nkb`gly na cly oclpqay 0 { ? {# yk c`y bràmki`y

yle z`r`cac`y# ya nkia pqa cly amai~ly na ~r`~`gkae~l { na oclpqay yle `nk~k}ly l

pqa el ke~arì~øè% Yke ago`rbl# yk c`y cçea`y na c` bràmki` ya irqxè ae~ra yk# ya

nkia pqa f`{ ke~arìikùe% Ae ay~a raebcùe# yk el ya iqgzca c` ilenkikùe na

`nk~k}kn`n# ay~l ilenqia ` ileicqykleay arrùea`y%

Ac nkyaðl ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkl# ~kaea gqif`y `zckiìkleay ae c`

zrlnqiikùe kenqy~rk`c { ae ` glnacly anqi`~k}ly% Z`r` ay~l }`gly ` qy`r qe

ahagzcl z`r` kcqy~r`r ay~` yk~qìkùe%

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zrlnqi~k}kn`n na ~kagzl# iqènl yle `ykbe`nly ` }`rk`nly ~kzly na g`pqke`rk`y%

@zcki`r ac èàckyky na }`rkèx` gày `zrlzk`nl z`r` ay~a zrlocag`# qyènl ΰ 7 :%:1%

Yì`r ileicqykleay `c rayzai~l qyènl qe z`pqa~a na ilgzq~`nlr`% Cly n`~ly ya

nè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl8

^@OC@ 2%01% ^òc` gly~rènl c` zrlnqi~k}kn`n zlr ~kagzl na cly nkmarae~ay

lzar`nlray `ykbe`nly `ca`~lrk`gae~a ` > ~kzly na gàpqke`y nkmarae~ay%

Lzar`nlray

Gàpqke`y 0 ? 9 >

@ =6%1 2;%? 69%6 62%1

O 2?%? 6:%= 6;%9 ;1%9

I 29%9 6:%? 66%: ;>%0

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C`y zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky z`r` cly lzar`nlray { c`y gàpqke`y ya ay~òcaiae na c`

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zrlnqi~k}kn`n zlr ~kagzl

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Qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Aviac n` cly ykbqkae~ay rayqc~`nly gly~r`nly ò`hl%

^@OC@ 2%0=% ^òc` gly~rènl ac èàckyky na }`rkèx` ile nly mì~lray%

@el}` ile nly mì~lray

_AYQGAE Ile~al Yqg` Zrlgankl ]`rkèx`

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5555 Mirç~ki` ya raif`x` Fl8 Ay~` naikykùe ay gqifl# gqifl gq{ ykbekmkiè~a `c

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% Cly lzar`nlray yç nkmkarae gq{

ykbekmkiè~agae~a# ile rayzai~l ` c` zrlnqi~k}kn`n na ~kagzl% Ay~l ay `zl{`nl#

gq{ ile~qenae~agae~a# zlr ac }`clr ~è o`hl na c` zrloòkckn`n z%Ahagzcl )2% Ay~a ay qe ahagzcl racìkle`nl ile qe avzarkgae~l na oclpqay

`ca`~lrkly ilgzca~ly z`r` na~argke`r cly amai~ly ilrrlyk}ly na iq`~rl yqy~èik`y

pqçgki`y nkmarae~ay# }%b%# FIc# F?YL># FEL9 { FM% Ay naikr# àiknly b`yalyly pqa

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yacaiikleè ikeil gqay~r`y na ~ac`y { ya `zcki` qe nkyaðl `ca`~lrkl zlr oclpqay

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ylora i`n` qe` na c`y gqay~r`y na c`y ~ac`y% Yì`r c`y ileicqykleay naokn`y% Cly

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&o+ Fìar qe` ~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx` na nkyaðl `ca`~lrkx`nl zlr oclpqay

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pqçgki`y ae c`y gqay~r`y na ~ac`y% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

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F?YL> ?%2 ?%; :%6 ?%1 ?%1

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FEL9 1 ;%1 0%; :%?>1

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@yoay~ly > 00%? ?%6 :%1>

Nìrle > 1%1 0%921 :%16?1

Ekcùe > 0:%= ?%=1 0%>2

Zlcka~kcael > ;%6 ?%>1 0%:69999

^òc` na @EL]@

Mqae~a na }`rkìkùe YY bc GY M i`ci% ]`clr na

z M irk~ki`

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Arrlr 0%096 0? :%:;>699

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2'?1

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ykbekmki`~k}` ae c` ìikùe na cly àiknly# ae iqè~l ac amai~l pqa ~kaeae ylora c`

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}`clr ~è zapqaðl na z 7 1%21v0:'2

%

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c`~kely% @øe# iqènl ac nkyaðl ae oclpqay `ca`~lrkx`nly ay gq{ amai~k}l z`r`

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ay~a ~av~l%

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Ac èàckyky na }`rkèx` ae nly nkraiikleay l na nly ic`ykmkiìkleay l na nly

yae~knly ay ø~kc z`r` ay~qnk`r nly ~kzly nkmarae~ay na ~r`~`gkae~ly% C` i`rì~arçy~ki`

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ilgokeìkùe ile i`n` ek}ac nac l~rl mì~lr% Zlr ahagzcl# ileyknëraya ac i`yl na e

rëzcki`y na c`y ilgokeìkleay nac ~r`~`gkae~l pqa ya na~argkeè zlr ek}acay nac

mì~lr @ { o ek}acay nac mì~lr O% Ae ay~a `yzai~l# c`y loyar}ìkleay ya ay~rqi~qrè

zlr gankl na qe `rrabcl rai~èbqc`r# nlena cly raebcleay razrayae~è cly ek}acay

nac mì~lr @ { c`y ilcqge`y razrayae~è cly ek}acay nac mì~lr O% Ykaenl `yç# f`{ ò

iacn`y# i`n` qe` na c`y iq`cay ile~aekaeae e loyar}ìkleay &~`g`ņl na c` gqay~r`+%

Zlr ahagzcl# yk qe kebaekarl `brùelgl ke}ay~kb` ac ilgzlr~`gkae~l na nly

~kzly na yagkcc`y# zlr gankl na }`rk`r ac ek}ac nac mar~kckxè~a# nkb`gly# ` ~ray

ek}acay# `c~l# gankèl { o`hl# qe mì~lr yarç` ac ~kzl na yagkcc` { ac yabqenl mì~lr

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2'?=

iq`c ileyky~krç` ae qy`r yaky ~r`~`gkae~ly mlrg`nly zlr gankl na qy`r i`n` ~kzl na

yagkcc` ile i`n` ek}ac na mar~kckxè~a%

L~rl ahagzcl# na @EL]@ na nly mì~lray ay~à racìkle`nl ile c` gankikùe

na c`y ileiae~rìkleay na ile~`gke`~ay nac `kra agk~knly zlr qe` mqae~a kenqy~rk`c%

@pqç z`r` qe mì~lr ya zqanae yacaiikle`r nkmarae~ay ek}acay nky~èik`y na c` mqae~a

agkylr` {# z`r` ac l~rl mì~lr# ya zqanae yacaiikle`r nkmarae~ay `c~qr`y nlena ay~àe

yk~q`nly cly gqay~ra`nl~ay &zlrpqa c` `c~qr` `mai~` c`y ileiae~rìkleay+%

Ke~arìikùe ile @EL]@ na nly mì~lray

Iqènl ya ay~qnkè avzarkgae~ly mì~lrk`cay ay kgzlr~è~a na~argke`r yk clymì~lray zrkeikz`cay ~kaeae qe` kemcqaeik` ae c` rayzqay~`# ykel ~`gokëe è`ckx`r cl

pqa ya cc`g` ke~arìikùe &el `nk~k}kn`n+ ae~ra cly mì~lray% Ac ~av~l na Nqee a~ `c%

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c` ke~arìikùe% Zlr ahagzcl# ae c` Mkbqr` 2%?# ae qe avzarkgae~l pqa ke}lcqir` ~ray

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2'?2

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2'?6

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2'?;

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2'9:

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2'90

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2'9?

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2'99

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2'9>

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2'91

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2'9=

naikykùe ay `zl{`n` zlr qe }`clr na z gq{ ykbkmki`~k}l% Yk~qìkùe ykgkc`r liqrra

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ay naikr# nly ek}acay na `bq`% O`hl ay~`y ilenkikleay fqokar` 0? ilgokeìkleay na




2'92

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2'96

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2'9;

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nac mì~lr I

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2'>:

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2'>0

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2'>?

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2'>9

&i+ Ileicqykùe8 cly amai~ly zrkeikz`cay yle ykbekmkiè~ay yqy~ae~`nly ile }`clray na

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i`zç~qcl nanki`nl ` rabraykùe gøc~kzca%

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2'>>

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2'>2

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2'1:

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2'10

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2'1?

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2'19

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Mkbqr` 2%0?% Bràmki` gly~rènl cly amai~ly zrkeikz`cay na @# O { I%




2'11

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I% Ya ca zkna `c cai~lr ke~arzra~`r ay~`y ke~arìikleay%




2'1=

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_ayknq`c Zcl~y mlr [

Mkbqr` 2%0>% Bràmki`y gly~rènl c` zrqao` na elrg`ckn`n# cly rayknq`cay

ay~èn`r`kx`nly# ae mqeikùe na cly }`clray `hqy~`nly# fky~lbr`g` na cly rayknq`cay {

cly rayknq`cay ae mqeikle na cly ùrnaeay loyar}`nly% @pqç ay na el~`rya pqa# na

ìqarnl ` ay~ly bràmkily yqoha~k}ly# ac glnacl `hqy~` okae cly n`~ly%




2'12


2%0% Cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly ya lo~q}karle na qe gqay~ral `~glymërkil na ùvknly na

`xqmra &YL?+ zrl}aekae~a na > cqb`ray nkmarae~ay% Fìar qe èàckyky na }`rkèx` ile

qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 :%:1% ]ar yk f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra cly > yk~kly% Qy`r

c` zrqao` na ilgz`rìkleay gøc~kzcay z`r` }ar iq`cay yle kbq`cay { iq`cay yle

naykbq`cay yk ay pqa `yç ay%

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac YL?% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Yk~kl )0 Yk~kl )? Yk~kl )9 Yk~kl ) > \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

?: ?1 ?6 90

02 ?1 90 01

06 ?= 9> 0?

0: 0> 02 ?>

^òc` gly~rènl cly rayqc~`nly qyènl qe z`pqa~a na ilgzq~`nlr` ilgl AVIAC%

Ccae`r cly m`c~è~ay na c` ~òc`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Mqae~a na YY b% c% Iq`nr`nl nac Mi`ci% M~ò% ]`clr na z

}`rkìkùe zrlgankl

Naoknl `c ?=0%=; 9 0%;9

~r`~`gkae~l

_ayknq`c 1>9%21 >1%90

&Arrlr avzarkgae~`c+^l~`c 01

2%?% Qe ke}ay~kb`nlr naya` ay~qnk`r ac amai~l na iq`~rl mar~kckxè~ay nkmarae~ay z`r`

}ar yqy amai~ly ae c` zrlnqiikùe na g`çx% Z`r` ay~l# ya nk}knkù qe` xle` `brçilc` ae

?> z`riac`y nac gkygl ~`g`ðl { mlrg`% Qy`r qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na :%:1%




2'16

Zrlo`r pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik` ae~ra cly iq`~rl ~r`~`gkae~ly% Qy`r ac zrlbr`g`

Gkek~ò%

^òc` gly~rènl c` zrlnqiikùe na g`çx o`hl iq`~rl nkmarae~ay ~r`~`gkae~ly na

mar~kckxè~ay% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

^r`~`gkae~ly _aenkgkae~ly

Yke `zckiìkùe na mar~kckxè~a &0+ ;; >: =0 2? 2= 6>

Ile `zckiìkùe na mar~kckxè~a &?+ ;= 6> 6? 0:> ;; 0:1

Ile `zckiìkùe na mar~kckxè~a &9+ =9 12 60 1; => 2?

Ile `zckiìkùe na mar~kckxè~a &>+ 2; ;? ;0 62 26 20

C`y yqzlykikleay yle pqa c`y > zlocìkleay nac raenkgkae~l na g`çx ay~àe

elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqkn`y# ile c`y }`rkèx`y na c`y zlocìkleay kbq`cay { ile c`y

loyar}ìkleay kenazaenkae~ay%

2%9% Z`r` ilgz`r`r c` amai~k}kn`n na 9 gqay~ra`nlray na b`yay# ay naikr# qyènl

gë~lnly @# O { I ya yacaiikle`rle gqay~r`y na ~`g`ðl iq`~rl { ya rabky~r`rle cly

ykbqkae~ay rayqc~`nly ae zzg%

^òc` gly~rènl c` kemlrgìkùe rapqarkn`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Gë~lnl @ Gë~lnl O Gë~lnl I

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20 ;: 2?

21 6: 22

=1 6= 2=

=; 6> 2;

Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra cly ~ray zrlgankly

zlocìkle`cay ile ΰ 7 :%:1% Qy`r cly zrlbr`g`y na AVIAC# EIYY l Y@Y {

ilgzca~`r cly m`c~è~ay na c` ~òc`%




2'1;

^òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Mqae~a na b%c% Yqg` na cly Iq`nr`nl nac Mi`ci% M~ò% ]`clr z

}`rkìkùe iq`nr`nly &YY+ zrlgankl

Naoknl `c ~r`~`gkae~l ? ??6%: 01%26

&}`rkìkùe ae~ra

cly brqzly+

_ayknq`c &arrlr+ 09:%: 0>%>

&}`rkìkùe nae~rl na

cly brqzly+

^l~`c 00 16=%:

: M~ò% 7 >%9 Mi`ci% 7 01%26

Bràmki` gly~rènl c`y àra`y na ìaz~ìkùe { raif`xl z`r` ac zrlocag` na `rrko`%


2%>% Yqzùeb`ya pqa iq`~rl còlr`~lrkly `gokae~`cay ay~àe è`ckxènl qe` gqay~r`

na qe mkc~rl ile z`r~çiqc`y na zclgl `~glymërkil zrl}aekae~ay na qe ilgzcahl

kenqy~rk`c% Z`r` ay~l# ya pqkara yòar c` amai~k}kn`n ae~ra cly gë~lnly na èàckyky

qy`nly zlr ay~ly iq`~rl còlr`~lrkly nkmarae~ay% Fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly8




2'=:

&`+ Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` Fl8±0 7 ±? 7 ±9 7 ±> ay naikr pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae

cly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay na cly rayqc~`nly na cly èàckyky na cly > gë~lnly

nkmarae~ay qy`nly zlr cly còlr`~lrkly% Ay~òcaiar c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` na ay~a

zrlocag`%

&o+ I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%

C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` cly }`clray lo~aeknly zlr cly > còlr`~lrkly zlr cly ~ray

gë~lnly qy`nly zlr ay~ly iq`~rl còlr`~lrkly% Ay~a ay qe ahagzcl na èàckyky na

}`rkèx` ile nly mì~lray%

^òc` gly~rènl c`y ay~kgìkleay na cly iàciqcly na cly 0? rayqc~`nly zlr cly 9gë~lnly nkmarae~ay qy`nly zlr cly iq`~rl còlr`~lrkly nky~ke~ly% &Acòlrìkùe

zrlzk`+

Gë~lnl na èàckyky Yqg` na cly raebcleay

„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„

Còlr`~lrkl 0 ? 9 k

0 0= 0; ?> 1;

? ?0 ?: ?0 =?

9 06 ?0 ?? =0

> 09 ?: ?1 16

Yqg` na c`y =6 6: ;? ?>:

ilcqge`y & h+

Yì`r c`y ileicqykleay naokn`y na c` fkzù~ayky z`r` cly ~ray gë~lnly na èàckyky {

naikr yk ya raif`x` l ya ra~kaea c` fkzù~ayky%

2%1% C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` qe` kemlrgìkùe pqa ya raiòù na qe gqay~ral na qe

ile~`gkeè~a `~glymërkil &lxlel+ zrl}aekae~a na 1 gqay~ra`nlray cli`ckx`nly ae

ikeil cqb`ray nkmarae~ay% Fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly%




2'=0

&`+ Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra c`y 1 zlocìkleay

gqay~ra`n`y# Fl8 ±0 7 ±? 7 ±9 7 ±> 7 ±1# ile qe ek}ac ykbekmkiè~a na ΰ 7 :%:1%

&o+ Fìar qe` ~òc` na @EL]@%

&i+ I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%

^òc` ile cly n`~ly na lxlel ile cly eøgarly na cly gqay~ra`nlray% &Acòlrìkùe

zrlzk`+

0 ? 9 > 1

110 1;1 =9; >02 1=9

>12 16: =01 >>; =90

>1: 1:6 100 102 1??290 169 129 >96 =09

>;; =99 =>6 >01 =1=

=9? 102 =22 111 =2;

2%= Yqzùeb`ya pqa 01 zaryle`y fè yknl yacaiikle`nly `ca`~lrk`gae~a na qe`

zlocìkùe na loayly { fè yknl yaz`r`nly `c `x`r nae~rl ~ray brqzly% I`n` brqzl na

loayly mqa `ckgae~`nl ile ~ray ~kzly na ilgkn`y nkmarae~ay z`r` zarnar zayl# ay

naikr# `ckgae~ly &0+# &?+ { &9+% Nayzqëy na `cbøe ~kagzl# cly zayly pqa zarnkarle

cly z`r~kikzè~ay na cly ~ray brqzly ya rabky~r`rle% Cly zayly ya nè ae c` ~òc` na

ò`hl8

^òc` gly~rènl cly zayly zarnknly &br`gly+ na cly z`r~kikzè~ay% &Acòlrìkùe

zrlzk`+

^kzly na ilgkn`y

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

^kzl &0+ ^kzl &?+ ^kzl &9+

>? 00? 2:;= ;= 02

60 66 >;

;1 091 ?>

2= 00; >:




2'=?

Ay~ly n`~ly ay~àe ae ilemlrgkn`n ile qe mì~lr na qe nkyaðl ilgzca~`gae~a

`ca`~lrkl% Qe mì~lr ay ac `ckgae~l n`nl ` cly loayly% Ay~l ay qe nkyaðl

ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkl# zlrpqa c`y qekn`nay avzarkgae~`cay# na cly 01 yqha~ly#

fè yknl `ykbe`n`y `ca`~lrk`gae~a ` cly ~ray ~kzly na ilgkn`y% Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky

eqc` na Fl8 ±0 7 ±? 7 ±9 { c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}` na pqa# iqènl gaely qel na cly

zrlgankly ay nkmarae~a na cly l~rly% F08±0 ≪ ±? ≪ ±9% Yk c` fkzù~ayky eqc` ay ikar~`#

ae~leiay c`y ~ray zlocìkleay na cly zayly zarnknly zlr cly loayly yle kbq`cay%

Yqbaraeik`8 z`r` ay~kg`r ac zrlgankl nac iq`nr`nl nae~rl na cly ~r`~`gkae~ly l nac

arrlr avzarkgae~`c qy`r c`y racìkleay8d e

y?Z 7 Ω Ω & V kh ' V k+

?, d &e ' 0+

k70 h70

Fìar c` ~òc` nac èàckyky na }`rkèx` z`r` cly loayly { yì`r ileicqykleay `c

rayzai~l% @nagày# ra}ar~kr ay~a zrlocag` ` qe nkyaðl na oclpqay `ca`~lrkly { }ar yk

f`{ `cbqe` gahlrç` ae ac arrlr avzarkgae~`c%

2%2% Cly n`~ly na ò`hl razrayae~è ac eøgarl na flr`y na `ck}kl z`ck`~k}l n`nl zlr

1 ~òca~`y nkmarae~ay @# O# I# N# A# z`r` ac nlclr na iòax`# pqa ya cay

`ngkeky~r`rle ` ?1 yqha~ly pqkaeay avzarkgae~òè nlclray na iòax` &gkbr`ð`y+%

Fìar qe èàckyky na }`rkèx` z`r` zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky `c ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na

:%:1 na pqa ac eøgarl zrlgankl na flr`y na `ck}kl z`ck`~k}l n`nl zlr c`y ~òca~`y

ay ac gkygl z`r` c`y ikeil ~òca~`y qy`n`y% I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%

Cly n`~ly ya nè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl% I`ciqc`r c` ~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx`%




2'=9

^òc` gly~rènl c`y flr`y na `ck}kl ile c`y 1 ~òca~`y na `yzkrke`y% &Acòlrìkùe

zrlzk`+

^kzly na ~òca~`y

„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ @ O I N A

„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„

1 ; 9 ? 2

> 2 1 9 =

6 6 ? > ;

= = 9 0 >

9 ; 2 > 2

2%6% Ae qe ay~qnkl na ile~`gkeìkùe na ilrrkae~ay# ile ac loha~l na ra}ky`r pqa el

fqokar` nayi`rb`y kenqy~rk`cay# zra}kl ` qe zrl{ai~l na nkcqikùe# ya è`ckxù c`

nagèn` oklpqçgki` na lvçbaely na 1 nç`y &NOL+1 ae gb,C { ya lo~q}karle cly

ykbqkae~ay n`~ly &gly~r`nly ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl+ nac gqay~ral pqa ya fkxl ` cl

c`rbl na c` ilrrkae~a# ay naikr# ae > cqb`ray nkmarae~ay% Fìar qe èàckyky na }`rkèx`

qyènl qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na :%:1% ]ar yk f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra c`y

ileiae~rìkleay na NOL na cly iq`~rl cqb`ray gqay~ra`nly &¼Na ìqarnl `

ay~qnkly na ile~`gkeìkùe na ilrrkae~ay# ile pqë loha~l ya ~aenrç` pqa fìar ay~l<+

@nagày# qy`r c` zrqao` na ilgz`rìkleay gøc~kzcay z`r` }ar iq`cay yk~kly na

gqay~ral yle kbq`cay { iq`cay yle naykbq`cay# yk ay pqa ay~l ay `yç% Yqbaraeik`8

Qy`r ac z`pqa~a na AVIAC l ac zrlbr`g` GKEK^@O z`r` raylc}ar ay~a zrlocag`%




2'=>

^òc` gly~rènl cly rayqc~`nly nac gqay~ral nac NOL ae gb,C% &Acòlrìkùe

zrlzk`+%

Yk~kl )0 Yk~kl )? Yk~kl )9 Yk~kl )>

?: ?1 ?6 90

02 ?1 90 01

06 ?= 9> 0?

0: 0> 02 ?>

2%;% Ya nè cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly gly~r`nly ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

Fìar qe` ~òc` na @EL]@ { yì`r ~ln`y c`y ileicqykleay naokn`y%&Mi`ci% 7 >%9;#

M~ò% 7 9%6;+

^òc` gly~rènl c`y ~agzar`~qr`y nac iqarzl &lM+ ic`ykmki`n`y zlr an`nay%


06 ` ?: `ðly ?0 ` ?; `ðly G`{lray pqa 9: `ðly

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;6%: ;;%= ;6%=

;6%> ;;%1 ;6%=

;2%2 ;;%: ;6%:

;6%1 ;6%6 ;2%2

;2%0 ;2%; ;2%1

2%0:% Ya fìa qe ay~qnkl ae~ra ac ek}ac na ìknax ae ~ërgkely na zF &Mì~lr @+ { c`

ileiae~rìkùe na iclrl &mì~lr O+ ae ac `bq`% @pqç ya `yqga qe èàckyky na }`rkèx`

na nly }ç`y ile qe nkyaðl `ca`~lrkl ilgzca~`gae~a `ca`~lrkx`nl% Cly n`~ly ya nè




2'=1

ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl% Fìar qe` ~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx` { yì`r c`y

ileicqykleay naokn`y%

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly na ay~a zrlocag` nac zF { c` ileiae~rìkùe na iclrl%

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Ek}ac nac zF

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

zF 7 2%: zF 7 2%? zF 7 2%> zF 7 2%=

Ek}a na ileiae~rìkùe na iclrl

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O`h` ?? 02 6 =Gankè` ; 00 2 >

@c~` 6 6 = 1

2%00% Ae qe ay~qnkl na kebaekarç` nac `kra# ae qe aymqarxl zlr zrl~abar ac gankl

`gokae~a &ae~ra gaely ilgoqy~koca ileyqg` qe `q~l# gaely ya na~arklr` ac

`gokae~a+# ya ay~qnk`rle iq`~rl glnacly na `q~ly &@# O# I# N+# z`r` zrlo`r acileyqgl na b`ylcke`% Z`r` i`n` `q~l# avì~`gae~a# qe b`cùe na b`ylcke` ya zqyl ae

ac ~èpqa { ac `q~l ya gèahù f`y~` pqa ya ileyqgkù ~ln` c` b`ylcke`% C`y

nky~èik`y ae gkcc`y n`n`y zlr i`n` ilifa ya nè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl% Ile qe ek}ac

na ykbekmkièik` na :%:0 zrlo`r pqa ~lnly cly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay yle kbq`cay%

I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z% Yk Qy~an pqkykar` zrl~abar eqay~rly raiqryly

e`~qr`cay l yar ì~k}ky~` ac gankl `gokae~a ¼Yarç`# z`r` Qy~an kbq`c pqa ya

yacaiikle`r` iq`cpqkar` na cly > glnacly< &Mi`ci% 7 ?9%1# Mirç~ki` 7 ?%62# z 7 0%9v0:'6

+




2'==


Glnacly @ O I N „„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„

Gkcc`y 0> 9 02 0=0= 1 ?: 0606 0? ?? ?:

0> 6 ?> 02

?? 2 ?= ?0; = 06 0=

= ; ?? 02

> 00 ?0 ??2 00 ?: 0;

0= ; 06 0=

„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„

2%0?% Ya ay~qnk` ac na~arklrl i`qy`nl ` > ~kzly na ~ac`y &0# ?# 9# >+ qy`n`y ae ac

apqkzl na ile~rlc na mkc~rly% Cly mkc~rly l o`bflqyay# z`r` ac ile~rlc na z`r~çiqc`y ya

~kaeae pqa yìqnkr zarkùnki`gae~a# iqènl f`{ i`çn` na zraykùe naoknl ` c`

loy~rqiikùe na cly lrkmkikly na c`y ~ac`y% Yk el ya fìa ay~l# iqènl f`{ gqif`

i`çn` na zraykùe# c` ~ac` ya na~arklr` zrag`~qr`gae~a# ay~l ay# nazaenkaenl nac ~kzl

na z`r~çiqc`y { nagày }`rkòcay gèah`n`y%

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly na ay~a zrlocag`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+%

^kzl na ~ac` I`çn` na zraykùe &ckor`y zlr zqcb`n` iq`nr`n`+

&0+ 90?; 9::: ?6=1 ?6;:

&?+ 9?:: 99:: ?;21 901:

&9+ ?6:: ?;:: ?;61 9:1:

&>+ ?=:: ?2:: ?=:: ?2=1


&`+ Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na Fl8±0 7 ±? 7 ±9 7 ±># ile~r` c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`

na F08±0 ≪ ±? ≪ ±9 ≪ ±># ay naikr# na pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae~ra cly zrlgankly

zlocìkle`cay na c`y > ~ac`y qy`n`y% Qy`r qe ek}ac ykbekmkiè~a naΰ 7 :%1




2'=2

&o+ Fìar qe` ~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx` pqa keicq{` cly }`clray na c` M

i`ciqc`n`# c` M ~òqc`n` { ac }`clr na z%

2%09% Ac ckorl na Gle~blgar{ a~ `c% Zrloòkckn`n { Ay~`nçy~ki` @zcki`n`y ` c`

Kebaekarç` nkyiq~a qe` ke}ay~kbìkùe z`r` na~argke`r ac ileyqgl na b`ylcke` &ae

gkcc`y zlr ck~rl+ na > ilifay% Z`r` ay~l# ya `brqzè cly > ~kzly na `q~ly ~r`~ènl na

flglbaekx`r l na ile~rlc c`y }`rkòcay pqa zqnkarè `mai~`r ac ileyqgl na

b`ylcke` &oclpqal z`r` ackgke`r c`y }`rkòcay el nayaòcay+% C`y }`rkòcay

ile~rlc`n`y yle iò`cc`hay nac gl~lr# gkygl rln`ha na ccè~`y# gkygl ~kzl na

i`roqr`nlr# gkygl ~kzl na ìak~a# gkygl ~kzl na gè~aekgkae~l# gkygl zayl#gkyg`y ~agzar`~qr`y `gokae~`cay# gkygl gkcc`ha# an`n nac gl~lr# ~`g`ðl nac

gl~lr# a~i% Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na pqa el f`{ nkmaraeik`y ae ac gkcc`ha na cly ilifay

zrlo`nly qyènl ΰ 7 :%:0% I`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z% &Gle~blgar{# 0;;=+%

^òc` na n`~ly na cly gkcc`hay zlr ck~rl na cly > ilifay zrlo`nly%

Gkcc`ha ^l~`cay zlr Zrlgankly zlr

Ilifa el% ~r`~`gkae~l ~r`~`gkae~l

0 ? 9 > 1 [ k% [ k%

&0+ 0%9 0%= :%1 0%? 0%0 1%2 0%0>

&?+ ?%? ?%> :%> ?%: 0%6 6%6 0%2=

&9+ 0%6 0%2 :%= 0%1 0%9 =%; 0%96

&>+ 9%; >%> ?%: >%0 9%> 02%6 9%1=

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&Mqae~a8 Gle~blgar{ a~ `c% 0;;=+

2%0>% Ac ckorl na Gle~blgar{ a~ `c% Zrloòkckn`n { Ay~`nçy~ki` @zcki`n`y ` c`

Kebaekarç` &0;;=+ na c` zàbke` =2?# ik~` qe `r~çiqcl zqocki`nl ae ac @garkiè




2'=6

Kenqy~rk`c fkbkaea @yylik`~kle Hlqre`c &}lc% 92# 0;2=# z`by% >06'>??+# c` iq`c

nayirkoa qe` zrqao` na i`gzl z`r` na~ai~`r c` zrayaeik` na `ryëekil ae gqay~r`y

na lrke`% C` zrqao` f` yknl zrlzqay~` z`r` yq qyl ae~ra ~rò`h`nlray mlray~`cay

naoknl `c qyl i`n` }ax g`{lr na `ryëekily lrbàekily ae nkif` kenqy~rk`% Ac

avzarkgae~l ilgz`r` cly rayqc~`nly lo~aeknly ile c` zrqao` `c yar amai~q`n` zlr

qe keavzar~l { qe ae~rae`nlr avzarkgae~`nl ile ac èàckyky amai~q`nl ae qe

còlr`~lrkl ragl~l% Z`r` c` zrqao` ya ayilbae iq`~rl yqha~ly# cly iq`cay yle

ileyknar`nly ilgl oclpqay% C` }`rkòca na rayzqay~` ay ac ile~aeknl na `ryëekil

&ae zzg+ ae c` lrke` nac yqha~l% Cly n`~ly yle cly ykbqkae~ay8^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac zrlocag`%

Yqha~l

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Zrqao` 0 ? 9 >

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Keavzar~l :%:1 :%:1 :%:> :%01

Avzar~l :%:1 :%:1 :%:> :%02

Còlr`~lrkl :%:> :%:> :%:9 :%0: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Mqae~a8 Gle~blgar{ a~ `c% Zrloòkckn`n { Ay~`nçy~ki` @zcki`n`y ` c` Kebaekarç`

&0;;=+

&`+ ¼Avky~a nkmaraeik` `cbqe` ae ac zrliankgkae~l na zrqao` na `ryëekil<

&o+ @e`ckx`r cly rayknqly na ay~a avzarkgae~l

2%01% Iq`~rl ek}acay na mar~kckxè~ay mqarle qy`nly ae qe avzarkgae~l `brçilc` ile

nly ek}acay na `bq`# ay naikr mrqb`c { òqenè~a% Cly lifl ~r`~`gkae~ly mqarle

`ykbe`nly `ca`~lrk`gae~a ` lifl z`riac`y% C` rayzqay~` ay ae ~leac`n`y zlr

fai~àra`% C` ~òc` na ò`hl n` c` kemlrgìkùe rapqarkn`%




2'=;

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly na ay~a zrlocag`%

Ek}ac na mar~kckxè~a

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Ek}ac na `bq` E`n` O`hl Gankèl @c~l

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Zli` `bq` 9%: 9%9 9%2 9%0

Gqif` `bq` ?%9 >%: >%9 1%:

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&`+ Qy`r ac glnacl gày `zrlzk`nl na @EL]@%&o+ Fìar qe` ~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx`

&i+ Naikr yk f`{ amai~ly ykbekmki`~k}ly ae cly mar~kckxè~ay { cly ek}acay na `bq`

&n+ Naikr yk f`{ qe` ke~arìikùe ykbekmkiè~a

2%0=% Ya fìa qe ay~qnkl fkzl~ë~kil na nkmqykùe `~glymërki` yk~qènl cly yaeylray

z`r` gankr c` i`ckn`n nac `kra ile rayzai~l ` YL? ` ~ray nkmarae~ay nky~èik`y { ` ~ray

nkmarae~ay `c~qr`y% Cly n`~ly ya nè ò`hl% @yqgkaenl ΰ 7 :%:1 fìar cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ Qy`r ac glnacl na @EL]@ gày `zrlzk`nl z`r` ay~a zrlocag`

&o+ @e`ckx`r c` bràmki` na cly n`~ly z`r` ay~qnk`r c` ke~arìikùe zlykoca pqa zqnkar`

liqrrkr ae~ra c`y nky~èik`y { c`y `c~qr`y%

^òc` gly~rènl c`y ileiae~rìkleay &zzg+ na YL? z`r` ay~a zrlocag`%

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Nky~èik`y ae ga~rly

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@c~qr`y 0::: 01:: ?::: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

@ ek}ac nac g`r 91: ?1: 0::

9:: ga~rly ?6: ?0: ;:

1:: ga~rly ?1: 0;: 2:

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2'2:

2%02% Ae qe ay~qnkl na èàckyky na }`rkèx` na ~ray }ç`y ya nè cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly8

YY` 7 ??%=9# YY o 7 %::9# YYi 7 %>:# YYò 7 %>:# YYì 7 %:2# YY oi 7 %:%:=9# YYa 7%::0 { YY~ 7 %;:% Z`r` ac mì~lr @ ya qy`rle iq`~rl ek}acay# z`r` ac mì~lr O ya

qy`rle nly ek}acay { z`r` ac mì~lr I ya qy`rle ? ek}acay% @yqgkr nly gqay~r`y ile

i`n` ek}ac% Qyènl ΰ 7 :%:1# fìar cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ Iley~rqkr qe` ~òc` na @EL]@

&o+ Knae~kmki`r c`y ke~arìikleay ykbekmki`~k}`y a ke~arzra~`rc`y ìlrnagae~a

2%06% Ay~a ay qe ay~qnkl nac ~av~l na @zzckan Y~`~ky~kiy8 @eàckyky lm ]`rkèia èn

_abrayykle na Nqee { Ic`rd% Ay~` ke}ay~kbìkùe ay~à racìkle`n` ile qe ay~qnkl na

c` ke~ackbaeik` na cly ekðly ile yçe~lg`y i`rnkìly na ~kzly ìkèù~kily {

ikèù~kily% Z`r` ay~l# cly i`gokly ae ac ilamkikae~a na ke~ackbaeik` ya gknkarle# ay

naikr# nayzqëy na lzar`rya { è~ay na lzar`rya% Cly rayqc~`nly ya nè ilgl ykbqa8

^òc` gly~rènl cly rayqc~`nly na cly i`gokly ae ac ilamkikae~a na ke~ackbaeik`%

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Lzarìkùe @ikèù~kily Ikèù~kily \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

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`+ Qy`r ac glnacl na @EL]@ gày `zrlzk`nl z`r` ay~a ay~qnkl




2'20

&o+ Iley~rqkr qe` ~òc` na @EL]@ { è`ckx`r cly rayqc~`nly

&i+ Yì`r ~ln`y c`y ileicqykleay `c rayzai~l

2%0;% Ae qe avzarkgae~l `brçilc` ya ay~qnkù ac raenkgkae~l na ~rkbl qyènl ~ray

ek}acay nkmarae~ay na mar~kckxè~ay mlym`~`nly# ay naikr# o`hl# gankèl { `c~l% Ilgl

yabqenl mì~lr ya qy`rle ~ray }`rkan`nay nkmarae~ay na yagkcc`y na ~rkbl &0# ?# 9+

fìkaenl# ile ay~l# qe ~l~`c na ; ilgokeìkleay na ~r`~`gkae~ly% Na ay~` gèar`

i`n` ilgokeìkùe na ~r`~`gkae~l ya `ykbeù `ca`~lrk`gae~a ` qe` na c`y ?2 z`riac`y

&na av~aeykleay na nly fai~àra`y+# na ~`c gèar` pqa ~ray z`riac`y raikokarle i`n`

~r`~`gkae~l% Cly raenkgkae~ly na ~rkbl# ae ~leac`n`y gë~rki`y ya nè ò`hl%^òc` gly~rènl ac raenkgkae~l na c` ilyaif` na ~rkbl ae ~leac`n`y gë~rki`y%

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Ek}ac nac mar~kckxè~a

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]`rkan`n na c` yagkcc` O`hl Gankèl @c~l

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@zcki`r c` mqeikùe na @EL]@ gày `zrlzk`n` z`r` ay~a avzarkgae~l { yì`r c`y





2'2?

2%?:% Ay~a ay~qnkl ay~à aei`gke`nl z`r` pqa ac cai~lr `npqkar` nay~rax` ae ac

iqgzckgkae~l nac ccae`nl na ~òc`y na èàckyky na }`rkèx`% Z`r` ay~l ilgzca~`r c`

ykbqkae~a ~òc` na @EL]@ { naikr pqa nkyaðl ya qyù%

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac zrlocag`%

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Mqae~a na YY b%c% GY Mi`ci% M~ò% ]`clr z

]`rkìkùe

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Naoknl ` cly ?::: 0:

~r`~`gkae~ly

Naoknl ` c`y 0?::

ilcqge`yNaoknl ` cly 2>:: 1

raebcleay

_ayknq`c ?1

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^l~`c 0?::: >:

2%?0% Ilgzca~`r c` ykbqkae~a ~òc` na @EL]@ { naikr pqë nkyaðl ya qyù%

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Mqae~a na YY b%c% GY Mi`ci% M~ò% ]`clr z]`rkìkùe

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Naoknl ` @ 0?%: ?

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2%??% Ya ra`ckx` qe nkyaðl na nly mì~lray ae qe nkyaðl ilgzca~`gae~a

`ca`~lrkx`nl# ae ac iq`c ya `zckiè iq`~rl ek}acay nac mì~lr @ { ~ray ek}acay nac

mì~lr O% Cly n`~ly n`nly yle YY 7 01%::# YY o 7 >0%::# YYò 7 ?9%:1# YY~ 7 ;?%6 {




2'29

e 7 ?% Ile ay~` kemlrgìkùe fìar qe` ~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx` { yì`r c`y


2%?9% Ya fìa qe ay~qnkl fkzl~ë~kil racìkle`nl ile c` gankikùe na ileiae~rìkleay

na z`r~çiqc`y `~glymërki`y agk~kn`y zlr qe` mqae~a kenqy~rk`c# ay~l ay# qyènl qe

glnacl na nkmqykùe `~glymërki`% Z`r` ~`cay mkeay ya yacaiikle`rle nly ~kzly

nkmarae~ay na gqay~ra`nlray# iq`~rl nkmarae~ay `c~qr`y { iq`~rl nkmarae~ay nky~èik`y

}kae~l ò`hl na c` mqae~a agkylr`% Zlr ahagzcl# cc`gagly c`y iq`~rl nky~èik`y ac

mì~lr @ &ay naikr K 7 > nky~èik`y na 1::# 0:::# 01:: { ?::: ga~rly+% C`y

ileiae~rìkleay ya gknkarle ile nly ~kzly g`ri`y nkmarae~ay na yaeylray# iq{lmì~lr cl cc`g`ragly O &ay naikr# H 7 ?+% @nagày# ya yacaiikle`rle iq`~rl `c~qr`y

nkmarae~ay iq{l mì~lr cl naelgke`ragly I &D 7 > `c~qr`y na 0::# ?::# 9:: { 1::

ga~rly+% Z`r` ~lnl ay~l# ya fkikarle C7 9 loyar}ìkleay z`r` i`n` qe` na c`y 9?

ilgokeìkleay na ek}acay na cly ~ray mì~lray &> v ? v >+ { z`r` qe ~l~`c na ;=

loyar}ìkleay% C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` cly rayqc~`nly na c`y gankikleay% @yqgkr

ΰ 7 :%:1% Z`r` ay~l# fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly8

&`+ Ay~òcaiar ac glnacl `zrlzk`nl ile c`y yqzlykikleay

&o+ Fìar zrqao`y na ykbekmkièik` ylora cly mì~lray zrkeikz`cay# }%b%# nky~èik`#

g`ri`y na yaeylray { zlykikùe na cly yaeylray

&i+ Fìar zrqao`y na ykbekmkièik` ylora ~ln`y c`y ke~arìikleay




2'2>

^òc` gly~rènl c`y ileiae~rìkleay na z`r~çiqc`y `~glymërki`y &ae zzg+ agk~kn`y

zlr c` ifkgaea` kenqy~rk`c# ae mqeikùe na c` nky~èik`# `c~qr` { g`ri`y na yaeylray%


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Gqay~ra`nlr g`ri` O0 Gqay~ra`nlr g`ri` O?

@c~qr`y 0:: g ?:: g 9:: g 1:: g 0:: g ?:: g 9::g 1:: g

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0::: g 91: ?6: ?26 ?:: 9>1 ?21 ?11 ?1:

9>= ?1= ?2: 06= 99> ?=1 ?1: ?0:

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2%?>% Ac ~av~l @zzckan Ckea r Y~`~ky~ki`c Glnacy na cly `q~lray Dq~ear# Eìf~yfakg#

Ga~ar { Ck avzcki` qe zrlocag` racìkle`nl ile qe mòrkiè~a na `q~lgù}kcay#

pqkae naya` ay~qnk`r cly amai~ly ae~ra nkmarae~ay ilenqi~lray na `q~ly &mì~lr @# k 7




2'21

>+ { c`y nkmaraeik`y ae~ra `q~ly &mì~lr O# h 7 1+ racìkle`nl ile ac ileyqgl na

b`ylcke`% Z`r` ay~l# ya yacaiikle`rle iq`~rl ilenqi~lray `ca`~lrk`gae~a% Na c`

gkyg` gèar` ya yacaiikle`rle `ca`~lrk`gae~a ikeil `q~ly nac gkygl glnacl ile

~rèygkykùe gèq`c% I`n` ilenqi~lr gèahù i`n` `q~l nly }aiay ae qe` zrqao` na

>: gkcc`y { c`y gkcc`y zlr b`cùe n`n`y ya rabky~r`rle% @yqgkaenl qe glnacl na

@EL]@ `ca`~lrkl { ~`g`ðly na gqay~r`y kbq`cay# zrliay`r cly n`~ly na c` ~òc` na

ò`hl%

^òc` gly~rènl c` nayirkzikùe na cly nly mì~lray qy`nly ae ac ay~qnkl%

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Mì~lr O &`q~ly+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Mì~lr @ &iflmaray+ h 7 0 h 7 ? h 7 9 h 7 > h 7 1

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k 7 0 ?1%9 ?6%; ?>%6 ?6%> ?2%0

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Mqae~a8 Dq~ear a~ `c% ?::?

&`+ Iley~rqkr qe` ~òc` na @EL]@

&o+ _a}ky`r cly amai~ly na cly mì~lray @ { O%

&i+ @e`ckx`r c` ke~arìikùe na cly mì~lray @ { O




2'2=

2%?1% Ay~a ay qe zrlocag` `n`z~`nl nac ckorl Zrloòkckn`n { Ay~`nçy~ki` z`r`

Kebaekarly na cly `q~lray R`czlca a~ `c% &0;;6+ ac iq`c n` qe ahagzcl pqa keicq{a

~ray mì~lray naelgke`nly mì~lr @# mì~lr O { mì~lr I# ile ~lnly cly amai~ly mkhly%

@yqgkr ΰ 7 :%:1% C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` c` kemlrgìkùe rapqarkn` z`r` ay~a

zrlocag`%

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly zar~keae~ay z`r` ay~a zrlocag`%

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I0 I? I9

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O0 O? O9 O0 O? O9 O0 O? O9

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ @0 01%: 0>%6 01%; 0=%6 0>%? 09%? 01%6 01%1 0;%?

06%1 09%= 0>%6 01%> 0?%; 00%= 0>%9 09%2 09%1

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@? 00%9 02%? 0=%0 06%; 01%> 0?%> 0?%2 02%9 2%6

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06%? 0>%? 09%> 0=%0 06%= 01%? 01%; 0>%= 0?%?

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Mqae~a8 R`czlca a~ `c% &0;;6+&`+ Baear`r c` g`~rkx na n`~ly# ke~rlnqikrcly `c zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò { iley~rqkr qe`

~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx` { fìar zrqao`y na ykbekmkièik` ylora cly amai~ly

zrkeikz`cay &Mì~lray @# O { I+

&o+ Fìar zrqao`y na ykbekmkièik` ylora ~ln`y c`y ke~arìikleay

&i+ Avzcki`r zlrpqa qe` ke~arìikùe ykbekmki`~k}` aeiqora ac amai~l nac mì~lr I

_ayzqay~`y8

&`+ @8 M 7 :%1>4 el ykbekmki`~k}`% O8 M 7 =%614 ykbekmki`~k}`% I8 M 7 ?%014 el

ykbekmki`~k}`%




2'22

&o+ @O8 M 7 9%694 ykbekmki`~k}`% @I8 M 7 9%2;4 ykbekmki`~k}`% OI8 M 0%904 el

ykbekmki`~k}`% @OI8 M 7 0%=94 el ykbekmkiè~a%

2%?=% Ae cly ìiknae~ay kenqy~rk`cay# i`n` `ðl ya zkarnae gqifly gkcay na gkccleay

na nùc`ray naoknl ` ìiknae~ay na ~rò`hl% Zlr cl ~è~l# c` kenqy~rk` ke}kar~a gqifl

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rayqc~`nl na ìiknae~ay còlr`cay# ya rabky~rù z`r` cly ykbqkae~ay 0? gayay% Ay~`

n`~` ya gqay~r` ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^òc` gly~rènl c`y Flr`y'flgora zarnkn`y gaeyq`cgae~a% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

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2'26

2%?2% Ay~a ay qe zrlocag` pqa ke}lcqir` qe avzarkgae~l na @EL]@ na nly

yae~knly# ae ac iq`c ya qy`rle yaky ek}acay z`r` ac mì~lr @ { ikeil ek}acay z`r` ac

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> ic`ykmkiìkleay# { ay~à racìkle`nl ile c` lzarìkùe na qe keikear`nlr gqekikz`c#

ae ac iq`c ya q~kckx`rle nly ~kzly nkmarae~ay na gqay~ra`nlray pqa ~lg`rle gqay~r`y

ykgqc~àea`y nqrè~a iq`~rl zarklnly na 9%1 flr`y ylora qe zarklnl na ~ray nç`y%

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ay naikr# zay~kikn`y &fknrli`roqrly fa~ariçickily cly iq`cay liqrrae ilgl kgzqrax`y

~ùvki`y zaryky~ae~ay ae farokikn`y+ { na cçpqknly kemc`gòcay &I>F>L+ qy`nly ae




2'2;

yçe~ayky lrbàeki`y% C`y ayzaikay na i`n` brqzl mqarle iclrke`n`y ` br`nly

nkmarae~ay# ay naikr# ile ># 1# =# 2 { 6 à~lgly na iclrl zlr glcëiqc`% @yqgkr ΰ 7

:%:1% Ae ay~a èàckyky na }`rkèx` ya qy`rle iq`~rl mì~lray# ilgl ykbqa8

0% Nly ~kzly na gqay~ra`nlray &Y+

?% Iq`~rl zarklnly na gqay~ral &Z+

9% Nly brqzly na yqy~èik`y ~ùvki`y &NM+# ilgl c`y nayirk~`y `rrko`

>% Ikeil ek}acay na iclrkeìkùe nae~rl na i`n` qel na cly nly brqzly &Ic+%

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2'6:

&`+ Baear`r qe` g`~rkx ile cly n`~ly na c` ~òc` na `rrko` a ke~rlnqikrcly ae ac

zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò%

&o+ Fìar qe` ~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx`

&i+ Fìar zrqao`y na ykbekmkièik` ylora cly iq`~rl mì~lray zrkeikz`cay# }%b%#

zarklnly na ~kagzl# gqay~ra`nlray# brqzly na yqy~èik`y ~ùvki`y { ek}acay na

iclrkeìkle

&n+ Fìar zrqao`y na ykbekmkièik` ylora ~ln`y c`y ke~arìikleay

&a+ Yì`r ~ln`y c`y ileicqykleay zar~keae~ay

2%9: Ya fìa qe ay~qnkl nac ile~rlc na c` ile~`gkeìkùe nac `kra# ay naikr# qyènl

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na zcì` na `c`gora# zraikzk~`nlray na zcì` zcè` { zraikzk~`nlray ~qoqc`ray%

@nagày ya qy`rle aemrk`nlray na `yzarykùe { ilcai~lray gaiàekily &mì~lr O+% C`

mke`ckn`n na ay~a avzarkgae~l mì~lrk`c mqa z`r` }ar c` amkikaeik` na ilcaiikùe na c`y

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kbq`c ` 1%::4 iq`nr`nl gankl na c` ke~arìikùe mqa na :%0?4 iq`nr`nl gankl nac

arrlr mqa na :%:21% @yqgkr ΰ 7 :%:1% Ilgzca~`r c` ~òc` na @EL]@ na ò`hl

i`ciqcènl cly ykbqkae~ay }`clray%

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&i+ Cly }`clray na z z`r` i`n` qel na cly mì~lray zrkeikz`cay { z`r` c` ke~arìikùe

&n+ Naikr yk cly amai~ly zrkeikz`cay `mai~è c` amkikaeik` na cly mì~lray @ { O




2'60

&a+ Naikr yk f`{ ke~arìikùe ae~ra cly mì~lray o`hl ileyknarìkùe {# yk c` f`{#

avzcki`r zlrpqa liqrrkù `yç%

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6'0

I@ZK^QCL 6

_abraykùe ckea`c ykgzca { gøc~kzca

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na c` gqay~r` pqa ay~kg`

` π?

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kemaraeik`y { ` ~r`}ëy nac èàckyky bràmkil na cly rayknq`cay ay~èn`rkx`nly%

Zrliankgkae~l na rabraykùe gøc~kzca qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò%'

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gøc~kzca z`r` mkeay na zrankiikùe { ay~kgìkùe% Cly ilgzleae~ay na ay~` aiqìkùe

na rabraykùe ckea`c# ile ylcl qe` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a# ~`gokëe cc`g`nl glnacl

ckea`c na zrkgar lrnae# yle c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a [¾ l mqeikùe na rayzqay~` {# c`

}`rkòca kenazaenkae~a V % Ac glnacl na ay~` aiqìkùe# pqa nayirkoa c` racìkùe na

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bràmki` na ay~` mqeikùe# ya cc`g` c` iqr}` na rabraykùe%




6'?

Ac glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c zlocìkle`c pqa nayirkoa c` racìkùe ae~ra c`

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[ 7 οl $ ο0v0 $ α k 7 0# ?# …%# e &6'0+

Nlena8

[ 7 }`rkòca nazaenkae~a zlocìkle`c &~`gokëe ya qy` c` èl~ìkùe {+

οl 7 ke~ariaz~l ae c` lrnae`n`

ο0 7 zaenkae~a na c` cçea`

v0 7 }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a

α 7 arrlr `ca`~lrkl ile zrlgankl na : { }`rkèx` ω?

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ilenkikleay na α yle na pqa ay~a z`ràga~rl naoa ay~`r elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqknl4 yqy

}`clray naoae na yar kenazaenkae~ay qel nac l~rl { c` }`rkèx` na α ay ]`r&α+ 7 ω?α

e 7 eøgarl na & v# {+ z`ray na loyar}ìkleay

C` aiqìkùe na c` cçea` na rabraykùe gqay~r`c pqa ay~kg` ` glnacl na rabraykùe

zlocìkle`c &6'0+ na `rrko` ya n` ilgl8

[ 7 ` $ ov $ a &6'?+

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` 7 ke~ariaz~l ae c` lrnae`n`

o 7 zaenkae~a na c` cçea`

a 7 arrlr l rayknq`c na c` gqay~r` nael~`nl zlr ak 7 {k ' [ k% Ay~` ay~`nçy~ki` ay c`

ay~kg`nlr` nac z`ràga~rl α




6'9

Yqzlykikleay nac glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c

0% Cly }`clray na [ yle kenazaenkae~ay qel nac l~rl# ay naikr# el naoae na ay~`r

ilrracìkle`nly%?% C`y nky~rkoqikleay ilenkikle`cay na zrloòkckn`n na [ n`nl V yle elrg`cay%

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ya cc`g` ac gë~lnl na cly iq`nr`nly gçekgly pqa `hqy~` cly n`~ly na c` gqay~r` `

c` cçea` na rabraykùe% Ay~` ay qe` na c`y ~ëieki`y gày qy`n`y ae ke}ay~kbìkleay

ikae~çmki`y# z`r` aeile~r`r c` racìkùe ae~ra nly l gày }`rkòcay pqa ay~àe

i`yq`cgae~a racìkle`n`y%

Ae ay~` yaiikùe }aragly ac zrlocag` na rabraykùe ckea`c na qe` }`rkòca

nazaenkae~a &[ + l~r` kenazaenkae~a & V +# ile mkeay na zrankiikùe { ay~kgìkùe% Yke

ago`rbl# qe` }ax pqa ya lo~kaea c` aiqìkùe na rabraykùe ckea`c# ëy~` ya ~kaea pqa

a}`cq`r l }`ckn`r z`r` }ar pqë ~è~` ilemkòkckn`n ya ca zqana zlear `c glnacl z`r`

qyly na zrankiikùe% Ay~l ya fìa qyènl aemlpqay loha~k}ly { yqoha~k}ly% Zlr

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Ay~a aemlpqa ya ilgzcagae~` qyènl aemlpqay yqoha~k}ly# ay naikr# è`ckxènl c`y

bràmki`y na cly rayknq`cay ay~èn`rkx`nly l el ay~èn`rkx`nly# ` ~r`}ëy na

keyzaiikleay }kyq`cay%

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rayknqly ya namkeae ilgl c`y nkmaraeik`y ae~ra ac }`clr ì~q`c na [ { ac }`clr

zrlely~ki`nl na [ zlr ac glnacl na rabraykùe ay~kg`nl% Cly rayknqly ya nael~è

zlr ak# ay~l ay# ak 7 [ k ’ [¾ k% Ae }arn`n# c`y bràmki`y na cly rayknqly nè kemlrgìkùe




6'>

gq{ kgzlr~è~a# ìari` na c` e`~qr`cax` { mqarx` na c` racìkùe ae~ra c`y }`rkòcay%

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nk}knkëenlcly zlr yqy rayzai~k}`y nay}kìkleay ay~àen`ray%

Mkbqr`% 6%:% Bràmki` gly~rènl cly rayknqly na qe ahagzcl% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

C`y yqzlykikleay na cly }`clray rayknq`cay yle8

&`+ Cly rayknq`cay ak ay~àe elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqknly &αk ay~àe elrg`cgae~a

nky~rkoqknly+%

&o+ Cly rayknqly ~kaeae c` gkyg` }`rkèx` &αk yle iley~è~ay+%

&i+ Cly rayknq`cay ak el ay~àe ilrracìkle`nly# ay naikr# yle kenazaenkae~ay%

L~rl gë~lnl gaely zlzqc`r pqa ac èàckyky na cly rayknqly# z`r` a}`cq`r c`

aiqìkùe na rabraykùe ay ilgz`rènl ac nk`br`g` ayz`riknl na cly zqe~ly# ilerayzai~l ` c` cçea` na rabraykùe# ile c` bràmki` na cly zqe~ly ile rayzai~l `c

zrlgankl na { % Ay~l ya naoa ` pqë# yke kgzlr~`r ac }`clr na V # ac zrlgankl {

ykagzra zargèaia iley~è~a &cçea` flrkxle~`c ~r`x`n` ae ac nk`br`g` ayz`riknl na

c` bràmki`+% Na ay~` gèar`# yk c` nkyzarykùe na cly zqe~ly ile racìkùe ` c` cçea` na




6'1

rabraykùe ay gqifl gaelr# pqa c` nkyzarykùe na cly zqe~ly ile rayzai~l ` c` cçea`

flrkxle~`c na { # ae~leiay# ya zqana ileicqkr pqa c` aiqìkùe na c` cçea` na

rabraykùe n` qe oqae `hqy~a z`r` cly n`~ly na c` gqay~r` &Nèkac a~ `c% 0;6;+%Ilgl ya nkhl è~ay# ac aemlpqa loha~k}ky~` ay c` l~r` gèar` pqa ya qy` z`r`

a}`cq`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c# ay~l ay# ` ~r`}ëy na èàckyky ay~`nçy~kily% Z`r`

ay~l# ya zqanae qy`r c`y ykbqkae~ay mqeikleay ay~`nçy~ki`y8

&`+ Ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe ckea`c _ ? &l r ?+# ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe ckea`c

_# y { Z_AYY%

&o+ @eàckyky na }`rkèx` ykgzca &@EL]@+# z`r` zrlo`r cly ilamkikae~ay nac glnaclna rabraykùe &ο+# z`r` π# a~i%

&i+ Ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r` π?# z`r` οl# οk# ± {sv# a~i%

^kzly na ilrracìkùe ckea`c

0% Ilrracìkùe ykgzca pqa ileyky~a na nly }`rkòcay# qe` nazaenkae~a &[ + { c` l~r`

kenazaenkae~a & V +% Nae~rl na ay~` i`~ablrç` ~aeagly8

&`+ Ilrracìkùe nkrai~`% Ay~` ilrracìkùe ileyky~a ae ac keiragae~l ae qe` }`rkòca c`

iq`c ay ìlgz`ð`n` zlr ac keiragae~l na l~r` }`rkòca &ilrracìkùe zlyk~k}`+%

&o+ Ilrracìkùe ke}ary`% Ay~` ilrracìkùe ileyky~a ae ac keiragae~l na qe` }`rkòca c`

iq`c ay ìlgz`ð`n` zlr ac keiragae~l na l~r` &ilrracìkùe eab`~k}`+%

&i+ Ilrracìkùe el ckea`c% Ae ay~` ilrracìkùe el f`{ ekebqe` `ylikìkùe ae~ra c`y nly

}`rkòcay%

?% Ilrracìkùe gøc~kzca% @pqç# f`{ gày na nly }`rkòcay% Qe` }`rkòca ay

nazaenkae~a &[ +# gkae~r`y pqa c`y l~r`y yle kenazaenkae~ay V 0 # V ? #…# V d # a~i%C`y mkbqr`y na ò`hl razrayae~è }`rkly ~kzly na ilrracìkleay%




6'=

Mkb% 6%0% Nk`br`g`y ayz`riknly ile cçea`y na iq`nr`nly gçekgly% C` Mkbqr` &`+razrayae~` qe` cçea` rai~` ile V mkh`4 c` Mkbqr` &o+ razrayae~` cçea` el rai~` ile V mkh`4

c` Mkbqr` &i+ razrayae~` qe` nky~rkoqikùe `nhqe~` ile cçea` rai~`4 c` Mkbqr` &n+

razrayae~` qe` nky~rkoqikùe `nhqe~` ile cçea` el rai~`4 c` Mkbqr` &a+ razrayae~` qe

nk`br`g` nlena el f`{ `ylikìkùe ae~ra c`y nly }`rkòca {4 c` Mkbqr` &m+ razrayae~`

qe` racìkùe i`qy`c% C`y l~r`y nly bràmki`y razrayae~è ilrracìkleay zarmai~`y%





6'2

^kzly na iqr}`y gày ilgqeay

Mkbqr` 6%?% C` mkbqr` &`+ razrayae~` c` mqeikùe avzleaeik`c4 c` mkbqr` &o+ razrayae~` c`

mqeikùe na zl~aeik`# c` mkbqr` &i+ razrayae~` qe` mqeikùe raiçzrli` {# c` mkbqr` &n+

razrayae~` qe` mqeikùe fkzaroùcki`% &Ac`olr`ikùe zrlzk`+




6'6

Aiqìkleay elrg`cay z`r` i`ciqc`r ac ke~ariaz~l ae c` lrnae`n` ` { c` zaenkae~a

o na c` iqr}` l cçea` na rabraykùe

C`y }`rkòcay ` { o ya lo~kaeae na c`y aiqìkleay elrg`cay na ò`hl# ay naikr#raylc}këenlc`y ykgqc~àea`gae~a8

Ω[ 7 ` e $ o Ω V &6'9+

Ω V[ 7 ` Ω V $ o ΩV &6'>+

@c raylc}arya ykgqc~àea`gae~a nè ac ke~ariaz~l# ` ae c` lrnae`n` {# c` zaenkae~a na

c` cçea`# o8

Ke~ariaz~l 7 ` 7 [ ’ o V &6'1+

Zaenkae~a 7 o 7 Te Ω V[ ’ &Ω V +&Ω[ +W , Te Ω V ? ’ &Ω V +? W &6'=+

7 Ω v{ , Ω v? &6'2+

Nlena8

Ω v{ { Ω v? ya nè zlr c`y aiqìkleay &6'6+ { &6';+ na ò`hl%

El~` 0% C`y ykbqkae~ay aiqìkleay yle gq{ kgzlr~è~ay%

Ω v? 7 Y vv 7 Ω V ? ’ &Ω V +? , e &6'6+

Ω v{ 7 Y v{ 7 Ω V[ ’ Ω V Ω[ , e &6';+

Ω {? 7 Y {{ 7 Ω[ ? ’ &Ω[ +? , e &6'0:+

El~` ?% Ay gq{ kgzlr~è~a el~ r c`y nkmaraeik`y ae~ra ac qyl na c`y }`rk ocay

gkeøyiqc`y { c`y g`{øyiqc`y ae c`y aiqìkleay na `rrko`%

Ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe _ ?

na c` gqay~r` pqa ay~kg` ` π?

ac ilamkikae~a na

na~argkeìkùe zlocìkle`c

Ac iàciqcl nac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe gøc~kzca _ ?

ay qe` zrqao` loha~k}ky~`na ay~`nçy~ki`% Ay~` ay qe` mqeikùe ay~`nçy~ki` gq{ kgzlr~è~a# z`r` }`ckn`r ac

glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c% Ay~a ilamkikae~a _ ? gkna c` zrlzlrikùe na }`rkìkùe ae

c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a [ avzcki`n` zlr c` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a V % Cly }`clray na

_ ? }`rçè na : ` 0% Zlr ahagzcl# qe }`clr iarièl ` : kenki` pqa el f`{ qe`




6';

racìkùe ckea`c ae~ra [ { V # gkae~r`y pqa qe }`clr iarièl ` qel kenki` qe `hqy~a

ckea`c zarmai~l% @pqç# yke ago`rbl# ay eaiay`rkl ìc`r`r pqa# qe }`clr `c~l na _ ?# el

eaiay`rk`gae~a kenki` qe oqae `hqy~a nac glnacl na rabraykùe# ykel f`y~` pqa yafìae ~ln`y c`y zrqao`y loha~k}ky~`y { yqoha~k}`y% C` mqeikùe pqa i`ciqc` _ ? ay8

_ ? 7 &Ω v{+? , Ω v?Ω {? &6'00+

7 0 ’ YYa , YY~ &6'0?+

Nlena Ω v{# Ω v? { Ω {? ya nè zlr c`y aiqìkleay &6'6+# &6'6+ { &6'0:+ nayirk~`y z`r`

c` aiqìkùe &6'00+% @nagày# z`r` c` aiqìkùe &6'0?+ YYa ay c` yqg` na cly

iq`nr`nly nac arrlr l rayknq`c { YY~ ay c` yqg` na cly iq`nr`nly nac ~l~`c# gkygly

pqa ya nayirkoae ae ac mlrg`~l na c` ~òc` na @EL]@%

^`gokëe f`{ ac cc`g`nl ilamkikae~a _ ? na na~argkeìkùe `hqy~`nl% Ay~` ay

qe` }arykùe `hqy~`n` na _ ?# ac iq`c oqyi` ragl}ar c` nky~lrykùe naokn` ` qe ~`g`ðl

na gqay~r` zapqaðl% Ya namkea ilgl8

_ ?`hqy~`n` 7 0 ’ T&0 ’ _ ?+ &e ’ 0+,&e ’ ?+W &6'09+

Nlena _ ? {` ya namkekù { e ay ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r`

Ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe _ na c` gqay~r` pqa ay~kg` ` π# ac ilamkikae~a na

ilrracìkùe zlocìkle`c

Ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe _# pqa ay~kg` ` π# ~`gokëe ya cc`g` ilamkikae~a na

ilrracìkùe na Za`ryle% Ay~a ilamkikae~a ay qe çenkia na c` mqarx` na c` `ylikìkùe

ckea`c ae~ra c`y }`rkòcay V a [ % Ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe _ ay8

_ 7

∐∐

∐

{ v

v{

??

&6'0>+

Nlena8 Ω v{# Ω v? { Ω {? ya nè zlr c`y aiqìkleay &6'6+# &6';+ { &6'0:+

El~`8 Ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe _ avzcki` ac br`nl na `ylikìkùe ae~ra c`y

}`rkòcay V a [ % Ay~a ilamkikae~a _ }`rç` na ’0 ` :# yk c` ilrracìkùe ay eab`~k}`# ay




6'0:

naikr# ile zaenkae~a eab`~k}`% Zarl# yk c` ilrracìkùe ay zlyk~k}`# ae~leiay# _ }`rç`

na : ` 0% @yç# ` gankn` pqa _ ya `zrlvkg` ` °0# gahlr `ylikìkùe fòrà ae~ra c`y

}`rkòcay V a [ % Eù~aya pqa# ae i`yl na c` rabraykùe ckea`c gøc~kzca# ~aeagly cl pqaya cc`gè ilamkikae~ay z`rik`cay na rabraykùe qy`nly z`r` gankr c` racìkùe ckea`c

ae~ra c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a { c` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a ayzaikmki`n`%


cçea` na rabraykùe ±[sV 7 ΰ $ ο V # ay~kg`nl zlr o# c` zaenkae~a na c` cçea`%

o ’ ~T0'ΰ,?4e'?W y , ∐ v? 3 ο 3 o $ ~T0'ΰ,?4e'?W y , ∐ v

? &6'01+

Nlena8o 7 Ω v{ , Ω v?

~T0'ΰ,?4e'?W 7 }`clr na c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a

Ω v? 7 Ω V ? ’ &Ω V +? , e

y 7 ?

+&?

∟

∟∐ ∐e

v{o {&6'0=+

7 YYA,&e ’ ?+ 7 e

{ {∐ ∐∟ +&??

' &oΩ V[ ' Ω V Ω[ ,e+W , e'?

C` aiqìkùe na c` }`rkèx` ay8 y? 7 &Ω {? ’ oΩ v{+ , &e ’ ?+ &6'02+

ο 7 ilamkikae~a zlocìkle`c na c` zaenkae~a na c` cçea`# ac iq`c ay ay~kg`nl zlr o 7

Ω v{ , Ω v? l ya` ac ilamkikae~a na c` cçea` na rabraykùe gqay~r`c%


lrnae`n` na c` cçea` na rabraykùe ±[sV 7 ΰ $ ο V # iq{l ay~kg`nlr ay `

&6'06+

Nlena8




6'00

` {` ya namkekù è~arklrgae~a

~T0'ΰ,?4e'?W 7 ` qe }`clr qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na ay~qnkè~a ile η 7 e ’ ? br`nly

na ckoar~`ny 7 na c` aiqìkùe &6'0=+

Yvv 7 Ωv{ &na c` aiqìkùe &6';++

Fkzù~ayky eqc` Fl8ο 7 οl ile~r` c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y F08ο 3 0 { F?8ο 5 0%

Z`r` ay~` zrqao` ~`gokëe ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a ile η 7 e ’ ?

br`nly na ckoar~`n# ay naikr8

~ 7 &o ’ οl+ , y,Ω v? &6'0;+

Nlena8

~ 7 c` ay~`nçy~ki` na c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a

οl 7 qe }`clr n`nl


Fkzù~ayky eqc` Fl8ΰ 7 ΰl ile~r` c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y F08ΰ ≪ ΰl# F?8ΰ 5 ΰl#

{ F98 ΰ 3 ΰl @pqç# eqa}`gae~a# ya qy` c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a ile br`nly na ckoar~`n#

η 7 e ’ ?% Z`r` ay~l ya qy` c` mùrgqc` na ò`hl8

&6'?:+




6'0?

Nlena8

ΰl 7 qe }`clr n`nl

y 7 {` namkekn` è~arklrgae~a


Ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` ±[sV na c` cçea` zlocìkle`c ay~kg`n` zlr [

Ac ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` ac }`clr na ±[sV ya fìa ay qyènl c` mùrgqc` &6'?0+ na

ò`hl8

[l‛’ ~Tΰ,?4 ηW ye0 $ &Vl ' V +?,Ωv? 3 ±[sV 3 [l‛$ ~Tΰ,?4 ηW y

e0 $ &Vl ' V +?,Ωv? &6'?0+

Nlena8

[ l‛ 7 ` $ o V l 7 }`clr na c` cçea` na rabraykùe ile qe }`clr na V l n`nl &6'??+

~Tΰ,?4e'?W 7 }`clr na c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ ile qe ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` na ΰ 7 %:1 l okae

:%:0 ile η 7 e ’ ? br`nly na ckoar~`n

` 7 {` namkekn` è~arklrgae~a

y 7 {` namkekn` e~arklrgae~a

V l 7 qe }`clr n`nl

V 7 zrlgankl na c` gqay~r`

Fkzù~ayky eqc` Fl8ο 7 : ile~r` c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y F08ο 5 : { F?8ο 3 :

Z`r` fìar ay~` zrqao` qy`gly c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a ile η 7 e ’ ? br`nly

na ckoar~`n% C` mqeikùe ay~`nçy~ki` qy`n` z`r` ~`cay mkeay ay8~ 7 &o ’ ol+ , y , ∐ v

? &6'?9+

Nlena8





6'09

o 7 ke~ariaz~l ae c` lrnae`n` [

ol 7 qe }`clr n`nl

Ω {?

7 Ω[ ?

’ &Ω[ +?

,eΩ v{ 7 Ω V[ ’ Ω V Ω[ ,e

οl 7 :

@pqç# ~`gokëe ya ~kaeae pqa i`ciqc`r c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe

na ~# ay naikr# ~T0'ΰ,?4 ηW# nlena ΰ ay ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` naya`nl {# η ay ac eøgarl na

br`nly na ckoar~`n# ay naikr# e ' 0% Nayzqëy na ay~l# ya ilgz`r` ac }`clr na ~ i`ci%# ile ac

}`clr irç~kil na ~~ò% { ya ykbqa ac gkygl zrliankgkae~l z`r` iq`cpqkar zrqao` na

fkzù~ayky%

Fkzù~ayky eqc` na Fl8ΰ 7 ΰl ile~r` c`y fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y F08ΰ 5 : { F?8ΰ 3 :

Z`r` fìar ay~` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky ya qy` c` ay~`nçy~ki` na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a gly~r`n`

ò`hl8

&6'?>+

Nlena8


Nlena8

Ω {? 7 Ω[ ? ’ &Ω[ +?,e

Ω v{ 7 Ω V[ ’ Ω V Ω[ ,e

o 7 {` namkekn` è~arklrgae~a@pqç# ~`gokëe ya ~kaea pqa ay~òcaiar c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y qyènl c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~

na Ay~qnkè~a% Ay~`y rabkleay irç~ki`y yle8 ~T0'ΰ,?4 ηW# nlena ΰ ay ac ek}ac na ykbekmkièik`

qy`nl%




6'0>

Zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky Fl8π 7 :# ile~r` c` fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`y F08π ≪ :# z`r` ac

ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe zlocìkle`cπ ay~kg`nl zlr _% &Nqee a~ `c% 0;2>+

Z`r` ay~ly mkeay ya qy` c` ay~`nçy~ki` na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a8

~ 7 ∘ η _ , _?

0∟ &6'?1+

Nlena8

_ 7 Ω v{ , ∐∐ { v?? &6'?=+

η 7 e ’ ? br`nly na ckoar~`n

@pqç# eqa}`gae~a# z`r` i`ciqc`r c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y ya qy` c` ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# aynaikr# ~Tΰ,?4e'?W%

Ahagzcly na zrlocag`y qyènl rabraykùe { ilrracìkùe ckea`c ykgzca

Ahagzcl )0% Ay~a zrlocag` ay~à racìkle`nl ile qe ay~qnkl ìari` na c` iè~kn`n na

zraikzk~ ikùe zcq}k c { c` iè~kn`n na ile~ gkeìkùe `~glymërki %

^@OC@ 6%:% ^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Ccq}k` &:%:?=‗+ s 06 2 0> 90 ?0 1 00 0= ?= ?;_aglikùe na ile~`gkeìkùe s 11 02 9= 61 =? 06 99 >0 =9 62

Fìar c`y ykbqkae~ay ay~kgìkleay8

&`+ Knae~kmki`r c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a { c` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a% Fìar qe` bràmki`

pqa }`{` ae mqeikùe na c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a [ # { c` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a V %

&o+ I`ciqc`r cly }`clray na c` ay~`nçy~ki` nayirkz~k}` na cly n`~ly%

&i+ Lo~aear c` aiqìkùe na rabraykùe ckea`c ykgzca { ~r`x`rc` ae c` bràmki`%

&n+ ]`ckn`r c` ilemkòkckn`n nac glnacl na rabraykùe# ay naikr# ` ~r`}ëy na c` agkykùe

na qe hqkikl yqoha~k}l è`ckxènl cly }`clray na cly rayknqly ay~èn`rkx`nly# na c`

ykbqkae~a gèar`8

0% Fìar qe` bràmki` pqa gqay~ra c` zrqao` na elrg`ckn`n%




6'01

?% Fìar qe` bràmki` ile cly rayknq`cay ay~èn`rkx`nly }aryqy }`clray `hqy~`nly na [ %

&Ac }`clr zranaiknl l `hqy~`nl na [ k ay ac }`clr na [ pqa ya ayzar`rç` iqènl ya qy` c`

cçea` na rabraykùe% Ae l~r`y z`còr`y# cly }`clray `hqy~`nly na [ 0# [ ?#%%# [ e ya lo~kaeaeyqy~k~q{aenl# yqiayk}`gae~a# v0# v?# %%# ve ae c` aiqìkùe na c` cçea` na rabraykùe

ay~kg`n`8 [ k 7 οl $ ο0vk# %%# οl $ ο0ve%

9% Fìar qe fky~lbr`g` na rayknq`cay%

>% Fìar qe` br`mki` pqa gqay~ra cly rayknq`cay ay~èn`rkx`nly }aryqy raebcleay%

&a+ Ilgzcagae~`r c` a}`cqìkùe nac glnacl ile kemaraeik`y ay~`nçy~ki`y# ilgl8

0% Iàciqcl nac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe _ ? { ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe _%

?% Fìar qe` ~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx` &@EL]@+%

9% Fìar qe` ~òc` ile cly ilamkikae~ay# cly arrlray ay~àen`ray# c`y zrqao`y na ~# cly

}`clray na z# { cly ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r` ac ke~ariaz~l { c` zaenkae~a%

Ylcqikùe8

&`+ C` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a ay c` raglikùe na ile~`gkeè~ay &[+ { c` }`rkòca

kenazaenkae~a ay c` iè~kn`n na ccq}k` &V+% C` mkbqr` na ò`hl gqay~r` ay~` ylcqikùe8

Mkbqr` 6%9% Bràmki` gly~rènl [ }aryqy V# ile qe` cçea` rai~` flrkxle~`c

ilrrayzlenkae~a `c }`clr nac zrlgankl na [ 7 >;%2:::% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

&o+ Cly }`clray na c` ay~`nçy~ki` nayirkz~k}` yle8

V 7 02%6:::# [ 7 >;%2:::% Cly }`clray gàvkgly { gçekgly na cly }`clray na [ yle




6'0=

62%::: { 02%:::# rayzai~k}`gae~a% Cly }`clray gàvkgly { gçekgly na cly }`clray na

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lrnae`n` { c` zaenkae~a% Ay~ly yle8 ke~ariaz~l 7 ` 7 0%:?09# zaenkae~a na c` cçea` 7 o

7 ?%29>6% Yqy~k~q{aenl ay~ly }`clray nè c` cçea` na rabraykùe gqay~r`c &gkyg` pqa ya

}a ae c` Mkbqr` 6%9+# n`%

[ 7 ` $ oV

[ 7 0%:?09 $ ?%29>6& V +

&n+ Z`r` ay~a keikyl c` Mkbqr` 6%> gqay~r` c` kemlrgìkùe rapqarkn`%

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Mkbqr` 6%>% Bràmki`y gly~rènl c`y rayzqay~`y z`r` ac keikyl &n+%

Ilgl ya }a ae c` Mkbqr` 6%> c` mkbqr` yqzarklr kxpqkarn` gqay~r` c` zrqao` na

elrg`ckn`n ile ~lnly cly zqe~ly mlrgènl qe` ckea` rai~`% Ay~l kenki` pqa c`




6'02

nky~rkoqikùe na cly n`~ly ay elrg`c% Kbq`cgae~a# c` mkbqr` yqzarklr naraif` gqay~r`

cly rayknq`cay ae mqeikùe na cly }`clray `hqy~`nly na [% @pqç# f`{ `ca`~lrkan`n ae

c` nky~rkoqikùe na cly zqe~ly ile c` gkyg` iè~kn`n na zqe~ly eab`~k}ly { zlyk~k}ly# cl pqa kenki` pqa el f`{ ilrracìkle na cly n`~ly% C` mkbqr` kemarklr

kxpqkarn` gqay~r` c` mraiqaeik` }aryqy cly rayknq`cay% Mke`cgae~a# c` mkbqr` kemarklr

naraif` gqay~r` cly rayknq`cay ae mqeikùe na cly ùrnaeay na c`y loyar}ìkleay%

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–Br`zfy‗# –Lz~kley‗ { –_ayqc~y‗ z`r` lo~aear kemlrgìkùe `nkikle`c% Zlr ahagzcl cly

}`clray na c`y ay~`nçy~ki`y loha~k}ky~`y na kemaraeik` n`n`y zlr ac zrlbr`g` yle8

_ ? 7 29%=!# _ 7 :%616# y 7 :%000?# Z_AYY 7 :%??:>% Zlr ahagzcl# ac }`clr na _ 7

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zlyk~k}` na c` iqr}` na %:16% Cly }`clray ~è zapqaņly na y { na Z_AYY kenkiè qe

oqae hqy~a na cly n ~ly c glnacl na rabraykùe%

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6'?2

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&f+ Z`r` br`mki`r cly n`~ly `qe`nly ` c` aiqìkùe na c` cçea` na rabraykùe ile qe` cçea`

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6'?6

Mkbqr` 6%=% Bràmki` gly~rènl c` mqarx` na rlgzkgkae~l &clb0:+ ae mqeikùe nac

nkàga~rl na c` mkor`# ile c` aiqìkùe na c` ckea` na rabraykùe [ 7 '0%:>= $ :%:16&V+ {

ile ac zrlgankl [ 7 :%>:?% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+%&k+ Agk~kr qe hqkikl yqoha~k}l pqa `{qna ` }`ckn`r ac qyl nac glnacl na rabraykùe% Z`r`

rayzlenar ay~` zrabqe~` ya fìae cly ykbqkae~ay bràmkily8

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loyar}ìkùe% Ay~` ay qe` bràmki` pqa gqay~r` ~lnly cly rayknq`cay ae ac lrnae ae aciq`c cly n`~ly mqarle ilcaiikle`nly% @pqç f`{ ac gkygl eøgarl na n`~ly zlyk~k}ly

{ eab`~k}ly% Ay~` bràmki` ~`gokëe ykr}a z`r` aeile~r`r arrlray el `ca`~lrkly#

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Mkbqr` 6%2o% Ay~à bràmki` gqay~r` cly rayknq`cay }aryqy }`clray `hqy~`nly% Z`r` pqaac glnacl na rabraykùe ya` ìaz~òca# ya rapqkara pqa8 cly zqe~ly ae c` bràmki` yaè

`ca`~lrkly ae `goly c`nly na :4 el naoa fòar yarkay na zqe~ly pqa `qgae~ae l

nkygkeq{è4 el naoa fòar zranlgkeèik` na rayknq`cay zlyk~k}ly l eab`~k}ly# ek

~`gzlil naoa fòar z`~rleay na rayknq`cay pqa `qgae~ae ile }`clray `hqy~`nly

pqa `qgae~ae% Ilgl ya }a# ~ln`y ay~`y ilenkikleay ay~àe okae yqy~ae~`n`y%

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qe` cçea` rai~` yk cly rayknq`cay ay~àe elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqknly &yk~qìkùe pqa

liqrra `pqç+% Na l~r` gèar`# c` yqzlykikùe na elrg`ckn`n ya ke}àckn`%




6'9:

Ilgl ya loyar}` ae ay~`y bràmki`y# c` agkykle na qe hqkikl yqoha~k}l ay ìaz~òca#

zlrpqa ac glnacl na rabraykùe yacaiikle`nl `hqy~ okae cly n`~ly% Ay~l ya naoa ` pqa#

ae c` Mkbqr` 6%2` f`{ `ca`~lrkn`n ae cly n`~ly# ay naikr# ile ac gkygl eøgarl na}`clray zlyk~k}ly { eab`~k}ly% @nagày# ae c` Mkbqr` 6%2o c` nayirkzikùe na ëy~`#

yqbkara qe glnacl na rabraykùe razrayae~`~k}l na c` kemlrgìkùe n`n`% Yk~qìkùe

ykgkc`r liqrra ile c` nayirkzikùe na c` Mkbqr` 6%2i%

Ahagzcl )1% Ae qe ay~qnkl na kebaekarç` nac `bq` racìkle`nl ile c`y ranqiikleay na

cly yùcknly yqyzaenknly# ae mqeikùe na c` nagèn` pqçgki` na lvçbael &NPL+# ya

yìù qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk`# iq{ly n`~ly ya nè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl% Z`r` cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ Knae~kmki`r c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a { c` kenazaenkae~a { fìar qe` bràmki` na NPL

}aryqy ranqiikùe na yùcknly%

&o+ I`ciqc`r c` aiqìkùe na c` cçea` na rabraykùe%

&i+ Fìar qe` ~òc` na èàckyky na }`rkèx` pqa keicq{` c` M irç~ki` { ac }`clr na z%

&n+ ]`ckn`r ac glnacl iènkn`~l# ` ~r`}ëy na ay~`nçy~ki`y ilgl _ ?# Z_AYY# y { na c`

ay~`nçy~ki` na Nqroke'R`~yle &z`r` c` zrqao` na q~lilrracìkùe na rayknq`cay+%

&a+ A}`cq`r c` q~kckn`n nac glnacl ` ~r`}ëy na bràmkily yqoha~k}ly8

^@OC@ 6%6% ^òc` gly~rènl c`y gankikleay na yùcknly { c` nagèn` pqçgki` nalvçbael% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

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Ylcqikùe8




6'90

&`+ C` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a ay NPL { c` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a ay ranqiikùe na

yùcknly yqyzaenknly% C` mkbqr` 6%6 na ò`hl gqay~r` c`y ileiae~rìkleay na NPL

}aryqy ranqiikùe na yùcknly yqyzaenknly%

?2 9? 92

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91

Ylc knly yqyzaenk nly &V+

N P L & [

+

Mkbqr` gly~rènl c` br`mki` na NPL { ylcknly yqyzaenkly%

Mkbqr` 6%6% Bràmki` gly~rènl ac NPL }aryqy ranqiikùe na yùcknly%


&o+ C` aiqìkùe na c` cçea` na rabraykùe ay8

NPL &[+ 7 0%19 $ :%;:; V&yùcknly yqyzaenknly+

C` zaenkae~a ay kbq`c ` :%;:; { ac ke~ariaz~l ay 0%19

&i+ C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` c` kemlrgìkùe na @EL]@%

^@OC@ 6%;% ^òc` na @EL]@ na yùcknly yqyzaenknly { NPL%Mqae~a na YY b%c% GY Mi`ci% Mirç~ki` ]`clr na z]`rkìkùe

Ae~ra cly brqzly 9?%:: 0 9?%:: >%91 9%;6 :%:>_ayknq`c &arrlr+ 101%>> 2: 2%91^l~`c 1>=%>> 20

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6'9?

@pqç# ac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkle _ ?# gkna# pqë ~è okae ac glnacl na

rabraykùe `hqy~` cly n`~ly% @eàclb`gae~a# ac ay~`nçy~kil Z_AYY &yqg` na

iq`nr`nly na arrlr na zrankiikùe+ gkna c` i`ckn`n nac glnacl na rabraykùe% Aeiqè~l ` c` ay~`nçy~ki` Nqroke'R`~yle# yk ay~à iariè` ` ? el f`{ `q~lilrracìkleay

ae yarkay zlyk~k}`y l eab`~k}`y% C` }`rkìkùe na cly n`~ly c` n` c` ay~`nçy~ki` y%

&a+ C` Mkbqr` 6%; n` c` kemlrgìkùe yqoha~k}` z`r` c` a}`cqìkùe nac glnacl%

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Mkbqr` 6%;% C` mkbqr` &`+ zrqao` zlr c` `q~lilrracìkùe l m`c~` na kenazaenaeik` na cly

n`~ly% @nagày# c` mkbqr` &o+ zrqao` zlr c` elrg`ckn`n na cly n`~ly%




6'99

_abraykùe { ilrracìkùe ckea`c gøc~kzca

Gqif`y `zckiìkleay nac èàckyky na rabraykùe ke}lcqirè yk~qìkleay nlena ya ~kaea

gày na qe` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a% Ae c` g`{lr z`r~a na cly zrlocag`y nake}ay~kbìkùe ya eaiayk~è }`rk`y }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay z`r` }ar ac amai~l ae c`

}`rkòca nazaenkae~a% C` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a l na rayzqay~` &[ + zqana ay~`r

racìkle`n` ile gqif`y }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay l rabraylr`y V 0# V ?# a~i%

Ae ac ay~qnkl na rabraykùe ckea`c gøc~kzca ya zqanae qy`r ac aemlpqa g`~rkik`c%

^`gokëe ya zqanae fìar zrqao`y na fkzù~ayky# ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx`# èàckyky

yqoha~k}ly &èàckyky na cly bràmkily+ { èàckyky loha~k}ly &ay~`nçy~ki` na kemaraeik`+#

ilgl cly iàciqcly na cly ilamkikae~ay na na~argkeìkùe &_ ?+ l na ilrracìkùe &_+#

ilgl ae ac i`yl na c` rabraykùe ckea`c ykgzca% Yke ago`rbl# ae ay~a i`yl# ya zqana

i`ciqc`r ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe baear`c { ilamkikae~ay na ilrracìkùe z`rik`cay#

ay naikr# ae mlrg` èàclb` ` ilgl ya fìa ile cly ilamkikae~ay οl# ο0# a~i%

Iqènl fòc`gly na rabraykùe ckea`c gøc~kzca ~aeagly c`y ykbqkae~ay

yk~qìkleay8

0% Glnacl na zrkgar lrnae ile nly }`rkòcay rabraylr`y l kenazaenkae~ay%

?% Glnacl na zrkgar lrnae ile gày na nly }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay%

Glnacl na rabraykùe gøc~kzca baear`ckx`nl

Iqènl ay~a glnacl baear`c ay ckea`c ae cly ilamkikae~ay ya naelgke` glnacl na

rabraykùe gøc~kzca% Zlr ahagzcl# z`r` ac i`yl na d }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay v0# v?#

v9#%%%# vd # ac zrlgankl ay~à n`nl zlr [sv0# v?# v9#%%%# vd { ya n` zlr ac glnacl na

rabraykùe gøc~kzca zlocìkle`c8[ 7 ±[ s v0# v?# v9#%%%# vd 7 οl $ ο0v0 $ ο? v? $ %%%$ οd vd $ αd &6'?;+

Ay~a glnacl# ~`gokëe ya zqana avzray`r ile l~r` èl~ìkùe ilgl8

[ h 7 οl $ ο0 V 0h $ ο? V ? h $ ……% $ οd V dh $ α h &6'?;`+

Cly z`ràga~rly ο h# h 7 :# 0# ?# 9#%%# d ya ileliae ilgl ilamkikae~ay na rabraykùe




6'9>

zlocìkle`cay% Zlr ahagzcl# ac z`ràga~rl ο h razrayae~` ac i`gokl ayzar`nl ae c`

rayzqay~` [ # zlr qekn`n na i`gokl ae v h# iqènl ~lnly cly nagày zrlely~ki`nlray vk

ya gè~kaeae iley~è~ay% @nagày# αk { ak yle cly arrlray `ca`~lrkly l rayknqly na zlocìkùe { na c ay~`nçy~ki` `ylik`nly ile c` rayzqay~` [ k%

Ac glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c gøc~kzca na c` gqay~r` pqa ay~kg` `c glnacl

zlocìkle`c na `rrko` ay8

[ 7 ol $ o0 V 0 $ o?v? $ %%% $ od V d $ a &6'9:+

Nlena i`n` ilamkikae~a na rabraykùe z`rik`c οk ay ay~kg`nl zlr ok% Ay~l ya naoa `

pqë# i`n` ilamkikae~a z`rik`c οk gkna ac i`gokl ayzar`nl ae [ zlr qekn`n na i`gokl

ae v0# iqènl v? ya gè~kaea iley~è~a# { ο? gkna ac i`gokl ayzar`nl ae [ zlr

qekn`n na i`gokl ae v? iqènl v0 ya gè~kaea iley~è~a%

Ac glnacl na zrkgar lrnae ile nly }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay ay8

[ k 7 οl $ ο0 V k0 $ ο? V k? $ α &6'90+

Nlena [ k# c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a pqa nael~` c` rayzqay~` ae c`y 'ëykg`y ~ae~`~k}`y4

V k0 { V k? yle c`y nly }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay na c` 'ëykg` ~ae~`~k}`4 οl# ο0# ο? yle cly

ilamkikae~ay na rabraykùe {# α ay ac arrlr l rayknql%

Glnacl na rabraykùe gøc~kzca ile gày na nly }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay

[ k 7 οl $ ο0 V k0 $ ο? V k? $ … $ ο z'0 V k#z'0 $ α &6'9?+

Iqènl fòc`gly na rabraykùe ckea`c gøc~kzca# ac zrkeikz`c loha~k}l ay c` lo~aeikùe

na c` aiqìkùe na c` cçea` na rabraykùe gqay~r`c# z`r` zrankiikùe { ay~kgìkùe# c`

iq`c agqc` ` c` aiqìkùe zlocìkle`c% Yke ago`rbl# è~ay na zlnar qy`r ac glnacl

na rabraykùe i`ciqc`nl# ëy~a ya ~kaea pqa a}`cq`r# z`r` }ar pqë ~è~` ilemkòkckn`n yaca zqan` n`r% C` a}`cqìkùe l }`cknìkùe nac glnacl na rabraykùe ay~kg`nl ya fìa

` ~r`}ëy na èàckyky loha~k}ly { yqoha~k}ly# ae mlrg` èàclb` ilgl ae c` rabraykùe

ckea`c ykgzca% Zlr ahagzcl# cly èàckyky loha~k}ky~`y ya fìae ` ~r`}ëy na mqeikleay

ay~`nçy~ki`y na kemaraeik`% Zly~arklrgae~a# z`r` pqa c` }`cknìkùe nac glnacl ya`




6'91

ilgzca~`# ac zrliankgkae~l ya ilgzcagae~` qyènl aemlpqay yqoha~k}ky~`y# ` ~r`}ëy

na èàckyky na c`y bràmki`y na cly }`clray rayknq`cay% Yk c` }`cknìkùe el ay

y`~kymì~lrk`# ya zrliana ile ragankìkùe nac glnacl# {` ya` fìkaenl~rèymlrgìkleay na cly ahay l zrloènl l~rly glnacly gày `zrlzk`nly# ilgl

iq`nrà~kily l iøokily# a~i%

@zckiìkùe na èàckyky yqoha~k}ly { loha~k}ly z`r` c` a}`cqìkùe nac glnacl na

rabraykùe

Ilgl ya f` ay~`nl gaeikleènl è~arklrgae~a# ya yqbkarae nly gèar`y na ra}ky`r

c` q~kckn`n nac glnacl lo~aeknl% Ay~`y gèar`y yle8 &0+ èàckyky na bràmki`y na

rayknqly {# &?+ zrqao`y ay~`nçy~ki`y na kemaraeik`%

Zlr ahagzcl# z`r` }`ckn`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe `zckiènl èàckyky

yqoha~k}ly# ay naikr# ` ~r`}ëy na cly bràmkily na cly rayknqly &ak+# ëy~ly ya nayirkoae

ilgl c`y nkmaraeik`y ae~ra cly zqe~ly { c` cçea` na rabraykùe% Ykaenl `yç# c`y

yqzlykikleay yle na pqa cly rayknqly naoae yar kenazaenkae~ay { elrg`cgae~a

nky~rkoqknly# ile zrlgankl kbq`c ` iarl { ile }`rkèx`y iley~è~ay% Gày

avzcçik~`gae~a# c`y nayirkzikleay na c`y yqzlykikleay yle8

0% Cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ay~`nçy~ki` ak naoae ay~`r elrg`cgae~a

nky~rkoqknly% Z`r` clbr`r ay~l# ya br`mkiè cly rayknqly &irqnly l ay~èn`rkx`nly+ na

c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a ae mqeikùe na cly }`clray na x l elrg`cay ayzar`nly% Z`r`

pqa ya raøe` c` ilenkikùe na elrg`ckn`n na cly n`~ly# ~lnly cly zqe~ly naoae na

ay~`r nae~rl na c`y oèn`y na ilemkèx` { naoae na ay~`r gq{ iarièly ` c` cçea` na

rabraykùe% @nagày# yk cly ~ërgkely nac arrlr ak ay~àe elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqknly# clyrayknq`cay ay~èn`rkx`nly l irqnly naoaràe ay~`r# `zrlvkg`n`gae~a# na ìqarnl

ile c`y rabc`y nac =6!# ;>! { ;;!% Ay~l pqkara naikr pqë# ac =6! na cly rayknqly

naoaràe ay~`r ae~ra x 7 °04 ac ;1! naoaràe ay~`r ae~ra x 7 °? {# mke`cgae~a# ac ;;!

na cly rayknqly naoaràe ay~`r ae~ra x 7 °9%




6'9=

?% Cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ak naoae yar kenazaenkae~ay qel nac l~rl% El

naoa fòar ilckek`ckn`n l ilrracìkùe ae yarka% Ay~l ya ra}ky` br`mkiènl cly

rayknqly &ay~èn`rkx`nly l irqnly+ ae mqeikùe na cly raebcleay% Yk el f`{#`zrlvkg`n`gae~a# cly gkygly rayknqly zlyk~k}ly { eab`~k}ly ae c` bràmki`#

ae~leiay# ac glnacl ckea`c i`ciqc`nl el ay ac `zrlzk`nl { ~aenràe pqa oqyi`rya

l~r`y `c~are`~k}`y &ilgl mqeikleay zlckelgk`cay# iq`nrà~ki`y# iøoki`y# a~i%+% @pqç

iòa el~`r pqa c` yqzlykikùe na kenazaenaeik` ay c` gày kgzlr~è~a pqa ya zqan`

}klc`r# zlrpqa ay c` o`ya z`r` c`y zrqao`y ay~`nçy~ki`y ilgl c` _ ?# ac arrlr na cl

ay~kg`nl &y n`nl zlr ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò+# @EL]@# a~i%

9% Cly }`clray na c` }`rkòca `ca`~lrk` ak naoae na ~aear c` gkyg` }`rkèx`% Ay~l ya

cc`g` flglyian`y~kikn`n% Ay~l ya zqana ra}ky`r }kyq`cgae~a br`mkiènl cly

rayknq`cay ay~èn`rkx`nly l el ay~èn`rkx`nly &irqnly+ ile~r` i`n` }`clr na c`y

}`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay & V k+% @pqç# eqa}`gae~a# ~kaea pqa fòar c` gkyg`

iè~kn`n na }`clray zlyk~k}ly { eab`~k}ly avzray`nly ae c` bràmki`% @pqç# yke

ago`rbl# avky~ae l~rly gë~lnly z`r` ra}ky`r zlr ac zrlocag` na

fa~arlyian`y~kikn`n pqa ya ra~lg`ràe ae ac i`zç~qcl na rabraykùe zlckelgk`c%

L~rly ke}ay~kb`nlray ay~`nçy~kily &Na}lra# ?:::+ yqbkarae iq`~rl bràmkily na

nk`beùy~kil yqoha~k}l# z`r` c` }`cknìkùe nac glnacl na rabraykùe gøc~kzca% Ay~ly

bràmkily na nk`beùy~kil yle8

0% Ac bràmkil na cly rayknqly ay~èn`rkx`nly {,l irqnly ae c` lrnae`n` }aryqy cly

}`clray na V k ae c` òyiky`%

?% Ac bràmkil na cly rayknqly ay~èn`rkx`nly {,l irqnly ae c` lrnae`n` }aryqy cly}`clray zrlely~ki`nly &ae c` òyiky`+ zlr ac zrlbr`g` na ilgzq~`nlr` qy`nl%

9% Ac bràmkil na cly }`clray zrlely~ki`nly ae c` lrnae`n` }aryqy cly }`clray na [ k ae

c` òyiky`%

>% Bràmkil na elrg`ckn`n na cly rayknqly ay~èn`rkx`nly }aryqy cly zariae~kcay na x




6'92

&}`clray na x+%

1% Fky~lbr`g`y%

@zckiìkùe na èàckyky loha~k}ly z`r` c` a}`cqìkùe nac glnacl na rabraykùe

Zlr l~rl c`nl# ae iqè~l `c aemlpqa loha~k}ky~` &ay~`nçy~ki` kemaraeik`c+ z`r` c`

}`cknìkùe nac glnacl na rabraykùe# ëy~a ay~à racìkle`nl ile ac qyl na ay~`nçy~ki`y

ilgl ac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe gøc~kzca _ ? &l r ?+# ac ilamkikae~a na

na~argkeìkùe `hqy~`nl _ ?`hqy~`n`# ac arrlr ay~àen`r na cl ay~kg`nl# y# ~òc`y na

èàckyky na }`rkèx`# zrqao`y na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a# ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx`# ac irk~arkl

na G`ccl na Iz# Z_AYY# a~i%

Na ay~` gèar`# iqènl ya fòc` na ilamkikae~ay ae ac glnacl na rabraykùe

gøc~kzca# avky~ae iq`~rl ~kzly na ilamkikae~ay8

&0+ Ac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe gøc~kzca &_ ?+

&?+ Ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe gøc~kzca &_+

&9+ Ac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe `hqy~`nl &_ ?`hqy~`n`+

&>+ Ac ilamkikae~a z`rik`c na ilrracìkùe gøc~kzca & _kh%d +

Zlr ahagzcl# ac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe gøc~kzca _ ? ay# ~`c }ax# c`

gankn` ay~`nçy~ki` gày zlzqc`r qy`n` z`r` gankr# pqë ~è okae aei`h` ac glnacl na

rabraykùe ae cly n`~ly na c` gqay~r`% Ae ra`ckn`n ac qyl na _ ? ay qe` ~ëieki` z`r`

gankr c` `naiqìkùe na qe glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c gøc~kzca% Ay~` ay~`nçy~ki` ya

zqana namkekr ilgl qe` zrlzlrikùe l ilgl qe zlriae~`ha% Ilgl zrlzlrikùe# yqy

}`clray }`rçè na iarl ` qel% Zlr ahagzcl# yk ac }`clr na _ ? ay~à iarièl ` iarl# ay~l

kenki` pqa el f`{ qe` racìkùe ckea`c ae~ra [ { c`y V ¾y# gkae~r`y pqa# qe }`clr iarièl ` qel# kenki` qe` `hqy~a zarmai~l% Yke ago`rbl# ac }`clr na _ ? el naoa na

ke~arzra~`rya ckbar`gae~a# yke ac `zl{l nac arrlr ay~àen`r na cl ay~kg`nl &y+# ac

rayknq`c &Z_AYY+# ac irk~arkl na G`ccl &Iz+ l cly mì~lray na }`rkìkùe kemc`nly

&}`rkèia kemc`~kle mì~lry# ]KM+% @nagày c` }`cknìkùe nac glnacl naoa ay~`r




6'96

`zl{`n` zlr cly èàckyky na cly bràmkily yqoha~k}ly%

Na ìqarnl ` c` cùbki` nac zrlbr`g` na EIYY# cly ykbqkae~ay aeqeik`nly nè

`cbqe`y i`ckmkiìkleay na c` ke~arzra~ìkùe na _ ?

%0% Ac }`clr na _ ? zqana keiragae~`rya `brabènl gày }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay#

zarl ay~l zqana i`qy`r qe `qgae~l ae ac arrlr nac iq`nr`nl gankl# ayzaik`cgae~a#

iqènl c` gqay~r` ay zapqað`%

?% C` g`bek~qn na _ ? ay~à kemcqaeik`n` zlr ac rèbl na i`n` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a%

_ ? `qgae~` ` gankn` pqa ac rèbl na c`y V ¾y `qgae~` { }kia}ary`%

9% Ac }`clr na _ ? el gkna c` g`bek~qn na c`y zaenkae~ay%

>% C` g`bek~qn na _ ? el gkna c` `z~k~qn nac glnacl ckea`c4 gkna c` mqarx` ckea`c nac

ilgzleae~a nac glnacl%

1% Qe }`clr brèna na _ ? el eaiay`rk`gae~a ykbekmki` qe` zrankiikùe brèna% Cl

lzqay~l ~`gokëe ay ilrrai~l% ^lnl ay~l ~kaea pqa yar ilgzcagae~`nl l

ilrrlolr`nl zlr l~r`y mqeikleay ay~`nçy~ki`y { zlr ac èàckyky bràmkil yqoha~k}l%

=% Ac }`clr na _ ? ay `c~`gae~a yaeykoca `c eøgarl na loyar}ìkleay% Ae~ra gày

brèna ya` ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r`# gày `c~l yarà ac }`clr na _ ?% Gày `nacè~a# f`{

cl pqa ya cc`g` ac }`clr `hqy~`nl nac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe gøc~kzca `hqy~`nl

&_ ?`hqy~`n`+% Ay~a ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe gøc~kzca `hqy~`nl _ ?`hqy~`n` ay qe`

}arykùe `hqy~`n` na _ ? c` iq`c oqyi` ragl}ar c` nky~lrykùe i`qy`n` zlr qe ~`g`ðl

na gqay~r` zapqaðl% Kbq`cgae~a# ~`gokëe f`{ cl pqa ya cc`g` Z_AYY &zranki~an

yqg lm ypq`ray+ pqa ya qy` z`r` }`ckn`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe ae ~ërgkely na

zrankiikùe% @pqç# ae~ra gày zapqaðl ya` ac }`clr na Z_AYY# gahlr yarà ac glnacliènkn`~l%

Ae mlrg` èàclb`# ~`gokëe f`{ cl pqa ya cc`g` ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe

gøc~kzca _% Ay~a ilamkikae~a _ gkna c` mqarx` na c` racìkùe ckea`c ae~ra c` }`rkòca

nazaenkae~a [ { c`y }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay V 0# V ? # V 9 #…# V d % Ae ile~r`y~a ile ac




6'9;

ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe ckea`c ykgzca# ac rèbl na ay~a ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe

gøc~kzca ay na : ≮ _ ≮ 0% Ay~l ya naoa ` pqa _ el kenki` c` zaenkae~a na c`

aiqìkùe na rabraykùe naoknl ` pqa el ay zlykoca kenki`r cly ykbely na ~lnly clyilamkikae~ay na rabraykùe pqa racìkleè c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a [ ` c`y }`rkòcay

kenazaenkae~a V k% @yç ilgl ae ac i`yl na c` ilrracìkùe ckea`c# c` gankikùe na _ ? ay

gày màikc na ke~arzra~`r pqa ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe gøc~kzca# _%

L~rl ~kzl na ilrracìkùe racìkle`nl ile rabraykùe { ilrracìkùe gøc~kzca ay

cl pqa ya cc`g` ilamkikae~a z`rik`c na ilrracìkùe gøc~kzca% Ay~a ilamkikae~a gkna c`

mqarx` na c` racìkùe ckea`c ae~ra c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a [ { c`y }`rkòcay

kenazaenkae~ay V 0 # V ? # V 9 #…# V d % Ay~a ilamkikae~a ya zqana avzray`r ilgl _ kh%d ac

iq`c ay ac ay~kg`nlr nac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe gøc~kzca zlocìkle`c πkh%d % _ kh%d ya

zqana qy`r z`r` }ar c` racìkùe i`qy`c ae~ra [ { qe` na c`y }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay#

gè~aekaenl c`y nagày iley~è~ay% Ay~a ilamkikae~a# ~`gokëe ya zqana qy`r z`r` }ar

c` racìkùe ae~ra nly }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay%

Gày `nacè~a# nae~rl na c` i`~ablrç` na èàckyky loha~k}ly na ay~`nçy~ki`

kemaraeik`c racìkle`nly ile rabraykùe gøc~kzca# ~aeagly cl pqa ya cc`g` èàckyky na

}`rkèx` &@EL]@+ nkyiq~knl ae i`zç~qcly è~arklray% Ae mlrg` èàclb` ilgl ac

qyl na _ ?# ay~a èàckyky ay qe gë~lnl ilgzcagae~`rkl z`r` ra}ky`r c`y yqzlykikleay

nac glnacl na rabraykùe% C` ilemkòkckn`n na cly rayqc~`nly nac @EL]@ ay~à

gèilgqe`n` ` c` yqzlykikùe na pqa cly rayknq`cay ay~àe elrg`cgae~a

nky~rkoqknly% Ac qyl na @EL]@ zrqao` cly zrlgankly zlocìkle`cay nlena ya

è`ckx` c` }`rkìkùe ~l~`c% @EL]@ a}`cø` c` q~kckn`n nac glnacl na rabraykùe zrloènl c` fkzù~ayky eqc` na pqa ~lnly cly ilamkikae~ay &οk+ na c` aiqìkùe na

rabraykùe &zaenkae~ay+ yle kbq`c ` iarl% Cly ilgzleae~ay nac èàckyky na }`rkèx` l

na @EL]@# yle z`raiknly ` cly nac èàckyky na }`rkèx` ykgzca avzcki`nly ae

i`zç~qcly è~arklray% Cly ilgzleae~ay yle c` mqae~a na }`rkìkùe# cly br`nly na




6'>:

ckoar~`n# c` yqg` na cly iq`nr`nly# ac iq`nr`nl nac zrlgankl# c` zrqao` na M { ac

ek}ac na zrloòkckn`n% Zlr ahagzcl# c` mqae~a na }`rkìkùe razrayae~` c`y z`r~kikleay

na c` }`rkìkùe ae [ % F`{ iq`~rl mqae~ay na }`rkìkùe ay naikr# ac ke~ariaz~l# acglnacl# ac rayknql l arrlr {# ac ~l~`c `hqy~`nl% C` zrqao` na kemaraeik` ile c`

ay~`nçy~ki` M ya qy` z`r` zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na ~ln`y c`y οk 7 :%

Gày kgzlr~è~a ~ln`}ç`# ay ac iàciqcl nac ek}ac na zrloòkckn`n z% Ac }`clr na

z ay c` zrloòkckn`n na lo~aear qe ay~`nçy~kil na zrqao`# `c gaely ~è

ile~r`nki~lrkl l gày av~ragl z`r` Fl8# ilgl ac }`clr loyar}`nl pqa ya lo~q}l#

`yqgkaenl pqa Fl8 ay }arn`nar`% Yk ac }`clr na z ay gaelr pqë# nkb`gly ΰ 7 :%:1#

c` fkzù~ayky eqc` ya raif`x`4 na l~r` gèar` ya ra~kaea% Ae~ra gày zapqaðl ya` ac

}`clr na z# gaely irankokckn`n ~aenrà c` fkzù~ayky eqc`%

L~rly ay~`nçy~kily loha~k}ky~`y z`r` }`ckn`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe yle c`y

zrqao`y kenk}knq`cay na ~ na ay~qnkè~a z`r` zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na pqa ο0# ο?# ο9# οd

yle kbq`cay ` iarl% @nagày ya zqanae qy`r cly ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx`% Zlr

ahagzcl# ae rabraykùe gøc~kzca ac }`clr na ~ na ay~qnkè~a ya qy` z`r` zrlo`r c`

fkzù~ayky na pqa qel na cly ilamkikae~ay ay kbq`c ` iarl# nayzqëy na ragl}ar c`

kemcqaeik` na cly l~rly% Cly ke}ay~kb`nlray Z`mmaeoarbar a~ `c% &0;62+ nè c` mqeikùe

z`r` ac ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` οk% Yke ago`rbl# yk ya ileicq{a pqa ο0 l οd el

yle kbq`c ` iarl ay~l# el eaiay`rk`gae~a# nkia pqa ac glnacl na rabraykùe ay ø~kc

z`r` zrankiikùe% Ae }arn`n# z`r` na~argke`r yk ac glnacl ay `zrlzk`nl# ae cqb`r na

zrlo`r pqa ο0 7 : { ο? 7 :# yaz`r`n`gae~a &qyènl c` zrqao` na ~+# ya qy` qe`

zrqao` ilehqe~` ilgl ac èàckyky na }`rkèx` &@EL]@+% Na iq`cpqkar gèar`# c` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky okc`~ar`c z`r` zrlo`r cly ilamkikae~ay kenk}knq`cay οk ya qy` ac

ykbqkae~a mlrg`~l n`nl ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%




6'>0

^@OC@ 6%0:% ^òc` gly~rènl cly gaièkygly z`r` qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky

okc`~ar`c z`r` cly ilamkikae~ay kenk}knq`cay οk keicqknly ae ac glnacl na rabraykùe

gøc~kzca% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+Fkzù~ayky eqc`8 Fl8οk 7 :# fkzù~ayky `c~are`~k}`8 F08οk ≪ :

]`clr nac ay~`nçy~kil8 ~ 7 ok , y ok

_abc` na naikykùe8

_aif`x`r Fl8 yk ~ 5 ~ΰ,?4e'&d$0+ l okae yk ~ 3 '~ΰ,?4e'&d$0+%

El raif`x`r Fl8 yk ~ΰ,?4e'&d$0+ ≮ ~ ≮ ~ΰ,?4e'&d$0+

Nlena8 οk yle cly ilamkikae~ay na rabraykùe kenk}knq`cay%ok 7 ay~kg`nlray na οk

yok 7 arrlray ay~àen`r

ΰ 7 ek}ac na ykbekmkièik` naya`nl

e 7 eøgarl na loyar}ìkleay

d 7 eøgarl na }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay

~ 7 mqeikùe ay~`nçy~ki` na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a

Ahagzcly `zckiènl c` rabraykùe { ilrracìkùe gøc~kzca

Ahagzcl )=% Ae c` `nylrikùe na ~karr` { yankgae~l# c` g`bek~qn na c` ìqgqcìkùe

ae mlrg` ilenaey`n` na cly zrlnqi~ly pqçgkily ae c` yqzarmkika ay qe`

i`rì~arçy~ki` kgzlr~è~a pqa kemcq{a ae c` amkikaeik` na keyai~kikn`y { }`rkly l~rly

zrlnqi~ly pqçgkily% Ac `r~çiqcl –@nylrz~kle lm Zflyzf`~a# @ryae`~a#

Ga~fèa`ryle`~a èn Iìln{c`~a o{ C`da èn Y~ra`g Yankgae~y8 Ilgz`rkyle k~f

Ylkcy‗ &H% lm Ae}krle% Pq`c%# 0;6># zz% >;;'1:>+ zrayae~` cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly ae c`~òc` na ò`hl% @pqç ya ~lg` [ ilgl c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a# c` iq`c nael~` ac

çenkia na `nylrikùe na mlym`~l# V 0 ay qe` na c`y }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay

nael~ènl c` iè~kn`n na fkarrl av~r`çoca {# V ? ay l~r` na c`y }`rkòcay

kenazaenkae~ay nael~ènl c` iè~kn`n na `cqgkekl av~r`çoca% &Na}lra# ?:::+




6'>?

^@OC@ 6%00% ^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac ahagzcl% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Loyar}ìkùe V 0 &Fkarrl av~r`çoca+ V ? &@cqgkekl av~r`çoca+ [ &Çenkia na `nylrikùe+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 0 =0 09 >? 021 ?0 069 000 ?> 0>> 0?> ?9 061 09: => ?== 029 96 ?=2 0=; 99 ?06 0=; =0 9:

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Fìar cly iàciqcly zar~keae~ay%

Ylcqikùe8

Qyènl qe z`pqa~a na ilgzq~`nlr` n`8 ol 7 '2%910# nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r 7 9%>61#

o0 7 :%00?29# nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r 7 :%:?;=;# o? 7 :%9>;::# y 7 :%:2090

C` aiqìkùe na c` cçea` na rabraykùe ckea`c gøc~kzca ay8

[ 7 '2%910 $ &:%00?29+& V 0+ $ &:%9>;::+& V ?+

Aeyabqkn`# z`r` }ar# pqë ~è ilemkòca ay ac glnacl na rabraykùe i`ciqc`nl#

zrkgarl zrlianagly ` amai~q`r ac èàckyky yqoha~k}l# ay naikr# ac èàckyky na c`y

bràmki`y na cly rayknqly%




6'>9

Mkbqr` 6%0: Mkbqr` gly~rènl c`y bràmki`y na cly rayknqly ay~èn`rkx`nly }aryqy

}`clray ayzar`nly na x &0+4 bràmki` gly~rènl ac rayknql ay~èn`rkx`nl }aryqy c`}`rkòca kenazaenkae~a V 0 &?+4 bràmki` gly~rènl ac rayknql ay~èn`rkx`nl }aryqy c`

}`rkòca kenazaenkae~a V ? &9+4 bràmki` gly~rènl ac rayknql ay~èn`rkx`nl }aryqy ac

}`clr na [ zrlely~ki`nl &>+ {# mke`cgae~a# bràmki` na [ zrlely~ki`n` }aryqy

`nylrikùe &1+% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+




6'>>

Mkbqr` 6%00 Ay~` bràmki` gqay~r` qe aemlpqa qe zlil nkmarae~a `c na c` mkbqr`

è~arklr# ay naikr qyènl cly rayknqly el ay~èn`rkx`nly ae ile~r`y~a ile c` mkbqr`

6%0: pqa qy` cly rayknqly ay~èn`rkx`nly% Bràmki` gly~rènl c` zrqao` na

elrg`ckn`n &0+% Bràmki` gly~rènl c` zrqao` na kenazaenaeik` na rayknqly }aryqyraebcleay &?+% Bràmki` gly~rènl cly rayknqly }aryqy }`clray zrlely~ki`nly &9+%

Bràmki` gly~rènl cly rayknqly }aryqy }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a na fkarrl &>+% Bràmki`

gly~rènl cly rayknqly }aryqy }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a `cqgkekl &1+% &Acòlrìkùe

zrlzk`+




6'>1

Ac }`clr nac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe gøc~kzca ay8 _ ? 7 :%;>6:

Ac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe `hqy~`nl ay8 _ ?`hqy~`n` 7 :%;96:

Ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe gøc~kzca ay8 _ 7 :%;29=Cly ilamkikae~ay z`rik`cay ya zqanae ay~kg`r yk ya naya` yòar c` racìkùe

ae~ra ac çenkia na `nylrikùe { ac `cqgkekl av~r`çoca# zlekaenl c` }`rkòca

kenazaenkae~a# fkarrl iley~è~a% ^`gokëe# yk ya naya`r` yòar c` racìkùe ae~ra ac

çenkia na `nylrikùe { ac fkarrl av~r`çoca# ya zlenrç` c` }`rkòca `cqgkekl iley~è~a%

Ykgkc`rgae~a# yk ya naya`r` yòar c` racìkùe ae~ra c`y }`rkòcay `cqgkekl { c`

}`rkòca nac fkarrl# ya zlenrç` c` }`rkòca çenkia na `nylrikùe mkh`%

^@OC@ 6%0?% ^òc` gly~rènl cly ilamkikae~ay na rabraykùe# }`clray na ~ na

Ay~qnkè~a# ek}acay na z { naikykleay ~lg`n`y ae Fl8 &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ ]`rkòca Ilamkikae~a ]`clr na ~ Ek}ac Naikykùekenazaenkae~a na rabraykùe na z &1!+

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6'>=

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6'>2

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Ileicqykleay8 Ac glnacl na rabraykùe lo~aeknl ay }àcknl z`r` zrankiikùe {

ay~kgìkùe% Cly n`~ly aei`hè okae ile qe glnacl ckea`c gøc~kzca% Ay~` ile~aeikùeay~à o`y`n` ae ac èàckyky yqoha~k}l na c`y bràmki`y na cly rayknqly% Zlr ahagzcl# ae

c` mkbqr` 6%0: { 6%00 c` zrqao` na elrg`ckn`n ay oqae`# zlrpqa ~lnly cly zqe~ly

ay~àe nae~rl na c`y oèn`y# { gq{ iarièly ` c` cçea` na rabraykùe% @nagày# cly

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na cly rayknqly }aryqy cly raebcleay# ay~l y`~kymìa c` yqzlykikùe na kenazaenaeik`#

zlrpqa f`{ ac gkygl eøgarl na rayknqly zlyk~k}ly { eab`~k}ly% @nagày# c`y

bràmki`y na cly rayknqly }aryqy c`y }`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay el }klcè c` yqzlykikùe

na el ckea`ckn`n# zlrpqa el f`{ ~aenaeik`y namkekn`y% Mke`cgae~a# c` bràmki` na

rayknqly }aryqy }`clray zrlely~ki`nly ay~àe na ìqarnl ile c` yqzlykikùe na

}`rkèx`y kbq`cay &flglyian`y~kikn`n+%

Ae iqè~l ` cly èàckyky loha~k}ky~`y# ay naikr# qyènl zrqao`y ay~`nçy~ki`y#

eqa}`gae~a# zrayqzleae qe oqae `hqy~a nac glnacl na rabraykùe ay~kg`nl% Ay~l ya

naoa ` pqë# ac }`clr nac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe gøc~kzca _ ? ay~à gq{ iarièl

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6'>6

nagly~r`nl zlr ac }`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z ac iq`c ay gqifl gq{ ykbekmkiè~a%

C`y zrqao`y na ~ na ay~qnkè~a# ~`gokëe yle gq{ ìaz~òcay { nagqay~rè pqa c`y

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rabraykùe# ay `zckiòca%

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glnacl gøc~kzca ckea`c &Glnacl 0+4 glnacl ile ~rèymlrgìkùe ae ac aha }ar~ki`c

&Glnacl ?+ { qe glnacl ile ~rèymlrgìkleay na cly ahay flrkxle~`cay { nac aha

}ar~ki`c &Glnacl 9+%

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Ylcqikùe8

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zkna `c cai~lr pqa naikn` iq`c glnacl ay ac gày `zrlzk`nl%




6'>;

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6'1:

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kebrankae~ay na gqif`y gaxic`y% @ gaeqnl# c` ay~kgìkùe na c`y ileiae~rìkleay

nazaena ae c` fòkckn`n z`r` `hqy~`r glnacly na rabraykùe% Ae qe` ke}ay~kbìkùe

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ileiae~rìkleay na cly ilgzleae~ay }`rk`rle ae c`y gaxic`y z`r` zrlnqikr ~kzly

ay~àen`ray na i`ckorìkùe &[ k+% &R`czlca# 0;;?# z% >?0+% Cly n`~ly na ay~a zrlocag`

ya nè ò`hl%




6'10

^@OC@ 6%?:% ^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac zrlocag` na `rrko`%

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Ylcqikùe8

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yar}kikl ` qe` gàpqke` avzaenanlr` na `r~çiqcly { ac eøgarl na agz`pqay

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6'1?

nlena ya aeiqae~r` c` gàpqke`% Ay~a glnacl na rabraykùe gøc~kzca mqa q~kckx`nl

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6'19

Z`r` ay~a zrlocag` i`ciqc`r cly ykbqkae~ay aeqeik`nly8

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6'1>

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6'11

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=% Ae c` }ae~è` na –_abrayykle'_ayqc~y‗ zqe~a`r c`y mqeikleay naya`n`y na c`y

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Ahagzcl )0:% Ay~a ay qe ahagzcl nac ckorl @zzckan Y~`~ky~kiy8 @eàckyky lm ]`rkèia

èn _abraykle na cly `q~lray Nqee { Ic`rd% Ay~` ay qe` ke}ay~kbìkùe racìkle`n`

ile c` ~agzar`~qr`# ~lg`n` ilgl c` }`rkòca na rayzqay~`# ae mqeikùe na }`rkòcay

rabraylr`y ilgl c` `c~k~qn# clebk~qn { c`~k~qn% C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` cly

rayqc~`nly% Qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò8

&`+ Aeile~r`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe gày `zrlzk`nl

&o+ ]`ckn`r ac glnacl qyènl ga~lnly ay~`nçy~kily# ay naikr# ay~kgènl ac

ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe gøc~kzca _ ?# _ ? `hqy~`n`# y# Z_AYY# ~òc` na @EL]@#

{ bràmki`y yqoha~k}ky~`y# ilgl rayknqly }aryqy ùrnaeay# rayknqly }aryqy }`clray

`hqy~`nly { zrqao`y na elrg`ckn`n%

&i+ Fìar ilgae~`rkly ìari` na cly rayqc~`nly




6'1=

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zlr c`y Mkbqr`y 6%0? &`+# &o+ { &i+%

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6'12

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Mkbqr` 6%0?% C` Mkbqr` &`+ gqay~r` cly rayknq`cay }y% ùrnaeay4 c` mkbqr` &o+ gqay~r`

cly rayknq`cay }y% cly }`clray `hqy~`nly { c` mkbqr` &i+ n` c` zrqao` na elrg`ckn`n%

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z gq{ ykbekmki`~k}l% C`y zrqao`y na ^ yle ykbekmkiè~ay# cl pqa yqbkara pqa el f`{

zrlocag`y na gqc~kilckea`ckn`n% @eàclb`gae~a# cly }`clray o`hly na ]KM yqbkarae

kenkiè pqa el f`{ zrlocag`y na gqc~kilckea`ckn`n% Ay~l# `qe`nl# ` cly ykbely na

c`y }`rkòcay rabraylr`y na c` aiqìkùe na rabraykùe# cly iq`cay yk ay~àe na ìqarnl `

qe` cùbki` ` zly~arklrk% Ac }`clr na c` mqeikùe na Nqroke'R`~yle Y~`~ky~ki l na

ilrracìkùe ae yarka kbq`c ` 0%1996> kenki` pqa el f`{ zrlocag`y na

`q~lilrracìkùe &`qepqa `pqç# ay~l ya zqana kbelr`r zlrpqa ac zrlocag` el

ke}lcqir` yarkay na ~kagzl+% Ae iqè~l ` c` Mkbqr` 6%0? c` bràmki` &`+ gqay~r` cly

rayknq`cay }aryqy cly ùrnaeay# ae c` iq`c f`{ `ca`~lrkan`n na cly n`~ly%

@eàclb`gae~a# c` bràmki` na rayknq`cay }y% }`clray `hqy~`nly &o+ kenki` `c`~alrkn`n




6'16

l kenazaenaeik` na cly n`~ly# yke zrlocag`y na fa~arlyian`y~kikn`n &arrlray na

}`rkèx`y el iley~è~ay+# a~i% Mke`cgae~a# c` bràmki` na c` zrqao` na elrg`ckn`n &i+

kenki` pqa cly n`~ly ay~àe elrg`cgae~a nky~rkoqknly &zlrpqa ~lnly cly zqe~ly ay~àenae~rl na c`y oèn`y na ilemkèx`+# `qepqa ile yaybl zlyk~k}l%

El~`8 ¼Iraa qy~an pqë# a}ae~q`cgae~a# ac i`cae~`gkae~l bclo`c# naoknl ` c`y

agkykleay na b`yay na ke}are`narl# baear`nly zlr agkykleay }afkiqc`ray a

kenqy~rk`cay }` ` glnkmki`r c`y ~agzar`~qr`y pqa }è ae mqeikùe na c` c`~k~qn<

Ahagzcl )00% Ay~a ay qe ahagzcl fkzù~a~kil gly~rènl c` racìkùe ae~ra c`y

ileiae~rìkleay na lxlel `r~kmkik`c# ` ek}ac nac yqacl &zzg+ { c`y ~agzar`~qr`y &lM+%

Ay~a aharikikl ay~à aei`gke`nl ` i`ciqc`r# gèq`cgae~a# cly rayknq`cay { na fìar

qe` bràmki` gly~rènl cly rayknq`cay irqnly% Cly n`~ly ya nè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^@OC@ 6%?1 gly~rènl cly n`~ly na ay~a zrlocag`% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ileiae~rìkleay na L9 &{+s 21 6: 6= ;> ;; 0:2

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ âgzar`~qr` &lM+ &v+ s =1 20 2; 61 ;9 0::


&`+ I`ciqc`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe { gankr yq `naiqìkùe ay~kgènl _ ?# _ ?&`hqy~%+#

y# Z_AYY { c` ay~`nçy~ki` Nqroke'R`~yle

&o+ Fìar qe` ~òc` gly~rènl ac }`clr na c` nay}kìkùe ae~ra cly n`~ly { ac `hqy~a#

ay naikr# na cly rayknq`cay rabqc`ray l irqnly ak 7 {k ’ { k%

&i+ Fìar qe` bràmki` na L9 &{+ { ~agzar`~qr`y &v+ gly~rènl cly rayknq`cay irqnly

Ylcqikùe8&`+ Qyènl qe z`pqa~a na ilgzq~`nlr` n` c` aiqìkùe na rabraykùe8

Ileiae~rìkùe na lxlel & { + 7 01%> $ :%;:; âgzar`~qr` &v+

y 7 0%0:0# _ ? 7 ;;%9!# _ ?&`hqy~%+ 7 ;;%?!# Z_AYY 7 ;%>?692# ay~`nçy~ki` Nqroke'R`~yle 7 9%99

&o+ C` ^@OC@ 6%?= gqay~r` cly }`clray `hqy~`nly & { k+# cly rayknq`cay { YYA%




6'1;

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_ayknq`c irqnl Yqg` na cly iq`nr`nly nac arrlr k vk {k { k 7 01%>> $ :%;:; v ak 7 {k ' { k YYA 7 &{k ' { k+

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&i+ C` Mkbqr` 6%09 na ò`hl gqay~r` c`y ileiae~rìkleay na lxlel ae mqeikùe na c`y~agzar`~qr`y ile cly }`clray na cly rayknq`cay ak%

6%09% Mkbqr` gly~rènl c` gankikle na i`n` qel na cly }`clray rayknq`cay ile c`

cçea` na rabraykùe% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+%




6'=:


6%0% Cly n`~ly na ò`hl gqay~rè c`y agkykleay na ùvknly na ek~rùbael &ELv+

zrl}aekae~ay na i`cnar`y na zc e~`y acëi~rki`y%

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly z`r` ac zrlocag`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ GO~q,fr'm~? & V + s0:: 0?1 0?1 01: 01: ?:: ?:: ?1: ?1: 9:: 9:: 91: >:: >::

ELv &[ + s01: 0>: 06: ?0: 0;: 9?: ?6: >:: >9: >>: 9;: =:: =0: 12:

&`+ I`ciqc`r c` aiqìkùe na rabraykùe na c` gqay~r` pqa ay~kg` ` c` }arn`nar` aiqìkùe

zlocìkle`c% &[ 7 '?>%? $ 0%1; V +

&o+ I`ciqc`r ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe _ ? { _ pqa ay~kgè ` π% &_ ? 7 :%;1+

&i+ ¼Iqàc ay c` ay~kgìkùe ayzar`n` na c` agkykùe na ELv iqènl c` ~`y` na ckoarìkùe

ay na ??1 GO~q,fr'm~?< &999%=2+

&n+ Qy`r ac zrlbr`g` na ilgzq~`nlr` na Gkek~ò { è`ckx`r c`y bràmki`y na cly

rayknqly z`r` c` zrqao` na elrg`ckn`n { na cly rayknqly ae mqeikùe nac }`clr na V % &Ac

cai~lr cl naoarà fìar+

6%?% Ay~a ay qe ahagzcl nac ckorl na Ke~rlnqiikùe `c @e`ckyky na _abraykùe Ckea`c na

Gleblgar{ a~ `c% &?::0+# nlena fòc` na qe ahagzcl racìkle`nl ile c`y

ileiae~rìkleay na lxlel na naoknl `c i`clr% @yç# N`}knyle &–Qzn`~a le Lxlea

^raeay ke I`ckmlrek`‛y Ylq~f ILY@^ O`yke‗# @kr èn R`y~a# >9# ??=# 0;;9+ ay~qnkl

c`y ileiae~rìkleay na lxlel ae c` iqaei` `ëra` na c` ily~` yqr na I`ckmlrek`# nqrè~acly `ðly 0;2= ` 0;;0% Ya iraa pqa c` iè~kn`n na nç`y ae pqa c`y ileiae~rìkleay na

lxlel mqarle g`{lray pqa :%?: zzg nazaena nac çenkia ga~aralcùbkil ay~ìkle`c#

pqa ay ac zrlgankl ay~ìkle`c na c` ~agzar`~qr` ile 61: gkcko`ray% C` ykbqkae~a

kemlrgìkùe gqay~r` cly n`~ly%




6'=0

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac zrlocag`% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

@ðl El% na Nç`y & {+ Çenkia ga~alrlcùbkil

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\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Mqae~a8 Gle~blgar{ a~ `c% ?::0

&`+ Ay~kg`r c` aiqìkùe na rabraykùe

&o+ ¼Pqë ~è~` ilemkòkckn`n ya ca zqana n`r `c glnacl yacaiikle`nl< Qy`r aemlpqay

ay~`nçy~kily { bràmkily z`r` hqy~kmki`r ay~` zrabqe~`%

6%9% Ae qe ay~qnkl `brçilc`# z`r` }ar cly amai~ly na cly i`gokly ickgà~kily bclo`cay

racìkle`nl# ile cly z`~rleay zcq}k`cay `c~ar`nly naoknl `c i`cae~`gkae~l bclo`c# zlr

c`y agkykleay na IL?# ya ay~qnkù c` zraikzk~ìkùe zcq}k`c èq`c { ac raenkgkae~l na c`

ilyaif` na br`gçea`y% C` ~òc` na ò`hl n` cly n`~ly%




6'=?


Zraikzk~ìkùe zcq}k`c _aenkgkae~l na c` ilyaif`

ae zqcb`n`y & V + ae ckor`y zlr ìra &[ +2%0? 0:92

=9%1> 96:

>2%96 >0=

>1%;? >?2

6%=6 =0;

1:%6= 966>>%6= 9?0

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]ar iqàc glnacl na rabraykùe aei`h` gahlr ae cly n`~ly# `c hqxb`r zlr c`y ay~`nçy~ki`y

{ zlr cly èàckyky bràmkily# ay naikr# qyènl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe ckea`c# qe` clb`rç~gki`

{ qe` `zrlvkgìkùe na mqeikùe na zl~aeik` na c` mlrg` na Ce &[ + 7 Ce&`+ $ o&Ce V +%

&`+ Qy`r qe` `zrlvkgìkùe ckea`c ilgl [ 7 ` $ oV {# `nagày# i`ciqc`r ac ilamkikae~a

na na~argkeìkùe _ ?% &[ 7 66:%> ’ ;%= & V+# _ ? 7 :%=;;+

&o+ Qy`r qe` `zrlvkgìkùe clb`rç~gki` ilgl [ 7 ` $ o Ce & V+ { `nagày# i`ciqc`r ac

}`clr na _ ?% &[ 7 0990%:6 ’ 112%:9 Cb V +

&i+ Qyènl qe` `zrlvkgìkùe na mqeikùe na zl~aeik` na c` mlrg` na Ce &[ + 7 Ce &`+

$ o &Ce V + {# `nagày# i`ciqc`r _ ? &_ ? 7 :%6?;+

6%>% Ae qe ay~qnkl na pqçgki` è`cç~ki`# ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl ya n` c` racìkùe ae~ra c`~agzar`~qr` { c` glc`rkn`n &ae glcay zlr ck~rl+ na qe` yqy~èik`% Z`r` ay~l fìar cly

ykbqkae~ay8

&`+ Ay~kg`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe gày `zrlzk`nl o`y`nl ae èàckyky ay~`nçy~kily na

_ ?# _ ?`hqy~`n`# Z_AYY# y# { Iz { ae èàckyky bràmkily yqoha~k}ly na cly }`clray




6'=9

rayknq`cay%

^òc` gly~rènl c` kemlrgìkùe rapqarkn`% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ âgzar`~qr` lI s >%9 >%1 >%6 1%1 1%2 1%; =%> =%2 2%1 2%;

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Glc`rkn`n s 0?%0 0?%1 0?%; 09%: 09%0 0>%: 0>%? 0>%6 01%: 01%1

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6%1% Ac `cqgkekl ay ac ~ariar acagae~l gày òqenè~a pqa liqrra ae gkear`cay# rli`y

{ o`rrly% Ac `cqgkekl ya zqana è`ckx`r ile ac gë~lnl na òylrikùe `~ùgki`

ayzai~rlgë~rki` &gë~lnl @+# ac iq`c ay~à avae~l na ke~armaraeik`y ilgl mcqlrqrly {

mlym`~ly% Ac `cqgkekl ~`gokëe ya zqana è`ckx`r zlr gankl nac gë~lnl na

i`clrkga~rç` na ikèqrl na Arklirlgl _ &gë~lnl O+# ac iq`c ay gày ykgzca pqa ac

è~arklr% C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` cly rayqc~`nly na cly èàckyky &ae gb,C+ na cly nly

gë~lnly qy`nly% Fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly qyènl ac zrlbr`g` na ilgzq~`nlr`

na Gkek~ò l Y@Y%

&`+ I`ciqc`r a ke~arzra~`r ac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe _ ? { ac ilamkikae~a na

ilrracìkùe _% &_ ?

7 :%;;??# _ 7 :%;;=0+^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac ahagzcl% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Gë~lnl @ s 1 = = 6 0: 0: 00 00

Gë~lnl O s 6 ; ; 00 09 09 0> 0>

6%=% Ac oarkckl &Oa+ { yqy ilgzqay~ly yle av~rag`n`gae~a }aeaelyly { i`zìay na

i`qy`r c` gqar~a ae ileiae~rìkleay `c~`y% C` kef`cìkùe nac Oa i`qy` qe` yark`

`maiikùe cc`g`n` oarkcklyky% Ac oarkckl ~`gokëe zqana i`qy`r narg`~k~ky# ilehqe~k}k~ky#

eaqgleç` `bqn` { oarkcklyky zqcgle`r irùeki`% Ay~a acagae~l pqçgkil ya qy` ae cly

raì~lray `~ùgkily# `}kleay# ilfa~ay { ae ilgoqy~kocay z`r` gçykcay% F`{ nly




6'=>

gë~lnly z`r` ac èàckyky &ae ±b,C+ nac oarkckl# ay naikr# ac gë~lnl ayzai~rlgë~rkil na

òylrikùe `~ùgki` &gë~lnl 0+ { ac gë~lnl `cqgkele &gë~lnl ?+% Cly rayqc~`nly na

cly èàckyky na cly nly gë~lnly ya nè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl% Fìar cly ykbqkae~ayiàciqcly8

&`+ Fìar qe ay~qnkl ay~`nçy~kil loha~k}ky~`# ay naikr# ay~kgènl cly }`clray na _ ?#

_ ?`hqy~`n`# Z_AYY# y { ~òc`y na @EL]@% Ilgzcagae~`r ac ay~qnkl fìkaenl èàckyky

yqoha~k}ky~`y%

^òc` gly~rènl cly rayqc~`nly na cly gë~lnly 0 { ? z`r` c` gankikùe nac oarkckl%


Gë~lnl 0 s : 9 > 1 ; 0? 01 02 ?: ?:

Gë~lnl ? s 0 2 00 0; ?> 90 90 91 >0 >0

6%2% Ae ke}ay~kbìkleay na ~lvkilclbç` avky~ae ay~qnkly pqa fè nagly~r`nl pqa c`

zrloòkckn`n na pqë# qe mqg`nlr na >: `ðly na an`n# pqkae f` yknl mqg`nlr cly

øc~kgly 0: `ðly ile~r`kb` ac iàeiar zqcgle`r ae cly zrùvkgly ?: `ðly ay `c~`

&`yqgkaenl pqa ile~keøa mqgènl `c gkygl rk~gl+% Ay~` racìkùe }` ae mqeikùe nac

eøgarl zrlgankl na ikb`rrkccly pqa mqg`% @yqgkr qe glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c% C`

~òc` na ò`hl zrayae~` cly n`~ly na ay~` ke}ay~kbìkùe na ~lvkilclbç`%




6'=1


Eøgarl na ikb`rrkccly Zrloòkckn`n na iàeiar

mqg`nly zlr nç` zqcgle`r 1 %0::

0: %009?: %??19: %9::>: %>1:1: %1>:=: %2::6: %6=:


&`+ Knae~kmki`r c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a { c` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a%

&o+ Nayirkokr c` aiqìkùe na rabraykùe pqa gahlr aei`ha ae cly n`~ly% &[ 7 :%:;60 ’

:%::::?& V + $ :%:::9&V ?++

&i+ I`ciqc`r _ ?# _ ?`hqy~`n`# y# { Z_AYY% &_ ? 7 :%;;=# _ ?`hqy~`n` 7 :%;;1 y 7 :%:0;#

Z_AYY 7 :%::96+

&n+ @e`ckx`r a ke~arzra~`r cly ilgzleae~ay na c` ~òc` na @EL]@ ilgl Mi`ci%# Mirç~ki` { ac }`clr na z%

&a+ Nkyiq~kr c` racìkùe avky~ae~a ae~ra _ ?# y# Z_AYY# Mi`ci%# { ac }`clr na z%

&m+ ]`ckn`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe yqoha~k}`gae~a# ay naikr# è`ckxènl cly bràmkily

na cly rayknqly ay~èn`rkx`nly%

6%6% Ya ra`ckxù qe ay~qnkl na pqçgki` `gokae~`c { ya rabky~r`rle c`y iè~kn`nay na

iclrqrl na ylnkl &EÌc+# ac iq`c# iqènl ya nkylc}kù ae 0:: br`gly na `bq` nay~kc`n`#

` nkmarae~ay ~agzar`~qr`y &lI+ nkl cly ykbqkae~ay rayqc~`nly8




6'==

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac zrlocag`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ âgzar`~qr` & V + EÌc nkyqac~l ae br`gly na `bq` &[ +

: 6 = 601 0? 0: 0>9: ?1 ?0 ?>>1 90 99 ?6=: >> 9; >?21 >6 10 >>

I`ciqc`r cly ykbqkae~ay aeqeik`nly8

&`+ Br`mki`r cly n`~ly%

&o+ Aeile~r`r c` cçea` na rabraykùe { zlearc` ae c` bràmki`%

&i+ Ay~kg`r c` iè~kn`n na EÌc pqa ya nkylc}arà ` qe` ~agzar`~qr` na 9:: D%

&n+ @ yòkaen`y na pqa# ` gankn` pqa `qgae~` c` ~agzar`~qr`# c` nkylcqikùe na c`y

yqy~èik`y# ilgl c`y y`cay na ylnkl# `qgae~` zrlzlrikle`c `c keiragae~l na c`

~agzar`~qr`# ae~leiay# ykaenl `yç# }arkmki`r na pqa f`{ qe` ilrracìkùe i`yk zarmai~`

ae~ra `go`y }`rkòcay%&a+ Fìar qe` zrqao` na fkzù~ayky z`r` ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe gqay~r`c _# z`r`

}arkmki`r pqa yk avky~a qe` `ylikìkùe ckea`c ykbekmkiè~a ae~ra c`y nly }`rkòcay%

Yqbaraeik`8 qy`r c` ay~`nçy~ki` na ~ na Ay~qnkè~a n`n` ò`hl8

?0?

∟∟7

e

_~

_ile η 7 e ' ? br`nly na ckoar~`n%

&m+ âùrki`gae~a# c` nkylcqikùe na gqif`y y`cay }` ae mqeikùe nkrai~` ` c`

~agzar`~qr` {# ae ~alrç`# ac }`clr nac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe# _ ? naoarç` na yar

na 0%:% Ykaenl `yç# aecky~`r ? mì~lray &ae ac còlr`~lrkl na pqçgki`+ pqa zqnkarè

`mai~`r c` nkylcqikùe na c`y y`cay { na el n`r qe }`clr gaelr pqa 0%:%

6%;% Ae qe ay~qnkl na ga~alrlclbç` ae~ra c` iè~kn`n na ccq}k` { c` raglikùe na




6'=2

ile~`gkeè~ay `~glymërkily# ya nkl c` ykbqkae~a kemlrgìkùe8

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

Zraikzk~ìkùe & V + _aglikùe na z`r~çiqc`y &[ +&:%:0 ig%,nç`+ &±b,g9+

>%9 0?=>%1 0?01%; 00=1%= 006=%0 00>1%? 0069%6 09?

?%0 0>02%1 0:6

&`+ I`ciqc`r c` raglikùe na ile~`gkeè~ay &[ + iqènl ac }`clr na c` zraikzk~ìkùe

zcq}k c ay na V 7 6%:% &0:?%>>+

&o+ ]`ckn`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe loha~k}` { yqoha~k}`gae~a%

6%0:% Ae qe ay~qnkl z`r` a}`cq`r c` i`zìkn`n na cly yky~ag`y na mcqhl mraà~kil

&a~cèny+# qy`nly z`r` c` nabr`nìkùe na c` g`~ark` lrbàeki` na c`y `bq`y rayknq`cay

ya qyl ac z`ràga~rl na c` nagèn` oklpqçgki` na lvçbael &NOL+ { }`rkly l~rly

ilgzleae~ay pqçgkily% Ay~a ay~qnkl nkl ilgl rayqc~`nl cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly% Ay~ly

rayqc~`nly ay~àe racìkle`nly ile c` i`rb` na g`y` na NOL &ae Db%,fai~àra`,nç`+# c`

iq`c ya qyù ilgl c` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a & V + {# c` nabr`nìkùe na c` ileiae~rìkùe

na g`y` i`rolely` na NOL1 &ae Db%,f`,nç`+# c` iq`c ya qyl ilgl c` }`rkòca

nazaenkae~a &[ +% &Mqae~a na kemlrgìkùe ay –Yqrmìa Mcllr Ra~cèny8 @ ZarmlrgèiaA}`cq`~kle‗% R`~ar Ae}krle% _ay%# 0;;1# zz%?>>'?>2+%




6'=6


& V + s 9 6 0: 00 09 0= ?2 9: 91 92 96 >> 0:9 0>?

&[ + s > 2 6 6 0: 00 0= ?= ?0 ; 90 9: 21 ;:

&Mqae~a8 R`~ar Ae}krle% _ay%# 0;;1+


&`+ Br`mki`r cly n`~ly

&o+ Ay~òcaiar ac glnacl na rabraykùe gày `zrlzk`nl z`r` ay~a zrlocag`% Fìar cly

gkygly iàciqcly pqa ac zrlocag` è~arklr%

&i+ ]`ckn`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe yacaiikle`nl# loha~k}ky~`gae~a# qyènl cly

ykbqkae~ay irk~arkly l nk`beùy~kily8

&0+ Iàciqcl nac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe _ ?

&?+ Iàciqcl nac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe `hqy~`nl# _ ?`hqy~`nl

&9+ Ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe _ &>+ C` ay~`nçy~ki` Z_AYY

&1+ Ac arrlr ay~àen`r na cl ay~kg`nl# y &Q~kc z`r` gankr c` q~kckn`n nac glnacl% Ya

yacaiikle` ac glnacl pqa ~aeb` ac }`clr na y gày zapqaðl+

&n+ A}`cq`r ac glnacl iènkn`~l ` ~r`}ëy na cly ykbqkae~ay irk~arkly bràmkily8

&0+ Zrqao` na elrg`ckn`n

&?+ _ayknq`cay ae mqeikùe na cly lrnaeay

&9+ _ayknq`cay ae mqeikùe na cly }`clray `hqy~`nly

&a+ Qe` }ax pqa ya f`{` yacaiikle`nl ac glnacl gày `zrlzk`nl# i`ciqc`r c`

raglikùe nac NOL nayzqëy na pqa ac `bq` rayknq`c ya nabr`nù ae ac a~cèn iqènl

c` i`rb` mqa na 1: Db%,f`,nç`%




6'=;

El~`8 Cly yky~ag`y na mcqhl mraà~kil &àra`y zè~èly`y+ ya qyè ilgl yky~ag y na

~r`~`gkae~l e`~qr`c# zlrpqa ~kaeae c` i`zìkn`n na nabr`n`r c`y ileiae~rìkleay

i`rolely`y na NOL ì~qènl ilgl ayzaika na c`bqe`y na lvknìkùe% Ae Gke`~k~càe{ Il`~xìl`cily# ]arìrqx# ya qyè ay~ly ~kzly na ~r`~`gkae~ly e`~qr`cay%

Ylcqikùe8

Na ìqarnl ` c` ~òc` na `rrko` ya ca zkna `c cai~lr naiknkr# iqàc glnacl ay yqzarklr%

6%00% Ac ~av~l na Nèkac# R%R%# H`gay I% ârracc Oqykeayy Y~`~ky~kiy &0;6;+# z% ?12

gaeikleè ac zrlocag` nac ae}aeae`gkae~l nac bè`nl }ìqel# zlr cly keyai~kikn`y

ac iq`c ay qe zrlocag` gq{ yarkl# zlrpqa cly zay~kikn`y ~kaeae c` mìqc~`n na

ìqgqc`rya ae cly ~ahknly na cly èkg`cay {# na `fç ya z`yè ` `pqacc`y zaryle`y pqa

cly ileyqgae% @yç# ae `ņly raikae~ay# cly `gokae~`cky~`y ya fè zraliqz`nl gqifl

zlr cly amai~ly# ae ac gankl `gokae~a# naoknl `c qyl kenkyirkgke`nl na keyai~kikn`y%

Ay }arn`n pqa cly keyai~kikn`y g`~è cly keyai~ly# zarl ~`gokëe g`~è ~lnl cl nagày%

Na ay~` gèar`# cly keyai~kikn`y ile~`gkeè cly mrq~ly na c`y zcè~`y# ` cly èkg`cay {

~`gokëe ` c` bae~a% Cly ke}ay~kb`nlray Glqe~ { Lafga~ ay~qnk`rle cly amai~ly na cly

keyai~kikn`y ae c`y l}ah`y racìkle`n` ile c` ì~k}kn`n aexkgà~ki` ae ac iaraorl%

@nagày# na l~rly èàckyky ay~`nçy~kily# ay~ly ikae~çmkily nark}`rle qe` cçea` na

rabraykùe pqa nayirkoa c`y racìkùe ae~ra c` ì~k}kn`n aexkgà~ki` ae ac iaraorl na c`y

l}ah`y &[ + { ac ~kagzl# ae flr`y# nayzqëy na pqa c`y l}ah`y f`y yknl avzqay~`y ` cly

keyai~kikn`y & V +% C` mqeikùe na c` cçea` na rabraykùe ay~kg`n` zlr ay~ly ikae~çmkily ya

n` ò`hl%

[ 7 ?2%9? $ 0%9= V O`yènl ac irk~arkl ae ay~` aiqìkùe# ay~kg`r cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ Yk nayzqëy na pqa fè z`y`nl 9: flr`y# iqènl c`y l}ah`y fè yknl avzqay~`y `

cly keyai~kikn`y# ¼Iqàc yarç` ac }`clr na c` ì~k}kn`n aexkgà~ki`< &=6%0?+

&o+ Yk ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe gqay~r`c ya n` ilgl _ 7 :%6= {# ac ilamkikae~a na




6'2:

na~argkeìkùe ay _ ? 7 :%2> &ac pqa gkna c` mqarx` na c` racìkùe ckea`c ae~ra V a [ # ay

naikr# ac ! na `ylikìkùe ae~ra c`y nly }`rkòcay+# ae~leiay# fìar qe` zrqao` na

fkzù~ayky ile Fl8π 7 :# ile~r` F08π ≪ : &pqa ay cl gkygl pqa naikr pqa el f`{`ylikìkùe ckea`c ae~ra V a [ +% @yqgkr pqa ac ~`g`ðl na c` gqay~r` ay na e 7 0= { ac

ek}ac ykbekmkiè~a na ΰ 7 :%:1%

Z`r` ay~l# yabqkr c`y ykbqkae~ay yqbaraeik`y8

Qy`r c` nky~rkoqikùe na ~ ile η 7 e ’ ? br`nly na ckoar~`n { qy`r c`y rabkleay irç~ki`y

n`n`y zlr ~T0'ΰ,?4 ηW%

6%0?% Ae ay~qnkly na pqçgki`# c` zraykùe na qe b`y pqa ilrrayzlena ` }`rkly

}lcøgaeay &na ìqarnl ` c` ca{ na cly b`yay na Ol{ca+ ya n` ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

@yqgkr pqa ac }lcqgae nac b`y ay & V + { c` zraykùe ay &[ +% Fìar cly ykbqkae~ay

iàciqcly8

&`+ Fìar qe` bràmki` ile cly n`~ly%

&o+ Ay~kg`r c` cçea` na rabraykùe na c` gqay~r`%

&i+ Ay~kg`r ac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe _ ? { ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe _%

Ke~arzra~`r cly rayqc~`nly%

&n+ Zranaikr c` zraykùe nac b`y# iqènl ac }lcqgae ay %::0 g9

&a+ Zranaikr c` zraykùe nac b`y# ae ckor`y zlr zqcb`n` iq`nr`n` &coy,ke?+ {# ae

`~gùymar`y &`~g+# iqènl ac }lcqgae nac b`y ay na :%:1?6 iq`r~ly &%:1 C+%

&m+ Ae ~alrç`# naoknl ` pqa c` racìkùe ae~ra ac }lcqgae nac b`y { c` zraykùe ay

ke}ary`gae~a zrlzlrikle`c# ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe naoarç` yar na _ 7 '0%:% Yke

ago`rbl# yk _ nkmkrkar` nac }`clr na '0%:# aecky~`r 9 mì~lray pqa zqnkarè ke~ar}aekr z`r` avzcki`r ay~` yk~qìkùe%




6'20

^òc` gly~rènl cly }lcøgaeay { c`y zraykleay nac b`y% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

]lcqgae ae ig9 s 1:%: =:%: 2:%: ;:%: 0::%:

Zraykùe ae Db%,ig? s =>%2 10%9 >:%1 ?1%; 2%6

Yqbaraeik`y8 Ya nè cly ykbqkae~ay mì~lray na ile}arykùe8 0 `~g 7 0>%2 coy,ke? 7 2=:

~lrr 7 0%:==6 db,ig?4 0 ig? 7 :%0= ke?4 0%:1=2 iq`r~ly 7 0 C4 0 zqcb`n` iq`nr`n` 7

=%?1 ig?4 0 g9 7 0::: C% 7 0:= ig9%

6%09% Ya ilcaiikleù qe` gqay~r` na 99 i`yly na qe` nayi`rb` na `bq`y rayknq`cay

gqekikz`cay% Ay~` gqay~r` ya è`ckxù z`r` c` nagèn` oklpqçgki` na lvçbael na 1

nç`y &NOL1+# ae ckor`y zlr nç`# { c` nagèn` pqçgki` na lvçbael# NPL &ae ckor`y zlr

nç`+% C` ~òc` na o`hl gqay~r` c kemlrgìkùe rapqarkn`%

^òc` gly~rènl c`y gankikleay na NOL1 { NPL% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+Nagèn` pqçgki` na lvçbael Nagèn` oklpqçgki` na lvçbael

&coy,nç`+ &coy,nç`+

>;> >6= ?0= ?:?>>> 11= ?:: ?>:1?6 =:: ?96 ?6:9;= >?6 0=> 06>19? >>: ?9: 0;>9:6 ?;0 00= 09>91: >;: 01: ?01>1= 1>1 0;: ?>=>>: 16? 0;: ?;?1>> 9=6 ?>6 022

9:; 96= 0?: 0;9196 >:: ??= 0=1>6: 9>2 ?:: 0=:1:: ?26 ??? 0?19;= 9:> 02= 092




6'2?

Fìar cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ ]ar yq avky~a qe` ilrracìkùe ykbekmkiè~a qyènl cly }`clray _ nac NOL1 { ac

NPL% &_ 7 :%;=22# _ ?

7 :%;9=:+&o+ Ke~arzra~`r ac }`clr nac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe _ { ac ilamkikae~a na

na~argkeìkùe _ ?% Qy`r ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò l AVIAC z`r` fìar ac iàciqcl zanknl%

El~`% C` nagèn` oklpqçgki` na lvçbael na 1 nç`y &NOL1+ gkna c` ileiae~rìkùe#

ae gb,C l ae ckor`y zlr nç` na c` g`~ark` i`rolely` nac `bq` rayknq`c% Na faifl ac

NOL gkna c` mrìikùe oklnabr`nòca nac nrae`ha# l nac `bq` rayknq`c kenqy~rk`c l

nlgëy~ki`# ae ~ërgkely nac i`rolel% Qyq`cgae~a# c`y qekn`nay yle ae gb,C% Yke

ago`rbl# ay~l ya naoa ` pqa# è~arklrgae~a# ya qyò` kenkyirkgke`n`gae~a c`y

qekn`nay na zzg { gb,C% Nayzqëy# ya }kl pqa# ile cly rayknqly ~ùvkily# c` br`}an`n

ayzaiçmki` ar` nkmarae~a ` c` na cly rayknqly i`rolelyly% Zlr ay~` r`xùe ay gahlr qy`r

c`y qekn`nay na gb,C% Zlr l~r` z`r~a# c` zrqao` nac NOL ay na 1 nç`y# z`r` a}k~`r c`

ek~rkmkiìkùe% Ae i`gokl# c` zrqao` na c` nagèn` pqçgki` na lvçbael gkna cly

ilgzqay~ly lrbàekily oklnabr`nòcay { cly ilgzqay~ly lrbàekily ~ùvkily% Ay~lpqkara naikr pqa# c` nagèn` pqçgki` na lvçbael &NPL+ lvkn` c` iè~kn`n na

g`~ark`cay ~l~`cay lvknòcay zrayae~ay ae ac `bq` rayknq`c { }`rç` ile c` ilgzlykikùe

nac `bq`# c` ~agzar`~qr`# ac zarklnl na ile~ì~l { l~rly mì~lray gày%

6%0>% Ileyknar`r cly n`~ly na ò`hl racìkle`nly ile ac zayl nac }afçiqcl { ac

raenkgkae~l na b`ylcke`% Ac zayl nac `q~l ya n` ae ~leac`n`y {# ac raenkgkae~l nacilgoqy~koca ya n` ae gkcc`y b`cùe% Cly n`~ly ya nè ò`hl%




6'29

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac cly glnacly }afkiqc`ray ae mqeikùe nac zayl ae~leac`n`y &V+# { na gkcc`y zlr b`cùe &[+%

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Glnacl }afkiqc`r Zayl &~leac`n`y+ Gkcc`y,b`cùe

Oqkid Ay~`~a R`ble >%9= 0=%;Mlrn Ilqe~r{ Ypqkra R`ble >%:1 01%1Ifa}{ G`ckoq R`ble 9%=0 0;%?Ifr{ycar Ca O`rle R`ble 9%;> 06%1^l{l~` Ilrle` ?%1= ?2%1N`~yqe 10: ?%9: ?2%?Nlnba Lgek ?%?9 9:%;@qnk 1::: ?%69 ?:%9]lc}l ;; BCA 9%0> 02%:

Y`ò ;; BCA ?%6: ?0%=Zaqbl~ =;> YC 9%>0 0=%?Oqkid Iae~qr{ Yzaik`c 9%96 ?:%=Gariqr{ Xazf{r 9%:2 ?:%6Nlnba @yzae 9%=? 06%=@GI Ileilrn N,C 9%>0 06%0Ifa}{ I`zrkia Ic`yyki 9%6> 02%:Mlrn C^N 9%29 02%=Gariqr{ Brèn G`rpqky 9%;= 0=%1Mlrn Gqy~èb ?%1; ?=%1G`xn` BCI 0%;6 9>%0Nlnba Ilc~ 0%;? 91%0]R Yikrliil 0%;; 90%1Flen` @iilrn CV ?%0> ?;%1Oqkid Yd{c`rd ?%=2 ?6%>Ifa}{ Ik~`~kle ?%=: ?6%6Lcnyglokca Lgab` ?%2: ?=%6Zc{glq~f Flrkxle ?%?: 9>%?N`~yqe ?0: ?%:? 90%6]R N`yfar ?%0; 9:%1N`~yqe 60: ?%6? ??%:OGR 9?0: ?%=: ?0%1]R _òok~ 0%;9 90%;

&Mqae~a8 Zrloòkckn`n { Ay~`nky~ki` @zcki`n`y ` c` Kebaekark % Gle~blgar{ a~ `c%

0;;=+

Fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly qyènl ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò%

&`+ Ay~kg`r c` cçea` na rabraykùe ae~ra c`y }`rkòcay zayl nac }afçiqcl { ac




6'2>

raenkgkae~l na b`ylcke`%

&o+ Ay~kg`r ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe na c` gqay~r` _ &cc`g`nl ~`gokëe

ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe na zrlnqi~l'glgae~l na Za`ryle+ { ac ilamkikae~a nana~argkeìkùe gqay~r`c _ ?%

&i+ Fìar qe` bràmki` pqa }`{` ae mqeikùe na [ { V # ~r`x`rc` ae c` bràmki` { ~`gokëe

~r`x`r c` cçea` flrkxle~`c qyènl ac }`clr nac zrlgankl na [ %

&n+ Fìar qe` ~òc` na @EL]@%

&a+ Ay~kg`r cly ke~ar}`cly na ilemkèx` z`r` ΰ { ο c`y zrloòkckn`nay

ilrrayzlenkae~ay z`r` i`n` qel na ëy~ly%

&m+ ¼Pqë l~rly mì~lray ~aenrçè pqa ileyknar`rya# z`r` pqa ac glnacl na rabraykùe

mqar` gày ilemkòca<

6%01% Cly ga~`cay zay`nly ilgl ac Fb# Ir# Zo# a~i%# zqanae ke~armarkr ile ac

~r`~`gkae~l oklcùbkil ae c`y zcè~`y gqekikz`cay na `bq`y rayknq`cay nlgëy~ki`y% Ae

ay~a ay~qnkl ya fkikarle gankikleay gaeyq`cay ae qe` zcè~` glnacl na ~r`~`gkae~l

na c`y ileiae~rìkleay na irlgl# Ir# ae gb,C# ~è~l ae ac amcqae~a ilgl ae c`

ae~r`n`% Cly rayqc~`nly na c`y ileiae~rìkleay na Ir ya nè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+Ae~r`n` & V + s ?1: ?;: ?2: 0:: 9:: >0: 00: 09: 00::&±b,C+Amcqae~a &[ + s 0; 0: 02 00 2: =: 06 9: 06:&±b,C+


&`+ Fìar qe nk`br`g` na nkyzarykùe ae z`zac `rk~gë~kil%&o+ Fìar qe nk`br`g` ayz`riknl ae z`zac yagkclb`rk~gl { clb`rk~gl ilgzca~l

&~rèymlrgìkùe na cly ahay+%

&i+ I`ciqc`r cly glnacly na rabraykùe z`r` c`y z`r~ay &`+ { &o+%

&[ 7 ';%:= $ :%02 V 4 [ 7 '0%;= $ :%;2 V +




6'21

&n+ Ay~kg`r [ iqènl V 7 91: ae keikyly &`+ { &o+%

&a+ I`ciqc`r ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe z`r` &`+ { &o+% &_ ? 7 :%;>?1# _ 7 :%2>=;+

&m+ Ilgae~`r ylora cl `zrlzk`nl na [ { na _ ae i`n` i`yl%6%0=% Ae qe ay~qnkl na gkirloklclbç` `gokae~`c racìkle`nl ile ac iqc~k}l na qe`

gqay~r` na `bq` ya nè cly ykbqkae~ay n`~ly%

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+^kagzl ae nç`y nayna s 9 = ; 0? 01 06c` keliqcìkùe & V +

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ El% na oì~ark`y &[ + s 001#::: 0>#2:: ?9#;:: 91#=:: 12#;:: 6=#>::


&`+ ^r`x`r qe` iqr}` Ce [ k }aryqy V k z`r` }ar pqë ~è okae ya zqana `hqy~`r qe` iqr}`

avzleaeik`c ` cly n`~ly%

&o+ ^r`x`r qe` iqr}` [ k }aryqy V k z`r` }ar pqa ~`gokëe ya zqana `hqy~`r qe` cçea`

rai~` ` cly n`~ly%

&i+ Zlr ke~arzlcìkùe# qyènl `go`y bràmki`y ay~kg`r ac eøgarl na oì~ark`y nayzqëy

na ?: nç`y% Iqè~kmki`r c`y nkmaraeik`y ae `goly i`yly%

6%02% Ae ac ckorl na H% C Na}lra# Zrloòkckn`n { Ay~`nçy~ki` z`r` Kebaekarç` {

Ikaeik`y ya n` qe` ke}ay~kbìkùe racìkle`n` ile c` ~agzar`~qr` &lI+ { c`

zrlmqenkn`n na c` eka}a iqgqc`n` ae ac yqacl% Z`r` ay~l ya c` ~òc` na ò`hl8

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac zrlocag`% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ âgzar`~qr` &lM+ s '=? '>0 '9= ?= '99 '1= '1: '==

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Zrlmqenkn`n na c` s ?0 09 0? 9 = ?? 0> 0;i`z` na eka}a

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ &Mqae~a8 Na}lra ?::0+ %

&`+ Knae~kmki`r c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a &[ + { c` }`rkòca kenazaenkae~a & V +%




6'2=

&o+ Ay~kg`r qe glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c% &[ 7 1%20 ’ :%?:?& V +# _ ? 7 :%2>0# y 7

9%21;# Z_AYY 7 >:;%:?# M 7 02%6# z 7 :%::=+

&i+ Ay~kg`r qe glnacl iq`nrà~kil% &[ 7 9%9 ’ :%:;>9& V + $ :%::?;& V ?

+# y 7 :%:0;# _ ?

7 :%;;=# Z_AYY 7 :%::96# M 7 0>%;6# z 7 %::6+

&n+ Ay~kg`r qe glnacl iøokil% &[ 7 ;%;= ’ :%09;& V + $ :%:06;& V ?+ $ :%:::??& V

9+#

_ ? 7 :%;0># y 7 ?%=1=# Z_AYY 7 6::2%21# M 7 0>%0># z 7 :%0>+

&a+ Na ìqarnl ` cly rayqc~`nly ay~`nçy~kily# ¼Iqàc na cly ~ray glnacly ay yqzarklr<

6%0;% C` ~`y` na mcqhl ae g9,gke ae qe gqay~ra`nlr na `c~l }lcqgae z`r` gankr c`

i`ckn`n nac `kra# ay naikr# z`r` z`r~çiqc`y `~glymërki`y# nazaena na c` i`çn` na

zraykùe# ae zqcb`n`y na `bq`# ` ~r`}ëy nac mkc~rl nac gqay~ra`nlr% Ykaenl `yç#

yqzùeb`ya pqa ya ilcaiikleù qe` gqay~r` na 01 }`clray na i`çn` na zraykùe { c` ~`y`

na mcqhl nac `kra ` ~r`}ëy nac mkc~rl nac yaeylr% Cly n`~ly ya nè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly z`r` ay~a zrlocag`% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+^`y` na mcqhl nac `kra ile I`çn` na zraykùe nayzqëy nac`y z`r~çiqc`y &g9,gke+ `cbøe ~kagzl &zqcb`n`y na `bq`+

?%:: 1%:

0%;; =%:0%66 2%:0%2= 2%60%=6 6%>0%12 ;%=0%>= ;%;0%>: 0:%=0%9; 00%20%?: 0>%:

0%01 01%;0%:2 0;%:0%:0 ?>%:0%:: ?6%::%;1 91%:

&`+ I`ciqc`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe gqay~r`c pqa ay~kga ` c` }arn`nar` cçea`




6'22

zlocìkle c% Z`r` ay~l# knae~kmki`r# zrkgar`gae~a# c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a { c`

}`rkòca rabraylr`% &[ 7 0%;1 ’ :%:9=> & V ++

&o+ ]`ckn`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe ay~kg`nl ae &`+ qyènl aemlpqay yqoha~k}ly# aynaikr# ` ~r`}ëy na bràmki`y ile rayknqly ay~èn`rkx`nly }aryqy }`clray na i`çn` na

zraykùe% ^`gokëe fìar l~r` bràmki` na rayknqly ay~èn`rkx`nly }aryqy cly raebcleay%

Fìar l~r` bràmki` gày ile cly }`clray rayknq`cay }aryqy cly }`clray na x z`r` c`

zrqao` na elrg ckn`n%

&i+ Ilgzcagae~`r c` }`cknìkùe nac glnacl na rabraykùe qyènl gë~lnly ay~`nçy~kily

loha~k}ky~`y% Z`r` ay~l# ay~kg`r ac ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe _ ?# ac arrlr ay~àen`r

na cl ay~kg`nl &y n`nl zlr ac Gkek~ò+ { Z_AYY% Qy`r ac zrlbr`g` Gkek~ò z`r`

ay~ly iàciqcly% &_ ? 7 2=%:!# y 7 :%06=;# Z_AYY 7 :%2>:1+

6%?0% Ya fìa qe ay~qnkl ylora c` ileiae~rìkùe na i`ngkl `~glymërkil# ae zzg# {k {

yq racìkùe ile V k 7 c` `c~qr` na cly gqay~ra`nlray { V ? 7 nky~èik` na c` mqae~a

agkylr`% C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` cly n`~ly% Fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly8

&`+ @hqy~`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe pqa zqan` `hqy~`r ` cly n`~ly nac zrlocag` na c`

ileiae~rìkùe na In% &[ 7 91:%;; ’ 0%?2 V 0 ’ :%01> V ?+

&o+ ]`ckn`r ac glnacl qyènl aemlpqay na nk`beùy~kil na ay~`nçy~ki` na kemaraeik`

&loha~k}ky~`y+ { na èàckyky bràmkil &yqoha~k}ky~`y+%

&i+ Qy`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c gøc~kzca z`r` zranaikr ac c` ileiae~rìkùe na

i`ngkl# iqènl c` `c~qr` nac gqay~ra`nlr ay na V 0 7 ?1 ga~rly { c` nky~èik` na c`

mqae~a agkylr`# ay V ? 7 610 ga~rly% &066%? zzg na In+

C` ~òc` na ò`hl gqay~r` cly n`~ly rapqarknly zlr ay~a zrlocag`%




6'26


{ &ileiae~rìkùe na In+ s 0;9 ?9: 02? ;0 009 0?1

V 0 &@c~qr` nac gqay~ra`nlr+ s 0%= 01%1 ??%: >9%: 99%: >:%:

V ? &Nky~èik`+ s 610 60= 0:16 0?:0 0912 0001

6%??% Ac ~av~l @zzckan Y~`~ky~kiy8 @e`c{yky na ]`rk eia èn _abrayykle na cly

ke}ay~kb`nlray Lck}a Nqee { ]krbkek` Ic`rd# nkyiq~ae qe ahagzcl z`r` zranaikr ac

raenkgkae~l na c` ilyaif` na iao`n`# ae mqeikùe na c` zraikzk~ìkùe zcq}k`c V 0 { c`

~agzar`~qr V ?% Z`r` ay~l# fìar cly ykbqkae~ay iàciqcly8&`+ Aecky~`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe ckea`c gøc~kzca pqa gahlr `hqy~a ` cly n`~ly%

&o+ Ay~kg`r c` aiqìkùe na cly iq`nr`nly gçekgly pqa `hqy~a ac raenkgkae~l na ~rkbl

&[ + ` c` zraikzk~ìkùe zcq}k`c & V 0+ { c` ~agzar`~qr` & V ?+%

&i+ Zrlo`r c` fkzù~ayky na Fl8 ο? 7 : ile ΰ 7 :%:1%

&n+ Ay~kg`r ac ilamkikae~a na ilrracìkùe z`rik`c π?{%0 { zrlo`r Fl8π ?{%0 7 :

&a+ ]`ckn`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe nark}`nl z`r` }ar# pqë ~è~` ilemkòkckn`n ya ca

zqana ìrank~ r% Fìar ay~l# ` ~r`}ëy na hqkikly loha~k}ky~`y# ilgl cly nk`beùy~kily _ ?#

_ ?`hqy~`n`# _ ? zranaikn # y# Z_AYY { Iz% Ilgzcagae~`r c` a}`cqìkùe nac glnacl qyènl

~ëieki`y yqoha~k}ky~`y# ilgl cly èàckyky na cly bràmkily na rayknq`cay ay~èn`rkx`nly {

ay~qnkè~kx`nly# zrqao` na elrg`ckn`n# a~i%




6'2;

^òc` gly~rènl cly raenkgkae~ly na iao`n` ilgl }`rkòca nazaenkae~a na c`

zraikzk~ ikùe zcq}k c { c` ~agzar`~qr`%

_aenkgkae~l na iao`n` & {k+ Zraikzk~ìkùe & v0+ âgzar`~qr` & v?+&mèab`y,ìra+ &zqcb`n`y+ &lM+

?0%: >1 1>%0?:%: >2 =0%=?0%: 99 1:%6?>%: 9; 1?%0?:%: 9: 1:%?0?%1 ?6 12%00;%: >0 11%2

?9%: >> 12%=?9%: 90 1:%00;%: ?; 96%:?0%: 9> 1=%?0?%: ?2 10%1?0%: >? 1>%0?2%: 91 >=%202%1 >9 =:%6?=%: 9; 1=%;00%: 90 =:%9

?>%: >? 1>%=?=%: >9 19%106%1 >2 =>%:01%1 ?1 >1%2

&Mqae~a8 Nqee a~ c% 0;2>% @zzckan Y~`~ky~kiy8 @e`c{yky na ]`rkèia èn _abrayykle+

6%?9% Ac ~av~l @zzckan Y~ ~ky~kiy8 @e`c{yky na ]`rk eia èn _abrayykle na Nqee a~ `c%

0;2>+ fìa qe ay~qnkl gënkil racìkle`nl ile ac i`gokl na c` faglbcloke` na c`

yèbra na lzarìkleay na c` bcàenqc` ~krlknay# ac iq`c ay~à racìkle`nl ile c` nqrìkùena c` lzarìkùe pqkrørbki` { ac i`gokl ae ac zlriae~`ha na c` faglbcloke` na c`

yèbra% Cly n`~ly ya nè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%




6'60

zcày~kily ae zayl# ! na z`zac ae zayl# ! na o`yqr ae zayl { ! na fqgan`n na zayl%

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly na ay~a zrlocag`% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Loy% ! Zcày~kil &v0+ ! Z`zac &v?+ ! O`yqr` &v9+ ! Fqgan`n Ile~aeknl aearbë~kil &{+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 0 06%=; 01%=1 >1%:0 16%?0 ;>2? 0;%>9 ?9%10 9;%=; >9%=0 0>:29 0;%?> ?>%?9 >9%0= >=%=9 0>1?> ??%=> ??%?: 91%2= >1%61 01191 0=%1> ?9%1= >0%?: 11%0> ;6;= ?0%>> ?9%=1 91%1= >?%?> 00=?2 0;%19 ?>%>1 >:%06 >2%?: 0>==6 ?9%;2 0;%9; >>%00 >9%6? 0=1=; ?0%>1 ?9%6> 91%>0 10%:0 0?1>0: ?:%9> ?=%1: 9>%?0 >;%:= 099=00 02%:9 ?9%>= 9?%>1 19%?9 0:;20? ?0%:9 ?=%;; 96%0; 10%26 0?==09 ?:%>; 0;%62 >0%91 >=%=; 0>:00> ?:%>1 ?9%:0 >9%1; 19%12 0??901 06%60 ??%=? >?%?: 1?%;6 0?0=0= 06%?6 ?0%62 >0%1: >2%>> 099>02 ?0%>0 ?:%>2 >0%?: 1>%=6 001106 ?1%00 ??%1; 92%:? >6%2> 0>190; ?0%:> ?=%?2 96%== 19%?? 0?26?: 02%;; ?6%?? >>%06 19%02 0019?0 06%29 ?;%9; 9>%22 10%:= 0??1

?? 06%>; ?=%16 92%11 1:%== 0?92?9 ??%:6 ?>%66 92%:2 1:%2? 09?2?> 0>%?6 ?=%?2 91%6: >6%?> 0??;?1 02%2> ?9%=0 92%9= >;%;? 0?:1?= ?:%1> ?=%16 91%>: 19%16 0??0?2 06%?1 09%22 10%9? 10%96 0096?6 0;%:0 ?1%=? 9;%1> 1:%09 0?;1?; ?0%?1 ?:%=9 >:%2? >6%=2 09;?9: ?0%=? ??%20 9=%?? >6%0; 092? \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Mqae~a8 H`{ C% Na}lra% Zrloòkck~{ èn Y~`~ky~kiy mlr Aebkeaarkeb èn ~fa Yikaeiay

&?:::+

&`+ Lo~aear ac glnacl na rabraykùe { }`ckn`rcl ìlrnagae~a# ay naikr# qyènl

nk`beùy~kily yqoha~k}ly { nayzqëy ilgzcagae~`r c` ~`ra` qyènl nk`beùy~kily

loha~k}ly%

6%?1% ^rake~` gqay~r`y nac amcqae~a na qe` zcè~` na ~r`~`gkae~l ya è`ckx`rle z`r` c`




6'6?

gankikùe nac NOL1 { c` nagèn` oklpqçgki` na lvçbael &NPL+% Cly n`~ly ya

gqay~rè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl% Fìar cl ykbqkae~a8

&`+ I`ciqc`r ac zrlgankl# y { ac arrlr ay~àen`r nac NOL { nac NPL% & V NOL 7 >>:%=#y 7 ;9%06# arrlr ay~àen`r 7 02%:04 V NPL 7 0;>%># y 7 >1%9# arrlr ay~àen`r 7 6%?2+

&o+ Br`mki`r cly n`~ly ae z`zac na zrloòkckn`n%

&i+ Na~argke`r ac NOL1 { ac NPL pqa ya avianarà ac 1:! na c`y }aiay% &Ac NOL1

avianarà 0;1 coy,nç` ac 1:! na c`y }aiay% Ac NPL avianarà >>: coy,nç` ac 1:! nac

~kagzl+

&n+ Na~argke`r ac NOL1 { ac NPL pqa ya avianarà ac ;:! nac ~kagzl%^òc` gly~rènl c`y ileiae~rìkleay na NPL { na NOL1% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+

NPL s >;> >;> 1?6 9;= 19? 9:6 91: >1= >>: 1>>&coy,nç`+ s 90: 196 >6: 1:: 9;= >6= 11= =:: >?6 >>:

s ?;0 >;: 1>= 16? 9=6 96= >:: 9>2 ?26 9:>NOL1 s ?0= ?:: ?96 0=> ?9: 00= 01: 0;: 0;: ?>6

&coy,nç`+ s 0?: ??= ?:: ??? 02= ?:? ?>: ?6: 06> 0;>s 09> ?01 ?>= ?;? 022 0;9 0=1 0=: 0?1 092

6%?=% Ac nkrai~lr na c` lmkike` na zaryle`c na qe` mkrg` iley~rqi~lr` naya` yòar yk

c` nay~rax`# ae na~argke`nl ~kzl na ~rò`hl# nae~rl na c` agzray`# zqana yar

zrlely~ki`n` qyènl ilgl zrlely~ki`nlray c`y }`rkòcay an`n { avzarkaeik` na cly

agzca`nly% C` ~òc` na ò`hl n` c` kemlrgìkùe na qe` gqay~r` `ca`~lrk` na 01

agzca`nly% &@n`z~ìkùe nac ckorl Oqykeayy Y~`~ky~kiy na Nèkac a~ `c% 0;6;# z% 122+%




6'69

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly nac zrlocag`% \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ek}ac na & {+ Avzarkaeik` & v0+ An`n & v?+

Nay~rax`

01 : ?001 : 06?0 : ???6 0 ?>9: 0 ?191 0 ?1>: 0 ?=

91 ? 9>9: ? ?1>1 ? 961: 9 >>=: 9 10>1 > 9;=: > 1>1: 1 11

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Mqae~a8 Nèkac a~ `c% 0;6;% Oqykeayy Y~`~ky~kiy


&`+ Aeile~r`r c` aiqìkùe na rabraykùe na cly iq`nr`nly gçekgly%

&o+ Ilgzq~`r _ ?{%0?%

&i+ Zrlo`r Fl8ο0 7 : { Fl8ο? 7 :% Nah`r pqa ΰ 7 :%:1 { i`ciqc`r ac }`clr na z z`r`

i`n` zrqao`%

&n+ Ilgzq~`r ac ;1! na ke~ar}`cl na ilemkèx` z`r` ο?%

&a+ Nah`r pqa v0 7 ? { v? 7 ?1 { i`ciqc`r {%&m+ Aeile~r`r ac ke~ar}`cl na ;1! z`r` {%

6%?2% C` i`zìkn`n na cly ailclbky~`y z`r` knae~kmki`r rabkleay na gàvkg` rkpqax`

na c`y zcè~`y zlnrç` ~aear qe kgzì~l ylora c` zrayar}ìkùe na c` nk}arykn`n

baeë~ki`% Ay~l ay qel na cly loha~k}ly na cly ailclbky~`y pqkaeay ay~àe zraliqz`nly




6'6>

zlr ac gankl `gokae~a% Ac `r~çiqcl –Zranki~kle lm _`rk~kay mrlg Fòk~`~ ]`rkòcay8

Il`y~`c Zc`ke Zcè~y le El}` Yil~kè C`dayflray‗ &Ailclb{# 0;;?# zz% 061?'061;+

qyù qe` gqay~r` na 92 c`bly { ya lo~q}l c` aiqìkùe na rabraykùe na ò`hl% Ay~a zrlocag` ya yìù nac ckorl nac ke}ay~kb`nlr H% C% Na}lra &?::0+%

{ 7 9%6; $ %:99 v0 $ %:?> v? $ %:?9 v9 ' %::6: v> ' %09 v1 ' %2?v=

Nlena8

{ 7 rkpqax` na ayzaikay na zcè~`y

v0 7 àra` na c` iqaei`

v? 7 èifl na c` zc`{`

v9 7 g`c nrae`nl &!+

v> 7 ilclr nac `bq`

v1 7 ! na `rae`

v= 7 `ci`ckekn`n%

Ac ay~qnkl razlr~ù qe ilamkikae~a na na~argkeìkùe gøc~kzca na _ ? 7 :%69% _a`ckx`r

qe` zrqao` na c` q~kckn`n nac glnacl na rabraykùe% Yqbaraeik`8 qy`r c` mqeikùe

ay~`nçy~ki`8 M 7 T_ ?,d W , T&0 ' _ ?+,&e ' &d $ 0++W# ile rabkùe na raif`xl z`r` qe`

zrqao` na ek}ac na M ≡ Mΰ#d#e'&d$0+# nlena d ay ac eøgarl na zrlely~ki`nlray qy`nly%

Qy`r c` ~òc` na c` nky~rkoqikùe M% ]`clr`r c` q~kckn`n nac glnacl na ìqarnl `c

}`clr na c` zrloòkckn`n z%

6%?6% Ay~a ay aharikikl pqa ke}lcqir` c` yacaiikùe na qe glnacl na rabraykùe ile ;

}`rkòcay kenazaenkae~ay l zranki~lr`y# ay naikr# v0 # v? # v9 # v> # v1 # v= # v2 # v6 { v;%

O`yènl ac irk~arkl ae cly nk`beùy~kily _ ?

# GYA { Iz &irk~arkl na G`ccl+# naikr iqàc glnacl na rabraykùe ay ac gày `zrlzk`nl% Ay~l ay# yacaiikleènl cly gahlray

yqoilehqe~ly zlykocay% Cly n`~ly ya nè ò`hl%




6'61

^òc` gly~rènl cly n`~ly% &Acòlrìkùe zrlzk`+ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Yqoilehqe~l na zranki~lray

0 ? 9 > 1 = 2 6 ;Irk~arkly \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

_ ?d s %91> %>19 %100 %11: %1=? %12: %12? %121 %121

GYAd s ??;1 0;>6 02>? 0=:2 01== 01>0 0191 019: 019?

Izd s 90> 029 6;%= 91%2 0;%; 00%: ;%> 6%? 0:%: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

6%?;% Ae qe ay~qnkl na còlr`~lrkl z`r` }ar c` racìkùe ae~ra cly yùcknly

yqyzaenknly { c`y ileiae~rìkleay na NOL ya yìù qe` gqay~r` ile cly n`~ly pqa

ya gqay~rè ae c` ~òc` na ò`hl%


Yùcknly yqyzaenknlys 06 2 0> 90 ?0 1 00 0= ?= ?;NOL1 s 11 02 9= 61 =? 06 99 >0 =9 62

&`+ Fìar qe` bràmki` pqa }`{` ae mqeikùe na c` }`rkòca nazaenkae~a { na c`


&o+ Lo~aear ac glnacl na c` aiqìkùe na rabraykùe { ~r`x`rc` ae c` bràmki`% &Yùcknly

yqyzaenknly [ 7 :%9? $ :%91? & V +

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na~argke`rle _ ?# y { Z_AYY% &_ ? 7 :%;=?# y 7 :%;12# y 7 0%61# Z_AYY 7 >?%96+

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na ò`hl%




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c`y }aiay% &0;1 coy,Nç` { >>: coy,Nç`+

&?+ Na~argke`r cly }`clray na NOL { nac NPL pqa ya clbr`ràe ac ;:! na c`y }aiay%




6'62

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c`y }aiay% &?=: coy,Nç` { 16: coy,Nç`+&>+ I`ciqc`r ac zrlgankl { c` nay}kìkùe ay~àen`r nac NOL { nac NPL%

&i+ A}`cq`r ac glnacl na rabraykùe `zckiènl aemlpqay yqoha~k}ky~`y# ay naikr# ile

bràmki`y na cly }`clray rayknq`cay ae mqeikùe na }`clray `hqy~`nly &z`r` c` zrqao` na

kenazaenaeik`+# zrqao`y na elrg`ckn`n# a~i%

6%90% Ay~a ay qe zrlocag` `n`z~`nl nac ckorl Ke~rlnqiikùe `c @eàckyky na _abraykùe

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racìkle`nl ile qe ay~qnkl na aearbç` ylc`r ae ac âielcùbkil na Balrbk`# Ay~`nly

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}`rkòca nazaenkae~a &{+# pqa racìkle` `c mcqhl ~l~`c na i`clr &D`~~y+ { ikeil

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zqcb`n`y+ { c` flr` nac nç`% Z`r` ay~l# ay~kg`r cly ykbqkae~ay aeqeik`nly8

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6'66

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6'6;

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6';:

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6'0

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6'?

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