dh y desarrollo-boaventura de sousa

Upload: alejandro-karin-pedraza

Post on 05-Jul-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    1/59

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    2/59

    !"#"$%&' %)*+,&'-!"*&$#+$.+ / !"'+##&00&

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    3/59

    !"#"$%&'%()*+&',-")&$#*$.*

    / -"'*##&00&

    !"#$%&'()# +% ,"(-# ,#&'"-

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    4/59

    !" 2&('* 2*+3&' 4&*5"+3(#*!"#"$%&' %()*+&', -")&$#*$.* / -"'*##&00&6 4&7&389 :"+3#& -" ;'3(-.&'-" !"#"$%&, ?@A6@@A BC @D E >A $) F:&0"$$.G+ !"=('3.$.*HI24J KLMNKDMNDMAOANONP 5"#'.G+ -.7.3*0

    KLMNKDMNDMAOANDNO 5"#'.G+ .)B#"'*@6 !"#"$%&' %()*+&'6 >6 :*B.3*0.')&6 P6 ;E3#*$3.5.')&6 A6 Q&5.)."+3&''&$.*0"'6 D6 !"'*##&00&6 O6 Q"-.& *)R."+3"6

    !"#$ KLMNKDMNDMAOANONP5"#'.G+ -.7.3*0 KLMNKDMNDMAOANDNO5"#'.G+ .)B#"'*&'()*'*+,-. (/,01',*2Q*#3* S&=*'3*45(0* /( 2* +12(++,-.Q*#3%* I'*R"0 TG)"U6'*/5++,-.:*#0&' V#*+$.'$& Q*0"' -" 2"3.W+

    7(8,9,-. /( 0(:019Q*#X*

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    5/59

    !"#$#%&'()*% ,!"#$% '()%*+,-. /$%$012(

    !"#-'(). /0

    1%&".23(()*% /4

    5#"#(6.$ 637'%.$8#$9#:)$7.$ ; 2#$'-'$ %$).%#$2# ?.$ 2#"#(6.$ 637'%.$ @4

    >' %$)*% #%&"# ?. 3%)A#"$'? ; ?. -3%2'().%'? @B>' %$)*% #%&"# 2#"#(6.$ )%2)A)23'?#$ ; 2#"#(6.$ (.?#(&)A.$ @C>' %$)*% #%&"# D$&'2. ; '%&)#$&'2. 00>' %$)*% #%&"# $#(3?'")$7. ; 9.$&$#(3?'")$7. 0B>' %$)*% #%&"# ?.$ 2#"#(6.$ 637'%.$ ; ?.$ 2#E#"#$ 637'%.$ 0,>' %$)*% #%&"# ?' "'F*% 2# D$&'2. ; ?' "'F*% 2# ?.$ 2#"#(6.$ 0C

    $1234567 8

    $1234567 9

    $1234567 :

    $7;47

    >' %$)*% #%&"# ?. 637'%. ; ?. %. 637'%. GG>' %$)*% #%&"# #? "#(.%.()7)#%&.2# ?' )H3'?2'2 ; #? "#(.%.()7)#%&.2# ?' 2)-#"#%()' GB

    I5#$'"".??. . ?)E"# 2#"7)%'()*%J 44>' %$)*% #%&"# #? 2#"#(6. '? 2#$'"".??. ; ?.$ 2#"#(6.$ '7E)#%&'?#$K#% 9'"&)(3?'" #? 2#"#(6. ' ?' $'?32 BG>' %$)*% #%&"# #? 2#$'"".??. %#.?)E#"'? ; ?' ?)E"# 2#"7)%'()*% 2# ?.$ )%2

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    6/59

    ?

    ! " # $ # %

    & ' ( )

    * %@A?@AH6 g#.)"#&, "0 *'$"+'& -" 0&' 4SI:2 F4#*'.0, S('.*, I+-.*,:%.+* / 2(-8`#.$*H, 0* $#.'.' -" ;(#&B* / 0* -.').+($.G+ -" 0* R#"$%* 7"&B&0X3.$* "+3#" "0 J" / "0 2(#, "+ 7"+"#*0, %* -0(7*# * (+ -"+ )(+-.*0 $*-* 5"U )8' )(03.B&0*#6 ;+ "'3"+("5& $&+3"E3&, 0&' ;'3*-&' / 0*' ZJT -"0 J" +& 3."+"+ "0).')& +.5"0 -" $&+3#&0 -" *+3*h& '&R#" 0* $#"*$.G+ / *B0.$*N$.G+ -" 0&' "'38+-*#"' -" -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6 !" *%X a(" 0*'+)*' / 0* *#a(.3"$3(#* .+'3.3($.&+*0 -"0 $*)B& '"* %&/ )8'`#*7)"+3*-*, / a(" "+ "00* 0&' ;'3*-&' / 0*' *+.U*$.&+"' -"02(# 70&R*0 3"+7*+ (+* 5&U )8' .+`0(/"+3"6

    ;+ '"7(+-& 0(7*#, "0 WE.3& -"0 -.'$(#'& -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %(N)*+&' "' 3*0 a(" %* '.-& *B#&B.*-& B (+ *)B0.& "'B"$3#& -"*$3"' a(" -"'B0."7*+ 38$3.$*' )(/ -.5"#'*'6 Y -.`"#"+$.* -"0)&5.)."+3& -" 0*' -W$*-*' B*'*-*' i"+ "0 a(" 0&' =(#.'3*' / 0*'ZJT "'B"$.*0.U*-*' 3"+X*+ (+ 0(7*# B#"-&).+*+3" / 0* 38$3.$*j Q.")R#& `(+-*- -" !"=('3.$.*6

    !"#!$% ' (')#' *$ +",($,-*"

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    7/59

    88

    ! " # $ # %

    & ' ( )

    * %8G

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    ('(*0 "#* 0* -"+(+$.* -" 5.&0*$.&+"' $&)"3.-*' B 0&' ;'3*N-&'i, %&/ 0*' $*)B*h*' '&+ B#&3*7&+.U*-*' 3*)R.W+ B #"-"'5.#3(*0"' -" $.(-*-*+&', $&0"$3.5&' -" *#3.'3*', .70"'.*' -" 3&-&3.B&, $."+3X`.$&' )&5.0.U*-&' $&+3#* 0* $#.'.' *)R."+3*0, )"-.&'-" $&)(+.$*$.G+ *$3.5.'3*', #"*0.U*-"' -" 5.-"& / (+ 0*#7& "3N$W3"#*6 ?@>H6 f* #"$&+3#($$.G+ #"`0"E.5* "' 0* #"'B("'3* -" a(."+"' #"$&+&$"+ 0* .)NB*+$.* -" 0*' $#X3.$*', B"#& $#""+ a(" "'3*' +& .)B0.$*+ "0`.+ -" 0* 0($%* B 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&', '.+& 0* +"$"'.-*- -"+("5*' .-"*' / B#8$3.$*' a(" 0&' `*0"U$*+ / 0&' %*7*+ )8'.+$0(/"+3"' / "`.$*$"'6

    ;'3" 0.R#& -" 4&*5"+3(#* 2*+3&' '" .+'$#.R" -"$.-.-*)"+3""+ 0* 3"#$"#* B&'.$.G+6 :&)& 0& %* %"$%& * 0& 0*#7& -" '$&+&$.-* $*##"#* -" *$*-W).$& / *$3.5.'3*, 2*+3&' #"'*03* 0&-.0")*' -" 0* B#8$3.$*, $&+ 0* */(-* -"0 *+80.'.' 3"G#.$& / ")NBX#.$& #.7(#&'&6 Y'X 0& %*$", B "=")B0&, "+ "0 $*BX3(0&-" "EB&+" $&+ *7(-"U* 0*' B#.+$.B*0"' 3"+'.&+"' -"0 $*)B& -"0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6 g"#& '( "'`("#U& $#X3.$& 3."+" (+ $0*#B#&BG'.3& #"$&+'3#($3.5&6 !" 0& a(" '" 3#*3* "' -" "+`#"+3*"'*' 3"+'.&+"' B*#* `)(0*# +("5*' 3"*' / B#&B("'3*' -"*$$.G+ $*B*$"' -" #"`U*# "0 B&3"+$.*0 ")*+$.B*- -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6 Y'X 0& )("'3#* "0 $*BX3(0& P, -"-.$*-& *0 a(""' a(.U8' "0 -.0")* )8' -.`X$.0 -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' "+Y)W#.$* f*3.+*9 0* 3"+'.G+ "+3#" -"'*##&00& $&)& $#"$.)."+3"$&+G).$&, -" (+ 0*-&, / 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' / 0* =('3.$.**)R."+3*0, -"0 &3#&6

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    8/59

    89

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    :&)& "+ '(' 3#*R*=&' B#"5.&', 0* #.a("U* -"0 *+80.'.' / 0*'B#&B("'3*' -" 2*+3&' '(#7"+ -" (+* *#3.$(0*$.G+ "+3#" 3"&N#X* / B#8$3.$*, "+3#" .-"*' / "EB"#."+$.*6 :&)& 0& %* -.$%& "+&3#& 0(7*#, 0& -" 2*+3&' "' b3"* -" #"3*7(*#-.*c, "' -"$.#,b3#*R*=&' 3"G#.$&' a(" *$&)B*h*+ )(/ -" $"#$* 0* 0*R 3#*+'N`)*-* -" 0&' )&5.)."+3&' '&$.*0"' $("'3.&+8+-&0*, $&)NB*#8+-&0* '.+$#G+.$* / -.*$#G+.$*)"+3", *)B0.*+-& '.)RG0.N$*)"+3" '( -.)"+'.G+ )"-.*+3" *#3.$(0*$.&+"', 3#*-($$.&+"',*0.*+U*' $&+ &3#&' )&5.)."+3&'6 ;' (+ 3#*R*=& )8' -" *#3"N

    '*+X* / )"+&' (+ 3#*R*=& -" *#a(.3"$3(#*6 Q8' (+ 3#*R*=& -"3"'3.7& .)B0.$*-& / )"+&' -" 0.-"#*U7& $0*#.5.-"+3"c F2*+3&'>?@?H6

    ;0 3#*R*=& -" !"=('3.$.* $&)B*#3" 0* $&)R.+*$.G+ -" .+5"'N3.7*$.G+ / *$$.G+, $#X3.$* / #"$&+'3#($$.G+, B"+'*)."+3& / $*)N R.& '&$.*0 a(" "'3" 0.R#& "+$*#+* -" `)* "=")B0*#6 g "'&, /Ba(" '( *(3 %* *$&)B*h*-& '&0.-*#.*)"+3" +("'3#&' "'N`("#U&' -"'-" '(' .+.$.&', +&' $&)B0*$" B#&`(+-*)"+3" B#"N'"+3*# * 0*' 0"$3*' / 0&' 0"$3"' -" %*R0* %.'B*+* "'3* +("5*B(R0.$*$.G+ -" 0* :&0"$$.G+ !"=('3.$.*6

    #??A6!,D05'+ 0 A#D E#2074,**,& F#&+#> E0DG H7,=07)I0(),&G 0&' %*0&6)90(),&6 f&+-&+94(33"#\%'6

    pppppp6 >?@?61#-/&'06)J& '#7 %+(0', #& ?*K5)60 E0()&0> 9#5+9#6():0+ '#+'# /&0 #9)+(#*,7,2L0 '#7 F/5;4&7&389 m+.*+-"' /2.70& -"0 d&)R#"6

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    9/59

    8I

    ! " # - ' (

    ) .@A

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    10/59

    8L

    1 % & " . 2 3 ( ( )

    * %.;4A7>5CC=D; ,5;C1 C7F7 E7M %*+ "'3*-& 3*+ *#3.$(0*-*' 0*' .-"*' -"*(3&+&)X* .+-.5.-(*0 / $#"$.)."+3& .+`.+.3& $&)& B#.+$.B.&'-"0 -"'*##&00& $*B.3*0.'3*6 ;+ "'* *#3.$(0*$.G+ #"'.-" "0 *0)* -"0+"&0.R"#*0.')&6 q.5.)&' "+ (+* WB&$* -&).+*-* B "0 B&-"#-" 0* .-"* -" *(3&+&)X* .+-.5.-(*0, a(" %* -" #"*0.U*#'" "+ (+)"#$*-& B0*+"3*#.& $&+'3.3(.-& B (+* ).#X*-* -" )"#$*-&'0&$*0"', +*$.&+*0"' / 70&R*0"', "+ 0&' a(" B&3"+$.*0)"+3" 3&-*0*' -.)"+'.&+"' -" 0* 5.-* .+-.5.-(*0 / '&$.*0 '" +"7&$.*+ -"*$("#-& $&+ "0 5*0 a(" )*#$* '( B#"$.&6 2"7k+ "'3" .-"*0, 0*'&$."-*- "'38 $&)B("'3*, "+ 3"*, B .+-.5.-(&' %"$%&' *'X ).')&', $(/*' &B(+.-*-"' 5.3*0"', B*#* R."+ & B*#* )*0,-"B"+-"+ $*'. B "+3"#& -" "00&'6 f*' &B(+.-*-"' 5.3*0"'"'38+ -"3"#).+*-*' B 0*' "0"$$.&+"' -" 5.-* 3&)*-*' -" "+N3#" (+* .+`.+.-*- -" &B$.&+"' -.'B&+.R0"' "+ "0 )"#$*-& B0*N+"3*#.&6 f* k+.$* &B$.G+ a(" +& "E.'3" "' 0* -" '*0.#'" -" "'")"#$*-&6

    ;'3* .-"* "' (+* .-"&0&7X* "+ 0* )"-.-* "+ a(" '&'3."+",)*+.`."'3* / #"`("#U* 0*' #"0*$.&+"' -" B&-"# -&).+*+3"' "++("'3#*' '&$."-*-"'6 ZB"#* $&)& (+* "'B"$." -" *B&0.3.$.')&+)*3.5&6A,5*0():, , Ba(" '" 0" B.-" * 0* 7"+3" a(" '"* *(N3G+&)* s'. "' a(" +& '" 0" &R0.7* * '"#0&s '&0& B*#* -"=*#0*-"'B(W' "+ "0 )*/ -"'*)B*#& *0 5"# '(' `#*$*'&' $&)& #"N'(03*-& -" '( -"B"+-"+$.* & -" '( .+"B3.3(- "+ "0 "="#$.$.&-" 0* *(3&+&)X*6 t 0& -"+&).+&09,7)()6)+*, "+ "0 '"+3.-& -"a(" '( .+)"+'& B&-"#X& $&+'.'3" "+ B#&)&5"# (+ $&+$"B3& -"0B&-"# $&)& '. "'3" "'3(5."#* "+)")"+3" ̀ #*7)"+3*-&, -.'"N).+*-& "+ (+* #"- $*'. .+`.+.3* -" .+3"#*$$.&+"' "+3#" .+-.5.N

    !"#!$% ' (')#' *$ +",($,-*"

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    11/59

    8?

    1 % & " . 2 3 ( ( )

    * %8N

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    -(&' a(" $&)B.3"+ "+ "0 )"#$*-& B #"$(#'&' / #"$&)B"+'*'"'$*'&'6 f* *(3&+&)X* .+-.5.-(*0 '" "+3."+-", "+ $&+'"$("+N$.*, $&)& (+ $&)B#&).'& B"#'&+*0 $&+ (+ )(+-& /* %"$%& ".)B&'.R0" -" $*)R.*#6 ;0 '"# '&$.*0, & .+$0('& *+3.'&$.*0, a("")"#7" -" "'3* .-"&0&7X* "' "0",*, +,6),7,2)6/+ -"0 $*B.3*0.')&)&+&B&0.'3* 70&R*0, *0 a(" '" 0" '("0" 00*)*# +"&0.R"#*0.')&C"'3" '"# '&$.*0 "' (+* 5"#'.G+ )($%& )8' *)B0.* -"0",*, #6,B&,*)6/+6 !.`(+-.-* B B#"-.$*-"' / B#&'"0.3.'3*' a(" $#""+a(" '( ).'.G+ "' *+(+$.*# (+ +("5& )&-"0& -" '"# %()*+&,

    "'3* .-"&0&7X* 3."+-" * B#"5*0"$"# "+ 3&-&' 0&' #.+$&+"' -"070&R&, *(+a(" "0 .)B*$3& -" '( B"+"3#*$.G+ 5*#X* )($%& -"#"7.G+ * #"7.G+6 ;' 0* `)* .-"&0G7.$* -" (+ B&-"# "'3#($3(N#*0, B&'"'3*3*0, B&'3'&$.*0, $&+$"+3#*-& "+ "E3#")&, B "0 $(*0

    N-.*0 ")B&R#"$.-*6 ;+ $(*+3& .-"&0&7X*, '( `("#U* '" R*'* "+'( 5*0 B"#`)*3.5&, +& "+ '( $&+3"+.-& -" 5"#-*-6 ;+ #"*N0.-*-, 0* B#&)"'*N.)B&'.$.G+ -" *(3&+&)X* "' 3#*.$.&+"#* BB*#3.-* -&R0"6 ;+ B#.)"# 0(7*#, Ba(" +*-." "+ 0* '&$."-*--"B"+-" '&0& -" 'X ).')& )8' a(" B*#* 3*#"*' "0")"+3*0"'F/ *(+ "+ "'3" $*'& 0* *`.#)*$.G+ "' -.'$(3.R0"H6 ;+ '"7(+-&0(7*#, Ba(" +& "E.'3" *(3&+&)X* '.+ $&+-.$.&+"' -" *(3&N+&)X* /, $&)& '*R")&', "'*' $&+-.$.&+"' "'38+ #"B*#3.-*' -")*+"#* -"'.7(*0 "+ 0* '&$."-*-6 f& a(" "' )8'9 "+ (+* "#* -""$&+&)X* / -" B&0X3.$* +"&0.R"#*0"', 0&' .+-.5.-(&' a(" '" 5"+)8' B#"'.&+*-&' B*#* '"# *(3G+&)&' '&+ 0&' a(" "'38+ )8'B#.5*-&' -" 0*' $&+-.$.&+"' B*#* '"#0&6 f&' #"'(03*-&' -" 0*'B&0X3.$*' ̀ (+-*)"+3*-*' "+ "'3* .-"&0&7X* '&+ B"#3(#R*-"'6q.5.)&' "+ (+ 3.")B& "+ "0 a(" 0*' )8' .+'G0.3*' .+=('3.$.*''&$.*0"' / "0 )8' .+=('3& '(`#.)."+3& %()*+& +& B*#"$"+ /*7"+"#*# 0* .+-.7+*$.G+ )*0 +. 0* 5&0(+3*- B&0X3.$* -" $&)R*N3.#0&' -" )*+"#* "`"$3.5* / -" $#"*# (+* '&$."-*- )8' =('3* /"a(.3*3.5*6 ;+ 3*0"' $.#$(+'3*+$.*' B*#"$" "5.-"+3" a(" +& +&'B&-")&' B"#).3.# -"'B"#-.$.*# +.+7(+* "EB"#."+$.* '&$.*0 7"N+(.+* -" .+-.7+*$.G+ a(" a(."#* `*0"$"# 0* *+.U*$.G+ /0* -"3"#).+*$.G+ -" 3&-&' 0&' a(" +& %*+ *R*+-&+*-& 0* 0($%*B (+* '&$."-*- )8' =('3*6

    uf&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&', "+ '(' B#.+$.B.&' / B#8$3.$*', '&+(+* -" "'*' "EB"#."+$.*' '&$.*0"' a(" +& -"R")&' -"'B"#-.N$.*#n ug("-"+ 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' &B&+"#'" -" )&-& "`.$*U* 0* .-"&0&7X* -" 0* *(3&+&)X* .+-.5.-(*0 / -"0 .+-.5.-(*0.')&B&'"'.5&'n f* #"'B("'3* * "'3*' B#"7(+3*' "' $&)B0"=*6 g (+0*-&, $&+ .+-"B"+-"+$.* -" %*'3* $(8+-& '" #")&+3"+ "+ "03.")B& '(' *+3"$"-"+3"', 0& $."#3& "' a(" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*N+&' +& '" .+3#&-(="#&+ "+ 0&' B#&7#*)*' B&0X3.$&' +*$.&+*" .+3"#+*$.&+*0"' $&)& 7#*)83.$* -"$.'.5* -" 0* -.7+.-*- %(N

    )*+* %*'3* 0*' -W$*-*' -" 0&' '"3"+3* / &$%"+3*6 g &3#& 0*-"+ '( $&+$"B$.G+ %"7")G+.$*, 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' '&+ .+N-.5.-(*0.'3*' / $(03(#*0)"+3" &$$.-"+3&$W+3#.$&' /, "+ "'* )"N-.-*, '&+ )8' B*#3" -"0 B#&R0")* a(" -" 0* '&0($.G+6

    !" B*#3.-* "' +"$"'*#.& #"$&+&$"# 0* `#*7.0.-*- -" 0&' -"N#"$%&' %()*+&' "+ $(*+3& 7#*)83.$* -" 0* -.7+.-*- %()*+*F5W*'" "0 $*BX3(0& @H6 g"#& 3*)R.W+ "' .7(*0 -" +"$"'*#.& 3.+7(.# 0*' $&+$"B$.&+"' %"7")G+.$*' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*N+&' i-"'3.+*-*', * ). "+3"+-"#, * 0"7.3.)*# 0*' .-"&0&7X*' -".+-.5.-(*0.')& B#&B."3*#.& /, "+ $&+'"$("+$.*, * #"B#&-($.#"0 F-"'H-"+ '&$.*0 $*B.3*0.'3*, $&0&+.*0.'3* / B*3#.*#$*0 -&).+* +("'3#& 3.")B&i, -" 0*' $&+$"B$.&+"' $&+3#*%"7"N)G+.$*' a(" &`#"$"+ $&+$"B$.&+"' *03"#+*3.5*' -" *(3&+&)X*B&3"+$.*0)"+3" ."+3*-*' * 0* $#"*$.G+ -" (+* '&$."-*- )8' =('3* / )8' -.7+*6

    ;+ +.+7(+* &3#* 8#"* '&$.&B&0X3.$* "' 3*+ .)B*+3" #"$+&$"# 0* B&'.R.0.-*- -" $&+$"B$.&+"' $&+3#*%"7")G+.$*' -"0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' $&)& "+ "0 8#"* -" 0&' )&-"0&' -" -"'*N##&00&6 Y%X '" -"$.-"+ %&/ 0*' 3"+'.&+"' +& '&0& "+3#" *(3&)X* F.+-.5.-(*0 / $&0"$3.5*H / $#"$.)."+3& "$&+G).$& .+`.+.3&,'.+& 3*)R.W+ "+3#" -")&$#*$.* / $*B.3*0.')& /, "+ k03.)* .+'N3*+$.*, "+3#" 5.-* / )("#3"6

    d&/ #"'(03* "5.-"+3" a(" "0 -"'*##&00& $*B.3*0.'3* "'38 '(NB"#*+-& 0* $*B*$.-*- -" $*#7* -"0 B0*+"3*6 f*' '"a(X*'C "0$*)R.& $0.)83.$&C 0* *$.-.`.$*$.G+ / "0"5*$.G+ -"0 +.5"0 -" 0&'&$W*+&'C 0* -"'3#($$.G+ -" 0&' R&'a("' / 0*' '"05*'C 0* "E3.+N$.G+ -" ).0"' -" "'B"$."'C "0 *##*'*)."+3& -" 0&' 3"##.3.&' -"

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    12/59

    9G

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    B("R0&' / B&R0*$.&+"' .+-X7"+*', $.)*##&+"' / $*)B"'.+&'9"'3&' / &3#&' )($%&' B#&$"'&' -"B#"-*3.&' B&+"+ "+ #."'N7& .+).+"+3" 0* 5.-* '&R#" 0* _."##*6 t B&+"+ "+ "0 $"+3#& -"0*' -.'$('.&+"' / 0*' B#8$3.$*' -" -"#"$%&' %()*+&' 0&' -"N#"$%&' $&0"$3.5&' / 0* -"`"+'* -" 0* +*3(#*0"U*, "+ $&+3#*B&N'.$.G+ $&+ 0&' )&-"0&' "$&+G).$&' +"&"E3#*$3.5.'3*' a(", "+Y)W#.$* f*3.+* / &3#*' #"7.&+"', B#.5.0"7.*+ %&/ 0* ).+"#X*, 0**7#&.+-('3#.* / "0 $#"$.)."+3& '.+ $&+'.-"#*$.&+"' "$&0G7.$*'6:&+$"R.-&' $&)& B#.+$.B.& / B#8$3.$* $&+3#*%"7")G+.$&', 0&'

    -"#"$%&' %()*+&' B("-"+ $&+3#.R(.# * #"`U*# 0* *(3&+&)X*/ 0* *(3&-"3"#).+*$.G+ -" 0&' B("R0&', / * (+* $&+$."+$.*N*$N$.G+ "$&0G7.$* #&R('3* / *+3.$*B.3*0.'3* $&+ 0* $(*0 "+`#"+3*#$&+ WE.3& 0* 5W.+" -"0 $*B.3*0.')& "E3#*$3.5.'3*6 Y0 b"$&0&N7.')& -" 0&' #.$&'c %*/ a(" $&+3#*B&+"# "0 b"$&0&7.')& -"0&' B&R#"'c R*'*-& "+ (+* "$&+&)X* B&0X3.$* +& -&).+*-*B "0 `"3.$%.')& -"0 $#"$.)."+3& .+`.+.3& / -"0 $&+'().')&.+-.5.-(*0.'3*, '.+& "+ 0*' .-"*' -" #"$.B#&$.-*-, '&0.-*#.-*- /$&)B0")"+3*#."-*- 5.7"+3"' 3*+3& "+ 0*' #"0*$.&+"' "+3#" 0&''"#"' %()*+&' $&)& "+ 0*' #"0*$.&+"' "+3#" 0&' %()*+&' / 0*+*3(#*0"U*6 ;'3&' '&+ 0&' 3")*' -" 0&' $*BX3(0&' > / P6

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    13/59

    9:

    5 # " # (

    6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $ 8 # $ 9 # :

    ) $ 7 . $ ;

    2 # $ '

    - < . $$1234567 8!

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    14/59

    9I

    5 # " # (

    6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $ 8 # $ 9 # :

    ) $ 7 . $ ;

    2 # $ '

    - < . $9S

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    f* Rk'a("-* -" (+* $&+$"B$.G+ $&+3#*%"7")G+.$* -" 0&'-"#"$%&' %()*+&' -"R" $&)"+U*# $&+ (+* %"#)"+W(3.$* -"0* '&'B"$%* #"'B"$3& * "'3&' -"#"$%&', 3*0 / $&)& '" "+3."+-"+/ -"`."+-"+ -" )*+"#* 3#*-.$.&+*0, "' -"$.#, "+ #"0*$.G+ $&+ 0*'$&+$"B$.&+"' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' )8' -.#"$3*)"+3" 5.+N$(0*-*' * '( )*3#.U 0.R"#*0 / &$$.-"+3*06P f* %"#)"+W(3.$* -"0* '&'B"$%* a(" B#&B&+7& "' -"(-* -" ;#+'3 40&$% F@KKDH,a(" '" B#"7(+3* '&R#" 0*' #*U&+"' B 0*' $(*0"', * B*#3.# -"0'.70& eqIII, "0 $&+$"B3& -" (3&BX* $&)& )"-.-* -" 0* B&0X3.N

    $* ")*+$.B*3.* *$*RG '."+-& '(B"#*-& / #"")B0*U*-& B"0 $&+$"B3& -" -"#"$%&'6 ug a(W "0 $&+$"B3& -" (3&BX* 3(5&)"+&' WE.3& a(" "0 -" -"#"$%& / -" -"#"$%&' $&)& 0"+7(*=" -"0* ")*+$.B*$.G+ '&$.*0nA

    d*/ a(" ")B"U*# B #"$&+&$"# a(" 0&' -"#"$%&' / "0 -"#"N$%& 3."+"+ (+* 7"+"*0&7X* -(*0 "+ 0* )&-"#+.-*- &$$.-"+3*06g (+ 0*-&, %*/ (+* 7"+"*0&7X* -.5.'.*6 :&+$.R& 0*' 5"#'.&N+"' -&).+*+3"' -" 0* )&-"#+.-*- &$$.-"+3*0 $&)& "0*R*-*'B*#3.# -" (+ B"+'*)."+3& -.5.'.& a(" #"*0.UG (+* '"B*#*$.G+3*=*+3" -"0 )(+-& "+3#" '&$."-*-"' )"3#&B&0.3*+*' / $&0&N+.*0"' F2*+3&' >??K*9 @O?N>?KH6 f& -.5.-.G -" 3*0 `)* a(" 0*'#"*0.-*-"' / B#8$3.$*' "E.'3"+3"' *0 &3#& 0*-& -" 0* 0X+"*, "+0*' $&0&+.*', +& B&-X*+ B&+"# "+ -(-* 0* (+.5"#'*0.-*- -" 0*'3"*' / B#8$3.$*' a(" B#"5*0"$X*+ "+ 0* )"3#GB&0., * "'3" 0*-&-" 0* 0X+"*6 t, "+ "'" '"+3.-&, "#*+ .+5.'.R0"'6 :&)& -.'$(#'& -"")*+$.B*$.G+, 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' ̀ ("#&+ B"+'*-&' %.'3G#.N$*)"+3" B*#* *B0.$*#'" '&0& * "'3" 0*-& -" 0* 0X+"* -.5.'.*, "+

    P f* )*3#.U 0.R"#*0 $&+$.R" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' $&)& -"#"$%&'.+-.5.-(*0"' / B#.5.0"7.* 0&' -"#"$%&' $.5.0"' / B&0X3.$&'6 ;+$.)* -""'* )*3#.U '" -"'*##&00*#8+ &3#*' $&+$"B$.&+"' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*N+&', "+ B*#3.$(0*# 0*' -" .+'B.#*$.G+ )*#E.'3* & '&$.*0.'3*, a(" #"$&N+&$"+ 0&' -"#"$%&' $&0"$3.5&' / `*5"$"+ 0&' "$&+G).$&' / '&$.*0"'62&R#" 0*' -.`"#"+3"' $&+$"B$.&+"' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' 5W*'"2*+3&' F@KKD9 >D?NPLMC >??KR9 D?KNDA@C >?@ARH6A Q&/+ F>?@?H $&+'.-"#* 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' $&)& 0* k03.)*(3&BX*, 0* 7#*+ ).'.G+ B&0X3.$* a(" '(#7" -"'B(W' -"0 $&0*B'& -"3&-*' 0*' -")8'6 2(' *+80.'.' %.'3G#.$&' "+ )*3"#.* -" -"#"$%&' %(N

    -"'-" %*$" )8' -" -&' -W$*-*' F2*+3&' @KKD9 P>LNPODH6 qW*'" 3*)R.W+T&&-*0" F>??K*H6

    0*' '&$."-*-"' )"3#&B&0.3*+*'6 d" *#7()"+3*-& a(" "'3* 0X+"*-.5.'.*, a(" B#&-($" "E$0('.&+"' #*-.$*0"', 0"=&' -" -"'*B*N#"$"# $(*+-& *$*RG "0 $&0&+.*0.')& %.'3G#.$&, $&+3.+k* -" &`)*' F"0 +"&$&0&+.*0.')&, "0 #*$.')&, 0* E"+&`&R.* & "0 "'3-& -" "E$"B$.G+ B"#)*+"+3" "+ #"0*$.G+ $&+ 0&' 3"##.'3*', 03#*R*=*-"' .+).7#*+3"' .+-&$()"+3*-&', 0&' '&0.$.3*+3"' -"*'.0& & .+$0('& 0&' $.(-*-*+&' $&)(+"', 5X$3.)*' -" 0*' B&0XN3.$*' -" *('3"#.-*- -.$3*-*' B "0 $*B.3*0 `.+*+$."#&H6 ;0 -"N#"$%& .+3"#+*$.&+*0 / '(' -&$3#.+*' 3#*-.$.&+*0"' -" -"#"$%&'

    %()*+&' '" %*+ (3.0.U*-& $&)& 7*#*+3"' -" "'* $&+3.+(.-*-6g"#&, B &3#& 0*-&, 0* 0"/ / 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' 3."+"

    3*)R.W+ (+* 7"+"*0&7X* #"5&0($.&+*#.* * "'3" 0*-& -" 0* 0X+f* S"5&0($.G+ *)"#.$*+* / 0* S"5&0($.G+ ̀ #*+$"'* '" %.$."#&+*)R*' "+ +&)R#" -" 0* 0"/ / "0 -"#"$%&6 ;#+'3 40&$% $#"" a("0* '(B"#..-*- -"0 $&+$"B3& -" -"#"$%& 3."+" )($%& a(" 5"#$&+ "0 .+-.5.-(*0.')& R(#7(W', $&+ 0* '&$."-*- R(#7("'* a(""'3*R* '(#7."+-& "+ "'" )&)"+3& / a(", -"'B(W' -" $&+'"N7(.# 0* %"7")&+X* "$&+G).$*, 0($%G B 0* %"7")&+X* B&0a(" '" $&+'&0.-G $&+ 0*' #"5&0($.&+"' `#*+$"'* / *)"#.$*+*6;0 $&+$"B3& -" 0"/ / -" -"#"$%& '" *-*B3*R* R."+ * "'" .+-.5.N-(*0.')& R(#7(W' .+$.B."+3", a(" 3*+3& 0* 3"* 0.R"#*0 $&)&"0 $*B.3*0.')& 3"+X*+ $&)& #"`"#"+3"6 g 3*+3&, "' ̀ 8$.0 B"+a(" 0* %"7")&+X* -" 0* a(" 7&U*+ %&/ 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'3."+" #*X$"' )(/ B#&`(+-*', / a(" 0* $&+'*7#*$.G+ -" 0&' -"#"N$%&' %()*+&' $&)& B#.+$.B.&' #"$3"' -" (+* '&$."-*- =('3*%* '"7(.-& (+* 3#*/"$3.* 0.+"*0 -"'-" "+3&+$"' %*'3* %&/6;'3* .-"* -" (+ $&+'"+'&, 3*+3*' 5"$"' B#&$0*)*-&, '" )*+.N`."'3* -" )($%*' )*+"#*', $*-* (+* R*'*-* "+ (+ "'B"=.')&6Y0 '"# *)B0.*)"+3" $&)B*#3.-&', "'3&' "'B"=.')&' $&+'3.3(N/"+ "0 '"+3.-& $&)k+ -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' $&+5"+$.&+*N0"'6 !.'3.+7& $.+$& "'B"=.')&'9 0* 3"0"&0&7X*, "0 3#.(+`*0.')&, 0-"'$&+3"E3(*0.U*$.G+, "0 )&+&0.3.')& / *+3."'3*3*0.')&6D

    D m+* B#.)"#* `)(0*$.G+ -" "'3&' "'B"=.')&' '" B("-" 5"# "+2*+3&' F@KKD9 >OANP>LH6 ;'3&' "'B"=.')&' '&+ (+ b#W7.)"+ -" 5"#-*-c,"'38+ 0"7.3.)*-&' $&)& (+* 3"* a(" +& 3."+" a(" 3")"# '"# $("'N3.&+*-* B 0* +"7*$.G+ B#8$3.$* -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' a(" '" B#&N

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    15/59

    9L

    5 # " # (

    6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $ 8 # $ 9 # :

    ) $ 7 . $ ;

    2 # $ '

    - < . $9T

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    ;0 "'B"=.')& 3"0"&0G7.$& "' 0""# 0* %.'3.* -" *-"0*+3" %*$.**3#8'6 g*#3.# -"0 $&+'"+'& a(" "E.'3" %&/ "+ -X* "+ )*3"#.* -"-"#"$%&' %()*+&' / -" '( R&+-*- .+$&+-.$.&+*0 "' 0""# 0* %.'N3.* $&)& (+ #"$#.-& 0.+"*0 ."+3*-& * 0* $&+'"$($.G+ -""'" #"'(03*-&6 f* "0"$$.G+ -" 0&' *+3"$"-"+3"' "' $#($.*0 B*#*"00&6 ;+ B*0*R#*' -" Q&/+9 b;'3&' '&+ B*'*-&' (3.0.U*R0"'9 (+*$&+'3#($$.G+ B&'`*$3& -" 0&' *+3"$"-"+3"'c F>?@?9 @>H6 ;'3" "'NB"=.')& +& +&' -"=* 5"# a(" "0 B#"'"+3", $&)& "0 B*'*-&, "'$&+3.+7"+3"C a(" "+ $*-* )&)"+3& %.'3G#.$& 5*#.*' .-"*' %*+

    "'3*-& "+ $&)B"3"+$.* / a(" "0 3#.(+`& -" (+* -" "00*', "+ "'3"$*'& 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&', "' (+ #"'(03*-& $&+3.+7"+3" a("'" "EB0.$*0 9,+(#5),5) , B"#& a(" +& B&-X* '"# B#"-.$%& -" )*+"N#* -"3"#).+.'3*6 ;0 3#.(+`& %.'3G#.$& -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'-.& 0(7*# * )"+(-& * *$3&' %.'3G#.$&' -" #"$&+`.7(#*$.G+ 5.&N0"+3*9 0*' ).')*' *$$.&+"' a(", 5.'3*' -"'-" 0* B"#'B"$3.5* -"&3#*' $&+$"B$.&+"' -" 0* -.7+.-*- %()*+*, ̀ ("#&+ *$$.&+"' -"&B#"'.G+ & -&).+*$.G+, ̀ ("#&+ #"$&+`.7(#*-*' $&)& *$$.&+"'")*+$.B*3.*' / 0.R"#*-*', '. '" #"*0.U*#&+ "+ +&)R#" -"0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6

    ;0 '"7(+-& "'B"=.')& "' "0 3#.(+`*0.')&, 0* .-"* -" a(" "03#.(+`& -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' "' (+ R."+ %()*+& .+$&+N-.$.&+*06 2(B&+" a(" 3&-*' 0*' -")8' 7#*)83.$*' -" 0* -.7+.N-*- %()*+* a(" $&)B"3X*+ $&+ 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' "#*+-" )*+"#* .+%"#"+3" .+`"#."' "+ 0& W3.$& / 0& B&0X3.$&6 ;'3*+&$.G+ -*#\.+.*+* +& 3."+" "+ $("+3* (+ *'B"$3& $#($.*0 -"0* )&-"#+.-*- &$$.-"+3*0 %"7")G+.$*, a(" -" %"$%& "' '(5"#-*-"#& 7"+.& %.'3G#.$&9 "0 %*R"# '.")B#" '*R.-& $&)B0"N)"+3*# "0 B&-"# -" 0*' .-"*' a(" '.#5"+ * '(' .+3"#"'"' $&+ 0*`("#U* R#(3* -" 0*' *#)*', a(" *(+a(" '" '(B&+" a(" "'3*#X*+*0 '"#5.$.& -" 0*' .-"*', "+ 0* B#8$3.$* '" %*+ '"#5.-& -" "00*'6g 3*+3&, "' +"$"'*#.& "5*0(*# -" )*+"#* $#X3.$* 0*' #*U&+"'-" 0* '(B"#..-*- W3.$* / B&0X3.$* -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6

    -($" "+ '( +&)R#"6 ;'3" "' 3*)R.W+ "0 *#7()"+3& $"+3#*0 -" T&&-*0"F>??K*H, a(" *#7(/" -" ̀ )* $&+5.+$"+3" 0* .)B*+$.* -"0 "+`&a("*+3#&B&0G7.$& -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6

    f&' .-"*0"' -" 0* 0.R"#*$.G+ +*$.&+*0 s'&$.*0.')&, $&)(+.'N)&, +*$.&+*0.')& / #"5&0($.G+s "#*+ 7#*)83.$*' *03"#+*3.5*'-" 0* -.7+.-*- %()*+* /, "+ $."#3&' )&)"+3&' / 0(7*#"', ̀ ("N#&+ .+$0('& -&).+*+3"'6 4*'3" B"+'*# a(" 0&' )&5.)."+3&' -"0.R"#*$.G+ +*$.&+*0 $&+3#* "0 $&0&+.*0.')& -"0 '.70& ee, $&0&' )&5.)."+3&' '&$.*0.'3*' / $&)(+.'3*', +& .+5&$*#&+ 0* 7#*N)83.$* -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' B*#* =('3.`.$*# '(' $*('*' /0($%*'6O ;0 %"$%& -" a(" &3#*' 7#*)83.$*' / &3#&' 0"+7(*="'-" 0* ")*+$.B*$.G+ '&$.*0 `("#&+ -"##&3*-&' B 0&' -"#"$%&

    %()*+&' '&0& B("-" '"# $&+'.-"#*-& .+%"#"+3")"+3" B&'.3.5&'. '" -")("'3#* a(" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' 3."+"+ (+ )W#.3&,$&)& 0"+7(*=" -" 0* ")*+$.B*$.G+ %()*+*, a(" +& -"#.5*'&0& -" %*R"# '.-& 5.$3.&'&'6 d*'3* a(" "'3& '" -")("'3#","0 3#.(+`& -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' B("-" '"# $&+'.-"#*-& B*07(+&' (+ B#&7#"'&, (+* 5.$3.* %.'3G#.$*, / B &3#&', #"5W', (+* -"##&3* %.'3G#.$*6

    ;'3* *-5"#3"+$.* +&' */(-* * %*$"# `#"+3" *0 3"#$"# "'B"=.'N)&, 0* -"'$&+3"E3(*0.U*$.G+6 ;+ 7"+"#*0 '" #"$&+&$" a(" 0&-"#"$%&' %()*+&', $&)& 0"+7(*=" ")*+$.B*3.&, B#&5."+"+-" 0* I0('3#*$.G+ -"0 '.70& eqIII, -" 0* S"5&0($.G+ `#*+$"'*L / 0* S"5&0($.G+ *)"#.$*+*6M f& a(" +& '("0" -"$.#'" "' a(",-"'-" "+3&+$"' / %*'3* "0 -X* -" %&/, '" %*+ (3.0.U*-& $&)&-.'$(#'& / $&)& *#)* B&0X3.$* "+ $&+3"E3&' )(/ -.`"#"+3"' /$&+ `.+"' $&+3#*-.$3.&'6 ;+ "0 '.70& eqIII, B "=")B0&, 0-"#"$%&' %()*+&' `("#&+ B*#3" .+3"7#*0 -" 0&' B#&$"'&' #"N5&0($.&+*#.&' "+ $(#'&, / `("#&+ (+& -" '(' 0"+7(*="'6 g"#&3*)R.W+ '" (3.0.U*#&+ B*#* 0"7.3.)*# B#8$3.$*' $&+'.-"#*-*'&B#"'.5*', $(*+-& +& $&+3#*##"5&0($.&+*#.*'6 :(*+-& J*B&N

    O ;'3" B(+3& 3*)R.W+ "' )"+$.&+*-& B Q&/+ F>?@?9 MKNK?H,a(."+ *h*-" a(" +. T*+-%., +. 2(o*#+&, +. J*''"# $&+'.-"#*#&+ 0*-&$3#.+* -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' $&)& (+* %"##*)."+3* B*#* "0 ̀ N3*0"$.)."+3& -" 0*' 0($%*'6L f* !"$0*#*$.G+ -" @LMK '.#5.G -" B*#8)"3#& s/ `(" '( `("+3"B#.+$.B*0 -" .+'B.#*$.G+s B*#* 0* !"$0*#*$.G+ m+.5"#'*0 -" !"#"$%&'d()*+&' B#&$0*)*-* B 0* ZJm "+ @KAM6M ;'3& '.+ $&+3*# $&+ 0&' *+3"$"-"+3"' -"0 S"+*$.)."+3& & .+$0('&-" 0* ;-*- Q"-.* 3*#-X*6

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    16/59

    9?

    5 # " # (

    6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $ 8 # $ 9 # :

    ) $ 7 . $ ;

    2 # $ '

    - < . $9N

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    0"G+ 00"7G * ;7.B3& "+ @LKM, "EB0.$G *'X '(' *$$.&+"' * 0&' "7.BN$.&'9 bg("R0& -" ;7.B3&6 J("'3#&' "+").7&' 0"' -.#8+ a(" %"5"+.-& * -"'3#(.# '( #"0.7.G+6 J& 0"' $#"*+6 !X7*+0"' a(" %"5"+.-& B*#* #"'3*(#*# '(' -"#"$%&', B*#* $*'3.7*# * 0&' ('(#NB*-"' " .+'3.3(.# 0* 5"#-*-"#* -"5&$.G+ -" Q*%&)*c6K t *'X`(" $&)& 0* .+5*'.G+ -" ;7.B3& '" 0"7.3.)G B 0&' .+5*'"'6f& ).')& B&-#X* -"$.#'" -" S&R"'B."##", a(" `&)"+3G "0 3"N## "+ +&)R#" -"0 `"#5 R"*3& / -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'-(#*+3" 0* S"5&0($.G+ ̀ #*+$"'*6@? !"'B(W' -" 0*' #"5&0($.&+"'

    -" @MAM, 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' /* +& '"#8+ B*#3" -" 0* .)*N7.+*$.G+ #"5&0($.&+*#.* / '"#8+ %&'3.0"' * $(*0a(."# .-"* -"3#*+'`)*$.G+ #"5&0($.&+*#.* -" 0* '&$."-*-6 g"#& 0* ).')*%.B&$#"'X* F-.#X*'" a(" $&+'3.3(3.5*H -" .+5&$*# 0&' -"#"$%&'%()*+&' B*#* 0"7.3.)*# B#8$3.$*' a(" B("-"+ '"# $&+'.-"#*N-*' 5.&0*$.&+"' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' $&+3.+(G * 0& 0*#7&-"0 k03.)& '.70& / )"-.&, / 3*0 5"U %&/ '"* )8' "5.-"+3" a("+(+$*6 :(*+-&, * B*#3.# -" )"-.*-&' -"0 '.70& eIe, "0 -.'$(#'&-" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' '" '"B*#G -" 0* 3#*-.$.G+ #"5&0($.&N+*#.*, B*'G * '"# $&+$"R.-& $&)& (+* 7#*)83.$* -"'B&0.3.U*-*-" 0* 3#*+'`)*$.G+ '&$.*0, (+* "'B"$." -" *+3.B&0X3.$*6 f&'-"#"$%&' %()*+&' ̀ ("#&+ '(R'().-&' "+ "0 -"#"$%& -"0 ;'3*N-& / "0 ;'3*-& *'().G "0 )&+&B&0.& -" 0* B#&-($$.G+ -" 0* 0"// 0* *-).+.'3#*$.G+ -" 0* =('3.$.*6 ;'3& "EB0.$* B a(W 0* S"N

    K bg#&$0*)* -" J*B&0"G+ * 0&' "7.B$.&', > -" =(0.& -" @LKMc, $.3*N

    0* 0X+"*c, -"0 0*-& -" 0&' B("R0&' .+5*-.-&', 0* B#&$0*)*$.G+ -" J*N

    "0 $#&+.'3* "7.B$.& Y0N

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    17/59

    :8

    5 # " # (

    6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $ 8 # $ 9 # :

    ) $ 7 . $ ;

    2 # $ '

    - < . $ :G

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    5.&0*-&'6 !(#*+3" 0&' k03.)&' -&'$."+3&' *h&' 0&' -"#"$%&'%()*+&' '" %*+ .+$B*-& * 0*' $&+'3.3($.&+"' / B#8$3.$*' =(#X-.$&NB&0X3.$*' -" )($%&' B*X'"'C `("#&+ #"$&+$"B3(*0.U*N-&' $&)& -"#"$%&' $.(-*-*+&', 7*#*+3.U*-&' -" `)* -.N#"$3* B "0 ;'3*-& / *B0.$*-&' -" )*+"#* $&"#$.3.5* B 0&'3#.R(+*0"'9 -"#"$%&' $.5.0"', '&$.*0"', B&0X3.$&', "$&+G).$&' /$(03(#*0"'6 g"#& 0* 5"#-*- "' a(" 0* "`.$*$.* -" 0* *)B0.* B#&N3"$$.G+ -" 0&' -"#"$%&' -" $.(-*-*+X* '.")B#" ̀ (" B#"$*#.* "+0* )*/* -" 0&' B*X'"'6 t 0* "5&$*$.G+ -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*N

    +&' '" B#&-(=& $&+ )*/ ̀ #"$("+$.* "+ '.3(*$.&+"' -" "#&'.G+& -" 5.&0*$.&+"' B*#3.$(0*#)"+3" 7#*5"' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' -" 0*$.(-*-*+X*6@@ f&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' '(#7."#&+ $&)& "0 +.5"0)8' R*=& -" .+$0('.G+, $&)& (+ )&5.)."+3& -"'$"+-"+3" B#&N5"+."+3" -" 0* )8' -"+'* $&)(+.-*- -" $.(-*-*+&' %*$.* 0*$&)(+.-*- )8' -.0(.-* -" 0* %()*+.-*-6 :&+ 0* 00"7*-* -"0+"&0.R"#*0.')& / '( *3*a(" *0 ;'3*-& $&)& 7*#*+3" -" 0&' -"N#"$%&', / "+ B*#3.$(0*# * 0&' -"#"$%&' "$&+G).$&' / '&$.*0"', 0*$&)(+.-*- -" $.(-*-*+&' '" -.0(/" %*'3* "0 B(+3& -" 00"7*# *'"# .+-.'3.+7(.R0" -" 0* $&)(+.-*- %()*+* / -" 0&' -"#"$%&'-" 0* $.(-*-*+X*, 3*+ 3#.5.*0.U*-&' $&)& -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6f* B#..-*- -*-* B Y#"+-3 F>??AH * 0&' -"#"$%&' -" 0* $.(N-*-*+X* "+ )*3"#.* -" -"#"$%&' %()*+&', *+3"' 00"+* -" '.7N+.`.$*-&, '" -"'0.U* %*$.* "0 5*$X& +)*3.5&6 ;+ "'3" B#&$"'&0&' .+).7#*+3"', / "+ B*#3.$(0*# 0&' 3#*R*=*-"' .+).7#*+3"'.+-&$()"+3*-&', -"'$."+-"+ *k+ )8' *R*=&, * 0* b$&)(+.N-*-c -" '(R%()*+&'6@>

    ;0 a(.+3& "'B"=.')& "' "0 *+3."'3*3.')&6 !"'-" "0 B(+3& -"5.'3* %.'3G#.$&, 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' '(#7"+ "+ 0* )&-"#+.N

    @@ ;'& "' 0& a(" "'38 '($"-."+-& %&/ "+ -X* "+ )($%&' B*X'"' "(N

    5W*'" * B#&BG'.3&, 2*+3&' F>?@A$H6@> Z3#* -.)"+'.G+ -"0 "'B"=.')& -"0 )&+&0.3.')& "' 0* $("'3.G+ -"0&' '(B("'3&' $(03(#*0"' &$$.-"+3*0"' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' / 0* Rk'a("-* -" (+* $&+$"B$.G+ )(03.$(03(#*0 B*#* "'3&'6 ;'3" *'B"$3&"' &R="3& -" (+ 3#*3*)."+3& )8' -"3*00*-& "+ &3#&' 3#*R*=&' F2*+3&'>??KR9 D?KNDA@H6 qW*'" 3*)R.W+ Y+NJ*~.) F@KK>H, ;R"#%*#- F>??>H,Q"##/ F>??OH / T&&-*0" F>??KRH6

    -*- &$$.-"+3*0 $&)& #"'(03*-& -" (+ -&R0" B#&$"'& -" '"$(0*N#.U*$.G+ / -" .+-.5.-(*0.U*$.G+ a(" '" 5* B0*')*+-& '&$.*0 /B&0X3.$*)"+3" "+ 0*' "E.7"+$.*' -"0 b_"#$"# ;'3*-&c, "' -"$.#,-" 0&' "'3#*3&' '&$.*0"' a(" +& B"#3"+"$"+ * 0* +&R0"U* +. *$0"#&, $&+3#* "0 ;'3*-& *R'&0(3.'3*6 ;'3" B#&$"'& 3(5& (+ 7#**5*+$" $(*0.3*3.5& $&+ 0*' #"5&0($.&+"' *)"#.$*+* / `#*+$"'*,/ -"'-" "+3&+$"' '" %* $&+'&0.-*-& 0* .-"* -" a(" 0&' -"#"N$%&' %()*+&', B*#* '"# #"'B"3*-&', '&0& #"a(."#"+ -"0 ;'3*-&(+* *$3.3(- +"7*3.5* F+& *$3(*# -" 3*0 )*+"#* a(" 5.&0" 0&'

    -"#"$%&'H6 :&+ 0* *B*#.$.G+ 7#*-(*0 -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&''&$.*0"' / "$&+G).$&', 0*' "E.7"+$.*' *0 ;'3*-& -"=*#&+ -" 3"N+"# (+ $*#8$3"# +"7*3.5& / B*'*#&+ * 3"+"# (+ $*#8$3"# B&'.35& F"0 ;'3*-& -"R" *$3(*# B*#* B#&B$.&+*# 0*' B#"'3*$.&a(" '" 3#*-($"+ "+ -"#"$%&'H6 g $(*0a(."#* -" 0*' -&' 5X*',"0 ;'3*-& '" %* )*+3"+.-& "+ "0 $"+3#& -" 0&' -"R*3"' '&R#"0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' / *'X -"R" '"7(.# '."+-&6 2.+ ")R*#N7&, "'3* $"+3#*0.-*- +& B"#).3" *+*0.U*# -" )*+"#* *-"$(*-*0*' 3#*+'`)*$.&+"' B#&5&$*-*' B "0 +"&0.R"#*0.')& "+ "B&-"# B&0X3.$& -(#*+3" 0*' k03.)*' 3#"' -W$*-*'C "+ (+* `*'"-" b$*B.3*0.')& -"'*+.U*-&c '" -"##()R*+ )($%*' -" 0*'`)*' -" *+.U*$.G+ -" WB&$*' *+3"#."', / "0 B#.+$.B.& -")"#$*-& *0$*+U* (+* .+3"+'.-*- '.+ B#"$"-"+3"' a(" 5* )8'*008 -" 0& "$&+G).$& / B#"3"+-" $&0&+.U*# 0&' B#.+$.B.&' ;'3*-& / 0* $&)(+.-*-, $&+ $*)R.&' $0*#&' "+ "0 8)R.3& -"0* #"7(0*$.G+ -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' F2*+3&' >?@P9 LKH6*()"+3& -" 0* B#&).'$(.-*- "+3#" "0 B&-"# B&0X3.$& / "$&+GN).$&, 0* %.B"#3#&`.* -" 0*' `(+$.&+"' -" *$()(0*$.G+ -"0 ;'3*N-& * "EB"+'*' -" 0*' `(+$.&+"' -" $&+`.*+U* / %"7")&+X*, 0*'$&+-.$.&+*0.-*-"' .)B("'3*' B 0&' *+.')&' `.+*+$."#&'.+3"#+*$.&+*0"', "0 B*B"0 B#"-&).+*+3" -" 0*' ")B#"'*' )(0N3.+*$.&+*0"' "+ 0* "$&+&)X* )(+-.*0, 0* $&+$"+3#*$.G+ -" 0#.a("U*, 3&-& "'3& %* $&+3#.R(.-& * #"*+.U*# "0 ;'3*-&-.0(.# '( '&R"#*+X* / '&)"3"#0& * 0* $#"$."+3" .+`0("+$.* -"B&-"#&'&' *7"+3"' "$&+G).$&' +*$.&+*0"' " .+3"#+*$.&+*0"',0& a(" %*$" a(" 0&' )*+-*3&' -")&$#83.$&' '"*+ '(R5"#3.-&'B )*+-*3&' -" .+3"#"'"' ).+.3*#.&' B"#& )(/ B&-"#&'&'6

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    18/59

    ::

    5 # " # (

    6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $ 8 # $ 9 # :

    ) $ 7 . $ ;

    2 # $ '

    - < . $ :9

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    2" 3#*3* -" (+* 3#*+'`)*$.G+ 70&R*0 a(" '" B#&-($" -" )*N+"#* -"'.7(*0 F-.`"#"+3"' 7#*-&' / #.3)&', `#.$$.G+ $&+'3*+3"-" $&+3#*3"+-"+$.*'H "+ -.`"#"+3"' #"7.&+"' -"0 )(+-&6 ;+ (+$&+3"E3& "+ "0 a(" '" -.0(/" 0* -.'3.+$.G+ "+3#" B&-"# B&0X3.$&/ B&-"# "$&+G).$&, 0* $"+3#*0.-*- -"0 ;'3*-& "+ "0 -.'$(#'&-" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' +& B"#).3" "'3*R0"$"# #"0*$.&+"' -"$*('*0.-*- "+3#" B&-"#&'&' '(="3&' +& "'3*3*0"' / *07(+*' -"0*' 5.&0*$.&+"' )*'.5*' )8' 7#*+-"' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*N+&', 3*0"' $&)& 0*' a(" *`"$3*+ *%* * ).00&+"' -" 3#*R*=*-&N

    #"', .+).7#*+3"', B"+'.&+.'3*' / "'3(-.*+3"' -"0 '(# -" ;(#&B** $&+'"$("+$.* -" 0* $#.'.' B#&5&$*-* "+ 7#*+ B*#3" B 0* -"'N#"7(0*$.G+ -"0 $*B.3*0 ̀ .+*+$."#&, 0* "'B"$(0*$.G+ ̀ .+*+$."#*, 0*"5*'.G+ ̀ .'$*0, 0&' B*#*X'&' ̀ .'$*0"', 0* $#(B$.G+ 7"+"#*0.U*-*/ G#7*+&' 0"7.'0*3.5&' 3#*+'`)*-&' "+ 5"+3*+.00*' B*#* %*$"#+"7&$.&'6 f* '(R'.7(."+3" #"$&+`.7(#*$.G+ -"0 B&-"# -"0 ;'3*N-& -"#.5*-* -" "'*' $.#$(+'3*+$.*' &R0.7* * a(" "+ 0* .-"+3.`.N$*$.G+ / "0 $*'3.7& -" 0*' 5.&0*$.&+"' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&''" .+$0(/*+ 0*' *$$.&+"' -" *a("00&' $(/& B&-"# "$&+G).$& "'0& R*'3*+3" `("#3" $&)& B*#* 3#*+'`)*# "0 ;'3*-& "+ (+ .+'N3#()"+3& -G$.0 -" '(' .+3"#"'"'6

    _"+"# B#"'"+3" "'3&' "'B"=.')&' "' ̀ (+-*)"+3*0 B*#* 0* `N)*$.G+ -" (+* $&+$"B$.G+ / (+* B#8$3.$* $&+3#*%"7")G+.$*'-" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&', '&R#" 3&-& $(*+-& -"R"+ R*'*#'" "+(+ -.80&7& $&+ &3#*' $&+$"B$.&+"' -" 0* -.7+.-*- %()*+* /&3#*' B#8$3.$*' -" '( -"`"+'*6

    g*#* *$0*#*# 0& a(" 3"+7& "+ )"+3" B*'& * -"`.+.# 0& a("$&+'.-"#& a(" "' 0* 5"#'.G+ %"7")G+.$* & $&+5"+$.&+*0 -"0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6 :&+'.-"#& a(" "0 '*R"# $&+5"+$.&+*0-" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' 3."+" 0*' '.7(."+3"' $*#*$3"#X'3.$*'9@P

    @P ;+ "0 '"+3.-& $&+ "0 a(" ('& *a(X "0 *-="3.5&, $&+5"+$.&+*0 "')"+&' a(" %"7")G+.$& / )8' a(" -&).+*+3"6 2. $&+'.-"#*)&' "0)(+-& $&)& 0* b*(-."+$.* #"0"5*+3"c, 0* $&)B#"+'.G+ -" 0&' -"#"N$%&' %()*+&' a(" '" B#"'"+3* *a(X "'38 0"=&' -" '"# $&+'"+'(*0 & -"'"+3.-& $&)k+C B"#&, B &3#& 0*-&, +& "' -&).+*+3" "+ "0 '"+3.-&-" '"# B#&-($3& -" (+* .)B&'.$.G+ $&"#$.3.5* *R#()*-* F*(+a(" *5"$"' '"* *'XH6 g*#* )($%*' B"#'&+*' "+ 3&-& "0 )(+-& "'3* $&+$"BN$.G+ "'38 -")*'.*-& *##*.7*-* $&)& B*#* B&-"# 0($%*# $&+3#* "00*, &-")*'.*-& 0"=*+* $&)& B*#* a(" 5*07* 0* B"+* 0($%*# B "00*6

    0&' -"#"$%&' '&+ (+.5"#'*0)"+3" 580.-&', $&+ .+-"B"+-"+$.*-"0 "+3+& '&$.*0, B&0X3.$& / $(03(#*0 "+ "0 a(" &B"#*+, /0&' -.`"#"+3"' '.'3")*' "E.'3"+3"' -" -"#"$%&' %()*+&' "+ 0*'-.'3.+3*' #"7.&+"' -"0 )(+-&6 ;+ +("'3#& 3.")B&, 0&' -"#"$%&'%()*+&' '&+ 0* k+.$* 7#*)83.$* / "0 k+.$& 0"+7(*=" -" 0* &B&N'.$.G+ -.'B&+.R0"' B*#* $&+`#&+3*# 0*' bB*3&0&7X*' -"0 B&-0&' 5.&0*-"' -" -"#"$%&' %()*+&', B )(/ %#"+-&' a("'"*+ 0&' -"0.3&' a(" $&)"3*+, -"R"+ '"# $*'3.7*-&' -" $&+`N).-*- $&+ -.$%&' -"#"$%&'C "0 $("'3.&+*)."+3& -" 0&' -"#"N

    $%&' %()*+&' * B*#3.# -" '(' 0.).3*$.&+"' $(03(#*0"' / B&0X3.$*''" '(B&+" a(" $&+3#.R(/" * 0* B"#B"3(*$.G+ -" 0&' )*0"' a("B#"3"+-"+ $&)R*3.# 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'C "0 ̀ "+G)"+& #"$(N##"+3" -"0 -&R0" #*'"#& B*#* "5*0(*# "0 $()B0.)."+3& -" 0&'-"#"$%&' %()*+&' -" +.+7(+* )*+"#* '&$*5* '( 5*0.-"U (+.N5"#'*0C B*#3"+ -" 0* .-"* -" -.7+.-*- %()*+*, a(" * '( 5"U '"*B&/* "+ (+* $&+$"B$.G+ -" 0* +*3(#*0"U* %()*+* .+-.5.-(*0,*(3&'&'3"+.R0" / $(*0.3*3.5*)"+3" -.`"#"+3" -" 0* +*3(#*0"U*+& %()*+*C 0* 0.R"#3*- #"0.7.&'* '&0& '" B("-" 7*#*+3.U*# "+ 0)"-.-* "+ a(" 0* #"0.7.G+ "'3W *('"+3" -" 0* "'`"#* BkR0.$* F0*B#").'* -" 0* 0*.$.-*-HC 0& a(" '" $&+'.-"#* (+* 5.&0*$.G+ -"-"#"$%&' %()*+&' '" -"`.+" B 0*' -"$0*#*$.&+"' (+.5"#'*0"',0*' .+'3.3($.&+"' )(03.0*3"#*0"' F3#.R(+*0"' / $&).'.&+"'H / 0*'*+.U*$.&+"' +& 7(R"#+*)"+3*0"' F"+ '( )*/* $&+ '"-""+ "0 J" 70&R*0HC 0*' 5.&0*$.&+"' -" -"#"$%&' %()*+&' 'B("-"+ )"-.# -" ̀ )* *-"$(*-* $&+ X+-.$"' $(*+3.3*3.5&'C "0#"'B"3& B "00&' "' )($%& )8' B#&R0")83.$& "+ 0&' B*X'"' -"02(# 70&R*0 a(" -"0 J" 70&R*06

    f&' 0X).3"' -" "'3* $&+$"B$.G+ -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&''&+ "5.-"+3"' $(*+-& '" &R'"#5*+ 0*' #"'B("'3*' a(" -* * (+*-" 0*' B#"7(+3*' )8' .)B*+3"' -" +("'3#& 3.")B&6 f* B"#NB0"=.-*- a(" '('$.3* `(+-*)"+3* "0 .)B(0'& B*#* .+5"+3*# /-"'*##&00*# (+* $&+$"B$.G+ $&+3#*%"7")G+.$* " .+3"#$(03(#-" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' $&)& 0* a(" '" B#&B&+" "+ "'3" 0.R#&6f* B#"7(+3* B("-" `)(0*#'" *'X9 '. 0* %()*+.-*- "' (+*,uB a(W %*/ 3*+3&' B#.+$.B.&' -.`"#"+3"' '&R#" 0* -.7+.-*-%()*+* / 0* =('3.$.* '&$.*0, a(" B#"3"+-"+ '"# 3&-&' k+.$&'

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    19/59

    :I

    5 # " # (

    6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $ 8 # $ 9 # :

    ) $ 7 . $ ;

    2 # $ '

    - < . $ :S

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    / a(", * 5"$"', '" $&+3#*-.$"+ "+3#" 'Xn ;+ 0* #*XU -" "'3* B#"N7(+3* "'38 0* $&+'3*3*$.G+, $*-* 5"U )8' $0*#* %&/, -" a(" 0*$&)B#"+'.G+ -"0 )(+-& "E$"-" $&+ )($%& 0* &$$.-"+3*0 /,B $&+'.7(."+3", 0* $&)B#"+'.G+ &$$.-"+3*0 -" 0&' -"#"$%&'%()*+&'6@A

    f* #"'B("'3* $&+5"+$.&+*0 * "'3* B#"7(+3* "' a(" "'* -.N5"#'.-*- '&0& -"R" #"$&+&$"#'" "+ 0* )"-.-* "+ a(" +& $&+N3#*-.7* 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' (+.5"#'*0"'6 Y0 B&'3(0*# 0*(+.5"#'*0.-*- *R'3#*$3* -"0 $&+$"B3& -" -.7+.-*- %()*+*

    '(R/*$"+3" * 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&', "'3* #"'B("'3* 3#.5.*0.U*0* B"#B0"=.-*- .+%"#"+3" * 0* B#"7(+3*6 ;0 %"$%& -" a(" "'3"$&+$"B3& "'3W R*'*-& "+ B#"'(B("'3&' &$$.-"+3*0"' "' .##"0"N5*+3", /* a(" "0 B&'3(0*-& -" '( (+.5"#'*0.-*- %*$" a(" 0* %.'N3.$.-*- -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' +& .+3"#`."#* $&+ '( "'3*3('&+3&0G7.$&6@D ;'3* #"'B("'3*, *(+a(" "' B0"+*)"+3" *$"B3*-*B "0 B"+'*)."+3& B&0X3.$& %"7")G+.$&, "+ B*#3.$(0*# "+ "0J" 70&R*0, #"-($" "0 )(+-& * 0* $&)B#"+'.G+ a(" Z$$.-"+N3" 3."+" -" W0, .7+*+-& & 3#.5.*0.U*+-& -" "'* ̀ )* 0*' "EB"N#."+$.*' $(03(#*0"' / B&0X3.$*' -"`.+.3.*' -" 0&' B*X'"' -"0 2(#70&R*06 ;'3" "' "0 $*'& -" 0&' )&5.)."+3&' -" #"'.'3"+$.* $&+3#*0* &B#"'.G+, 0* )*#7.+*$.G+ / 0* "E$0('.G+ a(" %*+ '(#7.-& "+0*' k03.)*' -W$*-*' / $(/*' R*'"' .-"&0G7.$*' 3."+"+ B&$& &

    @A ;0 B#&/"$3& -" .+5"'3.7*$.G+ bY0.$", "'B"0%&' "'3#*+%&', 0.€r"'.)B#"5.'3*'c, $&-.+*-& B )X F*0.$"6$"'6($6B3H, / "+ -"'*##&00& "+"0 :"+3#& -" ;'3(-.&' 2&$.*0"' -" 0* m+.5"#'.-*- -" :&.)R#*, g(N7*0, 3."+" $&)& &R="3.5& -"'*##&00*# (+ +("5& B*#*-.7)* 3"G#.$& B*#*;(#&B* R*'*-& "+ -&' .-"*' B#.+$.B*0"'9 0* B#.)"#*, a(" "0 $&+&$.N)."+3& -"0 )(+-& "E$"-" $&+ $#"$"' 0* )*+"#* $&)& ;(#&B* 0& 5"C0* '"7(+-*, a(" 0* 3#*+'`)*$.G+ '&$.*0, B&0X3.$* " .+'3.3($.&+*0 -"

    '" "'38+ B#&-($."+-& "+ )($%&' B*X'"' / #"7.&+"' $&+ 0&' a(" "'"$&+3.+"+3" 3."+" $*-* 5"U )8' #"0*$.&+"' -" .+3"#-"B"+-"+$.*6 ;0 B#&N

    L^ g#&7#*)* Q*#$& -" 0* m+.G+ ;(#&B"* FVg[>??LN>?@P [ ;S: T#*+3Y7#"")"+3 +6^ >OK M?LH6@D Z3#* `)* -" *R-*# 0* $("'3.G+ &+3&0G7.$* "' -"`"+-"# a("0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' +& '&+ #".5.+-.$*$.&+"' )*0"' +. B#"3"+'.&N+"' -" 5"#-*-6 2&+ (+* "E.7"+$.* B&0X3.$* / '( B#"3"+'.G+ -" 70&R*N0.-*- +& B#"'(B&+" +.+7(+* R*'" )*0 '(R/*$"+3" (+.5"#'*0)"+3"*$"B3*-*6 ;'3" B(+3& 0& -"`"+-.G -" )*+"#* "+W#7.$* T&&-%*#3 F>?@P9POHH6 f* B#"7(+3* -"0 B a(W -" "'* B#"3"+'.G+ -" 70&R*0.-*- 3&-*5X*"'38 B"+-."+3" -" #"'B&+-"#'"6

    +*-* a(" 5"# $&+ 0*' #"`"#"+$.*' $(03(#*0"' / B&0X3.$*' &$$.-"+N3*0"' -&).+*+3"' * 0& 0*#7& -"0 '.70& ee6 ;'3&' )&5.)."+3&'+& `)(0*+ '(' -")*+-*' "+ "0 0"+7(*=" -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %(N)*+&' /, B "0 $&+3#*#.&, $&+ `#"$("+$.* 0& %*$"+ -" *$("#-$&+ )8E.)*' a(" $&+3#*-.$"+ 0&' B#.+$.B.&' -&).+*+3"' -"-.$%&' -"#"$%&'6 ;'3&' )&5.)."+3&' '("0"+ 3"+"# '(' #*X$"'"+ .-"+3.-*-"' %.'3G#.$*' / $(03(#*0"' $&+ '.70&' -" *+3.7•"N-*-, .+$0(.-* )($%*' 5"$"' (+* ).0.3*+$.* #"0.7.&'*6 2.+ 8+.N)& -" "E%*('3.5.-*-, )"+$.&+*#W 3#"' -" "'3&' )&5.)."+3&',

    $&+ )(/ -.`"#"+3"' '.7+.`.$*-&' B&0X3.$&'9 0&' )&5.)."+3&'.+-X7"+*', "+ B*#3.$(0*# "+ Y)W#.$* f*3.+*C 0&' )&5.)."+3&'$*)B"'.+&' -" `#.$* / Y'.*, / 0* .+'(#7"+$.* .'08).$*6 g"'" *0*' "+)"' -.`"#"+$.*' "+3#" "00&' 3."+"+ "+ $&)k+ "0 %"$%&-" a(" B#&5."+"+ -" #"`"#"+$.*' B&0X3.$*' +& &$$.-"+3*0"' / '"$&+'3.3(/"+ $&)& #"'.'3"+$.* * 0* -&).+*$.G+ -" Z$$.-"+3"6

    ;0 B"+'*)."+3& $&+5"+$.&+*0 -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'$*#"$" -" %"##*)."+3*' 3"G#.$*' / *+*0X3.$*' a(" 0" B"#).3*+7&U*# -" $."#3* $#"-.R.0.-*- "+3#" "'&' )&5.)."+3&', / B"*k+, +& $&+'.-"#* (+* B#..-*- %*$"#0& F2*+3&' / S&-#X7("UT*#*5.3& >??LH6 _."+-" * *B0.$*# 0* ).')* #"$"3* *R'3#*$3* -"0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&', $&+ 0* "'B"#*+U* -" a(" -" "'3" )&-&0* +*3(#*0"U* -" 0*' .-"&0&7X*' *03"#+*3.5*' / -" &3#&' (+.5"#'&' '.)RG0.$&' *$*R" #"-($.-* * '(' $.#$(+'3*+$.*' 0&$*0"', '.++.+7(+* #"B"#$('.G+ "+ "0 $*+&+ (+.5"#'*0 -" 0&' -"#"$%&'%()*+&'6

    ;+ "'3" 0.R#& )" $&+$"+3#& "+ #"*0.U*# (+* #""0*R*$.G3"G#.$* -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' / 0* B&0X3.$*6 d*7& #"`"#"+$+& '.'3")83.$* * 0*' 0($%*' a(" "+ Y)W#.$* f*3.+* / "+ &3#*'B*#3"' -"0 )(+-& B("-"+ $&+3#.R(.# * 0* #"`0"E.G+6 Z#7*+.U&). *#7()"+3& * B*#3.# -" (+ *+80.'.' R#"5" -" *07(+*' -" 0*'B#.+$.B*0"' 3"+'.&+"' a(" *3#*5."'*+ 0*' 0($%*' B&0X3.$*' *$3(*N0"' $&+'3.3(.-*' "+ #"`"#"+$.* * 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    20/59

    :L

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $$1234567 901B 4

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    21/59

    :?

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $ :N

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    B#"'"+3* %&/ $&)& '. 3(5."#* (+* 0"7.3.).-*- k03.)* / * 5"N$"' $&+3#*-.$3.*6 Y)R&' B#&-($"+ "E$0('.&+"'6 2&+ "'&' 5*N0"' 0&' a(" *%* $&+'3.3(/"+ 0* `("+3" -" 3"+'.G+ "+3#" "0B#.+$.B.& -" .7(*0-*- / "0 B#.+$.B.& -" #"$&+&$.)."+3& -" 0*-.`"#"+$.* F2*+3&' >??O9 >DKN>KPH, " .+$0('& 0* 3"+'.G+ "+3#" -"N'*##&00& / 0.R#" -"3"#).+*$.G+ F5W*'")&-50H6 f&' *+3"$"-"+3"'%.'3G#.$&' -" 0&' -&' $&+$"B3&' )"#"$"+ (+* #"`0"E.G+ Ba("0* &B&'.$.G+ "+3#" "00&' "+ (+ )&)"+3& %.'3G#.$& -*-& B("-"&$(03*# $&)B0.$.-*-"' .+'&'B"$%*-*' * 0& 0*#7& -" 0* %.'3.*6

    g "=")B0&, 0& a(" %&/ $&+'.-"#*)&' (+.5"#'*0 "' 0& `(+-*N$.&+*0 -" Z$$.-"+3" 3#*+'`)*-& "+ (+.5"#'*06 ;+ &3#*' B*0*N R#*', "' (+ 0&$*0.')& 70&R*0.U*-&6@

    ;+ 0&' k03.)&' $.+$& '.70&', 0* %"7")&+X* "$&+G).$*, B&N0X3.$*, ).0.3*# / $(03(#*0 -" Z$$.-"+3" 0&7#G $&+5"#3.# 0& a(""#* F& '" '(B&+X* a(" "#*H k+.$& / "'B"$X`.$& -" "'* #"7.G+ -"0)(+-& "+ *07& (+.5"#'*0 / 7"+"#*06 f* ;'$("0* -" V#*+o`(#3,-" Y-+& / do%".)"#, %*R0* -" (+.5"#'*0.')& "(#&B"& '.+-*#'" $("+3* -" 0*6,&(50')6(), )& 0'M#6(,9 '. "0 (+.5"#'*0.')&"' "(#&B"&, +& "' (+.5"#'*0, / '. "' (+.5"#'*0 B("-" '(#7.# "+;(#&B* & "+ $(*0a(."# &3#* B*#3" -"0 )(+-&6 _*0 $&)& 0& "+N3"+-")&' %&/ "+ -X*, 0& (+.5"#'*0 "' "0 B#&-($3& -" 0* 3#*+'N`)*$.G+ %.'3G#.$* -" 0& `(+-*$.&+*0 "(#&$W+3#.$&, &$$.-"+N3*0, )"-.*+3" 0&' B#&$"'&' -" 70&R*0.U*$.G+ -"0 $&0&+.*0.')& /

    @ f* 70&R*0.U*$.G+ "' "0 B#&$"'& B "0 $(*0 (+* $&+-.$.G+ & "+3.N

    "0 )(+-& /, *0 %*$"#0&, -"'*##&00* 0* $*B*$.-*- -" -"'.7+*# $&)& 0&N$*0 0* $&+-.$.G+ '&$.*0 & "+3.-*- #.5*0"'6 f*' $&+'"$("+$.*' )8' .)N

    $&+-.$.&+"' -"0 '.'3")*N)(+-& -"0 $*B.3*0.')& &$$.-"+3*0 +& "E.'3"(+* 70&R*0.U*$.G+ 7"+(.+*6 f& a(" 00*)*)&' 70&R*0.U*$.G+ "' '.")NB#" 0* 70&R*0.U*$.G+ "E.3&'* -" (+ 0&$*0.')& -*-&6 ;+ &3#*' B*0*R#*',+& %*/ (+* $&+-.$.G+ 70&R*0 B*#* 0* a(" +& B("-* "+$&+3#*#'" (+*

    $&+'"$("+$.* "' a(" 0* 70&R*0.U*$.G+ #"a(."#" 0&$*0.U*$.G+6 !" %"$%&5.5.)&' "+ (+ )(+-& -" 0&$*0.U*$.G+, 3*+3& $&)& 5.5.)&' "+ (+)(+-& -" 70&R*0.U*$.G+6 g 3*+3& '"#X* .7(*0 -" $#"$3&, -"'-" (+*

    .+5"'3.7*$.G+ "+ `(+$.G+ -" 0* 0&$*0.U*$.G+, "+ 0(7*# -" 0* 70&R*0.U*N

    N

    0* %.'3.* -"0 )(+-& "'$#.3* B 0&' 5"+$"-"' F2*+3&' >??@9 >DN@?>H6

    "0 $*B.3*0.')&6 J& 'B#"+-" a(" 0&' B#.+$.B.&' ̀ (+-*$.&+*0"'-" &3#*' $(03(#*' '"*+ B#"'"+3*-&' $&)& +& (+.5"#'*0"', /*a(" * 0& 0*#7& -" 0* %.'3.* `("#&+ B*#3.$(0*#.U*-&' "+ "0 ).)& B#&$"'& %.'3G#.$& a(" B"#).3.G a(" "0 B*#3.$(0*#.')& -"Z$$.-"+3" '" (+.5"#'*0.U*#*6

    J("'3#* WB&$* 3*0 5"U #"B#"'"+3" (+ )&)"+3& -" 3#*+'.N$.G+ %*$.* &3#& #W7.)"+ -" 0& (+.5"#'*0N`(+-*$.&+*0 a(" 3&-*5X* "'38 B -"`.+.#'"6 g *%*, '&+ &R'"#5*R0"' -&' )&5.)."+3&' -"`.+.3.&' -" (+* WB&$*6 g (+ 0*-&, 0* &B&'.$.G

    $#"$."+3" *0 (+.5"#'*0.')& "(#&$W+3#.$& / '( 3#*+'`)*$.G+"+ (+ B*#3.$(0*#.')& `(+-*$.&+*06 J& "' (+ #"7#"'& *0 B*'*N-&C "', '&R#" 3&-&, (+* #"5.'.G+ -"0 B*'*-& -"R.-& * 0* .-"*,$*-* 5"U )8' $#"XR0", -" a(" "0 )(+-& `(3(#& '"#8 )"+&' "(N#&$W+3#.$& -" 0& a(" 0& %* '.-& "+ 0&' k03.)&' a(.+."+3&' *h&g &3#& 0*-&, *B*#"$"+ $&+$"B$.&+"' *03"#+*3.5*' -" 5*0&k03.)&', 580.-&' "+ &3#&' $&+3"E3&' $(03(#*0"'6 J& '" 3#*3* -"(+.5"#'*0.')&' #.5*0"', '.+& -" B*#3.$(0*#.')&' #.5*0"', -"-.`"#"+$.*' B#&`(+-*' "+ 0* -"`.+.$.G+ -" 0&' &R="3.5&' -" 0*")*+$.B*$.G+, 0* 0.R"#*$.G+ / 0* -.7+.-*-, / "+ 0&' 3.B&' -" 0(N$%*' B*#* *0$*+U*#0&'6 I+5.3*+ * (+ B0(#*0.')& a(", B*#* +& '"B*#*0.U*+3" / "E$0(/"+3", -"R" $&+5"#3.#'" "+ (+ 5*'3& $*)B&-" 3#*-($$.G+ .+3"#$(03(#*06 ;0 $*).+& -" 0* $&+3#*%"7")&N+X* "+ "'3* 3"+'.G+ '" $"+3#* "+ 0* '(B"#*$.G+ -" 0* -.$&3&)X*(+.5"#'*0N`(+-*$.&+*0 / "+ 0* Rk'a("-* -" (+ $&')&B&0.3.')&'(R*03"#+&, "0*R*-& -"'-" *R*=& "+ B#&$"'&' -" .+3"#$*)R.&-" "EB"#."+$.*' / -" "EB#"'.G+ -" 0*' 0($%*' -" 0&' )&5.)."+N3&' / 0*' *+.U*$.&+"' -" 0&' "E$0(.-&' / '(' *0.*-&' -" 5*N#.*' B*#3"' -"0 )(+-&6

    01 4

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    22/59

    S8

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $SG

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    $%&'9 "0 .+-.5.-(& / "0 ;'3*-&6 f&' B("R0&' '&0& '" #"$&+&$"+"+ 0* )"-.-* "+ a(" '" 3#*+'`)*+ "+ ;'3*-&'6 ;' .)B*+3"#"$-*# a(" "+ @KAM, `"$%* -" *-&B$.G+ -" 0* !"$0*#*$.G+,%*RX* )($%&' B("R0&', +*$.&+"' / $&)(+.-*-"' a(" +& 3"+X*+;'3*-&6 q.'3* -"'-" 0*' "B.'3")&0&7X*' -"0 2(#, 0* !"$0*#*$.G++& B("-" -"=*# -" '"# $&+'.-"#*-* $&0&+.*0.'3* F4(#o" >?@?C_"##"33* >?@>H6 ;+ 0& #"`"#"+3" * 0* .7(*0-*- *+3" 0* 0"/ %*/ a("3"+"# "+ $("+3* a(", "+ "0 )&)"+3& -" #"-*$3*# 0* !"$0*#*N$.G+, 0&' .+-.5.-(&' -" #"7.&+"' "+)"' -"0 )(+-& +& "#*+

    .7(*0"' *+3" 0* 0"/, *0 "'3*# '(="3&' * (+* -&).+*$.G+ $&0"$3.5*/, $(*+-& %*/ '&)"3.)."+3& $&0"$3.5&, 0&' -"#"$%&' .+-.5.-(*N0"' +& &`#"$"+ +.+7k+ 3.B& -" B#&3"$$.G+6 ;'3& +& '" $&+'.-"#G"+ 0* !"$0*#*$.G+, "+ (+ )&)"+3& 807.-& -"0 .+-.5.-(*0.')& R(#7(W', "+ (+* WB&$* "+ 0* a(" "0 B*3#.*#$*-& `)*R* B*#N3" -"0 '"+3.-& $&)k+, "+ a(" 0* ."+3*$.G+ '"E(*0 "#* 3*Rk,0* -&).+*$.G+ -" $0*'" "#* (+ *'(+3& .+3"#+& -" $*-* B*X' /"0 $&0&+.*0.')& 3&-*5X* 3"+X* `("#U* $&)& *7"+3" %.'3G#.$&, *B"'*# -" 0* B#&`(+-* $&+)&$.G+ '(`#.-* $&+ 0* .+-"B"+-"+$.*-" I+-.*6 :&+ "0 B*'& -"0 3.")B&, 3*)R.W+ "0 '"E.')&,> "0 $&0&N+.*0.')&P / &3#*' ̀ )*' )8' $#(-*' -" 0* -&).+*$.G+ -" $0*'"

    > ;+ @KLK, 0* Y'*)R0"* T"+"#*0 -" 0*' J*$.&+"' m+.-*' *B#&RG0* :&+5"+$.G+ '&R#" 0* ;0.).+*$.G+ -" 3&-*' 0*' V)*' -" !.'$#.N).+*$.G+ $&+3#* 0* Q(="# F:"-*\, B '( '.70* "+ .+70W'H B*#* "="#$"#

    0"7*0)"+3" 0* !"$0*#*$.G+ '&R#" 0* ;0.).+*$.G+ -" 0* !.'$#.).+*$.G+$&+3#* 0* Q(="#6 !"'$#.3* $&)& 0* :*#3* Q*7+* -" -"#"$%&' -" 0* )(N 0* -.'$#.).+*$.G+ $&+3#* 0* )(="# F*#36 @H b$&)& 3&-* -.'3.+$.G+, "EN$0('.G+ & #"'3#.$$.G+ R*'*-* "+ "0 '"E& a(" 3"+7* B &R="3& & B#"'(03*-& )"+&'$*R*# & *+(0*# "0 #"$&+&$.)."+3&, 7&$" & "="#$.$.&B 0* )(="#, .+-"B"+-."+3")"+3" -" '( "'3*-& $.5.0, '&R#" 0* R*'"-" 0* .7(*0-*- -"0 %&)R#" / 0* )(="#, -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' /0*' 0.R"#3*-"' ̀ (+-*)"+3*0"' "+ 0*' "'`"#*' B&0X3.$*, "$&+G).$*, '&$.*0,$(03(#*0 / $.5.0 & "+ $(*0a(."# &3#*c6 f* #"'&0($.G+ b!"#"$%&' %()*N+&', ."+3*$.G+ '"E(*0 " .-"+3.-*- -" 7W+"#&c `(" *B#&R*-* B "0:&+'"=& -" !"#"$%&' d()*+&' -" 0*' J*$.&+"' m+.-*' "0 @A -" =(+.&-" >?@@6 f* B#&B("'3* .+$0(/" (+* -"$0*#*$.G+ -" $&+-"+* -" 0* 5.&N0"+$.*, "0 *$&'&, 0* -.'$#.).+*$.G+, 0* "E$0('.G+, 0* "'3.7)*3.U*$.G+ /0&' B#"=(.$.&' R*'*-&' "+ 0* ."+3*$.G+ '"E(*0 " .-"+3.-*- -" 7W+"#&6P f* !"$0*#*$.G+ -" 0* ZJm '&R#" 0* ;0.).+*$.G+ -" 3&-*' 0*'V)*' -" !.'$#.).+*$.G+ S*$.*0 F@KOPH -.$"9 b:&+'.-"#*+-& a(" 0*'J*$.&+"' m+.-*' %*+ $&+-"+*-& "0 $&0&+.*0.')& / 3&-*' 0*' B#8$3.$*'-" '"7#"7*$.G+ / -.'$#.).+*$.G+ a(" 0& *$&)B*h*+, $(*0a(."#* a("'"* '( `)* / -&+-"a(."#* a(" "E.'3*+, / a(" 0* !"$0*#*$.G+ '&R#"

    *$*R*#&+ B '"# #"$&+&$.-*' $&)& $*('*+3"' -" 5.&0*$.&+"'-" -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6 Y B*#3.# -" 0&' *h&' '"'"+3* -"0 '.70&B*'*-&, 0*' 0($%*' *+3.$&0&+.*0"' '" $&+5.#3."#&+ "+ B*#3" -0* *7"+-* -" 0* ZJm6A 2.+ ")R*#7&, 3*0 $&)& '" "+3"+-X* "+"'" )&)"+3&, 0* 0.R#" -"3"#).+*$.G+ *B0.$*R* '&0& * 0*' B"#'&N+*' '&)"3.-*' *0 $&0&+.*0.')& "(#&B"&6D ;0 "="#$.$.& -" 0* 0.R#"-"3"#).+*$.G+ *'X "+3"+-.-* %* -"=*-& * )($%&' B("R0&' "+0* $&+-.$.G+ -" .+3"#+*)"+3" $&0&+.U*-&'6 f&' B("R0&' .+-X7"+*' -" -.`"#"+3"' $&+3.+"+3"' '&+ R("+* B#("R* -" "00&6 2"

    3*#-G )8' -" 3#".+3* *h&' B*#* a(" `("#* B `.+ #"$&+&$.-&"0 -"#"$%& * 0* 0.R#" -"3"#).+*$.G+ -" 0&' B("R0&' .+-X7"N+*' "+ 0* !"$0*#*$.G+ -" 0* ZJm '&R#" 0&' !"#"$%&' -" 0&'g("R0&' I+-X7"+*', *-&B3*-* "+ 0* Y'*)R0"* T"+"#*0 -" 0*'J*$.&+"' m+.-*' "+ >??L6O t *+3"' -" "00*, `("#&+ +"$"'*#.*'B#&0&+7*-*' +"7&$.*$.&+"' "+ 0* Z#7*+.U*$.G+ I+3"#+*$.&+-"0 _#*R*=& FZI_H B*#* *B#&R*# "0 :&+5"+.& @OK '&R#" 0& R0&' I+-X7"+*' / _#.R*0"' "+ @KMK6 ;'3&' -&$()"+3&' *$*R*#&.+$B*-&' * 0&' '.'3")*' =(#X-.$&' -" 0&' -.`"#"+3"' B*X'"'6!" 0&' 5".+3.-G' B*X'"' "+ 0&' a(" %* "+3#*-& "+ 5.7"+$.* "0:&+5"+.& @OK -" 0* ZI_, a(.+$"L %*$"+ B*#3" -" :"+3#&*)W#.N

    0* $&+$"'.G+ -" 0* .+-"B"+-"+$.* * 0&' B*X'"' / B("R0&' $&0&+.*0"',-"0 @A -" -.$.")R#" -" @KO? xS"'&0($.G+ @D@A FeqH -" 0* Y'*)R0"*

    A :&+ 0* "'B"#*+U* -" *$"0"#*# "0 B#&$"'& -" -"'$&0&+.U*$.G+, "+@KO? 0* Y'*)R0"* T"+"#*0 -" 0*' J*$.&+"' m+.-*' *-&B3G 0* S"'&0(N$.G+ @D@A, 3*)R.W+ $&+&$.-* $&)& 0* b!"$0*#*$.G+ '&R#" 0* $&+$"'.G-" 0* .+-"B"+-"+$.* * 0&' B*X'"' / B("R0&' $&0&+.*0"'c & '.)B0")"+3"

    N R0&' 3."+"+ "0 -"#"$%& * 0* 0.R#" -"3"#).+*$.G+ / B#&$0*)* $&+ '&0")N+.-*- 0* +"$"'.-*- -" *$*R*# #8B.-* " .+$&+-.$.&+*0)"+3" $&+ "0 $&N0&+.*0.')& "+ 3&-*' '(' ̀ )*' / )*+.`"'3*$.&+"'6 ;0 :&).3W ;'B"$.*0-" !"'$&0&+.U*$.G+ F3*)R.W+ $&+&$.-& $&)& "0 :&).3W -" 0&' >A B*#*0* !"'$&0&+.U*$.G+, "0 :&).3W -" 0&' >A &, '.)B0")"+3", "0 :&).3W -"!"'$&0&+.U*$.G+H `(" $#"*-& "+ @KO@ B 0* Y'*)R0"* T"+"#*0 -" 0*'

    N$.G+ / %*$"# #"$&)"+-*$.&+"' '&R#" '( *B0.$*$.G+6D f* 0.R#" -"3"#).+*$.G+ "E3"#+*6 2&R#" 0* -.`"#"+$.* "+3#" "'3* /0* 0.R#" -"3"#).+*$.G+ .+3"#+* 5W*'" )&-50;

    !SIg2pB36B-` 6 :&+'(03*-& "0 @M -" )*#U& -" >?@P6L d*'3* -.$.")R#" -" >?@P, "0 :&+5"+.& @OK -" 0* ZI_ %*RX* "+N

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    23/59

    S:

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $S9

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    $*M & 2(-*)W#.$*K6 !" "'&' a(.+$" B*X'"', +("5" #*3.`.$*#&+ "0:&+5"+.& "+ 0* -W$*-* -" 0&' +&5"+3*, )."+3#*' a(" 0&' '".'#"'3*+3"' 0& %.$."#&+ "+ 0* -W$*-* -"0 >???6 f&' B#.)"#&' 3#"'B*X'"' "+ #*3.`.$*# "0 :&+5"+.& `("#&+ QWE.$& F@KK?H, :&0&)N R.* F@KK@H / 4&0.5.* F@KK@H FS&-#X7("U T*#*5.3& >?@>H6 g"#&,$&)& '" 5"#8, "+3#" 0* #*3.`.$*$.G+ / 0*' B#8$3.$*' $&+$#"3*' -"0&' ;'3*-&' %*/ (+* 7#*+ -.'3*+$.*6

    !"R.-& * a(" 0&' -"#"$%&' $&0"$3.5&' +& `)*+ B*#3" "+B#.+$.B.& -"0 $*+&+ -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&', 0* 3"+'.G+ "+3#"

    0&' -"#"$%&' .+-.5.-(*0"' / 0&' $&0"$3.5&' 3#*+'$(##" "+ B*#*0"N0& * 0* 0($%* %.'3G#.$* -" 7#(B&' '&$.*0"' a(", *0 "'3*# "E$0(.-&'& -.'$#.).+*-&' B '( $&+-.$.G+ $&)& 7#(B&', +& "'3(5."N#&+ B#&3"7.-&' -" `)* *-"$(*-* B 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'.+-.5.-(*0"'6 f*' 0($%*' -" 0*' )(="#"', -" 0&' B("R0&' .+-XN7"+*', -" 0&' *`#&-"'$"+-."+3"', -" 0&' 7#(B&' 5X$3.)*' -"#*$.')&, -" 0&' 7*/' / 0*' 0"'R.*+*' %*+ )*#$*-& 0&' k03.)&'$.+$("+3* *h&' -"0 B#&$"'& -" #"$&+&$.)."+3& -" 0&' -"#"$%&'$&0"$3.5&'C "'" #"$&+&$.)."+3& `(" '.")B#" )(/ $&+`0.$3.5& /'.")B#" %* $#.-& "0 #."'7& -" '"# #"5"#3.-&6 J& %*/ $&+3#*N-.$$.G+ +"$"'*#.* "+3#" 0&' -"#"$%&' .+-.5.-(*0"' / 0&' $&0"$3.N5&', *(+a(" +& '"* )8' a(" B "0 %"$%& -" a(" %*/ )($%*'$0*'"' -" -"#"$%&' $&0"$3.5&'6 g "=")B0&, '" B("-"+ -.'3.+N7(.# -&' $0*'"' -" -"#"$%&' $&0"$3.5&'9 -"#.5*-&' / B#.)*#.&'6d*R0*)&' -" -"#"$%&' $&0"$3.5&' -"#.5*-&', B "=")B0&,$(*+-& 0&' 3#*R*=*-"' '" *(3&*+.U*+ "+ '.+-.$*3&' / &3N7*+ * "'*' *+.U*$.&+"' "0 -"#"$%& -" #"B#"'"+3*#0&' "+ 0*'+"7&$.*$.&+"' $&+ 0&' ")B0"*-"'6 :(*+-& (+* $&)(+.-*--" .+-.5.-(&' "' 3.3(0*# -" -"#"$%&', $&+ .+-"B"+-"+$.* -" '(

    N+.R0" "+9MMMO>LK@@9999g@@P??pIJ2_SmQ;J_p2ZS_9P

    '&+ QWE.$& F@KK?H, :&'3* S.$* F@KKPH, d&+-(#*' F@KKDH, T(*3")*0*F@KKOH, !&).+.$* F>??>H / J.$*#*7(* F>?@?H6

    '&+ :&0&)R.* F@KK@H, 4&0.5.* F@KK@H, g*#*7(*/ F@KKPH, g"#k F@KKAH,;$(*- F@KKMH, Y#7"+3.+* F>???H, q"+"U("0* F>??>H, 4#*'.0 F>??>H /:%.0" F>??MH6

    *+.U*$.G+ & -" 0* -"$.'.G+ -" '(' ).")R#&' -" #"+(+$.*# *'(' -"#"$%&' .+-.5.-(*0"' B*#* %*$"# "`"$3.5& "0 -"#"$%& -" 0*$&)(+.-*-, "'3*)&' *+3" -"#"$%&' $&0"$3.5&' B#.)*#.&'6 Y '(5"U, "'3&' -"#"$%&' B("-"+ "="#$"#'" -" -&' `)*'6 f* 7#*+)*/* '" "="#$" -" `)* .+-.5.-(*0 &, B "=")B0&, $(*+-&(+ B&0.$X*+")N (3.0.U* "0 3(#R*+3", (+* )W-.$* "0")M0= .'08).$&& (+ ).")R#& -" 0* $*'3* .+`"#. -" 0* I+-.* & (+ *`#&-"'$"+N-."+3" & (+ .+-X7"+* R#*'.0"h& '" R"+"`.$.* -" 0* *$$.G+ *`.#)*N3.5* #"$&+&$.-* * 0* $&)(+.-*- * 0* a(" B"#3"+"$"6 g"#& %*/

    -"#"$%&' a(" '&0& B("-"+ "="#$"#'" -" )*+"#* $&0"$3.5* $&)&,B "=")B0&, "0 -"#"$%& * 0* 0.R#" -"3"#).+*$.G+ / 0&' -"#"$%3"##.3.*0"' -" 0&' B("R0&' .+-X7"+*' -" Y)W#.$* -"0 2(#6

    f&' -"#"$%&' $&0"$3.5&' "E.'3"+ B*#* #"-($.# & "0.).+*# 0*.+'"7(#.-*- / 0* .+=('3.$.* B*-"$.-*' B $&0"$3.5&' 5X$3.)*'-" 0* -.'$#.).+*$.G+ '.'3")83.$* / 0* &B#"'.G+ B '"# 0& a("'&+ / +& B %*$"# 0& a(" %*$"+6 :&+ 0"+3.3(-, 0&' -"#"$%&$&0"$3.5&' '" %*+ .+$0(.-& "+ 0* *7"+-* B&0X3.$*, 3*+3& +*$.$&)& .+3"#+*$.&+*06 ;+ $(*0a(."# $*'&, "'38 '.")B#" B#"'"+N3" 0* $&+3#*-.$$.G+ & 0* 3"+'.G+ `#"+3" * 0*' $&+$"B$.&+"' ).+-.5.-(*0.'3*' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6@? ;+ "0 $&+3.+"+3"0*3.+&*)"#.$*+&, "0 #"$&+&$.)."+3& -" 0&' -"#"$%&' $&0"$3.5-" 0&' B("R0&' .+-X7"+*' / *`#&-"'$"+-."+3"' %* 3"+.-& (+*5.'.R.0.-*- B&0X3.$* "'B"$.*0 / %* '.-& $&+3#&5"#3.-& '.")B#"a(" %* -*-& 0(7*# * *$$.&+"' *`.#)*3.5*'C * #"5.'.&+"' B#&`(+N-*' -" 0* %.'3.* +*$.&+*0, -" 0&' '.'3")*' -" "-($*$.G+ / 0*'*0(- & -" 0* *(3&+&)X* *-).+.'3#*3.5*C *0 #"$&+&$.)."+3& -"-"#"$%&' $&0"$3.5&' * 0*' 3."##*' / *0 3"##.3.&, & *0 -"#"$%0* $&+'(03* B#"5.*, 0.R#" " .+`)*-*6 q&05"#W * &$(B*#)" -""'3* $("'3.G+ 0("7&6

    @? ;'3*' 3"+'.&+"' '" %*$"+ "+ "'B"$.*0 "5.-"+3"' $(*+-& $("'3.&N+*)&' 0&' '(B("'3&' $(03(#*0"' -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6 qW*'", B"=")B0&, 0* $&+$"B$.G+ .+3"#$(03(#*0 -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' a(" %"B#&B("'3& F2*+3&' >??O / >?@ARH6 qW*'" 3*)R.W+ ;R"#%*#- F>??>H6

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    24/59

    SI

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $SS

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    01 4

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    25/59

    SL

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $ST

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    -"#"$%&' $.5.0"' / B&0X3.$&', "+$("+3#*+ a(" 0* $*00" "' "0 k+.$&"'B*$.& BkR0.$& +& $&0&+.U*-& B 0&' )"#$*-&' "+ "0 a(" B("N-"+ "="#$"#0&'6 t 0&' "="#$")&' *0 R-" -" 0* -"'"'B"#*$.G+ /$*#"+3"' -" (+* B#&B("'3* B&0X3.$* *03"#+*3.5*6

    f&' k03.)&' 3#".+3* *h&' )("'3#*+ $&+ $0*#.-*- a(" 0**$"B3*$.G+ -" 0* .-"* -" 0* .+-.5.'.R.0.-*- -" 0&' -.`"#"+3"' 3.NB&' -" -"#"$%&' %()*+&' %* &$(##.-& )8' "+ "0 B0*+& -" 0&'B#.+$.B.&' a(" "+ 0* B#8$3.$*, B("'3& a(" 0* 5"#'.G+ +"&0.R"#*0-" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' "+ 5.7 -"'-" %*$" 3#".+3* *h&' *$*N

    RG #"'3*(#*+-& 0* -&$3#.+* 0.R"#*0 $&+ (+ )*/ "E3#").')& /)8' %&'3.0.-*- %*$.* 0* B#&)&$.G+ -" 0&' -"#"$%&' "$&+G).N$&' / '&$.*0"' B B*#3" -"0 ;'3*-&6 t *a(X "' .)B*+3" -"'3*N$*# a(", '. R."+ "+ 0* `)(0*$.G+ 0.R"#*0 .7.+*0 -"0 '.70& eIe0* B&'.$.G+ *+3."'3*3*0 3"+X* *07(+* #*UG+ -" '"# -")&$#83.$*,-"R.-& *0 *(3.3*#.')& 7"+"#*-& B 0*' '"$("0*' -"0 Y+3.N7(& SW7.)"+, 0* B&'.$.G+ +"&0.R"#*0 *+3."'3*3*0 * B*#3.# -" 0*-W$*-* 0&' &$%"+3* "' #"*$$.&+*#.* / *+3.-")&$#83.$*, /* a("'( &R="3.5& "' -"')*+3"0*# "0 ;'3*-& -" R."+"'3*#, "' -"$.#, "0$&+=(+3& -" B&0X3.$*' '&$.*0"' a(" %*$"+ "`"$3.5&' 0&' -"#"$%&''&$.*0"' / "$&+G).$&', / $&+'&0.-*+ "+ "0 .)*7.+*#.& B&B(0*#0* .-"* -" '&R"#*+X* Fa(" `(" $#($.*0 "+ "0 B"+'*)."+3& 0.R"N#*0H, *%* $&+5"#3.-* "+ (+ *+*3")*, 5.'3* $&)& (+ &R'38$(0&B*#* "0 0.R#" $&)"#$.& / 0* 70&R*0.U*$.G+6 _*0 5"U, B*#* 'B#"'*-" )($%&', %*/ a(" '"h*0*# a(" "'3* *$3.3(- $&+'"#5*-* /*+3.-")&$#83.$* ̀ (" *B&/*-* B 0&' *$3.5.'3*' .+3"#+*$.&+*0"'-" -"#"$%&' %()*+&' a(" '(#7."#&+ "+ "'" B"#.&-&, -"`"+'&N#"' -" a(" "0 ;'3*-& -"'.+5.#3."#* "+ 0*' B#"'3*$.&+"' '&$.*0"',*0 $&+'.-"#*#0& .+"`.$."+3", $#(B3& / *R('.5&, / -" 3#*+'`"#.#0* *-).+.'3#*$.G+ -" "'*' B#"'3*$.&+"' * 0* '&$."-*- $.5.0, *3#*5W' -" *+.U*$.&+"' +& 7(R"#+*)"+3*0"' 0&$*0"' 5.+$(N0*-*' * &3#*' -"0 ).')& 3.B& .+3"#+*$.&+*0"', a(" * B*#3.# -"

    N$.&+"' +& 7(R"#+*)"+3*0"' .+3"#+*$.&+*0"' a(" "E.'3"+ ̀ ("#&+$#"*-*' -"'B(W' -" @KL?6@@ !" *%X * 0* *B*#.$.G+ -" ;'3*-&'

    @@ !&' 3"#$.&' -" 0* */(-* %()*+.3*#.* -" 0* m; '" $*+*0.U*+ *

    `*00.-&', (+* -" 0*' $#"*$.&+"' )8' B"#5"#'*' -"0 +"&0.R"#*0.'N)&, %*/ (+ B*'&6 d*/ *%X (+ *)B0.& $*)B& B*#* "0 "="#$.$.& -"(+* %"#)"+W(3.$* -" 0* '&'B"$%* "+ #"0*$.G+ $&+ 0&' -"#"$%&%()*+&'6

    01 4 d&/, "+ - .`"#"+3"'B*#3"' -"0 )(+-&, 0*' 0($%*' B 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' 5.5"+

    3#*5W' -" ZJTC 5W*'" Q*U&\"# F>?@>H6@> S").3& *0 0"$3 .+3"#"'*-& "+ B#&`(+-.U*# '&R#" "'3" 3")* *2*+3&' F>?@A*H6

    !"#!$% ' (')#' *$ +",($,-*"

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    26/59

    S?

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $SN

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    -" `)* .+3"+'* "'* 3"+'.G+ "+3#" 0& '"$(0*# / 0& B&'3'"$(0*#,a(" "+ *07(+&' $*'&' -.#X*'" B#"'"$(0*#6

    f*' #"`)*' $&+'3.3($.&+*0"' B*#* B#&3"7"# "0 -"#"$%& *0* 5.-* -"'-" "0 )&)"+3& -" 0* $&+$"B$.G+ "=")B0.`.$*+ 0* .+N3"#`"#"+$.* -" 0*' .70"'.*' "+ 0&' #"7X)"+"' 0"7*0"'6 ;+ QWE.$&,%*'3* )"-.*-&' -"0 >?@>, -."$.'W.' "'3*-&' %*RX*+ *B#&R*-&#"`)*' $&+'3.3($.&+*0"' a(" B#&3"7X*+ "0 -"#"$%& * 0* 5.-*-"'-" "0 )&)"+3& -" 0* $&+$"B$.G+ FT.#" >?@>H6 ;+ d&+-(#*',B "=")B0&, 0* :&+'3.3($.G+ "'3*R0"$" a(" '" $&+'.-"#* $&)&

    +*$.-& *0 a(" "'38 B +*$"#6@P ;'3*' -"`.+.$.&+"' 0"7*0"' 0"'B#&%XR"+ * 0*' )(="#"' .+3"##()B.# 5&0(+3*#.*)"+3" '( ")R*N#*U& "+ $(*0a(."# $*'&, '.7(."+-& 0*' $&+$"B$.&+"' #"0.7.&'*''&R#" 0* `").+.-*- / 0* )*3"#+.-*-6

    01 47 M 61 A1UD; >< 67B >??MH6

    !"#!$% ' (')#' *$ +",($,-*"

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    27/59

    I8

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $IG

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    ;+ 4#*'.0, 0*' 3"+'.&+"' -"#.5*-*' -" 0* WB&$* )*#$*-* B0*' #".5.+-.$*$.&+"' '&$.*0"' -" 0($%* B 0* *)+.'3X* B&0X3.$* /0* *B"#3(#* -")&$#83.$* B"#-(#*+ %&/ "+ -X*, / "0 '.7+.`.$*-&.7.+*0 -" 0* f"/ -" Y)+.'3X* -" @KLK '.7(" "'3*+-& )*0 #"NB#"'"+3*-& B 0&' a(" -"`."+-"+ (+* .+3"#B#"3*$.G+ -" 0* 0"/`(+-*)"+3*-* "+ '( $*#*$3"#X'3.$* b$&+$.0.*-*c / "+ 0* .-"*-" *)+.'3X* $&)& b&05.-&c6 ;+ &3#*' B*0*R#*', %*/ (+* 3"+'.G+B#"'"+3" "+3#" *a("00&' a(" +& B("-"+ &05.-*# / 0&' a(" +&a(."#"+ #"$-*#6

    f* :&).'.G+ -" Y)+.'3X* -"0 Q.+.'3"#.& -" ? ;'*' *$3(*$.&+"' %*+ '.-& -"3"#N).+*+3"' B*#* %*$"# #"*0.-*- 0* #"B*#*$.G+ )*0, *0 #"5"#3."0 B*$3& -" *)+.'3X*, #"$&+&$"# "+ BkR0.$& "0 -"#"$%& -" 0'&$."-*-"' * 0* #"'.'3"+$.* $&+3#* "0 *(3.3*#.')& / *3#.R(.#*0 ;'3*-& 0* #"'B&+'*R.0.-*- B 7#*5"' 5.&0*$.&+"' -" 0&' -"N#"$%&' %()*+&'6 Y%* "' "0 ;'3*-& "0 a(" B.-" B"#-G+, "+0(7*# -" '"# "0 a(" B"#-&+*6 ;' '.7+.`.$*3.5& a(" 0*' $*#*5*+*'

    %*/*+ #"$.R.-& * 5"$"' "0 *B&/& )*3"#.*0 -"0 Q.+.'3"#.& -" !"N`"+'*, * B"'*# -" a(" 0*' )&3.5*$.&+"' B*#* "'* $0*'" -" *B&N/& B("-*+ '"# -.'$(3.R0"'6 ;0 $*'& -" )*/ 5*0 '.)RG0.$&a(.U8' '"* "0 -" 0* $*#*5*+* a(" 3(5& 0(7*# "+ 2‚& !&).+7&'-& Y#*7(*.* Fg*#8H, $"0"R#*-* "+ 0* B0*U* BkR0.$*, "+ 0* aB B#.)"#* 5"U "0 ;'3*-& R#*'.0"h& B.-.G B"#-G+ $&0"$3.5&0&' $*)B"'.+&' B"#'"7(.-&' / 3(#*-&' "+ 0* #"7.G+ -(#*+3"0* #"B#"'.G+ ).0.3*# -"0 )&5.)."+3& -" #"'.'3"+$.* $&+&$.-&$&)& bT("##.00* -" Y#*7(*.*c6>@

    f* '&$."-*- $.5.0 %* 3"+.-& (+ B*B"0 B#"B&+-"#*+3" "+ "0B"#.&-& =('3#*+'.$.&+*06 f* )&5.0.U*$.G+ '&$.*0 7"+"#*-* B&"'3" +("5& B#&7#*)* .)B(0'*-& B 0* :&).'.G+, "+ $&-.N+*$.G+ $&+ 0* '&$."-*- $.5.0, 3*)R.W+ %* $&+3#.R(.-& -" `)-"$.'.5* * 0* $&+'&0.-*$.G+ -" .)B*+3"' .++&5*$.&+"' .+'3.N3($.&+*0"', $&)& 0* +("5* f"/ -" Y$$"'& * 0* I+`)*$.G+ / "0k03.)& B#&/"$3&, 0*' b:0X+.$*' -"0 _"'3.)&+.&c, (+* "EB"#."+N$.* .+W-.3* "+ 4#*'.0, #"$0*)*-* / B#&B("'3* B 0*' *+.U*N$.&+"' '&$.*0"' $&+ "0 &R="3.5& -" B#&)&5"# "0 *B&/& B'.$&

    >? !"'-" >??M %*'3* 0* `"$%* '" 00"5*#&+ * $*R& OM $*#*5*+*' "+>? "'3*-&' R#*'.0"h&'6 f*' $*#*5*+*' B"#).3."#&+ a(" )8' -" >6???3"'3.)&+.&' ̀ ("#*+ #"B*-&' / "5*0(*-&' "+ 0&' 0(7*#"' -&+-" &$(N##."#&+ 5.&0*$.&+"' -" -"#"$%&' %()*+&' -(#*+3" "0 B"#.&-& -" 0*-.$3*-(#*6 ;0 WE.3& -" 0* :*#*5*+* -" 0* Y)+.'3X* %* -"'B"#3*-& "0.+3"#W' -" .+5"'3.7*-"' / &R'"#5*-"' .+3"#+*$.&+*0"'6 qW*'", B"=")B0&, "0 .+`)" B(R0.$*-& "+ "0 -.*#.& `#*+$W'E)=K50(),& , R*=& "03X3(0& b4#W'.09 f* :*#*5*+* -( g*#-&+cCE)=K50(),& , g*#X', >P -" =(0.& -">?@>6>@ qW*'" YR#‚& / _"00/ F>?@?H6

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    28/59

    I:

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $I9

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    7.$& * 0*' 5X$3.)*' -" 0* 5.&0"+$.* "'3*3*06>> g $&+'.7(."+3",(+* =('3.$.* 3#*+'.$.&+*0 -" 7#*+ .+3"+'.-*- #"a(."#" (+* B"#N)"*R.0.-*- / (+* *B"#3(#* "`"$3.5*' -" 0*' .+'3.3($.&+"' B*#*0* #"*0.U*$.G+ -" -.'"h&' .+'3.3($.&+*0"' a(" '" $#"'B&+-*+$&+ 0*' *'B.#*$.&+"' -" (+* '&$."-*- a(" #".5.+-.$* 0*' B&0X3.N$*' -"0 #"$&+&$.)."+3& / -" 0* -.'3#.R($.G+ -" -"#"$%&'6 m+* =('3.$.* 3#*+'.$.&+*0 a(" +& %*$" =('3.$.* %.'3G#.$* B*'*#8 * 0*%.'3.* $&)& .+=('3.$.*6

    2. R."+ "' $."#3& a(" 0&' 0X).3"' .)B("'3&' B 0*' 3#*+'.$.&N

    +"' $&+$.0.*-*' b*)*##*+c * 0&' 7&R."#+&' -")&$#83.$&' *$3(*N0"' * (+* b)&-"#*$.G+c B*$3*-*, "0 %"$%& "' a(" 0* $#"0*$.G+-" `("#U*' s3*+3& -"+3#& $&)& `("#* -"0 7&R."#+&s B("-"*03"#*#'" -" )*+"#* B#&`(+-* B 0* B#"'.G+ *+.U*-* -" 0*'&$."-*- $.5.06 Y(+a(" )($%& '" %* %"$%& "+ 4#*'.0, $&)& /*'" %* "EB0.$*-&, 4#*'.0 / Y#7"+3.+* &`#"$"+ -&' "=")B0&' $&+N3#*'3*+3"' -" $G)& "0 B*'*-& '" B&+" -" B#"'"+3", B*#* +(+$*)8' 5&05"# * '"# `(3(#&6 Y B#&BG'.3& -" 0* f"/ -" Y)+.'3X* R#*'.0"h* -" @KLK, T"+#& F>?@>H -.$"9

    d*'3* *%*, 0* $&)B#"+'.G+ 7"+"#*0.U*-* "+ 0&' )"-.&' =(-.$.*0"'"#* a(", "+ B#.)"# 0(7*#, %(R& (+* b*)+.'3X* #"$XB#&$*cC "+ '"7(+-&0(7*#, a(" '" `(+-*)"+3G "+ (+ *$("#-& B&0X3.$& "+ "0 )*#$& -" 0*:&+'3.3($.G+ V"-"#*0 -" @KMM, ."+3*-& B 0* f"/ -" Y)+.'3X* -"@KLKC / "+ 3"#$"# 0(7*#, a(" "0 ;'3*-& -")&$#83.$& -" -"#"$%& *'()",'.+ 5"#7•"+U*, "'* $&)B#"+'.G+ -" 0* *)+.'3X* s"' -"$.#, a(" *a("N00&' a(" %*+ *B&/*-& 0* 5.&0*$.G+ -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' B("-"+b*)+.'3.*#'" * 'X ).')&'cs, .+$0('& '. "'& '.7+.`.$* .+3#&-($.#, "+ "0-"+ =(#X-.$& -")&$#83.$& "+ $(#'&, (+* $*#*$3"#X'3.$* "'"+$.*0 -" 0&'#"7X)"+"' -" "E$"B$.G+9 0* -"'.7+*$.G+ *(3.3*#.* -" a(.W+ B"#-&+*/ a(.W+ "' B"#-&+*-&6

    ;+ "0 $*'& -" Y#7"+3.+*, 0* 0($%* -" 0&' )&5.)."+3&' '&N$.*0"', $&)& 0*' Q*-#"' -" 0* g0*U* Q*/&, %* R('$*-& -"'"'N

    >> f*' :0X+.$*' -" _"'3.)&+.& ")B"U*#&+ * `(+$.&+*# "+ *R#.0 -">?@P "+ g& Y0"7#", 2*& g*(0&, SX& -" ??D 0* :" 2(B#")* -" ??DH>P '" R('$*R* &R3"+"# "0 -"'*#)" -" 0&'B*#*).0.3*#"' / 0* #".+'"#$.G+ -" 0&' $&)R*3."+3"' * 0* '&$."N-*-6 ;+ "'3" B#&$"'& '" .7.+G (+* B(7+* "+3#" 0&' 3"'3.)&N+.&' -" 0&' B*#*).0.3*#"' -"')&5.0.U*-&' / 0*' *+.U*$.&+"'-" 5X$3.)*' / ̀ *).0.*#"' -" "'3&' 7#(B&' *#)*-&' B 0* "0*R&N#*$.G+ -" 0&' #"0*3&' -" 5"#-*- / 0* B&'.R.0.-*- -" $&+3*# a(W`(" 0& a(" B*'G "+ "0 )*#$& -"0 $&+`0.$3& *#)*-&6

    f* 0*R -" 0* :&).'.G+ -" Q").* d.'3G#.$* `(" $"+3#*0B*#* -&$()"+3*# 5.&0*$.&+"' -" -"#"$%&' %()*+&' "+ -.`"N

    >P ;0 $&+3"+.-& -" 0* 0"/ B("-" $&+'(03*#'" "+9 N6

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    29/59

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    30/59

    IL

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $IT

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    $G').$&, 0* +*3(#*0"U*s, a(" -" +& B#&3"7"#'" %*#X*+ a(" 0*B#&3"$$.G+ -" 0&' '"#"' %()*+&' 5*0."'" -" B&$&6 !"'-" 0*$&+$"B$.G+ &$$.-"+3*0 -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' "' .)B&'.R0"$&+$"R.# 0* +*3(#*0"U*, 0*5#+ #3(#&+0 -" !"'$*#3"', $&)& '(="3&-" -"#"$%&' %()*+&'6 !" *%X 0* "E$"B$.&+*0 .)B*+$.* -"0* :&+'3.3($.G+ "$(*3.*+* -" >??M / 0* $&+3#&5"#'.* 7"+"#*N-* B "00* *0 $&+'*7#*# $&+ 7#*+ W+`*'.' 0&' -"#"$%&' -" 0*+*3(#*0"U*, %*$.W+-&'" "$& -" 0*' $&+$"B$.&+"' .+-X7"+*' -"0* +*3(#*0"U* $&)& *+.')& 5.5& / Q*-#" _."##*, #*-.$*0N

    )"+3" -.`"#"+3"' * 0*' -&).+*+3"' "+ 0* )&-"#+.-*- &$$.-"+N3*06>L f* $&+$"B$.G+ -" 0* +*3(#*0"U* $&)& B*#3" .+3"7#*0 -"0* '&$."-*-, / +& $&)& *07& '"B*#*-& -" "00*, .)B0.$*#X* (+*B#&`(+-* 3#*+'`)*$.G+ -" 0*' #"0*$.&+"' '&$.*0"' / B&0X3.$*'6;+3#*h*#X* (+* #"`(+-*$.G+ -"0 ;'3*-& )&-"#+&6 ;'& ̀ (" =('3&0& a(" .+3"+3*#&+ %*$"# 0*' $&+'3.3($.&+"' "$(*3.*+* -" >??M/ R&0.5.*+* -" >??K6>M

    ;+ "0 >?@@, :&0&)R.* B#&)(07G (+ -"$#"3& 0"/ B*#* 0&' B("N R0&' / $&)(+.-*-"' .+-X7"+*',>K a(" 3"+X* $&)& &R="3.5& #"B*N#*# * 0&' .+-X7"+*' 5X$3.)*' -"0 $&+`0.$3& *#)*-& FS&-#X7("UT*#*5.3& / Z#-(U >?@>*H6 ;+ "0 -"$#"3& '" $&+$.0.*#&+ 0&' $&+N$"B3&' -"0 -"#"$%& &$$.-"+3*0 $&+ 0*' B#&B("'3*' -" 0&' B("R0&'.+-X7"+*'6 g "=")B0&, .+$0(/G (+* 5.'.G+ +&5"-&'* '&R#" "0-"#"$%& -" #"B*#*$.G+ $&+ #"'B"$3& * 0&' -"#"$%&' 3"##.3.*N0"', a(" .+$0(/" "0 '*+"*)."+3& "'B.#.3(*0 -" 0&' 3"##.3.&' -"*$("#-& $&+ 0*' B#8$3.$*' *+$"'3#*0"' / $(03(#*0"' -" 0&' B("N R0&' .+-X7"+*'6 Y '( 5"U, "'3*R0"$.G a(" "0 3"##.3.&, $&)& )*N

    >L ;0 B#&$"'& -" $&+'3.3($.&+*0.')& 3#*+'`)*- "+ 4&0.5.* *'(N).G 3*)R.W+ 0* $"+3#*0.-*- -" 0&' -"#"$%&' -" 0* bQ*-#" _."##*c Fg*N$%*)*)*H6 2. R."+ "'3&' -"#"$%&' +& "'38+ .+$0(.-&' -" `)* "EB0XN$.3* "+ 0* :&+'3.3($.G+ -" >??K, $("+3*+ $&+ (+* *5*+U*-* f"/ Q*#$&-" 0* Q*-#" _."##* / !"'*##&00& I+3"7#*0 B*#* "0 4("+ q.5.# F2()*v~*)*h*H, "+ 0* a(" "0 -"'*##&00& .+3"7#*0 / 0&' -"#"$%&' -" 0* +*3(#*N0"U* "'3*R0"$"+ -.#"$3#.$"' B*#* (+* B&0X3.$* BkR0.$* -" (+ ;'3*-& a("'" -"$0*#* $&)& B0(#.+*$.&+*06>M S").3& *0 0"$3 * ). 0.R#& -"-.$*-& * "'3" 3")* F2*+3&' >?@?H6>K ;0 *#3.$(0*-& -"0 -"$#"3& B("-" $&+'(03*#'" "+9

    -#" -" 0&' B("R0&' .+-X7"+*', 3*)R.W+ %*RX* '.-& 5X$3.)* -"0$&+`0.$3& *#)*-& -"'-" 0* $&')&5.'.G+ -" 0&' B("R0&' .+-X7"N+*' / "0 5X+$(0& "'B.#.3(*0 a(" "'3&' 3."+"+ $&+ 0* )*-#" 3."##*6

    01 4

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    31/59

    I?

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $IN

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    0* $&+'.7(."+3" 3#*+'`)*$.G+ -" 0* $(03(#* / -" 0*' .+'3.3(N$.&+"', a(" B"#).3.#X* '"B*#*# 0*' -.`"#"+$.*' Fa(" %*R#X* a("#"'B"3*#H -" 0*' ="#*#a(X*' Fa(" %*R#X* a(" "0.).+*#H * 0*' a("'" #").3X*+ *385.$*)"+3"6 d*$" (+&' *h&', #"'()X "'3* 7#*+3#*+'`)*$.G+ "+ 0* 0($%* B 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' "+ 0*'.7(."+3" `)(0*$.G+9 3"+")&' "0 -"#"$%& * '"# .7(*0"' $(*+N-& 0* -.`"#"+$.* +&' $&0&$* "+ (+* '.3(*$.G+ -" .+`"#..-*- /3"+")&' "0 -"#"$%& * '"# -.`"#"+3"' $(*+-& 0* .7(*0-*- +&'3#.5.*0.U* F2*+3&' >??P9 DOH6

    ;0 #"$&+&$.)."+3& -"0 -"#"$%& * 0* -.`"#"+$.* / 0* $&+'.N7(."+3" $&+-"+* -" 0*' .-"*' / 0*' B&0X3.$*' a(" "+ "0 B*'*-&0&' +"7*#&+ %* -*-& 0(7*# * )k03.B0"' .+3"#5"+$.&+"' "'3*3*0"'9*$$.&+"' *`.#)*3.5*' -" -.5"#'*' $0*'"'C $(&3*' B*#* 0*' )(="N#"', 0&' *`#&-"'$"+-."+3"' / 0&' .+-X7"+*'C #"5.'.G+ * `&+-& -"0* %.'3.* -" 0&' B*X'"' / -" 0&' B#&7#*)*' / $&+3"+.-&' "-(N$*3.5&'C #"$&+&$.)."+3& / B#&3"$$.G+ -" 0*' 0"+7(*' +& $&0&N+.*0"', 0&' -"#"$%&' "'B"$.*0"' * 0* 3."##* / "0 3"##.3.&, * 5"$"'"+ "0 $&+3"E3& -"0 #"$&+&$.)."+3& -" 0* 0.R#" -"3"#).+*$.G+.+3"#+*6 ;+ 0*' '.7(."+3"' B87.+*', 5&05"#W '&R#" "'3" 3")*6

    ;+ 0&' k03.)&' 5".+3" *h&' 5*#.&' B*X'"' %*+ %"$%& *5*+$"''.7+.`.$*3.5&' "+ "'3" $*)B&6 f&' *5*+$"' $&)"+U*#&+ "+ "0$*)B& =(#X-.$& / B&0X3.$&6 2. -" *%X -"#.5*#8+ $*)R.&' #"*0"'#*-.$*0"' "+ 0* '&$."-*- "' *07& a(" '.7(" *R."#3& * -.'$('.G+6m+* $&'* "' $."#3*9 $(*0a(."#* a(" '"* '( 8)R.3& -" *B0.$*$.G+,0&' $*)R.&' '" B#&-($"+ B B#.)"#* 5"U "+ "0 -"#"$%&, / '&0&-"'B(W', / $&+ 0"+3.3(-, .+`0(/"+ "+ 0*' .+'3.3($.&+"' / $&+N`)*+ 0*' )"+3*0.-*-"' / 0*' '(R="3.5.-*-"'6 ;+ "0 $*'& -"4#*'.0, "' $0*#& a(" "'38 "+ )*#$%* 0* `*R#.$*$.G+ -" (+ +("5&"'B"=& "+ "0 a(" "0 B*X' -"0 '.70& eeI '" a(."#" ).#*#C (+ 4#*'.0)8' =('3& / -.5"#'&, -.'B("'3& * $&+'.-"#*# 0* =('3.$.* %.'3G#.$*/ $(03(#*0 $&)& B*#3" .+3"7#*+3" -" 0* =('3.$.* '&$.*06 2" 3#*3*-" (+* ̀ *R#.$*$.G+ *$$.-"+3*-*, $&+ )($%&' &R'38$(0&' / a(",B '(B("'3&, 00"5*#8 )($%&' *h&', B"#& 3&-& *B(+3* * a(" '"3#*3* -" (+* $#"*$.G+ .##"5"#'.R0"6

    f* .+3#&-($$.G+ -" B&0X3.$*' -" *$$.G+ *`.#)*3.5* / -"$(&3*' '" .+.$.G "+ 0&' 7&R."#+&' -"0 B#"'.-"+3" f(0* -"'-"

    "0 >??A6P@ V(" (+ B*'& )(/ '.7+.`.$*3.5&, 3"+."+-& "+ $("+3*a(" '" B#&-(=& 5".+3" 0*#7&' *h&' -"'B(W' -" a(" "0 "+3&+$"'$&+7#"'.'3* Fg!_ [ S

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    32/59

  • 8/16/2019 DH y Desarrollo-Boaventura de Sousa

    33/59

    T:

    > ' $

    & # % $

    ) . % # $

    2 # ? . $

    2 # " # ( 6 . $

    6 3 7 ' % . $T9

    4 ( $ 0 - 5

    2 , % $

    ) -

    6 ( , # $

    6 $ 5

    2 ( #

    O6 g k03.)&, -"'B(W' -" (+* '.'3")*3.U*$.G+ $#X3.$* -" 0* +)*3.5*"+ 5.7 "+ 4#*'.0, * 0* 0(U -"0 -"#"$%& .+3"#+*$.&+*0 -" 0&' -"#"$%&'%()*+&' / -" 0* -&$3#.+* +*$.&+*0 $*R" $&+$0(.# 0* $&)B*3.R.0.-*--" "'" 3.B& -" B&0X3.$*' $&+ 0*' 0"/"' R#*'.0"h*', "+ B*#3.$(0*# $&+ 0*:&+'3.3($.G+ V"-"#*0 -" @KMM F2.05* >?@?9 >A>N>AAH6

    :&)& '" )"+$.&+G, &3#&' B*X'"' "'38+ *B#&R*+-& 3*)R.W+0"/"' -" *$$.G+ *`.#)*3.5*, 0& a(" $&+`.#)* 0* .)B*+$.* -"0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' $&0"$3.5&'6 g "=")B0&, "+ 2(-8`#.$* '"%*+ .)B0")"+3*-& B#&7#*)*' -" *$$.G+ *`.#)*3.5* B*#* 0*'

    )(="#"' / 0* B&R0*$.G+ *`#.$*+* +"7#*6 f* f"/ -" I7(*0-*- "+"0 ;)B0"& F;;Y, ;)B0&/)"+3 ;a(.3/ Y$3, J&6 DD -" @KKMHPK "'N3*R0"$.G a(" 3&-&' 0&' ")B0"*-"' -"R"+ .)B0")"+3*# *$$.&N+"' *`.#)*3.5*' B*#* *'"7(#*# (+* #"B#"'"+3*$.G+ "a(.3*3.5*"+ 3&-*' 0*' $*3"7*' / +.5"0"' -" 0* )*+& -" &R#* F2*RR*7%>??AH6 Y '( 5"U, "'3* 0"/ "'3*R0"$.G 0* &R0.7*$.G+ -" 3&)*# )"N-.-*' B*#* #"-($.# 0*' -.`"#"+$.*' '*0*#.*0"' a(" "E.'3"+ "+3#"0&' ")B0"*-&'6 g k03.)&, 0* 0"/ #"-"`.+.G "0 $#.3"#.& -" 0*)"#.3&$#*$.* $&)& "0")"+3& $"+3#*0 B*#* *'.7+*# 0&' $*#7&',-*-& a(" B#&%XR" a(" '" *#7()"+3" a(" +& '" $&+3#*3G * (+*B"#'&+* '&0*)"+3" Ba(" +& 3"+X* 0* 3#*/"$3.* B#&`"'.&+*0+"$"'*#.*6 f* 0"/ -"3"#).+* a(" B*#* $&+3#*3*# * (+* B"#'&+*"'3* '&0& -"R" $&+3*# $&+ 0* -"'3#"U* +"$"'*#.* B*#* a(" "+ (+3.")B& #*U&+*R0" *-a(."#* 0* %*R.0.-*- B*#* -"'")B"h*# "0$*#7& F;;Y, '"$$.G+ >? FDHH6

    ;+ m#(7(*/, 0* 0"/ -" *$$.&+"' *`.#)*3.5*' $&+3."+" )"N-.-*' B*#* "0 .+7#"'& * 0* "-($*$.G+ '(B"#.A? ;0 *#3X$(0& O-"+* a(" 3&-&' 0&' '.'3")*' -" R"$*' * +.5"0 -"B*#3*)"+3*0/ +*$.&+*0 .+$B"+ $(&3*' B*#* *`#&-"'$"+-."+3"' "+ 0* #"N'&0($.G+ / *'.7+*$.G+ -" 0&' $(B&'6 g "=")B0&, 0* R"$* :*#N

    *`#&-"'$"+-."+3"6 Y '( 5"U, '" -"+* a(" 0&' B#&7#*)*' -"

    PK

    A? g("-" 0""#'" )8' .+`)*$.G+ '&R#" "0 -"R*3" -"0 B#&/"$3& -"

    "-($*$.G+ / -" `)*$.G+ -" )*"'3#&' .+$0(/*+ (+* ).#*-** 0* %.'3.* -"0 B("R0& *`#&-"'$"+-."+3" / * '(' *B"' "+ 0*$&+`)*$.G+ -" 0* +*$.G+, %*$."+-& W+`*'.' "+ "0 B*'*-& -""'$0*5.3(- *0 a(" `("#&+ '&)"3.-*' 0*' B"#'&+*' *`#&(#(7(*/*'6

    ;+ "'3* 8#"* -" 0* #"5.'.G+ -" 0* %.'3.* / 0* 0.3"#*3(#* $&+"0 &R="3.5& -" %*$"# =('3.$.* %.'3G#.$* $*R" -"'3*$*# "0 +&33#*R*=& #"*0.U*-& "+ 4#*'.0 "+ 0&' k03.)&' *h&' B "0 :&+' =& J*$.&+*0 -" ;-($*$.G+ F:J;H /, "+ B*#3.$(0*#, B J.0)*T&)"', ).")R#& -"0 :&+'"=& $&)& #"B#"'"+3*+3" -"0 )&5.N

    )."+3& +"7#&, -"0 a(" "' -"'3*$*-* ).0.3*+3"6 ;0 -.$3*)"+ -">?@?, -"0 a(" T&)"' ̀ (" B&+"+3", "+ "0 a(" '" *`.#)*R* a(" "0)*3"#.*0 (3.0.U*-& "+ 0* "-($*$.G+ R8'.$* -"RX* .# *$&)B*h*-&-" B&0X3.$*' BkR0.$*' B*#* 0&7#*# (+* "-($*$.G+ *+3.##*$.'3*A@ / "0 -.$3*)"+ #"5.'*-& -" >?@@,A> a(" +& *03"#*R* "+ '('3*+$.*"0 )"+'*=" *+3"#., '&+ -&$()"+3&' -" 3#*'$"+-"+3*0 .)BN3*+$.* B*#* 0* %.'3.* $&+3")B+"* -" 0&' -"#"$%&' %()*+&' $&+3#*%"7")G+.$&' "+ 4#*'.06AP 2.+ )"+&'$*R*# "0 5*0 -"0* &R#* 0.3"#*#.* "+ $("'3.G+, ?+ 40O0'0+ '# 8#'5)&", , -" Q&+N3".#& f&R*3&, "0 :J; *0"#3* '&R#" 0* +"$"'.-*- -" $&+3"E3(*N0.U*# 0&' 3"E3&' %.'3G#.$&' / '&$.&0G7.$&' a(" #"B#&-($"+ 0"'3"#"&3.B&' #*$.*0"', 0*' #"B#"'"+3*$.&+"' +"7*3.5*' -"0 +"7#&/ "0 (+.5"#'& *`#&R#*'.0"h&6 t, *-")8', $&+5."#3" 0* *0"#3* /-"+(+$.* -" 0*' &R#*' a(" "EB#"'"+ "'3"#"&3.B&' #*$.*0"' "+ (+

    A@ ;0 :J;[:;4 @D[>?@? #"$&+&$" b0* +"$"'.-*- -" `)(0*#