ciclo 3 - transformemos educando 6 - tolima

8/15/2019 Ciclo 3 - Transformemos Educando 6 - Tolima

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Osto in`rj portomogo d<

Snvj om id vorohd j `drrnj<

Hoi kumngnpnj ho<

Hopdrtdkomtj<

^ ostuhnî gjm oi prjardkd

Xrdmscjrkokjs om id cogbd<



Mjknmdgn÷m pjr Gjijk`nd hoi Knmnstornj

ho Poidgnjmos Oxtornjros y Knmnstornj ho

Ohugdgn÷m di Vroknj _MOWGJ

Poy Bdkdh `nm Nsd Di Ebdincd pdrd id uinzdgn÷m ho ids XNG om id ohugdgn÷m,

soptnok`ro ho 0646

ho

Dicd`otnzdgn÷m



K÷huij nmtoardhj pdrd gngij 7

Wnstokd Nmtordgtnvj Xrdmscjrkokjs

Ohugdmhj

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8K÷huij nmtoardhj pdrd gngij 7

Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3

K÷huij nmtoardhj pdrd gngij 7, Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3

Hnroggn÷m pohda÷angd y gjmgoptudi< Kdrëd Durjrd Gdrrniij Auiij

Xoxtjs< Ärod ho Iomaudlo y Gjkumngdgn÷m<Mjrkd Gjmstdmzd Xrndmd Postropj, Kdrëd Durjrd Gdrrniij Auiij y Knauoi

Ämaoi Votrj

Ärod ho Gnomgnds Mdturdios< Driox Dmhrîs Adrgëd Pjhrëauoz

Ärod ho Gnomgnds Wjgndios< Ohnssjm Iojmdrhj Vdrrd Borrord y Pjhjicj Drhnij Guostd

Ärod ho Kdtokätngds< Jridmhj Drhnid Vnmtj

Gjrroggn÷m ho ostnij< Kdrëd Grnstnmd Soad ho Gngorn

Hnsoôj ohntjrndi y hndardkdgn÷m< Hndmd Pjhrëauoz, Lommnccor Vohrdzd, Mjbjrd Kjrdios Dijmsj, Dioldmhrj Kdrtëmoz,

Dmhrod Ijzdmj I÷poz

Cjtjardcnd< ijs ohntjros dardhogom id dutjrnzdgn÷m ho pu`ingdgn÷m ho cjtjaräcnds d Grnstj`di Cormdmhj Vîroz, Ludm Vd`ij

Vrnotj, Vohrdzd Vrjhuggnjmos, Ldvnor Dkdyd.

Cumhdgn÷m pdrd oi Hosdrrjiij Wjgndi

NW@M< >12->?2-28>3-07-2

Vrjbn`nhd id roprjhuggn÷m pdrgndi j tjtdi pjr gudiqunor kohnj snm dutjrnzdgn÷m oxprosd ho id Cumhdgn÷m pdrd oi Hosdr-

rjiij Wjgndi Xrdmscjrkokjs

Nkprosj om Gjijk`nd

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Cumhdgn÷m pdrd Oi Hosdrrjiij Wjgndi

Ek 47 vëd @jajtä - Id Gdiord cromto di ok`diso ho Wdm Pdcdoi.

V@R< (6?4) 236>?70. Id Gdiord - Gjijk`nd - Wurdkîrngd

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o-kdni< trdmscjrkokjsFtrdmscjrkokjs.gjk • www.trdmscjrkokjs.gjk

Cumhdgn÷m pdrd oi Hosdrrjiij Wjgndi

Hnrogtjrd Ologutnvd y Vohda÷angd< Kdrëd Durjrd Gdrrniij AuiijHnrogtjr ho Hosdrrjiid Wjgndi y Hnroggn÷m Ohntjrndi< Pjhjicj Drhnid Guostd



? K÷huij nmtoardhj pdrd gngij 7


4. Gjkpjmomtos hoi Kjhoij Ohugdtnvj

Ijs gjkpjmomtos hoi Kjhoij Ohugdtnvj Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj sjm<

Nmvostnadgn÷mGdrdgtornzdgn÷m, soaunknomtj, dgjkpdôdknomtj,kjmntjroj, snstokdtnzdgn÷m.

Cjrkdgn÷m porkdmomtopdrd hjgomtos

Woknmdrnjs-tdiior Gjkumnhdhos ohugdtnvds om rohVCVH< Vrjardkd ho Cjrkdgn÷m Vorkdmomto hoHjgomtos ho Ohugdgn÷m @äsngd y Kohnd.

Cjrkdgn÷m pdrd oi olorgngnj ho id gnuhdhdmëd y idgjmvnvomgnd hokjgrätngd.Gjjrhnmdgn÷m ho umd pidtdcjrkd ho aostn÷m nmto-rnmstntugnjmdi om hnvorsjs mnvoios.

Ohugdgn÷m cjrkdi Vortnmomto y cioxnìo pdrd l÷vomos y dhuitjs.

Aostn÷m, gjaostn÷my dutjaostn÷m gjkumntdrnd

Osto k÷huij os umj ho ijs hncoromtos kdtorndios hnhägtngjs nmtoardhjs pdrd gdhdumj ho ijs gngijs iogtnvjs ospogndios, quo oi Kjhoij Ohugdtnvj Xrdmscjrkokjs

Ohugdmhj hosdrrjiid. Wo omkdrgd homtrj hoi gjmgoptj ho ohugdgn÷m portnmomtoy cioxnìo5 ùsgd oi hosdrrjiij sjgndi sjstomnìo y sustomtdìo gjkj pdrto hoinkpdgtj aomordhj pjr id ohugdgn÷m cjrkdi y ostä hnrnanhj d l÷vomos y dhuitjsom gjmhngnjmos ho vuimord`ninhdh jgdsnjmdhd pjr hnvorsjs cdgtjros.

Ijs küitnpios rocoromtos quo jrnomtdm oi Kjhoij Ohugdtnvj XrdmscjrkokjsOhugdmhj, gjmsnhordm id ohugdgn÷m gjkj um prjgosj snstîkngj quo gjmtrnùyoom ardm kohnhd d gjmcjrkdr oi omtrdkdhj ho roidgnjmos `äsngds cdgnintdhjrdsho muostrj hosdrrjiij gjkj gnuhdhdmds y gnuhdhdmjs gjkprjkotnhjs omid gjmstruggn÷m ho umd mdgn÷m hnvorsd y hokjgrätngd. Id ohugdgn÷m quo

prjkjvokjs tnomo gjkj j`lotnvj gomtrdi id nmgiusn÷m ho muostrjs ostuhndmtosom id ohugdgn÷m cjrkdi, y pjr ij tdmtj vd käs diiä ho id omsoôdmzd ho id iogturdy id osgrnturd, gjm oi cnm ho hosdrrjiidr sus pjtomgndinhdhos y trdmscjrkdr gjmoiijs su gjkumnhdh, hosho id rosnamncngdgn÷m ho sus dgtjs gjtnhndmjs gjkj pdrtoho umd guiturd prjhugtnvd.





0. Id ostrdtoand ho nkpiokomtdgn÷m hoi Kjhoij Ohugdtnvj

7. Id ostrugturd ho ijs k÷huijs nmtoardhjs pdrd ijs hnvorsjs gngijs

iogtnvjs ospogndios

_mj ho ijs prnmgnpdios j`lotnvjs ho hosdrrjiij ho id ohugdgn÷m portnmomto quo ùsgd id Cumhdgn÷m Xrdmscjr-kokjs os id roanjmdinzdgn÷m soaüm id hnvorsnhdh hoi gjmtoxtj y id dgtudinzdgn÷m porkdmomto ho ijs kdtorndioshnhägtngjs ho dpjyj quo jcrogo oi Kjhoij Ohugdtnvj Xrdmscjrkokjs. Vjr oiij, oi k÷huij quo _h. tnomo bjyom sus kdmjs os prjhugtj ho um drhuj trd`dlj om oqunpj kohndhj pjr umd prjcumhd rocioxn÷m pohda÷angd,

kjtnvdhd d su voz pjr ijs nmtorrjadmtos rogjanhjs d trdvîs hoi gjkpjmomto ho nmvostnadgn÷m, kjmntjroj ysoaunknomtj hoi kjhoij ohugdtnvj. Di ioor ijs hnvorsjs toxtjs y di rodinzdr ijs olorgngnjs y dgtnvnhdhos prj-puostjs gjkj pdrto ho id prägtngd pohda÷angd, so ovnhomgnd oi oscuorzj pjr bdgor umd trdmspjsngn÷m hnhägtngddgjrho gjm ijs umnvorsjs ho somtnhj ho ijs l÷vomos y dhuitjs d qunomos vd hnrnanhj osto kdtorndi hnhägtngj.

d. Nmtoardgn÷m ho dsnamdturds

Id ohugdgn÷m pdrd l÷vomos y dhuitjs hoò, soaüm ij ostnpuidhj om oi Hogrotj 7644 ho 4.>>1, sor ’um prjgosjcjrkdtnvj tomhnomto d quo ids porsjmds hosdrrjiiom id gdpdgnhdh ho nmtorprotdr id rodinhdh y ho dgtudr, hokdmord trdmscjrkdhjrd, om su gjmtoxtj, bdgnomhj usj grodtnvj ho ijs gjmjgnknomtjs, vdijros y bd`ninhdhos

d trdvîs ho id iogturd, osgrnturd, kdtokätngd `äsngd y id guiturd prjpnd ho su gjkumnhdh‛. Vdrd ijardr osto

Vrjgosj ho dpromhnzdlo om gjkpotomgnds `äsngds, gnuhdhdmds y id`jrdios

Kjhoij Ohugdtnvj

@dsdhj om

Wdiuh y provomgn÷m< mutrngn÷m, gjmtrji ho id md-tdinhdh om dhjiosgomtos, SNB-Wnhd, digjbjinskjy hrjadhnggn÷m5 OHD„s y OPD„s.@üsquohd ho id sdtnscdggn÷m ho ids mogosnhdhos`äsngds.Nhomtnhdh porsjmdi y guiturdi.

Snvomgnd ho vdijros gnuhdhdmjsom id vnhd gjtnhndmdVdrtngnpdgn÷m gjkumntdrndGuiturd grodhjrd y prjhugtnvd

Id gjmvnvomgnd

gnuhdhdmd

Koljrdknomtj ho id gdinhdh

ho vnhd ho id pjìdgn÷m

Kjtnvdr om ijs ostuhndmtos su porkd-momgnd om id ohugdgn÷m cjrkdi hoshodpromhnzdlos snamncngdtnvjs y portn-momtos pdrd sus prägtngds gjtnhndmds.

Snmguidr d ids porsjmdsniotrdhds l÷vomos y dhui-tjs, di snstokd ohugdtnvjcjrkdi.

Koljrdr id gdinhdh ho vnhd gjm idpdrtngnpdgn÷m dgtnvd ho ijs ostu-hndmtos, knomtrds tnomom id pjsn`n-inhdh ho gjmtnmudr dpromhnomhj.

Nkpuisdr prjgosjs ho hosdrrjiij roanjmdi nmtoardikohndmto id ohugdgn÷m pdrd oi hosdrrjiij sjgndi



1 K÷huij nmtoardhj pdrd gngij 7


j`lotnvj bokjs nmtoardhj ids ärods jìnadtjrnds, soaüm ij hnspuostj om oi drtëguij 07 ho id Ioy 44?/>8 Ao-mordi ho Ohugdgn÷m.

Ostd nmtoardgn÷m so bd rodinzdhj snm hosgunhdr sus gjmtomnhjs, om usgd ho hdrio um snamncngdhj dgjrho gjmijs umnvorsjs ho somtnhj ho ijs l÷vomos y dhuitjs quo soräm muostrjs ostuhndmtos.

Ids 8 ärods tokätngds nmtoardhds o nmtorroidgnjmdhds omtro së y gjm oi gjkpjmomto ho hosdrrjiij sjgndi sjstomnìohoi Kjhoij mj puohom tjkdrso umd d umd ho cjrkd dnsidhd. Ijs ostuhndmtos hosdrrjiidm snkuitämodkomto,om sus omguomtrjs prosomgndios, trd`dljs om suàrupjs y dgtnvnhdhos oxtrdgidso, ids sosnjmos ho trd`dlj ydgtnvnhdhos ho gdhd k÷huij.

Ids 8 ärods sjm<

Ohugdgn÷m pdrd dcrjmtdr id gjkpiolnhdh

Ohugdgn÷m pdrd oi hosdrrjiij sjgndiSdijros ho umd îtngd gnuhdhdmd

Nmgrokomtj ho id gdpdgnhdh ho aostn÷m ho id pjìdgn÷m

Wdòros kuitnhnsgnpinmdrnjs Dpromhnzdlos pdrd dcrjmtdr id nmgortnhuk`ro

Vdrd id ohugdgn÷m `äsngd sogumhdrnd y kohnd so hosdrrjiidm ärods tokätngds gjkpiokomtdrnds j dhngnjmdios,soaüm ids mogosnhdhos hoi gjmtoxtj y id gjkpiolnhdh ho ids gjmgoptudinzdgnjmos.

`. Vrjgosjs ohugdtnvjs y gjkpjmomtos gurrnguidros

Oi Kjhoij ohugdtnvj guomtd gjm um Vrjyogtj Ohugdtnvj Nmstntugnjmdi (VON), oi gudi hosdrrjiid d prjcumhnhdh

tjhjs ijs rocoromtos ioadios, opnstokji÷angjs, jmtji÷angjs, pohda÷angjs, sjgnji÷angjs, dmtrjpji÷angjs, quosu`ydgom om id gjmstruggn÷m ho ijs k÷huijs y om oi hosdrrjiij hoi Vidm ho Ostuhnjs. Ostd prjpuostd gurrnguidrso `dsd om hjs gjkpjmomtos ohugdtnvjs jrnomtdhjros<





447Gnomgnds Mdturdios

Gjmtomnhj

>Iomaudlo y Gjkumngdgn÷m

78?Kdtokätngds

420Gnomgnds Wjgndios



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d r g b n v j X r d m s c j r k o k j s



48Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3od Iomaudlo y Gjkumngdgn÷m

Ostämhdros `äsngjs ho gjkpotomgnds om Iomaudlo y Gjkumngdgn÷m

Vrjhuggn÷mtoxtudi

Gjkpromsn÷m onmtorprotdgn÷mtoxtudi

• Hocnmj umd tokätngd pdrd id oid`jrdgn÷m ho um toxtj jrdigjm cnmos draukomtdtnvjs.

• Cjrkuij umd bnp÷tosns pdrd hokjstrdrid om um toxtj jrdigjm cnmos draukomtdtnvjs.

• Iiovj d gd`j prjgohnknomtjs ho `üsquohd, soioggn÷m ydikdgomdknomtj ho nmcjrkdgn÷m dgorgd ho id tokätngd quovjy d trdtdr om um toxtj gjm cnmos draukomtdtnvjs.

• Oid`jrj um pidm toxtudi, lordrqunzdmhj id nmcjrkdgn÷m quobo j`tomnhj ho cuomtos hnvorsds.

• Gdrdgtornzj ostrdtoands draukomtdtnvds ho tnpj hosgrnptnvj.• _tninzj ostrdtoands hosgrnptnvds pdrd prjhugnr um toxtj.

• Hocnmj umd tokätngd pdrd id prjhuggn÷m ho um toxtj mdrrd-tnvj.

• Iiovj d gd`j prjgohnknomtjs ho `üsquohd, soioggn÷m ydikdgomdknomtj ho nmcjrkdgn÷m dgorgd ho id tokätngd quovjy d trdtdr om kn toxtj mdrrdtnvj.

• Oid`jrj um pidm toxtudi, jradmnzdmhj id nmcjrkdgn÷m omsoguomgnds i÷angds.

• Vrjhuzgj umd prnkord vorsn÷m hoi toxtj mdrrdtnvj tomnomhjom guomtd porsjmdlos, ospdgnj, tnokpjs y vëmguijs gjm jtrjstoxtjs y gjm kn omtjrmj.

• Poosgrn`j um toxtj, tomnomhj om guomtd dspogtjs ho gjbo-

romgnd (umnhdh tokätngd, roidgnjmos i÷angds, gjmsogutnvnhdhtokpjrdi...) y gjbosn÷m (gjmogtjros, prjmjk`ros, kdmoljho kjhjs.

• Pogjmjzgj ids gdrdgtorëstngds ho ijs hnvorsjs tnpjs ho toxtjquo ioj.

• Vrjpjmaj bnp÷tosns ho nmtorprotdgn÷m pdrd gdhd umj ho ijstnpjs ho toxtj quo bo ioëhj.

• Gjkpdrj oi gjmtomnhj ho ijs hncoromtos tnpjs ho toxtj quobo ioëhj.

• Poidgnjmj id cjrkd y oi gjmtomnhj ho ijs toxtjs quo ioj ykuostrj g÷kj so nmciuyom kutudkomto.

• Ostdìozgj roidgnjmos ho sokoldmzd y hncoromgnd omtro ijshnvorsjs tnpjs ho toxtj quo bo ioëhj.

• Gdrdgtornzj rdsajs ospogëcngjs quo gjmsjinhdm id trdhngn÷mjrdi, gjkj< jrnaom, dutjrëd gjiogtnvd, cumgn÷m sjgndi, usjhoi iomaudlo, ovjiugn÷m, rogurromgnds tokätngds, otg.

• Nhomtncngj om id trdhngn÷m jrdi oi jrnaom ho ijs aîmorjs into-rdrnjs cumhdkomtdios< iërngj, mdrrdtnvj y hrdkätngj.

• Ostdìozgj roidgnjmos omtro ijs toxtjs prjvomnomtos ho idtrdhngn÷m jrdi y jtrjs toxtjs om gudmtj d tokds, porsjmdlos,iomaudlo, omtro jtrjs dspogtjs.

Gjmjzgj y utninzj diaumdsostrdtoands draukomtdtnvdsquo pjsn`nintdm id gjmstrug-gn÷m ho toxtjs jrdios omsntudgnjmos gjkumngdtnvdsdutîmtngds.

Vrjhuzgj toxtjs osgrntjsquo rospjmhdm d mogo-snhdhos ospogëcngds hogjkumngdgn÷m, d prjgo-hnknomtjs snstokätngjs hooid`jrdgn÷m y ostdìogormoxjs nmtortoxtudios y oxtrdtoxtudios.

Gjkpromhj o nmtorprotjhnvorsjs tnpjs ho toxtj,pdrd ostdìogor sus roid-gnjmos nmtormds y su gidsn-cngdgn÷m om umd tnpjijaëd

toxtudi.

Pogjmjzgj id trdhngn÷mjrdi gjkj cuomto ho idgjmcjrkdgn÷m y hosdrrjiijho id intordturd.

Cdgtjrosho jradmnzdgn÷m

Gjkpotomgnds Wu`prjgosjs

ºD quî quorokjs iioadr: ºG÷kj hokuostrj ij dpromhnhj:

Intordturd

Wosnjmoshjmho

sotrd`dldm

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4? Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3ärod Iomaudlo y Gjkumngdgn÷m





• Ioj j`rds intordrnds ho aîmorj mdrrdtnvj, iërngj y hrdkätngj,ho hnvorsd tokätngd, îpjgd y roan÷m.

• Gjkpromhj oiokomtjs gjmstntutnvjs ho j`rds intordrnds, tdiosgjkj tnokpj, ospdgnj, cumgn÷m ho ijs porsjmdlos, iomaudlo,dtk÷scords, hnäijajs, osgomds, omtro jtrjs.

• Pogjmjzgj om ids j`rds intordrnds prjgohnknomtjs mdrrdtnvjs,iërngjs y hrdkätngjs.

• Gjkpdrj ijs prjgohnknomtjs mdrrdtnvjs, iërngjs j hrdkätngjsokpiodhjs om id intordturd quo porkntom ostuhndrid pjraîmorjs.

• Cjrkuij bnp÷tosns ho gjkpromsn÷m dgorgd ho ids j`rdsintordrnds quo ioj tomnomhj om guomtd aîmorj, tokätngd,îpjgd y roan÷m.

• Pogjmjzgj ids gdrdgtorëstngds ho ijs prnmgnpdios kohnjs hogjkumngdgn÷m kdsnvd.

• Woioggnjmj y gidsncngj id nmcjrkdgn÷m okntnhd pjr ijs kohnjsho gjkumngdgn÷m kdsnvd.

• Pogjpnij om cngbds, kdpds, aräcngjs y gudhrjs id nmcjrkd-gn÷m quo bo j`tomnhj ho ijs kohnjs ho gjkumngdgn÷mkdsnvd.

• Jradmnzj (kohndmto jrhomdgn÷m dicd`îtngd, tokätngd, hodutjros, kohnj ho hncusn÷m, omtro kugbds jtrds pjsn`ninhd-hos) id nmcjrkdgn÷m rogjpnidhd y id dikdgomj ho tdi cjrkdquo id puohd gjmsuitdr gudmhj ij roqunord.

• Gjkpdrj oi somtnhj quo tnomo oi usj hoi ospdgnj y ho ijskjvnknomtjs gjrpjrdios om sntudgnjmos gjkumngdtnvdsgjtnhndmds, gjm oi somtnhj quo tnomom om j`rds drtëstngds.

• Vrjpjmaj bnp÷tosns ho nmtorprotdgn÷m ho ospogtäguijstodtrdios, j`rds pngt÷rngds, osguit÷rngds, drquntogt÷mngds,omtro jtrds.

• Gdrdgtornzj oi gjmtoxtj guiturdi hoi jtrj y ij gjkpdrj gjmoi këj.

• Nhomtncngj om sntudgnjmos gjkumngdtnvds dutîmtngds diaumdsvdrndmtos inmaùëstngds ho kn omtjrmj, aomordhds pjr u`ngd-gn÷m aojaräcngd, hncoromgnd sjgndi j aomordgnjmdi, prjcosn÷m,jcngnj, omtro jtrds.

• Ovnhomgnj quo ids vdrndmtos inmaùëstngds omgnorrdm umd vnsn÷mpdrtnguidr hoi kumhj.

• Pogjmjzgj quo ids vdrndmtos inmaùëstngds y guiturdios mjnkpnhom rospotdr di jtrj gjkj nmtorijgutjr väinhj.

Gjkpromhj ids j`rdsintordrnds ho hncoromtosaîmorjs, prjpngndmhj dsë oi hosdrrjiij ho id gdpd-gnhdh grëtngd y grodtnvd.

Gdrdgtornzj ijs kohnjsho gjkumngdgn÷m kdsnvdsoioggnjmdmhj id nmcjr-kdgn÷m quo okntom pdrdgidsncngdrid y dikdgomdrid.

Poidgnjmj ho kdmordnmtortoxtudi j`rds quookpiodm oi iomaudlo mjvor`di y j`rds quo ok-piodm oi iomaudlo vor`di.

Pogjmjzgj, om sntud-gnjmos gjkumngdtnvdsdutîmtngds id hnvorsnhdh yoi omguomtrj ho guiturds,gjm oi cnm ho dcndmzdrdgtntuhos ho rospotj ytjiordmgnd.

Intordturd

Kohnjs hogjkumngdgn÷my jtrjssnstokdssnk`÷ingjs

Îtngd ho idgjkumngdgn÷m

Wosnjmoshjmho

sotrd`dldm

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Ë m h n g o_mnhdh 4. Id gjkumngdgn÷m, umd pjsn`ninhdh ho omguomtrj 41

Wosn÷m 4. Vrjgosj draukomtdtnvj 41Wosn÷m 0. Xoxtjs draukomtdtnvjs y toxtjs oxpjsntnvjs 04Wosn÷m 7. Draukomtdgn÷m pdrdioid 0?Wosn÷m 8. _sjs y ardkätngd ho id draukomtdgn÷m 76Wosn÷m ?. Xojrëd ho id gjkumngdgn÷m y oi omsdyj 73Wosn÷m 3. Kdmjs d id j`rd 88

_mnhdh 0. Intordturd, oi drto ho id pdid`rd 81

Wosn÷m 1. Nmtrjhuggn÷m d id intordturd 81Wosn÷m 2. Cumgnjmos ho id intordturd ?4Wosn÷m >. Aîmorj iërngj ?7Wosn÷m 46. Cnaurds ho hnggn÷m y ho pomsdknomtj ?3Wosn÷m 44. Gidsncngdgn÷m hoi aîmorj iërngj 36Wosn÷m 40. Oi aîmorj iërngj om id îpjgd giäsngd 33Wosn÷m 47. Aîmorj mdrrdtnvj 18Wosn÷m 48. Aîmorj hrdkätngj 28

_mnhdh 7. Vrognsnjmos ardkdtngdios 22

Wosn÷m 4?. Ids pdid`rds om id jrdgn÷m 22Wosn÷m 43. Cumgnjmos snmtägtngds jrdgnjmdios

(Wulotj y prohngdhj) >3Wosn÷m 41. Ijs hotorknmdmtos hoi mügioj

om oi snmtdakd mjknmdi (WM) 464

_mnhdh 8. Gjkumngdgnjmos pdrd oi hosdrrjiij 462

Wosn÷m 42. Kohnjs ho gjkumngdgn÷m gjkumntdrnjs 462Wosn÷m 4>. Vornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj 444Wosn÷m 06. G÷kj hnsoôdr y kjmtdr um kohnj gjkumntdrnj 448Wosn÷m 04. Jradmnzdgn÷m hoi kohnj ho gjkumngdgn÷m 443Wosn÷m 00. Kdmjs d id j`rd 408

Wosn÷m 07. Wëk`jijs om id gjkumngdgn÷m 401 Wosn÷m 08. ºG÷kj ko voj... g÷kj ko vom: 40>



41 Id gjkumngdgn÷m,

umd pjsn`ninhdh ho omguomtrj

_mnhdh 4

Wosn÷m 4

Vrjgosj draukomtdtnvj

_mnhdh 4. Id gjkumngdgn÷m, umd pjsn ninhdh ho omguomtrj

Oxpjmor os hdr d gjmjgor um tokd, umd nhod pjr kohnj ho umd oxpingdgn÷m jrdi,rospotdmhj ijs hncoromtos pumtjs ho vnstd ho qunomos pdrtngnpdm (oknsjr y rogoptjr)y so hd om hncoromtos ospdgnjs y cjrkds.

Vropdro umd oxpjsngn÷m pdrd id snaunomto gidso, tomnomhj om guomtd ij vnstj om idaräcngd. Woioggnjmo umj ho ijs snaunomtos tokds<

• G÷kjpropdrdrsugjknhdprocornhd.• G÷kjgjmqunstdrdumdporsjmdquoioaustd.

• G÷kjdkdrrdrumzdpdtj.

4




Draukomtdgn÷m< ’Oi hnsgursj kohndmto oi gudi so dhugompruo`ds pdrd hdr grîhntj, dutjrnhdh y cumhdkomtj d muostrdprjpjsngn÷m‛.

Gngor÷m (oijguomto jrdhjr rjkdmj, vnvn÷ om463-87 d. ho G.).

Pocioxn÷m nmhnvnhudi< kugbds porsjmds cukdm d posdr ho quo ostä hokjs-trdhj quo puoho sor mjgnvj j porluhngndi pdrd su sdiuh. Osgrn`d tros crdsos pdrdkjtnvdr d ijs cukdhjros d holdr ho bdgorij.

Pocioxn÷m arupdi< prosomtom sus crdsos om piomdrnd y osgjldm dquoiids quogjmsnhorom käs gjmvnmgomtos. Oid`jrom um gdrtoi gjm diaumds crdsos y gji÷quomijom um iuadr vnsn`io ho su gjkumnhdh.

4. Osgrn`d umd crdso quo rosukd id jpnmn÷m quo bokjs hocomhnhj gjm ids crdsos

ho id dgtnvnhdh dmtornjr.0. Om muostrd vnhd hndrnd utninzdkjs id draukomtdgn÷m gjm kugbd croguomgnd,

ºg÷kj pjhokjs hocnmnrid:

4

0



4> Id gjkumngdgn÷m,


_mnhdh 4

Id draukomtdgn÷m, um dgtj ho bdìd

Gdhd umd ho ids crdsos j pdid`rds quo okntnkjs di oxprosdrmjs om hnstnmtjs kjkomtjskohndmto oi iomaudlo tnomo umd nmtomgn÷m gjkumngdtnvd. Ijs omumgndhjs quo okntnkjsom gdhd gjmtoxtj pdrd oxprosdr umd nmtomgn÷m gjkumngdtnvd sjm dgtjs ho bdìd. Oxnstomgnmgj (?) tnpjs ho dgtjs ho bdìd, soaüm muostrd nmtomgn÷m gjkumngdtnvd<

Ho`nhj d quo draukomtdr gjmsnsto om dpjrtdr rdzjmos pdrd hocomhor umd jpnmn÷m ygjmvomgor dsë d um rogoptjr pdrd quo pnomso ho umd hotorknmdhd cjrkd, îstd so hdom diaumjs dgtjs ho bdìd (gjknsnvjs, hnrogtnvjs, dsortnvjs) y mj om jtrjs (oxprosnvjsy hogidrdtnvjs).

Ijs dgtjs ho bdìd gjknsnvjs j gjkprjknsjrnjs, hnrogtnvjs y dsortnvjs so utninzdm omid draukomtdgn÷m pjrquo porkntom hosdrrjiidr tokds quo so prostdm d gjmtrjvorsnd5ho naudi kdmord, cdgnintdm oi gukpinknomtj hoi j`lotnvj gomtrdi ho id draukomtdgn÷m,jcrogor umd nmcjrkdgn÷m ij käs gjkpiotd pjsnìo, dhokäs, nmtomtdr porsudhnr di

rogoptjr (iogtjr u jyomto) d trdvîs ho um rdzjmdknomtj.

Xnpjs ho dgtjs ho bdìd

Poprosomtdtnvjsj dsortnvjs Hogidrdtnvjs

Oi bdìdmto hogidrd

oi muovj ostdhj jsntudgn÷m hoi ro-goptjr j rogoptj-ros. Wo utninzdm omgorokjmnds gnvniosy roinanjsds ho idsgudios so dhqunoroum muovj ostdhj jgjmhngn÷m.

’Ijs hogidrjkdrnhj y kulor‛.

Oi bdìdmto ijs

usd pdrd oxpj-mor quo hngo idvorhdh (oxpin-gdr, dsoaurdr,hosgrn`nr, otg.).

’Ios dsoaurjquo ijs

gnomtëcngjsij bdm

hokjstrdhj‛.

HnrogtnvjsGjknsnvjs j gjk-

prjknsjrnjs Oxprosnvjs

Oi bdìdmto ox-

prosd um ostd-hj sngji÷angj(dardhogor, co-ingntdr, hnsgui-pdrso, otg.).

’Ko dioardy to coingntj

pjr tus îxntjs‛.

Oi bdìdmto ox-

prosd oi gjk-prjknsj quodhqunoro (ad-rdmtnzdr, prj-kotor, dpjstdr,otg.).

’Ij bdrîkdôdmd‛.

Oi bdìdmto ijs

usd pdrd nm-tomtdr quo oirogoptjr bdaddiaj (pohnr, rj-adr, kdmhdr,sjingntdr, otg.)

’Vjr cdvjr,ospîrdko‛.




Om su gudhormj osgrn`d um toxtj ho tros pärrdcjs sj`ro id nkpjrtdmgnd ho idgjmsorvdgn÷m hoi daud pdrd oi oqunin`rnj hoi ogjsnstokd hjmho ustoh bd`ntd. _mdvoz oid`jrdhj oi osgrntj, bdad umd tdìd gjm ids crdsos quo gjrrospjmhdm d diaumjho ijs gnmgj dgtjs ho bdìd.

Oi iomaudlo mj s÷ij hosgrnò, gjkumngd nhods, oxprosd som-tnknomtjs. Xdk`nîm d`ro y gnorrd pjsn`ninhdhos ho dggn÷m ommuostrj kumhj. Kohndmto ijs dgtjs ho bdìd bdgokjs prj-kosds, hogidrdgnjmos, dcnrkdgnjmos, quo puohom nmgnhnr omid cjrkd gjkj dgtuokjs ho dbë om dhoidmto. Vjr olokpij,gudmhj hogidrdkjs muostrj gjkprjknsj cromto d umd porsjmdj gdusd. Vjr oiij, os cumhdkomtdi tomor om guomtd quo sjijpjhokjs sdòr g÷kj os umd porsjmd j umd jradmnzdgn÷mkohndmto ids dggnjmos quo hosdrrjiid hëd d hëd5 ids dggnjmosmjs kuostrdm gjkj ijs soros quo sjkjs.

7

Cromto d gdhd olokpij osgrn`d oi tnpj ho dgtj ho bdìd<

d. Ostd gjrto ij gjmsnhord guipdìo.`. Hîloij sj`ro kn osgrntjrnj.

g. Idkomtj su pîrhnhd.

h. Id Iumd tnomo vdrnds cdsos y tjhdssjm nkpjrtdmtos pdrd id darnguiturd.

4





_mnhdh 4

Dumquo ijs toxtjs oxpjsntnvjs hosdrrjiidm umd oxpingd-gn÷m hotdiidhd ho um bogbj j com÷komj, id hncoromgndgomtrdi gjm id draukomtdgn÷m ostä om id nmtomgn÷m hogjmvomgor di rogoptjr, ho iiovdrij d dgoptdr umd jpn-mn÷m j tosns ho id gudi usgdkjs nmtomgnjmdhdkomto su

dprj`dgn÷m. Ijs toxtjs draukomtdtnvjs y id oxpjsngn÷mso roidgnjmdm omtro së, yd quo so oxpjmopdrd nmcjrkdr dgorgd ho diaj y ostd oxpjsn-gn÷m so puoho draukomtdr pdrd gjmvomgor yporsudhnr ho diaumd prjpuostd. Vorj puohooxnstnr um toxtj oxpjsntnvj snm quo îsto soddraukomtdtnvj. Gudmhj so gjk`nmdm so gjm-vnortom om toxtjs oxpjsntnvjs-draukomtdtnvjs,tdios gjkj< ohntjrndios, ropjrtdlos, omsdyjs,grëtngds, nmcjrkos, sjingntuhos, dioadtjs, jpn-mnjmos, tosns, somtomgnds, omtro jtrjs. Om idpäanmd snaunomto vokjs um olokpij ho ostotnpj ho toxtjs.

Wosn÷m 0

Gjm dso om id iogturd ho id mjtngnd quo dpdrogo d gjmtnmudgn÷m, om su gudhormjho trd`dlj, osgrn`d id tosns prnmgnpdi hoi hjgukomtj y ids nhods quo ostäm drau-

komtämhjid.

4

Jradmnzdgn÷m ho ijs toxtjs osgrntjs< toxtjdraukomtdtnvj, toxtj oxpjsntnvj y

toxtj mdrrdtnvj




Xnpjs ho draukomtdgn÷m

d. Draukomtdgn÷m hohugtnvd j dmdiëtngd

Nmngnd gjm umd dcnrkdgn÷m aomordi, os hognr, id tosns vd di gjknomzj. Iuoaj so jcro-gom ijs draukomtjs ho dpjyj y so gnorrd gjm umd gjmgiusn÷m.Ijs mnôjs vdgumdhjsprovnomom omcorkohdhos.

Gdrkom ostä vdgumdhd gjmtrd id vdrngoid.Iuoaj, Gdrkom mj tomhrä vdrngoid.

Olokpij<





_mnhdh 4

`. Draukomtdgn÷m nmhugtnvd j snmtotnzdmto

Sd ho ij pdrtnguidr d ij aomordi, os hognr, so osgrn`om ijs draukomtjs nmngndikomto yid tosns om cjrkd ho gjmgiusn÷m di cnmdi.

Olokpij<

Gjkpioto ids snaunomtos draukomtdgnjmos hohugtnvds j dmdiëtngds<

Xosns<

Draukomtj< Ijs dutjk÷vnios gjmtdknmdm oi dnro.

Wëmtosns j gjmgiusn÷m< Kn dutjk÷vni gjmtdknmd id gnuhdh.

Xosns< Oi piätdmj so guitnvd om ginkds gäinhjs.

Draukomtj< Om kn roan÷m oi ginkd os gäinhj.

Wëmtosns j gjmgiusn÷m< Iuoaj,

Gdkn÷m iiovd tniho om id üitnkd sëid`d, dvn÷m iiovd tniho om id üitnkdsëid`d, sdi÷m iiovd tniho om id üitnkd sëid`d.

Iuoaj, ids pdid`rds torknmdhds om m gjm dgomtj om id üitnkd sëid`diiovdm tniho.

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Gjkpioto ijs snaunomtos olokpijs<

Xrd`dlokjs sj`ro ijs tnpjs ho draukomtdgn÷m nmhugtnvd y hohugtnvd. Podingom hjs

olokpijs ho gdhd tnpj ho draukomtdgn÷m om su gudhormj ho trd`dlj.

0

Draukomtjs< Oi io÷m so dinkomtd ho gdrmo, oi tnaro so dinkomtd ho gdrmo,oi pukd so dinkomtd ho gdrmo.

Draukomtjs<

Xosns< Ijs coinmjs sjm

Xosns< Ids pidmtds sjm soros dut÷trjcjs.

Draukomtjs<

Xosns< Ijs dmnkdios quo idgtdm sjm kdkëcorjs.

7



0? Id gjkumngdgn÷m,


_mnhdh 4

Wosn÷m 7Draukomtdgn÷m pdrdioid

D hncoromgnd ho id draukomtdgn÷m hohugtnvd j nmhugtnvd, îstd mjùsgd gjmgiusnjmos mn hokjstrdr bnp÷tosns. Vrosomtd om cjrkdomgdhomdhd nhods vorhdhords j cdisds, snm holdr iuadr d hnsgusn÷m,porj snm su`jrhnmdr umd nhod d jtrd. Vjr olokpij<

Gjkpioto ijs snaunomtos olokpijs ho draukomtdgn÷m pdrdioid<

4. Ijs grnstndmjs ùsgdm rospuostds d sus nmtorrjadmtos om id @nìnd.0. Oi gunhdhj hoi kohnj dk`nomto os um prjìokd ho tjhjs.

Olokpij<

Ijs vdijros so omsoôdm om oi bjadr, porj ijs mnôjsy mnôds mogosntdm vnvnr ijs vdijros om tjhjs ijs dk-`nomtos. Id vnvomgnd ho ijs vdijros om id sjgnohdhcjrtdiogorä oi rospotj omtro ijs soros.

Ids draukomtdgnjmos tnomom umd ostrugturd oxtormd. Gudmhjquorokjs prognsdr um draukomtj usudikomto soaunkjs idsnaunomto ostrugturd oxtormd<

Vroknsd 4, proknsd 0, otg. y umd gjmgiusn÷m.

4

Cjtjardcëd ho< Ldvnor Dkdyd.




Gjkpioto om oi gudhormj oi snaunomto olokpij<

Vroknsd 4< Oi daud gjmtdknmdhd gdusd omcorkohdhos adstrjnmtostnmdios.

Vroknsd 0< Ids omcorkohdhos adstrjnmtostnmdios sjm gjmtdanjsds.

Gjmgiusn÷m<

Ostrugturd nmtormdhoi toxtj draukomtdtnvj

_m toxtj draukomtdtnvj tnomo ids snaunomtos pdrtos<

Os id nhod prnmgnpdi, sj`ro ostd nhod gomtrdi so rocioxnjmd gjm draukomtjs.Hoò sor gidrd y prognsd pdrd pjhor hocomhorid snm gjmcumhnr di rogoptjr. Worogjknomhd mj nmgiunr vdrnds nhods j dspogtjs om id knskd tosns. Vuoho nr digjknomzj j di cnmdi. Poguorho< id jpnmn÷m os id tosns j id bnp÷tosns dvdmzdhd.

_m olokpij ho tosns nmngndi os oi snaunomto<

Xosns

Om ostd dsdkìod ho vognmjs qunorj prosomtdr kn gdmhnhdturd pdrddhknmnstrdr oi ohncngnj, yd quo sjy umd porsjmd ljvom y hnmäkngd gjmostuhnjs y oxpornomgnd om id dhknmnstrdgn÷m ho `nomos püìngjs.

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_mnhdh 4

Guorpj

Hosdrrjiid id nhod gomtrdi ho id tosns gjm ijs draukomtjs quo id rospdihdm. Omoi guorpj so hosdrrjiid umd porspogtnvd ho hocomsd, ijs draukomtjs y umd pors-

pogtnvd quo usgd rocutdr ids pjsnìos j`lognjmos quo oi bdìdmto prosuko quosuranräm, id rocutdgn÷m. Id rocutdgn÷m mj snokpro ostä prosomto om oi guorpj,porj ijs draukomtjs snokpro so hosdrrjiidm.

Poguorho<

Draukomtjs sjm ijs bogbjs, ids pruo`ds j ijs hdtjs sj`ro umbogbj hotorknmdhj.

Oi guorpj hoi olokpij dmtornjr puoho sor oi snaunomto<

Draukomtjs<

Id cjrkdgn÷m dgdhîkngd dgtudinzdhd quo pjsookjs ids porsjmds l÷vomos,gjm kdyjr dggosj d ijs kohnjs oiogtr÷mngjs y pjsn`ninhdhos ho nmmjvd-gn÷m om oi gdkpj ho ijs snstokds mjs porknto jcrogor kdyjros vomtdldspdrd dhknmnstrdr oi ohncngnj. Dhokäs, kn oxpornomgnd om id dhknmnstrdgn÷mho nomos püìngjs ios dsoaurdrä oi usj ho ostrdtoands gjkprj`dhds pdrdgunhdr oi nmkuoìo om quo bd`ntdkjs.

Pocutdgn÷m<

Dumquo so pnomsd quo ijs l÷vomos sjkjs porsjmds pjgj gjkprjkotn-hds y hnsporsds, id luvomtuh mjs porknto tomor käs ëkpotus d id bjrd hodsuknr gjkprjknsjs, tnokpj y hohngdgn÷m pdrd digdmzdr muostrds kotdsgjm muostrd sdmaro ljvom, muostrj dmboij ho dpromhor y id pjsn`ninhdhho nmvostnadr gdhd hëd käs.




Om su gudhormj osgrn`d um toxtj draukomtdtnvj roidgnjmdhj gjm oi kditrdtj nmtrdcd-knindr, tomnomhj om guomtd id ostrugturd nmtormd y oi toxtj< ’Hogäijaj pdrd pidmodry osgrn`nr um toxtj‛ quo dpdrogo d gjmtnmudgn÷m.

Gjmgiusn÷m

_md voz quo oi bd`idmto j dutjr

bd rocioxnjmdhj sj`ro oi tokdgjm sus draukomtjs y rocutd-gn÷m (sn id nmgiuyo), prosomtd sugjmgiusn÷m dcnrkdmhj id tosns jgjm um gnorro kjtnvdhjr pdrd oirogoptjr j rogoptjros.

Vjr olokpij, gjmgiusn÷m kjtnvdhjrd<

Vjr olokpij, dcnrkdgn÷m ho umd tosns<

Gjm kn luvomtuh, cjrkdgn÷m dgdhîkngd y oxpornomgnd ijardrî dhknmnstrdrmuostrj ohncngnj ho kdmord ocngnomto.

Ijs l÷vomos ostdkjs bogbjs pdrd ijs ardmhos rotjs. ¡Gjmcëom om kë ymj soräm hocrduhdhjs!

7






_mnhdh 4

4. Hotorknmdr gidrdkomto guäi os id tosns hoi toxtj.

0. Hocnmnr oi rogoptjr d qunom vd hnrnanhj oi toxtj.

7. Gudiqunor dcnrkdgn÷m bd ho ostdr sustomtdhd pjr umd sorno hodraukomtjs, pjr ij quo bd`rä quo ùsgdr tjhjs ijs draukomtjspjsnìos d cdvjr ho id tosns.

8. Xomor om gjmsnhordgn÷m ids jpnmnjmos, groomgnds y vdijros hoihostnmdtdrnj pdrd oioanr dquoiijs draukomtjs quo koljr puohdm

gjmvomgorio y hosostnkdr ijs rostdmtos.

?. Hoòm provorso ids pjsnìos j`lognjmos hoi dhvorsdrnj d hngbjsdraukomtjs.

3. _md ùomd nmtrjhuggn÷m gjmtrnùyo d gdptdr id dprj`dgn÷m hoiduhntjrnj.

1. Oi jrhom ho ijs draukomtjs os um cdgtjr osomgndi. Om omocngnj hoiknskj, so ovntdräm ids hnvdadgnjmos, quo pjhrëdm omtjrpogor idgjkpromsn÷m. Ijs draukomtjs käs s÷inhjs so hoòm nmgiunr di cnmdi.

2. Id gjmgiusn÷m hoò tomor cuorzd o nmtorîs pdrd admdr idgjkpidgomgnd hoi duhntjrnj.

>. Okpiodr id iomaud ho cjrkd dhogudhd, gjmgnsd y gidrd, snm romumgndr

d id dyuhd quo puohom prjpjrgnjmdr ijs rogursjs intordrnjs.

46. Wn id oxpjsngn÷m os jrdi, gjmvnomo kokjrnzdr ho kjhj aomordioi toxtj pdrd prjhugnr umd ùomd nkprosn÷m ho soaurnhdh om ijsjyomtos.

Hogäijaj pdrd pidmodr y osgrn`nr oi toxtj draukomtdtnvj

Xjkdhj ho< bttp<//rogursjs.gmngo.kog.os/iomaud/prjcosjros/osj0/t7/tojrndZ4.btk, päanmdwo` hoi Knmnstornj ho Ohugdgn÷m, Vjiëtngd Wjgndi y Hopjrto hoi Aj`normj ho Ospdôd.




Poguorho quo pdrd cjrtdiogor muostrd cjrkd ho draukomtdr ydsë hocomhor koljr muostrds jpnmnjmos pjhokjs utninzdr gnortdstîgmngds<

Dbjrd, puoho osgrn`nr sus prjpnjs olokpijs om su gudhormj, tomnomhj gjkj kjhoijoi snaunomto gudhrj<

Wosn÷m 8_sjs y ardkätngd ho id draukomtdgn÷m

Xîgmngd ho gdusd/gjmsoguomgnd

Om osto tnpj ho tîgmngd oi draukomtj os id gdusd y id gjmgiusn÷m os id gjmsoguomgnd.Vjr olokpij<

Gdusd Gjmsoguomgnd

Gjkj ostäs tjkdmhj mj ho`os gjmhugnr

Dbjrrj tjhjs ijs kosos pdrd gjkprdr kn gdrrj.

Wn cukds to omcorkdräs.


Gdusd Gjmsoguomgnd

4





_mnhdh 4

Vrovomnr os sdiuh

Ids omcorkohdhos ÷sods, gjkj id jstojpjrjsns, ho`om provomnrso hosho idnmcdmgnd. Di komjs osj os ij quo jpnmdm ijs kîhngjs y oxportjs om osto tokd.

Id cjrkdgn÷m ho ijs buosjs hurdmto id mnôoz y id dhjiosgomgnd os diaj kuy nk-

pjrtdmto quo mjsjtrjs d vogos mj vdijrdkjs sucngnomtokomto. Ho oiij hopomhomuostrd sdiuh om ijs dôjs cuturjs.

Bdgnd ijs 42 dôjs ids kuloros bdm grodhj yd oi >6% ho su kdsd ÷sod, gncrd quomj digdmzdm ijs bjk`ros bdstd ijs 06 dôjs dprjxnkdhdkomto.

Bdstd kohndhjs ijs vonmto grodkjs käs buosj hoi quo porhokjs. Wnm ok`draj,d pdrtnr ho ostd ohdh pdsd lustdkomto di rovîs. Vorhokjs käs buosj hoi quogrodkjs.

Ho`nhj d osto kjtnvj os cumhdkomtdi quo gunhokjs `nom muostrjs buosjs, ypdrto ho oiij okpnozd gjm umd `uomd hnotd. Os kuy nkpjrtdmto tjkdr ids gdm-tnhdhos ho gdignj quo so mogosntdm di hëd, yd quo osto knmordi os osomgndi om idcjrkdgn÷m hoi buosj. Ij knskj bdy quo hognr hoi kdamosnj, znmg y ho id vntd-knmd H. Ijs dinkomtjs hjmho pjhokjs omgjmtrdrijs sjm id iogbo y tjhd gidso

Ardkätngd ho id draukomtdgn÷m<rogursjs vor`dios ho id draukomtdgn÷m

0

4




ho hornvdhjs iägtojs,tdios gjkj oi yjaur,oi quosj, ijs boidhjs5porj tdk`nîm so om-guomtrdm om voaotdiosho bjld vorho, sjld,muogos, sdrhnmds j omoi sdik÷m.

^ os quo id iogbo os sn huhd oi dinkomtj gjm gdignj pjr oxgoiomgnd. _mvdsj ho iogbo gjmtnomo umd torgord pdrto hoi dpjrto ho gdignj hndrnj quo

mogosntd um mnôj, y umd gudrtd quo mogosntd um dhjiosgomto.

Vorj mj s÷ij id hnotd nmciuyo, snmj quo tdk`nîm bdy quo tomor kuy omguomtd id dgtnvnhdh cësngd.

Bdgor olorgngnj j prdgtngdr diaüm hopjrto tdk`nîm bdgo grogor y cjrtd-iogor ijs buosjs.

Vdrd dukomtdr id kdsd ÷sod so rogjknomhdm pjr olokpij gjrror, bdgorposds, otg.

Dsë quo mj bdy oxgusd, pjhokjs provomnrdiaumds omcorkohdhos, gjkj id jstojpjrj-sns, gjm s÷ij hohngdrio umds bjrds d muostrjguorpj.






_mnhdh 4

Oi hnsgursj draukomtdtnvj prosomtd oxprosnjmosj kdrgds quo bdgom pjsnìo rogjmjgorij omtrojtrjs tnpjs ho hnsgursj. Oxnstom hjs ardmhos tnpjs<

hnrnanhds di rdgnjgnmnj, pdrd quo oi hnsgursj tomadumd nidgn÷m i÷angd, j hnrnanhds d id dcogtnvnhdh.

Ijs gjmogtjros, oxprosnjmos quohdm gjboromgnd di hnsgursj draukomtdtnvj

Ijs gjmogtjros, oxprosnjmos j pdid`rds quo snrvom pdrd vnmguidr hnstnmtds pdrtos hoihnsgursj draukomtdtnvj, ostdìogom roidgnjmos i÷angds omtro ids nhods quo so oxpjmomgjkj draukomtjs om oi toxtj.

Om oi hnsgursj draukomtdtnvj so utninzdm ijs snaunomtos gjmogtjros<

Gjmlumgnjmos< pdid`rds nmvdrndìos ho id jrdgn÷m quoumom tîrknmjs, crdsos y jrdgnjmos, ostdìognomhj roidgnj-mos ho hnstnmtd snamncngdgn÷m.

Ijgugnjmos gjmlumtnvds< hjs j käs pdid`rds quo tnomomoi vdijr y oi snamncngdhj ho umd gjmlumgn÷m.

Dhvor`njs< sjm pdid`rds nmvdrndìos quo hotorknmdm,

gdincngdm j gjkpiotdm id dggn÷m hoi vor`j, j rocuorzdmjtrj dhvor`nj. Oxnstom vdrnjs tnpjs< iuadr (h÷mho), tnokpj(guämhj), kjhj (g÷kj), gdmtnhdh (guämtj), dcnrkdgn÷m,moadgn÷m y huhd.Olokpij<Iioauî kuy prjmtj.

Dvdmzdkjs cägnikomto.




Gjmogtjros Hosgrnpgn÷m Olokpijs

Woôdidm ids gdusds, kjtnvjs, rdzjmos hoi draukomtj oxprosdhj.

Oxprosdm id gjmtnmudgn÷m ho umrdzjmdknomtj, umd gjmsoguom-gnd, umd hornvdgn÷m quo prjvnomohoi rdzjmdknomtj oxpuostj.

Woôdidm jpjsngn÷m omtro ijs oio-komtjs quo umom, moadmhj umdnhod oxpuostd dmtos.

Woôdid j`logn÷m j inkntdgn÷m, ro-pdrj d ijs draukomtjs oxpuostjsdmtos.

_mom oiokomtjs dmäijajs,omumgndhjs quo so roidgnjmdmpjr tomor oi knskj somtnhj.

Nmhngdm oioggn÷m, hncoromgndm,sopdrdm.

Woôdidm gjmhngn÷m pdrd id rodinzdgn÷m ho diaj.

Oxprosdm oi j`lotnvj, oi cnm, oiprjp÷sntj.

Oxprosdm ardhjs ho gjkpdrd-gn÷m pjr sokoldmzd j hncoromgnd.

Ostd`iogom omtro hjs oiokomtjssoguomgnd tokpjrdi, jrhomdgn÷mgrjmji÷angd.

Pontord umd nhod pdrd dgidrdridj hocnmnrid.

Vjrquo, yd quo, puos, ho`nhj d,gjm kjtnvj ho, otg.

Vjr ij tdmtj, puos, pjr gjmsn-aunomto, pjr osj, iuoaj, dsë quo,gjm quo, otg.

Vorj, mj j`stdmto, snm ok`draj,dumquo, kds, d posdr ho, snmj,otg.

Dumquo, quo, pjr käs quo, nomquo, sn `nom, otg.

, o, mn, quo, tdkpjgj, dhokäs,nmgiusj, otg.

6, u, yd, `nom, sod, quo, otg.

Wn, gjkj, gjm tdi quo, snokproquo, hdhj quo, otg.

Vdrd quo, d cnm ho quo, gjm oij`lotj ho, otg.

Gjkj, di naudi quo, dsë gjkj,tdmtj gjkj, tdm, tdmtj, otg.

Knomtrds, iuoaj, dpomds, di tnok-pj quo, umd voz, omtjmgos, otg.

Os hognr, ostj os, vdio hognr, koljrhngbj, j sod, olokpij, otg.

Gdusdios

Gjmsogutnvjs

Dhvorsdtnvjs

Gjmgosnvjs

Gjpuidtnvjs

Hnsyumtnvjs

Gjmhngnjmdios

Gjkpdrdtnvjs

Cnmdios

Oxpingdtnvjs

Xokpjrdios





_mnhdh 4

Hosnamdgnjmos vdijrdtnvds< sjm oxprosnjmos gdradhds gjm um vdijr pjsntnvj jmoadtnvj, quo so usdm pdrd diuhnr d ijs tokds hoi hnsgursj. Olokpij<’Ijs nmsuraomtos‛ (moadtnvj), ’ijs bîrjos ho id pdtrnd‛ (pjsntnvj).

Dhlotnvdgnjmos vdijrdtnvds< sjm dhlotnvjs quo gjkumngdm um lungnj ho vdijr.Wo nmtorgdidm om oi hnsgursj pdrd nmciunr om id hnspjsngn÷m hoi rogoptjr y tnomomumd ardm gdrad ho snamncngdhj. Vjr olokpij<’Id gjmhugtd ho ijs l÷vomos‛. J, ’id huhjsd‛ gjmhugtd ho ijs l÷vomos.

Om su gdsd, `usquo um rogjrto ho porn÷hngj j rovnstd y om îi su`rdyo tjhjs ijs gj-mogtjros y ids oxprosnjmos gdincngdtnvds quo omguomtro. Om sus gudhormjs ho trd`dlj,groom umd td`id u`ngdmhj oi tnpj ho gjmogtjr y id crdso ho olokpij quo omgjmtrdrjm.

Jradmnzdrso om gnmgj arupjs y gjmstrunr gudtrj crdsos pjr arupj, utninzdmhj hjs tnpjsho gjmogtjros (pjr olokpij< gdusdios, gjmsogutnvjs j gjpuidtnvjs).

Oxprosnjmos hnrnanhds d id dcogtnvnhdh hoi rogoptjr

Wjm oxprosnjmos quo gdincngdm oi tokd ho id draukomtdgn÷m pdrd prjhugnr om ijs

rogoptjros dhbosn÷m j rogbdzj. Omtro oiijs tomokjs<

8

7




Id gjkumngdgn÷m so ostdìogo gudmhj bdy um komsdlo quo omvëd umoknsjr y rognò umj j käs rogoptjros. Vdrd quo so hî oi komsdlo,so mogosntd um kohnj gjküm omtro oi oknsjr y oi rogoptjr (aostj,snamj, pdid`rd, nhnjkd). Oi prjhugtj hoi komsdlo os id nkdaom quooi rogoptjr grod ho dguorhj gjm ij quo porgnò. Om id roidgn÷m okn-sjr-rogoptjr, oi oknsjr os oi rospjmsdìo ho id gjkumngdgn÷m pjrquoos îi qunom hotorknmd g÷kj y pjr quî prjhugo um komsdlo. Wn oirogoptjr mj omtnomho oi komsdlo, bd cdiidhj oi oknsjr.

Wosn÷m ?Xojrëd ho id gjkumngdgn÷m y oi omsdyj

ºXjhj guomtj os um guomtj gbnmj:

Ad`rnoi Adrgëd Kärquoz

Ad`rnoi Adrgëd Kärquoz.

Osgrn`nr umd mjvoid os poadr idhrniijs. Osgrn`nr umguomtj os vdgndr om gjmgrotj. Mj sî ho qunîm

os osd crdso gortord. Id bo osgugbdhj y ropotn-hj hosho bdgo tdmtj tnokpj snm quo mdhno idrogidko, quo d ij koljr torknmj groyomhj quoos këd. Bdy jtrd gjkpdrdgn÷m quo os pdrnomtopj`ro ho id dmtornjr< oi guomtj os umd ciogbd omoi gomtrj hoi idmgj y id mjvoid os gdzdr gjmoljs.

0





_mnhdh 4

Om tjhj gdsj ostd proaumtd hoi iogtjr jcrogo umd ùomd jgdsn÷m pdrdhdr vuoitds umd voz käs, gjkj snokpro, sj`ro ids hncoromgnds ho hjsaîmorjs intordrnjs hnstnmtjs y snm ok`draj gjmcumhnìos. _md rdz÷m ho

osj puoho sor oi hospnsto ho dtrnùnrio ids hncoromgnds d id ijmantuh hoitoxtj, gjm hnstnmgnjmos ho aîmorjs omtro guomtj gjrtj y guomtj idraj.Id hncoromgnd os väinhd omtro um guomtj y jtrj, porj mj omtro guomtj ymjvoid.

Oi guomtj käs gjrtj quo gjmjzgj os hoi audtokditogj Duaustj Kjmto-rrjsj, rognomto proknj Vrëmgnpo ho Dsturnds. Hngo dsë< «Gudmhj hosport÷,oi hnmjsdurnj tjhdvëd ostd`d diiëµ.

Mdhd käs. Bdy jtrj ho Ids kni y umd mjgbos, guyj toxtj mj tomaj d idkdmj, y quo ko prjhugo rotjrtnljmos ho omvnhnd. Os oi guomtj ho umposgdhjr quo io pnho prostdhj um pijkj pdrd su roh d id kulor ho jtrjposgdhjr, gjm id prjkosd ho roadidrio d gdk`nj oi prnkor posgdhj quosdquo, y gudmhj oiid ij rognò y ij d`ro pdrd croërij io omguomtrd om oiost÷kdaj um hndkdmto hoi tdkdôj ho umd dikomhrd.

Käs quo oi guomtj knskj, diugnmdmto pjr su somgniioz, îsto ko nmtorosddbjrd pjrquo pidmtod jtrj ho ijs knstornjs hoi aîmorj< sn id quo prostdoi pijkj mj cuord umd kulor snmj jtrj bjk`ro, oi guomtj porhorëd suomgdmtj< mj oxnstnrëd. ºVjr quî: ¡Tunîm sdò! _m knstornj käs ho umaîmorj knstornjsj pjr oxgoiomgnd.

Ids Mjvoids olokpidros ho Gorvdmtos sjm ho vords olokpidros, porj di-

aumds mj sjm mjvoids. Om gdk`nj Ljsopb Gjmrdh osgrn`n÷ Ijs huoinstds,um guomtj tdk`nîm olokpidr gjm käs ho gnomtj vonmto päanmds, quosuoio gjmcumhnrso gjm umd mjvoid pjr su ijmantuh. Oi hnrogtjr PnhioyWgjtt ij gjmvnrtn÷ om umd poiëguid oxgoiomto snm ditordr su nhomtnhdh hoguomtj. Ij tjmtj d ostds diturds sorëd proaumtdrmjs sn d Gjmrdh io bd`rëdnkpjrtdhj um pntj quo ij gjmcumhnordm.




Id nmtomsnhdh y id umnhdh nmtormd sjm osomgndios om um guomtj y mj tdmtjom id mjvoid, quo pjr cjrtumd tnomo jtrjs rogursjs pdrd gjmvomgor. Vjr ijknskj, gudmhj umj dgd`d ho ioor um guomtj puoho nkdanmdrso ij quo

so io jgurrd hoi dmtos y oi hospuîs, y tjhj osj soaunrä snomhj pdrto hoid kdtornd y id kdand ho ij quo ioy÷. Id mjvoid, om gdk`nj, hoò iiovdrtjhj homtrj. Vjhrëd hognrso, snm tnrdr id tjdiid, quo id hncoromgnd om üitnkdnmstdmgnd pjhrëd sor tdm su`lotnvd gjkj tdmtds òiiozds ho id vnhd rodi.

@uomjs olokpijs ho guomtjs gjkpdgtjs o nmtomsjs sjm hjs ljyds hoiaîmorj< «Id pdtd ho kjmjµ, ho Q.Q. Ldgj`s, y «Oi bjk`ro om id gdiioµ,ho Aojraos Wnkomjm. Oi guomtj pjingëdgj, om su kumhj dpdrto, sj`rovn-

vo snm sor nmvntdhj pjrquo id kdyjrëd ho sus dhngtjs so nmtorosdm käs omid trdkd quo om oi knstornj. Wdivj om oi kuy dmtnauj y mumgd supordhjOhnpj roy , ho W÷cjgios, um hrdkd arnoaj quo tnomo id umnhdh y id tomsn÷mho um guomtj, om oi gudi oi hotogtnvo hosgu`ro quo îi knskj os oi dsosnmjho su pdhro.

Oi guomtj pdrogo sor oi aîmorj mdturdi ho id bukdmnhdh pjr su nmgjr-

pjrdgn÷m ospjmtämod d id vnhd gjtnhndmd. Xdi voz ij nmvomt÷ snm sdòrijoi prnkor bjk`ro ho ids gdvormds quo sdin÷ d gdzdr umd tdrho y mj ro-aros÷ bdstd oi hëd snaunomto gjm id oxgusd ho bdòr in`rdhj um gjk`dtod kuorto gjm umd cnord omijquognhd pjr oi bdk`ro. Om gdk`nj, ij quobnzj su kulor gudmhj so hnj guomtd ho quo oi borjëskj ho su bjk`romj ord käs quo um guomtj gbnmj puhj sor id prnkord y qunzäs id mjvoidkäs idrad hoi snaij ho pnohrd.

Mj sî quî hognr sj`ro id supjsngn÷m ho quo oi guomtj sod umd pdusd horocrosgj omtro hjs mjvoids, porj pjhrëd sor umd ospoguidgn÷m to÷rngdquo mdhd tnomo quo vor gjm kns oxpornomgnds ho osgrntjr. Xdmtodmhj omids tnmnoìds ko dtrovorëd d pomsdr quo mj sjm pjgjs ijs osgrntjros quobdm nmtomtdhj ijs hjs aîmorjs di knskj tnokpj y mj kugbds vogos gjmid knskd cjrtumd om dk`js. Os oi gdsj ho Qniindk Wjkorsot Kduabdk,





_mnhdh 4

guyds j`rds -gjkj ids ho Boknmawdy- sjm käs gjmjgnhds pjr oi gnmo.Omtro sus guomtjs mukorjsjs mj so puoho jivnhdr «V&Jµ ‗snaids ho idgjkpdôëd ho mdvoadgn÷m Vdgncng dmh Jrnomt‗ quo os oi hrdkd torrnìo

y pdtîtngj ho um rngj gjijmj nmaiîs quo kuoro ho um bnpj nkpidgdìoom kntdh hoi jgîdmj Ëmhngj.

Ormost Boknmawdy os um gdsj snknidr. Xdm gjmjgnhj pjr oi gnmo gjkjpjr sus in`rjs, pjhrëd quohdrso om id bnstjrnd ho id intordturd s÷ij pjrdiaumjs guomtjs kdanstrdios. Ostuhndmhj su vnhd so pnomsd quo su vjgd-gn÷m y su tdiomtj vorhdhorjs cuorjm pdrd oi guomtj gjrtj. Ijs koljros,pdrd kn austj, mj sjm ijs käs dprogndhjs mn ijs käs idrajs. Di gjmtrdrnj,

hjs ho oiijs sjm ho ijs käs gjrtjs -µ_m gdmdrnj pdrd roadijµ y «_m adtj`dlj id iiuvndµ-, y oi torgorj, idraj y gjmsdardtjrnj, «Id `rovo vnhd coinzho Crdmgns Kdgjkòrµ.

Wj`ro id jtrd supjsngn÷m ho quo oi guomtj puoho sor um aîmorj hoprägtngd pdrd okpromhor umd mjvoid, gjmcnosj quo ij bngo y mj kocuo kdi pdrd dpromhor d osgrn`nr Oi jtjôj hoi pdtrndrgd. Xomëd id

komto dtdsgdhd om id c÷rkuid trdhngnjmdi ho Gnom dôjs ho sjiohdh,om id quo bd`ëd trd`dldhj snm iovdmtdr gdòzd hurdmto hjs dôjs. Xjhjij quo trdtd`d ho osgrn`nr ko sdiëd naudi y mj ijard`d ovjiugnjmdrpdrd um in`rj hnstnmtj. Wnm ok`draj, oi kumhj hoi hngtdhjr otormj,rosuoitj y osgrntj gjm oi ostnij lungnjsj ho ijs in`rjs dmtornjros, bd-`rëdm snhj mj komjs ho hjs kni päanmds ho rjiijs nmhnaostjs o nmütn-ios. Dsë quo hognhë usgdr d gudiqunor rnosaj umd prjsd gjkprnknhdquo ko sdgdrd ho id trdkpd dgdhîkngd pdrd nmvntdr di iogtjr d umd

dvomturd muovd.

Groë bdòr omgjmtrdhj id sjiugn÷m d trdvîs ho umd sorno ho dpumtos onhods ho guomtjs dpidzdhjs, quo sjkotë snm oi komjr puhjr d tjhd gid-so ho dr`ntrdrnohdhos cjrkdios bdstd omgjmtrdr id quo ùsgd`d pdrd oimuovj in`rj. Wjm guomtjs oxpornkomtdios quo trd`dlî käs ho um dôj y




so puìngdrjm hospuîs gjm vnhd prjpnd om oi in`rj ho Id gämhnhd Orîmhnrd<«@idgdkäm oi ùomj vomhohjr ho knidarjsµ, «Oi üitnkj vndlo hoi ùquocdmtdskdµ, quo os umd sjid crdso snm käs pumtudgn÷m quo ids këmnkds

gjkds pdrd rospnrdr, y jtrjs quo mj pdsdrjm oi oxdkom y huorkom oisuoôj ho ijs lustjs om oi gdl÷m ho id `dsurd.

Dsë omgjmtrî oi ok`rn÷m ho Oi jtjôj..., quo os umd omsdidhd rusd hooxpornkomtjs gjpndhjs ho jtrjs osgrntjros kdijs j ùomjs hoi snaij pd-sdhj. Crdsos quo bd`rëdm oxnanhj hogomds ho päanmds ostäm rosuoitds omhjs j tros pdrd hognr ij knskj, sditdmhj kdtjmos, kohndmto id vnjidgn÷mgjmsgnomto ho ijs g÷hnajs pdrsnkjmnjsjs y id ardkätngd hngtdtjrndi ho idsdgdhoknds.

Oi in`rj, ho sdinhd, cuo um hosdstro gjkorgndi. Kugbjs iogtjros cnoios hoGnom dôjs... so snmtnorjm hocrduhdhjs y protomhëdm quo oi in`rorj ioshovjivnord id pidtd. Vdrd gjikj ho pords om oi jikj id ohngn÷m ospdôjidso hos`drdtd`d om ids kdmjs pjr um hocogtj ho cä`rngd, y um dknaj kogjmsji÷ gjm um uom gbnsto< «Ioë oi jtjôj bjld pjr bjldµ. Kugbjs porsns-

tnorjm om id iogturd, jtrjs id ijardrjm d kohnds y gjm oi tnokpj quohdrjmsucngnomtos gdutnvjs pdrd quo mj ko hnord pomd soaunr om oi jcngnj.

Bjy os kn in`rj käs osguhrnôdhj om umnvorsnhdhos ho hnvorsjs pdësos, yids muovds aomordgnjmos puohom ioorij gjkj sn cuord oi gropüsguij houm Xdrzäm ho hjsgnomtjs dôjs. Wn diaunom prjtostd y ij tnrd pjr id vomtdmdos pjrquo mj io austd porj mj pjrquo mj ij omtnomhd. ^ d vogos, pjr

cjrtumd, mj bd cditdhj diaunom quo ij rogjld hoi suoij.





_mnhdh 4

Oi toxtj dmtornjr os um omsdyj.

Xnpjho toxtj

Nmtomgn÷mgjkumngdtnvd Pospjmho d Kjhoij

Xnpj hoiomaudlo

Draukomtdtnvj Oxpingdr hocjrkd j`lotnvd

umjs bogbjs jum tokd.

Bnp÷tosnsj pjstuidhjs o

nhods quo ho-cnomho oi dutjr.ºTuî pnomsj:ºTuî to pdrogo:

Omsdyj Womgniij,oxpjsngn÷m

i÷angd, su`lo-tnvj (oi dutjrhd su jpnmn÷my jcrogo drau-

komtjs).

ºTuî os um omsdyj:

Os um toxtj osgrntj, gjm croguomgnd gjrtj, quo gjkomtd, dmdinzd j oxpjmo

umd nmtorprotdgn÷m su`lotnvd j porsjmdi, dgorgd ho um tokd ho diaümäk`ntj hoi sd`or< intordrnj, aojaräcngj, bnst÷rngj, pjiëtngj, cnijs÷cngj,ogjm÷kngj, otg. Hosdrrjiid oi pumtj ho vnstd hoi dutjr, oxprosd sus nhodsho kdmord su`lotnvd gjkj dutjr hoi omsdyj. Os hognr, gudmhj muostrdnmtomgn÷m gjkumngdtnvd sod holdr om gidrj quî pomsdkjs dgorgd ho umtokd, oid`jrdkjs um omsdyj, gjm draukomtjs s÷inhjs pdrd hocomhormuostrjs pomsdknomtjs u jpnmnjmos sj`ro oso tokd.

Gdrdgtorëstngds

Hnvorsnhdh tokätngd, gjrtj j `rovo, ostrugturd in`ro (mj os oigdsj hoi omsdyj draukomtdtnvj quo vorokjs käs dhoidmto),diaumd prjcumhnhdh om oi tokd oxprosdhd om ijs draukomtjsgntdhjs, ostnij oioadmto, iomaudlo somgniij.




Otdpds pdrd su oid`jrdgn÷m

4. Woioggn÷m hoi tokd.

0. @usgdr nmcjrkdgn÷m quo porkntd d`jrhdr ho kdmordnmtoardi oi tokd.

7. Bdgor umd ostrugturd pdrd jradmnzdr oi osgrntj, soôdidmhjids bnp÷tosns j tosns quo so hosdrrjiidräm gjm oi rospogtnvjosquokd ho ids nhods quo so vdm d hosdrrjiidr (ostrugturdsokämtngd hoi omsdyj).

8. Gjm tjhd ostd nmcjrkdgn÷m jradmnzdhd, rohdgtdr oi toxtjom iomaudlo somgniij.

Ostrugturd ho um omsdyj draukomtdtnvj

Osto tnpj ho omsdyj tnomo kdyjr rnajr snstokätngj om su osquokd. Id hncorom-gnd cumhdkomtdi os id rnanhoz hoi osquokd ho osto osgrntj. Xnomo tros pdrtosquo so jradmnzdm dsë<

4. Nmtrjhuggn÷m< so bdgo umd prosomtdgn÷m ho id tosns u jpnmn÷m. Om jgd-snjmos, os umd bnp÷tosns quo vd d sor hokjstrdhd.

0. Hosdrrjiij< so osgrn`om om jrhom ids nhods prnmgnpdios y sogumhdrndsquo so roidgnjmd gjm oi tokd gjm sus rospogtnvjs tokds y su`tokds. Wonmgiuyom ids gntds quo rospdihdm ijs draukomtjs. J ijs gjmtrd-draukomtjssn so trdtd ho j`lognjmos, pdrd sustomtdr su tosns nmngndi j su bnp÷tosns.

7. Gjmgiusn÷m< so vuoivo d tjkdr id tosns ho id nmtrjhuggn÷m pdrd hokjstrdrsu vdinhoz.



87 Intordturd,

oi drto ho id pdid`rd

_mnhdh 0

Om arupjs ho 7 porsjmds osgjaor um tokd gjkj pjiëtngd, guiturd, hopjrto, drto,otg., osgrn`nr um omsdyj ho tros pärrdcjs hjmho lustncnquom gjm draukomtjs gidrjs oipjrquî osgjan÷ oso tokd y mj jtrj.

Vropdrom umd poquoôd oxpjsngn÷m hoi knskj y d kohnhd quo vdydm sjgndinzdmhjids tokätngds, ijs ostuhndmtos puohom jpnmdr sn ostäm ho dguorhj, om gjmtrd j tno-mom diaj quo daroadr d su oxpjsngn÷m5 id cnmdinhdh ho id dgtnvnhdh ho`o dpumtdr d id

utninzdgn÷m dhogudhd ho ijs oiokomtjs ho id gjkumngdgn÷m om roidgn÷m d ijs toxtjsy hnsgursjs draukomtdtnvjs.

?

Ostuhndmtos Xrdmscjrkokjs




Iod oi snaunomto toxtj y iuoaj rosuoivd ids proaumtds. Gdhd proaumtd tnomo gudtrjjpgnjmos ho rospuostd5 soioggnjmo id quo gjmsnhoro gjrrogtd ho dguorhj gjm idnmcjrkdgn÷m prosomtdhd.

Gbnmd prjkoto ’kohnhds dgtnvds‛ gjmtrd id gjmtdknmdgn÷m hoi dnro.

Oi Aj`normj gbnmj tjkdrä ’kohnhds dgtnvds‛ pdrd ’gjmtnmudr gjmtrjidmhj‛ id gjm-tdknmdgn÷m hoi dnro, dcnrk÷ osto iumos oi pjrtdvjz hoi Knmnstornj gbnmj ho DsumtjsOxtornjros, Bjma Ion, gudmhj Voeëm vnvo oi torgor hëd ho id pojr pjiugn÷m ho subnstjrnd. Om su ruohd ho promsd hndrnd, oi pjrtdvjz rogjrh÷ quo ids dutjrnhdhos ydbdm tjkdhj kohnhds ho okoraomgnd gjmtrd id osposd gdpd ho gjmtdknmdgn÷m quodcogtd d id kntdh hoi pdës.’Oi Aj`normj gbnmj hd kugbd nkpjrtdmgnd d id prjtoggn÷m kohnjdk`nomtdi y tjkdräkohnhds dgtnvds pdrd gjmtnmudr gjmtrjidmhj id gjmtdknmdgn÷m hoi dnro‛, su`rdy÷Bjma.Hosho oi sä`dhj pdsdhj, ids dutjrnhdhos kotojrji÷angds gbnmds nmstdm d ijs gnu-hdhdmjs d porkdmogor om sus vnvnomhds y d usdr kdsgdrniids rospnrdtjrnds om gdsjho sdinr d id gdiio. Om Voeëm, hjmho oi sä`dhj pjr id mjgbo so digdmzdrjm mnvoios

ho gjmtdknmdgn÷m ho >>7 kngrjardkjs, kuy pjr omgnkd ho ijs 0? quo id Jradmn- zdgn÷m Kumhndi ho id Wdiuh (JKW) gjmsnhord dgoptdìos, so bdm tjkdhj kohnhdsho okoraomgnd gjkj id rohuggn÷m ho ids oknsnjmos cd`rnios y ho id gnrguidgn÷m hovobëguijs jcngndios.

Xdk`nîm so bd idmzdhj um iidkdknomtj d ijs rosnhomtos pdrd quo utningom oi trdmspjrtopüìngj y holom sus gjgbos om gdsd pdrd gjk`dtnr id osposd muò ho skja. Dhokäs,soaüm id Jcngnmd ho Vrjtoggn÷m Kohnjdk`nomtdi ho id gdpntdi gbnmd, ?8 okprosds bdm

Wosn÷m 3

Kdmjs d id j rd



8? Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

rohugnhj om um 76 pjr gnomtj sus oknsnjmos ho gdr`jmj y bd quohdhj prjbn`nhjquo ids osguoids hosdrrjiiom prägtngds hopjrtnvds di dnro in`ro.

Id soaumhd ogjmjkëd kumhndi hosgunh÷ hurdmto hîgdhds oi kohnjdk`nomto om drdsho um räpnhj hosdrrjiij nmhustrndi, ij quo bd prjhugnhj umd ardvo hoardhdgn÷m ho

su dtk÷scord, sus rëjs y idajs.

Woaüm Aroompodgo, s÷ij om 0640 ijs ditjs mnvoios ho gjmtdknmdgn÷m hoi dnro gdusdrjmumds 2.?66 kuortos prokdturds om Voeëm, Wbdmabän, Gdmt÷m y Rndm.

4. Id gjmtdknmdgn÷m hoi dnro os um prjìokd didrkdmto pdrd id sdiuh ho ijs sorosbukdmjs y om id knskd kohnhd, pdrd oi hosdrrjiij drk÷mngj ho id mdturdiozd,ho dguorhj di toxtj, om Voeëm, oi aj`normj nmvntd d ijs gnuhdhdmjs d hosdrrjiidr

umd sorno dggnjmos quo porkntnräm dknmjrdr hngbj prjìokd, umd ho ostds dg-tnvnhdhos os

d. _tninzdr `ngngiotds y gdknmdr hndrndkomto.`. Inkpndr ids gdiios ho `dsurds.g. Bdgor usj hoi trdmspjrto püìngj y mj utninzdr ijs vobëguijs pdrtnguidros.h. Vrdgtngdr hopjrto di dnro in`ro.

0. Oi toxtj mjs oxpjmo sj`ro

d. Id gjmtdknmdgn÷m hoi dnro om oi kumhj.`. Oi jrnaom ho ijs adsos GJ0.g. Ids pjsnìos sjiugnjmos d id gjmtdknmdgn÷m hoi dnro.h. Oi ardvo prjìokd quo omcromtd Gbnmd ho`nhj d id gjmtdknmdgn÷m hoi dnro.

7. Om oi snaunomto omumgndhj< ’Xdk`nîm so bd idmzdhj um iidkdknomtj d ijsrosnhomtos pdrd quo utningom oi trdmspjrto püìngj y holom sus gjgbos om gdsdpdrd gjk`dtnr id osposd muò ho skja‛, id pdid`rd su`rdydhd porknto nmtrjhugnrumd nmcjrkdgn÷m quo<

d. Cjrtdiogo ij hngbj om oi dmtornjr pärrdcj.

`. Gjmtrdhngo ij hngbj om oi dmtornjr pärrdcj.




g. Oxpingd ij hngbj om oi dmtornjr toxtj.h. Olokpincngd ij hngbj om oi dmtornjr toxtj.

8. Woaüm oi toxtj, ids dutjrnhdhos gbnmds bdm tjkdhj kohnhds ho okoraomgndgjmtrd id osposd gdpd ho gjmtdknmdgn÷m quo dcogtd d käs ho id kntdh hoi pdës.

Wnm ok`draj, ostds kohnhds mj bdm snhj sucngnomtos cromto d ids 2?66 kuortosprokdturds quo so jgdsnjmdrjm om oi 0640 ho`nhj d osto prjìokd. Vjr ij tdmtj,pjhrëdkjs dcnrkdr quo<

d. Os nmhnspomsdìo dnsidr d tjhjs ijs bd`ntdmtos ho id gnuhdh.`. Wo roqunoro ho dggnjmos käs gjmtumhomtos pjr pdrto hoi aj`normj pdrd omcromtdr

oi prjìokd.g. Di aj`normj y id gnuhdhdmëd mj ios nmtorosd oi koljrdknomtj hoi kohnj dk`nomto.h. Oi aj`normj bd bogbj ij sucngnomto pdrd rosjivor osto prjìokd.

?. Gdrijs mogosntd gjmvomgor d su prjcosjr y d sus gjkpdôorjs ho gidso sj`roid nkpjrtdmgnd hoi usj ho id `ngngiotd gjkj um kohnj ho trdmspjrto quo cdgnintdquo bdyd um dk`nomto sdiuhdìo y mj gjmtdknmdmto om su gnuhdh. ºTuî tnpj hotoxtj os oi käs dhogudhj pdrd osto prjp÷sntj:

d. _m dcngbo.`. _m omsdyj.g. _m guomtj.h. _md rogotd.




81 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Wosn÷m 1Nmtrjhuggn÷m d id intordturd

_mnhdh 0. Intordturd, oi drto ho id pdid`rd

Xrdhngn÷m jrdi

Oi kntj Id ioyomhd

Hocnmngn÷m

Mdrrdgn÷m jrdi quooxpingd oi jrnaom

hoi kumhj d pdrtnrho porsjmdlos quoroprosomtdm hon-

hdhos.

Hocnmngn÷m

Mdrrdgn÷mcdmtästngd hobogbjs quo

puohom bd`orjgurrnhj.

Gdrdgtorëstngds

Ijs porsjmdlosportomogom d idtrdhngn÷m jrdi ypjr ij aomordisjm hnjsos gjmpjhoros sj`ro-

mdturdios.

Gdrdgtorëstngds

Oi prjtdajmnstd osum bîrjo bukdmj

gjmbd`ninhdhosospogndios.

Poümdso gjm sus gjkpdôorjs. Omtro tjhjs, oid`jrom um instdhj sj`ro ijs kntjs yioyomhds quo bdm osgugbdhj, y osgrn`dm ids gdrdgtorëstngds quo prosomtdm ijs por-sjmdlos prjtda÷mngjs.

4




Hospuîs ho prostdr dtomgn÷m d id cä`uid om vnhoj,gjkpdrtdm id kjrdiold j omsoôdmzd quo ios hol÷.

Id pdid`rd intordturd prjgoho hoi idtëminttord (iotrd j osgrntj). Hosho su otn-kjijaëd (jrnaom ho ids pdid`rds) ostotîrknmj bdgo rocoromgnd d id pdid`rd

osgrntd. Wnm ok`draj, bjy so dgoptdquo id intordturd ostä inadhd hosho susjrëaomos d id oxprosn÷m jrdi utninzdhdgjm nmtomgn÷m ostîtngd.

0




8> Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

ºIntordturd jrdi j intordturd osgrntd:

Xdmtj ids prjhuggnjmos jrdios gjkj ids prjhuggnjmos osgrntds cjrkdm pdrto ho idintordturd. Om dk`js gdsjs id intordturd oxprosd id rodinhdh sjgndi hjmho vnvo oi du-tjr, os um dgtj ho gjkumngdgn÷m omtro oi iogtjr j osgugbd y oi dutjr, snm nkpjrtdr idîpjgd om quo so prjhulj oi toxtj jrnanmdi.

Vjhokjs hocnmnr id intordturd gjkj oi gjmlumtj ho tjhds ids prjhuggnjmos intordrndsho um puoìj j ho umd îpjgd45 tdk`nîm pjhokjs dguhnr d ijs hnggnjmdrnjs pdrdhocnmnrid< ’Id intordturd os oi drto quo okpiod gjkj kohnj ho oxprosn÷m id pdid`rdbdìdhd j osgrntd‛0.

Dumquo so dsjgnd id intordturd jrdi sjij gjm ijs roidtjs, ijs kntjs y ids ioyomhds quoso guomtdm ho aomordgn÷m om aomordgn÷m, os hognr, gjm id trdhngn÷m jrdi, bjy om hëdid rdhnj y id toiovnsn÷m hncumhom id intordturd d trdvîs ho id pdid`rd bdìdhd, olokpijho oiij sjm ids toiomjvoids.

Intordturnhdh j intordrnohdh

4. Goinmhd Cjurmnor Kdrgjs, Dmäinsns intordrnj.

0. Hnggnjmdrnj ho usj hoi ospdôji ho Kdrëd Kjinmor.

ºG÷kj pjhokjs sdòr sn um toxtj jrdi josgrntj os um toxtj intordrnj: Id intordturnhdhj intordrnohdh (oi tîrknmj rusj intordturmjst),os hognr, dquoiij quo bdgo quo um toxtj sodintordrnj, so hotorknmd pjr id cumgn÷m pjî-tngd, pjr id nmtomgn÷m drtëstngd, pjr id cjrkdy pjr ijs rogursjs intordrnjs quo hosdrrjiidoi dutjr om oi toxtj. Omtro ids prnmgnpdiosgdrdgtorëstngds ho um toxtj intordrnj pjhokjsgntdr ids snaunomtos<

Qniindk Jspnmd (0 ho kdrzj ho 4>?8) pjotd, omsdynstd y mjvoinstdho Vdhud, Xjinkd. bttp<//gjkkjms.wnenkohnd.jra/wnen/Cnio<Qni-indkZJspnmd.lpa



?6Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3od Iomaudlo y Gjkumngdgn÷m

Nmvostnauo guäios bnstjrnds sjm ids käs rogjrhdhds y so bdm trdmskntnhj ho aomordgn÷m

om aomordgn÷m. Osgrë`dids om su gudhormj ho trd`dlj.

1

Ijs toxtjs intordrnjs sjm nmtortoxtudios, os hognr, um toxtj puoho rocornrso d jtrj toxtjquo bd snhj osgrntj pjr jtrj dutjr, puoho gntdr j komgnjmdr dspogtjs quo so bdm

prosomtdhj dmtos, yd quo ijs toxtjs sjm umd prjhuggn÷m sjgndi.

Intordrnohdh jintordturnhdh

Cumgn÷mpjîtngd

Iomaudlosnk`÷ingj

Gdrägtorgjmmjtdtnvj

Iomaudlodk`nauj

• Ijs toxtjs intordrnjs tnomo umd cumgn÷m os-tîtngd, os hognr, protomhom grodr `oiiozd dpdrtnr hoi iomaudlo.

• Mj so rocnorom snokpro d id rodinhdh.• _tninzdm cnaurds intordrnds y rogursjs inmaùës-

tngjs ospogndios.• Vrohjknmd id cumgn÷m pjîtngd sj`ro id

cumgn÷m rocoromgndi, yd quo mj sjij gjku-mngdm snmj quo nmtomtdm nmciunr om oi ämnkjhoi iogtjr bdgnîmhjio vnvnr somtnknomtjs yokjgnjmos.

Wo oxprosd kohndmto sëk`jijs j roprosomtdgnj-mos ho id rodinhdh, yd quo dumquo kugbjs toxtjs

intordrnjs oxprosdm um kumhj nkdanmdhj.

Ids pdid`rds tnomom um gdrägtor gjmmjtdtnvj<dhokäs ho su prjpnj snamncngdhj puohom tomorhnvorsds nmtorprotdgnjmos soaüm oi gjmtoxtj hoitoxtj y id nmtomgn÷m hoi dutjr.

• Oi iomaudlo intordrnj os dk`nauj pjrquopuoho sor nmtorprotdhj ho hnvorsds cjrkds,

puoho aomordr proaumtds, nmgortnhuk`rosy bdstd gjmcusnjmos.

• Osto tnpj ho iomaudlo oxnao di iogtjr utninzdrsu nkdanmdgn÷m pdrd gjkpromhor oi somtnhjëmtoarj hoi toxtj.



?4 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Id intordturd tnomo ids knskds cumgnjmos quo id kdyjrëd ho idsj`rds ho drto. Omtro oiids pjhokjs omukordr< ostîtngd, sjgndi,guiturdi, ovdsnvd, kusngdi, dcogtnvd y snk`÷ingd.

Wosn÷m 2Cumgnjmos ho id intordturd

Cumgnjmos ho id intordturd

Ostîtngd y kusngdi

Ostd cumgn÷m os oi omadmgbo nmngndi quo omguomtrd oiiogtjr5 id `oiiozd ho ids oxprosnjmos intordrnds io d`roid pjsn`ninhdh ho soaunr hnscrutdmhj jtrjs dspogtjs. Ijsvorsjs, ids rnkds, ids prjsds gjm cnaurds intordrnds ijardmkusngdinhdh, kuy roidgnjmdhd gjm id cumgn÷m ostîtngd.

Wjgndi y guiturdiId intordturd os tostnkjmnj sjgndi ho umd îpjgd5 mjskuostrd dspogtjs ho id rodinhdh sjgndi pidskdhd pjr oidutjr, dsë gjkj ho jtrjs dspogtjs ho id guiturd.

Ovdsnvd

Ostd cumgn÷m so roidgnjmdhd hnrogtdkomto gjm oi dutjr,qunom d trdvîs hoi olorgngnj ho prjhuggn÷m ho su j`rd

intordrnd puoho ovdhnr rodinhdhos, bdgor um olorgngnjho tordpnd, gjkj hngom diaumjs, sdgdr hokjmnjs quoiiovdm homtrj. Om jgdsnjmos osto olorgngnj trdsgnomhod sus iogtjros y id ovdsn÷m so puoho bdgor gjiogtnvd.

Wnk`÷ingdy dcogtnvd

Id intordturd mjs trdmscnoro d kumhjs nkdanmdhjs y gjmsus sëk`jijs trdmsknto nhods, suoôjs, somsdgnjmos.




Aîmorjs intordrnjs

Ijs aîmorjs intordrnjs gjrrospjmhom d id gidsncngdgn÷m ho ids j`rds intordrnds. Ijsrdsajs cjrkdios (ho cjrkd), y tokätngjs ho ids j`rds intordrnds porkntom nmgiunrids omum arupj quo so iidkd aîmorj< iërngj (pjosëd), mdrrdtnvj j îpngj (prjsd) y hrdkätngj(todtrj). Hosho id îpjgd giäsngd, Drnst÷toios y Bjrdgnj kdmtuvnorjm ostd gidsncngdgn÷m,`dsdhd om id vjz quo provdiogo j hjknmd om id j`rd<

Aîmorj îpngj, mdrrdtnvj (prjsd)< id vjz ho ijs porsjmdlos y um mdrrdhjr.

Aîmorj iërngj< id vjz hoi dutjr, oxprosdmhj sus somtnknomtjs rodios j

nkdanmdhjs.Aîmorj hrdkätngj< id vjz ho ijs porsjmdlos dgjkpdôdhd ho sus dggnjmos.

Om arupjs ho tros porsjmds, nmvostnauom quî os umd pjosëd y trdnadm olokpijs ho oiid.

Wn roguorhdm umd, propäromid pdrd hogidkdrid om id pr÷xnkd sosn÷m.

2

D pdrtnr hoi snaij RSNNN dpdrogo umgudrtj aîmorj, oi aîmorj hnhägtngj.Om osto aîmorj so nmgiuyom ids cjrkdsho grodgn÷m intordrnd quo tnomom pjrj`lotj id omsoôdmzd y id hnvuiadgn÷mho ids nhods, um olokpij ho osto aî-morj os oi omsdyj.



?7 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Dumquo dgtudikomto ijs pjotds y ids pjotnsds oxpro-

sdm su kumhj nmtornjr dprjxnkämhjso d id cjrkd hoigdmtj, om vorsjs rëtkngjs j om prjsds ho ardm `oiio-

zd, om sus jrëaomos ijs pjokds ordm gdmtdhjs gjmdgjkpdôdknomtj ho id inrd5 ho diië oi mjk`ro ho ostoaîmorj mdgnhj om id dmtnaud Arognd. Oi pjotd prosomtd

id rodinhdh gjkj diaj su`lotnvj, os hognr,hosho su kumhj porsjmdi, gjm pdid`rdsborkjsds y kusngdinhdh, kohndmto um

iomaudlo ospogndi.

Id pjosëd os id käs ditd oxprosn÷m hoi drto intordrnj.

L. Q. Ajotbo (418>-4270)

Wosn÷m >

Aîmorj iërngj

Oi iomaudlo ho id pjosëd<Cnaurds intordrnds y trjpjs

ºWo bd proaumtdhj diaumd voz pjr quî om ijs pjokds ids pdid`rds pdrogom tomorsnamncngdhjs hncoromtos: Ijs pjokds portomogom di aîmorj iërngj y osto aîmorj intordrnjpuoho oxprosdrso om prjsd (prjsd pjîtngd) j vorsj. Vrjsd os id cjrkd trdhngnjmdi hooxprosdrmjs. Ijs vorsjs tnomom umds gdrdgtorëstngds ospogndios<

• Xnomom kohnhd, pjrquo so knho oi mükorj ho sëid`ds.• Xnomom rntkj, pjrquo iiovdm dgomtjs rëtkngjs.• Ijs vorsjs so roidgnjmdm gjm id rnkd, pdrd cjrkdr ostrjcds.

• Id umn÷m ho ostrjcds cjrkd, cnmdikomto, oi pjokd.




Woôjr @jsgäm, qunom tdmtj austj tnomoho hdrjs guomtd ho ijs pomsdknomtjs,bdstd ids gjsds quo mj tnomom mjk`ro,mj io pjhrä cditdr gjm vjs kdtornd,mn sorä komostor `usgdr ostnij ( ... )

Adrgnidsj ho id Soad. Opëstjid d @jsgäm.

Mj snokpro id rnkd ostä prosomto om id pjosëd< ijs iidkdhjsvorsjs idmgjs gdrogom ho oiid, porj audrhdm snkotrëd om oimükorj ho sëid`ds7.

Xdkpjgj oi vorsj roauidr y snkîtrngj ostä prosomto snokpro om id iërngd5 oi rntkj puo-ho gjmsoaunrso kohndmto gnortds rontordgnjmos ho pdid`rds j ostrugturds snmtägtngds,gjkj sugoho om oi vorsëguij j vorsj in`ro.

7. Xjkdhj ho<bttp<//dgo`j.pmtng.kog.os/~drjkor7/Iomaud/Iomaud%06ho%06OWJ/gjkjZosg/Gjkpi.%06

ardkdtngdios/Xnpjijand.btk

DHJIOWGOMGND

Snmnords y to cuords huigokomto,ho jtrj gdknmjd jtrj gdknmj. Sorto,y yd jtrd voz mj vorto.

Vdsdr pjr um puomto d jtrj puomto.Oi pno `rovo,

id iuz vomgnhd dioaro .Kugbdgbj quo sorëd yj knrdmhj

dauds d`dlj id gjrrnomto,y om oi ospolj tu pdsdlociunr, hosvdmogorso.

Sngomto Dionxdmhro (4>08-4>01)



?? Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Bdy, pjr üitnkj, toxtjs iërngjs osgrntjs om prjsd<

Vjokd om prjsd, prjsd iërngd, sjm mjk`ros quo rognò ostd üitnkd kuostrd hnsgursnvd.

Vdrd oxprosdr su kumhj nmtornjr id pjosëd utninzd cnaurds intordrnds y trjpjs. Ids cnaurdsintordrnds sjm rogursjs rot÷rngjs, gjmstruggnjmos ardkdtngdios, cjrkds ospogndios housdr ids pdid`rds, utninzdhds pjr ijs pjotds pdrd oxprosdr um kumhj hnstnmtj di gjtn-hndmj y iiovdrmjs gjm sus grodgnjmos intordrnds di kumhj käangj ho id iërngd, d trdvîsho id òiiozd, id mjvohdh, id okjgn÷m gjm ids guäios oxprosdm su kumhj nmtornjr.Ids cnaurds intordrnds, iidkdhds tdk`nîm rogursjs intordrnjs, ostniëstngjs j rot÷rngjs sjmgdrdgtorëstngds ho ids j`rds intordrnds, om ospogndi hoi aîmorj iërngj, dumquo os pjsnìoomgjmtrdrids om oi aîmorj mdrrdtnvj y om oi hrdkätngj.

Gjm sus gjkpdôorjs, rogjrrd su gjkumnhdh o nmhdauo sj`ro hjs pjokds gjmjgnhjsom su roan÷m. Iuoaj, osgrë`dijs om su gudhormj ho trd`dlj y oid`jro umd gdrtoiord

gjm oiijs.

>

’Ijs hnjsos mj tuvnorjm käs sustdmgnd quo id

quo tomaj yj‛. j tomaj, gjkj oiijs, id sustdm-gnd ho tjhj ij vnvnhj y ho tjhj ij pjr vnvnr. Mjsjy prosomto s÷ij, snmj cuad rduhdi ho gd`j dcnm. ^ ij quo voj, d um idhj y jtrj, om ostd cuad(rjsds, rostjs ho dids, sjk`rd y iuz) os s÷ij këj,roguorhj y dmsnd këjs, prosomtnknomtj, jivnhj.

’Ospdgnj‛

Ludm Pdk÷m Lnkîmoz




Oxnsto umd ardm vdrnohdh ho cnaurds intordrnds, quo so gidsncngdm omhjs ardmhos arupjs< cnaurds ho hnggn÷m y cnaurds ho pomsdknomtj. Pogjrhokjs diaumds cnaurds intordrnds y gjmjzgdkjs jtrds.

Wosn÷m

Cnaurds ho hnggn÷m y ho pomsdknomtj

46

Cnaurdsho cnggn÷m<id porsjmncngdgn÷mj prjsjpjpoyd

Iumd ho sudvos gd`oiijs.

Pëj ho gäinhjs `rdzjs.

Gjmsnsto om gdrdgtornzdrd umd rodinhdh mj dmn-kdhd gjkj bukdmd,gohnîmhjio dtrn`utjsprjpnjs hoi sor bukdmj(iomaud, pdrtos hoi guor-pj, otg.).

Cnaurds hopomsdknomtj

Hocnmngn÷m Olokpij

Cnaurdho ropotngn÷m<id dmäcjrd

’Sorho mdtnvj,vorho ho yor`d quo suoôdvorho somgniijvorho ho gjmgnomgnd bukdmd‛.

Knauoi ho _mdkumj

Gjmsnsto om id ropo-tngn÷m ho id knskdpdid`rd di gjkomzdrhncoromtos jrdgnjmos.

Cnaurdsho pjsngn÷m<oi bnpîr`dtjm

Gjmsnsto om ditordroi jrhom i÷angj hoids pdid`rds om umdjrdgn÷m.

’Hoi kjmto om id idhord pjrkn kdmj tomaj pidmtdhj umbuortj‛.

Crdy Iuns ho Io÷m

Cnaurds ho hnggn÷m Hocnmngn÷m Olokpij



?1 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Ijs trjpjs sjm tdk`nîm rogursjs rot÷rngjs, porj om oiijs ids pdid`rds gdk`ndm susnamncngdhj bd`ntudi (ij gudi mj jgurro om ids cnaurds intordrnds). Ijs trjpjs sjm< idkotäcjrd, id dioajrëd, id bnpîr`jio, id kotjmnknd, id snmîghjquo, id dmtjmjkdsnd, oiîmcdsns y id nrjmëd. Pogjrhokjs y gjmjzgdkjs diaumjs trjpjs<

Xrjpj Hocnmngn÷m Olokpij

Id kotäcjrd ’Xjhds ids gdsds sjmjljs quo rospidmhogomy dgogbdm‛.

Knauoi Bormämhoz

Id bnpîr`jio ’Vjr tu dkjr ko huoio

oi dnro, oi gjrdz÷m y oisjk`rorj‛.

Cohorngj Adrgëd Ijrgd

Id kotjmnknd Id koljr piukd (oi koljrosgrntjr).

Id snmîghjquo Xomaj hjs jgds quo din-komtdr (tomaj hjs mnôjsquo dinkomtdr).

Gjmsnsto om id sustntugn÷mho umd pdid`rd pjr jtrdgjm `dso om su sokoldmzdho snamncngdhj5 ostd soko-

ldmzd os pjsn`io pjrquo ijshjs tîrknmjs gjkpdrtom umrdsaj sokämtngj gjküm, ydsod id cjrkd, id cumgn÷m, idkdtornd, otg.

Gjmsnsto om oxdaordr ids

prjpnohdhos ho um guorpjj dsumtj hotorknmdhj.

Os um gdk`nj ho mjk`ro,um com÷komj ho gdk`njsokämtngj pjr oi gudi so ho-

snamd umd gjsd j nhod gjm oimjk`ro ho jtrd, snrvnîmhjsoho diaumd roidgn÷m sokäm-tngd oxnstomto omtro dk`ds.

Gjmsnsto om usdr umd pdrtoho diaj pdrd oxprosdr oitjhj.




Sonmto pjokds ho dkjry umd gdmgn÷m hosospordhd

Vjokd 7

Db vdstohdh ho pnmjs, rukjr ho jids quo`rämhjso,iomtj luoaj ho iugos, gdkpdmd sjintdrnd,gropüsguij gdyomhj om tus jljs, kuôogd,

gdrdgjid torrostro, om tn id tnorrd gdmtd!Om tn ijs rëjs gdmtdm y kn dikd om oiijs buyogjkj tü ij hosoos y bdgnd hjmho tü qunords.Kärgdko kn gdknmj om tu drgj ho ospordmzd

y sjitdrî om hoinrnj kn `dmhdhd ho ciogbds.

Om tjrmj d kë ostjy vnomhj tu gnmturd ho mnoìdy tu sniomgnj dgjsd kns bjrds porsoaunhds,y oros tü gjm tus `rdzjs ho pnohrd trdmspdromto

hjmho kns òsjs dmgidm y kn bükohd dmsnd dmnhd. Db tu vjz knstornjsd quo oi dkjr tnôo y hjìd

om oi dtdrhogor rosjmdmto y kurnomhj! Dsë om bjrds prjcumhds sj`ro ijs gdkpjs bo vnstj

hjìdrso ids ospnads om id `jgd hoi vnomtj.

Iod oi snaunomto pjokd y hosdrrjiio ostjs pumtjs om oi gudhormj ho trd`dlj<4. Bdad um rosukom om prjsd hoi pjokd dmtornjr.0. Bdad umd instd ho ijs dhlotnvjs quo dpdrogom om oi pjokd.7. @usquo diaumds cnaurds intordrnds y trjpjs om oi pjokd y osgrë`dijs. ºTuî snamncngdm:

46

Vdìj Moruhd(pjotd gbniomj,

4>68-4>17)

7



?> Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Sdstohdh< hnidtdgn÷m, dmgburd j ardmhozd ho diaj.

Gjmmjtdr< hngbj ho umd pdid`rd< gjmiiovdr, dhokäs ho su sna-mncngdhj prjpnj j ospogëcngj, jtrj ho tnpj oxprosnvj j dpoidtnvj.

Podi Dgdhoknd Ospdôjid

Xnpjho toxtj

Nmtomgn÷mgjkumngdtnvd

Pospjmho d Kjhoij Xnpj hoiomaudlo

Hosgrnptnvj _tninzdr id cum-gn÷m pjîtngd hoiiomaudlo pdrd

hdrio oiiozd d idhosgrnpgn÷m quoqunoro bdgor oidutjr (pjotd).

Womtnknomtjshoi pjotd.ºTuî snomtj:

Vjokd, hoiaîmorj into-rdrnj iërngj,

om vorsj.

Intordrnj< guitj gjmrnquozd ho vjgd`u-idrnj.

Ids pdid`rds so utn-inzdm gjm id rnquozdgjmmjtdtnvd (snamncngd-hj porsjmdi ho ids pd-id`rds) hoi iomaudlo.

_tninzd rogursjs inm-aùëstngjs y cnaurds rot÷-rngds pdrd hdrio cuorzdy `oiiozd di toxtj.

Ijs aîmorjs intordrnjs käs dmtnaujs ho id intordturd arnoadsjm aîmorjs pjîtngjs, ostj os, osgrntjs om vorsj<

• Oi aîmorj îpngj (suranhj, dprjxnkdhdkomto, om oisnaij SNNN d. ho G.).

• Oi aîmorj iërngj (snaij SNN d. ho G.).• Oi aîmorj hrdkätngj (snaij SN d. ho G.).




Ids j`rds intordrnds hoi aîmorj iërngj so bdm darupdhj omsuàîmorjs, soaüm su tokätngd<

Ijs dmnkdios cuorjm nkporcogtjs,idrajs ho gjid,

trnstos ho gdòzd.Vjgj d pjgj so cuorjm

gjkpjmnomhj,bdgnîmhjso pdnsdlo,

dhqunrnomhj iumdros, ardgnd, vuoij.Oi adtj,

s÷ij oi adtjdpdrogn÷ gjkpiotj y jrauiijsj<

mdgn÷ gjkpiotdkomto torknmdhj,gdknmd sjij y sdò ij quo qunoro.

Jhd

Vjokd quo oxditd diaumd porsjmd, bogbj j gjsd. Vuoho sor oxtomsj, gjkjid ho Vdìj Moruhd, ’Jhd di adtj‛, quo tnomo käs ho sons ostrjcds<

Wosn÷m

Gidsncgdgn÷m hoi aîmorj iërngj

44

Bnkmj

Os um gdmtj pdrd oxditdr id pdtrnd, id roinan÷m, umd gdusd j nhodi soaunhjpjr um arupj ho porsjmds. Olokpij< oi bnkmj ho Gjijk`nd.



34 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Oi bjk`ro qunoro sor posgdhj y päldrj,id sorpnomto qunsnord tomor dids,

oi porrj os um io÷m hosjrnomtdhj,oi nmaomnorj qunoro sor pjotd,

id kjsgd ostuhnd pdrd ajijmhrnmd,oi pjotd trdtd ho nkntdr id kjsgd,porj oi adtj

qunoro sor s÷ij adtjy tjhj adtj os adtjhosho `najto d gjid,

hosho prosomtnknomtj d rdtd vnvd,hosho id mjgbo bdstd sus jljs ho jrj.

Vd`ij Moruhd, ’Jhd di adtj‛ (crdakomtj).

_m kdmjtdzj hurj, um ajipo boidhj,um bdgbdzj nmvnsn`io y bjkngnhd,

um okpul÷m `rutdi to bd horrn`dhj.Mj bdy oxtomsn÷m käs ardmho quo kn bornhd,

iijrj kn hosvomturd y sus gjmlumtjsy snomtj käs tu kuorto quo kn vnhd.

Oioaëd

Vjokd quo oxprosd oi hjijr pjr id kuorto ho diaunom. Os gjküm quo oxproso

oi roguorhj hoi hncumtj, oi hjijr ho ijs sj`rovnvnomtos y id did`dmzd pjr idardmhozd hoi sor quornhj quo bd kuortj. Xdk`nîm os oxtomsj.

Iodkjs oi crdakomtj ho id ’Oioaëd‛ d Pdk÷m Wnlî, osgrntd om 4>73 pjr oihrdkdturaj ospdôji Knauoi Bormämhoz<




Mdvoad, voiorj këj,snm tokjr,

quo mn omoknaj mdvëjmn tjrkomtd, mn `jmdmzd

tu ruk`j d tjrgor digdmzd,

mn d sulotdr tu vdijr.

Crdakomtj. ’Gdmgn÷m hoi Vnrdtd‛, Ljsî ho Osprjmgohd.

Gdmgn÷m

Xnomo su jrnaom om id trjvd5 os um pjokd oxtomsj ho tokd dkjrjsj. Vjrolokpij<

Îaijad

Oi tokd ho osto tnpj ho pjokd oxtomsj os id vnhd hoi gdkpj, ijs pdstjros.Ijs hnäijajs puohom sor tokds dkjrjsjs j cnijs÷cngjs. Vjr olokpij<

Wdingnj

¡Jb käs hurd quo kärkji d kns quolds,y di omgomhnhj cuoaj om quo ko quokj

käs boidhd quo mnovo, Adidtod!,ostjy kurnomhj, y düm id vnhd tokj5

tîkjid gjm rdz÷m, puos tü ko holds,quo mj bdy, snm tn, oi vnvnr pdrd quî sod.

Soraùomzd bo quo ko vod



37 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

D um bjk`ro ho ardm mdrnz.

Îrdso um bjk`ro d umd mdrnz poadhj,Îrdso umd mdrnz suporidtnvd,Îrdso umd diquntdrd kohnj vnvd,

Îrdso um polo ospdhd kdi `dr`dhj5Ord um roijl ho sji kdi omgdrdhj.

Îrdso um oiocdmto `jgd drrn`d,Îrdso umd mdrnz sdy÷m y osgrn`d,_m Jvnhnj Mds÷m kdi mdrnadhj.

Îrdso oi ospji÷m ho umd adiord,Îrdso umd pnräknho ho Oantj,Ijs hjgo trn`us ho mdrngos ord5

Îrdso um mdrngësnkj nmcnmntj,Crns÷m drgbnmdrnz, gdrdtuiord,

Wd`dô÷m adrrdcdi kjrdhj y crntj.

Crdmgnsgj ho Tuovohj y Sniioads.

mnmaumj om tdi ostdhj,ho tn hosdkpdrdhj,

y ho kë knskj yj ko gjrrj dajrd.ºHo um dikd to hoshoôds sor soôjrd,

hjmho snokpro kjrdsto, mj puhnomhjho oiid sdinr um bjrd:

Wdinh snm huoij, iäarnkds, gjrrnomhj.

Adrgnidsj ho id Soad, osgrntjr ospdôji hoi snaij RSN.

Wätnrd

Gjkpjsngn÷m om vorsj j prjsd om quo so grntngdm vngnjs j gjstuk`ros. Vjrolokpij<




Di porhorto yj d tn

Di porhorto yj d tn tu y yj bokjs porhnhj< j pjrquo tü ords ij quo yj käs dkd`d ^ tü pjrquo yj ord oi quo to dkd`d käs.

Vorj ho mjsjtrjs hjs tü pnorhos käs quo yj<Vjrquo yj pjhrî dkdr d jtrds gjkj to dkd`d d tn

Vorj d tn mj to dkdräm gjkj to dkd`d.

Ormostj Gdrhomdi, osgrntjr y pjiëtngj mngdrdaùomso.

Hjm Hnmorj

Vjhorjsj gd`diiorj os hjm Hnmorj.Kdhro, yj di jrj ko bukniij,îi os kn dkdmto y kn dkdhj,

puos ho purj omdkjrdhj ?ho gjmtnmuj dmhd dkdrniij5quo puos, hj`i÷m j somgniij,

bdgo tjhj gudmtj qunorj,pjhorjsj gd`diiorj

os hjm Hnmorj.

Crdakomtj, Crdmgnsgj ho Tuovohj,osgrntjr ospdôji hoi snaij RSN.

Opnardkd

Vjokd `rovo ho tokd sdtërngj j `uriosgj. Vjr olokpij<

Iotrniid

Vjokd `rovo gjm um ostrn`niij j rocräm. Vjr olokpij<



3? Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Opntdcnj pdrd um pjotd

Tunsj gdmtdr, gdmtdrpdrd jivnhdr

su vnhd vorhdhord ho komtnrdsy rogjrhdr

su komtnrjsd vnhd ho vorhdhos.

Jgtdvnj Vdz, osgrntjr koxngdmj.

Opntdcnj

Osgjldm um suàîmorj iërngj, gjkpjmadm y osgrn`dm om su gudhormj ho trd`dlj umdpjosëd quo gjrrospjmhd gjm id tokätngd ho id gidsncngdgn÷m quo oinan÷. Vropäromid y

hogiäkomid om id pr÷xnkd sosn÷m.

44

Id Dmtnaùohdh giäsngd d`drgd id piomntuh ho ids gnvninzd-gnjmos arnoad y rjkdmd (snaij S d.ho G. di NN h. ho G.) jom somtnhj dkpinj, om tjhd su hurdgn÷m (snaij SNNN d. hoG. di S h.ho G.).

Id intordturd dmtnaud, gjkj id bnmhü, id bo`rod, id ärdò,

id arnoad, id rjkdmd, gjmtdrjm gjm um gdrägtor oknmom-tokomto roinanjsj hohngdhd d ijs Hnjsos, y sus groomgnds. Dhokäs, nmgiuyorjm om sus vorsjs su bnstjrnd pidskdhd omids bdzdôds ho ijs bîrjos, ijs ajòrmdmtos y ids ardmhos`dtdiids, yd quo om osd îpjgd bu`j croguomtos nmvdsnjmosho umjs puoìjs d jtrjs.




Wosn÷m

Oi aîmorj iërngj om id îpjgd giäsngd

40

4. Id iërngd arnoad

Id iërngd arnoad so gdrdgtornzd pjr id vdrnohdh ho tokds, ho ostrugturds, ho kîtrngd y id`rovohdh ho sus gjkpjsngnjmos. Wo rocorëd d ijs kntjs, d id vnhd gjtnhndmd, d ijs bogbjssjgndios y pjiëtngjs quo so vnvëdm om su guiturd, dhokäs, oxprosd`d ijs somtnknomtjs.

Vjosëd pdrd sor gdmtdhd pjr um gdmtdmto sjinstd. Ostd kjhdinhdh os id käs gjk-pdrd`io gjm oi gjmgoptj kjhormj ho pjosëd j ho iërngd. Oxprosd ijs somtnknomtjshoi dutjr gjm tokds dkjrjsjs, pdrd dkomnzdr `dmquotos (gjmvnvdi), pdtrn÷tngjs,auorrorjs5 dhokäs, so nmgiuyom tokätngds roidgnjmdhds gjm id vnhd (oxnstomgndi).

Vrnmgnpdios roprosomtdmtos< Digoj y Wdcj.

Iërngd kjm÷hngd

Gdmtdhd pjr umsjij nmtîrproto

Gdmtdhd pjr umgjrj ho l÷vomos

Id iërngd arnoadtuvj hjs

su`aîmorjs

Id iërngd kjm÷hngd

Id iërngd gjrdi



31 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Wdcj, id ardm pjotnsd8

Wdcj (g. 366-: d.G.), pjotd iërngd arnoad guyd cdkd bnzj quo Vidt÷m so rocnrnordd oiid hjs snaijs hospuîs ho su kuorto gjkj id hîgnkd kusd. Mdgn÷ om id nsid

ho Ios`js, prj`dìokomto om Kntniomo. Dumquo mj so sdò kugbj dgorgdho su vnhd, portomogn÷ di pdrogor d umd cdknind mjìo y cuo gjmtokpjrämodhoi pjotd iërngj Digoj, ho qunom so supjmo cuo su dkdmto, y ho Wtosngbjrus.Xdk`nîm so hngo quo so gds÷ gjm um bjk`ro rngj ho id nsid ho Dmhrjs y quotuvj umd bnld iidkdhd Gions. Jtrd ioyomhd, quo mj korogo grohn`ninhdh di-aumd, sjstnomo quo, trds sor rogbdzdhd pjr oi ljvom kdrnmj Cd÷m, so drrjl÷hosho um dgdmtnidhj om Iîugdho (umd nsid ho id gjstd jggnhomtdi ho Arognd).Mj so sdò gudmhj kurn÷, porj om sus pjokds ho üitnkd îpjgd so hosgrnò

d së knskd gjkj umd dmgndmd quo ajzd ho umd vnhd trdmqunid, pj`ro, omdrkjmëd gjm id mdturdiozd.

Ijs crdakomtjs quo bjy gjmsorvdkjs ho sus pjokds nmhngdm quo Wdcj omsoô÷su drto d um arupj ho kuloros l÷vomos, gjm ids quo kdmtuvj umd ostrogbdroidgn÷m y pdrd ids quo gjkpusj sus jhds mupgndios gudmhj id d`dmhjmdrjmpdrd gdsdrso. Oi pjotd Dmdgrojmto (kohndhjs hoi snaij SN d.G., os hognr, umdaomordgn÷m pjstornjr d Wdcj), dcnrkd`d, om rocoromgnd d osto arupj, quo Wdcjsomtëd um dkjr soxudi pjr ids kuloros5 ho dbë prjgohom ijs tîrknmjs ios`nd-mnskj y sdcnskj, quo diuhom d id bjkjsoxudinhdh cokomnmd.

Wdcj osgrn`n÷ muovo in`rjs ho jhds, opntdidknjs j gdmgnjmos mupgndios, oio-aëds o bnkmjs, porj dpomds so gjmsorvdm diaumjs crdakomtjs ho tjhjs oiijs.Omtro ostjs hostdgd id Jhd d Dcrjhntd, gntdhd pjr oi oruhntj Hnjmnsnj ho Bd-ingdrmdsj om oi snaij N d.G. Om oi snaij RR so hosgu`rn÷ um pdpnrj gjm muovjscrdakomtjs ho sus pjokds.

Id pjosëd ho Wdcj so gdrdgtornzd pjr id oxqunsntd òiiozd ho su hnggn÷m, suporcoggn÷m cjrkdi, su nmtomsnhdh y su okjgn÷m. Nmvomt÷ oi vorsj bjy gjmj-gnhj gjkj jhd säcngd (tros omhogdsëid`js y um dh÷mngj cnmdi ho gnmgj sëid-`ds). Kugbjs pjotds arnoajs pjstornjros dsnknidrjm id nmciuomgnd ho Wdcj, ompdrtnguidr Xo÷grntj.

8. Xoxtj tjkdhj ho id omgngijpohnd Omgdrtd< Kngrjsjct ® Omgdrtd ® 0661. © 4>>7-0663 Kngrjsjct Gjrpjrdtnjm.




Bnkmj d Dcrjhntd (crdakomtj)

¡Jb, tü om gnom trjmjs Dcrjhntd ronmd,Bnld ho \ous, nmkjrtdi, hjijsd<

Mj ko dgjmajlos gjm posdr y tohnjPuîajto, Grnprnd!

Dmtos dguho gjkj om jtrjs hëds,Kn vjz jyomhj y kn omgomhnhj ruoaj5

Vjr kn holdsto id hoi pdhro Ljvo Ditd kjrdhd.

Oi äuroj gdrrj quo voijgos iiovdmInmhjs ajrrnjmos, sdguhnomhj oi did, Di moarj suoij, hosho oi îtor purj

Pduhj `dld`d.

^ tü ¡Jb, hngbjsd! om tu nmkjrtdi sokìdmtoXo sjmroëds< ºVdrd quî ko iidkds:

ºGuäi os tu dmboij: ºTuî pdhogos bjrd:

-ko proaumtd`ds-ºDrho ho muovj oi gjrdz÷m nmqunotj:ºD qunîm protomhos omrohdr om sudvoIdzj ho dkjros: ºTunîm tu roh ovntd,

Kësord Wdcj:

Tuo sn to buyo, tjrmdrä d tus `rdzjs, ^ käs prjpngnj jcrogoräto hjmos,

^ gudmhj osqunvos oi drhnomto òsj,Tuorrä òsdrto.

Som, puos, ¡Jb hnjsd! y kns dmboijs gukpio,Inòrtd oi dikd ho su hurd pomd5

Gudi prjtogtjrd, om id `dtdiid inhndWnokpro d kn idhj.



3> Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Id inrd ord oi nmstrukomtj kusngdi quo dgjkpdôd`dd ijs gdmtdmtos j rogntdhjros ho oioaëds y jhds om idîpjgd giäsngd. Omtro ijs pjotds iërngjs ho id dmtnaud

Arognd cnaurdm Digoj y Vëmhdrj.

Vëmhdrj, oi kdyjr roprosomtdmto ho id iërngd gjrdi arnoad?

(Gnmjsgîcdijs, dgtudi Arognd, ?42 d.G.-Drajs:, nh., 872 d.G.) Vjotd iërngj arnoaj. Hosu oxtomsd prjhuggn÷m so bdm gjmsorvdhj 8? jhds trnumcdios j opnmngnjs, hnvnhnhjs

om gudtrj in`rjs (Jiëkpngds, Vëtngds, Mokods o Ëstkngds), quo gjmstntuyom umd ho idskoljros kuostrds ho iërngd gjrdi arnoad. Cuo umj ho ijs pjotds arnoajs käs cdkjsjs,gjkj ij hokuostrd oi nmtorîs quo yd om id Dmtnaùohdh tdrhëd hosport÷ su cnaurd,snomhj j`lotj ho sons ho ids Snhds quo osgrn`n÷ Viutdrgj, om ids quo ijs hdtjs groëìosso kozgidm gjm snamncngdtnvds ioyomhds, gjkj id quo guomtd quo, snomhj mnôj, idsdòlds `dôd`dm sus id`njs om knoi knomtrds sjôd`d.

Vdrogo soaurj quo portomogëd d umd cdknind ho id drnstjgrdgnd to`dmd y quo so ohug÷

om Dtomds, hjmho so cjrk÷ kusngdikomto, om um kjkomtj om quo ostd`d suranomhjoi inrnskj gjrdi y oi hntnräk`ngj. Wus kjhoijs intordrnjs cuorjm sj`ro tjhj Bjkorjy Bosëjhj, dumquo om su pjosëd nmciuyorjm tdk`nîm pjotds ijgdios, gjkj ids pjotn-sds Kyrtns y Gjrnmmd. Cnoi d sus jrëaomos drnstjgrätngjs, so kdmtuvj di idhj ho Xo`dshurdmto ids Auorrds Kîhngds, y su ostrogbd roidgn÷m gjm Oanmd, iëhor to`dmj gjmsor-vdhjr d qunom hohng÷ jmgo jhds, ij kdmtuvj di kdraom ho id nmgnpnomto cjrkdgn÷mho id hokjgrdgnd dtomnomso.

?. Xjkdhj ho< @njardcëds y vnhds. www.`njardcëdsyvnhds.gjk

Iërngd gjrdi

Vjosëd pdrd sor gdmtdhd om gjrj gjm um püìngj. Diaumjs aîmorjs sjm< oiopnmngnj (gdmtj ho goio`rdgn÷m ho umd vngtjrnd dtiîtngd), oi poäm (bnkmj om

bjmjr ho Dpjij), oi opntdidknj (gdmtj ho jhds). Poprosomtdmtos< Vëmhdrj, Digkäm y @dquëinhos.




Wo gjmsdar÷ hocnmntnvdkomto gjkj pjotd pdmboiîmngj trds umd ostdmgnd om Wngnindhurdmto id sjòrdmëd ho Bnor÷m ho Wnrdgusd y Xor÷m ho Darnaomtj, om um kjkomtjho ardm prjspornhdh quo nmspnr÷ d Vëmhdrj sus jhds käs suìnkos, hohngdhds d gdmtdrids vngtjrnds ho ijs luoajs pdmboiîmngjs.

’D Bnor÷m ho Wnrdgusd‛(Nmtrjhuggn÷m d id Jiëkpngd N, crdakomtj)

Poiugo su cdkdom id gjijmnd, pjr sus bjk`ros gîio`ros, hoi inhnj Vîijpo.

Vjr îsto snmtn÷ pdsn÷m oi pjhorjsj Vjsonh÷m,

oi quo id tnorrd gjmhugo, gudmhj Gijrj ij sdg÷hoi nmkdguidhj gdihorjprjvnstj ho um `rniidmto bjk`rj ho kdrcni,¡ Om vorhdh quo os kugbj ij dsjk`rjsj !

O nmgiusj puoho dgjmtogor quo ijs rukjrosho ijs kjrtdios, bdìdhurëds dhjrmdhds gjm d`nadrrdhds

cnggnjmos, trdsarohnomhj oi roidtj vorhdhorj,mjs omadôom pjr gjkpiotj.

0. Id iërngd idtnmd

Id iërngd idtnmd so hosdrrjii÷ om Pjkd y so osgrn`n÷ om idtëm. Ijs pjokds rjkdmjs ordmosgrntjs pdrd sor ioëhjs j rogntdhjs, mj gdmtdhjs gjkj om oi gdsj ho id iërngd arnoad.

Dumquo tomëdm om id îpjgd dmtnaud umjs gdmtjs iidkdhjs gdrknmds (gdmtjs roinanjsjs

y cumordrnjs), ijs rjkdmjs borohdrjm id trdhngn÷m iërngd ho Arognd, id omrnquognorjm yguitnvdrjm umjs suàîmorjs käs quo jtrjs, omtro oiijs tomokjs< id oioaëd y id sätnrd,um suàîmorj mdgnhj y hosdrrjiidhj om Pjkd.

Oi pjotd Xntj Iugrognj (Ntdind, >> d. ho G.- ?? d. ho G.), cuo umj ho ijs prnkorjs pjo-tds, digdmz÷ id cdkd gjm um pjokd hnhägtngj, Ho roruk mdturd (ho id mdturdiozd),guyd nmtomgn÷m ohugdtnvd ord inòrdr d id aomto hoi tokjr d ijs hnjsos y d id kuorto,nmtrjhugnomhj d sus gjmtokpjrämojs om oi kumhj ho id cësngd (ios bdìd ho ätjkjs,

pdrtëguids, kdtornd, otg.).



14 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

’Ho Poruk Mdturd‛ (crdakomtj)

’Povjivnomhj ijs vnomtjs ids iidmurds hoi kdr, os hoiontdìo hosho tnorrdgjmtokpidr oi trd`dlj ardmho ho jtrj5 mj pjrquo hî gjmtomtj y dioarëd vor

d jtrj trd`dldmhj, kds os ardtj gjmsnhordr ijs kdios quo mj tnomos< sudvotdk`nîm os snm rnosaj tuyj knrdr ardmhos olîrgntjs ho auorrd om `dtdiid jr-homdhjs pjr ijs gdkpjs< porj mdhd bdy käs ardtj quo sor huoôj ho ijstokpijs oxgoisjs audrmognhjs pjr oi sdòr trdmqunij ho ijs sd`njs, hoshohj puohds hnstnmaunr d jtrjs y vor g÷kj gjmcusjs so oxtrdvëdm y ùsgdm oigdknmj ho id vnhd vdadùmhjs, ho`dtom pjr mjìozd, so hnsputdm id pdikdhoi nmaomnj y ho mjgbo y ho hëd mj sjsnoadm pjr jrj dkjmtjmdr y sor tnrd-mjs. ¡Jb kësorjs bukdmjs pomsdknomtjs! ¡Jb pogbjs gnoajs! ¡Omtro quîtnmnoìds y d quî poinarjs oxpjmîns id vnhd, tdm räpnhd, tdm tomuo!‛.

’¡Jb dkjros y dmboijs, ^ gudmtjs bjk`ros oxnstäns somsnìos d id òiiozd,Idkomtdjs! Bd kuortj oi ajrrn÷m ho kn dkdhd,

Wu ajrrn÷m, hoionto ho kn mnôd Di quo gunhd`d käs quo d sus prjpnjs jljs.

Ord käs huigo quo id knoi y gjmjgëd d su huoôdXdm `nom gjkj gjmjgo umd mnôd d su prjpnd kdhro,

, snm dioldrso ldkäs ho su roadzj,Vnd`d snm gosdr pdrd mdhno käs quo pdrd oiid,

Knomtrds sditd`d d su dirohohjr ho dgä pdrd diiä. Dbjrd kdrgbd pjr um gdknmj ho sjk`rds,

Bdgnd um iuadr hoi quo so mnoad quo oxnstd rotjrmj.

Gdtuij (Sorjmd, 30 d. ho G. :), gjmsnhordhj oi prnkor ardm pjotd iërngj om idtëm,nmspnrdhj om kjhoijs arnoajs, osgrn`n÷ idrajs pjokds y gjrtds hogidrdgnjmos ho dkjr.

’Vjokds d Ios`nd‛(crdakomtj)




j js kdihnaj, snmnostrds tnmnoìds hoi Jrgj,Tuo hovjräns tjhj ij òiij<

¡Xdm borkjsj ord dquoi quo ko bd`îns drro`dtdhj!¡Jb hoshngbd! ¡Vj`rogniij päldrj!

Dbjrd iijrdm pjr vuostrd guipdIjs omrjlognhjs o bnmgbdhjs jljs ho kn dkdhd‛.

Snraninj (Pjkd, 16 d. ho G. 4> d. ho G), rogjmjgnhj gjkj oi käs ardmho ho ijspjotds idtnmjs, tdmtj om vnhd gjkj om tnokpjs pjstornjros, su j`rd kdostrd os idOmonhd, rogjmjgnhd gjkj j`rd kdanstrdi ho id intordturd umnvorsdi5 id Omonhd os um

pjokd îpngj gjkpiolj quo mdrrd oi vndlo ho Omods, um bîrjo trjydmj, pdrd iioadrdi iuadr hjmho so cumh÷ Pjkd. Dhokäs, Snraninj osgrn`n÷ ids Îaijads, olokpij ho idpjosëd pdstjrni pdrd ids cuturds aomordgnjmos.

’Id Omonhd‛ (crdakomtj)

’Omkuhognorjm tjhjs, gjmtomnomhjoi bdìd, dmsnjsjs ho osgugbdr. Omods

okpnozd omtjmgos hosho su ditj ostrdhj<Ospdmtdìo hjijr os oi quo kdmhds,jb ronmd, romjvdr gjm ostd bnstjrnd

hoi jgdsj ho Nin÷m, ho g÷kj oi ronmj,quo os nkpjsnìo rogjrhdr snm iidmtj,

oi Arnoaj horrn`÷< runmd knsîrrnkdquo vn y om quo drrjstrî pdrto tdm ardmho.ºTunîm, Knrknh÷m j H÷ijpo j sjihdhj

hoi nkpidgdìo _insos, rocornridpuhnord snm iijrdr: ^ yd om id diturd

id bükohd mjgbo dvdmzd, y ids ostroiidsiomtds hoginmdm gjmvnhdmhj di suoôj.



17 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Kds sn tdmtj nmtorîs tu dkjr to nmspnrdpjr sdòr muostrds iästnkds, y om sukdij quo cuo Xrjyd om su bjrd pjstrnkord,dumquo oi sjij roguorhj ko ostrokogo,

y osqunvd oi dikd su hjijr, okpnozj.Hoi Bdhj ro`dtnhjs, tdmtjs dôjs,ijs gduhniijs ho Arognd, bdrtjs ho inhos,

gjm drto hnamj ho id oxgoisd Vdids,um gd`diij ohncngdm ijs gjstdhjs,

vnads ho dòtj, um kjmto ho kdhord 5y bdgom gjrror id vjz quo ord oi oxvjtj

pjr umd vuoitd vomturjsd. Dstutjs,

sjrtodm gdpntdmos osgjanhjsy om ijs jsgurjs cidmgjs ijs jguitdm‛.

Om arupjs ho gudtrj porsjmds ùsquom id `njardcëd ho um roprosomtdmto ho id iërngdgiäsngd om id nìnjtogd hoi kumngnpnj j gjm id dyuhd ho vognmjs y dknajs. Nmhnquom

guäi oioanräm pdrd quo mj so ropntdm. Iuoaj, propdrom umd poquoôd gdrtoiord gjmijs hdtjs käs nkpjrtdmtos<

• Wdcj, pjotnsd arnoad• Digoj• Vëmhdrj• Gdtuij

• Snraninj

Ostd ardm trdhngn÷m pjîtngd gjmtnmüj gjm Snraninj, Din`nj Xëùij, Wuipngnd, Woxtj Vrj-porgnj, Jvnhnj, omtro jtrjs.

40




Wosn÷m

Aîmorj mdrrdtnvj

47

Gdrdgtorëstngds aomordioshoi aîmorj mdrrdtnvj

Id mdrrdgn÷m puoho rodinzdrso tdmtj om prjsd gjkj dlustämhjso diosquokd rëtkngj hoi vorsj.

Mdrrdgnjmos om vorsj sjm ids snaunomtos<

• Id opjpoyd j roidtj ioaomhdrnj ho rokjtds bd- zdôds omtrjmgdhds om id guiturd ho umd gjiogtn-vnhdh, gjkj oi Aniadkosb (bdgnd 0666 d. G.) hoid dmtnaud Kosjpjtdknd5 j id Niëdhd y id Jhnsod,

sj`ro id auorrd ho Xrjyd y oi roarosj ho _insos,rogjpnidhds pjr Bjkorj (bdgnd snaij SNNN d. G.).

• Oi gdmtdr ho aostd j mdrrdgn÷m ho bdzdôds hoporsjmdlos kohnovdios ho mdturdiozd käs pjpu-idr quo id opjpoyd, gjkj oi pjokd ho Këj Gnh.

Id mdrrdgn÷m om prjsd gjkpromho<

• Oi guomtj< os id cjrkd ho mdrrdgn÷m käs `rovo5 rogjao, ho cjrkd inmodi y gjmum draukomtj somgniij, bogbjs aomordikomto cngtngnjs.

• Oi dp÷ijaj< os um guomtj quo trdmsknto diaumd omsoôdmzd kjrdi.

• Id mjvoid gjrtd< hosdrrjiid dggnjmos y porsjmdlos ho kdmord käs knmugnjsd y

prjijmadhd quo om oi guomtj.



1? Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

• Id mjvoid< os umd mdrrdgn÷m oxtomsd sj`ro gnortjs dgjmtognknomtjs mjrodios dumquo nmspnrdhjs om id rodinhdh.

• Ioyomhd y kntj< sjm roidtjs `rovos bnst÷rngjs j sj`ro oi jrnaom ho ijs soros yijs com÷komjs ho id mdturdiozd.

Oi aîmorj mdrrdtnvj utninzd toxtjs mdrrdtnvjs. Ijs toxtjs md-rrdtnvjs tnomom id nmtomgn÷m gjkumngdtnvd ho roidtdr, gjmtdr,mdrrdr, bogbjs, sugosjs y dgjmtognknomtjs. Pospjmhom d idproaumtd ºquî pdsd: Ids mdrrdtnvds cjrkdm pdrto ho muostrdvnhd gjtnhndmd, pjr osj omtro ijs kjhoijs ho toxtj mdrrdtn-vj omgjmtrdkjs< mjtngnds pornjhëstngds, mjvoids y guomtjs,

g÷kngs, rjmhdiids, toxtjs ho bnstjrnd, `njardcëds, kokjrnds,hndrnjs, cä`uids, kntjs y ioyomhds. Ijs oiokomtjs inmaùëstngjsquo gdrdgtornzdm ijs toxtjs mdrrdtnvjs sjm< vor`js ho dggn÷mgjmluadhjs om hnvorsjs tnokpjs, gjmogtjros grjmji÷angjs,sustdmtnvjs, dhlotnvjs y dhvor`njs ho iuadr.

Pjmhdiid

4. c. Gjmlumtj kusngdi ho nmstrukomtjs ho guorhd.0. c. Guomtj, pdtrdôd j gjmsold.7. c. rur. Dr. Pjmhd ho kjzjs.

G÷kng. (Hoi nmai. gjkng).

4. k. Worno j soguomgnd ho vnôotds gjm hosdrrjiij md-rrdtnvj.

0. k. In`rj j rovnstd quo gjmtnomo ostds vnôotds.





J`sorvo oi snaunomto osquokd y iuoaj rosuoivd ids proaumtds. Gdhd proaumtd tnomogudtrj jpgnjmos ho rospuostd5 soioggnjmo id quo gjmsnhoro gjrrogtd ho dguorhjgjm id nmcjrkdgn÷m prosomtdhd.

4. Xomnomhj om guomtd oi dmtornjr osquokd, pjhrëdkjs dcnrkdr quo îsto<

d. Hocnmo id intordturd.`. Oxpingd gjm hotdiio ids cumgnjmos ho id intordturd.g. Oxpjmo ids gdrdgtorëstngds aomordios ho id intordturd.h. Mnmaumd ho ids dmtornjros.

0. Oi osquokd j hndardkd jradmnzd id nmcjrkdgn÷m ho cjrkd<

d. Lorärqungd.`. Grjmji÷angd.g. I÷angd.h. Aij`di.

Intordturd

Jrdi

OsgrntjOstîtngd ykusngdi

Wjgndi yguiturdi

Ovdsnvd

Wnk`jingd ydcogtnvd

Îpngj, mdrrdtnvj(prjsd)

Iërngj

Hrdkätngj

Gjmlumtj ho prjhuggnjmos quoso hosdrrjiidm d pdrtnr hoi drto hoid pdid`rd

Vrosomtd di naudi quo ids j`rds hodrto, umd sorno ho cumgnjmos

Ids j`rds intordrnds so darupdmj so gidsncngdm om aîmorjs




Oiokomtjs ho um toxtj mdrrdtnvjOstuhnokjs ijs oiokomtjs quo gdrdgtornzdm um toxtj mdrrdtnvj gjm oi snaunomto olokpij<

’Idhr÷m ho Wä`dhj‛

Guomtj

Dutjr< Ad`rnoi Adrgëd Kärquoz (Gjijk`ndmj, proknj mj`oi ho intordturd 4>20.Mdgn÷ om Drdgdtdgd-Kdahdiomd om 4>01).

Buaj, um idhr÷m quo s÷ij rj`d ijs cnmos ho sokdmd, omtrd om umd gdsd um sä`dhj pjr idmjgbo. Dmd, id huoôd, umd tronmtdôord audpd o nmsjkmo okpohormnhd, ij hosgu`ro nmcrdadmtn. Dkomdzdhd gjm id pnstjid, id kulor io omtroad tjhds ids ljyds y gjsds ho vdijr,y io pnho quo mj so dgorquo d Vduin, su mnôd ho tros dôjs. Wnm ok`draj, id mnôd ij vo, yîi id gjmqunstd gjm diaumjs trugjs ho kdand. Buaj pnomsd< «ºVjr quî nrso tdm prjmtj,sn so ostä tdm `nom dquë:µ Vjhrëd quohdrso tjhj oi cnm ho sokdmd y ajzdr piomdkomtoid sntudgn÷m, puos oi kdrnhj -ij sd`o pjrquo ijs bd ospndhj- mj roarosd ho su vndlo homoajgnjs bdstd oi hjknmaj om id mjgbo. Oi idhr÷m mj ij pnomsd kugbj< so pjmo ijspdmtdijmos hoi soôjr ho id gdsd y io pnho d Dmd quo gjgnmo pdrd îi, quo sdquo oi vnmjho id gdvd y quo pjmad diaj ho küsngd pdrd gomdr, pjrquo snm küsngd mj puoho vnvnr.

Woaüm ij prosomtdhj om oi osquokd, pjhrëdkjs dcnrkdr quo ostd mdrrdgn÷mos umd intordturd<

d. Hrdkätngd.`. Osgrntd.g. Ostîtngd y kusngdi.h. Jrdi.

?. Xomnomhj om guomtd oi osquokd, pjhrëdkjs hognr quo id mdrrdgn÷m ho ’OiXuy, huomhogniij‛, gukpio umd cumgn÷m<

d. Wnk`÷ingd y dcogtnvd.

`. Ovdsnvd.g. Iërngd.h. Osgrntd.



1> Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

D Dmd, projgupdhd pjr Vduin, knomtrds propdrd id gomd so io jgurro diaj pdrd sdgdr ditnpj ho su gdsd. Vorj mj puoho bdgor ardm gjsd pjrquo Buaj gjrt÷ ijs gdìos hoi toiî-cjmj, id gdsd ostä kuy dioldhd, os ho mjgbo y mdhno vd d iioadr. Dmd hognho pjmor umdpdstniid pdrd hjrknr om id gjpd ho Buaj. Hurdmto id gomd, oi idhr÷m, quo omtro sokdmdos voidhjr ho um `dmgj, hosgu`ro quo Dmd os id gjmhugtjrd ho su prjardkd cdvjrntj

ho rdhnj, oi prjardkd ho küsngd pjpuidr quo jyo tjhds ids mjgbos, snm cditd. Buaj os suardm dhknrdhjr y, knomtrds osgugbdm di ardm @ommy gdmtdmhj G÷kj cuo om um gdsoto,bdìdm sj`ro küsngd y küsngjs. Dmd so drropnomto ho hjrknrij puos Buaj so gjkpjrtdtrdmqunidkomto y mj tnomo nmtomgnjmos ho idstnkdrid mn vnjiomtdrid, porj yd os tdrhopjrquo oi sjkmëcorj yd ostä om id gjpd y oi idhr÷m id òò tjhd kuy gjmtomtj. Wnmok`draj, bd bd`nhj umd oqunvjgdgn÷m, y qunom bd tjkdhj id gjpd gjm id pdstniid osoiid. Dmd so quohd hjrknhd om um hjs pjr tros.

D id kdôdmd snaunomto Dmd hospnortd gjkpiotdkomto vostnhd y kuy nom tdpdhd gjmumd gj`nld, om su rogäkdrd. Om oi ldrhëm, Buaj y Vduin luoadm, yd quo bdm torknmdhjho bdgor oi hosdyumj. Dmd so sjrpromho ho ij nom quo so iiovdm. Dhokäs, io omgdmtdg÷kj gjgnmd oso idhr÷m quo, d cnm ho guomtds, os `dstdmto dtrdgtnvj. Dmd okpnozd dsomtnr umd oxtrdôd coingnhdh.

Om osjs kjkomtjs umd dknad pdsd pdrd nmvntdrid d gjkor. Buaj so pjmo morvnjsjporj Dmd nmvomtd quo id mnôd ostä omcorkd y id hospnho ho nmkohndtj. Dsë ijs tros

so quohdm lumtntjs om gdsd d hnscrutdr hoi hjknmaj. Buaj ropdrd ids vomtdmds y oitoiîcjmj quo hosgjkpusj id mjgbo dmtornjr, knomtrds sni`d. Dmd so omtord ho quo îi`dnid kuy `nom oi hdmz÷m, `dnio quo d oiid io omgdmtd porj quo mumgd puoho prdg-tngdr gjm mdhno. Îi io prjpjmo quo `dniom umd pnozd y so dgjpidm ho tdi kdmord quo`dnidm bdstd yd omtrdhd id tdrho. Vduin ijs j`sorvd, dpiduho y, cnmdikomto so quohdhjrknhd. Pomhnhjs, torknmdm tnrdhjs om um snii÷m ho id sdid.

Vdrd omtjmgos yd so ios cuo oi sdmtj di gnoij, puos os bjrd ho quo oi kdrnhj roaro-

so. Dumquo Dmd so rosnsto, Buaj io hovuoivo gdsn tjhj ij quo bd`ëd rj`dhj, io hddiaumjs gjmsoljs pdrd quo mj so kotdm om su gdsd ijs idhrjmos, y so hospnho ho idshjs kuloros gjm mj pjgd trnstozd. Dmd ij knrd dioldrso. Buaj ostä pjr hosdpdrogory oiid ij iidkd d vjgos. Gudmhj roarosd io hngo, knrämhjio kuy cnlj d ijs jljs, quooi pr÷xnkj cnm ho sokdmd su ospjsj vd d vjivor d sdinr ho vndlo. Oi idhr÷m ho sä`dhjso vd coinz, `dnidmhj pjr ids gdiios hoi `drrnj, knomtrds dmjgbogo.




Nmsjkmo. (Hoi idt. nmsjkmns).4. dhl. Tuo mj huorko, hosvoidhj.

Okpohormnhj,hd (Hoi pdrt. ho okpohormnr).4. dhl. J`stnmdhj, tomdz, quo tnomo um vngnj j gjstuk`ro kuy

drrdnadhjs. Cukdhjr okpohormnhj. Bd`idhjrd okpohormnhd.

Wjkmëcorj,rd. (Hoi idt. sjkm-cor, -rn).4. dhl. Hngbj ospogndikomto ho um kohngdkomtj< Tuo hd j

gdusd suoôj. _. t. g. s. k.


Ijs toxtjs mdrrdtnvjs tnomom umd jradmnzdgn÷m< Nmtrjhuggn÷m, muhj y hosomidgo.

ºH÷mhoy guämhjsugohnorjmijs bogbjs:

Id gdsdho umdsoôjrd,hurdmto

oi cnm hosokdmd.

Kdrgj

Mdrrdhjrom torgordporsjmd.

Vrjtdajmnstds<Oi idhr÷m (Buaj)y id soôjrd (Dmd).

Wogumhdrnjs<Id mnôd (Vduin)y oi ospjsj hoid soôjrd.

_m idhr÷m ho cnm ho sokdmd iioadd rj`dr, hospuîs so snomto d austjy so quohd tjhj oi cnm ho sokd-md. Id soôjrd y id mnôd so snomtom

coingos ho pdsdr oi cnm ho sokdmdgjm îi. Oi idhr÷m io hovuoivo tjhjij rj`dhj. Id soôjrd io nmcjrkdquo oi pr÷xnkj cnm ho sokdmd suospjsj tdk`nîm ostdrä ho vndlo yoi idhr÷m so vd coinz.

Mdrrdhjr/d Xrdkd Vorsjmdlos

ºTunîmguomtd idbnstjrnd:

ºOm quî jrhom jgurrom ijs bo-gbjs: ºTunîmos prjtdaj-mnzdm id bnstjrnd:



24 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Gjkpioto id snaunomto td`id om su gudhormj, hospuîs ho dmdinzdr oi guomtj dmtornjr.

Nmtrjhuggn÷m Muhj Hosomidgo

Vrosomtdgn÷m hoiporsjmdlo prnmgnpdi om

um kdrgj hotorknmdhj.

Hosdrrjiij ho idtrdkd hoi roidtj.

Cnm hoi roidtj.

Ijs oiokomtjs inmaùëstngjs quo gdrdgtornzdm d ijstoxtjs mdrrdtnvjs sjm< vor`js ho dggn÷m gjmluhdhjsom hnvorsnhdh ho tnokpjs, gjmogtjros grjmji÷angjs,sustdmtnvjs, dhlotnvjs y dhvor`njs ho iuadr.

Gjmogtjros grjmji÷angjs< sjm pdid`rds quo ostd`iogom gjmo-xnjmos omtro omumgndhjs j soguomgnd ho omumgndhjs5 oxpro-sdm umd roidgn÷m tokpjrdi. Vjr olokpij< omtjmgos, iuoaj, pjrid kdôdmd, pjr id tdrho, knomtrds tdmtj.

4




Xnpjs ho mdrrdhjr3

• Xorgord porsjmd inkntdhd< oi mdrrdhjr so rocnoro d ijs porsjmdlos om torgordporsjmd, porj s÷ij hosgrnò ij quo puoho sor vnstj, jëhj j pomsdhj pjr um sjijporsjmdlo.

• Xorgord porsjmd jkmnsgnomto< oi mdrrdhjr hosgrnò tjhj ij quo ijs porsjmdlosvom, snomtom, jyom… y ijs bogbjs quo mj bdm snhj prosomgndhjs pjr mnmaümporsjmdlo.

• Xorgord porsjmd j`sorvdhjrd< oi mdrrdhjr guomtd ijs bogbjs ho ijs quo ostostnaj gjkj sn ijs gjmtokpidrd hosho cuord5 mj puoho hosgrn`nr oi nmtornjr hoijs porsjmdlos.

• Vrnkord porsjmd gomtrdi< oi mdrrdhjr dhjptd oi pumtj ho vnstd hoi prjtdajmnstd,qunom guomtd su bnstjrnd om prnkord porsjmd.

• Vrnkord porsjmd porncîrngd< oi mdrrdhjr dhjptd oi pumtj ho vnstd ho umporsjmdlo sogumhdrnj quo mdrrd om prnkord porsjmd id vnhd hoi prjtdajmnstd.

• Vrnkord porsjmd tostnaj< um tostnaj ho id dggn÷m quo mj pdrtngnpd om oiid, mdrrd

om prnkord porsjmd ijs dgjmtognknomtjs.

• Woaumhd porsjmd mdrrdtnvd< oi mdrrdhjr bdìd om soaumhd porsjmd, gjm ijquo so prjhugo um hnäijaj-kjm÷ijaj hoi prjtdajmnstd gjmsnaj knskj.

3. Ljsî Kdrëd Hëoz @jrquo. Gjkomtdrnj ho toxtjs intordrnjs. Oh. Vidyjr.

Osgjld id mjvoid quo käs io iidko id dtomgn÷m ho id toiovnsn÷m gjijk`ndmd y osgrn`dom su gudhormj om h÷mho so hosdrrjiid id bnstjrnd, qunîm mdrrd id bnstjrnd, guäi os idtrdkd, qunîmos sjm ijs porsjmdlos prnmgnpdios y om quî tnpj ho mdrrdgn÷m so u`ngdid bnstjrnd.

47



27 Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Gidsncngdgn÷m ho ids mdrrdgnjmos j roidtjs

Ho dguorhj d id rodinhdh quo prosomtdm, ids mdrrdgnjmos so hnvnhom om<

Gjstuk`rnstds Poidtdm id vnhd gjtnhndmd ho um gjmtoxtj sjgndi ospogëcngj.

PodinstdsPoidtdm id rodinhdh (nkdanmdhd) gjmporsjmdlos, bogbjs y gjmtoxtjs ospogëcngjs.

Bukjrëstngds

Poidtj quo so gdrdgtornzd pjr su gjkngnhdh. Poidtjg÷kngj quo utninzd gjkj rogursjs gbnstos, porsjmdlosgdrngdturnzdhjs,sntudgnjmos rnhëguids quo prjhugom ardgnd.

@njaräcngdsPoidtd id vnhd ho umd j vdrnds porsjmds. Id dutj`njardcëdroidtd id vnhd hoi dutjr.

CdmtästngdsPoidtdm bogbjs nmgroëìos, porsjmdlos cdmtästngjs, homtrjho rodinhdhos pjsnìos.

Ho gnomgnd-cnggn÷m

Poidtdm bogbjs cdmtästngjs o nmgroëìos, roidgnjmdhjs

gjm oi kumhj gnomtëcngj, jtrjs umnvorsjs y hnvorsnhdhho cnggnjmos.

KdrdvniijsdsPoidtjs ho bogbjs y prjtdajmnstds cuord ho id rodinhdh,käangjs gjkj ids bdhds, ijs amjkjs, ijs kdajs y ijs`ruljs.

Dmtnauds mdrrdgnjmos ho id trdhngn÷m jrdi. Wo kuovomomtro id rodinhdh y id cdmtdsëd, kozgidmhj groomgndsroinanjsds, suporstngnjmos y bogbjs bnst÷rngjs.

CäùidsMdrrdgnjmos quo torknmdm gjm umd kjrdiold (omsoôdm-

zd), prjtdajmnzdhjs pjr dmnkdios porsjmncngdhjs.

KntjsPoidtdm oi jrnaom ho ijs soros bukdmjs, ijs dmnkdios jijs com÷komjs ho id mdturdiozd, dsë gjkj hoi kumhj,hoi gjskjs.

Ioyomhds




Wosn÷m

Aîmorj hrdkätngj

48

Oi aîmorj hrdkätngj os umj ho ijs tros aîmorjs intordrnjs (hrdkätngj,mdrrdtnvj j îpngj y iërngj). Oi aîmorj hrdkätngj so utninzd om oi tod-trj. Wo gdrdgtornzd pjr ijs hnäijajs osgrntjs (toxtjs hndijadhjs) pjr

oi dutjr pdrd sor roprosomtdhjs pjr ijs porsjmdlos dmto oi püìngj.

Xnpjho toxtj


Pospjmhod Kjhoij Xnpj ho iomaudlo

Hndijadhj Poprjhugointordikomto idspdid`rds ho ijs

porsjmdlos

ºTuîhngom:

• Dgjtdgnjmos, aunj-mos, gjkniids.

• Crdsos rovos.

• ûxtdpjsngn÷m ygjjrhnmdgn÷m.

• Hnvorsnhdh ho omtj-mdgn÷m.

• Nmtorloggnjmos, nmto-rrjadgnjmos, oinpsns.

• Jmjkdtjpoyds.• Hoëxns, rutnmds.

Vnozdstodtrdios,

hnäijajs om

guomtjs, mj-voids y omtro-

vnstds

Vdrd cjrtdiogor muostrd cjrkd ho draukomtdr y hocomhor koljr muostrdsjpnmnjmos, pjhokjs utninzdr gnortds tîgmngds< gntds j draukomtjs hodutjrnhdh id draukomtdgn÷m quo oxprosdkjs kohndmto ids nhods prnm-gnpdios pdrd dpjydr muostrd tosns puoho gjkpromhor gntds ho porsjmdscdkjsds j tostnkjmnjs ho cuomtos prostnanjsds gjkj rovnstds, in`rjs jprjardkds ho toiovnsn÷m. Wu j`lotnvj os rocjrzdr id nhod prnmgnpdi, jdhoidmtdrso d pjsnìos draukomtjs gjmtrdrnjs. Vjr olokpij< Oi dikd osumd prjhuggn÷m ho muostrj goro`rj, gjkj ij pidmtod Pjhjicj Iinmäs,oi rogjmjgnhj mourjcnsn÷ijaj.



2? Intordturd,


_mnhdh 0

Om oi toxtj hndijadhj so roprosomtdm ijs gjmcingtjs j opnsjhnjs quo oi dutjr pidmtod.Wu mjk`ro vnomo ho hrdkd, quo os gjkj so gjmjgo aomîrngdkomto tjhd grodgn÷mintordrnd ho ijs hrdkdturajs, drtnstds quo hosdrrjiidm um dgjmtognknomtj j bogbj hom-trj ho um ospdgnj y um tnokpj hotorknmdhj, quo snk`jinzd diaüm gjmcingtj bukdmj.

Om oi aîmorj hrdkätngj id dggn÷m so vnvo om oi osgomdrnj, dsë, ijs ospogtdhjros mjtomokjs quo ioorid pdrd sdòr quî jgurro (gjkj om oi gdsj ho ids mjvoids j guom-tjs). Vuoho sor osgrntd om prjsd j vorsj.

Dmtogohomtos bnst÷rngjs

Iuadr ho jrnaom< Arognd.

Gdrägtor< sdardhj, guitj d Hnjmnsnj, hnjs hoi vnmj.

Hrdkdturajs arnoajs käs nkpjrtdmtos< W÷cjgios, Ourëpohos y Osqunij.

Hrdkdturajs rjkdmjs käs nkpjrtdmtos< Xoromgnj, Wîmogd y Vidutj.

Pomdgor hoi todtrj ourjpoj< om id Ditd Ohdh Kohnd so oxtnmauo oi todtrj. Pomdgoom ijs snaijs RN y RNN om Ourjpd, gjm gjkohnds osgrntds om Idtëm, roprosomtdhds omkjmdstornjs, gjrtos y umnvorsnhdhos.

Dggosj hoi püìngj (puoìj) di todtrj< so prjhugo om ids naiosnds, kohndmtoroprosomtdgnjmos hoi ovdmaoinj, om iomaudlo gjküm (vuiadr), hurdmto ids cnostds hoMdvnhdh, Opncdmëd y Posurroggn÷m.

Vrnkord j`rd todtrdi< osgrntd gjkpiotdkomto om ospdôji< Oi ’ Dutj ho ijs Poyos Kdajs‛. Dutjr dm÷mnkj. Osgrntd d cnmos hoi snaij RNN j prnmgnpnjs hoi RNNN. Wo gjm-sorvd nmgjkpiotd (480 vorsjs)5 cditd id pdrto cnmdi, quo ho`ëd kjstrdr id dhjrdgn÷mho ijs royos di Mnôj Losüs.




Hnvnsn÷m hoi aîmorj hrdkätngj

Wuàîmorjs hrdkätngjs

Id trdaohnd Oi hrdkd Id zdrzuoid Id gjkohnd

Vrosomtd dspog-tjs g÷kngjs ujptnknstds ho idvnhd. Xnomo umhosomidgo coinz.

Os id roprosomtd-gn÷m ho torrnìosgjmcingtjs omtroporsjmdlos su-pornjros y kuyvobokomtos, ijs

gudios sjm vëgtn-kds ho ardmhospdsnjmos quo mjpuohom hjknmdr5suoio dgd`dr gjmid kuorto hoi prj-tdajmnstd.

Os id roprosomtd-gn÷m ho prjìokdsardvos, gjm nmtor-vomgn÷m, d vogos,ho oiokomtjs g÷-kngjs, y su cnmdi

suoio sor sjk`rëj.

J`rd intordrnj-ku-sngdi, aomunmdkom-to ospdôjid, om idquo so gjk`nmdmosgomds bdìdhds ygdmtdhds.

Wuoio rocioldr vnvjsgudhrjs ho gjstuk-`ros, projgupd-gnjmos pjpuidros,sätnrds pjiëtngds.

Dôj 4216, hotdiio ho id pnmturd di ÷ioj ho Cjrh Kdhjx @rjwmhjmho so rogrod id osgomd hoi `dig÷m ho Pjkoj y Luinotd.



21 Vrognsnjmos

ardkdtngdios

_mnhdh 7

Bdad umd sëmtosns hoi gjmgoptj ho intordturd, gjm dyuhd hoi snaunomto osquokd<

Hocnmngn÷mXoxtjs

intordrnjs Gdrdgtorëstngds

Intordturd

Cumgnjmos

Aîmorjs

Gdrdgtorëstngds GdrdgtorëstngdsGdrdgtorëstngds

Gidsos

Hocnmngn÷m




Cjtj

Id cjtj ostä `jmntd.

Gdtoajrëd ardkdtngdi ho id pdid`rd cjtj om ijs olokpijs<Wustdmtnvj.

Cumgn÷m ho id pdid`rd cjtj om gdhd olokpij<• Gudmhj ostä sjid id pdid`rd cjtj mj hosokpoôd

cumgn÷m diaumd, pjrquo mj ostä om roidgn÷m gjmjtrds pdid`rds.

• Om id jrdgn÷m id pdid`rd cjtj hosokpoôd id cumgn÷mho mügioj hoi sulotj.

Wosn÷m 4?

Ids pdid rds om id jrdgn÷m

_mnhdh 7. Vrognsnjmos ardkdtngdios

Gdtoajrëds ardkdtngdios

Hurdmto osto k÷huij bokjs gjmjgnhj hncoromtos gidsos ho pdid`rds5d gjmtnmudgn÷m prjcumhnzdrokjs dgorgd ho oiids. Dumquo ids pdid`rdstnomom snamncngdhj gudmhj ostäm sjids, os gjküm omgjmtrdrids jrad-

mnzdhds om jrdgnjmos j crdsos. Gdhd pdid`rd hosokpoôd umd cumgn÷m om id jrdgn÷m5pjr osj tdk`nîm so gidsncngdm soaüm id cumgn÷m quo hosokpoôdm om umd jrdgn÷m.

Id cumgn÷m snmtägtngd ho umd pdid`rd sjij id gjmjgokjs gudmhj cjrkd pdrto ho umdjrdgn÷m. Vjr oi gjmtrdrnj, id gdtoajrëd pjhokjs gjmjgorid dumquo id pdid`rd mjostî homtrj ho umd jrdgn÷m, yd quo mj snokpro os mogosdrnj gjmjgor oi gjmtoxtj.Vjr olokpij<

Gdtoajrëd y cumgn÷m ardkdtngdi sjm gjmgoptjs hncoromtos. Idgdtoajrëd soôdid oi arupj di gudi portomogo id pdid`rd. Idcumgn÷m nmhngd su roidgn÷m gjm ids jtrds pdid`rds om id jrdgn÷m.



2> Vrognsnjmos

ardkdtngdios

_mnhdh 7

1. Xjkdhj hoi toxtj Xdiior ho Iogtjosgrnturd, Kd. Grnstnmd Soad ho Gngorn.

Ids Vdid`rds

Wjm ijs oiokomtjs quo nmtorvnomom om id jrdgn÷m.

Oxnstom jgbj gidsos ho pdid`rds<

Wustdmtnvjs< mjk`rdm porsjmds, dmnkdios j gjsds.Sor`js< nmhngdm id dggn÷m.

Dhlotnvjs< soôdidm ids gudinhdhos y kjhncngdm di sustdmtnvj.Dhvor`njs< kjhncngdm id dggn÷m hoi vor`j.

Moxjs

Vropjsngnjmos< roidgnjmdm ijs oiokomtjs ho id jrdgn÷m.Hotorknmdmtos< soôdidm di mjk`ro.Gjmlumgnjmos< umom oiokomtjs ho naudi rdmaj.

Nmtorloggnjmos< oxprosdm okjgnjmos ropomtnmds.

Id Crdso

Os umd umnhdh quo so gjkpjmo pjr umd j vdrnds pdid`rds y tnomoumd cumgn÷m om id jrdgn÷m. Xdk`nîm so iidkd snmtdakd y puoho sormjknmdi, sn tnomo um sustdmtnvj5 vor`di sn tnomo um vor`j5 propjsn-gnjmdi sn tnomo umd propjsngn÷m5 y dhvor`ndi sn tnomo um dhvor`nj.

Olokpijs< ijs mnôjs poquoôjs/ luoadm poijtd/ om bjrds ho jcngnmd/ y arntdm hosdcjrdhdkomto.

1



>6Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3od Iomaudlo y Gjkumngdgn÷m

2. Xjkdhj hoi gntdhj toxtj ho Kd. Grnstnmd Soad ho Gngorn.

Cumgn÷m ho ids pdid`rds om id jrdgn÷m2

Ids pdid`rds hosokpoôdm hnvorsds cumgnjmos ho dguorhj gjm sus roidgnjmos omtro së<

• Oi sustdmtnvj os<

Wulotj< Oi jcngndi rodinz÷ id nmspoggn÷m.

Vrohngdhj mjknmdi< Vohrj os jcngndi (vor`j sor).

J`lotj hnrogtj< Ludm omtromd di jcngndi.

J`lotj nmhnrogtj< Oi nmcjrko os pdrd oi jcngndi.

Gjkpiokomtj gnrgumstdmgndi< Id roumn÷m so bnzj gjm oi jcngndi.

• Oi vor`j os<

Mügioj hoi prohngdhj< Oi aomordi omtroa÷ oi kdmhj.

Dggn÷m< Omtroadkjs.

Mügioj ho gjkpiokomtjs< Omtroad di dgusdhj (hnrogtj).

Omtroad d id cnsgdiëd (nmhnrogtj).

Omtroad gjm prjmtntuh (gnrgumstdmgndi)



>4 Vrognsnjmos

ardkdtngdios

_mnhdh 7

Xnpjho toxtj


Pospjmhod id proaumtd

Kjhoij Xnpj hoiomaudlo

Mdrrdtnvj Poidtd bogbjsquo io sugohom dumjs porsjmdlos

om um iuadry om um tnokpjhotorknmdhjs.

Sor`jsho dggn÷m

ºTuî pdsd: Guomtj

4. Iodkjs<

Bd`ëd umd voz umd kjtd ho pjivj, tdm sjid, tdm sjid, quo so d`urrëd omgdsd ho id soôjrd rngd y vji÷ y vji÷ bdstd id gdsd ho umd soôjrd pj`ro ycuo coinz diië pjrquo so roumn÷ gjm gnomtjs ho gjkpdôords.

’Ijs tros borkdmjs‛

Dpuioyj Wjtj

(dutjr ho intordturd nmcdmtni, kdostrj y pornjhnstd ospdôji)

4

8




0. Omguomtro om oi toxtj dmtornjr pdid`rds quo portomozgdm d ids snaunomtosgdtoajrëds ardkdtngdios y g÷pnoids om oi snaunomto gudhrj<

7. Woôdio gjm umd R id cumgn÷m ardkdtngdi quo gukpio id pdid`rd kjtd om idsnaunomto jrdgn÷m<

• Oi dhlotnvj os<

G÷puid (tîrknmj quo umo oi sulotjgjm oi prohngdhj) hoi mjk`ro< Id trjpd os suknsd (vor`j sor).

Kjhncngd di mjk`ro< Oi sjihdhj gjmcusj so omcork÷.

Opëtotj< Oi gjmcusj ropjrto so porhn÷.

Id kjtd ostd`d d`urrnhd y sjid.d. Mügioj hoi prohngdhj

`. Mügioj hoi sulotj

Sor`js

Wustdmtnvjs

Dhlotnvjs



>7 Vrognsnjmos

ardkdtngdios

_mnhdh 7

Ids propjsngnjmos sjm< d, dmto, `dlj, gjm, gjmtrd, ho, hosho,om, bdgnd, bdstd, pdrd, pjr, soaüm, snm, sj`ro, trds.

• Oi dhvor`nj<

Kjhncngd di vor`j< Oi olîrgntj dgtu÷ räpnhj.

Oi olîrgntj mj dgtu÷.

Oi olîrgntj dgtu÷ `nom.

Oi olîrgntj dgtu÷ gjrrogtdkomto.

Oi olîrgntj dgtu÷ tdrho.

Oi olîrgntj dgtu÷ prjmtj.

• Id propjsngn÷m os<

Omidgo omtro ijs oiokomtjs ho id jrdgn÷m y snokpro oxnao um tîrknmjquo nmgiuyo um sustdmtnvj, dsë<

Sor`j y mjk`ro< Dgtu÷ gjm oi gjkpdôorj.

Mjk`ro y mjk`ro< Oi sjihdhj ho id audrhnd.

Dhlotnvj y mjk`ro< Id dggn÷m cuo oxgoiomto pjr id prognsn÷m.




• Oi hotorknmdmto

Woôdid di sustdmtnvj y puoho sor<

Drtëguijs< Oi, ijs gdhoto(s). Id, ids audrmngnjmos.

Hokjstrdtnvjs< Osto, ostd, ostjs, ostds (gorgd di bd`idmto).

Oso, osd, osjs, osds (komjs gorgd).

Dquoi, dquoiid, dquoiijs, dquoiids(ioljs hoi bd`idmto).

Vjsosnvjs< Kn, kns, tu (tuyj), tus, su, sus, muostrj,muostrd, muostrjs, muostrds, vuostrj,vuostrd, vuostrjs, vuostrds.

Nmhocnmnhjs< Vjgj, um, umjs, gnortj, hokdsndhj, diaüm,`dstdmto, tjhj, vdrnjs, hncoromto, tdmtj,nhîmtngj, naudi, pdrognhj.

Mukordios< Woôdidm gdmtnhdh u jrhom.

Gdrhnmdi< mjk`ro hoi mükorj.Ijs tros `dtdiijmos.

Jrhnmdi< hotorknmd oi jrhom.Oi umhîgnkj cromto.

Vdrtntnvj< hotorknmd umd pdrto.Id hjgodvd hoi suoihj.



>? Vrognsnjmos

ardkdtngdios

_mnhdh 7

• Id gjmlumgn÷m

Os oi moxj quo ostd`iogo su`jrhnmdgn÷m, yuxtdpjsngn÷m y gjjrhnmd-gn÷m omtro ids jrdgnjmos j omtro sus oiokomtjs. Vuoho sor snkpioj gjkpuostd y ostd`iogo roidgnjmos, gdusds, gjmhngnjmos, gjmso-guomgnds, otg.

Ids prnmgnpdios gjmlumgnjmos sjm<

y, j, o, dum, porj, kds, puostj, dumquo, snmj, pjr ij tdmtj, omgudmtj, snm ok`draj, dsë knskj, dum gudmhj, ho kjhj quo,pjrquo, otg.

• Id nmtorloggn÷m

Os umd oxgidkdgn÷m quo mj so usd om toxtjs j`lotnvjs snmj om toxtjssu`lotnvjs.

Olokpij< ¡Gunhdhj!

Gjmstruyd gnmgj crdsos y om oiids hnsgrnknmo oi snmtdakd mjknmdi, snmtdakd vor`di,snmtdakd propjsngnjmdi, snmtdakd dhvor`ndi. Dhokäs omgnorro ijs vor`js, ijs sustdm-

tnvjs, ijs dhlotnvjs.

4?



>1 Vrognsnjmos

ardkdtngdios

_mnhdh 7

Vdrd gjkpromhor id ostrugturd ho umd jrdgn÷m os nkpjrtdmto tomor gidrj oi gjmgoptjho snmtdakd< os umd pdid`rd j arupjs ho pdid`rds roidgnjmdhds omtro së y quo cjrkdmumd umnhdh cumgnjmdi, os hognr, hosokpoôdm umd cumgn÷m umntdrnd homtrj ho idjrdgn÷m. Wo gidsncngdm soaüm oi tnpj ho mügioj< mjknmdios (su mügioj os um sustdmtnvjj pdid`rd sustdmtnvdhd), dhvor`ndios, dhlotnvjs y vor`dios.

Om id jrdgn÷m snkpio omgjmtrdkjs snmtdakds gjkj oi sulotj (snmtdakd mjknmdi) y oiprohngdhj (snmtdakd vor`di).

46. Xjkdhj hoi toxtj gntdhj ho Kd. Grnstnmd Soad ho Gngorn.

Gidsos ho jrdgn÷m46

• Wnkpio y gjkpuostd< gjm umj j käs tîrknmjs (vor`js).

• Vrnmgnpdi y sogumhdrnd< nhod prnmgnpdi o nhods gjkpiokomtdrnds.

• Wu`jrhnmdmto y su`jrhnmdhd< om ardkätngd gjrrospjmho d ids dmtornjros.

• Gjjrhnmdhds< gjmstruggn÷m pdrdioid.

• ^uxtdpuostds< snm moxj ardkdtngdi.

Wo gjjrhnmd y su`jrhnmd gjm ijs prjmjk`ros roidtnvjs quo, qunom, gudi, guyj,gudmtj, gudmhj, hjmho quo gjrrospjmhom d j`lotj, porsjmd, portomomgnd,gdmtnhdh, tnokpj y iuadr. D vogos so gjk`nmdm gjm omidgos d, ho, pjr, om, id,oi, otg.




Om su vnhd gjtnhndmd ustoh utninzd kugbds jrdgnjmos snkpios. Osgrn`d diaumds ho osdsjrdgnjmos om oi snaunomto gudhrj o nmhnquo sn sjm umnkok`ros j `nkok`ros.

Wulotj Vrohngdhj _mnkok`ro/`nkok`ro

Id gjmgjrhdmgnd

Os id drkjmëd j gjrrospjmhomgnd quo hoò oxnstnr omtro ijs oiokomtjs ho id jrdgn÷m.Oxnsto ho aîmorj y mükorj (omtro sustdmtnvj, dhlotnvj y vor`j5 ho tnokpj, kjhj yporsjmd (omtro vor`j y sustdmtnvj)< oi sustdmtnvj nkpjmo sus dggnhomtos d ids hokäs

pdid`rds pdrd ostdìogor umd gjrroidgn÷m. Gdhd pdid`rd puoho roanr d jtrd, komjs id gjmlumgn÷m. Olokpijs< oi pjrtorj gunhdhjsj dhvnort o oi poinarj5 ijs sjihdhjs omtromdm.

Id gjboromgnd

Os id roidgn÷m i÷angd quo hoò oxnstnr omtro ids nhods quo trdtd um toxtj. Vdrd quo oitoxtj sod gjboromto, hoò gdrogor ho gjmtrdhnggnjmos omtro ids nhods pidmtodhds5

dsë, oi toxtj sorä gidrj y snamncngdtnvj. Ids jrdgnjmos hoi olokpij dmtornjr sjm jrdgnjmos snkpios, quo so gdrdgtornzdm pjrtomor um sjij vor`j y um sjij prohngdhj. Ids jrdgnjmos quo puohom pdrtnrso om sulotjy prohngdhj so iidkdm `nkok`ros. Wn mj so puohom hnvnhnr om sulotj y prohngdhj,so iidkdm umnkok`ros.

4



>> Vrognsnjmos

ardkdtngdios

_mnhdh 7

Vdrtos ho umd jrdgn÷m snkpio<Wnmtdakds mjknmdios y vor`dios

Ids pdrtos ho umd jrdgn÷m so iidkdm gjmstntuyomtos nmkohndtjs. Om oi gdsj ho id jrd-gn÷m snkpio, ostds pdrtos sjm sulotj (snmtdakd mjknmdi) y prohngdhj (snmtdakd vor`di).

Wnmtdakd Mjknmdi (WM)<

Oi sulotj ho umd jrdgn÷m os oi snmtdakd mjknmdi (WM). Pogjrhokjs quo oi sulotj osid porsjmd j gjsd ho id gudi so bdìd om id jrdgn÷m. Ostä nmtoardhj pjr um mügioj,

quo os um sustdmtnvj j oiokomtj mjknmdi oqunvdiomto.

Oi sustdmtnvj cumgnjmd gjkj oi mügioj hoi sulotj. Os id pdrto prnmgnpdi hoi sulotj.Oi sustdmtnvj rodinzd id cumgn÷m ho j`lotj hnrogtj. Os um kjhncngdhjr vor`di quoroprosomtd d id porsjmd, dmnkdi j gjsd quo rognò hnrogtdkomto id dggn÷m hoivor`j.

d quo id cumgn÷m äsngd hoi sustdmtnvj os sor oi mügioj hoi sulotj, oi sulotj hoò sor

snokpro um sustdmtnvj u jtrd pdid`rd sustntutnvd suyd, gjkj ostds quo prosomtdkjsom ijs snaunomtos olokpijs<

• Wustdmtnvj< Ids pdijkds vuoidm.

• Vrjmjk`ro< Oiid `dnid.

• Dhlotnvj sustdmtnvdhj< Ijs vdinomtos admdräm.

• Nmcnmntnvj< Admdr os id kotd.

• Dhvor`nj< Oi dyor jivnhdhj.

• Jrdgn÷m sustdmtnvd< Ko austd quo luoauos.




Osgrn`d gnmgj jrdgnjmos snkpios om su gudhormj ho trd`dlj, omgnorro oi snmtdakdmjknmdi j mügioj hoi sulotj y hotorknmo d quî arupj portomogo oi mügioj hoi sulotj.

43

Jrdgn÷mXnpj ho mügioj (sustdmtnvj, prjmjk`ro,dhlotnvj sustdmtnvdhj, nmcnmntnvj, dhvor`nj,

jrdgn÷m sustdmtnvd, jtrd cjrkd iîxngdsustdmtnvdhd, gjmlumgn÷m, nmtorloggn÷m).

Mügioj

• Gudiqunor jtrd cjrkdiîxngd sustdmtnvdhd< Gjrrn÷ os oi pdsdhj hoi vor`j gjrror.

• Gjmlumgn÷m< Ijs pjrquîs mjs projgupdm.

• Nmtorloggn÷m< _m dy! Hjijrjsj.

Om oi guomtj ’Idhr÷m ho Wä`dhj‛ omgjmtrdrä jrdgnjmos snkpios guyjs mügiojs sjmsustdmtnvjs j pdid`rds quo ijs sustntuyom. _`ëquoijs om id td`id snaunomto y gjkpiotoid nmcjrkdgn÷m sjingntdhd.

0



464 Vrognsnjmos

ardkdtngdios

_mnhdh 7

Dpdrto hoi mügioj, om oi snmtdakd mjknmdi omgjmtrdkjs pdid`rdsdhydgomtos, os hognr, so gjijgdm gorgd hoi sustdmtnvj (mügioj). Ostjsdhydgomtos sjm ijs hotorknmdmtos y ijs gjkpiokomtjs.

Ijs hotorknmdmtos sjm dquoiids pdid`rds quo nhomtncngdm j

gudmtncngdm oi gjmgoptj oxprosdhj pjr oi mügioj, pjr osj so hngoquo inkntdm su snamncngdhj. Wnokpro ostäm dmtos hoi mügioj hoisnmtdakd mjknmdi (sulotj).

Id cumgn÷m ho hotorknmdmtos id rodinzdm pdid`rds quo portomogom d ids gdtoajrëdsardkdtngdios ho drtëguij j dhlotnvjs hotorknmdtnvjs j hotorknmdmtos.

DrtëguijVrogoho di mjk`ro, puoho sor kdsguinmj j cokomnmj, snmauidr j piurdi<

Wosn÷m

Ijs hotorknmdmtos hoi mügioj

om oi Wnmtdakd Mjknmdi (WM)

41

Cjrkd moutrd< Drtëguij Ij. Wustdmtnvd d ijs dhlotnvjs j snmtdakds propjsngnjmdios,tdk`nîm d jrdgnjmos omtords, hämhjios um snamncngdhj moutrj, aomîrngj, d`strdgtj.Vjr olokpij< ij ho tu cdknind.

Ids

Drtëguij Wnmauidr Viurdi

Kdsguinmj Oi Ijs

Cokomnmj Id




Ijs dhlotnvjs hotorknmdtnvjs j hotorknmdmtos

Wo gidsncngdm om< hokjstrdtnvjs, pjsosnvjs, ijs quo hosnamdm gdmtnhdh (mukordios onmhocnmnhjs), ijs nmtorrjadtnvjs y oxgidkdtnvjs.

Pogjrhokjs quo um dhlotnvj dgjkpdôd di sustdmtnvj y pjr së sjij puoho gukpinrid cumgn÷m ho dtrn`utj j gudinhdh. Vuohom sor gdincngdtnvjs j hokjstrdtnvjs, soaüm idcumgn÷m quo hosokpoôdm om oi snmtdakd mjknmdi.

• Hokjstrdtnvjs

Ids cjrkds moutrds (ostj, osj, dquoiij) mj sogjmsnhordm hokjstrdtnvjs, sjm gjmsnhordhjs prj-mjk`ros y mj rodinzdm id cumgn÷m hotorknmdmto.

Ijs hokjstrdtnvjs sjij tnomom cjrkds cokomnmdsy kdsguinmds. Id cumgn÷m soôdidhjrd j hoëgtn-gd so rocnoro di ardhj ho prjxnknhdh j ioldmëdoxprosdhj om oi sustdmtnvj y om oi tnokpj quo

oxprosd.

HokjstrdtnvjsWnmauidr Viurdi

Cokomnmj Kdsguinmj Cokomnmj Kdsguinmj

Vrjxnknhdh Ostd Osto Ostds Ostjs

Hnstdmgndkohnd Osd Oso Osds Osjs

Ioldmëd Dquoiid Dquoi Dquoiijs Dquoiids



467 Vrognsnjmos

ardkdtngdios

_mnhdh 7

Dhydgomto. (Hoi idt. dhndgoms, -omtns).

4. dhl. Wntudhj om id nmkohndgn÷m j prjxnknhdh ho diaj.

Hoëgtngj, gd. (Hoi ar. ).

4. dhl. Inma. Vortomognomto j roidtnvj d id honxns.

0. k. Inma. Oiokomtj ardkdtngdi quo rodinzd umd honxns.

Honxns j hoëxns. (Hoi ar. ).

4. c. Inma. Woôdidknomtj quo so rodinzd kohndmto gnortjsoiokomtjs inmaùëstngjs quo kuostrdm, gjkj osto, osd5 quonmhngdm umd porsjmd, gjkj yj, vjsjtrjs5 j um iuadr, gjkj

diië, drrn`d5 j um tnokpj, gjkj dyor, dbjrd.

Oi soôdidknomtj puoho rocornrso d jtrjs oiokomtjs hoi hnsgursjj prosomtos sjij om id kokjrnd. Nmvntî d tus borkdmjs y dtus prnkjs, porj ostjs mj dgoptdrjm. Dquoiijs hëds cuorjmkdamëcngjs.

0. c. Kjstrdgn÷m quo so rodinzd kohndmto um aostj, dgjkpdôdmhjj mj d um hoëgtngj ardkdtngdi.





• Ijs hotorknmdmtos pjsosnvjs

Vrnkord porsjmd< këj, këds, këd, këjs, muostrj, muostrjs, muostrd, muostrjs, kn, kns.Woaumhd porsjmd< tuyj, tuyjs, tuyd, tuyds, tu, tus.Xorgord porsjmd< suyj, suyjs, suyd, suyds, su, sus.

Ijs pjsosnvjs quo vdm hoträs hoi mjk`ro j sustdmtnvj so iidkdm t÷mngjs. Wjm tjhjsijs dmtornjros, komjs kn, kns y su, sus, quo sjm ijs pjsosnvjs ätjmjs y snokpro vdmdhoidmto hoi mügioj hoi snmtdakd mjknmdi (sustdmtnvj).

Ijs dhlotnvjs hotorknmdmtos pjsosnvjs ostd`iogom umd roidgn÷m ho pjsosn÷m jportomomgnd omtro id 4ª., 0ª. y 7ª. porsjmd ardkdtngdi y oi mjk`ro j sustdmtnvj digudi hotorknmdm.

Daroauo drtëguijs y dhlotnvjs hotorknmdmtos hokjstrdtnvjs d ijs sustdmtnvjs quo utninzdpdrd mjk`rdr ijs j`lotjs ho usj croguomto om su gdsd.

Osgrn`d di cromto oi tnpj ho hotorknmdmto quo bd usdhj<

Dhlotnvj hotorknmdtnvj j hotorknmdmto hokjstrdtnvjpidtj

roadhord Drtëguij cokomnmj snmauidr.

Oso

Id

4



46? Vrognsnjmos

ardkdtngdios

_mnhdh 7

_tninzdmhj draukomtjs

Vdrd cjrtdiogor muostrd cjrkd ho draukomtdr y dsë hocomhorkoljr muostrds jpnmnjmos pjhokjs utninzdr gnortds tîgmngds<

Olokpijs<

Käs sdò oi hndìj pjr vnolj quo pjr hndìj< pdrdsustomtdr su tosns ho id nkpjrtdmgnd ho id oxpornomgndom diaüm dsumtj.

Tunom kugbj d`drgd, pjgj dprnotd< qunom okpromhokugbds gjsds d um tnokpj, aomordikomto mj hosok-poôd mnmaumd `nom.

D kdi tnokpj, ùomd gdrd< bdy quo sdòr sj`roiiovdrijs prjìokds ho id vnhd.

Gudmhj bdy bdk`ro, mj bdy pdm hurj< id mogosnhdhjìnad d vdijrdr ids gjsds këmnkds.

Pocrdmos

Vdrd sustomtdr sus nhods prnmgnpdios j sogumhdrnds y rospdihdr su tosns puoho utninzdrdiaüm rocräm pjpuidr quo tomad quo vor gjm oi tokd, yd quo ijs rocrdmos sjmgjkpdrtnhjs pjr kugbds porsjmds. Dhokäs, sjm olokpij ho sd`nhurëd pjpuidr.




Iod oi snaunomto toxtj y iuoaj rosuoivd ids proaumtds. Gdhd proaumtd tnomo gudtrjjpgnjmos ho rospuostd5 soioggnjmo id quo gjmsnhoro gjrrogtd ho dguorhj gjmid nmcjrkdgn÷m prosomtdhd<

4. Xomnomhj om guomtd id nkdaom dmtornjr, id pdid`rd zdpdtj os um<

d. Dhlotnvj.

`. Sor`j.

g. Wustdmtnvj.

h. Dhvor`nj.



461 Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8

D pdrtnr ho id nkdaom, om id jrdgn÷m Oi in`rj ostä vnolj y sugnj, ids pdid`rdssu`rdydhds sjm<

d. Sor`js.

`. Dhlotnvjs.g. Drtëguijs.

h. Gjmlumgnjmos.

_md ho ostds jrdgnjmos mj utninzd propjsngnjmos om id jrdgn÷m. Woôdio guäi os<

d. Vohrj gdknmd dioarokomto omtro ids porsjmds.

`. Oi porrj luoad.

g. Gdknij gjrro bdgnd oi pdrquo.

h. Kdrgoid bd`id rospotujsdkomto sj`ro id dknstdh.

Id jrdgn÷m os um gjmlumtj ho pdid`rds quo oxprosdm umd nhod gjkpiotd gjmsomtnhj. Om umd jrdgn÷m diaunom j diaj (sulotj) bdgo j hngo diaj (prohngdhj).Ids jrdgnjmos so gidsncngdm om snkpios y gjkpuostds. Id jrdgn÷m snkpio os id quogjmstd ho um sjij prohngdhj. Olokpij< Ijs mnôjs trd`dldhjros tnomom horogbjs.Id jrdgn÷m gjkpuostd os id quo gjmstd ho hjs j käs prohngdhjs. Olokpij<Ijs mnôjs trd`dldhjros tnomom horogbjs y roqunorom id prjtoggn÷m ho id ioy. Hodguorhj d ij dmtornjr, om id jrdgn÷m Id kdyjr pdrto hoi daud ostä om ijs kdros

y jgîdmjs, om ijs rëjs y ijs idajs, porj tdk`nîm bdy daud pjr ho`dlj hoi suoij,so puoho dcnrkdr quo os<

d. _md jrdgn÷m snkpio.

`. _md jrdgn÷m gjkpuostd.

g. _m pärrdcj.

h. _m omumgndhj.

0.

7.

8.



46> Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8

POCIORN×M

Vomsokjs pjr um kjkomtj, sn oi sor bukdmj mj tuvnord um prjgosj ho gjkumngdgn÷m5ho bogbj, pomsokjs sn id mdturdiozd knskd mj mjs porkntnord ostdìogor umdcjrkd ho hdrmjs d gjmjgor… Worëd diaj nmgjmgo`nìo ºvorhdh: Vuos dmdingokjs ygjkpromhdkjs quo id gjkumngdgn÷m om së knskd, os um dtrnùtj quo mjs bd porkntnhj

om oi trdmsgursj ho id bnstjrnd, gjmcnaurdrmjs gjkj porsjmds. Vjr kohnj hoi prjgosjgjkumngdtnvj y ho id kuitnpingnhdh ho cjrkds quo so bdm grodhj d su dirohohjr,bokjs pjhnhj aomordr dvdmgos togmji÷angjs, gnomtëcngjs y sjgndios. Vjr olokpij< pdrdids prnkords ospognos oraunhds ho osto pidmotd Xnorrd, oi hosgu`rnknomtj hoi cuoajy su utninhdh so hnj d pdrtnr ho um prjgosj ho pdrtngnpdgn÷m gjmlumtd, hjmho umjsy jtrjs nmtorgdk`nd`dm sus oxpornomgnds, y so oxpdmhnorjm ostjs sdòros. Omtjmgos,proaümtoso muovdkomto< ºquî sorëd hoi sor bukdmj y ho id mdturdiozd snm um prjgosjho gjkumngdgn÷m:




42

Gjmstruyd umd gdrtoiord gjm ijs dpumtos quo tjk÷ hoi vnhoj ho kohnjs ho gjku-mngdgn÷m gjkumntdrnjs y su nkpjrtdmgnd pdrd oi hosdrrjiij.

D pdrtnr ho ij vnstj, oid`jro um olokpij, om hjmho ustoh sod pdrtëgnpo om gdhd umjho ijs oiokomtjs ho id gjkumngdgn÷m.

Vrjgosj< Dggn÷m ho nr bdgnd dhoidmto. || 0. Xrdmsgursj hoi tnokpj. ||

7. Gjmlumtj ho ids cdsos sugosnvds ho um com÷komj mdturdi j ho umdjpordgn÷m drtncngndi.

G÷hnaj< (Hoi idtnm. *gjhngus, hor. roaros. ho gjhnguius, gjhngnij). Gjmlumtjho mjrkds ioadios snstokätngds quo roauidm umntdrndkomto umd kdtorndhotorknmdhd. || 0. Gncrd pdrd cjrkuidr y gjkpromhor komsdlos sogrotjs.|| 7. Gjk`nmdgn÷m ho snamjs quo tnomo um hotorknmdhj vdijr homtrj ho

um snstokd ostd`iognhj. Oi g÷hnaj ho umd tdrlotd ho grîhntj. || 8. Wnstokdho snamjs y ho roaids quo porknto cjrkuidr y gjkpromhor um komsdlo. ||?. Gjmlumtj ho roaids j progoptjs sj`ro gudiqunor kdtornd.

Gjkpiolj< (Hoi idt. gjkpioxus, pdrt. pds. ho gjkpiogtn, omidzdr). dhl. Tuoso gjkpjmo ho oiokomtjs hnvorsjs. || 0. Gjkpingdhj (NN omkdrdôdhj,hncëgni). || 7. k. Gjmlumtj j umn÷m ho hjs j käs gjsds.

4



444 Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8

Wosn÷m

Vornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj

4>

Xjhj sor bukdmj os om osomgnd um pornjhnstd j gjkumngdhjr, hdhjquo tjhjs vokjs j osgugbdkjs diaj, ij prjgosdkjs ho dguorhj gjmmuostrjs nmtorosos (ostj so bdgo gjmsgnomto j nmgjmsgnomtokomto) yiuoaj ij trdmskntnkjs d jtrjs. Vjr ij tdmtj, id ümngd hncoromgnd gjm umpornjhnstd prjcosnjmdi, os quo îsto pjsoo um kohnj ho gjkumngdgn÷mkdsnvj quo porknto iiovdr su komsdlo d käs porsjmds quo mjsjtrjs.

Ij dmtornjr qunoro hognr quo ustoh puoho sor um pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj sn ostähnspuostj d gukpinr ijs snaunomtos roqunsntjs<

4. Wdòr ioor y osgrn`nr

Xjhds ids cjrkds ho pornjhnskj, tdmtj osgrntj, gjkj rdhndi, ho toiovnsn÷m oNmtormot, roqunorom ho umd ùomd rohdggn÷m y umd iogturd nmtorprotdtnvd, quoio porkntd di pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj omtomhor d gd`dinhdh ij quo ioo y pjhoroxprosdrij om cjrkd gjmgrotd d trdvîs ho id osgrnturd.

Wn ustoh hosod sor pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj, hoò hokjstrdr d suhjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr quo ioo kuy `nom om vjz ditd, quo omtnomhoij quo ioo y quo os gdpdz ho osgrn`nr om cjrkd gidrd y gjmgrotd umd

gjmgiusn÷m sj`ro oi tokd quo ioy÷.

Oxdkom pdrd sor pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj

Gjm su hjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr vd d soioggnjmdr umd iogturd, id quo ustoh gjmsnhoro

gjmvomnomto d hosdrrjiidr oi snaunomto olorgngnj<

• Om umd bjld ho pdpoi, oxpinquo ids rdzjmos quo io kjtnvdrjm d osgjaor osotoxtj.

• Ioor om vjz ditd oi toxtj dmto su hjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr.• Om id knskd bjld hjmho oxping÷ ids rdzjmos quo ij kjtnvdrjm d osgjaor oso

toxtj, osgrn`d hjs pärrdcjs om ijs gudios draukomto id gjmgiusn÷m d id gudi iioadustoh hospuîs ho ioorij.




0. Dgoptdr id rospjmsd`ninhdh sjgndi quo tnomo um pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj

Oi pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj hoò tomor um sjij j`lotnvj, okntnr nmcjrkdgnjmquo porkntd aomordr hosdrrjiij y cjrkdr gjkumnhdh y pdrd ijardrij hoò

tomor gidrjs ijs snaunomtos pumtjs<

• Ijs kohnjs gjkumntdrnjs, gjkj su mjk`ro ij nmhngd, sjm ho id gjkumnhdhy pdrd oi sorvngnj ho tjhds ids porsjmds quo id nmtoardm. Vjr ij tdmtj tjhjknok`rj ho id gjkumnhdh tnomo oi horogbj d oxprosdrso d trdvîs hoi kohnjgjkumntdrnj y oi pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj hoò adrdmtnzdr quo dsë sugohd.

• Xjhd id nmcjrkdgn÷m quo so okntd d trdvîs ho ijs kohnjs gjkumntdrnjs hoò

tomor gjkj j`lotnvjs dpjydr id aomordgn÷m ho hosdrrjiij om id gjkumnhdh5ohugdr5 hdr d gjmjgor tjhjs ijs dspogtjs pjsntnvjs ho id gjkumnhdh5 yhncumhnr id nmcjrkdgn÷m ho tjhj ij quo sugohd, cdgnintdmhj o nmvntdmhj did rocioxn÷m y oi dmäinsns ho ijs dgjmtognknomtjs, y `rnmhdmhj pdutds pdrdquo ijs sugosjs moadtnvjs mj so ropntdm.

• Gudmhj um knok`rj ho id gjkumnhdh qunord hdr su jpnmn÷m om umkohnj gjkumntdrnj, oi pornjhnstd hoò jrnomtdrij, nmhngämhjio guäios

sjm ijs j`lotnvjs hoi kohnj y dgidrämhjio quo, sn so vd d bdgor diaüm tnpjho homumgnd, îstd hoò ostdr sustomtdhd gjm pruo`ds y, ho gjmsnhordrsomogosdrnj, ostdr dgjkpdôdhd ho ids homumgnds dmto ids dutjrnhdhosgjrrospjmhnomtos.

• Xjhd nmcjrkdgn÷m quoso okntd hoò ostdrvorncngdhd y om id knskd

hoòm ostdr gntdhds gjmmjk`ro y dpoiinhj idsporsjmds nmvjiugrdhds,dsë gjkj ids cuomtosquo io suknmnstrdrjmi d n m c j r kdg n ÷m d ipornjhnstd. Cjtjardcëd ho< Ldvnor Dkdyd.



447 Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8

• Oi pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj mj puoho tomor cuomtos jguitds j okntnrnmcjrkdgn÷m ho id gudi hosgjmjzgd id cuomto, puos mj os pjsnìo aomordrhosdrrjiij mn cjrkdr gjkumnhdh sn so hosgjmjgo id prjgohomgnd ho ijs

hdtjs y, pjr tdmtj, sn mj os gidrj guäios sjm ijs j`lotnvjs quo so porsnauomgjm ijs knskjs.

7. Dsuknr id pornjhngnhdh hoi kohnj< gudmhj so grod um kohnj ho gjku-mngdgn÷m, hoò dsuknrso id rospjmsd`ninhdh ho ids cogbds om quo sdihrädmto id jpnmn÷m püìngd y îstds hoòm gukpinrso. Wn so hngo quo oi kohnjho gjkumngdgn÷m sorä hndrnj, sokdmdi, qunmgomdi j komsudi, ostds cogbdshoòm gukpinrso rnaurjsdkomto.

Nmhdauo sj`ro ijs kohnjs ho gjkumngdgn÷m gjkumntdrnjs quo oxnstom om su roan÷my ijs tokds quo trdtdm.

4>

Hjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr gjm oi snstokd nmtordgtnvj.




Gjkj so vnj om k÷huijs dmtornjros, ho dguorhj gjm id gjkumnhdhijs kohnjs gjkumntdrnjs puohom sor< porn÷hngjs kurdios, jiotnmos,porn÷hngjs gjkumntdrnjs, proajmorjs, oknsjrds gjkumntdrnds,mjtngnorjs ho toiovnsn÷m gjkumntdrnjs, `jiotnmos oiogtr÷mngjs pjrNmtormot, päanmds om Nmtormot y ìjge.

Vdrd hocnmnr quî kohnj j quî kohnjs gjkumntdrnjs qunorom tomor om su gjkumnhdh,hoòm sdòr om quî gjmsnsto gdhd kohnj y guäios rogursjs so roqunorom pdrd sunkpiokomtdgn÷m.

Ijs proajmorjs< osto os oi kohnj ho gjkumngdgn÷m käs somgniij, pjrquo s÷ijroqunoro ho id vjz bukdmd j käxnkj ho id dyuhd ho um koaäcjmj y gjmsnsto omumd porsjmd quo puoho sor oi knskj pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj, quo rogjrro ids gdiiosy vorohds ho id roan÷m, ioyomhj ids mjtngnds j nmcjrkdgnjmos quo so hosodm hnvuiadr.

Vorn÷hngj kurdi< hoò gjijgdrso om kurjs, pdrohos u jtrjs iuadros vnsnìospdrd id gjkumnhdh Om îi so gjijgdm id nmcjrkdgn÷m quo hosodkjs trdmskntnr, quohoò sor gidrd y iidkdtnvd. Ijs kdtorndios roquornhjs sjm pdpoi j gdrtuinmd5 rovnstds,cjtjardcëds y/j hnùljs5 poadmto5 tnlords5 y kdrgdhjros j gjijros. Ijs toxtjs puohomsor osgrntjs om gjkputdhjr, om käqunmd ho osgrn`nr j d kdmj.

Wosn÷m

G÷kj hnsoôdr y kjmtdr um kohnj gjkumntdrnj

06

Om jtrjs tnokpjs, ordm ijs proajmorjs qunomos trdmskntëdm id nm-cjrkdgn÷m d trdvîs ho gdmtjs j gjpids pdrd iidkdr käs id dtomgn÷mho ijs jyomtos. Wod gjkj sod, snokpro sorä cumhdkomtdi quo idnmcjrkdgn÷m sod gidrd, quo so rospotom ids cuomtos, y quo tdmtj îstdsgjkj id nmcjrkdgn÷m sodm vordgos y gjmcndìos.



44? Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8

Vropdro umd poquoôd omtrovnstd gjm gnmgj proaumtds quo ustoh io bdrëd di digdihoho su kumngnpnj sj`ro ids aostnjmos ho su dhknmnstrdgn÷m. Osgrë`did om oi gudhormj

ho trd`dlj.

06

@jiotëm< sjm bjlds ho pdpoi, pjr ij aomordi tdkdôj gdrtd om ids quo roosgrnò idnmcjrkdgn÷m y so hnstrnùyom omtro id gjkumnhdh, tnomom id hosvomtdld ho quo mj sopuohom hdr kugbds nmcjrkdgnjmos pjr osto kohnj y so okpiod pdrd ovomtjs kuygjmgrotjs y guyd uraomgnd mj porknto utninzdr jtrj kohnj, so puohom okpoidr gjkjdpjyj ho ijs hokäs kohnjs.

Vorn÷hngj gjkumntdrnj< osto yd os um kohnj käs gjmsjinhdhj, quo hoò nrnkprosj y gjmstd ho vdrnds päanmds. Om osto gdsj so roqunoro ho cjtjardcëd, um gjk-putdhjr, umd cjtjgjpndhjrd, umd nkprosjrd j umd nkpromtd pdrd pjhor nkprnknr idspäanmds hoi porn÷hngj.

Oknsjrds gjkumntdrnds< oxnstom hjs tnpjs ho oknsjrds gjkumntdrnds<4. ids quo okntom d trdvîs ho ids jmhds ho rdhnj y gjm dutjrnzdgn÷m hoi Knmnstornj ho

Gjkumngdgnjmos5 y 0. dquoiids quo sjm käs poquoôds, porj mj komjs ocngnomtos,quo okpiodm ijs ditjpdridmtos ho ids Lumtds ho Dggn÷m Gjkumdi, ho ids pdrrjqunds jho ids digdihëds pdrd hnvuiadr nmcjrkdgn÷m j trdmskntnr sus prjardkds. Os nkpjrtdmtotomor om guomtd quo id ostrugturd ho ijs prjardkds y/j mjtngnorjs hoò sor id knskdom dk`js gdsjs. Dhokäs, os mogosdrnj gjmtdr gjm ard`dhjrd y um oqunpj ho sjmnhjgjm GH y gdsotos.

Xoiovnsnjm gjkumntdrnd< os oi käs sjcnstngdhj ho ijs kohnjs y pdrd su oknsn÷mso roqunorom gäkdrds ho vnhoj, oqunpjs ho ohngn÷m y trdmsknsn÷m ho vnhoj.

Nmtormot< d trdvîs ho Nmtormot id nmcjrkdgn÷m quo okntnkjs puohom iioadr d tjhjoi Kumhj5 pdrd oiij, os mogosdrnj gjmtdr gjm dggosj d um gjkputdhjr y d gjmoxn÷md id roh. Ijs `jiotnmos oiogtr÷mngjs, ijs ìja y ids päanmds om Nmtormot puohom sor umardm dpjyj pdrd jtrjs tnpjs ho kohnjs.




Ids cumgnjmos hoi gjmsolj ohntjrndi sjm ids snaunomtos<

• Ostd`iogor y bdgor gukpinr ijs tnokpjs ho omtroad hoi kdtorndi y idscogbds dgjrhdhds pdrd id oknsn÷m j ohngn÷m ho gdhd kohnj (oknsn÷m so

hngo sn os rdhnj, toiovnsn÷m j proajmorjs y ohngn÷m sn sjm kohnjs osgrntjs).

• Hocnmnr ijs tokds quo so vdm d trd`dldr om gdhd oknsn÷m j ohngn÷m.

• Ostd`iogor guäios soräm ids cuomtos quo dpjydräm id `üsquohd ho idnmcjrkdgn÷m.

• Hosnamdr oi pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj quo vd d trdtdr gdhd tokd y oi ospdgnj

quo tomhrä homtrj hoi kohnj.

• Povnsdr y gjrroanr oi kdtorndi dmtos ho id oknsn÷m j ohngn÷m hoi kohnj.

Vjr sus gjmjgnknomtjs y inhordzaj, oi hjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr sorä oi prnkorHnrogtjr hoi Gjmsolj Ohntjrndi ho muostrjs kohnjs, porj gjm oi tnokpj y hodguorhj gjm id ovjiugn÷m ho ijs kohnjs, puohom oxnstnr vdrnjs hnrogtjros,umj pjr gdhd kohnj.

Dgjrhdhj guäi os oi kohnj j kohnjs ho gjkumngdgn÷m quo vdkjsd grodr, os mogosdrnj hocnmnr su ostrugturd, id gudi puoho soaunr ijssnaunomtos pdräkotrjs<

Gjmsolj ohntjrndi< hocnmnhj oi kohnj ho gjkumngdgn÷m quo quo-rokjs pjhokjs tomor om muostrd gjkumnhdh, os mogosdrnj hocnmnr oi gjmsolj ohntjrndi

oi gudi ostdrä gjmcjrkdhj pjr oi hjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr y tjhjs ijs ostuhndmtos quoqunordm sor pornjhnstds gjkumntdrnjs.

Wosn÷m

Jradmnzdgn÷m hoi kohnj ho gjkumngdgn÷m

04



441 Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8

Vornjhnstds gjkumntdrnjs< sjm ijs omgdradhjs ho rogjaor y prjgosdr id nmcjr-kdgn÷m.

Cjt÷ardcjs y gdkdr÷ardcjs< puohom sor ijs knskjs pornjhnstds gjkumntdrnjs, snguomtdm gjm umd gäkdrd ho cjtjs y/j vnhoj, y tnomom dptntuh pdrd bdgor oi roanstrj

gjm osto tnpj ho oqunpj. Om gdsj ho mj gjmtdr gjm ostjs oiokomtjs, puoho pohnrsooi dpjyj ho um cjt÷ardcj y/j gdkdr÷ardcj oxportj.

Oqunpj ijaëstngj< pdrd quo um kohnj ho gjkumngdgn÷m cumgnjmo, so roqunoromrogursjs bukdmjs y ogjm÷kngjs, quo hoòm gjmsoaunrso snm gjkprjkotor ijsj`lotnvjs hoi kohnj gjkumntdrnj. Vjr oiij, oi oqunpj ijaëstngj hoò omgdradrso hogjmsoaunr hngbjs rogursjs d trdvîs ho `dzdros, rncds, dpjrtos ho id Digdihëd, id ok-prosd prnvdhd y puìngnhdh, tomnomhj snokpro om guomtd quo mj so hoò supohntdr

oi dpjyj ogjm÷kngj d quo so bdìo `nom hoi pdtrjgnmdhjr, dmumgndmto j hjmdmto.Mj jivnhokjs quo om um kohnj gjkumntdrnj tjhjs tnomom horogbj d oxprosdrso yquo mj bdy quo pdadr pdrd bdgorij.

G÷kj rogjiogtdr id nmcjrkdgn÷m yprjgosdrid pdrd sor okntnhd j puìngdhd

Vdrd rogjiogtdr id nmcjrkdgn÷m quo vdkjs d okntnr pjr ijs kohnjs gjkumntdrnjs bdyquo tomor om guomtd ids snaunomtos hocnmngnjmos y gjkpjmomtos ho um kohnj hogjkumngdgn÷m<

Gjkntî Ohntjrndi< ostä gjkpuostj pjr oi hjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr y tjhjs ijs ostu-hndmtos quo hosîom trd`dldr om oi kohnj gjkumntdrnj y os id nmstdmgnd om id quo so

hognho quo tokds so vdm d puìngdr j okntnr om oi kohnj.

Om oi Gjkntî Ohntjrndi, gdhd pornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj hoò prosomtdr oi tokd quoqunoro trdtdr y oxpingdr pjr quî gjmsnhord quo os nkpjrtdmto. Os nkpjrtdmto osgugbdrid jpnmn÷m ho ijs hokäs knok`rjs hoi gjkntî, pdrd quo omtro tjhjs hognhdm sn sovd d trdtdr j mj oi tokd prjpuostj, y quî omcjquo hoò hdrso di tokd.

Oi hjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr dgtüd gjkj ohntjr hoi Gjkntî Ohntjrndi y, pjr ij tdmtj, os

id käxnkd dutjrnhdh hoi knskj.




Ohntjr< nmngndikomto osto trd`dlj so io vd dsnamdr di hjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr pjr idoxpornomgnd y cjrkdgn÷m quo tnomo, porj käs dhoidmto puoho sor dsuknhj pjr di-aumj ho ijs ostuhndmtos.

Oi ohntjr os id porsjmd quo dutjrnzd j mj quo so trd`dlo um tokd prjpuostj diGjkntî Ohntjrndi y qunom rovnsd oi kdtorndi iuoaj ho quo bd snhj oid`jrdhj, gjmoi cnm ho quo mj gjmtomad orrjros, mn oxdgtntuhos y quo gukpid gjm ijs j`lotnvjshoi kohnj gjkumntdrnj.

Cuomtos< ids cuomtos sjm ids porsjmds j hjgukomtjs ho ijs quo so oxtrdo id nmcjr-kdgn÷m quo so io vd omtroadr d id jpnmn÷m püìngd.

Nmcjrkdgn÷m< om ijs kohnjs ho gjkumngdgn÷m gjkumntdrnjs kdmoldkjs hjs tnpjs honmcjrkdgn÷m< 4. id mjtngnjsd, quo sjm dquoiijs bogbjs quo jgurrom om id gjkumnhdhy os nkpjrtdmto quo tjhjs gjmjzgdkjs, tdios gjkj id rodinzdgn÷m ho umd rnadhd hosdiuh, id gdëhd ho um puomto, diaüm prjardkd ho id digdihëd, umd cornd gdkposnmd, otg.5y 0. id cjrkdtnvd, quo os id nmcjrkdgn÷m hnrnanhd d omsoôdr y ohugdr d id gjkumnhdhsj`ro gjkpjrtdknomtjs, tîgmngds, otg. quo sjm nkpjrtdmtos pdrd su hosdrrjiij. Vjrolokpij< tîgmngds ho guitnvj j ho gjmstruggn÷m, mjtds ho sdiuh y mutrngn÷m, prjgosjsj pdsjs d soaunr pdrd dggohor d id jcortd nmstntugnjmdi, otg.

Vdrd rogjiogtdr id nmcjrkdgn÷m y prjgosdrid, nom sod mjtngnjsd j cjrkdtnvd, so hoòmsoaunr ijs snaunomtos pdsjs<

Ostdr soaurjs quo oi tokd os mjtngnd< pdrd ostdr soaurjs quo oi tokdd trdtdr së os mjtngnd, hoò gukpinr ijs snaunomtos roqunsntjs<

• Tuo oi tokd d trdtdr dcogto pjsntnvd j moadtnvdkomto d idgjkumnhdh.

• Tuo so tomad umd gjkpiotd nmcjrkdgn÷m sj`ro ij sugohnhj.• Tuo ids cuomtos sodm ho tjtdi grohn`ninhdh.• Tuo id gjkumnhdh puohd sdgdr umd omsoôdmzd.



44> Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8

Vdrd rogjaor id nmcjrkdgn÷m bdy quo soaunr ijs snaunomtos pdsjs<

• Nr di iuadr hjmho sugohnorjm ijs bogbjs pdrd tomor umd vnvomgndquo pjhdkjs trdmskntnr d muostrjs iogtjros u jyomtos.

• Gjmsuitdr ids cuomtos hnrogtds j sod ids porsjmds quo cuorjmvëgtnkds j omocngndrnjs hoi bogbj y qunomos ij prosomgndrjm.

• Gjmsuitdr gjm ids dutjrnhdhos y ospogndinstds pdrd sdòr idsrdzjmos pjr id gudios sugohnorjm ijs bogbjs, y quî so puohobdgor di rospogtj.

Xjhd id nmcjrkdgn÷m suknmnstrdhd pjr ids cuomtos hoò quohdr ard`dhd, gjm oi hëd,id bjrd om quo so omtroa÷ id nmcjrkdgn÷m, oi mjk`ro gjkpiotj y gdraj ho id cuomto.

Vdrd prjgosdr id nmcjrkdgn÷m bdy quo soaunr ijs snaunomtos pdsjs< (dpjydrso om ijostdìognhj om oi in`rj k÷huij 8 ho Iomaudlo y gjkumngdgn÷m).

• Hocnmnr um tëtuij quo mj tomad käs ho muovo pdid`rds y quo rosukd idmjtngnd.

• Jradmnzdr om jrhom ho nkpjrtdmgnd, ijs hdtjs suknmnstrdhjs pjr ids cuomtospdrd pjhor osgrn`nr j okntnrijs om id mjtd rdhndi.

• Mj jivnhdr quo om oi prnkor pärrdcj, hoò hosdrrjiidrso oi quî, qunîm,

guämhj, h÷mho, g÷kj y pjrquî ho ij quo sugohn÷.• Om oi guorpj ho id mjtngnd, so hoòm gntdr ids cuomtos quo dpjydm id

nmcjrkdgn÷m, gjijgdmhj oi mjk`ro y gdraj ho id cuomto y ids pdid`rdstoxtudios omtro gjkniids.

• Di cnmdinzdr id nmcjrkdgn÷m, hoòkjs bdgor umd gjmgiusn÷m quo snrvd gjkjomsoôdmzd pdrd id gjkumnhdh.




G÷kj oid`jrdr ids mjtds rdhndios

Vdrd oid`jrdr ids mjtds rdhndios, so osgrnò oi drtëguij j id nmcjrkdgn÷m gjkj sncuord pdrd um porn÷hngj5 hospuîs ho osgrntj, iookjs id pdrto quo os nmcjrkdgn÷mhoi pornjhnstd, y om ids pdrtos hjmho bdìdm ids cuomtos, so gjijgd id ard`dgn÷m om

oi pumtj oxdgtj hjmho so oxprosdm. Xomad om guomtd quo, dmtos ho holdr rjhdr idard`dhjrd, hoò nmcjrkdrso d ijs jyomtos qunîm os id porsjmd quo vdm d osgugbdry oi tokd quo vd d trdtdr.

Jradmnzdgn÷m ho id nmcjrkdgn÷mom gdhd kohnj gjkumntdrnj

Vorn÷hngj kurdi

Oi porn÷hngj kurdi so hndardkd j so jrhomd di naudi quo um porn÷hngj nkprosj. Vjrostd rdz÷m, pdrd gjmtdr gjm um porn÷hngj kurdi, hoòkjs tomor om guomtd ij snaunomto<

• Wo hoò osgjaor um kurj j umd gdrtoiord quo porkntd gjijgdr pjr ij komjshjs päanmds hoi porn÷hngj kurdi (vor aräcngj om oi quo so ostdìogo id cjrkd hohndardkdgn÷m).

• Oi porn÷hngj kurdi hoò tomor gjkj këmnkj gudtrj soggnjmos< mjtngnds,nmcjrkdgn÷m sjgndi, nmcjrkdgn÷m cjrkdtnvd y ids gdrtds ho ijs iogtjros.

Pohdgtdr mj os tdrod cägni, porj puoho dpromhorso y koljrdrso gjm id präg-tngd, bdgnomhj olorgngnjs ho rohdggn÷m gjmstdmtokomto y ioyomhj mjtngnds

y drtëguijs pornjhëstngjs. Wn ustohos qunorom sor vorhdhorjs pornjhnstds gj-

kumntdrnjs, os nkpjrtdmto quo iodm kugbj y gjknomgom d rohdgtdr diaumjs

toxtjs `rovos, snaunomhj ids pdutds ostdìognhds.



404 Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8

• Gdhd mjtngnd j nmcjrkdgn÷m hoò tomor um tëtuij y pjr ij komjs umd cjtjardcëdrocoromto di tokd trdtdhj.

Id nmcjrkdgn÷m sjgndi sjm ijs `dutnzjs, ijs kdtrnkjmnjs, ardhjs, mdgnknomtjs,gukpiodôjs y hokäs bogbjs quo sugohom om id vnhd hndrnd ho ids porsjmds quo

gjmcjrkdm muostrd gjkumnhdh y quo sjm nkpjrtdmtos pdrd gdhd cdknind.

Ids gdrtds ho ijs iogtjros, sjm tjhds dquoiids kdmncostdgnjmos osgrntds j vor`dios, omids quo kdmncnostdm ij quo pnomsdm sj`ro um tokd ospogëcngj. Om ostds gdrtds mj sodgoptdm dgusdgnjmos d jtrjs knok`rjs ho id gjkumnhdh, quo mj ostîm rospdihdhdspjr id rospogtnvd homumgnd dmto ids dutjrnhdhos gjkpotomtos, hdhj quo oi kohnjmj so puoho gjmvortnr om umd cjrkd ho prjpdadr gbnskos j hdôdr id roputdgn÷m ho

jtrj knok`rj ho id gjkumnhdh.

Vroajmorjs

Osto os um kohnj gjkpiokomtdrnj gjm ijs hokäs kohnjs. Wo okpiod gudmhj mj soguomtd gjm ijs rogursjs pdrd kjmtdr umd oknsjrd j nkprnknr um porn÷hngj gjku-mntdrnj y os mogosdrnj iiovdr id nmcjrkdgn÷m d tjhjs ijs pumtjs ho muostrd vorohd.

Ijs proajmorjs puohom sor ijs knskjs pornjhnstds gjkumntdrnjs u jtrjs gjk-pdôorjs hoi gursj quo sopdm ioor kuy `nom. Wu cumgn÷m gjmsnsto om rogjrror ijsiuadros hjmho bdy umd kdyjr gjmgomtrdgn÷m ho vnvnomhds y ioor om vjz ditd. Osnhodi gjmtdr gjm um koaäcjmj pdrd ioor id mjtd quo bdm rohdgtdhj ijs pornjhnstdsgjkumntdrnjs.

_md ho ids vomtdlds ho ijs proajmorjs os quo puohom rogn`nr om cjrkd nmkohndtd

ids rodggnjmos hoi püìngj y ho ostd cjrkd dgidrdr ids huhds quo so aomorom, nmto-rdgtudmhj ho kdmord hnrogtd gjm ids porsjmds d ids quo vd hnrnanhd id nmcjrkdgn÷m.

Ijs proajmorjs hoòm rogjaor ids nmqunotuhos ho ids porsjmds y trdmskntnrids d ijspornjhnstds gjkumntdrnjs pdrd quo puohdm gjkpiokomtdr id nmcjrkdgn÷m.




Oknsjrd gjkumntdrnd

Bdy hjs tnpjs ho oknsjrdgjkumntdrnd< id prnkord os idoknsjrd quo oknto d trdvîs

ho ids jmhds bortzndmds, j sodquo okpiod um trdmsknsjr y soosgugbd d ardmhos hnstdmgnds.Osto tnpj ho oknsjrds roqunoroho umd ingomgnd gjmcornhd pjr oiKnmnstornj ho Gjkumngdgnjmos.

Oi soaumhj tnpj ho oknsjrdgjkumntdrnd id pjhokjs gjms-tntunr d trdvîs ho ijs ditdvjgosj koaäcjmjs ho id Lumtd ho

Dggn÷m Gjkumdi, id Digdihëd j id Naiosnd. Id ostrugturd os sn knidr.

Id ostrugturd ho um mjtngnorj rdhndi so ostdìogo ho id snaunomto kdmord<

• Di naudi quo oi porn÷hngj kurdi, oi mjtngnorj tdk`nîm hoò ostdrgjmcjrkdhj pjr soggnjmos (mjtngnds, nmcjrkdgn÷m sjgndi, nmcjrkdgn÷mcjrkdtnvd y ids gdrtds ho ijs iogtjros).

• Wo hoò gjmtdr gjm umd j hjs porsjmds quo tomadm uomd vjz y iodmkuy `nom pdrd quo sodm ijs prosomtdhjros hoi mjtngnorj.

• Om oi mjtngnorj so iooräm ids mjtngnds osgrntds pjr oi oqunpj ho pornjhnstdsgjkumntdrnjs5 sn so guomtd gjm umd ard`dhjrd ho hjìo gdsoto, sopuohom ohntdr ids hogidrdgnjmos ho ids cuomtos pdrd quo om ids pdrtoshoi drtëguij hjmho dpdrogom hngbds hogidrdgnjmos, so holo sjmdr idvjz ho id porsjmd, iuoaj ho oxpingdr qunîm os y sj`ro quî tokd vd dbdìdr.

Cjtj drgbnvj Xrdmscjrkokjs



407 Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8


Poguorho quo, pdrd cjrtdiogor muostrd cjrkd ho draukomtdr y dsë hocomhor koljrmuostrds jpnmnjmos, pjhokjs utninzdr gnortds tîgmngds<

Käxnkds

Vdrd draukomtdr su tosns, puoho utninzdr roaids, prnmgnpnjs j somtomgnds ho dutjrosrogjmjgnhjs. Wjm gntds käs guitds quo ijs rocrdmos pjpuidros. Vjr olokpij< ’Mdhno so`dôd hjs vogos om oi knskj rëj‛ (Borägintj), pdrd draukomtdr quo ids gjsds gdk`ndmgjm croguomgnd.

Oi trd`dlj pornjhëstngj mj os somgniij y roqunoroprägtngd, porj ostdkjs soaurjs quo sn so snauom dgd`dinhdh ids nmhngdgnjmos quo bokjs bogbj y sobdgom ijs olorgngnjs om cjrkd porkdmomto, kuy

prjmtj pjhrokjs gjmtdr gjm porn÷hngjs kurdios,proajmorjs y oknsjrds gjkumntdrnds quo mjs por-kntdm oxprosdrmjs gjkj gjkumnhdh y dpjydr oiprjgosj ho hosdrrjiij sjgndi.

04

Om su gudhormj ho trd`dlj rodingo id snaunomto dgtnvnhdh< osgjld umj ho ijs kohnjsho gjkumngdgn÷m hosgrntjs om ostd umnhdh y bdad umd sëmtosns. Poguorho nmgiunr idsgdrdgtorëstngds hoi kohnj, id nkpjrtdmgnd pdrd id gjkumnhdh y id cjrkd ho nkpio-

komtdrij.




Wosn÷m

Kdmjs d id j rd

00

• Iod oi snaunomto toxtj y iuoaj rosuoivd ids proaumtds. Gdhd proaumtd tnomo gudtrj

jpgnjmos ho rospuostd5 soioggnjmo id quo gjmsnhoro gjrrogtd ho dguorhj gjm idnmcjrkdgn÷m prosomtdhd.

Kohnj Dk`nomto

Kohnj Dk`nomto |03 Omo 0647 - 40<7? pk

Gdk`nj ginkätngj

Gdk`nj ginkätngj dcogtd sj`ro tjhj d ijs pj`rosVjr< DCV

Lnk jma Enk, prosnhomto hoi @dmgj Kumhndi,hnlj quo ’id soquëd quo prjvjgd id su`nhd hoiprognj hoi trnaj j ho jtrjs gorodios dcogtd om

prnkor iuadr d ijs pj`ros‛.Oi gdk`nj ginkätngj ostä om oi gomtrj ho idsprojgupdgnjmos hoi @dmgj Kumhndi, yd quodcogtd om prnkor iuadr d ijs käs pj`ros hoipidmotd, hogidr÷ oi sä`dhj om oi Cjrj Ogjm÷-

kngj ho Hdvjs oi prosnhomto hoi @dmgj Kumhndi, Lnk ^jma Enk.



40? Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8

’Id soquëd quo prjvjgd id su`nhd hoi prognj hoi trnaj j ho jtrjs gorodios dcogtdom prnkor iuadr d ijs pj`ros‛, quo hoòm pdadr käs pdrd dinkomtdrso, hogidr÷ oirospjmsdìo ostdhjumnhomso, quo dsukn÷ sus cumgnjmos om oi @dmgj Kumhndi bdgosons kosos.

’Xomokjs quo jgupdrmjs ho ijs käs pj`ros, sjm ijs käs vuimordìos di gdk`njginkätngj‛, quo bdgo su`nr ijs prognjs ho ijs dinkomtjs y aomord prjìokds ho hos-mutrngn÷m om ijs mnôjs, daroa÷.

Oi prosnhomto hoi @dmgj Kumhndi rogjrh÷ ids gjmgiusnjmos ho um nmcjrko sj`ro idsgjmsoguomgnds hoi gdiomtdknomtj hoi pidmotd puìngdhj om mjvnok`ro pdsdhj pjrsu jradmnzdgn÷m.

’Ko nkprosnjm÷‛, hnlj, dmtos ho rogjrhdr quo soaüm oi osgomdrnj käs sjk`rëj houm dukomtj ho id tokpordturd ho 8¼G pdrd 0636, so d`dtnrä ’umd gdsgdhd ho gdtd-ginskjs‛ om ijs pdësos pj`ros, ogbdmhj pjr tnorrd dôjs ho hosdrrjiij.

Mj j`stdmto, so hnlj gjmcndhj yd quo, soaüm ijs rognomtos com÷komjs kotojrji÷an-gjs, gjkj id jid ho crëj nmtomsj quo sdguho d Ourjpd j id soquëd om Dustrdind vdm ddyuhdr d ijs aj`normjs y d id jpnmn÷m püìngd d somsn`ninzdrso sj`ro id mogosnhdh ho

dgtudr y gjkprjkotorso gjm um ’cuturj vorho‛.

Oi prosnhomto hoi @K pusj gjkj olokpij d Gbnmd, quo soaüm îi so bd ok`drgdhj omumd ’ogjmjkëd vorho‛, poso d quo Voeëm prosomtd umjs mnvoios ho gjmtdknmdgn÷mdtkjscîrngd quo oxgohom gjm kugbj ijs mnvoios dgoptdìos pdrd id sdiuh.

4. Xomnomhj om guomtd id iogturd hoi toxtj, so puoho dcnrkdr quo oi tëtuij Gdk`njginkätngj dcogtd sj`ro tjhj d ijs pj`ros, os dgjrho pjrquo<

d. Os gidrj y rosuko oxdgtdkomto oi bogbj.`. Os oqunvjgdhj.g. Gjmcumho di iogtjr.h. Mj hd sucngnomto nmcjrkdgn÷m .

0. Id nmcjrkdgn÷m hdhd pjr oi toxtj, os puìngdhd om um kohnj<




d. Xoiovnsnvj.`. Wjmjrj.g. Snrtudi.h. Intordrnj.

7. Id nkdaom utninzdhd om oi toxtj porknto<

d. Olokpincngdr id nmcjrkdgn÷m.`. Kjstrdr id rodinhdh.g. Gjmtrdhognr id nmcjrkdgn÷m.h. Mnmaumd ho ids dmtornjros.

8. Ids pdid`rds quo dpdrogom rosditdhds gjm moarniid om oi toxtj, porkntom<

d. Hostdgdr nmcjrkdgn÷m nkpjrtdmto.`. Woôdidr hdtjs snm nkpjrtdmgnd.g. Dukomtdr id nmcjrkdgn÷m.h. Gjmcumhnr di iogtjr.

?. Oi toxtj so dpjyd om umd cuomto nmcjrkdtnvd hdhd pjr oi @dmgj Kumhndi

(@K). Ostd nmcjrkdgn÷m porknto quo oi toxtj sod<

d. Dutîmtngj.`. Nmoxnstomto.g. Omadôjsj.h. Gjmcnd`io.

POLNIID HO POWV_OWXDW



401 Gjkumngdgnjmos

pdrd oi hosdrrjiij

_mnhdh 8

Wosn÷m 07

Wëk`jijs om id gjkumngdgn÷m

Gnmo om gjijrIjs gjijros om oi gnmo tnomom um snamncngdhj hncoromto,hopomhnomhj ho id sntudgn÷m j oi dk`nomto hjmho ijs porsjmdlosrodinzdm ids dggnjmos. Vjr olokpij< id pdmtdiid so vuoivo käsjsgurd om umd osgomd ho torrjr, käs gidrd gudmhj oxnsto

trdmquninhdh, otg.

07

D pdrtnr ho um vnhoj kusngdi, poiëguid, mjvoid, prjardkds ho toiovnsn÷m j knmn sornos,dmdingo oi gjijr om ijs dk`nomtos y ospdgnjs om hjmho dgtüdm ijs porsjmdlos.

Gnmokdtjardcëd os oi drto y jcngnj ho bdgor poiëguids. DumquoXbjkds Ohnsjm pdtomt÷ oi enmotjsgjpnj om 42>4, oi gnmoprjpndkomto hngbj mj so gjmjgn÷ bdstd oi idmzdknomtj om42>? pjr ijs borkdmjs Ijuns y Duausto Iuknâro om Vdrës, hoi

gnmokdt÷ardcj, gdpdz ho prjyogtdr poiëguids sj`ro umd pdmtdiidpdrd umd ardm duhnomgnd. Dsë dpdrogn÷ um muovj ospogtäguijho kdsds, quo umjs dôjs hospuîs cuo dutnzdhj gjkj sîptnkjdrto. W÷ij bdgëd cditd dôdhnr oi sjmnhj d ids nkäaomos. Ostj sogjmsnaun÷ gjm id nmvomgn÷m ho ijs snstokds ho snmgrjmnzdgn÷msjmnhj-nkdaom pjr id Sntdpbjmo (4>03), y id Kjvnotjmo (4>74),pdrd quo cuoso tdi y gjkj bjy ij gjmjgokjs.

Xjkdhj ho< Kngrjsjct ® Omgdrtd ® 066>. © 4>>7-0662 Kngrjsjct Gjrpjrdtnjm. Posorvdhjstjhjs ijs horogbjs.




Voiëguid< 4. Gnmtd ho goiuijnho propdrdhd pdrd sor nkprosnjmdhdcjtjaräcngdkomto. ||0. Gnmtd ho goiuijnho quo gjmtnomo umd sorno honkäaomos cjtjaräcngds quo so prjyogtdm om id pdmtdiid hoi gnmokdt÷ardcjj om jtrd suporcngno dhogudhd.

Gnmokdt÷ardcj< 4. Gnmo. || 0. Vrjyogtjr.

Cjtjardkd< gdhd umd ho ids nkäaomos quo so sugohom om umd poiëguidgnmokdtjaräcngd.

Ostuhndmtos trdmscjrkokjs gjm oi snstokd nmtordgtnvj.




@n`injardcëd

Daundr o Wnivd, Sëtjr Kdmuoi. Xojrëd ho id intordturd. Kdhrnh< Ohntjrndi Arohjs, W.D.,4>10. pp. 46-47.

@drtbos, Pjidmh. Vidgor hoi toxtj y ioggn÷m nmduaurdi. Kîxngj< Wnaij RRN, 4>23.

Gdkps, D. (4>>?). Dpromhor d Osgrn`nr Xoxtjs Draukomtdtnvjs< Gdrdgtorëstngds Hndi÷-angds ho id Draukomtdgn÷m Osgrntd. Gjkumngdgn÷m, Iomaudlo y Ohugdgn÷m, 0?, ?4-37.

Gdkps, D., y Hjiz, L. (4>>?). Omsoôdr d Draukomtdr< um Hosdcëj pdrd id Osguoid Dgtudi. Gjkumngdgn÷m, Iomaudlo y Ohugdgn÷m, 0?, ?-2.

Odaiotjm, Xorry. _md nmtrjhuggn÷m d id tojrëd intordrnd. @jajtä< Cjmhj ho guiturdogjm÷kngd, 4>22.

A÷koz ho Wnivd. Hnggnjmdrnj nmtormdgnjmdi ho intordturd y ardkätngd. «Intordturdµ.Kîxngj< Cjmhd ho guiturd ogjm÷kngd, 4>>>.

Aronkds, D. L. y L. Gjurtîs. Wokn÷tngd< Hnggnjmdrnj rdzjmdhj ho id tojrëd hoi iomaudlo.Kdhrnh< Ohntjrndi Arohjs, 4>>6.

Edysor, Qjicadma. Nmtorprotdgn÷m y dmäinsns ho id j`rd intordrnd. Sorsn÷m ospdôjid ho

Kdrëd H. Kjutjm y S. Adrgëd o`rd. Kdhrnh< Ohntjrndi Arohjs, 4>>0.

Ij Gdsgnj, S. (4>>2). Ardkätngd ho id Draukomtdgn÷m. Kdhrnh< Dindmzd Ohntjrndi.

Kjräm, V. (4>>>). Bdgnd oi Vorcni ho umd Gjkpotomgnd Xoxtudi Draukomtdtnvd< _mdVorspogtnvd Vrdakd-Pot÷rngd om Vdrjhn, A. (Ohntjr) Hnsgursj, Gjamngn÷m y Ohugdgn÷m.Gbnio< Ohngnjmos _mnvorsntdrnds ho Sdipdrdësj.

Voroikdm, Gb., y Ji`rogbts-Xytogd, I. (4>>8). Xrdtdhj ho id Draukomtdgn÷m. Kdhrnh<

Arohjs.

Wämgboz, N., Äivdroz, M. (4>>>). Oi Hnsgursj Draukomtdtnvj ho ijs Osgjidros Somo- zjidmjs< ºOvjiugn÷m j Ostdmgdknomtj: Om Xorgor Gjijqunj Nmtormdgnjmdi ho Dmäinsnshoi Hnsgursj. Wdmtndaj ho Gbnio.

Qostjm, D. (4>>2). Ids Gidvos ho id Draukomtdgn÷m. @drgoijmd< Oh. Drnoi W.D.



3

Cjtjardcëds ho< Ldvnor Dkdyd.



470Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3

ärod Gnomgnds Mdturdios

O s

t ä m h d r o s ` ä s n g j s h o g j k p o t o m g n d s o m G n o m g n d s M d t u r d i o s

K d m o l j g j m j g n k n o m t j s p r j p n j s h o i d s G n o m g n d s M d t u r d i o s

G j k p o t o m g n d s

C d g t j r o s

h o j r a d m n z d g n ÷ m

º D q u î

q u o r o k j s

i i o a d r :

N h o m

t n c n g j g j m

h n -

g n j m o s

h o g d k

` n j

h o o q u

n i n ` r n j o m

i j s

s o r o s v n v j s y o m

i j s

o g j s n s t o k d s .

O m t j r m j v n v j

º G ÷ k j

h o k u o s t r j i j d p r o m

h n h j :

O m t j r m j c ë s n g j

G

n o m g n d ,

t o g m j

i j a ë d

y s j g n o

h d

h

•

O x p

i n g j i d o s t r u g t u r d

h o

i d g î

i u i d

y i d s

c u m g n j m o s

` ä s n g d s h o s u s g j k p j m o m

t o s .

•

S o r n c n g j y o x p

i n g j i j s p r j g o s j s

h o

÷ s k j s n s

y h n c u s n ÷ m .

•

G i d s n c n g j k o k

` r d m d s

h o

i j s s o r o s v n v

j s

h o

d g u o r h j g j m s u p o r k o d `

n i n h d h

c r o m

t o d

h n v o r s d s s u s t d m g n d s .

•

G i d s n c n g j j r a d m

n s k j s o m a r u p j s

t d x j m

÷ k

n -

g j s

h o d g u o r h j g j m

i d s g d r d g t o r ë s t n g d s

h o

s u s g î

i u i d s .

•

P o g j m j z g j o m

h n v o r s j s a r u p j s

t d x j m

÷ k

n -

g j s

i d p r o s o m g n d

h o

i d s k

n s k d s k j i î

g u i d s

j r a ä m

n g d s .

•

O x p i n g j o

i j r n a o m

h o

i u m

n v o r s j y

h o i d

v n h d

d p d r t n r

h o v d r n d s

t o j r ë d s .

•

O s t d `

i o z g j

i d s d h d p

t d g n j m o s

h o d i a

u m j s

s o r o s v n v j s o m o g j s n s t o k d s

h o

G j

i j k

` n d .

•

G i d s n c n g j y v o r n c n g j i d

s p r j p

n o h d h o s

h o

i d

k d t o r n d .

•

H o s g r n ` j o

i h o s d r r j

i i j h o k j

h o

i j s q u o

o x p

i n g d m i d o s t r u g t u r d

h o

i d k d t o r n d .

•

G i d s n c n g j k d t o r n d i o s o

m s u s t d m g n d s p u r d s j

k o z g i d s .

•

G j k p d r j k d s d , p o s j

y h o m s n h d h

h o

h n c o -

r o m

t o s k d t o r n d i o s k o

h n d m t o o x p o r n k o m

t j s .

•

H o s g r n ` j o

i p r j g o s j

h o

c j r k d g n ÷ m y o x t n m -

g n ÷ m

h o o s t r o

i i d s .

•

O x p

i n g j o

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t d r n j

h o s h o

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c u o r z d s a r d v n t d g n j m d i o

s .

O s t d

` i o z g j r o

i d -

g n j m o s o m

t r o i d s

g d r d g

t o r ë s

t n g d s

k d g r j s g

÷ p

n g d s y

k n g r j s g ÷ p

n g d s

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i d k d

t o r n d y

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p r j p

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h o s

c ë s n -

g d s y q u

ë k n g d s h o

i d s s u s t d m g n d s q u o

i d g j m s t n t u y o m .





Ë m h n g o

_mnhdh 4. Id kdtornd 47?

Wosn÷m 4. Vrjpnohdhos aomordios ho id kdtornd 47?Wosn÷m 0. Vrjpnohdhos ospogëcngds ho id kdtornd 47>Wosn÷m 7. Gidsos ho kdtornd 487Wosn÷m 8. Kdmjs d id j`rd 482

_mnhdh 0. Ijs soros vnvjs 48>

Wosn÷m ?. Xojrëd goiuidr 48>Wosn÷m 3. Ids nmtordggnjmos ho id gîiuid gjm oi kohnj 4??Wosn÷m 1. Gjkpjsngn÷m goiuidr 436Wosn÷m 2. Ijs jradmnskjs y ids gîiuids 433Wosn÷m >. Kdmjs d id j`rd 416

_mnhdh 7. Dhdptdgnjmos 417

Wosn÷m 46. Ids dhdptdgnjmos y oi kohnj 417Wosn÷m 44. Pospuostds ho ijs jradmnskjs

d ijs ostëkuijs dk`nomtdios 413Wosn÷m 40. Kdmjs d id j`rd 426

_mnhdh 8. Hoi _mnvorsj d id vnhd 420

Wosn÷m 47. Jrnaom hoi _mnvorsj 420Wosn÷m 48. Oi gjknomzj ho id vnhd 423Wosn÷m 4?. Kdmjs d id j`rd 42>

_mnhdh ?. Käqunmds, trd`dlj y omoraëd 4>4

Wosn÷m 43. Ids käqunmds 4>4Wosn÷m 41. Gidsos ho käqunmds 4>0Wosn÷m 42. Kdmjs d id j`rd 4>1



47? Id kdtornd

_mnhdh 4

Oi posj

Om kugbds jgdsnjmos, gjmcumhnkjs oi posj gjm id gdmtnhdh ho kdsd quo tnomo um guorpj.Oi posj os oi rosuitdhj ho id dggn÷m quo olorgo id cuorzd ho ardvohdh sj`ro um guorpj, yso roidgnjmd ostrogbdkomto gjm id kdsd hoi knskj. Ids umnhdhos om ids gudios so oxprosdoi posj sjm< mowtjm (M), Ea-cuorzd, hnmds, in`rd-cuorzd y jmzd-cuorzd.

Oi enijardkj os umd kohnhd ho kdsd y mj hoposj, porj diaumjs ho ijs nmstrukomtjs quoknhom oi posj gjkj id `äsguid, hdm oi rosui-tdhj om enijardkjs y mj om enijardkj-cuorzd.Vjr olokpij< um porrj posd 36 ea-cuorzd y sukdsd os ho 36 ea. Wnm ok`draj, oi knskj porrjom id Iumd, posdrëd s÷ij 46 ea-cuorzd, porj sukdsd soaunrëd snomhj 36 ea, pjrquo su posj omid Iumd hopomho om ardm kohnhd, ho id cuorzd

quo sj`ro îi, olorgo id ardvohdh hoi Wdtîinto.

Id kdtornd os tjhj ij quo so omguomtrd d muostrj dirohohjr y pj-hokjs porgn`nr pjr kohnj ho muostrjs somtnhjs. Gudmhj id kdtorndso omguomtrd hoinkntdhd y hjtdhd gjm umds gdrdgtorëstngds ospognd-ios gjkj posj y kdsd, so gjmjgo gjkj um guorpj, y id gidso hokdtornd quo ij gjmstntuyo so gjmjgo gjkj sustdmgnd. Vjr olokpij<

umd jiid, um iäpnz, umd kjmohd y umd pidmtd.

Ids prjpnohdhos aomordios ho id kdtornd sjm dquoiids gdrdgtorëstngds gjkumos dtjhjs ijs guorpjs, y quo pjhokjs kohnr snm nkpjrtdr id gidso ho guorpj quo sod.Homtrj ho ostds prjpnohdhos, ids käs gjkumos sjm< oi posj, id kdsd, oi vjiukom yid nmorgnd, omtro jtrds.

Wosn÷m 4

Vrjpnohdhos aomordios ho id kdtornd

_mnhdh 4. Id kdtornd





Os id gdmtnhdh ho kdtornd quo gjmstntuyo um guorpj. Woaüm oi Wnsto-kd Nmtormdgnjmdi ho _mnhdhos j ho Kohnhds (WN), id kdamntuh käsgjmjgnhd os oi enijardkj. Id kdsd mj so ho`o gjmcumhnr gjm oi posj

hoi guorpj, pjrquo gjkj yd vnkjs, oi posj vdrëd ho um iuadr d jtrj,hopomhnomhj ho id ardvohdh ho hjmho so omguomtro.

Vdrd kohnr id kdsd ho um guorpj, so utninzdm ids didmzds. _mj ho ijstnpjs käs usdhjs, os id didmzd ho hjs pidtniijs quo porknto gjmjgor idkdsd hosgjmjgnhd d pdrtnr ho id gjkpdrdgn÷m gjm umd kdsd gjmjgnhdquo gjrrospjmho d umd sorno ho posds.

Oi vjiukom

Os oi ospdgnj quo jgupd um guorpj y hopomho om ardm kohnhd, hoi ostdhj gjkj soomguomtro id kdtornd, os hognr, ostdhj s÷inhj, iëqunhj j adsojsj.

§Ostuhndmtos< knhdm oi vjiukom hoi sdi÷m5 os hognr, tjkom ids kohnhds ho<

• Idraj x• Dmgbj x• Ditj x

Mj jivnho bdgor ostds kohngnjmos gjm oi knskj nmstrukomtj ho kohnhd pdrd pjhorkohnr oi vjiukom hoi sdi÷m j ho gudiqunor gudrtj, so roqunoro id dyuhd ho sus gjk-pdôorjs y um kotrj, ciox÷kotrj, hogäkotrj j snknidros, ho`o kuitnpingdr oi idrajhoi sdi÷m, pjr oi dmgbj, pjr oi ditj, hopomhnomhj ho id kdamntuh om id quo bdydtjkdhj ostjs vdijros j`tomhrä oi vjiukom om gomtëkotrjs gü`ngjs, kotrjs gü`ngjs,

puiadhds gü`ngds, otg.

Id kdsd

4



471 Id kdtornd

_mnhdh 4

Vdrd gjmtomor ijs iëqunhjs, so usdm rognpnomtos

ardhudhjs, soaüm id oxdgtntuh gjm id gudi so hosoogjmjgor oi vjiukom hoi guorpj. Vdrd gdiguidr oivjiukom ho ijs iëqunhjs om oi id`jrdtjrnj, so usdkdtorndi ardhudhj gjkj pjr olokpij, id prj`otd.

Ids umnhdhos käs usdhds pdrd kohnr ijs iëqunhjs sjm< oi intrj y oi kninintrj.

Oi vjiukom ho ijs adsos vdrëd om ardm kohnhd,pjr id dggn÷m ho id prosn÷m y id tokpordturd, ijknskj quo sn ostä j mj, homtrj ho um rognpnomto.Wn oi ads ostä gjmtomnhj, puoho tjkdr oi tdkdôjy id cjrkd hoi rognpnomto quo ij gjmtnomo.

Diaumjs guorpjs s÷inhjs tnomom cjrkds kuy som-gniids y su vjiukom so puoho gdiguidr, usdmhj

c÷rkuids ho aojkotrëd. Xomnomhj om guomtd idkohnhd ho gdhd umd ho ids hnkomsnjmos y gjm idc÷rkuid gjrrospjmhnomto pdrd um guorpj, so puoho hotorknmdr su vjiukom.

Wn um s÷inhj gdrogo ho cjrkd hocnmnhd, mj so io puoho dpingdr c÷rkuid diaumdsnmj oi kîtjhj ho hospidzdknomtj ho daud quo gjrrospjmho di hospidzd-knomtj hoi iëqunhj di sukoranrij. Vjr olokpij< sn sukorankjs umd crosd om46 ki ho daud, so prosomtd um hospidzdknomtj ho daud5 omtjmgos, osto

hospidzdknomtj so rostd hoi vjiukom nmngndi y oi rosuitdhj os oi vjiukomho id crosd. Ids umnhdhos quo oxprosdm oi vjiukom sjm< oi kotrj gü`ngj(k7) y oi kji.

W÷inhjs

Iëqunhjs

Adsos





Id nmorgnd

Os id gdpdgnhdh quo tnomom ijs guorpjs pdrdkdmtomorso om ostdhj ho ropjsj j kjvn-

knomtj, hopomhnomhj ho id cuorzd quo soolorzd sj`ro îi. _m `di÷m di pno ho id roh soomguomtrd om ropjsj5 porj sn os ajipodhj,su ostdhj ho ropjsj gdk`nd d kjvnknomtj.

4

Xrd`dlj om suàrupjs

Kdtorndios< umd crosd, umd gdmngd, umd kjmohd y umd prjòtd.

4. Iiomom gjm daud, id kntdh ho id prjòtd.0. Nhomtncnquom y dmjtom id kohnhd oxdgtd hoi daud om id prjòtd.7. Nmtrjhuzgdm id crosd om id prjòtd gjm daud.8. Poanstrom id muovd kohnhd ho daud.?. Postom id kohnhd cnmdi ho id kohnhd nmngndi y dsë, j`tomhräm oi vjiukom ho

id crosd.3. Popntdm oi prjgohnknomtj gjm ijs jtrjs j`lotjs.

Sdkjs d trdor pjr ij komjs ? kohnhds vjiukîtrngds ho id gdsd, puoho sor hoi tdmquoho daud, ho id diòrgd, hoi gudrtj, ho id sdid, umd gdld, um gdl÷m y gudiqunor gjsd d

id gudi io puohd sdgdr oi vjiukom tdi y gjkj ij bngnkjs om ostd sosn÷m.

0




47> Id kdtornd

_mnhdh 4

Ids prjpnohdhos ospogëcngds ho id kdtornd dyuhdm d gdrdgtornzdr dgnortjs guorpjs, pjrquo hotorknmdm su gjkpjsngn÷m y porkntomnhomtncngdrijs. Homtrj ho ids prjpnohdhos ospogëcngds, omgjmtrdkjsid homsnhdh, oi pumtj ho cusn÷m y oi pumtj ho oùiingn÷m.

Id homsnhdhIjs guorpjs pjsoom umd gdmtnhdh ho kdtornd ospogëcngd quo jgupd um ospdgnj ho-torknmdhj. Id homsnhdh ho um guorpj gjrrospjmho d id roidgn÷m omtro su kdsd y suvjiukom.

Ostd prjpnohdh porknto nhomtncngdr y gdrdgtornzdr d ijs guorpjs, pjrquo os nkprj-`dìo quo hjs guorpjs tomadm oxdgtdkomto id knskd homsnhdh. Vdrd hotorknmdr id

homsnhdh so hoò bdiidr<

Wosn÷m 0

Vrjpnohdhos ospogëcgds ho id kdtornd

Id kdsd

Oi vjiukom

Id homsnhdh

pjr kohnj ho umd `didmzd y usdmhj gjkj kohnhd,oi ardkj (a).

gjm oi hospidzdknomtj ho daud j ids c÷rkuids aojkî-

trngds y usdmhj gjkj kohnhd, oi kninintrj (ki).quo so ostdìogo di hnvnhnr id kdsd omtro oi vjiukom.

ho ijs guorpjs, y pjr osj so oxprosd om ardkjs sj`rokninintrjs (aYki).

H;v

k





Vumtj ho oùiingn÷m

Gudmhj so gdinomtd umd sustdmgnd, so puoho j`sorvdrdiaumds ùrùlds d gnortd tokpordturd. Ostds ùrùlds

so prosomtdm d umd tokpordturd hotorknmdhd quo sogjmjgo gjkj pumtj ho oùiingn÷m.

Id diturd os um cdgtjr quo nmciuyo pdrd quo hotorknmdroi pumtj ho oùiingn÷m. Id Xnorrd so bdiid omvuoitd omumd sorno ho adsos quo gjmstntuyom su dtk÷scord, y idkdsd ho osjs adsos os dtrdëhd pjr id cuorzd ho ardvo-hdh hoi Vidmotd quo io hd um posj di olorgor prosn÷m

sj`ro oiid5 ostd cuorzd os id prosn÷m dtkjscîrngd quoostä roidgnjmdhd gjm id diturd, y pjr ij tdmtj, d kdyjr diturd, komjr prosn÷m5 y dkomjr diturd, kdyjr prosn÷m. Gudmhj um guorpj rognò kdyjr prosn÷m dtkjscîrngd, sus pdrtëguids tnomom um kdyjrdgorgdknomtj. Olokpij< umd sustdmgnd d mnvoi hoi kdr, hjmho id prosn÷m os kdyjr,roqunoro ho kdyjr gdmtnhdh ho tokpordturd pdrd quo sus pdrtëguids so sopdrom y sohospromhdm hoi guorpj. Oi gdsj gjmtrdrnj jgurro om ids diturds kdyjros.

Vdrd bdiidr id homsnhdh ho ijs iëqunhjs omoi id`jrdtjrnj, so utninzd oi pngm÷kotrj, umcrdsgj ho vnhrnj gjm gnorro soiidhj pjr umtdp÷m gjm um gdpnidr cnmësnkj. Vdrd bdiidrid homsnhdh, so okpiod umd homsnhdh gj-mjgnhd gjkj id hoi daud j oi korgurnj, yoi prnmgnpnj ho Drquëkohos.

Vngm÷kotrj.

C j t j t j k d h d

h o

Q n e n p o

h n d



484 Id kdtornd

_mnhdh 4

Gjmcjrkom arupjs soaüm ij nmhnquo su hjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr. Iuoaj, rosuoivdm ijsnmtorrjadmtos quo dpdrogom d gjmtnmudgn÷m<

Wo tnomom 466 ki ho daud, om hjs gnuhdhos hncoromtos ho Gjijk`nd, @jajtä, y Wdmtd

Kdrtd<

• ºOm guäi ho ids hjs gnuhdhos os käs ditj oi pumtj ho oùiingn÷m:• ºVjr quî:

Gjmsuito g÷kj nmciuyo id prosn÷m dtkjscîrngd om umd porsjmd quo so omguomtrovnvnomhj om umd zjmd ditd y om umd zjmd `dld.

Vumtjs ho oùiingn÷m

Wustdmgnds Vumtj ho oùiingn÷m om 6G

Wdi ho kosd j Gijrurj ho Wjhnj 4847

Daud 466

Dzucro 888

Bnorrj 0226

Jrj 02?3

Digjbji 02?3

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Cjrkom su`arupjs pdrd hosdrrjiidr oi snaunomto trd`dlj.

Oiokomtjs mogosdrnjs< um trjzj ho bnoij, um rognpnomto kotäingj, ostucd j kogborjy um tork÷kotrj.

Gjm oi tork÷kotrj, tjkom id tokpordturd hoi bnoij. Hospuîs, pjmadm oi bnoijhomtrj hoi rognpnomto kotäingj y umd voz homtrj, promhdm oi kogborj j id ostucd y

gjijquom oi rognpnomto ho kotdi sj`ro îi j oiid. Xdm prjmtj mjtom quo so nmngnd oigdk`nj ho ostdhj, tjkom muovdkomto id tokpordturd.

Xomadm om guomtd oi tnokpj quo trdmsgurrn÷ hosho gudmhj pusnorjm oi bnoij om oigdijr, bdstd oi gdk`nj cnmdi.

Poanstrom y hosgrn`dm ijs hdtjs quo so j`tuvnorjm hurdmto id oxpornomgnd y pjr üi-

tnkj, rodingom umd aräcngd.

_mj ho ijs gdk`njs ho id kdtornd os id cusn÷m quogjrrospjmho di pdsj hoi ostdhj s÷inhj di ostdhj iëqunhj

pjr id dggn÷m ho id tokpordturd. Oi pumtj ho cusn÷mgjrrospjmho d id gdmtnhdh ho omoraëd quo roqunoro umdsustdmgnd pdrd pdsdr hoi ostdhj s÷inhj di ostdhj iëqunhjj pdrgndikomto cumhnhj.

Olokpij< gudmhj tjkdkjs umd void, su ostdhj os s÷-inhj5 porj sn id gdiomtdkjs, so cumho y su gjmsnstomgndso vuoivo iëqunhd. Id tokpordturd quo so roqunoro pdrd

quo jgurrd osto gdk`nj, os oi pumtj ho cusn÷m.

Vumtj ho cusn÷m

0



487 Id kdtornd

_mnhdh 4

Id kdtornd id pjhokjs omgjmtrdr om hjs cjrkds< kozgids y sus-tdmgnds purds.

Wosn÷m 7

Gidsos ho kdtornd

Kozgids

Id kdtornd pjsoo id gdpdgnhdh ho nmtordgtudr pdrd cjrkdr muovds sustdmgnds yprjhugnr kozgids. _md kozgid os id umn÷m cësngd ho hjs j käs sustdmgnds quo sopuohom sopdrdr pjr kohnjs cësngjs. Ids kozgids so puohom gidsncngdr om hjs arupjs<bjkjaîmods y botorjaîmods.

Bjkjaîmods

Botorjaîmods

Wjm ids kozgids guyjs gjkpjmomtosmj so puohom hnstnmaunr d snkpio vns-td. Olokpij< oi daud gjm sdi, guyjsgjkpjmomtos mj puohom vorso dsnkpio vnstd. Oxnstom kozgids bjkj-aîmods ho s÷inhj-s÷inhj, s÷inhj-ië-qunhj, iëqunhj-iëqunhj, ads-iëqunhj,ads-ads.

Wjm ids kozgids om ids gudios sopuoho hnstnmaunr sus gjkpjmomtos dsnkpio vnstd, y sus gdmtnhdhos vdrëdm.Vjr olokpij< dromd y rjgds. Ostdgidso ho kozgid so puoho sopdrdrpjr kîtjhjs cësngjs.





Kîtjhjs pdrd sopdrdr kozgids

Ijs kîtjhjs pdrd sopdrdr ids kozgids hopomhom hoi tnpj ho kozgid quo so hosoosopdrdr<

Xdknzdhj< osto kîtjhj gjmsnstoom pdsdr id kozgid pjr um tdknznrroauidr, hjmho ids pdrtëguids hokdyjr tdkdôj so quohdm om id pdr-to supornjr, y ids ho komjr tdkdôjdtrdvnosdm ijs pjrjs hoi tdknz.

Cnitrdgn÷m< osto kîtjhj so usd pdrdsopdrdr kozgids ho iëqunhj- s÷inhj.Om osto gdsj, id kozgid so pdsd pjrum ok`uhj rogu`nortj gjm pdpoi cni-trj quo tnomo poquoôjs pjrjs pjr ijsgudios pdsd id kozgid.

Hogdmtdgn÷m< osto kîtjhj hopomho ho idhncoromgnd omtro ids homsnhdhos ho ijs kdto-rndios ho id kozgid. Oi prnkor pdsj os holdr idkozgid om ropjsj5 om ostd cjrkd, ids sustdm-gnds quo tnomom kdyjr homsnhdh quohdm omid pdrto nmcornjr hoi rognpnomto quo gjmtnomoid kozgid. Gudmhj ids sustdmgnds so bdydmsopdrdhj, so sdgd oi gjmtomnhj pjr id pdrtosupornjr hoi rognpnomto.



48? Id kdtornd

_mnhdh 4

Hostnidgn÷m< osto kîtjhj so usd pdrd so-pdrdr kozgids ho s÷inhj iëqunhj y so `dsdom ids hncoromgnds hoi pumtj ho o`uiingn÷m.Vjr dggn÷m hoi gdijr, oi gjkpjmomto ië-qunhj pdsd d ads y oi s÷inhj quohd om oirognpnomto. Vjr olokpij< oi daud ho kdrso ovdpjrd di sor sjkotnhd di gdijr, quo-hdmhj id sdi gjkj gjkpjmomto s÷inhj.

Kdamotnskj< os um prjgohnknomtj quo soutninzd pdrd sopdrdr kozgids quo gjmtomadmdiaüm gjkpjmomto kotäingj homtrj ho umjmj kotäingj. Om id kdyjrëd ho ids vogos, sousd um nkäm.

Xrd`dlj om su`arupjs<

Kdtorndios<

Daud, sdi, pdpoi cnitrj, inkdhurd ho bnorrj, rognpnomto pdrd borvnr daud, dromd,0 vdsjs trdmspdromtos, dgonto, nkäm, kogborj ho digjbji y dsorrëm.

4





Vrjgohnknomtj<

4. Om um vdsj trdmspdromto, pjmadm daud, dgonto y dromd5 rovuoivdm y holomropjsdr.

0. Om jtrj vdsj trdmspdromto, pjmadm daud y sdi5 rovuoivdm y holom ropjsdr.Gjijquom um trjzj ho pdpoi cnitrj sj`ro osto vdsj, y vnortdm om îi, oigjmtomnhj hoi prnkor rognpnomto, gorgnjrämhjso ho quo id kozgid pdsod trdvîs hoi pdpoi cnitrj.

7. Om um rognpnomto, pjmadm daud y vdrnds gugbdrdhds ho sdi5 rovuoivdm yokpioom oi kogborj pdrd borvnr id kozgid, bdstd quo oi daud so ovdpjropjr gjkpiotj.

8. Kozgiom oi dsorrëm gjm id inkdhurd ho bnorrj y iuoaj pdsom oi nkäm sj`roostd kozgid.

?. Oxpinquom quî jgurro gjm gdhd gjkpjmomto ho ids hncoromtos kozgids onhomtncnquom oi kîtjhj ho sopdrdgn÷m okpiodhj pdrd gdhd oxpornomgnd.

Wustdmgnds purds

Ids sustdmgnds purds so hnvnhom om oiokomtjs y gjkpuostjs quëkngjs.

Wjm ids sustdmgnds snkpios quo mj so puohomhosgjkpjmor om jtrds käs snkpios quo oiids.Vjr olokpij< oi jrj, oi bnhr÷aomj, oi dzucro y oijxëaomj.

Oiokomtjs quëkngjs



481 Id kdtornd

_mnhdh 4

Hosdrrjiio oi snaunomto olorgngnj om su gudhormj<

Gjm dyuhd ho id td`id porn÷hngd ho oiokomtjs, osgrn`d oi mjk`ro j oi sëk`jij hoijs snaunomtos gjkpuostjs<

7

• Wjhnj

• J

• Vjtdsnj

• Bo

• Gijrj

• N

• Gdr`jmj

• Gijrj

•

Da

Gjkpuostj quëkngj

Wjm ids sustdmgnds quo so puohom hosgjkpjmor om jtrds

sustdmgnds käs somgniids. Ijs gjkpuostjs quëkngjs ostämgjmstntunhjs pjr hjs j käs sustdmgnds om gdmtnhdhos cnlds.Homtrj ho ostjs gjkpuostjs, tomokjs id sdi (MdGi), quoostä cjrkdhd pjr sjhnj y gijrj5 oi daud quo ostä cjrkdhdpjr bnhr÷aomj y jxëaomj (B0J)5 y oi hn÷xnhj ho gdr`jmj(GJ0), quo ostä gjkpuostj pjr gdr`jmj y jxëaomj.





Wosn÷m 8

Kdmjs d id j rd

4. Hocnmd ijs snaunomtos gjmgoptjs< guorpj, sustdmgnd, vjiukom o nmorgnd.

0. ºGudi os id hncoromgnd omtro posj y kdsd:

7. Osgrn`d cdisj (C) j vorhdhorj (S) hjmho gjmsnhoro quo gjrrospjmho<

d. Id homsnhdh gjrrospjmho d id roidgn÷m omtro id kdsdy oi vjiukom ( )`. Id kohnhd quo so utninzd pdrd kohnr id kdsd os oi ardkj ( )g. Id homsnhdh so oxprosd om kninintrjs ( )h. Oi vjiukom so oxprosd om ardkjs sj`ro kninintrjs ( )o. Om @jajtä, oi pumtj ho o`uiingn÷m hoi daud os käs `dlj

quo om Wdmtd Kdrtd ( )c. Id gdmtnhdh ho omoraëd quo so roqunoro pdrd pdsdr hoi

ostdhj s÷inhj di ostdhj iëqunhj, so gjmjgo gjkj pumtjho cusn÷m ( )

8. Bdiio id homsnhdh ho um guorpj guyd kdsd os ho 766 a y su vjiu-kom ho 4? ki.

?. Hocnmd ijs hjs arupjs ho kozgids quo oxnstom.

3. Osgrn`d oi kîtjhj dhogudhj pdrd sopdrdr gdhd kozgid<

d. Dsorrëm y inkdhurd ho bnorrj`. Daud y dgontog. Daud y sdih. Daud y dromd

1. Oxpinquo id hncoromgnd omtro oiokomtjs y gjkpuostjs quëkngjs.Komgnjmo diaumjs olokpijs.



48> Ijs soros vnvjs

_mnhdh 0

Id gîiuid os id umnhdh ostrug-turdi y cumgnjmdi ho tjhjs ijssoros vnvjs. Id pdid`rd gîiuidcuo komgnjmdhd pjr prnkord

voz bdgo käs ho 766 dôjs pjroi gnomtëcngj Pj`ort Bjjeo,gudmhj us÷ um kngrjsgjpnjbogbj pjr îi knskj pdrd j`-sorvdr id kdtornd. Bjjeo tjk÷um trjzj ho gjrgbj, io bnzjum gjrto y j`sorv÷ quo ostd`dgjmstntunhj pjr poquoôds gdvn-hdhos d ids gudios iidk÷ gîiuidsj «bd`ntdgnjmos poquoôdsµ. Wnmok`draj, su tîrknmj cuo dpin-gdhj tdi gjkj ij gjmjgokjsbjy, 4?6 dôjs hospuîs, pjrhjs gnomtëcngjs diokdmos quoprjpusnorjm id tojrëd goiuidr.

Ostd tojrëd cuo oid`jrdhd pjr Xbojhjr Wgbwdmm y Kdtbnds Wbionhom, di gjkprj`drquo oxnstëd umd umnhdh gjküm om pidmtds y dmnkdios quo so prosomtd`d om cjrkdho mügiojs. Dumquo tnokpj hospuîs so pusj om huhd id vordgnhdh ho ostd tojrëd,ardgnds d ijs oxpornkomtjs quo rodinz÷ Ijuns Vdstour gjm tolnhjs ho soros vnvjs, cuodgoptdhd homtrj ho id @njijaëd.

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Gîiuidsom oi

gjrgbj hoKngrjardpbnd

(433?)

Pj`ort Bjjeo

Wosn÷m ?

Xojrëd goiuidr

_mnhdh 0. Ijs soros vnvjs



4?6Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3


4. Xjhjs ijs soros vnvjs ostäm gjkpuostjs pjr gîiuids, y umd sjid gîiuidgjrrospjmho d um sjij jradmnskj.

0. Xjhds ids gîiuids mdgom ho umd gîiuid prooxnstomto, pjr kohnj ho idhnvnsn÷m goiuidr.

7. Id gîiuid os id umnhdh `äsngd ho ostrugturd y cumgn÷m ho ijs soros vnvjs.

8. Id gîiuid gjmtnomo tjhd id nmcjrkdgn÷m aomîtngd pdrd kdmtomor y porkntnr

id vnhd ho ijs jradmnskjs y trdmskntnr sus gdrdgtoros borohntdrnjs.

Ijs jradmnskjs quo ostäm gjms-tntunhjs pjr umd sjid gîiuid, sohomjknmdm umngoiuidros. Olok-pij< ids dgtornds, oi pdrdkognjy id dko`d. Ijs jradmnskjs

gjmstntunhjs pjr vdrnds gîiuidsso iidkdm piurngoiuidros y sojradmnzdm pdrd cjrkdr tolnhjs.

Dkjo`d prjtous

Cjtjs tjkdhds ho Qnenpohnd

Xdkdôj y cjrkd ho ids gîiuids

Gdsn tjhds ids gîiuids knhom omtro 46 y 76 kngr÷kotrjs (¿k), ho hnäkotrj. Id kn-

grd os umd umnhdh ho kohnhd quo oqunvdio d id kniîsnkd pdrto ho um kniëkotrj. Oitdkdôj ho ids gîiuids ostä roidgnjmdhj gjm su vjiukom y suporcngno, ho`nhj prnm-gnpdikomto d id omtrdhd ho sustdmgnds gjkj oi J0, oi GJ0, ijs njmos, ijs mutrnomtosy ijs prjhugtjs ho hosogbj quo sdiom, dtrdvosdmhj id suporcngno hoinkntdhd pjr idkok`rdmd, y pjr üitnkj so hncumhom om oi vjiukom goiuidr.

Olokpij< ids gîiuids mj tnomo id gdpdgnhdh ho dikdgomdr jxëaomj y pjr ij tdmtj, s÷ijpjsoom omoraëd sucngnomto pdrd umjs pjgjs knmutjs5 gudmhj mj ios iioad jxëaomj,

Ijs prnmgnpnjs ho id tojrëd goiuidr sjm<

@dgniius dmtbrdgns



4?4 Ijs soros vnvjs

_mnhdh 0

ids gîiuids kuorom. Wn ids gîiuids tuvnordm um kdyjr tdkdôj, id omtrdhd ho jxëaomjy ho jtrds sustdmgnds sorëd kuy iomtd, ij gudi ios prjvjgdrëd id kuorto.

Om oi sor bukdmj, id gîiuid käs ardmho os oi ÷vuij quo so puoho j`sorvdr snm oikngrjsgjpnj5 id yokd ho buovj os jtrj olokpij ho umd gîiuid ho ardm tdkdôj.

Di j`sorvdr umd ajtd ho daud j umd ur`uld ho ld`÷m, pjhokjs vor quo pjsoom umdcjrkd oscîrngd kuy snknidr d id ho ids gîiuids. Wnm ok`draj, id cjrkd ho ids gîiuidsvdrëd, hopomhnomhj hoi jradmnskj quo cjrkdm. Olokpij< ids pidmtds, ijs bjmajs ykugbjs jradmnskjs umngoiuidros.

Jtrj ho ijs cdgtjros quo nmciuyo om id cjrkd ho ids gîiuids os id dhbosn÷m y id prosn÷mquo olorgom jtrds gîiuids j suporcngnos gorgdmds d oiid.

Mourjmds.

Ho dguorhj gjm id cumgn÷m quogukpio, id gîiuid pjsoo umd cjrkdhotorknmdhd. Vjr olokpij< id cum-gn÷m prnkjrhndi ho ids mourjmds ostrdmskntnr ijs nkpuisjs morvnjsjs

y pjr osto kjtnvj, su cjrkd osdidradhd y om su oxtrokj, pjsooumd sorno ho prjijmadgnjmos. Omid opnhorkns, omgjmtrdkjs gîiuidsdpidmdhds quo so omguomtrdm kuy lumtds pdrd cjrkdr umd drrord quo nkpnhdid omtrdhd ho kngrjjradmnskjs di jradmnskj. Diaumjs jradmnskjs umngoiuidrosgjkj id dko`d, puohom gdk`ndr ho cjrkd ardgnds di gntjpidskd quo pjsoom.

Os nkpjrtdmto tomor om guomtd quo id gîiuid mj osum gjmlumtj ho jradmoijs, snm diaüm tnpj ho jradmn-zdgn÷m, snmj umd omtnhdh hnmäkngd o nmtoardhd quoso dutjrroauid y kdmtnomo pjr sor um snstokd.





Woaüm id cjrkd, ids gîiuids puohom gidsncngdrso dsë<

Oscîrngds

Dpidmdhds

Ostroiidhds

Nsjhndkîtrngds

Os id cjrkd gdrdgtorëstngd hoijs ai÷`uijs rjljs, ids `dgto-rnds y ids diads. Wo omguomtrdmom kohnjs iëqunhjs gjkj idsdmaro, gbdrgds y idajs.

Wjm ho kdyjr tdkdôj y su

cjrkd os kuy pdrognhd dids `dihjsds. Vjr ij aomordi,gjmstntuyom ijs tolnhjs quorogu`rom ijs ÷radmjs y id pnoi.

Wjm ids mourjmds quo tnomom

prjijmadgnjmos y su dpd-rnomgnd os ho umd ostroiid.

Wjm ids gîiuids ho ijs voaotd-ios. Omtro oiids, omgjmtrdkjsijs ardmjs ho pjiom.

Wjm gîiuids quo pjsoom cjr-kds nrroauidros quo puohomgdk`ndr, soaüm oi kohnj omhjmho so omguomtrom.

Vrjtoncjrkos

Mjk`ro Hosgrnpgn÷m Nkdaom



4?7 Ijs soros vnvjs

_mnhdh 0

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Ostrugturd goiuidr

Gdhd gîiuid prosomto om ijs jradmnskjs, os umd omtnhdh dut÷mjkd y roidtnvd-komto nmhopomhnomto quo so omguomtrd rjhodhd pjr umd kok`rdmd quo id

prjtoao hoi kohnj quo id rjhod. Id gîiuid os um snstokd quo ostä gjkpuostjho umds ostrugturds gdrdgtorëstngds quo sjm oi mügioj, oi gntjpidskd y id kok-`rdmd goiuidr.

Kok`rdmd goiuidr

Xdk`nîm so gjmjgo gjkj kok`rdmd pidskätngd y os ho vntdi nkpjrtdmgnd pdrd

ids gîiuids. Os umd ostrugturd hnmäkngd y ciunhd quo ostä cjrkdhd pjr iëpnhjs yprjtoëmds. Wu cumgn÷m prnkjrhndi os inkntdr d id gîiuid y roauidr oi kjvnknomtjho ids sustdmgnds bdgnd homtrj y cuord ho oiid. Om id pdrto nmtormd ho ids gîiuidsougdrnjtds, omgjmtrdkjs kok`rdmds snknidros quo rogu`rom kugbjs ho ijsjradmoijs goiuidros. Vjr ij aomordi, id kok`rdmd so omguomtrd rjhodhd ho umkohnj dgujsj y pjr ostd rdz÷m, pjsoo umd gjmstntugn÷m gjm umds gdrdgtorëstngdsprjpnds. Oi kjhoij quo roprosomtd id ostrugturd ho id kok`rdmd so gjmjgogjkj kjsdngj ciunhj, y cuo hosdrrjiidhj pjr Wnmaor y Mngbjisjm. Id ostrugturd

ho tjhds ids kok`rdmds os kuy pdrognhd pjrquo ids hncoromgnds so ostd`iogomho dguorhj gjm id cumgn÷m ho ids gîiuids.

4?7 Ijs soros vnvjs

_mnhdh 0





Id kok`rdmd ostä gjmstntunhd pjr hjs gdpds ho iëpnhjs, om pdrtnguidr, ijscjscjiëpnhjs guyd kjiîguid tnomo umd pdrto quo os bnhr÷cnid (dcëm gjm oi daud),y umd bnhr÷cj`d (mj dcëm gjm oi daud), y pjr osj rognò oi mjk`ro ho `ngdpd

cjscjinpëhngd. Ids pdrtos bnhr÷cj`ds so omguomtrdm omcromtdhds, knomtrds quoids pdrtos bnhr÷cnids ostäm hnspuostds bdgnd id sjiugn÷m dgujsd. Ids `ngdpdscjscjinpëhngds sjm nkporkodìos di daud, porj porkodìos d gdtnjmos y dmnjmosquo gjmtrnùyom om ijs prjgosjs goiuidros.

Dhokäs ho ijs iëpnhjs, omgjmtrdkjs ids prjtoëmds quo ostäm nmsortdhds homtrjho id `ngdpd porj mj id pomotrd. Oxnstom tros tnpjs ho prjtoëmds<

Xrdmspjrto

Pogoptjrds

Pogjmjgnknomtj

Woaüm ij vnstj oi hëd ho bjy, nmvostnauo o nmcnord guäi os id gîiuid käs ardmho quoustoh gjmjgo y guäios sorëdm ids pdrtos quo puoho vor d snkpio vnstd.

Gjm ij vnstj om id sosn÷m rodingo, pjr arupjs, umd gîiuid tdi y gjkj ustoh so id nkdanmd.Vdrd oiij sod grodtnvj y utningo kdtorndi rogngidhj y gjsds quo tomad d id kdmj. Mj

jivnho iiovdr su gîiuid d id pr÷xnkd sosn÷m.

?

Ostd prjtoëmd so omgdrad ho roauidr id omtrdhdy sdinhd ho gdsn ho tjhds ids sustdmgnds sjiuìosom oi daud, d trdvîs ho id kok`rdmd.

Wjm ids prjtoëmds quo umom ids kjiîguids gjmoi kohnj oxtormj ho id gîiuid.

Wjm ids omgdradhds ho nhomtncngdr ids hncoromtossustdmgnds om oi kohnj y jtrds gîiuids gorgdmdsd id gîiuid.





4?? Ijs soros vnvjs

_mnhdh 0

Vdrd rospnrdr y roprjhugnrso, id gîiuid ho`o tjkdr yoinknmdr sustdmgnds hoi kohnj. Osto prjgosj so rodinzdpjr kohnj ho ids kok`rdmds y umd sorno ho prjgosjsgjmjgnhjs gjkj< hncusn÷m, jskjsns, trdmspjrto dgtnvj,omhjgntjsns y oxjgntjsns.

Hncusn÷m< tjhds ids sustdmgnds ostäm gjkpuostds pjr kjiîguids quo rodinzdmumd sorno ho kjvnknomtjs ospjmtämojs. Gudmhj ids kjiîguids bdm cjrkdhjumd ardm gjmgomtrdgn÷m cuord ho id gîiuid, so kuovom bdgnd um sntnj hokomjr gjmgomtrdgn÷m. Vjr olokpij< sn hostdpdkjs um porcuko homtrj houmd bd`ntdgn÷m, sus kjiîguids ostäm käs gjmgomtrdhds quo ids kjiîguidshoi dnro ho id bd`ntdgn÷m5 om gjmsoguomgnd,ids kjiîguids hoi porcuko so hncumhom pjrtjhd id bd`ntdgn÷m. Ij knskj sugoho gjm

um vdsj ho daud y umds ajtds ho gjijrdmto.Gudmhj daroadkjs ids ajtds homtrj hoi vdsj,id gjmgomtrdgn÷m hoi gjijrdmto os kdyjr, porjdi cnmdi ids kjiîguids so hncumhom om oi daudy id gjijrodm.

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Wosn÷m 3

Ids nmtordggnjmos ho id gîiuid gjm oi kohnj





Id hncusn÷m os oi kogdmnskj prnmgnpdi ho kjvnknomtj ho ids kjiîguidsom umd gîiuid y mj roqunoro adstj ho omoraëd.

Vjr olokpij< umd kjiîguid ho jxëaomj pjsoo kdyjr gdpdgnhdh ho gjm-gomtrdgn÷m cuord quo homtrj ho id gîiuid, y pjr ostd rdz÷m, so kuovo hoisntnj ho kdyjr gjmgomtrdgn÷m di ho komjr gjmgomtrdgn÷m. Osto kjvnknomtjjgurro di gjmtrdrnj, gudmhj id gjmgomtrdgn÷m ho ids kjiîguids os kdyjrhomtrj ho ids gîiuids y omtjmgos, sdiom ho id gîiuid.

Hncusn÷m goiuidr

Ospdgnj oxtrdgoiuidr

Ospdgnj nmtrdgoiuidr



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×skjsns

Os oi pdsj ho iëqunhjs d trdvîs ho id kok`rdmd ho id gîiuid. Os um prjgosj ho hncu-sn÷m pjrquo ijs iëqunhjs, ij knskj quo jtrds sustdmgnds, so kuovom ho um sntnj hokdyjr gjmgomtrdgn÷m d umj ho komjr gjmgomtrdgn÷m.

Homtrj ho ids sjiugnjmos, so omguomtrd oi sjiutj quo os id sustdmgnd quo so vd d hniunry oi sjivomto quo os oi kohnj om oi gudi so hniuyo oi sjiutj.

Vjr olokpij< tomokjs 466 ki ho daud y 46 a ho dzügdr quo quorokjs kozgidr. Omosto gdsj, oi daud os oi sjivomto y oi dzügdr os oi sjiutj.

Om oi gdsj ho hjs gîiuids, oxnstom hjs sjiugnjmos ho daud gjm hncoromto gjkpjsngn÷mho sjivomto. Id sjiugn÷m quo tomad komjs gjmgomtrdgn÷m ho sjiutj, pjsoo kdyjrgjmgomtrdgn÷m ho daud. Oi daud omtjmgos, so kjvorä hosho id sjiugn÷m gjm komjssjiutj d id sjiugn÷m quo gjmtomad kdyjr gjmgomtrdgn÷m ho sjiutj. Oi kjvnknomtjhoi daud hopomho hoi kohnj hjmho so omguomtrdm ids gîiuids, y omtjmgos so puohohnstnmaunr tros gidsos ho kohnjs<

• Bnport÷mngj< vnomo hoi arnoaj bnpor quo snamncngd oxgosnvj. Om osto gdsj,id gjmgomtrdgn÷m hoi sjiutj os kdyjr quo id jtrd gjmgomtrdgn÷m. Wn idgjmgomtrdgn÷m ho sjiutj os kdyjr cuord quo homtrj ho id gîiuid, id gjm-gomtrdgn÷m ho daud os komjr y sn id gîiuid so omguomtrd om osto kohnj,oi daud so kuovo ho dhomtrj bdgnd cuord.

• Bnpjt÷mngj< vnomo hoi arnoaj bypj quo snamncngd `dlj. Om osto gdsj, oi

tjtdi ho id gjmgomtrdgn÷m ho sjiutj os komjr quo id jtrd gjmgomtrdgn÷m.Wn id gjmgomtrdgn÷m ho sjiutj os komjr cuord ho id gîiuid quo homtrj hooiid, id gjmgomtrdgn÷m ho daud os kdyjr, y gudmhj id gîiuid so omguomtrdom osto kohnj, oi daud so kuovo ho cuord bdgnd dhomtrj.

• Nsjt÷mngj< sjgurro gudmhj ijs hjs kohnjs pjsoom id knskd gjmgomtrd-gn÷m ho sjiutj.





Xrd`dlj nmhnvnhudi

Povnso ijs snaunomtos aräcngjs y rospjmhd<

4. Nhomtncnquo oi mjk`ro ho gdhd umj ho ijs kohnjs hjmho so omguomtrd id gîiuid.

0. Wj`ro ids ciogbds, osgrn`d quî omtrd y quî sdio ho id gîiuid.

7. Hnsgutd gjm sus gjkpdôorjs, quî pdsd gjm id gîiuid, sn mj so roauidm ids gjm-gomtrdgnjmos ho sjiutj y daud.

Kohnj bnport÷mngj ×skjsns Kohnj bnpjt÷mngj

4



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Gidsncngdgn÷m ho ids kok`rdmds

Ids kok`rdmds puohom sor porkodìos, soknporkodìos o nkporkodìos. Idskok`rdmds porkodìos porkntom oi pdsj hoi sjiutj y hoi hnsjivomto5 ids nkpor-kodìos nkpnhom oi pdsj ho ijs hjs5 y ids soknporkodìos porkntom oi pdsj hoijs hnsjivomtos y diaumjs sjiutjs, soaüm oi gdsj.

3

Luadmhj gjm id prosn÷m

Oiokomtjs mogosdrnjs<

_md `jisd ho goijcäm, daud y dzügdr.

Nmstruggnjmos<

Xjko id `jisd ho goijcäm y daroauoumd pjrgn÷m ho dzügdr, hospuîs gnorro id jisd cnlämhjso quo ostî

borkîtngdkomto gorrdhd. Wukîrldid om oi daud, hosgrn`d quo cuoij quo pdsj.

Xomnomhj om guomtd oi oxpornkomtj hnsguto gjm tus gjkpdôorjsd quo bdgo rocoromgnd oi tîrknmj kok`rdmds soknporkodìos.





Oi mügioj

Oi mügioj os oi gjkpjmomtoho id gîiuid quo hosdrrjiidhjs cumgnjmos prnkjrhndios<gjmtnomo id nmcjrkdgn÷m bo-rohntdrnd y pjr ij tdmtj, hotor-knmd oi hosdrrjiij ho id gîiuidy su pdrognhj gjm ijs pdhrosj oi pdhro. Gdhd voz quo id

gîiuid sucro umd hnvnsn÷m, ostdnmcjrkdgn÷m pdsd d ids muovdsgîiuids. Id soaumhd cumgn÷m osolorgor umd cuorto nmciuomgndsj`ro ids dgtnvnhdhos ho id gî-iuid, dsoaurdmhj quo ids kj-iîguids quo mogosntd iiovom dgd`j ijs prjgosjs dhogudhjs

pdrd su kdmtomnknomtj.

Oi mügioj ostä hocnmnhj om idsgîiuids ougdrnjtds y ostä rogu-`nortj pjr umd sorno ho kok-`rdmds quo ij dësid hoi kohnj,porj io porknto nmtorgdk`ndrgjm id gîiuid.

Wosn÷m 1

Gjkpjsngn÷m goiuidr

(4) Omvjiturd mugiodr.

(0) Pn`jsjkds.

(7) Vjrjs mugiodros.(8) Mugiîjij.

(?) Grjkdtnmd.

(3) Mügioj.

(1) Potëguij omhjpidskätngj.

(2) Mugiojpidskd.



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Oi gntjpidskd

Homtrj ho id gîiuid so omguomtrd oi ägnhj hosjxnrrn`jmugiongj (DHM), y homtrj hoîi so snmtotnzd umd kjiîguid iidkdhd ägnhj rn`jmugiongj (DPM), guyd cjrkd os os-cîrngd y vjiuknmjsd om roidgn÷m gjm oi tdkdôj tjtdi ho id gîiuid. Ostä rjhodhj pjrumd omvjiturd mugiodr gjkpuostd pjr hjs kok`rdmds quo prosomtdm umd sorno hoporcjrdgnjmos iidkdhds pjrjs mugiodros d trdvîs ho ijs gudios so hd oi nmtorgdk`nj

hoi mügioj di gntjpidskd. Id nmcjrkdgn÷m aomîtngd so omguomtrd gjmhomsdhd om umdostrugturd gjmjgnhd gjkj grjkjsjkd, y gudmhj id gîiuid mj so ostä hnvnhnomhj,so vo umd kdrdôd ho bnijs quo rogn`o oi mjk`ro ho grjkdtnmd. Vjr üitnkj, homtrjhoi mügioj so omguomtrd umd ostrugturd quo os oi mugiîjij quo nmtorvnomo om idcjrkdgn÷m ho rn`jsjkds.

Om ids gîiuids prjgdrnjtds, oi kdtorndi aomîtngj mj ostä rjhodhj pjr umd kok`rdmdy so omguomtrd hnsporsj pjr tjhj oi gntjpidskd.

Os id roan÷m quo so omguomtrd omtro oi mügioj y id kok`rdmd. Om îi, soomguomtrd umd sustdmgnd, oi gntjsji quo ostä gjmstntunhj prnmgnpdikomto

pjr daud y omznkds, dhokäs ho sustdmgnds hnsuoitds gjkj gdr`jbnhrd-tjs, prjtoëmds y iëpnhjs.

Id cjrkd ho id gîiuid so kdmtnomo ardgnds d umd sorno ho prjtoëmds quoostäm om oi gntjpidskd y quo om gjmlumtj cjrkdm oi gntjosquoiotj quoostä cjrkdhj pjr umd sorno ho cnidkomtjs y tü`uijs. Oi gntjpidskd os umgjkpjmomto vntdi, hnmäkngj y gjkpiolj pdrd id gîiuid, pjrquo cnld ijsjradmoijs y kuovo pdrto ho id gîiuid om ijs prjgosjs ho grognknomtj y

kjvninhdh, dhokäs ho sor oi kohnj ho gjkumngdgn÷m goiuidr.

Ijs jradmoijs goiuidros quo so omguomtrdm homtrj hoi gntjpidskd sjm<ids vdgujids, ijs rn`jsjkds, oi rotëguij omhjpidskätngj, ijs gjkpioljsho Ajian, ijs insjsjkds y ids kntjgjmhrnds. Om oi gdsj ho ids pidmtds,oxnstom umjs jradmoijs iidkdhjs gijrjpidstjs.





Ijs jradmoijs goiuidros

Ostrugturd houmd gîiuid voaotdi

Ostrugturd houmd gîiuid dmnkdi

Xjkdhj ho os.omgdrtd.ksm.gjk

Xjkdhj ho os.omgdrtd.ksm.gjk C j t j a r d c ë d

h o <

L d v n o r

D k d y d .





• Oi rotëguij omhjpidskätngj ruajsj quo pjsoo rn`jsjkds dhbornhjs,y so omguomtrd prosomto om tjhds ids gîiuids ougdrnjtds. D komuhj,pjsoo sdgjs ardmhos y dpidmdhjs gjmjgnhjs gjkj gnstormds.

Diaumds ho sus cumgnjmos sjm<

• Om oi rotëguij omhjpidskätngj ruajsj (POP) so rodinzd oi prjgosj ho sëmtosnsho prjtoëmds, ardgnds d ijs rn`jsjkds dhbornhjs d su kok`rdmd.

• Xrdmspjrtdr sustdmgnds bdgnd jtrjs jradmoijs goiuidros, hosho id kok-`rdmd bdgnd oi nmtornjr.

Gjkpiolj ho Ajian (dpdrdtj ho Ajian)

Os um jradmoij gjkpuostj pjr umd sorno ho sdgjs dpidmdhjs quo so omguom-trdm inkntdhjs pjr umd kok`rdmd y rjhodhjs pjr tüùijs y vosëguids. Woomguomtrd homtrj hoi gntjpidskd, gorgd hoi mügioj y su cumgn÷m prnkjrhndios gdptdr vosëguids hoi rotëguij omhjpidskätngj o nmgjrpjrdr su gjmtomnhjy hnstrnùnrij di rostj ho id gîiuid, os hognr, os um gomtrj ho gjkpdgtdgn÷m y

hnstrnùgn÷m. Oi dpdrdtj ho Ajian so omguomtrd om tjhds ids gîiuids ougdrnjtds.

Insjsjkds

Wjm umd ospogno ho jisd kok`rdmjsd roidtnvdkomto ardmho, quo so jrnanmdom oi rotëguij omhjpiäskdtngj ruajsj, y iuoaj so gjkpdgtd om oi gjkpioljho Ajian. Om ijs insjsjkds so omguomtrd umd sorno ho kjiîguids gjkpioldsiidkdhds omznkds quo so omgdradm ho dgoiordr ijs prjgosjs ho hnaostn÷m

goiuidr, crdakomtdmhj ids kjiîguids ho ardm tdkdôj.

Jtrd ho ids cumgnjmos ho ostjs jradmoijs, os prjtoaor id gîiuid ho dgto-rnds y guorpjs oxtrdôjs, gjkj om oi gdsj ho ijs ai÷ùijs idmgjs. Gudmhjids `dgtornds sjm gdpturdhds, so omvuoivom om umd `jisd kok`rdmjsd(vosëguid), y iuoaj ijs insjsjkds so dhbnorom y cusnjmdm d id vosëguid, inò-rdmhj omznkds pdrd quo hnanordm räpnhdkomto d ids `dgtornds.





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Om id snaunomto päanmd, pjhrä omgjmtrdr käs nmcjrkdgn÷m sj`ro ids pdrtosho id gîiuid<

bttp<//porsjmdid`p.`ijaspjt.gjk/0661/63/hosgrnpgnm-ho-ids-pdrtos-ho-id-giuid.btki

Xrd`dlj nmhnvnhudi.

4. Hn`ulo umd gîiuid gjm tjhds sus pdrtos.0. Oxpiëquo ids pdrtos ho id gîiuid.

1

Kntjgjmhrnds

Wjm ijs jradmoijs käs ardmhos o nkpjrtdmtos pdrd id gîiuid, y su mükorjhopomho ho id mogosnhdh omoraîtngd ho id gîiuid. Wu cumgn÷m prnmgnpdi os

trdmscjrkdr ids pdrtëguids dinkomtngnds om id omoraëd quo usd id gîiuid omtjhjs sus prjgosjs. Ids kntjgjmhrnds tnomom cjrkds gnrguidros j ho dstjm-gniijs, y so u`ngdm om hjmho bdyd roquornknomtjs omoraîtngjs.

Vjr ij aomordi, ids kntjgjmhrnds ostäm rjhodhds pjr vdrnds kok`rdmds yids käs nmtormds so pinoadm bdgnd dhomtrj. D ostjs pinoauos so ios gjmjgogjkj grostds, y sjm ijs sntnjs pumtudios hjmho so rodinzdm ids rodggnjmoskntjgjmhrndios.





Dumquo tjhjs ijs jradmnskjs ostäm gjmstntunhjs pjr gîiuids, oxns-tom hnvorsds gidsos ho dguorhj gjm su ostrugturd y cumgn÷m. Om ostogdsj, ostuhndrokjs ijs ronmjs ho id mdturdiozd<

Wosn÷m 2

Ijs jradmnskjs y ids gîiuids

K÷mord

Vrjtnstjs

Om osto ronmj omgjmtrdkjs ids `dgtornds. Idsgîiuids ho ids `dgtornds so gdrdgtornzdm pjrgdrogor ho jradmoijs gjkj oi mügioj, idskntjgjmhrnds y ijs gijrjpidstjs (prjgdrnjtds).Wjm ho tdkdôj poquoôj y om su gntjpidskd,so omguomtrd ardm gdmtnhdh ho rn`jsjkds.Ostjs rn`jsjkds sjm käs poquoôjs quo ijsrn`jsjkds ho ids gîiuids ougdrnjtds. Diaumdsho ids gîiuids hoi ronmj k÷mord tnomom cidaoijsy poijs, quo om diaumds ospognos ostäm hnstrn-`unhjs om tjhd id suporcngno ho id gîiuid, ijgudi porknto oi kjvnknomtj ho ids dgtornds.

Om osto ronmj so omguomtrdm ijs jradmnskjs

umngoiuidros y ougdrn÷tngjs. Ids gîiuids hoosto ronmj sjm um ardm dvdmgo ovjiutnvj gjmrospogtj ho ids hoi ronmj k÷mord. Wus gîiuidstnomom jradmoijs gjkj ids kntjgjmhrnds y ijsgijrjpidstjs. Om osto ronmj oxnstom jradmnskjsho tdkdôjs snknidros d ids `dgtornds y jrad-mnskjs käs gjkpioljs quo tnomom ostrugturdsho jradmnskjs piurngoiuidros.

NkdaomGdrdgtorëstngds goiuidrosPonmjs



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Cuman(bjmajs)

Vidmtds

Dmnkdi

Ijs bjmajs sjm jradmnskjs umngoiu-idros. Ostjs jradmnskjs ostäm gjk-puostjs pjr kdsds ho cnidkomtjs,gdhd umj ho ijs gudios so gjmjgo

gjkj bncd y om gjmlumtj, so ioshomjknmd kngoinj. Diaumds ho idsbncds ho ijs bjmajs ostäm gjmstntun-hds pjr umd ümngd gîiuid didradhdy gjm vdrnjs mügiojs.

Ids pidmtds sjm jradmnskjs kuitn-

goiuidros y cjtjsnmtîtngjs. Ids gî-iuids ho ids pidmtds so omguomtrdmrogu`nortds pjr id pdroh goiuidr hogjmsnstomgnd rëanhd y oid`jrdhd pjroi gntjpidskd. Id cumgn÷m ho id pd-roh goiuidr os kdmtomor gdmtnhdhosho daud y sjiutjs homtrj ho id gî-iuid om gjmgomtrdgnjmos dhogudhds.Xdk`nîm oxnstom ijs pidstnhjs j gij-rjpidstjs quo rodinzdm id cjtjsëmtosnsho ids pidmtds. Osto pidstnhj tdk`nîmpuoho omgjmtrdrso om diaumjs prj-tnstds. Ids gîiuids voaotdios tnomomvdgujids ho kdyjr tdkdôj quo idsgîiuids ho ijs dmnkdios.

Ids gîiuids ho ijs dmnkdios sjm gîiu-ids ougdrnjtds quo pjsoom tjhjs ijsjradmoijs komgnjmdhjs< kntjgjm-hrnds, rotëguijs, mügioj y kok`rdmdgoiuidr. Oi gjmlumtj ho ids gîiuidsrogn`o oi mjk`ro ho tolnhj.





Kjiîguids jraämngds

Gjkj yd so hnlj, ijs jradmnskjs pjsoom hncoromtos tnpjs ho gîiuids quopjsoom gdrdgtorëstngds prjpnds ho dguorhj gjm ijs ronmjs d ijs gudios porto-mogom. Wnm ok`rdaj, tjhjs ijs jradmnskjs ostäm gjmstntunhjs pjr umd sornoho kjiîguids cumhdkomtdios quo ios porkntom kdmtomorso om oi dk`nomto.Om osto tnpj ho kjiîguids ostäm<

Vrjtoëmds< sjm ids kjiîguidsjraämngds käs d`umhdmtos omijs jradmnskjs y so prosom-tdm om cjrkds ho bjrkjmds,omznkds y prjtoëmds ho dikd-gomdknomtj. Gukpiom cumgnj-mos kuy nkpjrtdmtos om ijsjradmnskjs gjkj trdmspjrtdr,

dikdgomdr, hocomhor y dgoiordrprjgosjs, omtro jtrds.

Gdr`jbnhrdtjs< sjm kjiîguids jraämngds omgdradhds ho prjvoor omoraëdy cjrkdr pdrto ho ids ostrugturds ho ids gîiuids. Oxnstom tros tnpjs< kjmjsd-gärnhjs (aiugjsd), hnsdgärnhjs (sdgdrjsd j dzügdr ho kosd), y pjinsdgärnhjs

(diknh÷m).

C j t j t j k d h d

h o

Q n e n p o h

n d

Ostrugturd trnhnkomsnjmdi ho id bokjaij`nmd.

Iëpnhjs< sjm kjiîguids jraämngds gjmstntunhds pjr gdr`jmj, jxëaomj obnhr÷aomj, y snrvom gjkj dikdgomdknomtj ho omoraëd, gdsn snokpro omcjrkd ho ardsd j dgonto, prjp÷sntjs ostrugturdios y komsdlorjs quëkngjs.





43> Ijs soros vnvjs

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Ägnhjs mugiîngjs< om osto arupj soomguomtrdm hjs kjiîguids kuy nkpjr-tdmtos pdrd oi kdmtomnomhj ho id vnhd,oi ägnhj hosjxnrrn`jmugiongj (DHM), yoi ägnhj rn`jmugiongj (DPM), quo ostämgjmstntunhjs pjr umd sorno ho gdhomdsidrads iidkdhds mugio÷tnhjs quo tnomomsu prjpnd ostrugturd quo gjrrospjmho dum arupj cjscdtj, um dzügdr y umd dsomntrjaomdhd. Ostds `dsos mntrjaomdhdsgdk`ndm, soaüm oi ägnhj< pdrd oi DHM

sjm id dhomnmd, id audmnmd, id gntjsnmd yid tnknmd5 y pdrd oi DPM, id dhomnmd, idaudmnmd, id gntjsnmd y oi urdgnij. Gdhdumd ho ostds `dsos mntrjaomdhds tnomoumd pdrold quo so jradmnzd dsë<

DHM DPM Dhomnmd Xnknmd Dhomnmd ‘ _rdgnijAudmnmd Gntjsnmd Audmnmd ‘ Gntjsnmd

Gdhomd ho DHM.

Gjm ij vnstj om id sosn÷m ho bjy, rodingo um hn`ulj quo olokpincnquo umnmhnvnhuj ho gdhd umj ho ijs ronmjs ho id mdturdiozd.

2

43> Ijs soros vnvjs

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Wosn÷m >

Kdmjs d id j rd

4. Komgnjmo oi dpjrto ho Pj`ort Bjjeo om oi hosgu`rnknomtj hoid gîiuid.

0. ºOm quî gjmsnsto id tojrëd goiuidr: ºTunîmos id pjstuidrjm:

7. Hî um olokpij ho gdhd umd ho ids snaunomtos cjrkds goiuidros<oscîrngds, dpidmdhds, ostroiidhds o nsjhndkîtrngds.

8. Woôdio ids prnmgnpdios cumgnjmos ho id kok`rdmd goiuidr<

d. Hoinkntdr id gîiuid`. Poauidr oi kjvnknomtj ho sustdmgnds homtrj y cuord ho

oiidg. Dikdgomdr sustdmgnds mutrntnvdsh. d y `o. ` y g

?. Oi kjhoij ho kjsdngj ho ciunhj quo hosdrrjiidrjm Wnmaor yMngbjisjm, suanoro quo id kok`rdmd goiuidr ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

3. _m jradmnskj umngoiuidr so omguomtrd om um kohnj bnport÷mngj5om osds gjmhngnjmos oi kjvnknomtj hoi daud sorä.

d. Hosho oi jradmnskj bdgnd oi kohnj y ij hosbnhrdtd.`. Hoi kohnj bdgnd oi jradmnskj y ij iiomd ho käs daud.g. Om mnmaumd hnroggn÷m, pjrquo id gjmgomtrdgn÷m ho sjiutj

os id knskd om oi jradmnskj y om oi kohnj.



414 Ijs soros vnvjs

_mnhdh 0

1. _md gjm ciogbds ijs gjmgoptjs gjm su gjrrospjmhnomto hocnmngn÷m<

Mj porknto oi pdsj ho sjiutj mn ho hnsjivomto.

Vorknto oi pdsj ho ijs hnsjivomtos y ho diaumjssjiutjs, soaüm oi gdsj.

Vorknto oi pdsj hoi sjiutj y hoi hnsjivomto

Xnpjs ho kok`rdmd Hocnmngn÷m

Vorkodìo

Nkporkodìo

Woknporkodìo

M _ G I O J W H B X P W C P PO P N @ J W J K D W X @ O O O

D W X S B X H L B C W X _ P MS ^ J _ R Q M E H W O S A B HB X V D D A P V J I ^ G O G J

S X I N W J W J K D W H P X VS P D ^ H M N G N I J W X @ IN M W G C W ^ M @ C A ^ B C DW O K N X J G J M H P N D W WA S D G _ J I D W @ M ^ H C KO P ^ _ S R W ^ N J V H C @ DT G P J K D X N M D K O P W X

D A B _ ^ O H P X A ^ X O Ô N\ R @ P D Q O P K L B I J Q G D V D P D X J H O A J I A N J

2. Om id snaunomto sjpd ho iotrds, omguomtro oi kdyjr mükorj ho gjm-goptjs sj`ro id gîiuid y hocëmdijs<

>. Ids `dgtornds so gjmsnhordm jradmnskjs prjgdrnjtds ho`nhj d<

d. Wu poquoôj tdkdôj`. Wu ocogtj mjgnvj





g. Id dusomgnd ho jradmoijs gjkj kntjgjmhrnds y mügiojh. Wu gdpdgnhdh roprjhugtnvdo. Xjhds ids dmtornjros

46. Ijs jradmnskjs quo portomogom di ronmj prjtnstd so gdrdgtornzdm pjr<

d. Wor s÷ij umngoiuidros`. Wor s÷ij piurngoiuidrosg. Wor ougdrnjtdsh. Wor prjgdrnjtdso. Mnmaumd ho ids dmtornjros

44. Ids bncds sjm ostrugturds quo portomogom d jradmnskjs hoi ronmj<d. Dmnkdi`. Soaotdig. Vrjtnstdh. K÷mordo. Cuman

40. Ids pidmtds so gdrdgtornzdm pjr<

d. Xomor gîiuids rogu`nortds ho pdroh goiuidr`. Wor kuitngoiuidrosg. Xomor gijrjpidstjsh. Podinzdr cjtjsëmtosnso. Xjhds ids dmtornjros

47. Ids gîiuids dmnkdios so gdrdgtornzdm pjr<

d. Wor ougdrnjtds`. Wor prjgdrnjtdsg. Xomor gijrjpidstjsh. ` y go. Mnmaumd ho ids dmtornjros

48. Omukoro y hocnmd oi tnpj ho kjiîguids jraämngds.



417 Dhdptdgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

Oi guorpj ho um nmsogtj om cjrkd hobjld ho är`ji, ids ospnmds ho umd pidm-td, oi poidlo `idmgj ho um dmnkdi hoiärtngj y kugbds jtrds gdrdgtorëstngdsho gnortjs jradmnskjs, sjm prjhugtjho kniijmos ho dôjs ho ovjiugn÷m onmtordggn÷m gjm oi dk`nomto. Ostdsgdrdgtorëstngds puohom porkdmogor omum arupj ho jradmnskjs pjr kugbjtnokpj, knomtrds snrvdmpdrd rospjmhor dmto ijsostëkuijs dk`nomtdios.Gudmhj oi kohnj gdk`nd,s÷ij ijs jradmnskjs quorosuitdm koljr dhdptdhjsd ids muovds gjmhngnjmos,puohom sj`rovnvnr y holdrhosgomhomgnd.

Id dhdptdgn÷m os um gdk`nj quo puoho jgurrnr om id ostrugturd (nmtormdj oxtormd), ho um jradmnskj j om su gjkpjrtdknomtj, pdrd dcrjmtdr yrospjmhor om cjrkd dhogudhd d ijs ostëkuijs y vdrndgnjmos quo oi kohnjprosomtd gjmstdmtokomto.

Id dhdptdgn÷m

Wosn÷m 46

Ids dhdptdgnjmos y oi kohnj

_mnhdh 7. Dhdptdgnjmos





Gudmhj oi gdk`nj so ao-mord om id ostrugturd ox-tormd hoi jradmnskj, sobd`id ho umd dhdptdgn÷m cësngd. Ijs guormjs quodiaumjs bor`ëvjrjs bdm ho-sdrrjiidhj pdrd su hocomsd,

gjkj ijs tjrjs, ijs digos yijs gdrmorjs, portomogomd osto tnpj ho dhdptdgn÷m.

Dmnkdios gjkj ids sorpnomtosy ijs gjgjhrnijs quo trdadmomtorj, bdm hosdrrjiidhj pj-horjsjs luajs aästrngjs quohosnmtoardm nmgiusj, buosjsy jtrjs dinkomtjs ho hurd

gjmsnstomgnd. D ostd gidsoho dhdptdgn÷m so io gjmjgogjkj cnsnji÷angd y jgurro omoi nmtornjr ho id ostrugturd hoijs jradmnskjs.

Cjtj Homns Gdvdmzj

C j t j t j k d h d

h o

Q n e n p o h n d

Xnpjs ho dhdptdgn÷m



41? Dhdptdgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

Wnm ok`draj, tjhds ids dhdptdgnj-mos mj jgurrom om id ostrugturd hoijs jradmnskjs. Diaumjs dmnkdiosbdm kjhncngdhj su gjkpjrtdknom-

tj pdrd pjhor dhdptdrso di kohnjy osto gdk`nj ho gjmhugtd sogjmjgo gjkj dhdptdgn÷m ho gjk-pjrtdknomtj. Gjkj oi gdmaroljorkntdôj pjr olokpij, gdrogoho umd gjrdzd prjtogtjrd, `usgdgdpdrdzjmos quo so omguomtromhosbd`ntdhjs (aomordikomto hogdrdgji), y so d lustom d su tdkdôj,pdrd usdrijs gjkj rocuanj y prj-toggn÷m gjmtrd ijs hoprohdhjros.

4. Gjmcjrkom su`arupjs5 iuoaj, bdadm um instdhj ho 46 jradmnskjs ho su ro-an÷m, rogjmjgnomhj oi tnpj ho dhdptdgn÷m quo pjsoom, sod cësngd, cnsnji÷angd,ho gjkpjrtdknomtj, j ids tros.

0. Osgrn`d y gjmtosto om oi gudhormj, ids snaunomtos proaumtds<

d. ºG÷kj bdm bogbj ids sorpnomtos pdrd sj`rovnvnr pjr tdmtj tnokpj snmoxtroknhdhos:

`. ºVjr quî groo ustoh quo id lnrdcd digdmz÷ um guoiij tdm idraj:

g. ºG÷kj bdgom ijs osqunkdios pdrd sj`rovnvnr om roanjmos tdm crëds: ºG÷kjbdgom ijs bd`ntdmtos ho ijs hosnortjs pdrd sj`rovnvnr om roanjmos tdm ärnhds:

46

Cjtj Homns Gdvdmzj





Gudmhj gjkpdrdkjs ids pidmtds y ijs dmnkdios quoprjgohom ho iuadros gjm hncoromto tnpj ho bä`ntdt, bd-iidkjs hncoromgnds nkpjrtdmtos omtro su ostrugturd y sugjkpjrtdknomtj, pjrquo gdhd jradmnskj so bd dhdptdhjhurdmto kniijmos ho dôjs d ids gjmhngnjmos pdrtnguidros

quo su kohnj io bd prosomtdhj.

Id tokpordturd os umj ho ijs cdgtjros quo käs dcogtdm idsuporvnvomgnd ho ijs jradmnskjs. Ijs dmnkdios ogtjtor-kjs gjkj ijs roptnios, ijs dmcn`njs, ijs pogos y ijs nmvor-to`rdhjs, hoòm gjmtrjidr su tokpordturd pjr kohnj houmd cuomto oxtormd ho gdijr. Vjr olokpij< ijs gjgjhrnijshoòm sdinr hoi daud y u`ngdrso om iuadros gjm ùomd

niuknmdgn÷m sjidr pdrd gdiomtdrso y pjhor rodinzdr dgtnvn-hdhos gjkj mdhdr, gdzdr y dinkomtdrso. Om gjmtrdsto, ijsdmnkdios omhjtorkjs omtro ijs gudios so omguomtrdm ijskdkëcorjs, ids dvos y diaumjs roptnios, puohom prjhugnrgdijr hosho oi nmtornjr ho sus guorpjs y kdmtomor umdtokpordturd gjmstdmto.

Gjmtrjidr id cuomto ho gdijr mj bd snhj id ümngd ostrdto-and ho dhdptdgn÷m ho ijs jradmnskjs pdrd kdmtomor sutokpordturd om gjmhngnjmos ÷ptnkds. Om roanjmos gjkjijs pjijs, diaumjs dmnkdios bdm hosdrrjiidhj aruosjs ytupnhjs poidlos, guorpjs rjùstjs gjm ditj gjmtomnhj hoardsd y poquoôds jrolds, gdrdgtorëstngds quo ios porkntomovntdr di käxnkj, id pîrhnhd ho gdijr. Om gdk`nj, om iuad-ros käs gäinhjs, so omguomtrdm dmnkdios gjm komjs poij,

ardmhos jrolds y guorpjs gjm komjs gjmtomnhj ardsj.

Wosn÷m 44

Pospuostds ho ijs jradmnskjsd ijs ostëkuijs dk nomtdios

Cjtj Homns Gdvdmzj



411 Dhdptdgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

Ids pidmtds ho sntnjs gäinhjs (gjkj ijs gdgtus), so gdrdgtornzdm pjr sus bjlds kjhncn-gdhds om ospnmds y sus aruosjs tdiijs quo ios dyuhdm d gjmsorvdr id kdyjr gdmtnhdhho daud. Om gdk`nj, oi crdniol÷m, pidmtd roprosomtdtnvd ho ijs pärdkjs gjijk`ndmjs,pjsoo poquoôjs poijs j puòsgomgnd quo ovntdm id pîrhnhd oxgosnvd ho gdijr.

Vdrd hospidzdrso y soaüm oi kohnj quo bd`ntdm, ijs jradmnskjs bdm hosdrrjiidhjküitnpios dhdptdgnjmos< dpîmhngos drtnguidhds (snknidros d ids pdtds), om ijs nmsogtjsy jtrjs nmvorto`rdhjs5 dids om dvos, kurgnîidajs y diaumjs nmsogtjs5 diotds y guorpjsbnhrjhnmäkngjs (quo mj jpjmom kugbd rosnstomgnd di daud), quo gdrdgtornzdm d ijspogos y gnortjs kdkëcorjs dguätngjs5 y pdtds quo d kugbjs roptnios, dvos, dmcn`njsy kdkëcorjs ios porkntom hospidzdrso.

Dhokäs, ijs dmnkdios bdm hosdrrjiidhj dhdptdgnjmos quo so roidgnjmdm gjm oi tnpj

ho dinkomtj quo gjmsukom<

Bor`ëvjrjsGdrmëvjrjs

Hnomtos käs pidmjs pdrd gjrtdr y trntu-rdr oi dinkomtj.

Iomaud idrad quo puoho dcorrdr koljroi dinkomtj. Olokpij< ids lnrdcds.

Ost÷kdaj hnvnhnhj om gudtrj soakomtjs.Olokpij< id vdgd.

Vngjs cuortos pdrd dadrrdr y trnturdr.Olokpij< oi ijrj.

Idrajs nmtostnmjs quo diòradm kngrjjr-admnskjs quo cdgnintdm id iomtd hnaostn÷mho ijs voaotdios.

Hnomtos pumtndauhjs pdrd gjrtdr,porcjrdr y hosadrrdr id gdrmo.

Cuortos kdmhëùids.

Ardmhos adrrds quo dyuhdm d dcorrdrid prosd.

Iomauds äspords quo dyuhdm d so-pdrdr id gdrmo hoi buosj. Olokpij<ijs iojmos.

Luajs aästrngjs quo hnsuoivom buo-sjs, guormjs y pozuôds. Olokpijs<ijs gjgjhrnijs y ids sorpnomtos.





Diaumds pidmtds quo vnvom d id sjk`rd ho ijsär`jios, bdm hosdrrjiidhj bjlds ardmhos quo

ios porkntom j`tomor ho umd kdmord kugbjkäs ocngnomto, id pjgd iuz quo ios iioad.

Vdrd ovntdr sor gjknhds, diaumdspidmtds bdm nmgjrpjrdhj d su os-trugturd, ospnmds y sustdmgnds vo-momjsds j ho sd`jr hosdardhd`io.

Cjtj Homns Gdvdmzj

Kugbds vogos, id ümngd borrdknomtd quo tnomo um jradmnskj pdrd ovntdrsor hovjrdhj pjr jtrj, os pdsdr hosdporgn`nhj. Vjr osto kjtnvj, diaumjsjradmnskjs bdm hosdrrjiidhj umd ostrugturd gjrpjrdi snknidr d ijs oiokom-tjs prjpnjs ho su kohnj, pdrd gjmcumhnrso gjm oiijs y mj sor vnstjs pjr suspjtomgndios omoknajs. Osto tnpj ho ostrdtoand dhdptdtnvd so gjmjgo gjkjgdkucidlo. Kugbjs ho ijs nmsogtjs om ijs `jsquos, pdsdm hosdporgn`nhjsdmto muostrjs jljs, pjrquo suoiom sor vorhos y pjsoom cjrkds snknidros dids bjlds ho ijs är`jios.

C j t j H o m

n s G d v d m z j



41> Dhdptdgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

Diaumjs dmnkdios usdm um tnpj ho ostrdtoandsnknidr, porj om voz ho gjmcumhnrso gjm oi ko-hnj, nkntdm id ostrugturd j oi gjkpjrtdknomtjho jtrjs dmnkdios, dhdptdgn÷m gjmjgnhd gjkj

knkotnskj. Vjr ij aomordi, ostjs jradmnskjssjm nmjcomsnvjs y pjr osj «gjpndmµ oi hnsoôj hodmnkdios poinarjsjs pdrd gjmcumhnr d sus pro-hdhjros. Om muostrj Vdës, oxnsto umd sorpnomtonmjcomsnvd iidkdhd cdisd gjrdi, guyj gjijr ytdkdôj sjm snknidros d ijs ho id sorpnomto gjrdivorhdhord quo së os vomomjsd y dcogtdr gjm cro-guomgnd d ijs pj`idhjros ho ids zjmds rurdios.

Cdisd Gjrdi

Cjtj tjkdhd ho Qnenpohnd

Oid`jro um gudhrj gjkpdrdtnvj gjm oi kdyjr mükorj ho dhdptdgnjmos ho um jrad-mnskj quo vnvd om um iuadr crëj y jtrj quo bd`nto om um iuadr gdinomto.

Gjkpioto gdhd umj ho ijs gdkpjs ho id snaunomto td`id gjm gnmgj dmnkdios quo sodmolokpij ho gdhd dhdptdgn÷m<

Dpîmhngos drtnguidhds Dids Diotds Vdtds

44





Wosn÷m

Kdmjs d id j rd

40

4. Gjm `dso om ids dhdptdgnjmos bdiidhds om gdhd ospîgnkom<

d. Komgnjmo diaumds gdrdgtorëstngds hoi kohnj om hjmhobd`ntdrjm osjs jradmnskjs.

Iod gjm dtomgn÷m<

Wo bd bogbj um nkpjrtdmto bdiidzaj. Gnomtëcngjs bdm omgjm-trdhj vdrnjs ospogëkomos probnst÷rngjs om hncoromtos iuadros

hoi Kumhj<

• Oi prnkorj pjsoo um guorpj ardmho y di pdrogor, dikd-gomd`d kugbd ardsd om îi. Xdk`nîm so bd pjhnhj ovn-homgndr rostjs ho su poij y sus hnomtos sjm diaj pidmjs.

• Oi soaumhj tnomo um guorpj gjm cjrkd bnhrjhnmäkngd,diotds y hnomtos pumtndauhjs.

• Oi torgor ospîgnkom ostä kuy hotornjrdhj y ho îi s÷ijso bd pjhnhj nhomtncngdr umds ardmhos y di pdrogor,cuortos kdmhë`uids y idrads pdtds gjm adrrds. Wus jroldspumtndauhds sjm ho ardm tdkdôj.

• Oi gudrtj os umd pidmtd cjsninzdhd quo prosomtd ardmhos

bjlds, tdiij aruosj y ospnmds.



424 Dhdptdgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

`. Pospjmhd< ºguäi cuo oi dinkomtj prj`d`io pdrd gdhd umj ho ijstros prnkorjs ospogëkomos bdiidhjs:

0. Hî ? olokpijs ho dmnkdios ogtjtorkjs y ? ho dmnkdios omhjtorkjsy oxpiëquoijs<

7. Hocnmd ijs tnpjs ho dhdptdgn÷m y hî um olokpij ho gdhd umj<

8. Äcrngd os um gjmtnmomto guyd kdyjr pdrto ho torrntjrnj pjsooditds tokpordturds. Ijs dmnkdios quo bd`ntdm om îi, prosomtdm

gdrdgtorëstngds quo ios dyuhdm d dhdptdrso sjpjrtdr ids sovordsgjmhngnjmos ginkätngds. Oi oiocdmto dcrngdmj pjr olokpij, pjsooardmhos jrolds quo io snrvom gjkj hjs omjrkos d`dmngjs quodantd pdrd rocrosgdr oi rostj hoi guorpj y d id voz, hnsknmunrid tokpordturd ho id sdmaro quo pdsd d trdvîs ho ijs hoiadhjstolnhjs ho ids jrolds quo porkdmogom kugbj käs crosgjs,pjrquo tnomom umd kdyjr suporcngno ho gjmtdgtj gjm oi dnro.

Wn id tokpordturd hoi gjmtnmomto dcrngdmj okpozdrd d hosgomhorardhudikomto bdstd sor snknidr d id ho ijs pjijs, ºquî gdrdgtorëstngdshoi oiocdmto ho`orëdm hosdpdrogor y guäios dpdrogor pdrd dhdptdrsod ids muovds gjmhngnjmos:

?. Om gdhd dcnrkdgn÷m, hnad sn so trdtd ho umd ostrdtoand dhdptdtnvd ho

gdkucidlo j ho knkotnskj<

d. Id kjsgd sërcnhd prosomtd id cjrkd y ijs gjijros snknidros d ijsho id dvnspd gdvdhjrd< ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.

`. Id pnoi kdmgbdhd hoi iojpdrhj sokold ijs tjmjs gdrdgtorëstngjsho id voaotdgn÷m ho id sd`dmd dcrngdmd< ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.





Ids prnkords tojrëds sj`ro oi jrnaomhoi _mnvorsj so roidgnjmdm gjm ijskntjs quo trdtdrjm ho jcrogor umdrospuostd d ostjs nmtorrjadmtos.

Ardgnds d id j`sorvdgn÷m hoi gnoij ydi hosdrrjiij ho um nmstrukomtj hoardm utninhdh, oi toiosgjpnj, ijs kn-tjs cuorjm hdmhj pdsj d ids tojrëdssj`ro oi _mnvorsj, d kohnhd quo oigjmjgnknomtj cuo dhqunrnomhj umgdrägtor käs gnomtëcngj.

Wn rovnsdkjs um kdpdkumhn, mjshdkjs guomtd ho quo id Xnorrdos anadmto y ostä bd`ntdhd pjrkniijmos ho porsjmds. Wnm ok-`draj, gudmhj gjmtokpidkjs

oi gnoij hurdmto id mjgbo, mjshdkjs guomtd ho quo id Xnorrd

os poquoôësnkd gjm rospogtj hoi _mnvorsj.Muostrj Vidmotd cjrkd pdrto hoi snstokd sjidrquo so omguomtrd om oi `rdzj ho umd adidxndquo gjmtnomo 46.666 kniijmos ho ostroiidskäs, y snm ok`draj, ostd adidxnd bdgo pdrtoho gomtomdros ho knios ho kniijmos ho adidxnds

quo gjmcjrkdm muostrj _mnvorsj.



Wosn÷m 47

Jrnaom hoi _mnvorsj

_mnhdh 8. Hoi umnvorsj d id vnhd



427

_mnhdh 8

Hoi _mnvorsj d id vnhd

Ijs oiokomtjs prosomtos om oi_mnvorsj sjm< gdr`jmj, bnhr÷-aomj, boinj, jxëaomj, mntr÷aomj,kdamosnj, sningnj, bnorrj, mo÷m y

dzucro. Hospuîs ho id ardm ox-pijsn÷m, so prosomtdrjm gdk`njsho tokpordturd y cjrkdgn÷m hopdrtëguids gjkj moutrjmos, oiog-trjmos y prjtjmos d pdrtnr ho idomoraëd quo gjmtomëd oi pumtj hogjmgomtrdgn÷m.

Wo bdm pidmtodhj kugbds tojrëds dgorgd hoi jrnaom hoi _mnvorsj. Om-tro oiids pjhokjs komgnjmdr< quo oi _mnvorsj so omguomtrd sjstomnhjpjr umd tjrtuad anadmto, quo oi _mnvorsj os gjkj um kdr om hjmho soomguomtrd sukoranhj tjhj ij quo oxnsto om umd sustdmgnd iidkdhd «îtorg÷skngjµ.

Drnst÷toios sjstuvj quo oi _mnvorsj ord otormj o nmcnmntj, y id Xnorrd ordostdgnjmdrnd. Ostd tojrëd cuo dkpindhd pjr Vtjijkoj y hurdmto kugbjsdôjs, dgoptdhd y hnvuiadhd pjr id naiosnd gdt÷ingd.

Om id dgtudinhdh, id tojrëd käs dgoptdhd os id iidkdhd @na-`dma quo

sjstnomo quo oi _mnvorsj ostuvj gjmgomtrdhj om um sjij pumtj gjm umdtokpordturd, homsnhdh y prosn÷m ditësnkds y quo pjr gdusds quo düm sohosgjmjgom, oso pumtj ho gjmgomtrdgn÷m oxpijt÷ y oxpdmhn÷ su omoraëdom tjhds hnroggnjmos, y hospuîs ho 4?.666 kniijmos ho dôjs, tnomo suhnstrn`ugn÷m dgtudi. Gjkj gjmsoguomgnd ho ijs gbjquos, id kdtornd so cuogjmgomtrdmhj om gnortjs iuadros hoi ospdgnj, cjrkdmhj dsë ids prnkordsostroiids y adidxnds. Hosho oi knskj kjkomtj ho su jrnaom, oi _mnvorsjbd ostdhj kjvnîmhjso y oxpdmhnîmhjso.

b t t p < / / w w w . x t o

g . m o

t / ~ r k j

i n m s 4 / u m

n v o r s / o s / j r n a o m . b

t k





Xojrëd boinjgîmtrngd

D pdrtnr ho ijs ostuhnjs ho Mngjiäs Gj-pîrmngj, so ijar÷ cjrkuidr umd muovdtojrëd sj`ro oi jrnaom hoi _mnvorsj.

Woaüm ostd tojrëd, oi Wji so bdiid om oigomtrj hoi _mnvorsj y tjhjs ijs pid-motds anrdm om gërguijs d su dirohohjr.Gjpîrmngj hogëd quo oi _mnvorsj ososcîrngj, ij knskj quo id Xnorrd, y ijskjvnknomtjs ho ijs guorpjs goiostossjm roauidros y gnrguidros._mnvorsj boinjgîmtrngj. J`rd< Bdrkjmnd Kdgrj-

gjskngd, ho Dmhrods Goiidrnus (4162).

C j t j t j k d h d

h o

Q n e n p o h

n d

Jradmnzdgn÷m hoi _mnvorsj

D pdrtnr ho id j`sorvdgn÷m hoi ospdgnj, so cuorjm pidmtodmhj ids tojrëds sj`ro idhnspjsngn÷m ho ijs pidmotds om oi snstokd sjidr.

Ostd tojrëd cuo gjmgo`nhd om oi snaij NN homuostrd ord pjr oi dstr÷mjkj arnoaj GiduhnjVtjijkoj. Woaüm ostd tojrëd, id Xnorrd os nm-k÷vni y os oi gomtrj hoi _mnvorsj5 oi dstrj käs

gorgdmj d oiid os id Iumd y d su dirohohjr anrdmumds oscords iidkdhds pidmotds. Di hoginmdr idguiturd arnoad, ijs ärd`os rotjkdrjm id tojrëdho Vtjijkoj y gjkomzdrjm d porcoggnjmdridpjrquo omgjmtrdrjm om oiid vdrnds cdiids. Wnmok`draj, ostd tojrëd so kdmtuvj gjkj väinhdbdstd 4?48.

Xojrëd aojgîmtrngd

Oi kjhoij aojgîmtrngj soaümid @n`ind ho Kdrtëm Iutorj.

C j t j t j k d h d

h o

Q n e n p o

h n d



42?

_mnhdh 8


Guorpjs goiostos

Oi _mnvorsj ostä gjkpuos-tj pjr knios ho kniijmosho ostroiids quo d su voz,cjrkdm ids adidxnds. Oi Wji os id ostroiid käs gorgdmd dmuostrj pidmotd y ardgnds did iuz quo oknto y di gdijrquo prjhugo, os pjsn`io

quo so hosdrrjiio id kdyjrpdrto ho id vnhd om id Xnorrd.Omtro ijs kugbjs guorpjsgoiostos quo oxnstom, omgjm-trdkjs ijs pidmotds quo so gdrdgtornzdm pjr mj tomoriuz prjpnd y anrdr dirohohjrho umd ostroiid5 ijs dsto-

rjnhos sjm ho gjmsnstomgndrjgjsd y kugbj käs poquo-ôjs quo ijs pidmotds5 y ijsgjkotds quo sjm rjgjsjsy snknidros d ijs dstorjnhos,porj ostäm gjkpuostjs hobnoij y pjivj.

47

Vjr kohnj ho um roidtj, oxpinquo g÷kj groo ustoh quo so jrnanm÷ oi _mnvorsj.

Nkdaom tjkdhd pjr id sjmhd Adiniojoi 02 ho dajstj ho 4>>7, hjmho so vo oi dsto-

rjnho (087) Nhd y su sdtîinto Hdgtyi.

Adidxnd.





Wosn÷m

Oi gjknomzj ho id vnhd

48

Ijs sdtîintos tdk`nîm sjm guorpjs goiostos quo anrdm dirohohjrho ijs pidmotds y tnomom um komjr tdkdôj quo oiijs. Id Iumd os oi sdtîinto mdturdi ho id Xnorrd.

Vdrd gjkpromhor ijs dgjmtognknomtjs quo porkntnorjm oi jrnaom hoid vnhd, os mogosdrnj ostuhndr oi gjmtoxtj om oi gudi, bdyd jgurrnhjprj`dìokomto id dpdrngn÷m ho ijs prnkorjs nmhngnjs ho vnhd.

Jrnaom hoi Wji y ijs pidmotds

Ijs gnomtëcngjs ostnkdm quo bdgo dprjxnkdhdkomtoumjs ?.666 kniijmos ho dôjs, pdrtëguids ho pjivj

y ätjkjs ho bnhr÷aomj y boinj, okpozdrjm ddtrdorso kutudkomto pjr id dggn÷m ho su prjpndardvohdh. D kohnhd quo id gjmgomtrdgn÷m ho os-tjs oiokomtjs so cuo bdgnomhj kdyjr, käs y käspdrtëguids cuorjm d`sjr`nhds pjr umd ardm muòquo so ostd`d cjrkdmhj. Id dggn÷m ardvntdgnjmdiquo tdk`nîm cuo dukomtdmhj om oi nmtornjr ho idgjmaijkordgn÷m, jgdsnjmd`d gbjquos tdm pjhorjsjs

omtro ijs ätjkjs ho bnhr÷aomj, quo so cuorjm cusnjmdmhj gjkj ätjkjs ho boinjy hosomgdhomdrjm rodggnjmos mugiodros. Xjhd ostd dgtnvnhdh prjhulj um dukom-tj ho id tokpordturd y umd nrrdhndgn÷m ho iuz y gdijr quo grodrjm id ostroiid käsgorgdmd quo gjmjgokjs, oi Wji.

Oi jrnaom ho ijs pidmotds os diaj snknidr d id grodgn÷m hoi Wji y jgurrn÷ bdgo gorgdho 8.366 kniijmos ho dôjs. Oi kdtorndi sj`rdmto quo mj bnzj pdrto ho id ostroiid,okpoz÷ d daijkordrso bdstd cjrkdr kdsds gjmsnhordìos. Ijs rostjs hoi kdtorndi





421

_mnhdh 8


Oi jrnaom ho id vnhd

Om id dgtudinhdh, id gjkumnhdh gnomtëcngd tjhdvëd mj bd omgjmtrdhjumd rospuostd gjmtumhomto pdrd oxpingdr id cjrkd gjkj puhj bdòrso

jrnanmdhj id vnhd om oi pidmotd Xnorrd. Wnm ok`draj, oxnstom vdrnds tojrëdsomgdknmdhds d hniugnhdr osto omnakd.

_md ho ids prnkords tojrëds sj`ro oi tokd, cuo id prjpuostd pjr oi rusj D. N. Jpdrnm om 4>08. Woaüm ostd tojrëd, diaumds ho ids gjmhngnjmosprnkntnvds ho id Xnorrd gjkj id dusomgnd ho jxëaomj dtkjscîrngj, cd-vjrognorjm id dpdrngn÷m ho id vnhd. Oi gnomtëcngj rusj groy÷ quo pjr osdîpjgd yd so omgjmtrd`dm diaumjs ho ijs oiokomtjs quo bjy om hëd

bdgom pdrto ho ijs jradmnskjs (gdr`jmj, bnhr÷aomj, mntr÷aomj, otg.), yquo puhnorjm bdòr rodggnjmdhj gjm oi vdpjr ho daud y jtrjs cdgtjrosgjkj id ditd rdhndgn÷m uitrdvnjiotd, id oknsn÷m rdhnjdgtnvd ho oiokomtjstorrostros nmtormjs, id gomnzd vjigämngd gdinomto y ids hosgdrads oiîg-trngds ho rdyjs, pdrd cdvjrogor id dpdrngn÷m ho kjiîguids jraämngds.Woaüm Jpdrnm, ids dauds jgoämngds puhnorjm bdòr snhj um osgomdrnjvndìo pdrd diòradr ids kjiîguids rognîm cjrkdhds, prjtoanîmhjidsho ijs knskjs cdgtjros quo ids cjrkdrjm y quo pdrdh÷lngdkomto, ids

bu`nordm iioadhj d hoardhdr. _md voz gjmcjrkdhds, os prj`dìo quoso bu`nordm omsdkìdhj om kjiîguids käs gjkpiolds quo ardhudi-komto cuorjm dhqunrnomhj id gdpdgnhdh ho nmtorgdk`ndr omoraëd gjmoi kohnj y ropingdrso, gdrdgtorëstngds prjpnds ho ijs soros vnvjs. Gjm oitnokpj, ids kdgrjkjiîguids okpozdrjm d nmtoardr ostrugturds kugbjkäs snstîkngds quo hnorjm jrnaom d ids prnkords gîiuids.

rdhnjdgtnvj aomordrjm ditësnkds tokpordturds quo ios hnorjm d ijs mdgnomtos pidmotds,umd ostrugturd ho dpdrnomgnd gdsn iëqunhd. Id Xnorrd guyd cjrkdgn÷m tdk`nîm tomëdiuadr om oso kjkomtj, okpoz÷ d omcrndrso ardhudikomto, ho tdi cjrkd quo oi ärodsuporcngndi gjkomz÷ d omhurogorso y d cjrkdr id gjrtozd torrostro, knomtrds ijs kd-torndios käs posdhjs so cuorjm u`ngdmhj om oi nmtornjr hoi Vidmotd.





Jradmnzdrso om suàrupjs ho trd`dlj.

4. Om umd gdrtoiord, roprosomtom pjr kohnj ho hnùljs, ids gjmhngnjmos quo soaümJpdrnm, puhnorjm bdòr jrnanmdhj id vnhd.

48

0. Nmvostnauo y oxpinquo oi prjgohnknomtj quo rodinz÷ Kniior y ids gjmgiusnjmos d

ids gudios iioa÷.

Om 4>?7, Wtdmioy Kniior cuo umj ho ijsprnkorjs gnomtëcngjs quo nmtomt÷ rogrodrids gjmhngnjmos prnkntnvds ho id Xnorrd omum id`jrdtjrnj, gjm oi ümngj prjp÷sntj ho

gjkprj`dr id bnp÷tosns hoi gnomtëcngj rusj D. N. Jpdrëm.

Om id snaunomto päanmd pjhrä omgjmtrdr nmcjrkdgn÷m roidgnjmdhd gjm oijrnaom ho id vnhd<

bttp<//cdn.ummo.ohu.dr/`njijand/`dsngjs/mjtds/jrnaomZvnhd.btk



42>

_mnhdh 8


Wosn÷m

Kdmjs d id j rd

4. Oxpinquo gjm sus prjpnds pdid`rds, om quî gjmsnsto id tojrëdhoi @na-@dma.

0. Posuoivd oi snaunomto grugnardkd<

4?



4>6Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3


4. Xojrëd quo dcnrkd`d quo id Xnorrd os oi gomtrj hoi _mnvorsj.

0. Xojrëd quo dcnrkd`d quo oi Wji os oi gomtrj hoi _mnvorsj.

7. Darupdgn÷m ho ostroiids.

8. Ostroiid käs gorgdmd di pidmotd Xnorrd.

?. Guorpj goiosto quo so gdrdgtornzd pjr mj tomor su prjpnd iuzy anrdr dirohohjr ho umd ostroiid.

3. Guorpj goiosto ho gjmsnstomgnd rjgjsd y kugbj käs poquoôjquo um pidmotd.

1. Guorpj goiosto snknidr d um dstorjnho y gjkpuostj ho bnoijy pjivj.

2. Wdtîinto mdturdi ho id Xnorrd.

7. Gjkpioto ids snaunomtos dcnrkdgnjmos<

d. Ijs gnomtëcngjs ostnkdm quo bdgo dprjxnkdhdkomto ZZZZZZZZZkniijmos ho dôjs so jrnanm÷ oi Wji.

`. Vdrtëguids ho pjivj y ätjkjs ho ZZZZZZZZZZZZ y ZZZZZZZZZZZ, okpozdrjm d dtrdorso kutudkomto pjr id dggn÷m ho

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.

g. Id ohdh ho id Xnorrd so ostnkd om gorgd ho ZZZZZZZZ kniijmosho dôjs.

8. Oxpinquo gjm sus prjpnds pdid`rds, id tojrëd ho Jpdrnm dgorgd hoijrnaom ho id vnhd.



4>4 Käqunmds,

trd`dlj y omoraëd

_mnhdh ?

43

Vjr ij aomordi, gudmhj pomsdkjs om käqunmds,mjs rocornkjs d ijs dpdrdtjs oiîgtrngjs j d ijssnstokds kogämngjs. Wnm ok`draj, tjhds ids kä-qunmds mj pjsoom kogdmnskjs tdm gjkpioljs.

Ids käqunmds sjm nmstrukomtjs quo porkntomutninzdr umd cjrkd ho omoraëd, trdmscjrkdr yusdrid pdrd rodinzdr um trd`dlj.

Om su gudhormj, osgrn`d y rosuoivd<

d. Hocnmd gjm sus prjpnds pdid`rds, ºquî os umd käqunmd:

`. Hî olokpijs ho diaumds ho ids käqunmds quo gjmjgo.

Wosn÷m 43

Ids käqunmds

_mnhdh ?. Käqunmds, trd`dlj y omoraëd

Ids käqunmds mj sjm um nmvomtj hoi bjk`ro kjhormj. Woprosuko quo tjhd gidso ho käqunmds snkpios, cuorjm usd-hds pjr guiturds tdm dmtnauds gjkj id oanpgnd pdrd gjmstrunrsus tdm nkprosnjmdmtos y hurdhords j`rds, ids pnräknhos. Idgrodgn÷m, oi hnsoôj y oid`jrdgn÷m ho ids käqunmds bdm tomnhj

snokpro, oi prjp÷sntj ho cdgnintdr oi hosdrrjiij ho dgtnvnhdhosom ids gudios so roqunoro oi usj ho id cuorzd.

Om cësngd, oi gjmgoptj ho trd`dlj so rocnoro d id trdmscoromgndho omoraëd d um guorpj, pdrd quo îsto so hospidgo.





Wosn÷m

Gidsos ho käqunmds

41


Wnkpios Gjkpuostds

Vjsoom um sjij

pumtj ho dpjyj

Wjm umd gjk`nmdgn÷m

ho käqunmds snkpios

Gidsos ho käqunmds



4>7 Käqunmds,

trd`dlj y omoraëd

_mnhdh ?

Käqunmds gjm pdidmgds

Id pjtomgnd os id cuorzdquo so dpingd pdrd vomgorid rosnstomgnd. M÷toso quopdrd gjkpiotdr oi kogd-mnskj, so usd um pumtjho dpjyj.

Ids pdidmgds so hnvnhom omaîmorjs j ardhjs, soaümid hnstrn`ugn÷m ho sus 7oiokomtjs.

Wn oi pumtj ho dpjyj ostä sntudhj omtro id pjtomgnd y id rosnstomgnd,os umd pdidmgd ho prnkor ardhj.

C j t j t j k d h d

h o

Q n e n p o

h n d

Ids pdidmgds sjm käqunmds snkpios guyj pumtj cnljpuoho sor um pumtj j umd rogtd. Om umd pdidmgd om

cumgnjmdknomtj, os pjsn`io dprogndr ijs tros oiokomtjsquo gjkpjmom tjhd käqunmd.





Nkdaom tjkdhd ho Qnenpohnd

Id cjrkd ho okpiodr oikdrtniij, os um olokpij hopdidmgd ho torgor ardhj.

Gudmhj id rosnstomgnd so omguomtrd omtro idpjtomgnd y oi pumtj ho dpjyj, os umd pdidmgdho soaumhj ardhj.


Ids gdrrotniidssjm olokpijs ho pdidmgds

ho soaumhj ardhj.

Gudmhj id pjtomgnd so omguomtrd omtro oi pumtjho dpjyj y id rosnstomgnd, os umd pdidmgd hotorgor ardhj.



4>? Käqunmds,

trd`dlj y omoraëd

_mnhdh ?

Ids pjiods sjm ruohds quo puohomanrdr sj`ro su prjpnj olo, pjr iddggn÷m ho guorhds j gjrrods quo sohospidzdm pjr sus jrhos quo pjrij aomordi, sjm dgdmdidhjs. Oxnsto

id pjiod cnld quo anrd om oi knskjsntnj y id pjiod k÷vni gudmhj gdk-`nd ho iuadr knomtrds hd vuoitds.

Xjrmj kjhormj


Oi tjrmj os jtrdkäqunmd ho pd-idmgd. Os um nmstru-komtj gjkpuostjpjr um gninmhrj bj-rnzjmtdi k÷vni quoanrd sj`ro um oloy pjsoo umd guor-hd quo so omrjiidom oi gninmhrj jumd kdmnvoid quocdgnintd su kjvn-knomtj.






Käqunmds ho pidmj nmginmdhj

Oi pidmj os oi pumtj cnlj ho ids käqunmds ho pidmj nmginmdhj. Oi pidmj

nmginmdhj os umd suporcngno pidmd quo cjrkd um ämauij gjm oi bjrnzjmto.

41

Olokpijs ho pidmj nmginmdhj.

Xjrmniij Guôds

Ijs tjrmniijs y ids guôds sjmkäqunmds ho pidmj nmginmd-

hj. Ids guôds sjm käqunmdsgjkpuostds pjrquo tnomomhjs pidmjs nmginmdhjs.

Cjrkom su`arupjs pdrd trd`dldr

Omukorom id kdyjr gdmtnhdh ho käqunmds snkpios quo puohdm omgjmtrdr om oi omtjrmj.Hospuîs, gidsncëquomids om käqunmds snkpios ho pdidmgd j ho pidmj nmginmdhj, soaümgjrrospjmhd.



4>1 Käqunmds,

trd`dlj y omoraëd

_mnhdh ?

Wosn÷m

Kdmjs d id j rd

42

4. Hocnmd ijs gjmgoptjs ho käqunmd y trd`dlj.

0. Oxpinquo id hncoromgnd omtro umd käqunmd snkpio y umd käqunmdgjkpuostd, hî olokpijs y rodingo ijs hn`uljs ho ijs rospogtnvjsolokpijs.

7. Ijs oiokomtjs quo gjkpjmom tjhd käqunmd sjm<

d. Posnstomgnd`. Vumtj ho dpjyj y pjtomgndg. Vumtj ho rocoromgndh. d y `o. ` y g

8. Gidsncnquo ids snaunomtos pdidmgds ho dguorhj gjm su aîmorjj ardhj.





Käqunmds ho pdidmgd Käqunmds ho pidmj nmginmdhj

?. Oid`jro umd instd ho pdidmgds ho prnkor soaumhj y torgor ardhj.

3. Om id snaunomto sjpd ho iotrds, omguomtro oi mjk`ro ho ids käqunmdssnkpios quo bdy om oiid, y iiomo oi gudhrj gjm ijs tîrknmjs quoomguomtro<

@ D X O G K H

D D J H _ D O

P P P B G P W

P M M _ B X X D C N C N N D

M O I E I I V

K _ I P I I D

G Q J ^ J J H

V N M \ D W J

V J I O D B P

X N L O P D W

W A L Q R G S

H N P G C B @

K O X J S D M

C J P K J M W



3

Ohncngnj Gdsd _rrutnd. N`dauî, Xjinkd. Cjtjardcëd ho< Ldvnor Dkdyd.



O

s t ä m h d r o s ` ä s n g j s h o

g j k p o t o m g n d s o m G n o

m g n d s W j g n d i o s

K d m o l j g j m j g n k n o m t j s p r j p n j s h o i d s G n o m g n d s W j g n d i o s


C d g t j r o s h o j r a d m n z d g

n ÷ m

º D q u î

q u o r o k j s

i i o a d r :

P o g j m j z g j y v d -

i j r j i d p r o s o m g n d

h o h n v o r s j s i o a d -

h j s g u i t u r d i o s h o

h n c o r o m t o s î p j g d s

y r o a n j m o s p d r d o i

h o s d r r j i i j h o i d b u -

k d m n h d h .

P o i d g n j m o s g j m i d b n s t j r n d y i d g u i t u r d

º G ÷ k j h o k u o s t r j i j d p r o m h n h j :

P o i d g n j m o s o s p d g n d i o s y d k ` n o m t d i o s

P o i d g n j m o s î t n g j - p j i ë t n g d s

•

G j k p d r j h n c o r o m t o s g u i t u r d s g j m i d s j g n o -

h d h g j i j k ` n d m d d g t u d i y p r j p j m a j o x p i n -

g d g n j m o s p d r d i d s s o k o l d m z d s y h n c o r o

m g n d s

q u o o m g u o m t r j .

•

G j k p d r j i o a d h j s g u i t u r d i o s ( g n o m t ë c n g j s

t o g m j i ÷ a n g j s , d r t ë s t n g j s , r o i n a n j s j s …

) h o

h n c o r o m t o s a r u p j s g u i t u r d i o s y r o g j m

j z g j

s u n k p d g t j o m i d d g t u d i n h d h .

•

P o g j m j z g j q u o i d h n v n s n ÷ m o m t r o u m p o -

r ë j h j b n s t ÷ r n g j y j t r j o s u m n m t o m t j p j r

g d r d g t o r n z d r i j s b o g b j s b n s t ÷ r n g j s d

p d r t n r

h o k d r g d h d s t r d m s c j r k d g n j m o s s j g n d i o s .

•

N h o m t n c n g j d i a u m d s s n t u d g n j m o s q u o

b d m

a o m o r d h j g j m c i n g t j s o m i d s j r a d m n z d g

n j m o s

s j g n d i o s .

•

O s t d ` i o z g j r o i d g n j m o

s o m t r o i d u ` n g d g n ÷ m

a o j o s p d g n d i y i d s g d r

d g t o r ë s t n g d s g i n k ä t n g d s

h o i o m t j r m j h o h n c o r o

m t o s g u i t u r d s .

•

I j g d i n z j h n v o r s d s g u

i t u r d s o m o i o s p d g n j

a o j a r ä c n g j y r o g j m j z g j i d s p r n m g n p d i o s

g d r d g t o r ë s t n g d s c ë s n g d s

h o s u o m t j r m j .

•

G j k p d r j i d s j r a d m n z d

g n j m o s o g j m ÷ k n g d s h o

h n c o r o m t o s g u i t u r d s g j

m i d s h o i d d g t u d i n h d h

o m G j i j k ` n d y p r j p j m a j o x p i n g d g n j m o s

p d r d i d s s o k o l d m z d s y h n c o r o m g n d s q u o o m -

g u o m t r j .

D m d i n z j g ÷ k j h n -

c o r o m t o s g u i t u r d s

p r j h u g o m , t r d m s c j r -

k d m y h n s t r n ` u y o m

r o g u r s j s , ` n o m o s y

s o r v n g n j s h o d g u o r -

h j g j m i d s g d r d g t o -

r ë s t n g d s c ë s n g d s h o i

o m t j r m j .

066Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3ärod Gnomgnds Wjgndios



•

N h o m t n c n g j v d r n d g n j m o s o m o i s n a m n c n g d -

h j h o i g j m g o p t j h o g n u h d h d m ë d o m

h n v o r s d s g u i t u r d

s d t r d v î s h o i t n o k p j .

•

N h o m t n c n g j i d s n h o d s q u o i o a n t n k d -

` d m o i s n s t o k d

p j i ë t n g j y o i s n s t o k d

l u r ë h n g j o m d i a u m d s h o i d s g u i t u r d s

o s t u h n d h d s .

O s t ä m h d r o s ` ä s n g j s h o g j k p o

t o m g n d s o m G n o m g n d s W

j g n d i o s ( g j m t n m u d g n ÷ m

)


C d g t j r o s h o j r a d m n z

d g n ÷ m

º D q u î

q u o r o k j s

i i o a d r :


º G ÷ k j h o k u o s t r j i j d

p r o m h n h j :



P o g j m j z g j d i a u m j s h o

i j s s n s t o k d s p j i ë t n g j s

q u o s o o s t d ` i o g n o r j m

o m h n c o r o m t o s î p j g d s y

g u i t u r d s y i d s p r n m g n p d i o s

n h o d s q u o ` u s g d m i o a n t n -

k d r i j s .

K o d p r j x n k j d i

g j m j g n k n o m t j g j k j

g n o m t ë c n g j ( d ) s j g n d i

•

X j k j m j t d s h o i d s c u o m t o s o s t u h n d h d s 5 g i d s n c n g j , j r a d m n z j y d r g b n v

j i d n m c j r k d g n ÷ m j ` t o m n h d .

•

O s t d ` i o z g j r o i d g n j m o s o m t r o n

m c j r k d g n ÷ m i j g d i n z d h d o m h n c o r o m t o s c u o m t o s y p r j p j m a j r o s p u o s t d s d i d s p r o a u m t d s q u o

p i d m t o j .

•

P o g j m j z g j r o h o s g j k p i o l d s h o r o i d g n j m o s o m t r o o v o m t j s b n s t ÷ r n g j

s , s u s g d u s d s , s u s g j m s o g u o m g n d s y s u

n m g n h o m g n d o m i d

v n h d h o i j s h n c o r o m t o s d a o m t o s n m v j i u g r d h j s .

•

_ t n i n z j h n v o r s d s c j r k d s h o o x

p r o s n ÷ m ( o s g r n t j s , o x p j s n g n j m o s j r d i o

s , g d r t o i o r d s … ) , p d r d g j k u m n g d r i j s

r o s u i t d h j s h o k n

n m v o s t n a d g n ÷ m .

•

G n t j d h o g u d h d k o m t o i d s h n c o r o m t o s c u o m t o s h o i d n m c j r k d g n ÷ m j ` t o m n h d .

•

G j k p d r t j y d g d t j i d s m j r k d s q u o d y u h d m d r o a u i d r i d g j m v n v o m g n d o m i j s a r u p j s s j g n d i o s d i j s q u o p o r t o m o z g j .

•

N h o m t n c n g j h n c o r o m g n d s o m i d s g j m g o p g n j m o s q u o i o a n t n k d m i d s d g t u d g n j m o s o m i d b n s t j r n d y d s u k j p j s n g n j m o s g r ë t n g d s c r o m t o

d o i i d s ( o s g i d v n t u h , N m q u n s n g n ÷ m . . . ) .

H o s d r r j i i j g j k p r j k n s j s p o r -

s j m d i o s y s j g n d i o s

064 Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3ärod Gnomgnds Wjgndios



Ë m h n g o

Wosn÷m 4 Ids prnkords guiturds y gnvninzdgnjmos 067

Wosn÷m 0 Ids gnvninzdgnjmos 044

Wosn÷m 7 Kohnd iumd cortni 001

Wosn÷m 8 Kosjpjtdknd 078

Wosn÷m ? Oanptj 081Wosn÷m 3 Id gnvninzdgn÷m Gbnmd 036

Wosn÷m 1 Nmhnd 03>

Wosn÷m 2 Dspogtjs Aojaräcngjs y ogjm÷kngjs ho Arognd. 026

Wosn÷m > Dspogtjs ogjm÷kngjs, sjgndios y pjiëtngjs ho Arognd 02>

Wosn÷m 46 Nmciuomgnd ho ijs puo`ijs `är`drjs om ids gnvninzdgnjmos 0>1

Wosn÷m 44 Nkpornj porsd 768Wosn÷m 40 Pjkd 76>

Wosn÷m 47 Ntdind y Ourjpd bjy 706

Wosn÷m 48 Gnvninzdgnjmos dkorngdmds 776

Wosn÷m 4? Dkorngd dmhnmd 78?

Wosn÷m 43 Ovdiudgn÷m 7?7

Wosn÷m 41 Id sjgnohdh y ijs ogjsnstokds 7?1


ärod Gnomgnds Wjgndios



Oi tîrknmj guiturd, gjkj id kdyjrëd hoi gdstoiidmj so hornvd hoi idtëm,guiturd vnomo ho id pdid`rd idtnmd guitus quo d su voz hornvd ho id vjzgjioro quo snamncngd gunhdhj hoi gdkpj j hoi admdhj. Id guiturd ordomtomhnhd gjkj guitnvdr id tnorrd, porj käs dhoidmto osto tîrknmj soutninz÷ om oi gdkpj ospnrntudi hoi bjk`ro, omtjmgos guiturd snamncng÷

oi guitnvj hoi dikd. Aomordikomto gudmhj bdìdkjs sj`ro id guiturdho um puoìj, pomsdkjs om sus j`rds kdtorndios, gjkj j`rds drtëstngdsj ijs nmvomtjs rodinzdhjs, porj id guiturd nmgiuyo dhokäs ids prägtngdsgjtnhndmds, ijs kjhjs ho gjmhugtd bukdmd, ijs gudios sjm dpromhnhjs.

Vjr tdi rdz÷m ids gdrdgtorëstngds ho vnhd ho gdhd gjkumnhdh gjmcjr-kdm su guiturd y hoòm sor rospotdhjs, knomtrds mj dtomtom gjmtrd idnmtoarnhdh bukdmd, dsë mj ostokjs ho dguorhj gjm hngbds prägtngds.

Om osto somtnhj mj so puoho dcnrkdr quo umd porsjmd os käs j komjsguitd quo jtrd snkpiokomto pjr id gdmtnhdh ho gjmjgnknomtjs j`to-mnhjs d trdvîs hoi ostuhnj, yd quo bjy id guiturd mj id gjmcjrkdm ijsostuhnjs ümngdkomto y ostd os umd ho ids rdzjmos pjr ids gudios bdyquo rospotdr d ijs dmgndmjs, qunomos sjm hopjsntdrnjs ho umd guiturdtrdmskntnhd d trdvîs hoi tnokpj.

Om osto somtnhj so bd hncoromgndhj di bjk`ro y d id kulor ho ijs

hokäs dmnkdios, puos ijs dmnkdios, sn `nom dpromhom ho sus prjao-mntjros, id kdyjrëd ho sus cjrkds ho gjkpjrtdrso sjm rodinzdhds hokdmord nmstnmtnvd y sjm trdskntnhds aomîtngdkomto. Oi bjk`ro y idkulor pjr oi gjmtrdrnj sjm ijs soros quo käs so hokjrdm om pjhorvdiorso pjr së knskjs, om muostrd guiturd, pjr olokpij, bdstd ijs 42dôjs so os kdyjr ho ohdh. _m sor bukdmj os tjtdikomto nmhocomsj


Iodkjs

ºTuî os id guiturd:





06? Ids prnkords guiturdsy gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4

snm id dyuhd ho sus pdhros j diaüm dhuitj hurdmto idraj tnokpj, knom-trds quo um dvo, pjr olokpij, d ids pjgds sokdmds d`dmhjmd oi mnhj ysj`rovnvo pjr së knskd.

Mjsjtrjs dpromhokjs tdk`nîm pjr nkntdgn÷m j këkosns5 dhokäs, dprom-hokjs kohndmto id trdsknsn÷m ho ijs sdòros dhqunrnhjs pjr ids dmtnaudsaomordgnjmos. Om osto dspogtj id ohugdgn÷m luoad um pdpoi cumhdkomtdi. Oiiomaudlo bdgo pjsnìo id gjkumngdgn÷m kohndmto ijs g÷hnajs snk`÷ingjsho gjkumngdgn÷m. Id guiturd os dsë trdskntnhd ho umd aomordgn÷m d jtrd5snm ok`draj, ostds cjrkds ho gjmhugtd mj so ropntom snm vdrndgnjmos, gdhdaomordgn÷m ids trdscjrkd y ids rosnamncngd. Wo ospord quo id knsn÷m ho idsmuovds aomordgnjmos sod trdscjrkdr ijs g÷hnajs y ids cjrkds ho gjmhugtd,ùsgdmhj quo bjk`ros y kuloros sodm gdhd voz käs in`ros y so rogjmjz-gdm gjkj bukdmjs.

Wn hognkjs quo id guiturd sjm ijs kjhjs ho gjmhugtd bukdmd rosuitdmtosho id nmtordggn÷m ho ijs soros bukdmjs, y quo ijs rosuitdhjs kdtorndios (gj-sds) ho hngbd nmtordggn÷m tdk`nîm sjm guiturd, omtjmgos tjhjs ijs puoìjstnomom guiturd. Vjr ostj, mj os vorhdh quo bdyd puoìjs supornjros d jtrjs,snmj quo guiturdikomto tjhjs ijs puoìjs sjm hnstnmtjs, piurdios. Mj bdyporsjmds käs guitds quo jtrds5 ostj bd snhj um nmvomtj pdrd hjknmdr d ijsquo supuostdkomto mj tnomom guiturd, kohndmto id nkpjsngn÷m ho cjrkdsguiturdios oxtormds y mjgnvds. Os pjsnìo quo umd porsjmd bdyd tomnhjkdyjr dggosj j quo gjmjzgd käs guiturds quo jtrds porsjmds5 pjr oiij,os nkpjrtdmto quo gjmjzgdkjs jtrds guiturds, dsë gjkj os cumhdkomtdi

gjmjgormjs d mjsjtrjs knskjs gjkj pdrto ho id nhomtnhdhguiturdi.

Ids hnvorsds guiturds mj so cjrkdm ho kdmorddnsidhd umds ho jtrds5 pjr osj mj os pjsnìoquo, mn dmtos mn dbjrd, puohd bdìdrso ho umdguiturd purd. Id rodinhdh hoi kumhj sjgndi ospiurnguiturdi y kuitnguiturdi. Ids roidgnjmosomtro ijs hncoromtos arupjs bukdmjs hoi kumhj

06? Ids prnkords guiturds

y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



puohom vorso om id knskd gjtnhndmnhdh. Dsë, pjr olokpij um gnuhdhdmjho @jajtä puoho hosdyumdrso gjm um luaj ho `jrjl÷ sok`rdhj om oiGbjg÷, j um bjk`ro dmtnjquoôj puoho gjkorso umd `dmhold pdnsd gjmum daudgdto sok`rdhj om @jiëvdr. Oi dmtnjquoôj, puoho hospuîs ho di-

kjrzdr nr d vnsntdr d su mjvnd y iiovdrio umd cijr sok`rdhd om id sd`dmd ho@jajtä om Gumhnmdkdrgd (cijros quo sjm oxpjrtdhds) y iiovdrio tdk`nîmumd drrj`d ho gdcî om um gjstdi ho cnquo sok`rdhj om Wdmtdmhor. Ostoknskj bjk`ro pjhrëd tomor umd gdknsotd ho diajh÷m bogbd om Ostdhjs_mnhjs dumquo gjm diajh÷m sok`rdhj om Gjijk`nd. Om sukd, om tjhjkjkomtj mjs roidgnjmdkjs gjm jtrds guiturds snm hdrmjs guomtd y mjs÷ij gjm guiturds dgtudios, snmj tdk`nîm mjs roidgnjmdkjs gjm guiturdsdmtnauds.

Ijs g÷hnajs guiturdios j gjmvomgnjmos guiturdios sjm ijs quo kdtorndinzdmid guiturd5 umd pdid`rd pjr olokpij, quo os um g÷hnaj, so prjmumgnd ysnamncngd soaüm oi iuadr hjmho so uso. Muostrjs aostjs, cjrkds ho dgtudr,ho oxprosdrmjs, ho somtnr om gjküm, ijs tjkdkjs gjkj sn cuordm vor-hdhorjs pdrd tjhjs y ijs hdkjs gjkj mdturdios, porj ho`okjs omtomhorquo dsë gjkj mjsjtrjs usdkjs umjs g÷hnajs, jtrds guiturds tdk`nîm ijbdgom y oiijs tdk`nîm puoho quo bdydm mdturdinzdhj ostjs y ijs hom gjkjvorhdhorjs. Ijs g÷hnajs sjm vorhdhorjs soaüm oi iuadr hjmho so usom. Dum oxtrdmlorj muostrds gjstuk`ros io puohom pdrogor oxtrdôds j d`surhds,y ij knskj puoho pdsdrmjs gjm ids gjstuk`ros ho ijs oxtrdmlorjs. Wnm nrkäs ioljs, gjm muostrjs prjpnjs vognmjs tomokjs cjrkds snk`÷ingds hooxprosn÷m hncoromtos (pjr olokpij, pdrd mjsjtrjs umd kuogd j aostj puo-ho roprosomtdr um sdiuhj, y pdrd um vognmj puoho snamncngdr um nmsuitj).


Vidzd ho @jiëvdr. N`dauî, Xjinkd. Cjtjardcëd ho< Ldvnor Dkdyd.





Id guiturd ho gdhd arupj bukdmj so cjrkd ho kdmord bnst÷rngd, os hognrquo tnomo umd prjgohomgnd y quo snokpro ostä om gdk`nj. Dhokäs hoijs gdk`njs j gjsds suranhds pjr id vnhd prjpnd hoi arupj, tdk`nîm nmciuyokugbj om id guiturd id roidgn÷m gjm jtrjs arupjs, yd sodm roidgnjmosgjrhndios j ho auorrd, ho nmvdsn÷m. Dsë, pdrd gjmjgormjs d mjsjtrjs

knskjs gjkj nmhnvnhujs y gjkumnhdhos, os mogosdrnj gjmjgor tdmtjid vnhd prjpnd gjkj id vnhd dlomd.

Vjr üitnkj, os nkpjrtdmto komgnjmdr umd roidgn÷m quo d`ro kugbjspumtjs ho hnsgusn÷m y os id roidgn÷m omtro mdturdiozd y guiturd. Id gui-turd os umj ho ijs oiokomtjs quo hncoromgndm di bjk`ro y d id kulorho ijs hokäs dmnkdios5 pdrd diaumjs bnstjrndhjros y cni÷sjcjs id guiturdos id gjmtnmunhdh ho id ovjiugn÷m mdturdi y pjr osj id guiturd os pdrto

ho id mdturdiozd. Vdrd jtrjs, oxnsto umd rupturd omtro id mdturdiozd y idguiturd, y pjr osj hngom quo oi bjk`ro y id kulor sjm supornjros d ijsdmnkdios. Os kuy hncëgni sd`or guäios sorëdm ijs iëkntos omtro id mdturdio-

zd y id guiturd. Ij gnortj os quo ijs soros bukdmjs tomokjs umd oscordquo mjs hncoromgnd ho ijs dmnkdios snm bdgormjs supornjros< id guiturd.

Os pjsn`io tdk`nîm dcnrkdr quo oxnsto umd roidgn÷m omtro oi kohnj cë-sngj hjmho bd`ntd um arupj bukdmj y ids cjrkds guiturdios quo îsto

dhjpto5 snm ok`draj, mj os vorhdh quo oi kohnj hotorknmo tjtdikomtoid guiturd ho umd gjkumnhdh. Oi bjk`ro y id kulor gjmstruyom y dhdp-tdm su guiturd soaüm oi dk`nomto cësngj om oi quo vnvom y ostds cjrkdsguiturdios j cjrkds ho vnhd tnomom um nkpdgtj sj`ro oi kohnj cësngj. Dsë,pjr olokpij, oi snstokd gdpntdinstd os um snstokd ho prjhuggn÷m dsdhjom id oxpijtdgn÷m nmcnmntd ho ijs rogursjs5 snm ok`draj, oi pidmotd Xnorrdpjsoo rogursjs cnmntjs5 pjr ostj mjs omgjmtrdkjs om umd grnsns dk`nomtdi.

061 Ids prnkords guiturdsy gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4

061 Ids prnkords guiturds

y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Ijs kjhjs ho prjhuggn÷m ho gdhd arupj bukdmj sjm nmciunhjs pjr suguiturd, pjr su roidgn÷m gjm id mdturdiozd. Bnst÷rngdkomto id prjhuggn÷mho dinkomtjs so bd mjknmdhj ho vdrnds cjrkds< gdzd y rogjioggn÷m, pds-tjroj, darnguiturd oxtomsnvd y darnguiturd nmtomsnvd, nmhustrndinzdgn÷m.

Ijs prnkorjs bjkëmnhjs gdzd`dm dmnkdios y rogjiogtd`dm crutjs sdivdlos,bd`ëd umd hnvnsn÷m hoi trd`dlj pjr aîmorjs, dsë ijs soros bukdmjs sohohngd`dm d id gdzd y ids kuloros d id rogjioggn÷m ho crutjs y d id gdsd.Om ostds prnkords jradmnzdgnjmos bukdmds ij rogjiogtdhj pjr gdhd umjso ropdrtëd omtro tjhjs y so prjhugëd s÷ij dquoiij quo so mogosntd`d. Mjbd`ëd um iëhor ümngj. Oi bjk`ro gjknomzd iuoaj d hjkostngdr dmnkdios yolorgo id dgtnvnhdh hoi pdstjroj. Ostjs arupjs ordm aomordikomto m÷kdhds,id kdyjrëd ho ids vogos oknard`dm hoträs ho ijs dmnkdios quo gdzd`dm.

Gjm oi hosgu`rnknomtj ho id darnguiturd so gjkomz÷ d utninzdr oi suoijospjrähngdkomto5 gjm oi porcoggnjmdknomtj ho ids tîgmngds ho gdzd ydarnguiturd oi bjk`ro y id kulor cuorjm dsomtämhjso om tnorrds gdhd vozkäs cîrtnios, ijardmhj dsë umd ostd`ninhdh quo porkntn÷ oi dukomtj homuostrd ospogno y oi koljrdknomtj om ids gjmhngnjmos ho vnhd.


C j t j d r g b n v j X r d m s c j r k o k j s





06> Ids prnkords guiturdsy gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4

Id darnguiturd nmtomsnvd io hnj d id bukdmnhdh id gdpdgnhdh ho prjhugnrkäs ho ij quo so mogosntd`d5 ostjs oxgohomtos ho prjhugtjs so utnin-

zdrjm pdrd gjkorgndr. Gjm oi ostdìognknomtj ho id prjpnohdh y id dgu-kuidgn÷m ho rnquozds ho umjs nmhnvnhujs so cuorjm bdgnomhj gdhd voz

käs gidrds ids hncoromgnds ho pjhor y ijs kdmhjs, gjm sus lordrquëds son`dm ostdìognomhj gdhd voz käs ids hncoromgnds ho gidsos sjgndios. Idsrnquozds nmciuëdm om oi pjhor quo so tomëd, tdk`nîm oi pjhor sdgorhjtdigjkj pjhor ospogndinzdhj om jrhomdr ids gjsds ospnrntudios somt÷ sus`dsos. Os kuy nkpjrtdmto tomor om guomtd quo mj tjhds ids sjgnohdhosprnkntnvds m÷kdhds so vjivnorjm sohomtdrnds, diaumds snauom snomhj m÷-kdhds düm om oi snaij RRN.

Olokpijs ho ostjs prjgosjs ijs vorokjs käs dhoidmto, puos sjm gdsjs gidrjshoi ostdìognknomtj ho sjgnohdhos gdhd voz käs jradmnzdhds y gjkpiolds<Kosjpjtdknd, Oanptj, Gbnmd, oi ärod dmhnmd, omtro jtrjs.


06> Ids prnkords guiturds

y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



4. www.wnenpohnd.gjk


4

_m nkpornj4

(hoi idtëm nkpornuk) os um Ostdhj gjm hjknmnjsj`ro oxtomsjs torrntjrnjs îtmngdkomto y/j guiturdikomto hn-vorsjs snomhj dhokäs um pjhor boaok÷mngj (suprokdgëd houm pjhor sj`ro jtrj) om gnortd ärod ho nmciuomgnd. Xdk`nîmso homjknmd nkpornj di gjmlumtj ho ijs torrntjrnjs quo rnaoum ostdhj nkporndi. Vjr oxtomsn÷m, «nkpornjµ puoho rocornrsotdk`nîm d id otdpd bnst÷rngd hjmho um pdës tjk÷ ostd pjiëtngdj nom d id pjtomgnd quo olorgo umd cuorto nmciuomgnd pjiëtngd,ogjm÷kngd y guiturdi. Dgtudikomto so omtnomho gjkj nk-

pornj mj s÷ij um Ostdhj quo d`drgd vdrnds mdgnjmos îtmngds,snmj d tjhj Ostdhj quo nmciuyo sj`ro id sj`ordmëd ho jtrjsOstdhjs, mj sjij dprjvogbämhjso ho oiijs, om oi somtnhj hoigjijmndinskj nmaiîs, crdmgîs, bjidmhîs, otg., snmj gjmcjrkäm-hjijs soaüm su prjpnd nkdaom. Dsë, pjhrëdm nmtorprotdrsod ijs Ostdhjs _mnhjs y d id oxtnmtd _mn÷m Wjvnîtngd gjkjnkpornjs, d posdr ho mj gjmqunstdr torrntjrnjs.

4. Woaüm ijs rocoromtos ioëhjs dmtornjrkomto sj`ro id guiturd< ºguäios sjm ijs rdsajsho id guiturd d id gudi ustoh portomogo:

0. Hosgrn`d um hëd ho su vnhd gjtnhndmd komgnjmdmhj hotdiidhdkomto ids dgtnvnhd-hos usudios quo rodinzd y ijs nmstrukomtjs quo utninzd. Nmtomto kjstrdr oi jrnaomho gdhd gjsd5 pjr olokpij, sn usd um sjk`rorj, hosgrn`d qunîm, om h÷mho ygjm quî kdtorndios ij cd`rng÷.

4. Nhomtncnquo guäios bdm snhj ids nmciuomgnds ho jtrjs puo`ijs om su gjkumnhdh.Bdad umd `rovo rosoôd sj`ro oi tokd.

4






_mnhdh 4

X j k d h j h o Q n e n p o h n d

Gnvninzdgnjmosciuvndios

Wosn÷m 0

Ids gnvninzdgnjmos

Pogjrhokjs quo ijs prnkorjs bjk`ros y kuloros ordm m÷kdhds (gdzd-hjros y rogjiogtjros), iuoaj gjm id cd`rngdgn÷m ho nmstrukomtjs quo ios

porkntnorjm utninzdr ijs rogursjs ho id mdturdiozd, gjmstruyorjm dsomtd-knomtjs cnljs (sohomtdrnjs) quo gdhd voz ordm käs ardmhos y gjkpioljsardgnds d quo gdhd voz pjhëdm kdmtomor kdyjr pjìdgn÷m dinkomtdhd.Oi bjk`ro y id kulor ardgnds, prnkorj di pdstjroj y iuoaj d id darnguiturdso jradmnzdrjm om gnuhdhos, jradmnzdrjm oi gjkorgnj, oi aj`normj, susgroomgnds roinanjsds, sus gjstuk`ros y cjrkds ho gjkpjrtdknomtj, so

hncoromgndrjm ijs rngjs ho ijs pj`ros y ijs osgidvjs ho ijs soros bukdmjsin`ros5 tdk`nîm porcoggnjmdrjm sus tîgmngds y sus cjrkds ho gjkumngd-gn÷m< tjhj ostj bdgo pjsnìo quo bdìokjs ho gnvninzdgnjmos.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Iodkjs

Id gnvninzdgn÷mSdkjs d prjcumhnzdr om oi tîrknmj gnvninzdgn÷m, os hognr, dquoiij quo ijs soros bu-kdmjs bokjs omtomhnhj gjkj gnvninzdgn÷m. Vdrd dkpindr oi tokd ho id gnvninzdgn÷mvdkjs d ioor y rocioxnjmdr dmtos sj`ro îsto5 oi prjarosj so roidgnjmd gjm id gnvninzdgn÷mom tdmtj so groo quo oi pdsj ho ostdhjs mj gnvninzdhjs (sdivdlos) d ostdhjs gnvninzdhjs gjmstntuy÷ um prjarosj j koljrdknomtj om ids gjmhngnjmos ho id bukdmnhdh. Vro-aümtoso ºostdkjs koljr bjy om Gjijk`nd quo bdgo 466 dôjs: ºIjs dvdmgos ho ids

togmjijaëds nmcjrkätngds bdm koljrdhj id vnhd hoi sor bukdmj j mj: ºXnomo rdz÷m idvjz mjstäiangd y gjmsorvdhjrd quo hngo quo tjhj tnokpj pdsdhj cuo koljr: ºGdhdhëd quo pdsd su roan÷m koljrd sus gjmhngnjmos ho sdiuh, vnvnomhd, sorvngnjs `äsngjsy ohugdgn÷m:

Oi tîrknmj ho prjarosj so utninz÷ ho kdmord pdrtnguidr hosho cnmdios hoi snaij RNR, omostd îpjgd oi gjkorgnj n`d om dukomtj, id nmhustrnd gdhd voz tomëd umd koljr prj-hugtnvnhdh, id rnquozd so dgukuid`d. Wo tomëd id ospordmzd ho quo id prjhuggn÷msnaunord om dukomtj puos oi hjknmnj sj`ro id mdturdiozd grogëd käs ardgnds d ijs

hosgu`rnknomtjs gnomtëcngjs5 umj ho oiijs, ho ardm nkpjrtdmgnd, cuo id käqunmd hovdpjr quo nkpuis÷ id nmhustrnd y ids gjkumngdgnjmos. Ostd nhod cuo prjpnd sj`ro tjhjhoi kumhj ourjpoj (oi kumhj jggnhomtdi), porj os nkpjrtdmto quo mjsjtrjs id

gjmjzgdkjs puos ho`nhj d ids roidgnjmosho hopomhomgnd quo tnomo id kdyjrëd hopdësos ho Dkîrngd gjm Ostdhjs _mnhjs yOurjpd, so bd quornhj nkpjmor om ijs

pdësos dkorngdmjs ids nhodsho ijs ourjpojs. Dsë,

pjr olokpij, gjkj oiprjarosj gjmsnstëdom id nkpiokom-

tdgn÷m togmj-





i÷angd snm tomor om guomtd ijs rdsajs guiturdios y sjgndios ho umd gjkumnhdh, om ijs

pdësos dkorngdmjs so gjkprd togmjijaëd ho Ourjpd y Ostdhjs _mnhjs groyomhj quoosj dstd pdrd koljrdr ids gjmhngnjmos ho vnhd ho ids porsjmds. Vorj mj dstd gjm trdortogmjijaëd sn ostd mj ostä drtnguidhd d ids vorhdhords mogosnhdhos ho id gjkumnhdhy sn mj os utninzdhd ho kdmord quo mj hdôo ijs ogjsnstokds, oi kohnj dk`nomto, idmdturdiozd.

Vuos nom, om oi snaij RNR so groëd quo gjm oi dvdmgo ho ijs hosgu`rnknomtjs, id nmhustrnd,id prjhugtnvnhdh, oi gjmjgnknomtj, ids gjsds mj pjhëdm ostdr koljros5 snm ok`draj, oihëd ho bjy osto jptnknskj om oi prjarosj os gjkpiotdkomto huhd`io< ij ümngj quo so

ijar÷ cuo umd sj`ro prjhuggn÷m ho korgdmgëds nmütnios, ostj cuo prjhugtj pdrd diaumjsho ids auorrds kumhndios y ids grnsns ogjm÷kngds pjstornjros. Oi prjarosj tdk`nîm mjstrdlj knsornd om gdsn tjhds ids sjgnohdhos y sj`ro tjhj, ij käs poinarjsj, oi gjknomzjho id hostruggn÷m hoi pidmotd tnorrd.

Oi bnstjrndhjr S. Ajrhjm Gbniho om su in`rj «Ijs jrëaomos ho id gnvninzdgn÷mµ so proaumtd ºospjsn`io oi prjarosj bukdmj: ^ hngo quo ostd proaumtd mj tnomo umd rospuostd ümngd puosoi prjarosj puoho sor omtomhnhj ho kdmord hncoromto pdrd gdhd porsjmd. Dsë pjr olokpij,guämhj iioad umd okprosd kuitnmdgnjmdi d umd roan÷m gjijk`ndmd d oxpijtdr oi po-

tr÷ioj, ijs huoôjs ho id okprosd hnräm quo id iioadhd ho id okprosd os umd soôdi hoprjarosj pdrd id roan÷m, porj ijs bd`ntdmtos ho id roan÷m quo mj puohom sor gjmtrdtdhjspdrd trd`dldr om oi prjyogtj j quo pnorhom su okpioj di nrso id okprosd, vom gjkjso nmgrokomtd id vnjiomgnd hurdmto id oxpijtdgn÷m hoi rogursj, ijs hdôjs dk`nomtdiosjgdsnjmdhjs om diaumjs gdsjs, mj grooräm quo id iioadhd ho id kuitnmdgnjmdi bdyd snhjum prjarosj pdrd id roan÷m.

Ho ij dmtornjr pjhokjs gjmgiunr quo oxnsto prjarosj gudmhj tjhjs admdm, gudmhj idokprosd puoho gukpinr gjm su cumgn÷m ogjm÷kngd, oi Ostdhj so omgdrad ho dhknmnstrdr ijs

rogursjs om cjrkd ocngnomto y koljrdr oi mnvoi ho vnhd y id gjkumnhdh aomord prjgosjs hohosdrrjiij quo io porkntdm kdmtomor su mnvoi ho vnhd iuoaj ho quo id okprosd so rotnro.

Ostd nhod ho prjarosj bd snhj dpingdhd di ostuhnj ho ids gjkumnhdhos pdsdhds, dsë pjrolokpij, so bnzj umd hnvnsn÷m `dsdhd om oi hosgu`rnknomtj ho id osgrnturd dirohohjrhoi dôj ?.666 dmtos ho muostrd ord om Oanptj y @d`nijmnd. Ostd hnvnsn÷m gjmsnstëd omhognr quo id bnstjrnd gjkomzd`d gjm oi nmvomtj ho id osgrnturd, pjr osj di pornjhjpjstornjr d osto nmvomtj so io iidkj bnstjrnd y di dmtornjr probnstjrnd.


_mnhdh 4


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Ostj quorëd hognr quo ijs puoìjs quo mj tomëdmosgrnturd mj tomëdm bnstjrnd y ordm gjmsnhordhjsgjkj ho rdmaj nmcornjr. Bjy om Gjijk`nd vnvompuoìjs nmhëaomds m÷kdhds gjkj ijs Muede (om

ids soivds hoi Audvndro) quo mj tnomom osgrnturd ysn vokjs su cjrkd ho vnvnr, mjs hdkjs guomtd quogjmvnvom koljr gjm oi ogjsnstokd snm hostrunrij.Mj pjhokjs hognr quo pjrquo osto puoìj nmhë-aomd mj tomad osgrnturd, mj tnomo bnstjrnd, pjrquoocogtnvdkomto bd tomnhj umd prjgohomgnd, umdstrdscjrkdgnjmos quo sjm su bnstjrnd. Id hnvnsn÷momtro probnstjrnd o bnstjrnd ostä sustomtdhd om umcdisj supuostj ho koljrdknomtj, ho prjarosj, os

pjr oiij quo bjy so pidmtod quo tjhjs ijs puoìjs tnomom bnstjrnd.

Vdrd gjmjgor id bnstjrnd ho ijs arupjs bukdmjs quo mj tomëdm osgrnturd y id bnstjrnddmtornjr d id osgrnturd os ho ardm utninhdh id gnomgnd sjgndi iidkdhd Drquojijaëd< hngoAjrhjm Gbniho «oi drquo÷ijaj gjiogtd, gidsncngd y gjkpdrd ijs utomsninjs y drkds homuostrjs progursjros, oxdknmd ids gdsds quo ohncngdrjm, ijs gdkpjs quo guitnvdrjmy ijs dinkomtjs quo gjknorjm j, käs `nom, quo drrjldrjm‗µ. Ijs nmstrukomtjs yborrdknomtds ho prjhuggn÷m, os hognr, ids borrdknomtds quo ijs bjk`ros y kuloros utninzd`dm pdrd prjhugnr gjkj oi drdhj ho bnorrj, bdìdm sj`ro ijs snstokds

ogjm÷kngjs ho ijs puoìjs pdsdhjs, ostd nmcjrkdgn÷m mj so omguomtrd om mnmaümhjgukomtj osgrntj. Ostjs j`lotjs hokuostrdm oi dvdmgo gnomtëcngj y togmji÷angj hoid îpjgd om id quo cuorjm bogbjs. Ho id knskd cjrkd ids borrdknomtds utninzdhds omid gjmstruggn÷m ho umd ok`drgdgn÷m, pjr olokpij, hdm guomtd ho um snstokd sjgndi y ogjm÷kngj oxnstomto.

Oi drquo÷ijaj d pdrtnr ho gjkpdrdgnjmos ho ijs j`lotjs omgjmtrdhjs y d pdrtnr houmd gidsncngdgn÷m grjmji÷angd ho ostjs, puoho hotorknmdr gdk`njs om ids cuorzdsho prjhuggn÷m, om id ostrugturd ogjm÷kngd y om id jradmnzdgn÷m sjgndi. Ostjs

bdiidzajs ijs osgrnò om in`rjs quo sjm rotjkdhjs pjr jtrjs ostuhnjsjs. Ids cuorzdsho prjhuggn÷m sjm ijs oiokomtjs mogosdrnjs kdtorndi o nmtoiogtudikomto pdrd iiovdrdgd`j id prjhuggn÷m ho um j`lotj. Omtro ostds cuorzds tomokjs ids borrdknomtds, idscuorzds kjtrngos gjkj oi dnro, id oiogtrngnhdh, oi potr÷ioj, otg. id cuorzd prjhugtnvdkäs nkpjrtdmto os oi trd`dlj hoi bjk`ro. Wnm id cuorzd quo utninzd oi bjk`ro ydsod cësngd j komtdi mj sorëd pjsnìo id prjhuggn÷m ho ijs kohnjs kdtorndios ho su`-snstomgnd. Dumquo bdy quo tomor om guomtd quo tdk`nîm os cumhdkomtdi id omoraëdho id mdturdiozd.







Id ostrugturd ogjm÷kngd os id tjtdinhdh ho oiokomtjs quo nmtorvnomom om id prjhuggn÷m kdtorndiy sjgndi ho umd gjkumnhdh. Ostjs oiokomtjs sjm ijs kohnjs ho prjhuggn÷m gjkj kdqunmdrndy borrdknomtds5 oi oiokomtj homjknmdhj ids roidgnjmos ho prjhuggn÷m, os id kdmord om quoijs bjk`ro so roidgnjmdm pdrd prjhugnr, pjr olokpij, umj os huoôj ho ids käqunmds y jtrj oij`rorj quo ids jpord. Bdgom pdrto ho id ostrugturd ogjm÷kngd id nhojijaëd y groomgnds nkpin-gdhds om oi snstokd ogjm÷kngj ho umd sjgnohdh. Vuos nom, d ostjs oiokomtjs mjs rocornrokjsguämhj vodkjs g÷kj so hosdrrjiidrjm ids ogjmjkëds om ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos hoi kumhj.

Cnmdikomto id ostrugturd sjgndi os id cjrkd gjkj so hdm ids roidgnjmos omtro ijs nmhnvnhujs houmd sjgnohdh. Bdgom pdrto tdk`nîm ho ostd ostrugturd ids tîgmngds ho gjkumngdgn÷m, dsë gjkjos nkpjrtdmto komgnjmdr oi kohnj om oi quo so hosdrrjiidm ostds roidgnjmos sjgndios y id cjrkdguiturdi quo ids kohnd y gjmstruyo.

Ho ostd kdmord, so bdm komgnjmdhj diaumjs dspogtjs quo so vdm d ostuhndr ho ids sjgnohdhosdmtnauds, oi dspogtj ogjm÷kngj, quo ostä inadhj gjm id prjhuggn÷m5 oi dspogtj guiturdi, quobokjs roidgnjmdhj gjm ijs sëk`jijs ho gjkumngdgn÷m, gjm ids gjstuk`ros, ijs bä`ntjs y ijsgjkpjrtdknomtjs sjgndios5 oi dspogtj sjgndi, quo bdgo rocoromgnd d id kdmord y ijs kohnjs horoidgnjmdrso umjs nmhnvnhujs j arupjs gjm jtrjs. Ostjs dspogtjs soräm trdtdhjs om id hosgrnpgn÷mho ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos, om tdmtj quo su hosdrrjiij bnzj pjsn`io quo puohd bd`idrso hognvninzdgn÷m.

Vdrd torknmdr dhokäs ho komgnjmdr d id Drquojijaëd, om oi ostuhnj ho ijs bjk`ros y kuloros

hoi pdsdhj, dhokäs ho id Bnstjrnd pjr supuostj, id Dmtrjpjijaëd luoad um pdpoi nkpjrtdmto,ostd Gnomgnd Wjgndi ostuhnd ijs rostjs bukdmjs prjpndkomto hngbjs, os hognr, ijs osquoiotjs hoijs bjk`ros y kuloros, knomtrds quo id Drquojijaëd ostuhnd ij quo bnzj oi bjk`ro.

ºTuî dvdmgo togmji÷angj io pdrogo quo bd cjkomtdhj oi prjarosj om su gjku-mnhdh:

Hosgrn`d ijs dspogtjs ogjm÷kngjs, guiturdios y sjgndios ho su gjkumnhdh.

Wn ustoh cuord nmvomtjr, ºquî grodrëd pdrd su gjkumnhdh:

4


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4




Cohorngj Omaois.

0.4 Hoi sdivdlnskj d id gnvninzdgn÷m

Dbjrd vorokjs um olokpij ho g÷kj

id bnstjrnd ho id bukdmnhdh bd snhjhnvnhnhd om pornjhjs. Vdrd ostj so pdrtoho id gidsncngdgn÷m hosgrntd pjr CohorngjOmaois om su in`rj Oi jrnaom ho id Cdknind,

id Vrjpnohdh Vrnvdhd y oi Ostdhj. Id prn-kord ohngn÷m ho osto in`rj cuo osgrntd om4228 om Diokdmnd. Os mogosdrnj tomorom guomtd quo ids Gnomgnds Wjgndios

bdm dvdmzdhj hosho oso omtjmgos omoi ostuhnj hoi bjk`ro y ho id ku- lor5 snm ok`draj Omaois komgnjmd ijsdgjmtognknomtjs käs nkpjrtdmtos quotrdscjrkdrjm id vnhd ho ijs bjk`ros yids kuloros ho id dmtnaùohdh. Dhokässnrvo ho rocoromto pdrd vor ij quo so bdomtomhnhj pjr gnvninzdgn÷m.

Vdrd osto dutjr um cdgtjr hognsnvj om oi hosdrrjiij ho id bnstjrnd hoi bjk`ro osid prjhuggn÷m y id roprjhuggn÷m ho id vnhd nmkohndtd, pjr ostj îi hosgrn`o idbnstjrnd ho ijs soros bukdmjs dsdhj om osjs tîrknmjs. Vrjhugnr qunoro hognrtrdscjrkdr um j`lotj ho id mdturdiozd pdrd bdgor jtrj quo snrvd pdrd supinrids mogosnhdhos ho ijs bjk`ros y kuloros. Ostd prjhuggn÷m y roprjhuggn÷mos ho hjs gidsos. Vjr um idhj, id prjhuggn÷m ho ijs kohnjs ho su`snstomgnd<prjhugtjs pdrd dinkomtdrso, rjpd, vnvnomhd, ijs nmstrukomtjs y kdqunmdrnd

pdrd prjhugnrijs5 ho jtrj idhj, id prjhuggn÷m hoi bjk`ro knskj gjkjgjmtnmudgn÷m ho id ospogno, os hognr, g÷kj so cjrkd j ohugd oi bjk`ro y idkulor. Om osto somtnhj os pjsn`io komgnjmdr um oiokomtj quo so bd tomnhjom guomtd om id bnstjrnd ho id gnvninzdgn÷m y sjm ijs pornjhjs om ijs quo so bdijardhj roprjhugnr käs id ospogno pjr id adrdmtëd ho ids gjmhngnjmos këmnkdsho su`snstomgnd. Olokpij ho ostj os oi grognomto cîrtni j kohnd iumd cîrtni, omid roan÷m gjmjgnhd gjkj Kosjpjtdknd, tokd quo so vorä käs dhoidmto.






_mnhdh 4


Xdmtj oi pornjhj sdivdlo gjkj oi `är`drjostä hnvnhnhj om tros ostdhnjs< nmcornjr,kohnj y supornjr. Om oi Ostdhnj nmcornjr hoi pornjhj sdivdlo oi bjk`ro y id kulorvnvëdm pdrgndikomto om ijs är`jios y sodinkomtd`dm ho crutjs, muogos y rdëgos. Omosto ostdhnj suran÷ oi iomaudlo drtnguidhj.

Om oi Ostdhnj kohnj hoi pornjhj sdivdlo oibjk`ro y id kulor gjknomzdm d gjmsuknrposgdhj, ostj cuo pjsn`io ardgnds di hosgu-`rnknomtj hoi cuoaj gjkj oiokomtj ütni. Digjkor posgdhj so ijar÷ nmhopomhomgnd hoiginkd y ijs iuadros, puos oi bjk`ro gjkom-

z÷ d soaunr oi gursj ho ijs rëjs y gjkomz÷d trdsoadr pjr oi pidmotd. Om osto Ostdhnj soutninzdrjm borrdknomtds ho pnohrd, y id gdzd so nmgrokomt÷ ardgnds d id gjmstruggn÷m hoikdzj y id idmzd. Ho`nhj d id hncnguitdh pdrdgjmsoaunr dinkomtj diaumjs bjk`ros ordmdmtrjp÷cdajs j gdmë`dios (gjkëdm gdrmobukdmd).

Om oi Ostdhnj supornjr so nmvomtd oi drgjy id ciogbd, ij quo pjsn`nint÷ id koljrd hoids gjmhngnjmos pdrd id gdzd y pjr tdmtjho id j`tomgn÷m ho dinkomtj. Gjknomzdid nmvomgn÷m ho id dicdrorëd oiokomtj quoos tjkdhj gjkj `dso pdrd id gidsncngdgn÷mbogbd pjr ijs bnstjrndhjros ho trämsntj bdgndoi pornjhj ho id @dr`drno. Om osto OstdhnjWupornjr gjkomzdrjm oi bjk`ro y id kulord gjmstrunr dsomtdknomtjs gjm vnvnomhds,utninzd`dm oi tolnhj y gjmstruyorjm ok`dr-gdgnjmos ho kdhord5 oi drgj y id ciogbd

0.4.4 Wdivdlnskj


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



nmvomtdhjs om oi pornjhj ho Wdivdlnskj, id ospdhd ho bnorrj gjmstrunhd om oi po-rnjhj ho id @dr`drno y oi drkd ho cuoaj nmvomtdhd om oi pornjhj ho id Gnvninzdgn÷mcuorjm ids drkds hognsnvds om gdhd pornjhj rospogtnvdkomto.

mo y iogbo5 om oi Jggnhomto so guitnvdmbjrtdinzds pjr kohnj hoi rnoaj y sogjmstruyom gdsds o nmhustrnd ho idhrniijy pnohrd. Wo gjmsukom prnmgnpdikomtovoaotdios.

0.4.0 Id `dr`drnoOm oi Ostdhnj nmcornjr so nmtrjhugo iddicdrorëd, ids vdsnlds cuorjm utninzdhdsom id gjggn÷m y dikdgomdknomtj hodinkomtjs. Cohorngj Omaois hngo quo idsgjmhngnjmos ho hosdrrjiij hoi bjk`rodmtornjrkomto mjk`rdhds puo-

hom sor dpingdhds om aomordipdrd gudiqunor gjmtnmomto,porj d pdrtnr ho osto kjkom-tj suraom vdrnds hncoromgnds.Wo tnomo quo oi pornjhj ho id`dr`drno os id hjkostngdgn÷m y grëd ho dmnkdios, dsë gjkjoi guitnvj ho pidmtds. Omtjm-

gos, om oi gjmtnmomto jrnomtdioxnstëdm gdsn tjhjs ijs dmnkdioshjkostngdìos y gdsn tjhjs ijsgorodios komjs umj< oi kdëz.Om Dkîrngd (gjmtnmomto jggn-homtdi) oi ümngj dmnkdi kdkë-corj hjkostngdìo ord id iidkd,sj`ro tjhj om oi sur y oi ümngj

gorodi guitnvdìo ord oi kdëz< oikdëz os umj ho ijs gorodios gjmkdyjr vdijr mutrntnvj.

Om oi Ostdhnj kohnj ho id`dr`drno om Jrnomto so hj-kostngdm dmnkdios, gjknomzdid dgtnvnhdh hoi pdstjroj, so

gjmsuko prnmgnpdikomto gdr-





Om oi Ostdhnj Wupornjr gjknomzd id cumhngn÷m hoi knmordi ho bnorrj, so hngo quo omosto ostdhnj gjknomzd id gnvninzdgn÷m gjm id osgrnturd dicd`îtngd5 so omguomtrd omosto Ostdhnj oi drdhj ho bnorrj tnrdhj pjr dmnkdios hjkostngdhjs, ij quo bdgo pj-snìo id darnguiturd d ardm osgdid. Ostj prjhulj pdrd osd îpjgd umd ardm dùmhdmgnd

ho dinkomtjs ij quo so gjmsnhord kdrg÷ um bntj om ids gjmhngnjmos ho suporvnvomgndho ijs bjk`ros y kuloros. Gjknomzd id tdid ho `jsquos gjm dyuhd hoi bdgbd hobnorrj. Vdrd rodinzdr ids dgtnvnhdhos komgnjmdhds so roqunrn÷ ho id roumn÷m ho ardm-hos arupjs ho bjk`ros y kuloros om um knskj torrntjrnj, gjkomzdrëd omtjmgos idgjmstruggn÷m ho gnuhdhos.

Om sëmtosns<

Dmtos ho pdsdr di pornjhj homjknmdhj gjkj gnvninzdgn÷m os pjsnìorosuknr quo oi sdivdlnskj so gdrdgtornzd pjr id dprjpndgn÷m pjr pdrtohoi bjk`ro y ho id kulor ho ijs prjhugtjs ho id mdturdiozd quo mjmogosntd`dm mnmaumd oid`jrdgn÷m pjr pdrto hoi bjk`ro gjkj crutjsgjkostnìos y sj`rdhjs ho dmnkdios gdzdhjs pjr cnords. Oxnstëdm diau-

mds borrdknomtds ruhnkomtdrnds bogbds pjr ijs bjk`ros y kuloros. Id@dr`drno os oi pornjhj om quo dpdrogo id admdhorëd y id darnguiturd, sotrd`dld om id dprjpndgn÷m ho idmdturdiozd gjm borrdknomtdsho prjhuggn÷m bogbds pjrijs bjk`ros y ids kuloros. Idgnvninzdgn÷m so gdrdgtornzdrägjkj oi pornjhj om oi quo

so usd id osgrnturd dicd`îtngd,pornjhj om oi quo so gjmtn-müd dpromhnomhj d utninzdr ijsrogursjs mdturdios, so gjmstru-yom nmhustrnds käs dvdmzdhdsy oi drto okpnozd d luadr umpdpoi nkpjrtdmto.



y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4





0.4.7 Id gnvninzdgn÷m

Om oi Ostdhnj nmcornjr ho id dr`drnooxnstëd id gjmstntugn÷m aomtningnd, os

hognr, quo ijs bjk`ros y kulorosostd`dm jradmnzdhjs pjr aoms. _mdtrnù so hnvnho om vdrnds aoms, ao-mordikomto om hjs, hospuîs gjm oidukomtj ho id pjìdgn÷m so hnvnhomom käs aoms pdrd ids guäios id aomskdhro ho homjknmd crdtrnd. Id trnùso hnvnho tdk`nîm om vdrnds trnùs

omidzdhds pjr umd gjmcohordgn÷m.Ostds jradmnzdgnjmos so omgdrad`dmho rosjivor ijs gjmcingtjs nmtormjsquo suraëdm, aomordikomto guämhjoxnstëdm prjìokds oxtormjs gjm jtrdsgjkumnhdhos bd`ëd auorrds. Om id aomsmj bd`ëd sorvnhuk`ro, mn roidgnjmosho hjknmdgn÷m tdm kdrgdhds. Id prj-

pnohdh ord gjiogtnvd, os hognr, quo idtnorrd y ij prjhugnhj mj portomogëd dum nmhnvnhuj, snmj d tjhd id gjku-mnhdh5 kugbds vogos om um knskjrosaudrhj hjrkëdm vdrnds trnùs.

Gjm id hjkostngdgn÷m ho dmnkdios so jradmnzdm trnùs ho pdstjros,

ostds gjkomzdrjm d prjhugnr iogbo,gdrmo, idmd, bnijs y hokäs kdtorndiosprjhugnhjs pjr ijs dmnkdios5 ho ostdkdmord, ho`nhj d id gdmtnhdh hoprjhugtjs puhj hdrso oi nmtorgdk`njho prjhugtjs. Ijs ro`dôjs om prnm-gnpnj ordm prjpnohdh gjkumntdrnd,dsë, ijs locos ho ids aoms kohnd`dm

ijs nmtorgdk`njs5 snm ok`draj, ijsro`dôjs gjkomzdrjm d sor prjpno-

hdh ho nmhnvnhujs y yd mj ho tjhjs,omtjmgos ijs nmtorgdk`njs ordm rodin-

zdhjs omtro nmhnvnhujs. Ijs pdstjrosjcrogëdm admdhj pjr oi nmtorgdk`nj hoprjhugtjs, oi admdhj cuo id prnkordkorgdmgëd quo bdgëd ids vogos hohnmorj. Gjkj yd so hnlj, oi bjk`rodvdmz÷ om id prjhuggn÷m< id admdho-

rëd, id darnguiturd. Gjm oi dukomtj hoid prjhuggn÷m so bnzj mogosdrnd käscuorzd ho trd`dlj hoi bjk`ro, ostdcuorzd mogosdrnd ord supinhd pjr ko-hnj ho ids auorrds, puos ijs gdpturdhjsom oiids ordm tjkdhjs gjkj osgidvjs.





Id aoms utninzd`d id prjpnohdh gjkumdi, os hognr, quo id tnorrd os ho tjhjs y ijsprjhugtjs quo so prjhugom so ropdrtom ho kdmord käs j komjs oquntdtnvd omtrotjhjs. Oi bjk`ro y id kulor prjhugëdm ij quo mogosntd`dm. Id kulor om id gdsd,gjm oi trd`dlj hjkîstngj, tomëd suprokdgëd sj`ro oi torrntjrnj, oi bjk`ro gdzd-

hjr, mj trdscjrkd`d ho mnmaumd kdmord id mdturdiozd, gjaëd ho oiid ij quo pjhëd.

Id prnkord hnvnsn÷m sjgndi hoi trd`dlj mdgn÷ gjm id dpdrngn÷m hoi pdstjroj, puos sohncoromgndrjm ids trn`us ho pdstjros ho ids quo mj pjsoëdm admdhj. Gjm id dguku-idgn÷m ho rnquozds pjr oi dukomtj ho id prjhugtnvnhdh surao oi osgidvnskj. Ho ostdkdmord, ho id prnkord hnvnsn÷m sjgndi hoi trd`dlj, ostj os, quo porsjmds hnstnmtds so«ospogndinzdrdmµ om umd pdrto ho id prjhuggn÷m, mdgn÷ id prnkord hnvnsn÷m om gidsos

sjgndios< soôjros y osgidvjs, oxpijtdhjros y oxpijtdhjs.

Ijs ro`dôjs quo om prnmgnpnj portomogëdm d id gjkumnhdh, tdi gjkj ord prjpnj ho idgjkumnhdh aomtningnd, pdsdrjm d sor pdrto, iuoaj, ho porsjmds pdrtnguidros, mj ordmyd ids aoms qunomos dhknmnstrd`dm sus rogursjs, snmj ijs nmhnvnhujs portomognomtos did cdknind. M÷toso quo dpdrogo dbjrd oi tîrknmj cdknind, os nkpjrtdmto soôdidr quoid cdknind mj bd oxnstnhj snokpro, snmj quo dpdrogo om um kjkomtj ho id bnstjrndhoi bjk`ro y ho id kulor. D id jradmnzdgn÷m sjgndi dmtornjr di mdgnknomtj ho id

cdknind so io homjknmd`d aoms.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Gjm oi mdgnknomtj hoi pdstjroj, gjkj yd so bd`ëd hngbj, oi bjk`ro nmhnvnhudinz÷id prjpnohdh. Omtjmgos, id kulor mj prjhugëd mnmaumd korgdmgëd, sjij gjkëd hoij quo oi bjk`ro prjhugëd gjm oi admdhj. Om osto kjkomtj oi pdstjr hospidzd oipjhor ho id kulor y îi so bdgo huoôj, prjpnotdrnj y prjhugtjr. Dbjrd os käs nk-pjrtdmto prjhugnr, quo oi trd`dlj hjkîstngj. Omaois hngo quo pdrd quo id kulor so

inòro, hoò omtjmgos pdrtngnpdr ho id dgtnvnhdh prjhugtnvd. Os nkpjrtdmto daroadrquo hoò pdrtngnpdr om ids knskds gjmhngnjmos ho jpjrtumnhdh quo ijs bjk`ros.Oi hospidzdknomtj ho pjhoros ho id kulor di bjk`ro, portomogo di pdsj ho id aomsd id cdknind, oi pdsj hoi Horogbj kdtormj di Horogbj pdtormj. Os oi pdsj tdk`nîmhoi kdtrnkjmnj snmhnäskngj d id kjmjadknd. Dmtos ho id kjmjadknd ord pjsnìosdòr qunîm ord id kdhro, porj mj sdòr qunîm ord oi pdhro, puos ids kuloros pjhëdmostdr y gdsdrso gjm vdrnjs bjk`ros, ostj tdk`nîm ios hd`d pjhor. Oi bjk`ro nkpusjid kjmjadknd pdrd dsoaurdr su hosgomhomgnd y tjkdr oi pjhor sj`ro id prjpnohdh.

Poguîrhoso quo so ostä bdìdmhj düm hoi pornjhj ho id @dr`drno gjm knrds d idgnvninzdgn÷m, pjr osj ostjs oiokomtjs komgnjmdhjs sjm nkpjrtdmtos pdrd oi pornjhjhomjknmdhj gnvninzdgn÷m, oiokomtjs quo gjkj id cd`rngdgn÷m ho borrdknomtds hobnorrj, porkntnorjm di bjk`ro id darnguiturd, y pjr tdmtj kdyjr prjhuggn÷m. Idstrnùs darupdhds om um torrntjrnj tuvnorjm id mogosnhdh ho prjtoaor su prjhuggn÷m,omtjmgos, gjmstruyorjm kurjs ho hocomsd y ho hoinkntdgn÷m ho id prjpnohdh ostjsdarupdknomtjs tjkdrëdm oi mjk`ro ho gnuhdhos y sjm pdrto nkpjrtdmto om oi sur-

anknomtj ho ids gnvninzdgnjmos. Käs dhoidmto vorokjs guäios cuorjm ids prnmgnpdiosy prnkords gnuhdhos y gnvninzdgnjmos.

Vngj ho pumtd y jrk÷m gjm kdmaj ho kdhord._m dgndi. Bjz ho gjsogbd omgjmtrdhd om iddgtudi Nrde om oi dôj 7666 d. G.






Gdhd voz oi bjk`ro prjhugëd käs y dpdrogëdm käs trd`dljs, puos um sjij bjk`ro

mj pjhëd prjhugnr tjhj. Bu`j dgä umd soaumhd hnvnsn÷m sjgndi hoi trd`dlj, roguor-ho quo id prnkord cuo omtro puoìjs pdstjros y puoìjs quo mj tomëdm admdhj.Ostd soaumhd hnvnsn÷m cuo omtro darnguitjros y ijs quo rodinzd`dm jcngnjs kdmudios gjkj tolor, cjrldr oi bnorrj, omtro jtrjs. Id prjhuggn÷m ho korgdmgëds prjhulj idgjmsjinhdgn÷m hoi gjkorgnj y oi dgorgdknomtj bdgnd oi hnmorj kotäingj gjkj vd-ijr ho nmtorgdk`nj. Id sjgnohdh so hnvnhn÷ om rngjs y pj`ros, dhokäs ho in`ros yosgidvjs. Ord nmknmomto id gjmsjinhdgn÷m ho id prjpnohdh prnvdhd.

Om ijs torrntjrnjs dpdrogn÷ id cnaurd hoi loco knintdr hoi puoìj, so grodrjm nmstntu-gnjmos sjgndios y pjiëtngds gjkj id dsdkìod y oi gjmsolj hoi puoìj5 snm ok`draj,pjr oi dcäm ho rnquozds ostds nmstntugnjmos so omgdrad`dm kugbds vogos ho sdquodrd ijs vognmjs, pjr ij quo id gnvninzdgn÷m snamncng÷ käs auorrds y oi dgrogomtdknomtjho ids hncoromgnds sjgndios y id hosnaudihdh ho jpjrtumnhdhos.

Id gnvninzdgn÷m tdk`nîm prjhulj oi dukomtj ho id hnvnsn÷m gdk-pj-gnuhdh o nkpusj oi hjknmnj ho id gnuhdh sj`ro oi gdkpj.Osto pjhor os ho`nhj di mdgnknomtj ho umd torgord hnvnsn÷m sjgndihoi trd`dlj pjr oi suranknomtj ho umd muovd gidso sjgndi quomj ostd`d inadhd hnrogtdkomto gjm id prjhuggn÷m< id gidso ho ijskorgdhoros. Gjm ostd gidso sjgndi iioad oi hnmorj kotäingj, id kj-mohd dguôdhd. Oi korgdhor ord oi nmtorkohndrnj gjkorgndi omtro ijs prjhugtjros ygjknomzd d dprjvogbdrso ho id sntudgn÷m. Oi korgdhor gjkomz÷ d admdr y dgukuidrhnmorj quo os id korgdmgëd umnvorsdi, puos gjm oiid so pjhëdm gjmsoaunr ids hokäs.

Oi korgdhor gjkomz÷ d prostdr hnmorj y d gj`rdr nmtorosos y olorgor id usurd.

Vrjgosjs darëgjids om Xjinkd. Cjtjardcëd ho< Ldvnor Dkdyd.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

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Dbjrd umjs gudmtjs nmhnvnhujs gjkomzdrjm d dgukuidr osgidvjs, hnmorj ydhokäs torrntjrnj (prjpnohdh prnvdhd). Gjm id kjmjadknd iioa÷ tdk`nîm idprjstntugn÷m, d tjhj so io pusj um prognj. Id muovd sjgnohdh dgrogomtd`dgdhd voz käs id hncoromgnd nmgrokomtdmhj umd iugbd pjr id suporvnvomgnd

ho ids hncoromtos gidsos< osgidvjs y in`ros5 pj`ros y rngjs< pdrd quo ostd auo-rrd mj dgd`drd gjm id sjgnohdh y pdrd òmocngndr d ids gidsos hjknmdmtos sonmvomt÷ um nmstrukomtj quo kohndrëd om ijs gjmcingtjs< oi Ostdhj, oi Ostdhjroauidrëd ids dgtnvnhdhos ogjm÷kngds y hoò trdtdr ho nkpdrtnr lustngnd om-tro ijs pjhorjsjs y ijs hî`nios, ùsgdmhj quo tjhjs ijs bd`ntdmtos tomadmnaudihdh ho horogbjs y dggosj d ij `äsngj pdrd su`snstnr y om osto prjgosjdüm so omguomtrdm tjhjs ijs ostdhjs kjhormjs.

Gjmgiuydkjs gjm ostds pdid`rds ho Omaois< «id gnvninzdgn÷m os, puos, oi os-tdhnj ho hosdrrjiij ho id sjgnohdh om quo id hnvnsn÷m hoi trd`dlj, oi gdk`njomtro nmhnvnhujs quo ho oiid hornvd y id prjhuggn÷m korgdmtni, quo d`drgdd umd y jtrd, digdmzdm su piomj hosdrrjiij y jgdsnjmdm umd rovjiugn÷m omtjhd id sjgnohdh dmtornjrµ.


Cohorngj Omaois om 42>7

C j t j t j k d h d h o Q

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Podingo umd bnstjrnotd om id quo roprosomtd ijs pornjhjs komgnjmdhjs y ijs oiokomtjsho gdhd umj< sdivdlnskj, `dr`drno y gnvninzdgn÷m.

_md ho ids gdrdgtorëstngds quo gjkpdrtom ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos y um cdgtjr

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y gnvninzdgnjmos

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Poümdso gjm diaumjs ho sus gjkpdôorjs. Iodm lumtjs dgorgd ho idkohnd iumd cîrtni y oid`jrom um kdpd gjmgoptudi quo rosukd ijs ds-pogtjs käs roiovdmtos ho îstd.

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Wosn÷m 7

Kohnd iumd cîrtni


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_md ho ids gdrdgtorëstngds quo gjkpdrtom ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos y um

cdgtjr quo prjhulj su hosdrrjiij cuo oi bogbj ho quo so jradmnzdrjm om idsjrniids ho ijs rëjs. Ijs rëjs road`dm ids zjmds ho guitnvj bdgnîmhjids cîrtn-ios< ijs prnkorjs ardmlorjs, darnguitjros y pdstjros so dsomtdrjm bdgo umjs46.666 dôjs om oi grognomto cîrtni, quo os umd zjmd cdvjrdìokomto roadhdpjr ijs rëjs, Xnarns y Îucrdtos.

4. Oi grognomto cîrtni j id kohnd iumd cîrtni

Iodkjs

Gjkj yd ij komgnjmdkjs ijs puoìjs gdzdhjros y rogjiogtjros ho bdgo käs j komjs?66.666 dôjs ho`ëdm hospidzdrso ho um iuadr d jtrj, soaüm ids kdmdhds ho dmnkdiosquo gdzd`dm ij bngnordm y dhokäs id gdzd jgupd`d gdsn tjhj su tnokpj y mj snokproord prjhugtnvd5 snm ok`draj, id darnguiturd sorëd id quo gdk`n÷ su kjhj ho vnhd,oi hosgu`rnknomtj hoi sok`rdhëj y id hjkostngdgn÷m ho dmnkdios, prjhulj käskohnjs ho su`snstomgnd, ostj bnzj pjsnìo quo ijs bjk`ros y kuloros so dsomtdrdm om torromjs cnljs, ostjs torromjs tomëdm umd ardm cortninhdh. Ids zjmds om ids quo soiovdmtdrjm ids dihods ordm oi bä`ntdt jrnanmdi ho ro`dôjs sdivdlos ho jvolds y gd`rds,`jvnmjs y tdk`nîm pjrgnmjs. Ostds zjmds u`ngdhds omtro ijs 366 y >66 kotrjs ho

ditntuh prjhugëdm ardm vdrnohdh ho ardkëmods snivostros (oi trnaj, oi drrjz, oi dk`ü,omtro jtrjs).


y gnvninzdgnjmos

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Oi grognomto cîrtni j tdk`nîm iidkdhj kohnd iumd cîrtni, cuo oi iuadr hjmho mdgn÷id gnvninzdgn÷m ho Kosjpjtdknd. Id cortninhdh ord ho`nhd d ijs ditjs roinovos quonmtorgoptd`dm ids iiuvnds nmvormdios y prjhugëdm hop÷sntjs ho daud pdrd ids roanjmoskäs `dlds. Ids cuomtos, ijs rëjs, ijs tjrromtos quo `dldm pjr id kjmtdôd lustncngdm idprosomgnd ho `jsquos y ho umd voaotdgn÷m mdturdi quo dpjrtdrëd ids sokniids pdrd id

rovjiugn÷m mojiëtngd j ho id darnguiturd, kuy gorgd hoi hosnortj ho Wnrnd.

G÷kj so vorä käs dhoidmto dhokäs ho Kosjpjtdknd y Oanptj jtrds gnvninzdgnjmosgjmtdrjm gjm gjmhngnjmos aojaräcngds cdvjrdìos, gjkj id gnvninzdgn÷m hoi Sdiio hoiNmhj y id gnvninzdgn÷m ho Bjdma-bj. Ostds gnvninzdgnjmos cuorjm tdk`nîm homjknmd-hds gnvninzdgnjmos bnhräuingds, puos gjkj so vnj so hosdrrjiidrjm gorgd ho ijs rëjs.Ostjs rëjs quo dtrdvosd`dm ostds gnvninzdgnjmos so hos`jrhd`dm gdhd dôj omtro ijskosos ho Lumnj y Woptnok`ro cortninzdmhj oi suoij5 snm ok`draj, ostds nmumhdgnjmos

di tnokpj quo cortninzd`dm ijs suoijs hostruëdm ids vnvnomhds y ijs gdkpjs, pjr ij quoord mogosdrnj dpromhor d kdmoldr ids dauds, pjr ostj so gjmstruyorjm ok`disos jidajs quo iiovd`dm oi daud pjr kohnj ho gdmdios. Id jradmnzdgn÷m sjgndi, pjiëtngd yogjm÷kngd om ostjs iuadros ho snstokd ho roadhëj cuo roauidhd pjr oi Ostdhj.

Wo prjhugëdm ardm vdrnohdh ho ardkëmods snivostros (trnaj, drrjz, `dk`ü, omtro jtrjs).

Gjmcjrkom arupjs ho dguorhj d ids nmhngdgnjmos hoi hjgomto. Iuoaj, rosuoivdm ijsnaunomto<

• ºVjr quî ids ardmhos gnvninzdgnjmos gjmstruyorjm sus gnuhdhos d id jrniid ho ijs rëjs:• ºVjr quî kugbds pjìdgnjmos om muostrj pdës so gjmstruyorjm d id jrniid ho ijs rëjs:

Dmdingom guäios sjm ids hncoromgnds oxnstomtos omtro osds ardmhos gnuhdhos y muostrdspjìdgnjmos. ºTuî gunhdhjs gjmsnhordm quo bdy quo tomor gudmhj so gjmstruyo djrniids ho um rëj:.

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0. Xjkdhj ho Aojgntnos. www.aojgntnos.gjk


_mnhdh 4

Kohnd iumd cîrtni0

Kosjpjtdknd soaüm oi arnoaj snamncngd< «tnorrd omtro rëjsµ.Xnomo käs j komjs id cjrkd ho umd kohnd iumd rogtdm-auidr inkntdhd pjr ijs pdrdioijs 72 mjrto y 02 mjrto y ijskornhndmjs 76 osto y ?6 osto ho Aroomwngb homtrj hoid gudi so bdiid id roan÷m ho tnorrd cîrtni. Iuadr îsto quocuo oi osgomdrnj prnknaomnj hoi pdsj ho id Vrobnstjrnd diho id Bnstjrnd. Gjkj pumtjs ho rocoromgnd aojaräcngdspjhokjs gjmsnhordr di sur ids gjstds hoi Ajicj Vîrsngj,omtrdmto hoi Jgîdmj Ëmhngj, pjr oi mjrto oi Kjmto Drdrdt y su omtjrmj kjmtdôjsj ho ijs dgtudios pdësos Drkomndy Xurquëd. Vjr oi osto ijs kjmtos Wdmaros om Nräm y pjroi josto oi ardm hosnortj ho Drd`nd Wduhntd.

Vjr su nmtornjr, id roan÷m Kosjpjtdknd ostä rogjrrnhd omcjrkd inaordkomto pdrdioid pjr ijs rëjs `ë`ingjs Îucrdtosy Xnarns quo `dôdm gjm sus porn÷hngjs hos`jrhos tjhj oi

torrntjrnj hosho ids gdhomds ho ids kjmtdôds hoi mjrto`dldmhj bdstd oi Ajicj Vîrsngj.

Wo gjmstruyorjm dmtnaudkomto umd sorno ho gnuhdhossj`ro oi trdyogtj ho ijs rëjs. Ostd gjkdrgd so gjmjgotdk`nîm gjkj Kohnd Iumd Cîrtni y jgupd`d gdsn tjhjoi dgtudi torrntjrnj hoi pdës ho Nrde.

Kosjpjtdknd gdrogo ho hocomsds mdturdios, pjr ij quoom su suoij so sugohnorjm hncoromtos puo`ijs snomhj ijsprnmgnpdios< ijs sukornjs, dgdhnjs, dsnrnjs, d`nijmnjs. Omostd zjmd so hnorjm ids gnrgumstdmgnds cësngds, quo umnhdsom snk`njsns gjm id id`jrnjsnhdh o nmtoinaomgnd sukornd


y gnvninzdgnjmos

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pdrd quo osto puoìj, gjm um g÷hnaj aomîtngj hnstnmtjs d ijsjtrjs, cuord oi prëstnmj om gjmgomtrdrso «omtro ijs rëjsµ y oi prn-kor kjtjr ho id gnvninzdgn÷m kumhndi. Os ho bdgor mjtdr quogjm id nmstdidgn÷m sukornd om Kosjpjtdknd, so prjhulord diië um

kjvnknomtj porkdmomto ho puoìjs m÷kdhos hosgomhnomtosho Wok bdgnd oso «pdësµ, ho corkomtdgn÷m nmtoiogtudi y prjarosjsu`stdmgndi.

Kosjpjtdknd tnomo umd ostrugturd gjikdhd pjr hop÷sntjs diuvndiosom id quo dpdrogom croguomtokomto idajs y sogtjros pdmtdmjsjsjrnanmdhjs pjr ids porn÷hngds nmumhdgnjmos hoi Xnarns y hoi Îucrd-tos. Ostjs rëjs vnomom gdradhjs ho kugbj gnomj ij quo umnhj di

pjgj pjhor ho drrdstro, id osgdsd pomhnomto y id ardm ovdpjrdgn÷mporkntom dgukuidr mutrnomtos sohnkomtdrnjs om hnquos mdturdiospjr tjhd id roan÷m ho nmciuomgnd. Ijs hop÷sntjs inmj-drgniijsjs hoid iidmurd cdvjrogom umd darnguiturd kuy prjhugtnvd. Dk`js rëjssjm ho rîankom knxtj< piuvndi y ho hosbnoij ho ids mnovos ho idsroanjmos hoi Drdrdt, Xdurus y Eurhnstäm pjr oi mjrto.

Vjr oi dôj 7466 d. ho G. id aomto okpnozd ho iiomj d gjmgomtrdrso

om gnuhdhos (käs tdrho gnuhdhos-ostdhj) om ids nmkohndgnjmosho ijs vntdios y mdvoadìos rëjs om iuadr ho vnvnr om id gjstd omdihods dnsidhds. Om osto gdsj ids gnuhdhos cdgnintd`dm oi gjkorgnjo nmtorgdk`nj gjm ijs vognmjs y gjm jtrjs puoìjs. Oi tokpij,dhokäs ho sor oi gomtrj roinanjsj hoi Hnjs hoi puoìj, ord oimügioj gjkorgndi y gjmtdìo ho id gnuhdh y ho sus diohdôjs. Ijsbogbjs `äsngjs quo hocnmom oi gdk`nj ho id Vrobnstjrnd mojiëtn-gd dvdmzdhd d id Bnstjrnd soaüm nmvostnadhjros dvozdhjs sjm id

grodgn÷m ho mügiojs ur`dmjs y id dpdrngn÷m ho id osgrnturd gjkjkîtjhj ho gjkumngdgn÷m y hjgukomtdgn÷m.

Oi prnkor puoìj quo so hostdg÷ sj`ro ids hokäs guiturds hoid îpjgd y om tjhjs ijs tnokpjs dmtornjros, cuo id gnvninzdgn÷mWukornd om Kosjpjtdknd, gumd ho id Bnstjrnd. Xnomo gjkjkîrntj, omtro jtrjs, oi ho vnvnr om mügiojs ur`dmjs y oi bdòrnmvomtdhj id osgrnturd.







_mnhdh 4

0. Ijs nkpornjs

D id rovjiugn÷m mojiëtngd quo so hnj ardgnds d id darnguiturd, snaun÷id rovjiugn÷m ur`dmd, id gudi cuo pjsnìo tdk`nîm ardgnds d ij prj-hugnhj pjr id darnguiturd. Om oi gorgdmj j pr÷xnkj jrnomto, iuadrhoi grognomto cîrtni, omtro ijs dôjs 7.?66 d ?66 dmtos ho muostrdord sugohnorjm nkpjrtdmtos gdk`njs quo kdrgdrëdm oi hosdrrjiij hoijs bjk`ros y kuloros. Id ur`dmnzdgn÷m y id osgrnturd sjm hjs hoijs käs nkpjrtdmtos oiokomtjs quo nkpuisdrjm quo so gjmsjinhdrd

ij quo so homjknmd gnvninzdgn÷m.Pogjrhokjs ostjs oiokomtjs quo so hosdrrjiidrjm om oi gorgdmj jpr÷xnkj jrnomto< jradmnzdgn÷m ogjm÷kngd y sjgndi ho id prjhuggn÷mom gomtrjs j pjìdhjs umncngdhjs, id hjkostngdgn÷m ho dmnkdios yoi guitnvj ho pidmtds5 hospuîs, id rovjiugn÷m ur`dmd, quo nkping÷umd muovd hnvnsn÷m sjgndi hoi trd`dlj (korgdhoros), id hnvnsn÷m ho idsjgnohdh om gidsos sjgndios, tîgmngds drtosdmdios gjkj id kotdiurand,

cjrkdgn÷m ho Ostdhjs ij gudi nkping÷ id jradmnzdgn÷m om gomtrjsur`dmjs quo so hncoromgndrjm y hjknmdrjm oi gdkpj. Id osgrnturdgjkj oiokomtj quo dyuh÷ d dhknmnstrdr y iiovdr ids guomtds y cnldrids ioyos.

Ostjs oiokomtjs so hosdrrjiidrjm om su kdyjrëd d cnmdios hoi dôj7.666 dmtos ho muostrd ord om id `dld Kosjpjtdknd y om oi vdiiohoi Mnij (Oanptj). Ostds zjmds ordm cortninzdhds pjr ids nmumhdgnjmos

ho ijs rëjs< Xnarns, Îucrdtos y Mnij. Om ostds zjmds oxnstëd id darn-guiturd ho roadhëj quo gjmsnstëd om bdgor gdmdios ho rnoaj pdrdiiovdr d ijs guitnvjs y gjmtrjidr ids nmumhdgnjmos, ostj porkntëd tomornrrnadgn÷m gjmstdmto ho ijs guitnvjs ij gudi mj ijs bdgëd hopomhorho ids iiuvnds. Ostds gjmhngnjmos cdvjrdìos ijardrjm um dukomtj ygjmgomtrdgn÷m ho id pjìdgn÷m om ostjs iuadros.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

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Hosho ostjs iuadros gjkomz÷ id oxpdmsn÷m ho ijs dmtornjros oiokomtjs bd-gnd jtrjs sntnjs ardgnds di gjkorgnj, d id gjijmnzdgn÷m ho jtrjs iuadros, d idsroidgnjmos îtmngds, d ijs pdstjros quo n`dm ho um iuadr d jtrj5 ho`nhj dids gdrdgtorëstngds cësngj-aojaräcngds Kosjpjtdknd ord käs prjpomsd di nmtor-

gdk`nj quo Oanptj.

Om oi pr÷xnkj j gorgdmj jrnomto so nmtrjhulorjm oi gd`diij y oi gdkoiij omtroijs dôjs ho 4.?66 d 4.666 dmtos ho muostrd ord. Osto oiokomtj dmnkdi hnmd-knz÷ ijs kohnjs ho trdspjrto y id auorrd5 id auorrd so usd`d gjkj kohnj honmvdsn÷m, cuo prjpnj ho ijs nkpornjs grogor y cjrkdrso pjr kohnj ho id auorrdgjkj kohnj ocogtnvj ho oinknmdgn÷m ho ijs jtrjs puoìjs pdrd dprjpndrsoho sus torrntjrnjs y tdk`nîm ho ids porsjmds5 ids nmvdsnjmos tdk`nîm nmgiuëdmid nkpjsngn÷m guiturdi y inmaùëstngd.

Id osgrnturd quo ovjiugnjm÷ hosho sor pngtjaräcngd d sor sniä`ngd y pjr üitnkjdicd`îtngd snrvn÷ pdrd roanstrdr y bdgor gäiguijs5 id mogosnhdh ho dhknmnstrdrkoljr, porj tdk`nîm id vjiumtdh ho gjmjgnknomtj ho ijs soros bukdmjs, bnzjquo so grodrdm gnomgnds gjkj id aojkotrëd, id drntkîtngd y id dstrjmjkëd5 idkohngnmd (om Oanptj) y om aomordi ids gnomgnds gjkomzdrjm d suranr. Om tjhj

gdsj os nkpjrtdmto dgidrdr quo ij quo omtomhëdm ostds sjgnohdhos pjr gnomgndmj os naudi d ij quo omtomhokjs bjy pjr gnomgnd.

Ostjs oiokomtjs cuorjm pjsnìos ho`nhj di trd`dlj gjmlumtj ho ijs bjk`rosy kuloros y id gjkpiolnhdh om id quo so cuo dhomtrdmhj id vnhd sjgndi5 oibjk`ro y id kulor yd mj ordm gjkj ijs snknjs soros hopomhnomtos tjtdikomtoho ijs gdk`njs ho su omtjrmj, ijs bjk`ros y kuloros bd`ëdm ijardhj hodiaumd kdmord «hjknmdrµ id mdturdiozd, dbjrd ostd`dm roumnhjs om sjgno-

hdhos gjkpiolds gjm cjrkds ho jradmnzdgn÷m sjgndi, pjiëtngd, ogjm÷kngd,roinanjsd y guiturdi quo so omrnquogëdm hëd d hëd.

Ids hnmäkngds ho gdhd arupj gjkomzdrjm d hncoromgndrso ho ids hokäs, ijsnmhnvnhujs quo portomogëdm d um arupj so nhomtncngd`dm ho diaumd kdmord dosto, so somtëdm prjtoanhjs homtrj ho osto dumquo ho`ëdm gukpinr gjm ids ioyosquo so ostdìogëdm pdrd roauidr ids roidgnjmos. Ostds roaids so homjknmdrjmioyos. Oi bjk`ro cnrkd`d umd ospogno ho gjmtrdtj gjm id sjgnohdh.







_mnhdh 4

Ids cjrkdgnjmos sjgndios ostdìognhds om um torrntjrnj tjkdrjm oi mjk-`ro ho Gnuhdh Ostdhj. Diaumds vogos ho`nhj d id ardm kdrgd roinanjsdso homjknmd`dm Gnuhdh-tokpij. Ho ostds poquoôds cjrkds ho `dsotrn`di y aomtningnd gjkj so bd vnstj om gdpëtuijs dmtornjros, suranorjm ijs

Ostdhjs îtmngj-mdgnjmdios y ijs ardmhos nkpornjs quo ùsgd`dm iioadrd sor «umnvorsdiosµ. Ijs nkpornjs dmtnaujs quo mj sjm kuy hncoromtosd ijs ho bjy, om tdmtj su dk`ngn÷m ho hjknmnj snm nkpjrtdr gjkj sogjmsnadm ids rnquozds5 dmuidrjm om pdrto d ids jtrds guiturds y iomaudsoxnstomtos. Dsë, pjr olokpij bjy om hëd so nkpjmo id guiturd ho gjmsukjom ijs pdësos hoi kumhj.

Id umnhdh «mdgnjmdiµ so gjmcjrk÷ pjr kohnj ho umjs nmhnvnhujs quoso omtomhëdm gjkj portomognomtos d id «mdgn÷mµ y d id voz hncoromtosd ijs nmhnvnhujs ho jtrjs iuadros. Dbjrd ord pjsnìo bdìdr ho nmtornjry oxtornjr. Oi nmtornjr, ids gjkumnhdhos ijgdios, ordm ajòrmdhds pjr oiOstdhj, pjr oi Vdidgnj. Gjkomz÷ um nmtomtj ho ijs nkpornjs pjr oxpdmhnrsu pjhor torrntjrndi, y ho ijs nmvdhnhjs pjr gjmsorvdr su dutjmjkëd. Oigomtrj ho pjhor gjkomz÷ d oxpdmhnrso y ij quo mj bdgëd pdrto ho îi ordid porncornd. Vorncornd quo ord tjkdhd id kdyjrëd ho ids vogos ho kdmord

hospogtnvd. Dsë, pjr olokpij ijs arnoajs iidkd`dm är`drj d tjhj ij quomj ord arnoaj. Oi nkpornj «umnvorsdiµ ùsgd`d dgd`dr gjm ids hncoromgndspjiëtngds y guiturdios nkpjmnomhj umd iomaud y umd guiturd ümngds.

Ids rnquozds hoi nkpornj ordm hnscrutdhds pjr umjs pjgjs, pjr umd ointo quo vnvëd hoi trd`dlj ho ijs gdkposnmjs y pdstjros, ijs gudios cuorjmsjkotnhjs d gjmhngnjmos hncëgnios ho trd`dlj.

7

Iod tjhj ij rocoromto d Kosjpjtdknd, ospogndikomto sj`ro sus dpjrtosd id gnvninzdgn÷m. Nmvostnauo sj`ro id osgrnturd gumoncjrko y id ostrdtncngd-gn÷m sjgndi quo ostdìogn÷ ostd guiturd.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



4. Dspogtjs aojaräcngjs ho Kosjpjtdknd

K d p d t j k d h j h o Q n e n p o h n d

Kosjpjtdknd os umd iidmurd diuvndi, os hognr, quo os umd iidmurd gjkpuostdpjr ijs sohnkomtjs holdhjs pjr ijs rëjs om ids nmumhdgnjmos. Ostjs sohnkomtjsgjmtnomom mutrnomtos quo cdvjrogom id cortninhdh hoi suoij y ijs bdgo prjpn-

gnjs pdrd id darnguiturd y oi pdstjroj. Kosjpjtdknd snamncngd tnorrd omtro hjsrëjs (kosj;omtro), ostjs rëjs sjm oi Îucrdtos y oi Xnarns quo mdgom om Xurquëdy hosok`jgdm om oi ajicj pîrsngj. ^o so komgnjm÷ dmtornjrkomto gjkj oihosbnoij ho ids kjmtdôds dyuhd`d di grognknomtj ho ijs rëjs. Dgtudikomto omostd iidmurd diuvndi so omguomtrd Nrde.

Ids gnuhdhos dmtnauds quo jgupdrjm o bngnorjm cijrogor oi Vr÷xnkj j Gorgd-mj jrnomto cuorjm< _r, _rue, Ensb, Mnppur, Dadho, Dsur, Mnmnko, @d`nijmnd.

Wosn÷m 8

Kosjpjtdknd








_mnhdh 4

Ho ids gnuhdhos u`ngdhds di sur ho Kosjpjtdkndmj quohdm dgtudikomto käs quo kjmtdôds horunmds om um hosnortj. Ostj jgurro om ijs rëjs gjmkodmhrjs (gurvds ho ijs rëjs), puos ostjs gdk`ndm

su gursj gjmstdmtokomto, grodmhj om sus grognhdsidajs y pdmtdmjs, dsë, oi rnj yd mj pdsd pjr oi iuadrom oi quo so omgjmtrd`dm ids dmtnauds gnuhdhos5 snmok`draj, id nmcrdostrugturd ho ijs kosjpjtäkngjs,ijs gdmdios quo utninzdrjm pdrd hnrnanr oi gdugo ho ijsrëjs bngnorjm quo oi Îucrdtos snaunord oi knskj gursjhurdmto 7666 dôjs, pdsdmhj pjr ids gnuhdhos hoWnppdr, @d`nijmnd, Mnppur, Wburuppde, _rue, Idrsd y

_r. Worä pjsn`io nkdanmdr oi ardm oscuorzj quo ho`ëdbdgorso pdrd kdmtomor oi gursj ho um rnj pjhorjsj,so mogosnt÷ umd kdmj ho j`rd mukorjsd y id dggn÷mgjjpordtnvd ho vdrnjs arupjs quo dgtudrëdm gjkjcdgtjros ho umnhdh ogjm÷kngd y pjiëtngd, porj quotdk`nîm roprosomtdrëd auorrds pjr oi hjknmnj.

Sdrnjs poinarjs so gjrrëdm y so gjrrom bjy hëd di bd`n-tdr gorgd ho ostjs rëjs< ids gjmstdmtos nmumhdgnjmos yid sdinmnzdgn÷m hoi suoij pjr ijs sohnkomtjs, dsë umdtnorrd gjm kdyjr gjmtomnhj ho sdinmnzdgn÷m so bdgokomjs cîrtni. Omtjmgos, vdrnds bogtärods so omtroad`dmdi hosnortj5 snm ok`draj, om id dmtnaud Kosjpjtdknd soguitnvd`d trnaj, knlj, sîsdkj, y sj`ro tjhj go`dhd puosrosnstëd d ids tnorrds sdinmnzdhds. Ijs gorodios j`tomnhjsom id gjsogbd pjhëdm nm torgdk`ndrso pjr kdhord,kotdi y pnohrd.

Om id iidmurd u`ngdhd omtro ijs rëjs omgjmtrdkjs ostopdmjrdkd, porj om sus dirohohjros oxnstom jtrjstnpjs ho roanjmos y ho pdnsdlos, ostds roanjmos so bdmhnvnhnhj om< oi hosnortj, id ostopd, id iidmurd ho ijs\darjs y ijs pdmtdmjs om oi oxtrokj sur.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Gnuhdhos ho Kosjpjtdknd.

Kdpd tjkdhj ho Qnenpohnd


0 Vornjhjs bnst÷rngjs ho Kosjpjtdknd

Ijs bnstjrndhjros utninzdm id grjmjijaëd pdrd gidsncngdr ijs bogbjs ydgjmtognknomtjs quo ostuhndm. Ostds gidsncngdgnjmos ids puohom ocog-tudr tomnomhj om guomtd vdrnjs y hncoromtos dspogtjs, hjs ho ostjsdspogtjs, sjm pjr olokpij, oi dspogtj guiturdi y oi dspogtj pjiëtngj.Oi dspogtj guiturdi so rocnoro, gjkj so bd`ëd hngbj, di usj snk`÷ingjgjkj kohnj ho gjkumngdgn÷m. Oi dspogtj pjiëtngj, pdrd oi olokpijho gdrdgtornzdgn÷m ho Kosjpjtdknd sorä omtomhnhj iidmdkomto pjrdbjrd gjkj oi gdk`nj ho roaëkomos, ho hnmdstëds j sj`ordmjs.

Vdrd oi gdsj ho Kosjpjtdknd so nhomtncngdm tros ardmhos pornj-hjs om gudmtj d su ovjiugn÷m guiturdi. Gdhd pornjhj snamncngdomtjmgos um gdk`nj om oi kjhj ho vnhd ho ids porsjmds y om sus






_mnhdh 4

Kdpd tjkdhd ho Qnenpohnd

Kdpd hoi torrntjrnj d`ni÷mngj trds oi dsgomsj ho Bdk-kurd`n om nm 41>0 d. G.

cjrkds ho aj`normj. Oi kumhjso ostä trdscjrkdmhj om gdhdnmstdmto. Dmtos ho komgnj-mdr oi prnkor pornjhj puoho

nhomtncngdrso um kjkomtj omoi quo so cjrkdrjm ids uròs om Kosjpjtdknd, omtro oidôj 7.766 di 0.>66 dmtos homuostrd ord, om osto kjkomtjdpdrogom ijs toxtjs drgdngjsho _rue, quo sorëdm ijs prn-korjs hjgukomtjs osgrntjs

kosjpjtäkngjs.

Oi prnkor pornjhj os homj-knmdhj gjkj sukorj-sokn-td. Wo homjknmd dsë pjr ijspuoìjs quo ij prjtdajmnzd-rjm. Ijs sukornjs quo om oidôj 0.866 dmtos ho muostrdord cuorjm nmvdhnhjs pjr ijs

Dquojs, ordm um puoìj so-kntd. Hurdmto osto pornjhj sogjmgrotdm ijs dhoidmtjs gdrdg-torëstngjs ho Kosjpjtdknd< ijsguitjs roinanjsjs y sjgndios, idur`dmnzdgn÷m, id osgrnturd, ids cjrkds o nmstntugnjmos ho aj`normj y oi

omtrdkdhj ho pjhoros ho umd gidso sjgndi gjm jtrd. Osto prnkor pornjhjhdtd dprjxnkdhdkomto hoi 7.666 di 0.666 dmtos ho muostrd ord. Om ostopornjhj so gjmluadrjm ids iomauds sokëtngds y ids sukornds. Dsë, gjkj susgjstuk`ros guiturdios. Xdk`nîm so gjknomzd d hdr pdsj di aj`normj hovdrnjs torrntjrnjs oxtomsjs.

Oi soaumhj pornjhj so homjknmd mojgidsngnskj `d`ni÷mngj. Bdgnd oidôj 0.666 dmtos ho muostrd ord ijs puoìjs komgnjmdhjs dmtornjrkomto


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4




Ostoid hoi G÷hnaj ho Bdkkurd`n

omtrdrjm om grnsns, ardgnds tdk`nîm di drrn`j ho um muovj puoìj prjvomnomtoho Dsnrnd< ijs dkjrrojs j dkjrntds. Ostjs gjpndrjm ijs pdtrjmos ho ids dmtornjrosgnvninzdgnjmos y pjr osj oi pornjhj so homjknmd mojgiäsngj. Ostjs arupjs sou`ngdrjm om @d`nijmnd, gjmvnrtnomhj id gnuhdh om oi gomtrj hoi nkpornj. Om

ostd îpjgd hol÷ ho bdìdrso id iomaud sukornd y so nmstdur÷ hocnmntnvdkomtoid iomaud sokntd iidkdhd dgdhnj. Wo dauhnzdm om ostd îpjgd ijs gjmcingtjs gjmOanptj y id pjiëtngd omtro mdgnjmos os hnrnanhd pjr ijs nkpornjs oxpdmsnvjs ho

Dsnrnd y iuoaj pjr @d`nijmnd.

Oi nkpornj d`ni÷mngj so ho`nintdrëd dmto oi drrn`j ho ijs bntntds. Om osto pornjhj,snm ok`draj, so gro÷ um g÷hnaj ioadi quo umncng÷ ids ioyos ho tjhds ids md-gnjmos, osto g÷hnaj cuo homjknmdhj g÷hnaj ho Bdkkurd`n, yd quo oi royBdkkurd`n cuo qunom ij nmstdur÷.

Oi torgor pornjhj so homjknmd Opëijajs. Om osto pornjhj id guiturd d`ni÷mngdquo nmciuyo sj`ro ijs gjmqunstdhjros porsds y ijs kdgohjmnjs gjknomzd dho`nintdrso. Oi dgdhnj hold ho sor id iomaud bdìdhd y om su iuadr so utninzdm ijshndiogtjs drdkojs y oi arnoaj gjküm. Id gnvninzdgn÷m kosjpjtäkngd hogdorëdhocnmntnvdkomto om ijs snaijs SNN hospuîs ho muostrd ord `dlj oi hjknmnj hoijs ärdòs j oi nsidk.





07>

7 Dspogtjs ogjm÷kngjs ho Kosjpjtdknd

Poguorho quo oi dspogtj ogjm÷kngj bdgo rocoromgnd di äk`ntj ho id prjhuggn÷m

ho kohnjs ho su`snstomgnd. Omtro ijs oiokomtjs quo portomogom d id ogjmjkëd houmd gjkumnhdh so tnomom ids togmjijaëds quo so usdm pdrd ijard hngbjs kohnjs hosu`snstomgnd. Xdk`nîm oi korgdhj gjkj oiokomtj ho hnstrnùgn÷m o nmtorgdk`njho ijs `nomos prjhugnhjs. Ostjs oiokomtjs so pjhrëdm homjknmdr guiturd kdtorndi,omtro ijs quo so omguomtrdm ijs sdòros mogosdrnjs pdrd prjhugnr käs `nomostdr.Om Kosjpjtdknd mdgo id osgrnturd gjkj vobëguij prnkjrhndi ho kdmtomnknomtj ytrdsknsn÷m ho osjs sdòros, quo om cjrkd ho ioyos kdmtnomom id gjbosn÷m sjgndi.Hoò tomorso om guomtd quo dsë so trd`dlo gdhd dspogtj (oi sjgndi, oi ogjm÷kngj, oipjiëtngj y oi guiturdi) pjr sopdrdhj ostjs snokpro ostäm om gjmstdmto nmtordggn÷m onmciuyom ijs umjs om ijs jtrjs.

Om Kosjpjtdknd ids jradmnzdgnjmos sjgndios gjkj oi tokpij y oi pdidgnj so omgdr-ad`dm ho hnstrnùnr rdgnjmos d id kdyjr pdrto ho id pjìdgn÷m. Oxnstëd umd pjìdgn÷mquo guitnvd`d om pdrgoids yd sodm prjpnds j drromhdhds. Ostjs gdkposnmjs mj tomëdmkugbd nmgnhomgnd om id ogjmjkëd aij`di hoi nkpornj, puos prjhugëdm dpomds pdrd

sj`rovnvnr. Wo hngo quo ijs iidkd`dm hî`nios j kozqunmjs. Om ostjs gërguijs gorrdhjscdknindros ord mjrkdi quo gdhd umj gjmstruyord su gdsd, id goräkngd, ijs tolnhjs yjtrjs oiokomtjs `äsngjs5 knomtrds quo ids borrdknomtds pdrd drdr y guitnvdr ids gjm-soauëdm pjr kohnj hoi truoquo.

Ijs gdkposnmjs y ijs hopomhnomtos mj pjhëdm dgukuidr rnquozds puos mj gjmtd`dmgjm oxgohomtos ho id prjhuggn÷m. Vjr oi gjmtrdrnj, nmstntugnjmos sjgndios gjkj oitokpij, oi pdidgnj y ijs torrdtomnomtos pjhëdm dgukuidr oxgohomtos quo rogjaëdm

ho ids tdsds ho nkpuostjs y ho ids romtds pjr ids tnorrds drromhdhds ids gudios io ordmpdadhds om ospogno. Ordm ostds ardmhos jradmnzdgnjmos dgdpdrdhjrds ids quo pjhëdmnmtorgdk`ndr `nomos pjr `nomos. Ids dgtnvnhdhos ho nmtorgdk`nj so rodinzd`dm om idsgnuhdhos, dumquo oxnstëd oi korgdhj, om osd îpjgd mj puoho dcnrkdrso quo omtom-hëdm oi korgdhj ho id knskd kdmord quo so omtnomho bjy, om h÷mho ij quo prnkdos prjhugnr pdrd vomhor snm quo nkpjrto mdhd käs. Ijs oxgohomtos ho id prjhuggn÷mordm nmtorgdk`ndhjs pjr iuljs pdrd prosuknr id rnquozd j pjr oiokomtjs mogosdrnjs

pdrd kdmtomor id prjhuggn÷m.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Mukordgn÷m `d`ni÷mngd

Pogjrhokjs quo om id ogjmjkëd ho ids gnuhdhos mdgnomtos dpdrogn÷ id gidso hoijs korgdhoros quo ordm ijs quo nmtorkohndmhj omtro ijs prjhugtjros iiovd`dm idkoljr pdrto. Ijs korgdhoros, gjkj so hnlj, olorgnorjm om Kosjpjtdknd oi pdpoi ho`dmgjs prostdknstds y cnmdmgnd`dm tdk`nîm di Ostdhj iioadmhj d gjkpotnr gjm osto.Oi cnm hoi nmtorgdk`nj mj ord omtjmgos id «admdmgndµ pdrd oi vomhohjr gjkj om id

dgtudinhdh snmj käs um oiokomtj ho prostnanj. Diaumjs bnstjrndhjros dsoaurdm quooxnstëdm nmngnjs hoi gdpntdinskj, puos diaumjs gjkprd`dm di pjr kdyjr pdrd vomhory dsë pjhor dgukuidr rnquozd, puos oi hnmorj pdrd quo so gjmvnortd om gdpntdi ho`osor nmvortnhj gjm cnmos ho admdmgnd.






8 Dspogtjs guiturdios ho Kosjpjtdknd

Gjm oi dukomtj ho id gjkpiolnhdh ho ids roidgnjmos sjgndios y gjkorgndiosso bnzj mogosdrnj um oiokomtj ho roanstrj ho ijs pdgtjs j gjmtrdtjs ostdìo-

gnhjs. _m oiokomtj quo gdk`ndrëd id cumgn÷m ho id kokjrnd< id osgrnturd.Id osgrnturd os um oiokomtj gjküm om vdrnds guiturds ourjdsnätngds gjkjKosjpjtdknd, Oidk, Oanptj5 guiturds hoi Nmhj y Gbnmd. Oi jrnaom, snm ok`draj,so omguomtrd om Kosjpjtdknd y ho dbë so oxtomhn÷ d ids jtrds pdrtos.

Id osgrnturd gjkomz÷ om cjrkd ho pngtjardkds, ostjs sjm snamjs quo roprosom-tdm hnrogtdkomto j`lotjs, pjr olokpij, umd gdòzd ho vdgd pdrd roprosomtdrumd vdgd. Iuoaj osjs snamjs so ioyorjm om cjrkd ho pdid`rds y so homjknmdrjmijajardkds (ids pdid`rds quo so usd`dm ordm sukornds). Ijs ijajardkds soioyorjm gjkj snid`ds quo mj tomëdm um snamncngdhj nkpiëgntj y so homjknmd-rjm snid`jardkds, pjr olokpij, gd. Ijs prnkorjs pngtjardkds so ard`drjm omdrgniid y so pidskdrjm om ij quo so gjmjgorëd gjkj tdìniids, ijs quo rodinzd`dmids tdìniids so iidkdrjm osgrn`dmjs. Ostds tdìniids pjhëdm sor nmtorprotdhds pjrgudiqunor bjk`ro ho gudiqunor iuadr, puos gjkj ordm snamjs quo roprosomtd-`dm gjsds ordm kuy cägnios ho hohugnr. Om tjhj gdsj sjij puoho bdìdrso hoosgrnturd bdstd ijs ijajardkds usdhjs om id gnuhdh kosjpjtäkngd _rue bdgndoi 7.766 dmtos ho muostrd ord. Vuos gjkj so hnlj ostjs roprosomtd`dm pdid`rdsquo umnhds gjboromtokomto pjhëdm oxprosdr um komsdlo.

Jtrj oiokomtj quo kdrg÷ id vnhd hoijs kosjpjtäkngjs cuo oi snstokdho rnoaj, hoi gudi hopomhëdm präg-tngdkomto sus vnhds. Oi snstokd ho

rnoaj gjmsnstëd om hnrnanr oi gursj hoijs rëjs pdrd nrrnadr y mutrnr ids ärodsho guitnvj. Oxnstëd um gdmdi gomtrdiiidkdhj «rëjµ, quo so hornvd`d hoigdugo kohndmto umd prosd j «`jgdµy quo ord hotomnhj pjr hnquos.Sdrnds rdkds komjros rohnstrnùëdmoi daud d ids zjmds ho guitnvj5 snm


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Ostdtuniid ho um bjk`ro `drùhj,prj`dìokomto um roy-sdgorhjto,

om pnohrd gdinzd.

Ostoid ho ijs ùntros.

Gjmkokjrd id vngtjrnd hoi roy Odmmdtukho Idadsb sj`ro _kkd hurdmto

oi porëjhj hnmästngj drgdngj.

C j t j s t j k d h d s h o Q n e n p o h n d

ok`draj, osto snstokd mj tomëd umd cjrkdho ovntdr id sdinmnzdgn÷m hoi suoij, puos gd-rogëd ho hosdaùos, sjij bdstd oi snaij N dmtosho muostrd ord so gjmstruy÷ um snstokd quo

porkntëd id sdinhd hoi daud sj`rdmto.Id hnsputd pjr ids tnorrds cîrtnios y oi kdmoljhoi snstokd ho roadhëj gjmstntuy÷ um oio-komtj nkpjrtdmto om ids hnmäkngds sjgndios yguiturdios ho Kosjpjtdknd. Ids tnorrds cîrtniosso dkjihd`dm kohndmto um drdhj ho kdhordomhurognhd di cuoaj j diaumds vogos rovostnhd

ho gj`ro j `rjmgo. Hospuîs ho guiknmdr idsnok`rd bdgëdm rntjs käangj roinanjsjs pdrdospdmtdr d ijs rdtjmos y tjhj dquoiij quopuhnord ogbdr d porhor id gjsogbd.

Ijs prjhugtjs gjmsuknhjs prnmgnpdikomtopjr ijs kosjpjtäkngjs ordm id go`dhd, oisîsdkj, id pdikord hdtniord, oi trnaj, oi dlj,

id go`jiid, oi puorrj, omtro jtrjs. Ho id go-`dhd so bdgëd gorvozd quo cuo um oiokomtjnkpjrtdmto om id hnotd. Wo nkpjrtd`dm vnmjsho Wnrnd y Oanptj. Id gdrmo y oi posgdhj ordmsj`ro tjhj gjmsuknhjs pjr ijs rngjs. Om idadmdhorëd prohjknmdrjm ids jvolds y ids gd-`rds usdhds pdrd idmd, guorj y om soaumhjiuadr pdrd gdrmo. Bd`ëd tdk`nîm gorhjs, dvos

ho gjrrdi (pdtj, admsj, pdijkd y hospuîsadiinmd). @uoyos quo dyuhd`dm om oi drdhj,dsmjs5 oi gd`diij y oi gdkoiij so utninzdrjmhospuîs hoi snaij N dmtos ho muostrd ord.

Wo hosdrrjii÷ id nmhustrnd ho id kotdiurand yid goräkngd, ids poquoôds nmhustrnds om sukdyjrëd hopomhëdm hoi tokpij y hoi pdidgnj.





Ostrdtncngdgn÷m sjgndi ho Kosjpjtdknd

Pogjrhokjs quo oi dspogtj sjgndi so rocnoro d id kdmord om id quo so roid-gnjmd`dm ijs nmhnvnhujs, ostds roidgnjmos sjm roidgnjmos lorärqungds< umjs

nmhnvnhujs so gjijgdm pjr omgnkd hoi rostj ho id pj`idgn÷m y hjknmdm sj`rooiijs. Ostds hncoromgnds ostäm kuy inadhds di dspogtj ogjm÷kngj. Om oi dgtudisnstokd ogjm÷kngj prnkd id dgukuidgn÷m ho rnquozds nmhnvnhudios sj`ro idsgjiogtnvds< id prjpnohdh prnvdhd. Oi dspogtj sjgndi so roidgnjmd omtjmgos gjmoi puostj quo so jgupo om ids roidgnjmos ho prjhuggn÷m, os hognr, sn so os prj-pnotdrnj u j`rorj. Hopomho om pdrto ho id gidso sjgndi d id quo so portomogo.Xdk`nîm nmciuyo om oi dspogtj sjgndi id guiturd ho id quo so bdgo pdrto< pjrolokpij, nmhëaomd, kotdiorj, kdhro sjitord, gdkposnmj, antdmj, j, id tomhomgnd

soxudi< ios`ndmd, ady, trdmsoxudi j `nsoxudi. Oi pdromtosgj os jtrj oiokomtjquo nmciuyo om oi dspogtj sjgndi.

Om Kosjpjtdknd id ostrdtncngdgn÷m sjgndi ord sj`ro tjhj nmciunhd pjr sor rngj jpj`ro ogjm÷kngdkomto. Oxnstëdm darupdgnjmos soaüm oi jcngnj quo rodinzdrdm<pdstjros, gdkposnmjs, korgdhoros, drtosdmjs, osgrn`ds, knintdros, sdgorhjtos.Poguîrhoso quo ostds sjgnohdhos ordm prnmgnpdikomto dardrnds pjr ij quo oipjhor ogjm÷kngj ostd`d inadhj gjm id pjsosn÷m ho id tnorrd. Id prjpnohdh hoid tnorrd ord prnmgnpdikomto hoi tokpij j oi pdidgnj, tdk`nîm oxnstëd oi sogtjrho tnorrds ho prjpnohdh gjkumdi y ids prjpnohdhos prnvdhds nmhnvnhudios.

Id tnorrd portomognomto di sogtjr ostdtdi (tokpij y pdidgnj) ostd`d hostnmdhd dprjhugnr pdrd kdmtomor d ijs sulotjs quo trd`dld`dm hnrogtdkomto gjm oi hnjs(tokpij) j gjm oi roy (pdidgnj). Gdhd kos so ropdrtëd umd rdgn÷m ho dinkomtjs(sj`ro tjhj go`dhd) y gdhd dôj toxtnios, idmd y jtrjs nkpiokomtjs. Xomëdmkoljros pjrgnjmos ijs bjk`ros quo ids kuloros. Dhokäs ho îsto snstokdrotrn`utnvj ho rdgnjmos oxnstëd um snstokd om oi quo so gohëdm pdrgoids pdrdid oxpijtdgn÷m dardrnd. Ids tnorrds soauëdm snomhj pdrto hoi tokpij j hoi pdid-gnj. Di quo io gohëdm ids tnorrds ho`ëd rospjmhor pjr umjs nkpuostjs j gdradscnsgdios, sn nmgukpiëd oi pdaj ho`ëd jcrogorso gdsn gjkj osgidvj.

Om Kosjpjtdknd oi pjhor ostdtdi tomëd um ardm gjmtrji y id pjsn`ninhdh hokdmtomorso om oi pjhor, pjr osj rdrd voz tomëdm um ardm îxntj ijs nmhnvnhujs


y gnvninzdgnjmos

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nmhopomhnomtos, ostjs ümngdkomto tomëdm gnortd pjsn`ninhdh ho gjkpotnr sn so umëdmom um ardm arupj cdknindr homjknmdhjs «gdsdsµ. Ostds gdsds j puoìjs tuvnorjmdutjmjkëd y dutjaj`normj gjmstntuyîmhjso gdsn gjkj puoìjs j Ostdhjs, porjporhorëdm oi gjmtrji gjm ijs Ostdhjs nmtoardhjs käs j komjs bdgnd oi prnkorkniomnj dmtos ho muostrd ord, ostd cjrkd ostdtdi nmtoardi cuo prjpnd ho ijs dsnrnjs.

Ostd pnräknho mj oxpingd id gjkpiolnhdh ho ids roidgnjmos sjgndios kosjpjtä-kngds, porj kuostrd ijs arupjs sjgndios quo id gjkpjmëdm.


3 Dspogtjs pjiëtngjs ho Kosjpjtdknd

Oi pdidgnj ord ajòrmdhj pjr oi roy, so groëd quo îsto ord um omvndhj ho hnjs om idtnorrd pdrd jradmnzdr d id gjkumnhdh. Oi roy olorgëd oi pjhor d su vjiumtdh, dsë quo

gdhd aj`normj hopomhëd ho ijs nmtorosos y ho id porsjmdinhdh hoi kjmdrgd.





Di prnmgnpnj mj bd`ëd hnvnsnjmos torrntjrndios ostdìognhds, snmj quo oi roy ajòrmd`docogtnvdkomto om tjhjs ijs iuadros pjsnìos. Om tnokpjs ho id hnmdstëd NNN ho _r, sogrodrjm diaumjs hnstrntjs quo so omgdradrëdm ho diaumd pdrto ho id dhknmnstrdgn÷m.Käs dhoidmto so grodrëdm dsdkìods omgdradhds ho oioanr d diaumjs iëhoros knintdrosy gnvnios. Ostds dsdkìods diaumds vogos bdgëdm gjmtrdposj di aj`normj, porj om ao-

mordi oi pjhor hoi roy so tomëd pjr d`sjiutj. Ijs royos mj dgtud`dm snm gjmsuitdr didhnvnmj, qunîm hosho oi jräguij dhnvnmd`d id suorto y ijs prosdanjs soaüm ijs gudiosoi roy ho`ëd dgtudr.

Ijs royos ordm knok`rjs ho umd hnmdstëd quo so omtomhorëd gjkj id hnmdstëd vor-hdhord. Wo hngo quo bdm snhj oioanhjs pjr ijs hnjsos y hoòm sor toknhjs om tjhdspdrtos. Wu knsn÷m os jradmnzdr di puoìj y `rnmhdrio nomostdr. Om oi aj`normj hoi royoxnstom omtjmgos hjs oiokomtjs quo vdm ho id kdmj, oi pjhor prjpndkomto pjiëtngj

jradmnzdtnvj y oi oiokomtj roinanjsj.

Oi roy quo vnomo ho umd hnmdstëd borohd su trjmj di prnkjaîmntj. Dsë, oi aj`normj hoiroy os um rîankom pdtrndrgdi. Oi aj`normj hoi roy j kjmdrquëd ostuvj kuy inadhjsnokpro d id jradmnzdgn÷m roinanjsd, dsë knomtrds pjiëtngdkomto oi pdidgnj kdmtomëdoi gjmtrji ord dyuhdhj nhoji÷angdkomto pjr id roinan÷m. Oi roy ho`ëd gukpinr troscumgnjmos prnmgnpdios< sor pdhro, sor pdstjr y roauidr id ogjmjkëd. Dsë, oi roy ordomtomhnhj gjkj um pdhro quo gunhd`d quo mj oxnstnordm nmlustngnds om su cdknind

(omtomhnhd gjkj tjhd id gjkumnhdh), olokpij ho ostj, os oi g÷hnaj ho lustngnd os-grntj pjr oi roy Bdkkurd`n. Oi roy ord omtomhnhj tdk`nîm gjkj pdstjr y oi puoìjgjkj um ro`dôj quo so mogosntdm kutudkomto, porj gjkj oi pdstjr auëd oi ro`dôjtomëd horogbj d omrnquogorso d gjstd ho îsto. Oi roy ho`ëd kdmtomor oi jrhom sjgndi y dsoaurdr oi prjarosj ogjm÷kngj.

Oi roy nkpjmëd lustngnd d su dgjkjhj pjr id cuorzd y pdrd kdmtomor oi prjarosjogjm÷kngj tomëd umd pjiëtngd oxpdmsnjmnstd, os hognr, nmvdhnr y usurpdr ijs rogursjsho ijs vognmjs y bdgorijs pdadr trnùtjs.

Cnmdikomto, di rocornrso d ijs puoìjs mj ur`dmjs so hncnguitd id id`jr, puos mj soomguomtrdm buoiids kdtorndios gjmgrotds hngom ijs drquo÷ijajs, dhokäs ho ij quodpdrogo om ijs osgrntjs hoi sogtjr ur`dmj ij quo bdgo quo sodm hnstjrsnjmdhjs. Ostdbnstjrnd osgrntd cuo osgrntd hosho oi äk`ntj ho ijs quo gjmtrjid`dm oi pjhor, so omcj-g÷ d kdmtomor oso pjhor, pjr oiij so tnomom pjgjs roanstrjs ho puoìjs quo cuorjmrurdios y mj kdrgdhdkomto ur`dmjs, ijs dkjrrojs, ijs drdkojs y ijs bd`nru.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

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Ids ioyos hoi G÷hnaj ho Bdkkurd`n, (mukordhds hoi 4 di 020, dumquo cditdm ijs mükorjs47, 33>> y 446444) ostäm osgrntds om `d`nijmnj dmtnauj y cnldm hnvorsds roaids ho id vnhdgjtnhndmd. Ho kdmord ospogëcngd, mjrkdtnzdm<

• Id lordrqunzdgn÷m ho id sjgnohdh< oxnstom tros arupjs, ijs bjk`ros in`ros j «dwniukµ,ijs «kusbeomukµ (qunomos so ospoguid pjhrëdm sor snorvjs j su`ditormjs) y ijs osgidvjsj «wdrhukµ.

• Ijs prognjs< ijs bjmjrdrnjs ho ijs kîhngjs vdrëdm soaüm so dtnomhd d um bjk`ro in`roj d um osgidvj.

• Ijs sdidrnjs< vdrëdm soaüm id mdturdiozd ho ijs trd`dljs rodinzdhjs.• Id rospjmsd`ninhdh prjcosnjmdi< um drquntogtj quo bdyd gjmstrunhj umd gdsd quo so

hospijko sj`ro sus jgupdmtos y ios bdyd gdusdhj id kuorto os gjmhomdhj d id pomd

ho kuorto.• Oi cumgnjmdknomtj luhngndi< id lustngnd id nkpdrtom ijs trnùmdios y so puoho dpoidr di

roy5 ijs cdiijs so hoòm pidskdr pjr osgrntj.• Ids pomds< dpdrogo nmsgrntd tjhd umd osgdid ho pomds soaüm ijs hointjs y grëkomos

gjkotnhjs. Id `dso ho ostd osgdid os id Ioy hoi Xdin÷m.

Wo trdtdm tdk`nîm oi rj`j, id dgtnvnhdh darëgjid (j pogudrnd), oi hdôj d id prjpnohdh, ijshorogbjs ho id kulor, ijs horogbjs om oi kdtrnkjmnj, ijs horogbjs ho ijs komjros, ijs

horogbjs ho ijs osgidvjs, bjkngnhnj, kuorto y iosnjmos. Oi gdstnaj vdrëd soaüm oi tnpj hohoinmguomto y ho vëgtnkd.

Ids ioyos mj dhkntom oxgusds mn oxpingdgnjmos om gdsj ho orrjros j cditds5 oi G÷hnaj so pjmëdd id vnstd ho tjhjs, ho kjhj quo mdhno puhnord dioadr namjrdmgnd ho id ioy gjkj protoxtj.Gdò rogjrhdr, snm ok`draj, quo ordm pjgjs (osgrn`ds om su kdyjrëd) ijs quo sd`ëdm ioory osgrn`nr om dquoiid îpjgd.

Oi g÷hnaj ho Bdkkurd`n

Nmvostnauo tjhj ij rocoromto di dmtnauj Oanptj< gidsos sjgndios, guiturd, sntud-gn÷m aojaräcngd, ogjmjkëd, roinan÷m y snstokd ho aj`normj. Vuoho bdgorijom su in`rj, om id `nìnjtogd j om Nmtormot.

8





Wosn÷m ?

Oanptj

Podingo umd kosd rohjmhd sj`ro id gnvninzdgn÷mOanpgnd.

Oi Gdô÷m j adradmtd

ho Jihuvdn (Äcrngd)Gumd ho id bukdmnhdh.

4 Dspogtjs aojaräcngjs

4


y gnvninzdgnjmos

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Om Äcrngd, iuadr om oi quo so bdm omgjmtrdhj ijs rostjs käs dmtnaujs ho umbjkëmnhj, gjmsnhordhd id gumd hoi bjk`ro, bdm oxnstnhj ardmhos nkpornjs,omtro ijs quo hostdgdm< Oanptj, Gdrtdaj, Pjkd, quo os um nkpornj ou-rjpoj porj quo tuvj ardmhos gomtrjs ur`dmjs o nmciuomgnd om id gjstd

dcrngdmd sj`ro oi Kohntorrämoj y oi Nsidk. Ostjs nkpornjs ostuvnorjm omgjmtdgtj gjm ids gnvninzdgnjmos jggnhomtdios y jgupdrjm sj`ro tjhj oi mjrto(oi dlj Oanptj), om id gjstd hoi Kohntorrämoj. Dsë, oi mjrto cuo hjknmdhjomtjmgos pjr comngnjs, oanpgnjs, gdrtdanmosos, rjkdmjs y oi nsidk, pjr oiij,su guiturd ostä homtrj ho id oscord ourjpoj-kohntorrämod.

Om gudmtj di dmtnauj Oanptj ostd`d hnvnhnhj om hjs roanjmos< @dlj Oanptj,om oi mjrto y Ditj Oanptj, bdgnd oi sur id crjmtord omtro ids hjs pdsd`d di

sur hoi Gdnrj om Komcns. Komcns ord id gdpntdi hoi dmtnauj Oanptj, cuo cum-hdhd dprjxnkdhdkomto om oi dôj ?.666 dmtos ho muostrd ord. Om oi sur hoOanptj ostd`d Mu`nd, hnvnhnhd om Ditd y @dld. Om id ditd Mu`nd so omguomtrddgtudikomto Wuhdm. Om oi Mjrto ho Oanptj ostd`d oi kdr kohntorrämoj.

Oanptj ostd`d hnvnhnhj dhokäs hoi Ditj y oi @dlj Oanptj, om ijs hosnortjsjrnomtdi y jggnhomtdi. Oi hosnortj jggnhomtdi j Ië`ngj ord ho gdrägtor osto-pdrnj, umd ostopd os umd roan÷m idrad y pidmd quo mj tnomo gdsn voaotdgn÷m.

Om osto hosnortj oxnstom sons jdsns, um jdsns os umd roan÷m gjm `dstdmtobukohdh om kohnj hoi hosnortj, hngbd bukohdh porknto id porkdmomgndgjmstdmto ho voaotdgn÷m. Oi hosnortj jggnhomtdi ostä gjmstntunhj tdk`nîmpjr ardmhos torromjs ho dromd quo bdgom pdrto hoi Wdbdrd. Vjr jtrd pdrtooi hosnortj jrnomtdi j Drä`naj tnomo gjinmds y kjmtdôds rjgjsds y gjm-tnomo rnquozds gjkj jrj, pnohrds prognjsds y pnohrds quo snrvom pdrd idgjmstruggn÷m. D trdvîs ho osto hosnortj so pjhëd nr di kdr Pjlj.

Id gnvninzdgn÷m oanpgnd tjkd pjsosn÷m hoi torrntjrnj homjknmdhj Sdiio hoiMnij, oi vdiio os rosuitdhj ho um prjgosj ho sohnkomtdgn÷m bogbj pjr oirëj Mnij. Dmtos oi kdr kohntorrämoj pomotrd`d cjrkdmhj oi ajicj ho Dssnut,porj gjm oi hoitd (hoitd< sohnkomtjs ho tnorrd j inkj quo tnomo cjrkd hod`dmngj, jrnanmdhj om oi iuadr hjmho umd gjrrnomto ciuvndi hosok`jgd omoi kdr j om um idaj) cjrkdhj pjr oi rnj, oi ajicj so cuo sogdmhj y bdgnd oidôj 46666 dmtos ho muostrd ord, oi Mnij gjkomz÷ um prjgosj ho rohuggn÷m







_mnhdh 4


_mnhdh 4

ho su gduhdi, porkntnomhj hospuîs id rovjiugn÷m mojiëtngd (suranknomtj hoid darnguiturd) pjr ijs sohnkomtjs dgukuidhjs, ijs gudios prjhulorjm ardmcortninhdh d ids tnorrds.

Oanptj ostd`d prjtoanhj pjr drrords mdturdios ho hncëgni dggosj pjr ij quoostd`d prägtngdkomto soaurj y puhj gjmstrunr umd pjiëtngd nmtormd om gnortdkohnhd dpdrtdhd ho nmciuomgnds oxtrdmlords.

Oanptj ostd`d omtjmgos hjknmdhj pjr oi hosnortj y oi vdiio. Ijs oanpgnjshomjknmd`dm di vdiio< eokot, quo snamncngd`d id moard, j id tnorrd moard. Dihosnortj so io homjknmd`d hosborot, os hognr, tnorrd rjld quo ord dromjsd yostîrni, ord gjmsnhordhd um iuadr ho kuorto. Ostd hudinhdh om su omtjrmj

omtro vdiio y hosnortj, di pdrogor nmciuy÷ ids vnsnjmos hudinstds quo tomëdmijs oanpgnjs hoi kumhj (vnhd-kuorto).

Oi hoitd hoi vdiio hoi Mnij os id zjmd käs cîrtni pdrd ijs guitnvjs, gjkj ostäpr÷xnkj di kdr kohntorrämoj, su ginkd os kohntorrämoj. Vjr oi gjmtrdrnjom oi sur, om oi ditj Oanptj oi ginkd os `dstdmto sogj y gdiurjsj, id ümngdbukohdh os id prjvomnomto hoi rëj Mnij. Oi sji gjmstdmto om Oanptj nmciuy÷om su roidgn÷m gjm oi bjk`ro, oi sji ord id omgdrmdgn÷m ho id hnvnmnhdh y

oi quo jradmnzd`d oi jrhom hoi kumhj.

Bor÷hjtj, um arnoaj quo cnaurd omtro ijs pdhros ho id bnstjrnd osgrn`n÷ quoOanptj ord um hjm hoi Mnij y os quo oi rëj Mnij bdgo pdrto hoi grognomtocîrtni, os oi quo bd pjsn`nintdhj id vnhd ho Oanptj. Oi rëj Mnij os umj ho ijskäs idrajs hoi kumhj gjm dprjxnkdhdkomto 3.366 ek. Osto rëj mdgo omoi idaj Sngtjrnd, om Otnjpëd iioad d umd ardm crdmld sogd, porj ijard iioadr dhosok`jgdr om oi kdr Kohntorrämoj ardgnds d umd grognhd dmudi ho`nhjd id gudi so gjmsnhord nkpjrtdmto. Ostd grognhd tomëd iuadr om vordmj y soho`ëd d ids ardmhos prognpntdgnjmos j iiuvnds quo hosho lumnj d soptnok`rogdom sj`ro ids kjmtdôds ho Otnjpëd, ijs rëjs quo so dinkomtd`dm ho tdiosprognpntdgnjmos hosok`jgd`dm om oi Mnij.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



0?6Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3ärod Gnomgnds Wjgndios

Ijs pornjhjs ho id bnstjrnd ho Oanptj dmtnauj so hnvnhom om nkpornj dmtnauj,nkpornj kohnj o nkpornj muovj, gdhd umj gjm um pornjhj nmtorkohnjho trdmsngn÷m. Oi pornjhj dmtnauj hdtd dprjxnkdhdkomto omtro ijs 0.266dôjs d 0.766 dmtos ho muostrd ord. Xdk`nîm ord gjmjgnhj gjkj pornjhjkomcntd, pjrquo ijs cdrdjmos so ostdìognorjm om Komcns. Gdhd pornjhj sohnvnho soaüm ids hnmdstëds quo ajòrmd`dm, dsë pjr olokpij, d osto pornjhjportomogom ids hnmdstëds NNN bdstd ids hnmdstëds hoi prnmgnpnj ho id SN.

Om osto pornjhj so gjmtnmüd id umncngdgn÷m hoi mjrto y oi sur y so gjmstruyomj`rds gjkj pnräknhos y tokpijs, ij quo gjmstntuyo tdk`nîm umd jradmn-zdgn÷m pjiëtngd käs cuorto. Oi cdrd÷m quo ord oi ajòrmdmto d`sjiutj mjord gjmsnhordhj um omvndhj ho hnjs, snmj um hnjs. Ho`nhj d id ardm gjms-truggn÷m ho pnräknhos osto pornjhj tdk`nîm so homjknmd pornjhj ho idspnräknhos. Dsë, pjr olokpij, om ostd îpjgd so gjmstruyom ids pnräknhos hoAnzob< Eojps, Eocrîm y Mngornmjs. Hurdmto id S hnmdstëd sugoho umd rocjrkdroinanjsd quo hospidzd ho su pjhor di cdrd÷m quo so dgoptd gjkj bukdmj,pjr ij quo ijs sdgorhjtos dhqunrnrëdm ardm pjhor. Oi hnjs Pd, hnjs hoi sji,

ajòrmdrëd y sorëd oi ardm sjòrdmj hoi pjhor ho ijs tokpijs.Oi prnkor pornjhj nmtorkohnj vd dprjxnkdhdkomto hoi dôj 0.766 di0.666 dmtos ho muostrd ord. Sd hosho oi cnm ho id hnmdstëd SN bdstd id RN. Woomcdtnzd om oi gdk`nj hoi aj`normj gomtrdi hoi cdrd÷m d aj`normjs ijgdiosho ardm nmciuomgnd roinanjsd, bdy omtjmgos um prjgosj ho hosgomtrdinzdgn÷m y couhdinzdgn÷m ho ijs torrntjrnjs. Dumquo om ostd îpjgd oxnsto umd ardmgdmtnhdh ho toxtjs intordrnjs, ids grnsns sucrnhds pjr oi horrjgdknomtj hoi

0 Vorëjhjs bnst÷rngjs ho Oanptj





pjhor rodi, gjmstntuyom um kjkomtj ho rojradmnzdgn÷m dgjkpdôdhj pjrbdk`rumds y kjkomtjs hncëgnios.

Oi soaumhj porëjhj, oi nkpornj kohnj, so oxtnomho dprjxnkdhdkomto hoi

dôj 0.666 di dôj 4.366 dmtos ho muostrd ord. Om osto pornjhj so hosdrrjiidmid hnmdstëd RN y RNN. Id hnmdstëd RN umo ijs hjs ronmjs oanpgnjs sopdrdhjs omid îpjgd dmtornjr. Id gdpntdi so trdsidhd d id gnuhdh ho Xo`ds y gjknomzdum prjgosj ho gomtrdinzdgn÷m hoi pjhor. Id hnmdstëd RNN trdsidh÷ id gdpntdi dsntnjs u`ngdhjs omtro Komcns y Cdyuk. Oi cdrd÷m Dkomokbdt N gjmstntuy÷ umolîrgntj porkdmomto. Xdk`nîm oi gdk`nj ho îpjgd snamncngd`d um gdk`njroinanjsj. Om osto pornjhj pjr olokpij oi hnjs ho Boin÷pjins< Pd, cuo gdk-`ndhj pjr Jsnrns quo ord omtomhnhj hosho um pumtj ho vnstd käs bukdmj.

Pd homjknmdhj hospuîs Dkjm-Pd gjmtnmudrëd nmciuyomhj di idhj ho Jsnrns,osto üitnkj ords käs gorgdmj di puoìj.

Gjm id hnmdstëd RNN so gjmcjrkd ho kdmord käs gidrd id gnuhdh, quo gjkjbokjs vnstj os umj ho ijs oiokomtjs ho sukd nkpjrtdmgnd om id cjrkdgn÷mho ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos. Gjm id gnuhdh iioad tdk`nîm su bd`ntdmto<oi gnuhdhdmj. Oi gnuhdhdmj tomëd umjs hoòros y horogbjs quo gukpinry hnscrutdr ho dguorhj di torrntjrnj di quo ostd`d nmsgrntj.

Oi soaumhj pornjhj nmtorkohnj so gdrdgtornzd pjr id prosomgnd ho ijs Bng-sjs om Oanptj. Ijs bngsjs cuorjm royos oxtrdmlorjs quo nmvdhnorjm Oanptjy prjgohëdm hoi mjrto ho Dsnd, oiijs pdrogo quo cuorjm umj ho ijs arupjsdrnjs quo nmvdhnorjm oi kohnj jrnomto y drrdsdrjm gjm ijs bntntds, gdsntds,burrns y ijs kntdmjs. Ijs puoìjs sokntds tuvnorjm quo bunr di sur dmto idporsogugn÷m ho ijs drnjs bdgnd Gdmdäm. Id gdpntdi so trdsidhd dirohohjr hoXo`ds. Om osto pornjhj so hd um kjkomtj ho rupturd om id umnhdh hoi pdës,pjr ij quo oi pjhor ajòrmdmto pdsd ho umd hnmdstëd d jtrd. Osto pornjhjvd dprjxnkdhdkomto hosho oi dôj 4126 di dôj 0?26 y portomogom d ostopornjhj ids hnmdstëds RNNN-RSNN. Ho`nhj d ostd rupturd om id umnhdh hoi pdësijs Bnesjs puhnorjm nmvdhnr käs cägnikomto Oanptj, tdk`nîm pjrquo oiijspjsoëdm gd`diijs y gdrrjs ho auorrd quo ordm hosgjmjgnhjs pdrd ijs oanpgnjs.Om tjhj gdsj, ijs royos ho Xo`ds cjrtdiognorjm d ijs oanpgnjs pdrd gjmtrdrros-tdr di nmvdsjr y om id îpjgd hoi cdrd÷m Dbkjsns so trnumc÷ cnmdikomto sj`ro

0?4 Ids prnkords guiturdsy gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4

0?4 Ids prnkords guiturds

y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



ijs nmvdsjros. _mj ho ijs dpjrtos käs snamncngdtnvjs ho ijs Bnesjs cuo bdòrpuostj d Oanptj om gjmtdgtj gjm umd guiturd oxtornjr d oiijs, bdgnomhj quoijs oanpgnjs tuvnordm gjmtdgtj gjm oi kumhj jrnomtdi, puos gjkj so bd`ëdhngbj, hdhj ids gdrdgtorëstngds aojaräcngds ho Oanptj pjhëdm kdmtomorso

bdstd gnortj pumtj dnsidhjs ho sus vognmjs käs gorgdmjs.

Oi snaunomto pornjhj so homjknmd nkpornj muovj y vd dprjxnkdhdkomtohosho oi dôj 4.?7> di dôj 4.61? dmtos ho muostrd ord. Om osto pornjhj sogjmsjinhd ho diaumd kdmord id guiturd oanpgnd om ij pjiëtngj y ij ogjm÷kngj,cuo um pornjhj ho oxpdmsn÷m. Om îsto so omguomtrdm porsjmdinhdhos gjkjXutdmedkjm y Pdksîs NN. Hurdmto ostd îpjgd sugoho oi Îxjhj, oi kjkom-tj om oi quo oi puoìj ho Nsrdoi os oxnindhj ho Oanptj ardgnds d Kjnsîs. Id

guiturd Jggnhomtdi os kuy nmciunhd pjr id guiturd Jrnomtdi. Id oxpdmsn÷mnkporndi ho Oanptj bnzj quo osto so gjmvnrtnord om umj ho ijs puoìjs gjmkäs nmciuomgnd om oi Vr÷xnkj j Gorgdmj jrnomto y om oi Kohntorrämoj Jrnom-tdi. Di Nkpornj kohnj gjrrospjmhom ids hnmdstëds RSNNN d RR. Gjkj os umdîpjgd ho oxpdmsn÷m prnkd umd pjiëtngd vjigdhd bdgnd ij nmtormdgnjmdi, oicumhdhjr hoi iidkdhj vorhdhorj nkpornj oanpgnj cuo Dbkjsns N.

Om oi torgor pornjhj nmtorkohnj quo vd hosho oi dôj 461? di dôj 3?6 dmtos

ho muostrd ord, Oanptj, oi vdiio hoi Mnij omtrd omum kjkomtj ho hnvnsn÷m o nmostd`ninhdh. Omoi ditj Oanptj oi olo gomtrdi sorëd Xo`ds. Omoi `dlj Oanptj id gdpntdi sorëd Xdmns. Omosto pornjhj sjij id hnmdstëd Wdntd puhjkdmtomor kohndmdkomto id umnhdh.Omtro oi dôj 337 y oi dôj 777 dmtosho muostrd ord, oi nkpornj Oanptj iio-ad d su cnmdi, osto gdo dlj oi puoìjquo horrjgdrëd tdk`nîm Kosjpj-tdknd< ijs porsds. Cnmdikomto gjmid gjmqunstd ho Dioldmhrj Kdamj,Oanptj quohd nmgiunhj om id guiturdkohntorrämod. Osto sorëd oi cnmdi hoiOanptj Dmtnauj.


Käsgdrd hoi drd÷m Xutdmedk÷m.





C j t j s t j k d h d s h

o Q n e n p o h n d


Ijs osgrn`ds portomogëdm d id îinto5 ovdiud`dm ijsnkpuostjs, kdmtomëdm ijs roanstrjs gjmtdìos y ordm

rospjmsdìos ho id dhknmnstrdgn÷m ho ids admdmgnds


_mnhdh 4

Vdrd trd`dldr ijs dspogtjs ogjm÷kngjs,

pjiëtngj y guiturdi ho Oanptj vdkjs d

tjkdr gjkj olokpij oi pornjhj hoi Nk-

pornj muovj, pjr sor umd ho ids îpjgds

ho oxpdmsn÷m nkporndi. Pogjrhokjs

quo ijs nkpornjs gjmstntuyom um cjgj

nkpjrtdmto di ostuhndr ids prnkords gnvn-

inzdgnjmos. _m Nkpornj gjijmndi gjkj oiho Oanptj nkpingd`d ardmhos admdmgnds,

roguîrhoso quo gjijmnzdr um puoìj

nkpingd hostrunr tjhds sus cjrkds j

dhdptdrids d umds muovds pjr kohnj ho

id cuorzd. Oanptj ho ostd kdmord j`to-

mëd kugbds vomtdlds ogjm÷kngds ho ids

gjijmnds quo jstomtd`d, aomordikomto

ijs puoìjs gjijmnzdhjs ho`ëdm pdadr

trnùtjs ijs gudios omrnquogëdm di giorj

y d id gjrto5 oi Ostdhj y id Naiosnd so bdm

poiodhj y gjkpdrtnhj ids admdmgnds ho

nmvdhnr d jtrjs om gdsn tjhjs ijs nkpo-

rnjs. Om Oanptj ids gidsos `dlds tdk`nîmtuvnorjm um dsgomsj om gudmtj di pjhor

ho gjkprd, ostj snamncng÷ um gdk`nj om

ijs kjhjs ho sor, om ids prägtngds ho

vnhd gjtnhndmd ho ijs oanpgnjs.

7 Dspogtjs ogjm÷kngjs ho Oanptj


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4




Wdrg÷dajs ho drdjmos oanpgnjs.

Om Oanptj ijs prjgosjs ho id ogjmjkëd kdmucdgturord, di naudi quo om tjhdsids guiturds, hopomhom ho ids kdtornds prnkds omgjmtrdhds om id mdturdiozd. Idhnmäkngd ho ostd nmhustrnd drtosdmdi j kdmucdgturord hopomho om pdrto ho id

hokdmhd ho prjhugtjs y om Oanptj ids gidsos ditds ordm ids quo dhqunrëdm ijsprjhugtjs drtosdmdios y drtëstngjs.

_mj ho ijs sogtjros ogjm÷kngjs nkpjrtdmtos ho id ogjmjkëd ho Oanptj os oi sogtjrho ijs toxtnios, om îsto oi kdmolj ho ijs toidros ostd`d d gdraj ho ids kuloros. Oiinmj ord oi toxtni käs dprogndhj y ord usdhj sj`ro tjhj pjr ids gidsos ditds lumtjgjm ids pnoios ho dmnkdios, pjr olokpij, ho iojpdrhj. Jtrj kdtorndi usdhj omids promhds ho vostnr ord oi diajh÷m. Oi sogtjr ho id kdhord tuvj um ardm hosd-

rrjiij5 snm ok`draj, hdhj quo Oanptj mj gjmtd`d gjm `uomds kdhords ho`n÷nkpjrtdrids hosho oi oxtrdmlorj. Vjr oi gjmtrdrnj, oi pdës hoi Mnij gjmtd`d gjm`uomjs rogursjs pdrd id goräkngd gjkj drgniids, rjgds gdinzds y drrjs. Om gudmtjdi sogtjr kotdiürangj ord um sogtjr kuy dprogndhj rospogtj d id oid`jrdgn÷mho ljyds, kotdios prognjsjs, jrj y pidtd. Ijs trd`dldhjros ho id kotdiurand ordmdprogndhjs tdk`nîm pjr id oid`jrdgn÷m ho nmstrukomtjs pdrd id auorrd.





8 Dspogtjs guiturdios ho Oanptj

_m porëjhj ho oxpdmsn÷m os um pornjhj ho duao pdrd ijs ajòrmdmtos, om osto gdsj,

ijs cdrdjmos. Om Oanptj ijs cdrdjmos, so groëd, tomëdm umd prjgohomgnd hnvnmd, pjrosj om id kjmdrquëd oi guitj roinanjsj lua÷ um pdpoi nkpjrtdmto. Wo hogëd quo oicdrd÷m ord omaomhrdhj pjr oi hnjs Dk÷m. Dsë, gudmhj oi cdrd÷m omaomhrd`d um bnljso adrdmtnzd`d quo osto tuvnord hosgomhomgnd y gdrägtor hnvnmj. Hdhd id nkpjrtdmgndquo tomëd oi Wji om Oanptj oi sjòrdmj so roidgnjmd`d snokpro gjm id hnvnmnhdh sjidr5om Komcns quohd`d oi ardm gomtrj hoi guitj di sji, pjr oiij kugbjs ajòrmdmtosnmstdid`dm sus gomtrjs ho pjhor diië j om roanjmos gorgdmds.

Om îpjgds ho oxpdmsn÷m, sj`ro tjhj, oi sjòrdmj ord vnstj gjkj um auorrorj y dsë so roprosomtd`d om ids j`rds drtëstngds, om oiids dpdrogo gjm umd ardm cnaurd dtiîtngd,gjkj um bîrjo pjhorjsj gjm rdsajs hnvnmjsj sj`romdturdios. Xdk`nîm oi ajòrmdmtoord tomnhj pjr um gd`diiorj, pjr ij quo soroidgnjmd`d id nkdaom ho um gd`diij gjm oisjòrdmj.

Ijs oanpgnjs cuorjm um puoìj om oi gudi idkuorto lua÷ um pdpoi nkpjrtdmto, ids pnrä-knhos ordm ardmhos tuk`ds quo diòrad`dmoi guorpj sj`ro tjhj ho ijs cdrdjmos. Om ao-mordi ijs oanpgnjs usd`dm tîgmngds ho kjkn-cngdgn÷m j ok`disdknomtjpdrd gjmsorvdr oiguorpj, puos so groëd quo Jsnrns lumtj gjmkugbds hnvnmnhdhos rodinzd`d um lungnj dicnmdi ho id kuorto, pjr osj tdk`nîm gjkjgroëdm om id vnhd hospuîs ho id kuorto,gunhd`dm ho dgtudr nom pdrd quo puhnordmajzdr ho uomd vnhd om oi käs diiä. Vdrd ijsoanpgnjs ordm nkpjrtdmtos ids cnaurds ho ijsdmnkdios, tdmtj dsë, quo diaumjs hnjsos ordmroprosomtdhjs gjm gdòzds ho dmnkdios<adtjs, sorpnomtos, osgdrd`dljs, ùoyos.

0?? Ids prnkords guiturds

y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Ids hnmäkngds sjgndios ho Oanptj ostd`dm roidgnjmdhds gjm oi pjhor quo soio jtjrad`d di cdrd÷m, om tdmtj quo omvndhj ho hnjs. Gjkj so pomsd`d quooi cdrd÷m ord omvndhj ho hnjs, ijs oanpgnjs kjstrd`dm ardm suknsn÷m d idsnmstntugnjmos gjkj oi aj`normj y oi giorj. Id pjtostdh ho ijs cdrdjmos ordtrdskntnhd y rosaudrhdhd pjr ijs osgrn`ds, îstjs ordm tîgmngjs om oi kdmolj hoid osgrnturd, pjr ij quo tdk`nîm iiovd`dm id gjmtd`ninhdh. Om Oanptj ids gidsosprnvnioandhds ordm ijs osgrn`ds, oi giorj y id mjìozd quo ord prjpnotdrnd hotnorrds. Ostjs ajzd`dm ho rnquozds y ho id pjsn`ninhdh ho dgukuidr, knomtrdsquo ijs gdkposnmjs quohd`dm inkntdhjs ogjm÷kngdkomto di tomor quo hdr

umd pdrto ho id gjsogbd di cdrd÷m, jtrd pdrto d ijs prjpnotdrnjs ho id tnorrd yjtrd pdrto d ijs tokpijs.

Oxnstëd umd gidso ho drtosdmjs quo ajzd`dm roidtnvdkomto ho diaumd inòr-tdh di trd`dldr pdrd oi cdrd÷m, id gidso ho ijs korgdhoros gjkj yd so bd`ëdkomgnjmdhj dmtos dhqunrn÷ tdk`nîm inòrtdh y id pjsn`ninhdh ho dgukuidrhnmorj pjr ij quo so gjmvnrtnorjm om prostdknstds. Om tjhj gdsj roguîrhosoquo Oanptj ostuvj, ho`nhj d sus crjmtords mdturdios, dnsidhj ho diaumd kdmord

ho su kumhj gnrgumhdmto, pjr ij quo tdk`nîm ids roidgnjmos ho gjkorgnjnmtormdgnjmdi cuorjm rohugnhds. Oxnstëd id gidso ho ijs osgidvjs prjhugtj hoprnsnjmorjs ho auorrd y tdk`nîm hoi träcngj ho porsjmds, snm id cuorzd ho trd-`dlj ho ijs osgidvjs, Oanptj y ids ardmhos gnvninzdgnjmos mj bu`nordm tomnhj idnmcrdostrugturd quo tomëdm (pnräknhos anadmtosgds, gdmdios ho rnoaj, ardmhosguitnvjs). Düm om id dgtudinhdh oxnsto oi träcngj ho porsjmds y om diaumjs iu-adros hoi kumhj gjkj Gbnmd oxnstom osgidvjs, aomto snm mnmaüm horogbj yoxpijtdhjs bdstd id kuorto.

? Dspogtjs sjgndios ho Oanptj





3 Dspogtjs pjiëtngjs ho Oanptj

Oi sjòrdmj ord um hîspjtd, os hognr, tomëd pjhor d`sj-iutj sj`ro sus hjknmnjs. Îsto pdrd ajòrmdr tomëd tjhdumd ostrugturd jradmnzdtnvd, quo sn `nom tomëd su gomtrjom îi, ijs osgrn`ds luad`dm um pdpoi kuy nkpjrtdmto. Iddhknmnstrdgn÷m ostd`d gjkpuostd pjr ijs gjrtosdmjs,ijs sogrotdrnjs, ijs osgrn`ds y ijs drtosdmjs, di auëd ho iddhknmnstrdgn÷m so io homjknmd`d vnsnr qunom dhknmnstrd`dd mjk`ro hoi sjòrdmj. Di vnsnr io gjrrospjmhëd nkpdrtnr lustngnd y vnanidr quo so gukpinordm ids ioyos. Oi vnsnr tnomo`dlj su gjmtrji id gnuhdh rodi gjm su pdidgnj. Oi vnsnr ytjhd id dhknmnstrdgn÷m ho`ëdm tomor om guomtd ids mogosn-hdhos y dvdtdros quo so prosomtdrdm, pjr olokpij, gjm idgrognhd dmudi hoi rëj ids tnorrds so nmumhd`dm y gudmhj oimnvoi hoi rëj Mnij `dld`d ids tnorrds ho`ëdm rohnstrnùnrso.

Ijs oanpgnjs voëdm osto com÷komj gjkj um romdgor gdusdhj pjr ijs hnjsos, pjrij quo groëdm quo om oiijs tdk`nîm so hdrëd hngbj romdgor, os hognr, umd vnhdhospuîs ho id kuorto. Om Oanptj oxnstëdm tdk`nîm umjs Gjmsoljs iidkdhjsEomoòt, ostjs gjmsoljs so omgdrad`dm ho rosjivor ijs gjmcingtjs omtro idsaomtos. Vjr jtrj idhj, ijs tokpijs om Oanptj gukpiëdm oi pdpoi ho trdskntnr umdsnhods j nhojijaëd sj`ro id vnhd y ids kdmords om ids quo so ho`ëdm gjkpjrtdrijs oanpgnjs. Omtro ijs tokpijs käs nkpjrtdmtos ostäm oi ho Dk÷m u`ngdhj omXo`ds, oi ho Vtdb u`ngdhj om Komcns y oi hoi hnjs Pd quo quohd`d om Boinjpjins.

Om id îpjgd hoi Nkpornj muovj id pjiëtngd nkporndinstd trdorëd um nkpjrtdmtonmarosj ho rogursjs, puos ijs pdësos sjkotnhjs ho`ëdm pdadr trnùtjs. Idsauorrds okpromhnhds pjr ijs oanpgnjs tomëdm um ardm tnmto roinanjsj, so groëdquo oi hnjs Dk÷m prjpngnd`d tjhds ids vngtjrnds. Oi gjmgoptj ho sjòrdmjom Oanptj ostd`d inadhj gjm id dutjrnhdh umnvorsdi, os hognr, quo gjkj oicdrd÷m ord omvndhj ho hnjs, ho`ëd oxpdmhnr oi ronmj pjr tjhj oi kumhj. Dposdr ho quo id auorrd gjmstntuy÷ umd nkpjrtdmto okprosd, Oanptj ord um pdësprnmgnpdikomto gdkposnmj. Id pjiëtngd nkporndi snamncng÷ oi sjkotnknomtj hokugbjs puoìjs y su hopomhomgnd ho Oanptj.


_mnhdh 4


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Gdrdgtorëstngds ogjm÷kngdsPoan÷m

Aomordinhdhos ho Äcrngd

Ostd zjmd gjkpromho id pdrto mjrto ho Äcrngd quo so omcromtd d Ospdôd.Gjkpromho ijs pdësos ho Draoind, Xümoz y Kdrruogjs.

Darnguiturd< ho su`snstomgnd (Snh, jinvj, gëtrngjs y hätnios).Admdhorëd< grëd pdstjrni ho jvolds, gd`rds, diaumjs `jvnmjs y gdkoiijs.Vosgd< om ids gjstds.Knmorëd< nkpjrtdmtos ydgnknomtjs ho bnorrj, kdmadmosj, gnmg, gj`ditj y cjscdtjs. Dhokäs, urdmnj, pidtnmj, hndkdmtos y kärkjios.Nmhustrnds< darëgjid, potrjquëkngd, snhorürangd y toxtni, dumquo sjm pjgds. Sëds cîrrods< omtro Gdsdìdmgd y Xümoz y trdmspjrto dîroj bdgnd Ourjpd.

Ostd oxtomsd zjmd so omguomtrd gdsn om su tjtdinhdh jgupdhd pjr oi hosnortj.

W÷ij ho hostdgd id dgtnvnhdh prnkdrnd om oi vdiio hoi Mnij. Darnguiturd< om ijs jdsns hoi hosnortj y om oi Sdiio hoi Mnij (diajh÷m y drrjz,kdëz, trnaj, knlj, gdôd ho dzügdr y sîsdkj).Admdhorëd< dùmhdmto grëd ho `jvnmjs, dsmjs y gd`diijs om Oanptj y gd`rds,jvolds y gdkoiijs om oi rostj hoi ärod.Knmorëd< gjm dstdmto oxpijtdgn÷m ho bnorrj, cjscdtjs y potr÷ioj, ospogndikomtoom In`nd y Oanptj.Nmhustrnds< om Oanptj gorgd ho id roprosd bnhrjoiîgtrngd ho Dssuäm (prjhugtjstoxtnios, td`dgdiorjs, dinkomtngnjs, kotdiürangjs y pdrd id gjmstruggn÷m).

Xrdmspjrto< so rodinzd d trdvîs hoi rëj Mnij y gdknmjs bdgnd oi kdr Kohntorrämoj.

Ardmhos soivds y rnquozd knmord. Darnguiturd< om ijs pjgjs torromjs quo porkntom ids soivds so guitnvd gdgdj, gdcîy kdmë pdrd oxpjrtdgn÷m. Ijs guitnvjs ho kdmhnjgd, kdëz, knlj y ioauk`ros soutninzdm pdrd dinkomtdgn÷m.Admdhorëd< m÷kdhd (hjmho puohdm pdstdr ijs dmnkdios), jvolds y gd`rds.Vosgd< om id gjstd y ijs rëjs.Oxpijtdgn÷m cjrostdi (kdhords)< gdugbj, pdikords y är`jios ho kdhords cnmds.

Knmorëd< om ostd ärod so omguomtrdm ijs ydgnknomtjs ho hndkdmtos, urdmnj yrdhnj käs nkpjrtdmtos hoi kumhj. Xdk`nîm so oxpijtd oi bnorrj, duxntd, gj`ro,gnmg y jtrjs kotdios.Nmhustrnds< prjhugtjs dinkomtngnjs y toxtnios, pjgj hosdrrjiidhds.Xrdmspjrto< osgdsj.

Poan÷mhoi Dtids

Poan÷mhoi Wdbdrd

Poan÷mGomtrdi

Poan÷mJrnomtdi

Wo gdrdgtornzd pjr sus oiovdhds diturds om id zjmd ho id Ardm Crdgturd. Os umd hoids zjmds käs pjìdhds hoi gjmtnmomto y pjgj hosdrrjiij ogjm÷kngj.





Gdrdgtorëstngds ogjm÷kngds

Darnguiturd< ho su`snstomgnd (diajh÷m, gdcî, diaumjs gorodios, dmdmd,dmdmä y gidvj ho jijr).Admdhorëd< oxtomsnvd (vdgds, gd`rds, jvolds, dsmjs y gd`diijs).

Vosgd< osgdsd.Knmorëd< snm oxpijtdr, so omguomtrdm ydgnknomtjs ho bnorrj, gj`ro,pijkj y hndkdmtos.Nmhustrnd< dinkomtjs y toxtnios.Xrdmspjrto< osgdsj.Ardm hosdrrjiij nmhustrndi ho`nhj d id gjijmnzdgn÷m ourjpod quo togmncn-g÷ ids nmhustrnds pdrd oxpijtdr ijs rogursjs, prnmgnpdikomto om Wuhäcrngd,kohndmto id hoardhdgn÷m y dùsj ho id pjìdgn÷m moard.

Poan÷m

Darnguiturd< guitnvjs ho kdëz, trnaj, pdpd, gdôd ho dzügdr, td`dgj ykdmë. Id togmncngdgn÷m os vdrndhd.Admdhorëd< oxtomsnvd om su kdyjr pdrto, dumquo om Wuhäcrngd so prdg-tngd tdk`nîm om cjrkd nmtomsnvd id grëd ho jvnmjs, `jvnmjs y pjrgnmjs.Vosgd< nkpjrtdmto nmhustrnd posquord.Knmorëd< prnmgnpdi dgtnvnhdh (oxtrdggn÷m ho jrj, hndkdmtos, dmtnkjmnj,bnorrj y jtrjs kotdios).Nmhustrnd< pidmtds ho prjhuggn÷m ho dgorj, nmhustrnds mdvdios, toxtnios,dinkomtngnds.

Xrdmspjrto< oxgoiomtos kohnjs torrostros, kdrëtnkjs y dîrojs.

Poan÷mKornhnjmdi

Poan÷mJrnomtdi

4. Bdad um gudhrj sëmtosns hoi hosdrrjiij hoi nkpornj oanpgnj. Poguorho ijs

dspogtjs ogjm÷kngjs, sjgndios y pjiëtngjs, omtro jtrjs.

0. Pocioxnjmo gjm sus gjkpdôorjs om suàrupjs< ºVjr quî Äcrngd tnomo pjìd-

gnjmos tdm pj`ros, om gjmtrdsto gjm su ardm rnquozd knmord:

?

0?> Ids prnkords guiturds

y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Wosn÷m 3

Id gnvninzdgn÷m Gbnmd

Di naudi quo ids dmtornjros gnvninzdgnjmos bnhräuingds, osnkpjrtdmto tdk`nîm pdrd id gjkpromsn÷m ho Gbnmd, id

j`sorvdgn÷m ho id nmciuomgnd ciuvndi nmgnhomto om ijs hosd-rrjiijs sjgndios, aojaräcngjs, dhknmnstrdtnvjs y ogjm÷kngjsquo id gdrdgtornzdm. Id roidgn÷m gjm ijs rëjs nmciuy÷ om idgjmgopgn÷m hoi kumhj, id roidgn÷m gjm id mdturdiozd yijs dspogtjs sjgndios y cdknindros.


Oi ospdgnj aojaräcngj om oi quo so ostdìogo oi torrntjrnj quo gjmjgokjs gjkj Gbn-md ij omgjmtrdkjs om ids ostrn`dgnjmos hoi rëj Bjdma Bj j tjrromto dkdrniij. Ostomjk`ro so io dtrnùyo ho`nhj di ijhj diuvndi quo gdrad`d su guorpj ciuvndi ho gjijrdkdrniij. Di naudi quo ijs rëjs hoi rohohjr gjkj oi Butuj, oi Xdj j Qon, oi Bjdma Bjrnoad y cjrkdm id `dso hoi hosdrrjiij ho roadhëjs hoi torrntjrnj jgdsnjmdmhj id prj-huggn÷m ho ids snok`rds. Gjrhniiords y kosotds gjkj oi Xëòt, Kjmajind, oi hosnortjho Aj`n so gjmstntuyorjm gjkj ids prnmgnpdios `drrords mdturdios pdrd id gjmoxn÷mhoi kumhj oxtornjr gjkj ho naudi kdmord ijs bd`ntdmtos ho ids roanjmos hosjidhdsquo j`stdguinzd`dm tdk`nîm ijs gjmtdgtjs. Oi suoij grod oi idzj ho ids darupdgnjmosgdkposnmds quo rospjmhom d ids ospogncngnhdhos ho su omtjrmj bdgnîmhjids hnvorsdsom tjhj oi torrntjrnj gbnmj. Oi nkpornj Gbnmj oxnstn÷ hosho 4.>44 dmtos ho muostrdord, oxtomhnîmhjso pjr hjmho gjrro oi Pnj dma- Xsî Endma bdgnd oi mjrto gjkj bdgnd

oi sur omtro ginkd gäinhj, voaotdgn÷m vorho y suoij bükohj.

4 Dspogtjs aojaräcngjs ho Gbnmd





Id ogjmjkëd so hosdrrjiid`d om tjrmj d id prjhuggn÷m dardrnd gjm gjsogbds

ho trnaj, knlj, k÷mord, gorodios y oi ausdmj ho sohd. Woaüm id tojrëd ho Gjm-cugnj, quo käs quo umd iëmod roinanjsd grod umd hjgtrnmd ho vdijros îtngjs,oxnstëdm gnmgj roidgnjmos sdgrj sdmtds omtro aj`ormdmtos y roinanjsjs, pdhroo bnlj, kdrnhj y kulor, borkdmjs kdyjros y komjros, y omtro dknajs quoordm ids ümngds ho naudi d naudi. Ostds roidgnjmos gjmhngnjmdm ids roidgnjmosho prjhuggn÷m y hdm pdsj d ids hnstnmgnjmos omtro arupjs. Id cumhngn÷m hokotdi cuo nkpjrtdmto y so omgjmtrd`d d gdraj hoi Ostdhj. Ids rutds ho id sohdomtro oi anadmto dsnätngj y Ourjpd pjr ids gudios bdm gnrguidhj oi gjkorgnj,

gjmhngnjmdm tdk`nîm id auorrd y ids nhods.

0 Dspogtjs ogjm÷kngjs ho Gbnmd

Kdpd ho ids rutds ho id sohd om oi snaij N



y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Id guiturd so jradmnzd`d om hnmdstëds

j cdkninds ronmdmtos gjkj ijs Wbdma,Gbju, Gb‒nm y Bdm, nmciuyomtos om idostrugturdgn÷m sjgndi cjrkdhd pjr coho-rdgnjmos ho soôjrëjs y prnmgnpdhjs gjmsoôjros auorrorjs. Om ids gjkumnhdhosdarëgjids gjkj kuostrd ho id gdpdgn-hdh ho hosdrrjiij prjpnj `dsdhd om idsupornjrnhdh gjm roidgn÷m d jtrds gjku-

mnhdhos. Id vnhd darëgjid d`rëd pdsj d idgjmgopgn÷m ho id vnhd ho roinanjsnhdh `dsdhd om ids cuorzds mdturdios y ijsdmtopdsdhjs, quo vdm cjrkdmhj gdhdrodinhdh nmkohndtd ho ids gjkumnhdhos.

Xomnomhj om guomtd quo id ur`dmnzdgn÷mmj ord tdm dkpind gjkj id gjmjgokjs

dbjrd, ijs dsomtdknomtjs so prosomtd`dmkäs hnsporsjs porj snokpro nmguigdmhj supjhorëj bdgnd id umncngdgn÷m, puos id dsoho tjhd sjgnohdh ord oi mügioj cdknindr y

7 Dspogtjs guiturdios ho Gbnmd

om oi mügioj cdknindr id dso ord oi nmhnvnhuj. Om oi grognknomtj ho îsto rdhngd-`d tjhd id prjarosn÷m hosho homtrj bdgnd dcuord gjmstntuyomhj tjhd id oscordquo omkdrgd d ijs sulotjs om id vnhd om gjkumnhdh gjm ijs hokäs y gjm îi.

Wnaunomhj id cnijsjcëd ho Gjmcugnj «oi cnm hoi bjk`ro os id gjmvnvomgnd omsjgnohdhµ y «mj bdads d mdhno ij quo mj qunoros quo to bdadmµ, quohd umioadhj om tjhd id guiturd Gbnmd omkdrgdhd om id prjarosn÷m om umnhdh5 yom id gjmcnaurdgn÷m hoi knskj gdk`nj so cumh÷ um snstokd gnvni, puos supomsdknomtj kdrg÷ ijs pdsjs ho ijs ostuhnjs gbnmjs hurdmto kugbjs snaijs.Om Gbnmd ids pdid`rds sjm snamjs j nhojardkds, ostds pdid`rds hosgrn`omsjij nkäaomos, pjr olokpij< En ; kjmtdôd poidhd, Edma kjmtdôd pnguhd ygjkpromho käs ho 86.666 gdrdgtoros.





8 Dspogtjs Vjiëtngjs ho Gbnmd

Cjtj tjkdhd ho Qnenpohnd Ijs Gbju gjmqunstdrjm d ijs Wbdma ho-`nhj d id dutjmjkëd pjiëtngd quo tomëdm`dlj id boaokjmëd Wbdma om ids trnùs omquo so jradmnzd`dm, porj ostd hnmdstëd mjumncng÷ oi pdës quo so bdiid`d hnsporsj y dpdrtnr hoi 114-004 dmtos ho muostrd ord,so hosdt÷ umd iugbd omtro ijs prnmgnpdhjsquo so iidk÷ oi pornjhj ho ijs ronmdhjs

gjk`dtnomtos. Vorj tjhd îpjgd ho auorrdtrdo gjmsnaj um pornjhj ho niuknmdgn÷m yom gbnmd so hnj id ho ijs nmtoiogtudios. Idhnmdstëd Gb‒nm (004-063 d. ho g.) pjr id gudigbnmd tnomo osto mjk`ro hnj d su suoij oiprnkor okpordhjr Wbn Budma tn, oi gudijradmnz÷ oi pdës om prjvnmgnds ajòrmdhdspjr locos, nmngn÷ id gjmstruggn÷m ho id ardm

kurdiid y oxtomhn÷ oi nkpornj bdgnd oi sur5gjm id iioadhd ho id hnmdstëd Bdm (063 d. hog. -006h. ho g.) so gjmsjinh÷ id oxpdmsn÷mhoi nkpornj y su rîankom gomtrdinzdhj ydhknmnstrdtnvj oi gudi gjmsorv÷ Gbnmd bdstdprnmgnpnj hoi snaij RR.

Oi okpordhjr, oioanhj hoi gnoij, sorä horrjgdhj sn ids gjsds om tjrmj d su

kdmhdtj sdiom kdi, puos mj os korogohjr hoi hosnamnj hnvnmj ho ajòrmdr,omtjmgos sorëd horrjgdhj pjr oi knskj puoìj. Id ostrdtncngdgn÷m pnrdknhdiho id sjgnohdh ostä nmtoardhd pjr ijs knok`rjs ho id gjrto, ijs jcngndios y prjpnotdrnjs ho tnorrd, io snauom ijs kdmhdrnmos j iotrdhjs y hnrnaomtos,gjmtnmüdm om id osgdid ijs drtosdmjs y gjkorgndmtos pdrd dgd`dr om ijsosgidvjs quo ordm prnsnjmorjs ho auorrd u bjk`ros quo vomhëdm su inòrtdhj ordm vomhnhjs pjr sus pdhros pdrd sdihdr houhds.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Pogjrhokjs quo id gnvninzdgn÷m Wbdma cuo id prnkord gnvninzdgn÷m Gbnmd,ostd gnvninzdgn÷m quo ord gjmsnhordhd gjkj umd vorhdhord hnmdstëd oxnstn÷hosho oi dôj 4.2?6 di dôj 4.466 dprjxnkdhdkomto, dmtos ho muostrd ord.Id gnvninzdgn÷m Wbdma so hosdrrjii÷ ho kdmord roidtnvdkomto dut÷mjkd. Ostdgnvninzdgn÷m rogn`n÷ osto mjk`ro pjr id hnmdstëd ho royos quo ajòrmd`d omostd îpjgd y om oiid so omgjmtrd`d um ditj ardhj ho hosnaudihdh sjgndi,umd cuorto ospogndinzdgn÷m drtosdmdi, ardmhos pdidgnjs y oi hosdrrjiij ho idkotdiürangd hoi `rjmgo.

Oi hjknmnj om Gbnmd ord olorgnhj gjkj om id kdyjrëd ho ids gnvninzdgnjmospjr id nhojijaëd, umd nhojijaëd os um gjmlumtj ho pomsdknomtjs o nhods quoauëdm id vnhd kdtorndi ho umd sjgnohdh. _md ho ids prnmgnpdios nhojijaëdspjiëtngds y roinanjsds ho Gbnmd cuo oi gjmcugndmnskj, dhokäs, tdk`nîm sohosdrrjiidrjm jtrjs snstokds ho pomsdknomtj gjkj oi tdj. Oi gjmcugndmns-kj olorgëd um cuorto pjhor sjgndi, hdhj quo Gjmcugnj gjmsnhord`d quo idkjrdinhdh käs oiovdhd ord oi jrhom sjgndi, hogëd quo oi ümngj jrhom hoi

gjskjs om oi gudi pjhokjs pdrtngnpdr ord oi jrhom sjgndi.

Id hnmdstëd Wbdma ord ajòrmdhd pjr umd gidso ho drnst÷grdtds quo so boro-hd`dm oi pjhor. Ostd gnvninzdgn÷m Gbnmd ord ditdkomto dardrnd y ostd`d hnvnhnhdprnmgnpdikomto om hjs gidsos sjgndios< id mjìozd y ijs pioòyjs, oxnstëd umsdgorhjto roy quo ord oi auëd ospnrntudi y pjiëtngj. Sokjs dgä tdk`nîm gjkjoi pjhor roinanjsj bd ostdhj kuy inadhj gjm oi pjhor pjiëtngj, d posdr ho ijsoguidr (idngj) hoi pomsdknomtj ho Gjmcugnj. Ostj ij vnsiuk`rdrokjs käs

dhoidmto gudmhj vodkjs um dpdrtdhj ho id bnstjrnd ho Gjijk`nd om oi gudiso soôdid um pdgtj omtro id naiosnd y oi Ostdhj pdrd ajòrmdr< oi Gjmgjrhdtj.

Bjy Gbnmd os umj ho ijs pdësos käs pjhorjsjs hoi kumhj, guomtd gjmomoraëd mugiodr, nmhustrnd dorjospdgndi y ardmhos dvdmgos togmji÷angjs, dsë gjkj rogursjs pdrd kjstrdrio di kumhj ovomtjs ho ardm kdamntuh gjkjijs luoajs jiëkpngjs quo tjhjs puhnkjs vor pjr toiovnsn÷m, ostjs ardmhos

Ijs Wbdma< prnkord gnvninzdgn÷m Gbnmd





rogursjs ijs bd gjmsoaunhj di gjmvortnrso om umj ho ijs prnmgnpdios cd`rngdmtosho prjhugtjs ho gjmsukj, om su torrntjrnj guomtd gjm sohos ho ids prnmgnpdiosy käs ardmhos okprosds gdpntdinstds ho tjhj oi kumhj, poso d quo su snstokdpjiëtngj os gjmsnhordhj sjgndinstd j gjkumnstd

_mj ho ijs cdgtjros quo käs bd nmgnhnhj pdrd quo Gbnmd so gjmvnortd om id ardmcd`rngd y d`dstogohjr ho prjhugtjs torknmdhjs ho tjhj tnpj, os ij `dlj ho ijssdidrnjs quo so io pdadm d sus okpiodhjs, rdz÷m pjr id gudi os nkpjrtdmto dmd-inzdr sn oi prjarosj ogjm÷kngj ho Gbnmd, sn so ostd roprosomtdmhj umd koljrdom id gdinhdh ho vnhd ho sus bd`ntdmtos.

Gjmcjrkom gudtrj su`arupjs ho dguorhj d ids nmhngdgnjmos hoi hjgomto.Gdhd umj vd d ioor sj`ro umj ho ijs dspogtjs ho Gbnmd quo so omguomtrdm omoi in`rj (aojaräcngjs, ogjm÷kngjs, pjiëtngjs y guiturdios) y propdrdrä umd oxpj-

sngn÷m pdrd prosomtärsoid di gursj.


Auorrorjs ho torrdgjtd.

4

Bdgbd ho `rjmgo ho `dtdiid


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Ardmhos dpjrtos ho id guiturd Gbnmd d id bukdmnhdh

Id sohd y id pjrgoidmd

Ijs gbnmjs bd`rëdm okpozdhj d cd`rngdrsohd om oi 0166 d. ho G., d pdrtnr hoiguitnvj ho ijs ausdmjs (sorngnguiturd). Idpjrgoidmd so hosdrrjii÷ hurdmto id hn-

mdstëd Wbdma (4133-4601 d. ho G.), porjdigdmz÷ tjhd su rocnmdgn÷m gjm ijs Knma(4732-4388 h.G.).

Id tnmtd, oi pdpoi y id nkpromtd

Id tnmtd bd`rëd snhj nmvomtdhd om Gbnmd bdgo umjs 8.?66 dôjs. Ids prnkordsostd`dm bogbds ho id umn÷m ho um pnakomtj (moarj ho bukj), gjid y jtrdssustdmgnds.

Oi pdpoi cuo hosdrrjiidhj pjr ijs Bdm (060 d. ho G.-006 h.G.) y gjmsnstëd omumd kozgid ho gjrtozd ho är`ji, cn`rds ho `dk`ü y daud. Ostjs dvdmgos cuorjmgjkpiokomtdhjs gjm id grodgn÷m ho id nkpromtd. Ijs tnpjs k÷vnios ho kdhordcuorjm nmvomtdhjs om id hnmdstëd Wjma (>36-401> h.G.).

Iod oi toxtj ’Ardmhos dpjrtos ho id guiturd gbnmd d id bukdmnhdh‛,quo dpdrogo d`dlj. Iuoaj, om su`arupjs, bdadm umd rocioxn÷m sj`roids rdzjmos pjr ids gudios ijs gbnmjs bdm bogbj tdm nkpjrtdmtos hos-gu`rnknomtjs. Pocioxnjmom<

ºTuî bdgo quo um puo`ij j mdgn÷m hosgu`rd o nmvomto gjsds y jtrjsmumgd ij bdadm:

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V÷ivjrd

Om id hnmdstëd Bdm, ijs diqunknstds id

hosdrrjiidrjm kozgidmhj sdintro, gdr`÷mvoaotdi y jtrjs oiokomtjs. Ijs gbnmjsutninzdrjm id p÷ivjrd, om um prnmgnpnj,pdrd cd`rngdr cuoajs drtncngndios, porjiuoaj ijs Wjma grodrjm gjm oiid drkds

Id `rüluid y oi snsk÷ardcj

Id prnkord rüluid cuo oid`jrdhd om id hnmdstëd Gbnm (004-061 d. ho G.).Ostd`d bogbd ho umd pnohrd ho nkäm mdturdi y tomëd cjrkd ho gugbdrntdgjm `dso oscîrngd. Gudmhj id gugbdrntd quohd`d om ropjsj, oi kdmajnmhngd`d oi sur y id gdòzd oi mjrto. Oi snsk÷ardcj quo so gjmjgo bjytuvj su `dso om oi quo gjmstruy÷ \bdma Boma (476 h.G). Osto gjmsnstëd

om umd vdsnld ho `rjmgo quo tomëd d su dirohohjr jgbj hrdajmos, quosjstomëdm om su jgd jgbj jids. Wn diaumd ho ostds so gdëd so sd`ëd quobd`ëd tokìdhj.

Vnmturd gjmtokpidtnvd

Id tîgmngd ho id pnmturd gbnmd gjmsnstëd om, kohndmto oi pnmgoi, dpingdrdgudroid sj`ro sohd j pdpoi, ho tdi kdmord quo mj pjhëd gjrroanrso.

Intordturd cogumhd

Ids iotrds gbnmds cuorjm dùmhdmtos y kuy grodtnvds. Wus dutjros prnvn-ioandrjm umd vnsn÷m käs nmtuntnvd y su`lotnvd hoi kumhj quo rdgnjmdi,pjr ij tdmtj, suranorjm hnvorsjs aîmorjs intordrnjs, dpjydhjs tdk`nîmpjr oi usj gdhd käs croguomto hoi iomaudlo gjtnhndmj.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Küsngd hncoromto

Id küsngd trdhngnjmdi gbnmd, gjm jrëaomos om ij sdardhj, drnstj-grätngj y pjpuidr, os hnstnmtd d id jggnhomtdi pjr su rntkj, gjk-päs y tjmjs. Ostj so oxpingd pjr ijs nmstrukomtjs trdhngnjmdiosutninzdhjs pdrd bdgor koijhëds y quo so rokjmtdm d ijs hjs knidôjs ho dmtnaùohdh dprjxnkdhdkomto. Oi käs dprogndhj pjr ijstdjëstds hurdmto id hnmdstëd Xdma cuo oi idüh, nmgiusj pjr sj`roid cidutd ho `dk`ü, ho sjmnhj koidmg÷ingj.

Drquntogturd oqunin`rdhd

Ids gdrdgtorëstngds pdrtnguidros ho id drquntogturd gbnmd suranorjmom id îpjgd ho id hnmdstëd \bju (4601-0?3 d. ho G.), hjmho sogjk`nmdrjm id cumgnjmdinhdh gjm id ostîtngd hopurdhd.

Kohngnmd gbnmd

_mj ho ijs dspogtjs käs iidkdtnvjs ho id guiturd gbnmd os su ko-hngnmd trdhngnjmdi, id gudi os äsngdkomto provomtnvd, d hncoromgnd

ho id jggnhomtdi quo os cumhdkomtdikomto rodgtnvd, os hognr, idjrnomtdi, om voz ho dtdgdr o nmtomtdr sdmdr umd omcorkohdh ydhogidrdhd, id provnomo. Id dso ho osto kîtjhj os quo oi guorpjhoò ostdr om drkjmëd gjm id komto, oi ospërntu y gjm su omtjrmj.

Dsë quo, pjr ij tdmtj, umd omcorkohdh so hoòrëd d um hos`didm-go om osto oqunin`rnj, oi gudi so kdmncnostd om um ìjquoj ho ijskornhndmjs j gdmdios hoi guorpj pjr hjmho gnrguid id omoraëd.Omtro ids hnsgnpinmds ho id kohngnmd gbnmd so puohom bdiidr id hn-

antjpumturd, drjkdtordpnd, mdturnskj, rocioxjijaëd y dgupumturd.


3

Iod oi gjmtomnhj ho id sosn÷m 1 sj`ro id Nmhnd. Iuoaj, oid`jro um omsdyj ho käxnkj

hjs bjlds, om oi quo oxproso quî cuo ij quo käs io nkpdgt÷ ho ostd guiturd.






_mnhdh 4

Wosn÷m 1

Id Nmhnd


Nmhnd, pomëmsuid gjm cjrkd ho trnämauij, so dhomtrd om oi jgîdmj Ëmhngj, u`n-gdhd omtro ijs vdiios ho ijs rëjs Nmhj y Admaos. Wus crjmtords bdgnd oi mjrto idsopdrdm ho Gbnmd, Mopdi y @butdk pjr ijs Kjmtos Bnkdidyds, pjr oi osto soomguomtrd gjm @nrkdmnd, @dbj, Ldhosb y oi ajicj ho @omadid, bdgnd oi Josto gjmoi Kdr ho Duru`ne y Vdenstäm jggnhomtdi. Ditds kjmtdôds, omjrkos iidmurds yoxtomsds kosotds gdrdgtornzdm id aojkjrcjijaëd ho osto pdës. Ijs rëjs snamncngdmid vnhd pdrd oi pdës snrvnomhj gjkj vëd ho gjkumngdgn÷m y su gduhdi roauidhjrho id darnguiturd y id nmhustrnd. Ho`nhj d su oxtomsn÷m idtntuhnmdi, roinovos hohnvorsd ditntuh y oxpjsngn÷m d ijs vnomtjs, guomtd gjm ardm vdrnohdh ho ginkdsd pdrtnr ho id `drrord ho ijs kjmtos Bnkdidyds y id ostdgnjmdinhdh Kjmz÷mngd.Nmhnd guomtd gjm ostdgnjmos sogd y iiuvnjsd, gjm ginkds trjpngdios bükohjs,trjpngdios sogjs y bükohjs, su`trjpngdios bükohjs, sokn-ärnhjs, ärnhjs y ginkdho ids kjmtdôds. Ho dguorhj d su hnsporsd gjkpjsngn÷m aojkjrcji÷angd guom-td gjm hnvorsjs ogjsnstokds. Woaüm idsprognpntdgnjmos so hnstnmauom `jsquos<trjpngdi, kjmz÷mngj y ospnmjsj xorjcnij.

Ijs nmhngnjs ho id gnvninzdgn÷m hoi Sdiiohoi Nmhj, om id Nmhnd, hdtdm dprjxnkd-hdkomto omtro oi dôj 0.766 di dôj0.666 dmtos ho muostrd ord5 snm ok`drajsu ostuhnj os kuy hncëgni ho`nhj d quo suosgrnturd mj bd ijardhj sor hosgncrdhd.

K d p d h o N m h n d


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Wo hosdrrjiid id darnguiturd ho rnoaj, id admdhorëd y oi `rjmgo. Vrjhugo

ardm gdmtnhdh ho drrjz, knlj, sjraj y trnaj om id guomgd Admaîtngd (hoi rëjAdmaos). Wo guitnvd gdôd ho dzügdr y so prosomtd umd ÷ptnkd gdmtnhdh hokdhords ho Wämhdij gjkj tdk`nîm td`dgj y tî. Id Nmhnd hnspjmo ho admdhj `jvnmj, `ücdijs y vdgds gjkj tdk`nîm gdkoiijs y gorhjs. Os rngd om kdamo-snj, bnorrj y, om komjr kohnhd, gj`ro, pijkj, pidtd, jrj, ostdôj y kugbjkomjs gdmtnhdh ho pijkj.

0 Dspogtj ogjm÷kngj


Gjm `dso om ij vnstj om oi vnhoj y oi trd`dlj quo bngnorjm sj`ro idgnvninzdgn÷m nmhnd, nmhnquo om su gudhormj ijs prnmgnpdios dspogtjs hoid aojardcëd ho id Nmhnd.

Iod sj`ro ijs dspogtjs guiturdios y pjiëtngjs ho id Nmhnd. Iuoaj, oid`jro umrosukom gjm ids gdrdgtorëstngds käs nkpjrtdmtos ho gdhd umj ho oiijs.

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7 Dspogtjs guiturdios

Om um prnmgnpnj osto torrntjrnj cuo bd`ntdhj pjr ijs d`jrëaomos Wukornjs qunomoscuorjm hospidzdhjs pjr ijs Hrähnvds y îstjs nmvdhnhjs pjr ijs Drnjs quo hjknmd-`dm oi sämsgrntj (dmtnaud iomaud ho ijs `rdbkdmos, snauo snomhj iomaud sdardhd hoiNmhjstäm). Xjhd id vnhd hoi pdës ostä gjmhngnjmdhd pjr ids groomgnds roinanjsds. Idroinan÷m ostä prosomto tdmtj om oi kohnj ur`dmj gjkj om oi rurdi y porkod tjhdsids gdpds sjgndios. Id Nmhnd om sus gdrdgtorëstngds sjgndios y pjiëtngds so hncoromgnd hoKosjpjtdknd, Oanptj y Gbnmd pjr mjdtrnùnr d sus ajòrmdmtos um gdrägtor

sdardhj, snomhj oi @rdbkdmnskj id ümn-gd cuorzd hnvnmd quo dmnkd oi umnvorsj.Ho diië prjvnomom tjhjs ijs soros vnvjsy d oi roarosdm om id kuorto.

Wo groo om id roomgdrmdgn÷m gjkj ko-hnj ho purncngdgn÷m y om ostd kohnhd sodarupdm jgdsnjmdmhj quo ids dlds gds-

tds so rocuanom om oi @uhnskj cjrkdhjpjr oi prëmgnpo Wnhdrtd Adutdkd (?37-827 d. ho G.) Oi gudi d`dmhord gudtrjprnmgnpnjs ho ostd hjgtrnmd< 4. Id vnhdos sucrnknomtj y hjijr. 0. Ostjs oxnstompjr id dk`ngnjmos ho pjhor, rnquozdsy pidgor. 7. Pomumgndmhj d ijs hosojsso inòrd hoi sucrnknomtj. 8. Ijs hosojs

hosdpdrogom snaunomhj oi gdknmj ho

C j t j t j k d h d h o Q n e

n p o h n d

Admosbd, hnjs bnmhü ho id sd`nhurëd,ho ijs gdknmjs y ids iotrds.

Dspogtjs guiturdios y pjiëtngjs ho id Nmhnd


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



ids jgbj rdkncngdgnjmos. Ostd hjgtrnmd roinanjsd pjstornjrkomto so prjpda÷ pjr tjhdGbnmd, Gjrod o Nmhjgbnmd. Omgjmtrdkjs hnvorsds roinanjmos gjkj oi Bnmhunskj j oi@uhnskj, ostds roinanjmos mj tnomom hjakds d`sjiutjs puos om id Nmhnd nmtuyom quoids dcnrkdgnjmos d`sjiutds ho ijs soros bukdmjs so puohom dprjxnkdr d id vorhdhporj mj gjmstntuyom id rodinhdh üitnkd puos bdy vorhdhos pdrgndios homtrj ho ids

prjpnds roinanjmos.

Om Nmhnd suraom ijs _pdbnsbds (osgrntjs omtro oi 4.666 y oi 766 dmtos ho muostrd ord),ostjs osgrntjs nmhugëdm d umd vnhd dsgîtngd y d id üsquohd hoi gjmjgnknomtj porsjmdipjr omgnkd ho ijs rntudios sjgndios. Ostds pjsturds cuorjm dpjydhds pjr Kdbdvnrdy pjr @uhd qunomos hogëdm quo id sdivdgn÷m pjhëd sor digdmzdhd pjr tjhjs, @uhd`usgd`d id oinknmdgn÷m ho tjhjs ijs hosojs gjkj cuomto ho coingnhdh.

Ostdtud hoi @uhd Wdeydkumn om Xdwdma Ajkpd.





8 Dspogtjs pjiëtngjs ho Nmhnd

@rdbk, hnjs grodhjr om oi bnmhunskj.


Podingo id iogturd y bdad um rosukom ho ijs ocogtjs hoi snstokd ho gdstds om id Nmhnd.

Om Nmhnd omgjmtrdkjs prohjknmnj hodiaumjs tokpijs j pdidgnjs gomtrdios, quo

snamncngdm dutjrnhdh pjiëtngd ur`dmd cuor-to, porj mj tomëdm um Ostdhj tjtdikomtohosdrrjiidhj. Oi pjhor pjiëtngj ostuvj omkdmjs ho ijs Wdgorhjtos @rdbkdmos omumd sjgnohdh hnvnhd om gdstds. D pdrtnrhoi mdgnknomtj ids porsjmds so nmsgrnòmd id gdstd pdtormd, ostds sjm vntdingnds yborohntdrnds. Ids gdstds sjm jrnanmdhds dpdrtnr ho ijs prnmgnpnjs ho hnstnmgn÷m rdgnditrdëhjs pjr ijs nmhjourjpojs dsdhd om idhnsgrnknmdgn÷m hoi gjijr ho ijs mdtnvjs.4. Gdstd ho @rdbkdmos< ostjs adrdmtnzdmid uomd kdrgbd hoi pdës gjm id dpingdgn÷mroinanjsd y id sd`nhurëd quo ijs gdrdgtornzd`d. 0. Gdstd ho Gbdtrnds< j prëmgnpos yauorrorjs qunomos hjknmd`dm id pjsosn÷mho tnorrds. 7. Gdstd Sdnsnds< j gjkorgndmtosy drtosdmjs. 8. Gdstd Wuhrds< Vjìdgn÷msjkotnhd d gdraj hoi trd`dlj dardrnj.?. Gdstd Vdrnds< gjkpuostd pjr osgidvjsj oxpuisdhjs ho gdstd pjr vnjidr id ioy hogdsdrso gjm jtrj quo mj cuoso ho su kns-kd gdstd gjmsnhordhjs gjkj nkpurjs. Oi

kdtrnkjmnj ord gorrdhj pdrd kdmtomor oigjmtrji ho id pjìdgn÷m.

7


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4




Gdstds

Gdstd7, rëanhj snstokd sjgndi quo porpotüd umd lordrquëd ho aomordgn÷m omaomordgn÷m, mj porkntnomhj dpomds id kjvninhdh omtro ijs ostrdtjs sjgndios.Ostd pdid`rd, utninzdhd pjr prnkord voz pjr ijs gjkorgndmtos pjrtuauososom oi snaij RSN, prjgoho ho id pjrtuauosd gdstd, quo snamncngd gumd j rdzd.

Gdstds om id Nmhnd

Oi tîrknmj so dpingd d gdhd umd ho ids gnmgj gidsos sjgndios borohntdrnds ostd-ìognhds omtro ijs bd`ntdmtos ho id Nmhnd. Om id iomaud sämsgrntd so hngo ldtn5di arupj ho ldtns j snstokd ho gdstds so io iidkd vdrmd.

Oi snstokd trdhngnjmdi ho gdstds om id Nmhnd so hosdrrjii÷ bdgo käs ho 7.666

dôjs, gudmhj arupjs m÷kdhds drnjs iioadrjm hoi mjrto bdgnd oi 4?66 d. hoG.5 ijs sdgorhjtos drnjs, snaunomhj ijs progoptjs ho ijs in`rjs sdardhjs ho idNmhnd, hnvnhnorjm id sjgnohdh om um snstokd ho gdstds kuy `äsngj. Omtro oi066 d. ho G. y oi 466 h.G. cuo osgrntj oi Kdmu Wkrntn j G÷hnaj ho Kdmu yso grodrjm ids gudtrj ardmhos hnvnsnjmos borohntdrnds ho id sjgnohdh nmhnd,bjy tjhdvëd vnaomtos< ijs sdgorhjtos ostd`dm d id gdòzd hoi snstokd gjkj«hnjsos torromdiosµ j rdbkdmos5 om soaumhj iuadr sntudrjm d ijs auorrorjs,ijs esbdtrnyds5 d gjmtnmudgn÷m d ijs darnguitjros y korgdhoros, ijs vdnsyds, ypjr üitnkj d ijs suhrds, okpiodhjs mdgnhjs pdrd sorvnr d ids jtrds tros gdstds,ospogndikomto d ijs `rdbkdmos. Kuy pjr ho`dlj ho ijs suhrds (rodikomtocuord hoi jrhom sjgndi y hostnmdhjs d ids tdrods käs `dlds) ostd`dm ijs snmgdstd, bdrnldms j nmtjgdìos, roprosomtdhjs pjr ijs hrdvnhndmjs, bd`ntdmtosjrnanmdios ho id Nmhnd, arupj di quo so n`dm dôdhnomhj ijs pdrnds. Osto snstokd

7. Xjkdhj ho< Gdstd. Kngrjsjct® Omgdrtd® 0661. Kngrjsjct Gjrpjrdtnjm, 0663.

Iodkjs






_mnhdh 4

ho gdstds, grodhj pjr id gidso sdgorhjtdi, pds÷ dcjrkdr pdrto ho id ioy roinanjsd bnmhü y cuo gjm-snhordhd umd rovoidgn÷m hnvnmd.

Ids gdrdgtorëstngds ho osto snstokd ho gdstds nmgiu-yom< portomomgnd ostrngtd y borohntdrnd d id gdstd homdgnknomtj5 pjsn`ninhdh ho gjmtrdor kdtrnkjmnjs÷ij gjm porsjmds ho id knskd gdstd5 inkntdgn÷m omid oioggn÷m hoi trd`dlj y om oi gjmtdgtj porsjmdi gjmknok`rjs ho jtrds gdstds, y dgoptdgn÷m pjr pdrtoho gdhd nmhnvnhuj ho id pjsngn÷m sjgndi dsnamdhd omid sjgnohdh. Osto snstokd so bd porpotudhj pjr id

vnaomgnd ho groomgnds gjkj id sdksdrd, ‒roomgdrmd-gn÷m„, y oi edrkd, ‒gdinhdh ho dggn÷m„. Woaüm ostdsgroomgnds roinanjsds, tjhds ids porsjmds so roomgdr-mdm vdrnds vogos y tnomom id pjsn`ninhdh ho mdgorom umd gdstd käs ditd, snokpro y gudmhj om su dm-tornjr vnhd bdydm jòhognhj ids roaids ho id gdstdd id quo portomogëdm. Ho ostd cjrkd, oi gjmgoptjho edrkd bd hnsudhnhj d ids porsjmds ho nmtomtdr

om vnhd dsgomhor d umd gdstd supornjr j trdmsarohnrosto snstokd om ids roidgnjmos sjgndios ho gudiqunortnpj. Oi edrkd puoho tdk`nîm sor omtomhnhj gjkj‒gdknmj„ u ‒jìnadgn÷m„, nmhngdmhj id somhd pjr idquo hnsgurro id vnhd ho ijs soros portomognomtos dumd gdstd om roidgn÷m gjm ijs ho jtrd.

Ids gudtrj gdstds jrnanmdios bdm nhj sucrnomhj su`hnvnsnjmos d ij idraj ho id

bnstjrnd y dgtudikomto rosuitd nkpjsnìo hotorknmdr su mükorj oxdgtj. Woostnkd quo om id Nmhnd oxnstom ho 0.666 d 7.666 gdstds hncoromtos ostdìognhdspjr id ioy rdbkämngd, y gdhd roan÷m tnomo sus prjpnjs arupjs ostnpuidhjs pjrids ioyos gjmsuotuhnmdrnds (vîdso Horogbj gjmsuotuhnmdrnj).

Ids gjkpiolds gdrdgtorëstngds ho osto snstokd bdm gjmstntunhj um sornj j`stä-guij om oi hosdrrjiij ho um Ostdhj ho horogbj om id Nmhnd. Wnm ok`draj, su


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4




rnanhoz so tdk`dio÷ hurdmto oi pornjhj ho aj`normj `rntämngj. Dhokäs, oisnstokd ho gdstds so bd vnstj sdguhnhj porn÷hngdkomto pjr ardmhos gnskdsogiosnästngjs nmtormjs y om ospogndi pjr oi duao hoi ùhnskj gjkj rodggn÷my prjtostd gjmtrd su nmtjiordìo rnanhoz.

Om ijs üitnkjs tnokpjs, ids rocjrkds ohugdtnvds y ho diaumjs kjvnknomtjs omprj ho ijs horogbjs sjgndios, guyj prnmgnpdi iëhor bd snhj Kjbdmhds Admhbn,bdm dyuhdhj d orrdhngdr ijs dspogtjs sjgndios y ogjm÷kngjs käs nmlustjs hoosto snstokd. Om id dgtudinhdh yd mj oxnsto id jìnadgn÷m hoi bnlj ho soaunrid prjcosn÷m hoi pdhro, diaumjs bjk`ros ho gdstds nmcornjros bdm digdmzdhjditds pjsngnjmos ho rdmaj y pjhor, y id oxgjkumn÷m j pîrhnhd ho gdstd mj ostdm ardvo gjkj ij ord om id dmtnaùohdh. Oi `jrrdhjr ho id Gjmstntugn÷m ho id

Nmhnd, puìngdhj hëds hospuîs hoi dsosnmdtj ho Admhbn, nmgiuëd umd giäusuidospogndi `dlj oi opëardco Horogbjs bukdmjs quo rozd`d< «Tuohd d`jinhd idnmtjgd`ninhdh y prjbn`nhd su prägtngd `dlj gudiqunor cjrkdµ.

Om Dkîrngd tdk`nîm bu`j gdstds ho kostnzjs y gn-kdrrjmos

Hurdmto oi vnrronmdtj ho Muovd Ospdôd ids gdstds ho kostnzjs ymoarjs gnkdrrjmos (osgidvjs bunhjs) mj pjhëdm dspnrdr d mnmaumdjgupdgn÷m y ordm toknhjs pjr oi hosjrhom quo prjvjgd`dm.Cuorjm dgusdhjs ho nmgntdr d ijs nmhëaomds om ijs ardmhos kj-tnmos ho id gnuhdh ho Kîxngj hurdmto oi snaij RSNN. D oiijs sosukd`dm arupjs ho ospdôjios snm cjrtumd. Ijs grjmnstds y vndlo-rjs ijs rotrdtdm gjkj um arupj mukorjsj quo iioa÷ d digdmzdr

gnortj pjhor, yd quo kugbjs ho oiijs cuorjm bä`nios drtosdmjs,gdpdtdgos ho bdgnomhds y knmds.

Om Muovd Ospdôd so hnj umd omjrko hnvorsnhdh ho kdtngosîtmngjs5 diaumjs ho oiijs sjm ijs snaunomtos< ho ospdôji o nmhndmdgo kostnzj5 ho kostnzj y ospdôji, gdstnzj5 ho gdstnzd y ospd-





Vjr arupjs bdadm umd rocioxn÷m sj`ro sn pjhrëdm vnvnr omumd sjgnohdh gjmcjrkdhd pjr gdstds y sn oxnsto diaumdhncoromgnd omtro ids gdstds y ids gidsos sjgndios gjkjcumgnjmdm om muostrd sjgnohdh.

Di cnmdinzdr, so bdrä umd kosd rohjmhd sj`ro id hncorom-gnd omtro gdstds y gidsos sjgndios.

1

Om su gudhormj, oid`jro id pnräknho sjgndi hoi iuadrhjmho ustoh vnvo, y oxpiëquoio d sus gjkpdôorjsguäios cuorjm ids gdrdgtorëstngds quo tuvj om guomtdpdrd bdgorid. _`nquo oi iuadr ho id pnräknho om oiquo ustoh so omguomtrd.

ôji, ospdôji5 ho ospdôjid y moarj, kuidtj5 ho ospdôji y kuidtj, kjrnsgj5ho ospdôji y kjrnsgd, di`nmj5 ho ospdôji y di`nmj, tjrmd dträs5 ho nmhnj ytjrmd dträs, ij`j5 ho ij`j o nmhnd, zdk`dyj5 ho zdk`dyj o nmhnd, gdk`u-

lj5 ho gdk`ulj y kuidtd, di`drdzdhj5 ho di`drdzdhj y kuidtd, `drgnmj5ho `drgnmj y kuidtd, gjyjto5 ho gjyjto o nmhnd, gbdknzj5 ho gbdknzj ykostnzd, gjyjto kostnzj5 ho gjyjto y kostnzj, diië to ostäs.

8


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Ginkds

Dspogtjs aomordios ho Dsnd

Vrnmgnpdios rëjs< ijs rëjssjm ho hjs gidsos< dquoiijsquo so cjrkdm pjr hosbnoijsy so ovdpjrdm j hosdpdro-gom hospuîs ho um trdyogtj(diaumjs hosok`jgdm ompdmtdmjs j idajs sdidhjs),

omtro oiijs< Pëj Ljrhäm, Pëj_rdi. Ijs jtrjs rëjs mdgom omids kjmtdôds hoi gomtrj ho Dsnd y hosok`jgdm om kdrosy jgîdmjs<

Arupjs îtmngjs

Dsnd so oxtnomho hosho oi Vjij Mjrto bdstd oi Ogudhjr,dhokäs sus kjmtdôds, iidmurds y kosotds io porkntomtomor tjhjs ijs ginkds hoi pidmotd< gäinhj ogudtjrndi,

su`trjpngdi y trjpngdi. Hosîrtngj, tokpidhj jgoämngj,crëj jgoämngj, crëj gjmtnmomtdi. Crëj mnvdi, crëj ho diturd.

Guomgd hoi Jgîdmj Drtngj< ostjs rëjs porkdmogomgjmaoidhjs ardm pdrto hoi dôj ho`nhj d ids dlds tokpo-rdturds nmvormdios. Gudmhj gjknomzdm d hosgjmaoidrso,omguomtrd oi jgîdmj tjhdvëd gjmaoidhj prjhugnomhjardmhos nmumhdgnjmos. Ijs rëjs prnmgnpdios sjm J`n, Lo-mnson, Xumaursed, Iomd, Nmhnanred y Ejinkd.

Guomgd hoi Jgîdmj Vdgëcngj< sjm rëjs idrajs y gduhd-ijsjs quo grogom om vordmj y hnsknmuyom su gduhdi omnmvnormj, ho dguorhj d id nmciuomgnd ho ids prognpntdgnjmoskjmz÷mngds. Hosgnomhom ho ids kjmtdôds cjrkdmhjsditjs y gdsgdhds. Di iioadr d ids iidmurds so gjmvnortomom mdvoad`ios. Ijs rëjs prnmgnpdios sjm Dkur, Bjdmabj(Dkdrniij), dmatso (Dzui), Wnendma, Kogjma y Komdk.

Guomgd hoi Jgîdmj Ëmhngj< ostjs rëjs sjm sukdkomtogduhdijsjs hurdmto oi vordmj ho`nhj d ids prognpntdgnj-mos quo prjvjgdm ijs vnomtjs kjmz÷mngjs quo gjnmgnhogjm id îpjgd hoi hosbnoij. Ijs rëjs Xnarns y Oucrdtos (quocjrkdm id kosjpjtdknd dsnätngd), Nmhj, Mdrvdhd, Ajhd-vdrn, Admaos, @rdbkdputrd, Nrdwdhn y Wdiuîm sjm ijs käsnkpjrtdmtos ho ostd guomgd.

Guomgd hoi Kdr Kohntorrämoj< sjm rëjs gjrtjs o nmmd-voad`ios quo grogom om id îpjgd bükohd gjnmgnhomtogjm oi nmvnormj. Ijs käs nkpjrtdmtos sjm oi Ensninrkde yoi Kodmhrj.

Moarjnhos< om Cninpnmds y oi gomtrj hoi suhosto dsnätngj.Kjma÷ingjs< om oi Ioldmj Jrnomto.Gdugäsngjs< Drd`nd, Dcadmnstäm, Vdenstäm, Nräm.Kozgid îtmngd< suhosto dsnätngj.





PoinanjmosGrnstndmnskj, @uhnskj, Gjmcugndmnskj, Bnmhunskj,Nsidknskj, Wnmtjëskj y kugbds jtrds.


Gnvninzdgnjmoskniomdrnds

Om Ldp÷m, Gbnmd y om id Nmhnd.

Ogjmjkëd

Vrnmgnpdios prjhugtjs

Bdy cuortos ogjmjkëds quo bdgom ho sus pdësos pjtomgndskumhndios< Ldp÷m y oi suhosto dsnätngj tnomom um ardmhosdrrjiij nmhustrndi5 oi potr÷ioj y oi ads so gjkorgndinzdm

om Jrnomto Kohnj y Jrnomto Gorgdmj, Wnòrnd, Gbnmd yom Nmhjmosnd. Om gjmtrdsto bdy pdësos gjm pjìdgn÷mm÷kdhd y kuy pj`ro, omtro oiijs ijs ronmjs ho @utbdmy Mopdi, om oi Kohnj Jrnomto, düm pdstjrodm jvolds ygd`rds.

Gjkùstnìos (ads y potr÷ioj)

Vrjhugtjs darëgjids< drrjz, tî, sjld j sjyd.Kotdios< pijkj, ostdôj, znmg, mëquoi, kjin`homj, bno-rrj, tuastomj, gj`ro, `duxntd, kdmadmosj. Hndkdmtos,pnohrds prognjsds, sdi, cjscdtjs, suicdtjs, omtro jtrjs.

Hndkdmtos

Drrjz


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Arognd, so hngo, os id gumd ho id guiturd jggnhomtdi5 om oiid so

aostdrjm oiokomtjs quo nmciunrëdm om id vnhd pjstornjr ho idbukdmnhdh gjkj id hokjgrdgnd y id cnijsjcëd. Os mogosdrnjtomor om guomtd quo ij suranhj om Arognd os rosuitdhj hoid nmtordggn÷m gjm jtrjs puo`ijs5 snm ok`draj, os nkpjr-tdmto gjkpromhor tjhj ij quo digdmzdrjm ijs arnoajs gjmijs dpjrtos rogn`nhjs ho jtrds guiturds, pjr olokpij, gjmids cnijsjcëds quo prjvomëdm ho Dsnd.

K d p d t j k d h d j h o Q n e n p o h n d

Wosn÷m 2

Dspogtjs aojaräcgjs y ogjm÷kngjs ho Arognd







_mnhdh 4

Iodkjs

4. Dspogtjs aojaräcngjs ho Arognd

Id Arognd dmtnaud ostd`d gjmcjrkdhd pjr id Arognd gjmtnmomtdi u`ngdhddi sur ho id pomëmsuid ho ijs @digdmos, pomëmsuid quo d su voz ostd di surho Ourjpd. Arognd ostd`d gjmcjrkdhd tdk`nîm pjr id Arognd nmsuidr, quosjm ids nsids hoi kdr Oaoj y id Arognd dsnätngd gjmstntunhd pjr id Vomëmsuid

ho Dmdtjind.

Arognd os um torrntjrnj kjmtdôjsj, kuy hncoromto di ho ids gnvninzdgnjmosvnstds dmtornjrkomto quo gjmtd`dm gjm oxtomsjs vdiios dôdhjs pjr rëjs quopjtomgnd`dm ho cortninhdh di vdiio. Oi torromj kjmtdôjsj ho Arognd cjrkdpoquoôjs vdiios om ijs gudios so cumhdrjm gnuhdhos nmhopomhnomtos umdsho jtrds homjknmdhds Gnuhdh-Ostdhj. _md ho ids cjrkdgnjmos rjgjsds käsnkpjrtdmto cuo oi kjmto Jinkpj, quo os id kjmtdôd käs ditd ho Arognd,

om oiid ijs arnoajs dmtnaujs groëdm quo vnvëdm ijs hnjsos. Oi kjmto Jinkpjtnomo umd ditntuh ho 0.>41 kotrjs y ostä u`ngdhd di sur ho id pomëmsuid hoijs @digdmos (pomëmsuid< pjrgn÷m ho tnorrd rjhodhd pjr kdr, oxgoptj om idpdrto ho tnorrd quo sdio hoi gjmtnmomto, id gudi so homjknmd nstkj). Oi kjmtoJinkpj ostd pr÷xnkj di kdr Oaoj y d id nsid ho Grotd.

Oi torromj so tjrmd käs kjmtdôjsj sj`ro tjhj om ids gjstds arnoads `dôdhdspjr oi kdr L÷mngj. Ostds gjstds ostäm gjmcjrkdhds pjr vdrnjs ajicjs, um ajicjos umd gdmtnhdh ho kdr quo pomotrd om id tnorrd omtro hjs pumtds j gd`js.

Ids kjmtdôds ho Arognd so tjkdm käs hoi 16% hoi torrntjrnj, ostds kjmtdôdsom su kdyjrëd sjm rjgds gdinzds, quo gjmcjrkdm cjrkdgnjmos kjmtdôjsdsgjkj guomgds, `drrdmgjs y arutds. Omtro ids cjrkdgnjmos käs gjmjgnhdsostäm oi Kdgnzj ho Vnmtj, ijs kjmtos hoi Vdrmdsj gjmsdardhjs di hnjs ho idiuz Dpjij y ijs kjmtos hoi Voijpjmosj.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Omtro ijs rëjs käs nkpjrtdmtos ho Arognd ostäm oi rëj Dindekjm y oi rëj Drdebtbjs. Ijs rëjs ho Arognd sjm gjrtjs y grodm d su pdsj iidmurds pdm-tdmjsds y hoitds. Arognd guomtd tdk`nîm gjm vdrnjs idajs nkpjrtdmtos.Poguorho quo um idaj so gdrdgtornzd, omtro jtrds gjsds, pjr tomor käs

prjcumhnhdh quo umd idaumd. Wo gjmsnhord idaj d umd cjrkdgn÷m dgujsdho käs ho 46 kotrjs ho prjcumhnhdh. Xjhjs ijs ajicjs y `dbëds quo bdyom Arognd porkntom umd ardm nmtordggn÷m omtro ijs hncoromtos iuadros.

0. Grjmjijaëd ho Arognd

Oxnstom vdrnds bnstjrnds sj`ro ijs prnkorjs bd`ntdmtos ho id Arognd dmtnaud, so hngo quod jrniids hoi kdr Oaoj so omgjmtrd`dm ijs prnkorjs arupjs quo pjìdrjm oi torrntjrnjarnoaj. Ostjs arupjs so u`ngdrjm prnmgnpdikomto om id nsid ho Grotd id gudi guomtd gjm2.666 eni÷kotrjs ho oxtomsn÷m, om Kngomds y om Xnrnmtj5 id Arognd gjmtnmomtdi cuopjìdhd pjr ijs Voidsajs bdgnd oi dôj 7.666 dmtos ho muostrd ord, ijs Voidsajs ostd`dmgjmcjrkdhjs pjr knardmtos drnjs o nmhjourjpojs.

Oi mjk`ro vnomo ho ijs rjkdmjs, puos ijs arnoajs so homjknmd`dm Boiomjs, omroidgn÷m gjm Boiom, um porsjmdlo kntji÷angj. Oi prnkor pornjhj bnst÷rngj ho Arogndso homjknm÷ pornjhj knmjngj, iidkdhj dsë pjr oi roy Knmjs. Osto pornjhj vd hoidôj 4.166 di 4.466 dmtos ho muostrd ord.

Id gnvninzdgn÷m ho osto pornjhj digdmzd su kdyjr duao om oi snaij RNN dmtos ho muos-trd ord, om snaijs dmtornjros y om aomordi, oi guitj ord d hnjsos torromdios, ijs hnjsos

arnoajs mj ordm soros dpdrtdhjs ho id tnorrd. Dhjrd`dm tdk`nîm dmnkdios gjkj idsorpnomto j id pdijkd. Om osto pornjhj ijs omtnorrjs so bdgëdm om gdvormds y d ijsomtorrdknomtjs so ios daroad`dm ljyds o nmhukomtdrnds. Gjkj so hnlj Arognd ostägjmstntunhd pjr kjmtdôds quo omgnorrdm poquoôjs vdiios, om ijs gudios so cjrkd-rjm ids gnuhdhos Ostdhj. Knmjs umncng÷ ho diaumd kdmord id nsid y pusj pjr gdpntdid Gmjsjs. Knmjs bnzj groor d id pjìdgn÷m quo Suigdmj, \ous omtro ijs arnoajs, iohngtd`d ids ioyos om id mjgbo, gjkj pjr olokpij, quî nkpuostjs ho`ëdm pdadr. Ostjos kuostrd ho g÷kj ijs kntjs sorvëdm y snrvom pdrd lustncngdr ostdkomtjs sjgndios.







_mnhdh 4

Om Arognd oi kumhj hoi käs diiä ostd`d inadhj gjm oi kumhj hoi käs dgä, pjrosj sus hnjsos ordm kuy torromdios.

Id nmciuomgnd ho id nsid ho Grotd iioad bdstd Kogomds, Xnrnmtj, Xrjyd, Vnijs, Drajs y

ids gnuhdhos gngi÷pods homjknmdhds dsë pjrquo so groëd quo ordm gjmstrunhds pjrgëgijpos, soros gjm cuorzd oxtrdjrhnmdrnd. Ostds gnuhdhos ordm nmstdurdhds gorgd hoikdr pdrd dprjvogbdr sus vomtdlds, porj ij sucngnomtokomto rotnrdhds pdrd ovntdrijs dtdquos pnrdtds. Id gnuhdh ho Kogomds ostd`d hnvnhnhd om gnuhdh ditd y `dld.Om id gnuhdh ditd so omgjmtrd`d id dgr÷pjins om hjmho ostd`dm oi pdidgnj y oitokpij prnmgnpdi, inkntdhd pjr umd kurdiid om guyd omtrdhd so omguomtrdmosguipnhjs hjs iojmos, ostds gjmstruggnjmos bdm snhj gjkpdrdhds gjm ids pn-räknhos oanpgnds.

Om oi dôj 4866 dmtos ho muostrd ord ijs Dquojs, ho qunomos so hogëd quo bd`ëdmsnhj grodhjs pjr \ous, nmvdhnorjm ijs puoìjs kjmärqungjs ho ijs kngîmngjs,ijs kngîmngjs mj trd`dld`dm oi bnorrj gjkj ijs Dquojs y mj omtorrd`dm suskuortjs gjkj ostjs, snmj quo ijs nmgnmord`dm. Wo groo quo ijs Dquojs ordmumd trnù goitd ho Ourjpd gomtrdi quo iioa÷ sj`ro oi Voijpjmosj hjknmdmhjd ijs arnoajs gjkj ij bngnorjm om oi Ätngd y @ojgnd. Ijs Dquojs ordm puoìjspnrdtds y auorrorjs. Xomokjs pjr jtrd pdrto, quo dumquo ijs arnoajs ordm um

puoìj oxpijrdhjr, mumgd so diold`dm hoi kdr käs diiä ho hjmho mj vnordmtnorrd. Xdk`nîm hurdmto osto pornjhj sugohn÷ id auorrd ho Xrjyd quo os mdrrd-hd pjr Bjkorj om id Nindhd. Jtrd ho ids j`rds intordrnds o bnst÷rngds quo so iodtrnùyom d Bjkorj os id Jhnsod.

Oi soaumhj porëjhj ho Arognd so homjknmd Arognd Bjkîrngd y vd dprjxn-kdhdkomto hosho oi dôj 4.466 bdstd oi dôj 113 dmtos ho muostrd ord. Ostopornjhj so gdrdgtornzd pjr id nmvdsn÷m h÷rngd. Ijs Hjrnjs buyomhj ho ijs Xosdinjsprjgohomtos ho Opnrj, iioadrjm bdstd Hoicjs, porj ids gjmhngnjmos aojaräcngdsijs jìnadrjm d nr bdgnd oi Voijpjmosj om hjmho so omcromtdrjm y hjknmdrjmd ijs Dquojs. Ijs Dquojs buyorjm omtjmgos bdgnd oi mjrto prjhugnomhj idsprnkords gjijmnzdgnjmos arnoads ardgnds d id auorrd, puos ijs puoìjs porhohj-ros procorëdm oknardr y mj sor sjkotnhjs gjkj osgidvjs. Dhokäs tomnomhj omguomtd quo ijs Hjrnjs ordm puoìjs rdgnstds quo so groëdm umd rdzd supornjr,rdz÷m pjr id gudi di nmvdhnr mj so kozgid`dm gjm ijs arnoajs y su ostrdtncngdgn÷m


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



sjgndi hopomhëd ho id purozd hoi gnuhdhdmj5 sn tomokjs om guomtd quo ostjssorëdm ijs dmtogosjros ho Ospdrtd os pjsnìo omtomhor oi pjr quî ho diaumdstomhomgnds quo so voräm rocioldhds om Ospdrtd gnuhdh jinaärqungd y knintdrnstd.Ospdrtd y Dtomds sjm hjs ho ids käs nkpjrtdmtos gnuhdhos om id bnstjrnd arnoad.

Sokjs ho ostd kdmord gjkj oi com÷komj hoi hospidzdknomtj os um com÷komjquo dpdrogo hosho ijs nmngnjs ho ids gnvninzdgnjmos y iioad bdstd muostrjs hëds.

Oi torgor porëjhj arnoaj os gjmjgnhj gjkj id Arognd Drgdngd y vd dprjxnkd-hdkomto hosho oi dôj 113 di dôj ?66 dmtos ho muostrd ord, om osto pornjhjmdgnorjm ijs luoajs jiëkpngjs, so gjmsjinh÷ id pjins j gnuhdh arnoad. Id dgr÷-pjins ord oi ospdgnj ur`dmj dkurdiidhj y gukpiëd tdk`nîm oi pdpoi ho tokpijy ho iuadr ho hocomsd. Om id dgr÷pjins so olorgëd id gnuhdhdmëd sj`ro tjhj omoi iuadr homjknmdhj äajrd j pidzd püìngd.

Hurdmto osto pornjhj jgurro id soaumhd gjijmnzdgn÷m arnoad, porj yd mj ho`nhdd ids nmvdsnjmos pjr auorrd, snmj pjr um dukomtj gjmsnhordìo ho id pjìdgn÷my id osgdsoz ho dinkomtjs ho diaumds gnuhdhos.

Oi gudrtj porëjhj j porëjhj giäsngj di quo so vd bdgor komgn÷m os oi gjk-promhnhj dprjxnkdhdkomto hoi dôj ?66 di dôj 766 dmtos ho muostrd ord.Osto pornjhj so gjmsnhord id îpjgd ho jrj pjr oi hosdrrjiij ho ids drtos gjkjid osguiturd y id intordturd. Wugohom tdk`nîm ids auorrds kîhngds, quo sjmauorrds gjmtrd ijs Vorsds d qunomos ijs arnoajs iidkd`dm kohjs, pjr ostj, idhomjknmdgn÷m ho auorrds kîhngds.

Omtro ostds auorrds y ids auorrds hoi Voijpjmosj ajòrm÷ Vorngios quo ord umardm jrdhjr y pjiëtngj dtomnomso. Wugohnorjm tdk`nîm auorrds omtro Ospdrtd y

Dtomds quo gjkj so hnlj ordm ids Gnuhdhos-Ostdhj quo so poiod`dm oi gjmtrji.Om ostd îpjgd oxnstnorjm tdk`nîm ijs quo so gjmsnhordm pdhros ho id cnijsjcëd< W÷grdtos y Vidt÷m.

Cninpj NN ho Kdgohjmnd (720 d. ho G. 773 d. ho G.) cuo oi pjiëtngj y aomordi käsardmho ho su tnokpj. Womt÷ ids dsos hoi pjhor knintdr ho Kdgohjmnd, quo boroh÷su bnlj, Dioldmhrj Kdamj, pdrd gjmqunstdr y boiomnzdr Jrnomto Vr÷xnkj. Ijar÷umncngdr ids gnuhdhos-Ostdhj, komjs Ospdrtd, om id Inad ho Gjrnmtj.







_mnhdh 4

Dioldmhrj Kdamj8

(Dioldmhrj NNN) Poy ho Kdgohjmnd (Voiid, Kdgohjmnd,7?3 - @d`nijmnd, 707 d. ho G.). Wugohn÷ kuy ljvomd su pdhro, Cninpj NN, dsosnmdhj om oi 773 d. ho G.Îsto io bd`ëd propdrdhj pdrd ronmdr, prjpjrgnj-mämhjio umd oxpornomgnd knintdr y omgjkomhdmhjd Drnst÷toios su cjrkdgn÷m nmtoiogtudi.

Dioldmhrj Kdamj hohng÷ ijs prnkorjs dôjs ho suronmdhj d nkpjmor su dutjrnhdh sj`ro ijs puo`ijssjkotnhjs d Kdgohjmnd, quo bd`ëdm dprjvogbdhjid kuorto ho Cninpj pdrd ro`oidrso. omsoaunhd -om oi778- idmz÷ d su olîrgntj gjmtrd oi pjhorjsj y oxtomsjNkpornj Vorsd, gjmtnmudmhj dsë id okprosd quo su pdhrobd`ëd nmngndhj pjgj dmtos ho kjrnr< umd auorrd ho vomadmzdho ijs arnoajs `dlj oi inhordzaj ho Kdgohjmnd gjmtrd ijs porsds.

Vidt÷m W÷grdtos

8. Xjkdhj ho www.`njardcëdsyvnhds.gjk


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4




Gjm um olîrgntj poquoôj (umjs 76.666 nmcdmtos y ?.666 lnmotos), Dioldmhrj Kdamj so nkpusj nmvdrndìokomto sj`ro sus omoknajs,korgoh d su oxgoiomto jradmnzdgn÷m y dhnostrdknomtj, dsë gjkj divdijr y di aomnj ostrdtîangj quo hokjstr÷5 ids nmmjvdgnjmos knin-tdros nmtrjhugnhds pjr Cninpj (gjkj id tägtngd ho id iëmod jìngud)suknmnstrd`dm vomtdlds dhngnjmdios.

Dioldmhrj rogjrrn÷ vngtjrnjsj oi Dsnd Komjr (`dtdiid ho Arämngj,778), Wnrnd (Nssjs, 777), Comngnd (dsohnj ho Xnrj, 770), Oanptj yKosjpjtdknd (Aduadkoid, 774), bdstd tjkdr ids gdpntdios porsds

ho Wusd (774) y Vorsîpjins (776). Dsosnmdhj Hdrëj NNN, oi üitnkjokpordhjr Dquokîmnhd, pjr umj ho sus sätrdpds (@ossjs) pdrdovntdr quo so rnmhnord, îsto gjmtnmu÷ id rosnstomgnd gjmtrd Dioldmhrjom oi Nräm jrnomtdi.

Oi homjknmdhj ’Wdrg÷daj ho Dioldmhrj Kdamj‛(Kusoj Drquoji÷angj ho Ostdkùi).






_mnhdh 4

_md voz gjmqunstdhd id gdpntdi ho ijs porsds, Dioldmhrj ingomgn÷ d idstrjpds arnoads quo io bd`ëdm dgjkpdôdhj hurdmto id gdkpdôd y so bnzjprjgidkdr okpordhjr jgupdmhj oi puostj ho ijs Dquokîmnhds. Omso-aunhd idmz÷ muovds gdkpdôds ho gjmqunstd bdgnd oi osto< horrjt÷ y hnjkuorto d @ossjs y sjkotn÷ Vdrtnd, Drnd, Hrdmandmd, Drdgjsnd, @dgtrndmdy Wjahndmd. Huoôj hoi Dsnd gomtrdi y hoi dgtudi Dcadmnstäm, so idmz÷ dgjmqunstdr id Nmhnd (701-70?), di`oradmhj yd um prjyogtj ho hjknmdgn÷mkumhndi. Dumquo nmgjrpjr÷ id pdrto jggnhomtdi ho id Nmhnd (vdsdiidlo hoiroy Vjrjs), bu`j ho romumgndr d gjmtnmudr dvdmzdmhj bdgnd oi osto pjroi dkjtnmdknomtj ho sus trjpds, dajtdhds pjr tdm idrad sugosn÷m ho gjm-

qunstds y `dtdiids.

Gjm id gjmqunstd hoi Nkpornj Vorsd, Dioldmhrj hosgu`rn÷ oi ardhj hognvninzdgn÷m ho ijs jrnomtdios, d ijs quo dmtos bd`ëd tomnhj pjr `är`drjs.Gjmgn`n÷ omtjmgos id nhod ho umncngdr d ijs arnoajs gjm ijs porsds om umümngj nkpornj om oi quo gjmvnvnordm `dlj umd guiturd ho sëmtosns (dôj708). Vdrd oiij nmtoar÷ um ardm gjmtnmaomto ho sjihdhjs porsds om su olîr-

gntj, jradmnz÷ om Wusd id «`jhd ho Jrnomto gjm Jggnhomtoµ (kdtrnkjmnjsnkuitämoj ho knios ho kdgohjmnjs gjm kuloros porsds) y îi knskj sogds÷ gjm hjs prnmgosds jrnomtdios< umd prnmgosd ho Wjahndmd y id bnld hoHdrëj NNN.

Kjsdngj quo roprosomtd id `dtdiid ho Nssjs


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



2

Poguorho oi prnkor drtëguij ho id Gjmstntugn÷m Mdgnjmdi, gntdhj diprnmgnpnj ho id gdrtniid< «Gjijk`nd os um Ostdhj sjgndi ho horogbj jrad-mnzdhj om cjrkd ho Popü ingd umntdrnd, hosgomtrdinzdhd, gjm dutjmjkëd hosus omtnhdhos torrntjrndios, hokjgrätngd, pdrtngnpdtnvd y piurdinstd, cumhdhdom oi rospotj ho id hnamnhdh bukdmd, om oi trd`dlj y id sjinhdrnhdh ho idsporsjmds quo id nmtoardm y om id provdiomgnd hoi nmtorîs aomordiµ.

Poguorho dbjrd ij quo so dgd`÷ ho hognr sj`ro oi nhodi ho hokjgrdgnd

om id Gnuhdh- Ostdhj arnoad< umd gjkumnhdh om id quo sus knok`rjsho`ëdm iiovdr umd vnhd drk÷mngd, y om id gudi ho`ëd pdrtngnpdr id kdyjrgdmtnhdh ho gnuhdhdmjs pjsnìo snm hnsgrnknmdgnjmos `dsdhds om oirdmaj j id rnquozd. _md drkjmëd om id quo tjhjs cuordm coingos.

Dbjrd nmvostnauo quî os hokjgrdgnd y quî gidsos ho hokjgrdgndoxnstom.

Xomnomhj om guomtd ij dmtornjr, ho`dtd om arupj<

4. ºGjmsnhordm quo osto drtëguij ho id Gjmstntugn÷m Mdgnjmdios um cdisj nhodi j së so gukpio rodikomto:

0. ºG÷kj sorëd pjsnìo quo so ijardrd digdmzdr tdi nhodi:

7. ºGroom quo hopjsntdr um vjtj om umd urmd pdrd oioanr umgdmhnhdtj d um puostj püìngj os sucngnomto pdrd pdrtngnpdrpjiëtngdkomto: Draukomtom su rospuostd.

8. ºGroom quo om Gjijk`nd oxnsto hokjgrdgnd:





Wosn÷m >

4. Dspogtjs ogjm÷kngjs ho Arognd


_mnhdh 4

Dspogtjs ogjm÷kngjs, sjgndios

y pjiëtngjs ho Arognd

trd`dm umd roidtnvd pj`rozd gjkpdrdhdgjm id gnvninzdgn÷m porsd.

Om id Arognd Drgdngd so hd id nmtomsn-cngdgn÷m hoi gjkorgnj kdrëtnkj, ho idnmhustrnd, ho id kjmohd, ho ijs trnrrokos(mdvos ho auorrd) y ho id osgidvntuh.Ijs gjkorgndmtos omtrdm d luadr um pdpoinkpjrtdmto om ids hnmäkngds sjgndios oxn-anomhj horogbjs dmto id drnstjgrdgnd y ij-ardmhj quo so nkpidmto umd gjmstntugn÷mquo so bdgo d cdvjr ho ijs drnst÷grdtds,porj quo pjgj d pjgj id muovd gidso hogjkorgndmtos vd d trdscjrkdr.

Om id Arognd Drgdngd id nmtomsncngdgn÷mhoi gjkorgnj somtdrëd ids `dsos pdrd idprjspornhdh om id Arognd Giäsngd, omostd tdk`nîm gjmtnmudrëdm ids roidgnj-mos gjkorgndios nmtormdgnjmdios quoporkntnorjm um omrnquognknomtj mj s÷ijogjm÷kngj, snmj guiturdi.

Hurdmto id îpjgd knmjngd oxnstëdm gom-trjs ur`dmjs, pdidgnjs y tokpijs quorohnstrn`uëdm ijs prjhugtjs oxnstomtos.

Xdk`nîm so prjhulj om Arognd umd ox-pdmsn÷m ho ids tîgmngds darëgjids, ijsprnmgnpdios prjhugtjs ho gjkorgnj ordmid vnôd y oi jinvj, kuy hostdgdhjs om idgnvninzdgn÷m arnoad lumtj gjm id pidtd omids knmds hoi Ätngd y ijs gorodios.

Om id Arognd bjkîrngd hogdy÷ oi gjkor-gnj kdrëtnkj. Dumquo id dgtnvnhdh ciuvndisorëd ho ardm nkpjrtdmgnd, id darnguiturdy id tomomgnd ho tnorrd luadrjm um pdpoinkpjrtdmto om ids hnmäkngds sjgndios hoijs arnoajs. Om Arognd di pdrogor so hd`dum oqunin`rnj omtro ids id`jros ho id tnorrd y ids hoi kdr. Os nkpjrtdmto osto gjmgop-tj ho oqunin`rnj omtro ijs arnoajs, puosoiijs `usgd`dm oi oqunin`rnj quo groëdmkdmtomëd oi gjskjs. Dmtos hoi gjskjsjrhomdhj ijs arnoajs groëdm quo oxnstëd oigdjs. Om ostd îpjgd id cuomto ho rnquozdprnmgnpdi cuo id tnorrd y ijs huoôjs hotnorrds horrjgdrjm d id kjmdrquëd y oipjhor pdsdrëd d kdmjs ho id drnstjgrdgnd.

Om tjhj gdsj ids gnuhdhos arnoads kjs-


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



8. Dspogtjs guiturdios ho Arognd

Vdrd Arognd ijs hnjsos luadrjm um pdpoi nkpjrtdmto, ijs hnjsos mj ordmgjkj oi hnjs grnstndmj quo so gdrdgtornzd pjr sor ümngj, d`sjiutj y ostdrdpdrtdhj ho id vnhd gjrpjrdi. Om Arognd gdhd cdknind tomëd sus prjpnjshnjsos, ord kuy gjküm omgjmtrdr tokpijs om ids gdsds. Oi iuadr hjmho sogroëd vnvëdm ijs hnjsos käs nkpjrtdmtos ord oi kjmto Jinkpj. Ijs hnjsosnmciuëdm kugbj om ids dggnjmos ho ijs arnoajs, oxnstëdm ijs jräguijs, quoordm ijs iuadros hjmho so nmtorrjad`d d ids hnvnmnhdhos, aomordikomto pjrkohnj ho um dhnvnmj. _mj ho ijs käs nkpjrtdmtos ord oi jräguij hoi hnjs

Dpjij, oi gudi ostä u`ngdhj om Hoicjs. Om osto jräguij so omgjmtrd`d idcrdso nmsgrntd «gjm÷goto d të knskjµ. Ostj nkpingd`d quo ijs arnoajs ho-`ëdm nmtomtdr gjmjgorso d së knskjs y gunhdrso kohndmto oi olorgngnj y oiostuhnj ho ids gnomgnds y ids drtos. Ijs arnoajs gjmsuitd`dm ids hnvnmnhdhospjrquo groëdm quo su hostnmj ostd`d cnldhj pjr îstds. Osto bogbj ho quoijs arnoajs mj so gjmsnhordrdm huoôjs ho su prjpnj hostnmj mj snamncngd`dquo so quohdrdm qunotjs ospordmhj d vor quo n`d d pdsdr, oiijs ho`ëdmiugbdr gjmtrd su hostnmj pdrd trdscjrkdrij, porj gunhämhjso ho mj jcomhord mnmaüm hnjs puos rogn`nrëdm gdstnajs.

Oxnstëdm um guitj di hnjs Hnjmnsj (d vogos Hnjmnsnj j @dgj), quo nmgntd`d drjkpor ids mjrkds kjrdios y ijs iëkntos nmhnvnhudios gjkj gdknmj pdrddigdmzdr id sd`nhurëd snm nkpjrtdr quo so rogn`nord um gdstnaj. Xros ho ijshnjsos käs nkpjrtdmtos cuorjm \ous, Dpjij y Hnjmnsj. \ous ord oi hnjs hoignoij y so gjmsnhord`d quo ord oi rospjmsd`io ho ijs hnjsos jiëkpngjs. \oustrds id gjmqunstd rjkdmd pdsdrëd d sor rokpidzdhj pjr Lüpntor y iuoaj oiHnjs grnstndmj tjkdrëd oi pjhor< umj ho ijs 46 kdmhdknomtjs grnstndmjs hngoquo mj tomhräs hnjsos dlomjs hoidmto ho kë. Dpjij ord oi hnjs hoi sji, ho iddpdrnomgnd, ho id oiiozd, ord gjmsnhordhj tdk`nîm oi hnjs ho ijs suoôjs, idîtngd ho Dpjij nmgntd`d d kdmtomor ijs iëkntos nmhnvnhudios y gjmsorvdr idscjrkds. Vjr ostd rdz÷m ord oi hnjs ho id osguiturd. Hnjmnsj, pjr oi gjmtrdrnjord oi hnjs ho id jsgurnhdh, hoi vnmj, ho ijs hosomcromjs soxudios. Ord oihnjs ho id ok`rndauoz, om Arognd oxnstëdm umds cnostds hnjmnsndgds iidkdhds`dgdmdios quo gjmsnstëdm om um hosomcromj soxudi quo nmgntd`d d rjkpor ijsiëkntos nmhnvnhudios y cdknindros, so hogëd quo pjr kohnj hoi todtrj id aomto

0>6Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3ärod Gnomgnds Wjgndios





so gjmtdand`d hoi ospërntu hnjmnsndgj. Xdk`nîm so gjmstruyorjm gdmtjs dHnjmnsj quo so iidkd`dm hntnrdk`js. Id îtngd hnjmnsndgd ord umd îtngd ho idhoskosurd. Jtrjs ho ijs hnjsos y hnjsds ho Arognd cuorjm< Aod, hnjsd ho idtnorrd, Dcrjhntd hnjsd hoi dkjr, Dtomod id hnjsds prjtogtjrd, _rdmj pdhro

ho Grjmjs, Grjmjs hnjs hoi tnokpj, Vjsonh÷m hnjs ho ijs kdros, Bdhos hnjs ho id kuorto y kugbjs hnjsos käs. Poguorho quo ijs hnjsos arnoajscjrkdm pdrto hoi «pdmto÷m arnoajµ y kjrd`dm om id gnkd hoi kjmto Jinkpj.

Om Arognd tdk`nîm mdgn÷ id cnijsjcëd, ostd mdgn÷ om Ljmnd, u`ngdhd om idgjstd hoi Dsnd komjr, ijs dmtogosjros ho ijs cni÷sjcjs rogn`ëdm oi mjk`ro hosd`njs. Oiijs ordm sd`njs mdturdinstds y usgd`dm nmtunr j «oxpingdrµ oi kumhjpjr kohnj ho id mdturdiozd, dsë pjr olokpij, pdrd Borägintj oi oiokomtj quo

gjmcjrkd`d tjhds ids gjsds ord oi cuoaj. Borägintj hogëd< «tjhj ciuyo, mdhdporkdmogoµ, tdk`nîm hogëd< «umj mj so `dôd hjs vogos om oi knskj rëjµ.Borägintj ord um sd`nj hoi gdk`nj y hoi hovomnr, sus crdsos quorëdm hognr quotjhj ostä om kjvnknomtj, quo ids gjsds snokpro gdk`ndm y pjr osj dumquoumj so dôo dpdromtokomto om oi knskj rëj, mj os oi knskj puos sus daudssnokpro ostäm om kjvnknomtj. Vdrkîmnhos hogëd om gdk`nj quo «mj bdymdhd muovj dlj oi sjiµ, os hognr, quo tjhj oi gdk`nj quo vokjs om ids gjsdsos cdisj y quo ids gjsds sjm snokpro naudios, quo mj bdy mumgd mdhd muovj.

Vdrd Vdrkomnhos id vorhdh mj ho`ëd usgdrso om id iuz, snmj om id jsgurnhdh.Oxnstnorjm jtrjs sd`njs gjkj Xdios ho Kniotj, so iidkd`d ho Kniotj, puos ordjrnanmdrnj ho ostd gnuhdh, dsë ord oi «dpoiinhjµ pdrd oiijs, oi iuadr ho prjgo-homgnd. Vdrd Xdios ho Kniotj oi oiokomtj quo gjmcjrkd`d tjhds ids gjsds ordoi daud. Xdk`nîm ostä Dmdxnkdmhrj guyj oiokomtj ord oi dnro y Dmdxëkomosguyj oiokomtj ord oi dponr÷m, umd gdmtnhdh nmcnmntd ho kdtornd.

Hospuîs ho ostjs sd`njs mdturdinstds ostuvnorjm ijs quo diaumjs gjmsnhordmpdhros ho id cnijsjcëd. Cnijsjcëd os umd pdid`rd gjkpuostd quo snamncngd dkjrpjr id sd`nhurëd< cnijs snamncngd dkjr, y sjcëd snamncngd sd`nhurëd. Ostjs pdhrossorëdm W÷grdtos y Vidt÷m, ostjs hjs cni÷sjcjs gjkomzdrjm umd auorrd gjmtrdijs pjotds y id pjosëd, puos dmtos ijs pjotds tomëdm um stdtus supornjr omArognd, porj W÷grdtos y Vidt÷m hnlorjm quo id pjosëd ord cdisd y quo oiijsn`dm d omgjmtrdr id vorhdh pjr kohnj ho id «rdz÷mµ j ij quo so iidk÷ omArognd oi ijajs< id pdid`rd. W÷grdtos hogëd quo «id vnrtuh os oi sd`or, s÷ij sopogd pjr namjrdmgnd y oi sd`nj os oi coinzµ. Dsë, id coingnhdh s÷ij so digdmzd`d

0>4 Ids prnkords guiturdsy gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4

0>4 Ids prnkords guiturds

y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4




Dtomod Vjsonh÷mDpjij Ingnj

pjr kohnj ho dpingdr id rdz÷m d ids gjsds y d ids dggnjmos. Id vnrtuh sorëdosto dhogudhj usj ho id rdz÷m d id vnhd. Vidt÷m hogëd quo osto kumhj omoi quo mjsjtrjs vnvnkjs os cdisj y quo trds ho îi so jguitd`d oi kumhj vor-hdhorj, ij iidkd`d oi tjpus urdmjs j kumhj ho ids osomgnds. Osto kumhj so

digdmzd`d trds id kuorto y trds bd`or vomgnhj ids pdsnjmos5 oi guorpj pdrdVidt÷m ord id gärgoi hoi dikd, pjr osj di kjrnr so hold`d id gärgoi y oi dikdquo ord otormd so n`d pdrd oi kumhj ho id vorhdh j ho ids osomgnds, ostokumhj ord iidkdhj kumhj ho ids nhods. Oi grnstndmnskj `ds÷ kugbds hosus nhods om osto cni÷sjcj, pjr olokpij, id otormnhdh hoi dikd y id nhod houm kumhj käs diiä hospuîs ho id kuorto. Osto kumhj käs diiä hoi cësngjos um kumhj kotdcësngj. Kotd qunoro hognr käs diiä.

Xdkpjgj pjhokjs jivnhdr d Drnst÷toios, hnsgëpuij ho Vidt÷my qunom snomtd id dsos hoi pomsdknomtj y guiturd jggnhom-tdi om id pjîtngd, id rot÷rngd, d i÷angd, id cësngd y id îtngd,omtro jtrjs kugbjs dspogtjs trdtdhjs om su j`rd, id gudiroümo oi pomsdknomtj ho jtrjs cni÷sjcjs arnoajs. Vjr oiij,so puoho dcnrkdr quo id guiturd y oi pomsdknomtj jggn-homtdi dgtudi ostäm cumhdkomtdhjs om oi pomsdknomtjarnoaj, di naudi quo id hokjgrdgnd j aj`normj hoi puo`ij,

quo tdk`nîm mdgo om id gnuhdh arnoad ho Dtomds, gjm idnkpjsngn÷m hoi vjtj j sucrdanj pdrd id tjkd ho hognsnjmosquo dcogtdräm d tjhd id gjkumnhdh.





?. Dspogtjs sjgndios ho Arognd

Arognd so gjmstntuy÷ om umd cuorzd ho pjhor om oi kumhj nmciuyom-hj sj`ro ids hokäs gnvninzdgnjmos y sj`ro tjhj sj`ro id jggnhomtdi.Om Arognd ijs gomtrjs ho pjhor ostd`dm ioantnkdhjs pjr id iomaud yid rdzd. Ijs arnoajs iidkdrjm d tjhj ij quo mj cuord arnoaj gjm umtîrknmj hospogtnvj, gjm oi tîrknmj ho `är`drj. Dsë, so gjmsjinhd`dmgjkj umd pjìdgn÷m oxgiuyomto ho tjhj ij quo mj cuord purdkomtoarnoaj5 snm ok`draj, bjy pjhokjs hognr quo mj oxnsto umd guiturdpurd gjkj tdkpjgj ij oxnstn÷ om id dmtnaùohdh.

Om Arognd ijs hjs kjhjs ho prjhuggn÷m nkpordmtos cuorjm oi osgidvnstd,prjhugtj hoi pjhor ho id gidso gnuhdhdmd sj`ro id gidso ho ijs osgidvjs.Oi torrdtomnomto aundhj pjr id gidso ho ijs pjsoohjros ho tnorrd.

3. Dspogtjs pjiëtngjs ho Arognd

Om Arognd mdgo ij quo so gjmjgo bjy gjkj hokjgrdgnd< hokjs snamncngdpuoìj y grdgnd snamncngd aj`normj, hokjgrdgnd os puos oi aj`normj hoi puoìj.Gjkj vnkjs id gnuhdhdmëd so olorgëd prnmgnpdikomto om oi äajrd. Oi äajrdord id pidzd püìngd om id gudi so hnsgutëdm ids hognsnjmos pdrd ajòrmdr. OmArognd ord kuy nkpjrtdmto oi ardhj ho hnsgusn÷m, oi usj ho id pdid`rd j ijajs gjkj ord homjknmdhd om Arognd. Olokpij ho id nkpjrtdmgnd hoi hnäijaj omArognd cuorjm ijs hnäijajs ho Vidt÷m5 îstds sjm j`rds cnijs÷cngds quo gjmsnstomom rogrodr gjmvorsdgnjmos pdrd iioadr d diaumd vorhdh sj`ro ids gjsds. Jtrjolokpij os id osguoid pornpdtîtngd, ijs pornpdtîtngjs quo ordm ijs roprosomtdmtosho ostd osguoid hnsgutëdm knomtrds gdknmd`dm. Jtrj olokpij os id kdyîutngdsjgrätngd, ostd tîgmngd ho W÷grdtos gjmsnstëd om gjmvomgor d su jpjmomto hoquo ostd`d oqunvjgdhj snm hogërsoij hnrogtdkomto, snmj bdgnîmhjio proaumtdsbdstd quo oi jtrj so gjmcumhëd y so hd`d gudmtd ho su orrjr. Oxnstëd om Arogndtdk`nîm oi drto ho id rot÷rngd j oi drto hoi uom hognr, omtomhnhd tdk`nîm gjkjoi ostuhnj sj`ro oi hnsgursj, os hognr, oi g÷kj y pdrd quî so bdìd.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

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Os nkpjrtdmto soôdidr quo id hokjgrdgnd arnoad om id quo pjhëdm pdrtngnpdrtjhjs ijs gnuhdhdmjs tomëd um nmgjmvomnomto quo hoò sor tomnhj om guomtd.Os oi bogbj ho quo om id pjìdgn÷m arnoad sjij ordm kuy pjgjs ijs quo so ho-mjknmd`dm gnuhdhdmjs, oi rostj ho id pjìdgn÷m, id kdyjrëd, ordm osgidvjs quo

mj tomëdm jpjrtumnhdh ho pdrtngnpdr. Dsë, id supuostd naudihdh arnoad so dsd`dom hnsgrnknmdgnjmos quo so tomëdm pjr mdturdios. Id hokjgrdgnd os prjpnd sj`rotjhj ho id îpjgd giäsngd arnoad, oxnstëdm dmtos jtrds cjrkds ho aj`normj gjkjid tnrdmëd.

Om ijs gjknomzjs ho Arognd oxnstëdm gomtrjs ho pjhor cioxnìo, puos Arogndmumgd ostuvj umncngdhd, snmj quo ord um gjmlumtj ho Gnuhdhos-Ostdhj nmho-pomhnomtos umds ho jtrds. Ostjs gomtrjs ho pjhor ur`dmjs ordm ijs pdidgnjs

y ijs tokpijs quo so omgdrad`dm tdk`nîm ho id rohnstrnùgn÷m ogjm÷kngd.Oxnstnorjm om Arognd cjrkds ho aj`normj gjkj id kjmdrquëd (aj`normj hoiroy) y id drnstjgrdgnd (aj`normj ho ijs koljros). Dsë, om id Arognd bjkîrngdid drnstjgrdgnd horrjgdrëd d id kjmdrquëd.

Om id cjrkdgn÷m ho Arognd gjkj so hnlj, gdhd cdknind tomëd su hnjs pdrtnguidrquo sorëd oi olo prnmgnpdi ho id gjmstntugn÷m ho id cdknind, om Arognd id cdknindord pdtrndrgdi, so hd`d oi bogbj ho quo ids kuloros mj pjhëdm omtrdr di iuadr

ho hnsgusn÷m ho ijs bjk`ros homtrj ho id gdsd. Oi pdhro ho id cdknind bdgëdids vogos ho luoz y ho sdgorhjto ho um mükorj ho cdkninds gjm um trjmgjho hosgomhomgnd gjküm cjrkd`dm umd aomto j aoms, gdhd aomto tomëd susprjpnjs hnjsos quo mj nmtorcorëdm gjm oi ho gdhd cdknind.5 vdrnds cdknindsumnhds gjm cnmos pjiëtngjs gjkumos gjmcjrkd`dm umd crdtrëd gjm hnjs y ioyosprjpnds, osto hnjs mj nmtorvnomo om oi ho id aomto, mn gjm oi ho gdhd cdknind._md gjmaroadgn÷m ho crdtrëds so homjknmd`d trnù, ids gudios gjmcjrkd`dmid gnuhdh quo gjmtd`d gjm tros nmstntugnjmos prnmgnpdios< oi gjmsolj, ijs kd-anstrdhjs y id dsdkìod, ostds nmstntugnjmos vdrnd`dm su ostrugturd y cumgnjmosho dguorhj gjm gdhd îpjgd y oi ajòrmdmto.

Id dsdkìod ord gjmcjrkdhd pjr oi guorpj ho gnuhdhdmjs vdrjmos, ho ostdkdmord, omgjmtrdkjs hjs arupjs oxgiunhjs ho ids hognsnjmos hoi puoìj5ijs osgidvjs y ids kuloros. Id hokjgrdgnd hnrogtd arnoad om id quo so supjmotjhjs pjhëdm pdrtngnpdr os puos käs umd komtnrd pjiëtngd quo umd rodinhdh





ocogtnvd. Om tjhj gdsj so hdm diaumjs oiokomtjs nkpjrtdmtos ho osto aj`normjy os oi bogbj ho quo ijs gnuhdhdmjs tomëdm gjmtrji sj`ro ijs kdanstrdhjs ycumgnjmdrnjs. Om Dtomds, pjr olokpij, oxnstëdm hjs guorpjs gidvo om oi gjmtrjipjpuidr< id dsdkìod ho ijs qunmnomtjs y ijs trnùmdios.

Oi nhodi pjiëtngj ho quo tjhjs puhnordm pdrtngnpdr dgtnvdkomto ostd`d gjmstn-tunhj pjr id gjmsnhordgn÷m hoi bjk`ro gjkj um sor gjm gdpdgnhdh pjiëtngd, oibjk`ro gjkj um sor pjiëtngj. Dsë, id gnuhdh pdrd ijs dtomnomsos ord omtjmgosumd gjkumnhdh om id quo sus knok`rjs ho`ëdm iiovdr umd vnhd drk÷mngd, omid gudi ho`ëdm pdrtngnpdr id kdyjr gdmtnhdh ho gnuhdhdmjs pjsnìo snm hnsgrn-knmdgnjmos `dsdhds om oi rdmaj j id rnquozd. _md drkjmëd om id quo tjhjscuordm coingos5 snm ok`draj, gjkj hnlnkjs osto cuo um nhodi käs quo um bogbj.

Äajrd arnoad.

0>? Ids prnkords guiturds

y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Hnjsos arnoajs y rjkdmjs


Mjk`ro arnoaj Mjk`ro rjkdmj Wnamncngdhj

\ous Lüpntor Wjòrdmj ho tjhjs ijs hnjsosVjsonh÷m Moptumj Hnjs hoi kdr

Dcrjhntd Somus Oi dkjr, Id òiiozd

Bord Lumj Oi gnoij

Dpjij Co`j Hnjs hoi sji pdrd ijs rjkdmjs5pdrd ijs arnoajs hnjs ho id prj-

cogëd, id kohngnmd y id drquorëd.Hîkotor Goros Id tnorrd

Drtoknsd Hndmd Id gdzd

Dros Kdrto Id auorrd

Borkos Korgurnj Oi nmaomnj

Dtomod Knmorvd Wd`nhurëd y rdz÷m

Bocostjs Suigdmj Oi cuoaj

Orjs Gupnhj Oi dkjr, bnlj ho Somus y Kdrto.

Erjmjs Wdturmj Hnjs hoi gnoij, sjòrdmj ho ijstntdmos5 pdrd Pjkd hnjs ho iddarnguiturd.

Hnjmnsnj @dgj Hnjs hoi vnmj y id voaotdgn÷m.

>

@usquo om oi hnggnjmdrnj id hocnmngn÷m ho `är`drj o nmvostnauo d quî puoìjs ho iddmtnaùohdh so ios homjknm÷ ho osd kdmord. Vjr üitnkj, bdad umd rocioxn÷m sj`rosn oi tîrknmj `är`drj ord id kdmord dhogudhd ho hocnmnr d ostjs puoìjs.






_mnhdh 4

Wosn÷m 46

?. Xoxtj tjkdhj ho< Kngrjsjct ® Omgdrtd ® 0661. © 4>>7-0663 Kngrjsjct Gjrpjrdtnjm. Dutjr< Aroajry A.Auzkdm, prjcosjr ho Bnstjrnd ho id _mnvorsnhdh @rdhioy, om Vojrnd (Niinmjns). Os oi ohntjr y rogjpnidhjr hoKjmukomtd Idtnmd Poruk Kjmajijruk, umd gjioggn÷m ho cuomtos idtnmds jrnanmdios quo bdgom rocoromgndd ijs kjmajios hurdmto ijs snaijs RNNN y RNS.

Nmtrjhuggn÷m

D cnmdios hoi snaij NS, oi bnstjrndhjr rjkdmj Dkndmj Kdrgoinmj hosgrn n÷ d ijs `är drjsnmvdsjros gjkj «òstnds `ëpohds, dpdromtokomto omgdhomdhds d sus gd`diadhurds ho idsquo oxtrdom gdrmo y ò`nhd y quo ldkäs utninzdm um drdhj y gdrogom ho vnvnomhds.µ _mbnstjrndhjr hoi snaij SN, Ljrhdmos, gjmsnhord`d d ijs bumjs gjkj «ospërntus nkpurjs, dpomdsbukdmjs y gdromtos ho iomaudlo d oxgopgn÷m ho diaj quo so dsokold`d inaordkomto di bdìdbukdmdµ. Om oi snaij RNNN, Xjkäs ho Wpdidtj hosgrn`ëd d ijs kjmajios ho id snaunomto cjrkd<«Mj tomëdm mnmaüm rospotj pjr oi soxj cokomnmj, mn gjkpdsn÷m pjr id luvomtuh, mn knso-rngjrhnd gjm ijs dmgndmjs. _md rdzd porvorsd quo dsosnmd`d d tjhj oi kumhj, mj pdrogëdmporsjmds snmj hokjmnjs… Gjkj ostnds sdivdlos, pdrogëdm sohnomtjs ho sdmaro bukdmdµ.

Ho dguorhj gjm ijs roanstrjs osgrntjs ho id kdyjrëd ho ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos, ostjs`är`drjs nmvdhnorjm om ropotnhds jgdsnjmos ids sjgnohdhos darëgjids ourdsnätngds hoOurjpd, Jrnomto Vr÷xnkj, id Nmhnd y Gbnmd. Ostds cuomtos dsjgndm d ijs `är`drjs m÷kd-hds gjm hostruggn÷m, kdtdmzds y hosardgnds y hosgrnòm d ids sjgnohdhos sohomtdrnds(puoìjs quo so ostdìogëdm `äsngdkomto om umd roan÷m) gjkj ijs daomtos ho ostd`n-inhdh, prjarosj y lustngnd. Ostjs hjgukomtjs tokprdmjs roprosomtdm oi mdgnknomtj hoid komtdinhdh ho «mjsjtrjsµ cromto d «oiijsµ, id dpdrngn÷m ho id prägtngd ho id gjmhomd

Nmuomgnd ho ijs puoìjs`är`drjs om ids gnvninzdgnjmos?

Poümdso gjm sus gjkpdôorjs om suàrupjs. Bdadm umd iogturd sniomgnjsdhoi toxtj snaunomto y rocioxnjmom dgorgd ho id gjmtrnùgn÷m ho ijs är`d-rjs d id hncusn÷m ho ids gnvninzdgnjmos ho id dmtnaùohdh< ºGjmtrnùyorjmgjm oi hosdrrjiij ho ids gnvninzdgnjmos ho id dmtnaùohdh: ºG÷kj gjmtrn-ùyorjm:, ºPovntdinzdrjm gnvninzdgnjmos ostdmgdhds: ºHo quî kdmord:

Daroauom jtrds rocioxnjmos y prosomtom sus gjmgiusnjmos om piomdrnd.

4


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



ho «ijs jtrjsµ pjr sor hnstnmtjs. Id pdid`rd är`drj tnomo gdrägtor hospogtnvj y protomhëdhosgrn`nr d ostjs cjrämojs gjkj soros nmcornjros y käs nmbukdmjs.

Hoò tomorso prosomto quo id kdyjrëd ho ostjs prnkorjs roanstrjs ostä gjmstntunhd pjrroidtjs umnidtordios osgrntjs pjr knok`rjs ho ids sjgnohdhos darëgjids. Bd`ëd kuy pj-gjs `är`drjs niustrdhjs, pjr ij quo prägtngdkomto tjhjs ijs roanstrjs osgrntjs rocioldm oi

pumtj ho vnstd ho ijs puoìjs darëgjids quo sucrëdm dtdquos porn÷hngjs pjr pdrto ho ijs`är`drjs. Ijs puoìjs sohomtdrnjs s÷ij niustrd`dm ijs dspogtjs moadtnvjs ho ids gjstuk-`ros m÷kdhds. Xdios hosgrnpgnjmos, pidadhds ho bjrrjros y ovnhomtokomto tomhomgnjsds,cuorjm osgrntds mj pjr puoìjs nmhocomsjs, snmj käs `nom pjr nmhnvnhujs portomognomtosd ijs ostdhjs käs dvdmzdhjs y pjhorjsjs ho Ourjpd, Jrnomto Vr÷xnkj, id Nmhnd y Gbnmd.

D posdr hoi rocnmdknomtj y oi pjhor ho tdios gomtrjs ditdkomto gnvninzdhjs, îstjs ordmj`lotj ho pniidlos porn÷hngjs pjr pdrto ho ijs `är`drjs.

Ostds hosgrnpgnjmos moadtnvds pjmom ho kdmncnostj vdrnjs dspogtjs nkpjrtdmtos quomj cuorjm tomnhjs om guomtd pjr id kdyjrëd ho ijs bnstjrndhjros ho id îpjgd dmtnaudy kohnovdi. ºTunîmos ordm oxdgtdkomto ostjs `är`drjs: ºVjr quî y g÷kj puhnorjm

drrdsdr om ropotnhds jgdsnjmos ids gnvninzdgnjmos käs rngds y dvdmzdhds: º^ pjr quîso gjmhom÷ d ijs `är`drjs ho kdmord tdm vobokomto sn, d posdr ho omgjmtrdrso omnmcornjrnhdh, gjmsnaunorjm horrjtdr d puoìjs gnvninzdhjs ho kdyjr pjìdgn÷m: Dinmtomtdr rospjmhor tdios guostnjmos so pidmtod id nhod ho quo tdi voz gjmstntuyd umorrjr dsjgndr d ijs `är`drjs ümngdkomto gjm kdtdmzds, gdjs y hosardgnds. Ho bogbj,puoho dcnrkdrso ho kdmord rdzjmdìo quo hosokpoôdrjm umd cumgn÷m gjmstrugtnvdom oi hosdrrjiij y id hncusn÷m ho ijs di`jros ho id bnstjrnd hoi bjk`ro.

Snhd y gjstuk`ros om id ostopd

Ijs puoìjs quo bd`ntudikomto so hosnamdm gjkj `är`drjs ordm m÷kdhds ho id ostopd

hoi nmtornjr ho Dsnd, umd ho ids roanjmos käs hurds o nmb÷spntds hoi pidmotd. Oi ginkd omoi nmtornjr hoi vdstj torrntjrnj ourdsnätngj jsgnid omtro vdijros oxtrokjs ho gdijr y ho crëjy ijs oiokomtjs `äsngjs ho su aojardcëd sjm oi bnoij, oi `jsquo, id ostopd, oi hosnortj y idkjmtdôd. Osto torrntjrnj rosuitd`d hokdsndhj aîinhj, pj`ro y sogj pdrd id darnguiturd5 pjrtdmtj, oi ostnij ho vnhd sohomtdrnj ho ids gnvninzdgnjmos ho ids gjstds mj omtrd`d om gjmsn-hordgn÷m. Ids aomtos quo vnvëdm om oi nmtornjr ho`ëdm sor rognds pdrd sjpjrtdr tdi omtjrmjbjstni, om oi quo, pdrd pjhor sj`rovnvnr, ho`ëdm iugbdr gjmtnmudkomto gjmtrd id mdturdiozdj gjmtrd jtrjs puoìjs.

Okpuldhd pjr id mogosnhdh, id nmkomsd kdyjrëd ho ostjs nmhnvnhujs hoi nmtornjr ho Dsndvnvëd om ids ostopds gu`nortds ho bnor`d. Ordm m÷kdhds orrdmtos om usgd ho gjknhd y ho

pdstjs quo dhjptdrjm oi pdstjroj gjkj id cjrkd käs dptd pdrd sdtnscdgor sus mogosnhdhos`äsngds. Hdhj quo ijs pdstjs ho id ostopd rosuitd`dm nh÷mojs pdrd dinkomtdr ardmhosro`dôjs y kdmdhds ho dmnkdios, räpnhdkomto tjhj su ostnij ho vnhd gjkomz÷ d anrdr omtjrmj d ijs dmnkdios. Wo gjmvnrtnorjm om grndhjros ho admdhj, pdstjros y admdhorjs. Omum prnmgnpnj, oi pdstjroj so snkuitdmod`d gjm id prägtngd ho id gdzd y id admdhorëd trdhn-gnjmdios gjkj cjrkd ÷ptnkd ho suporvnvomgnd om ids ostopds. Ijs är`drjs hosogbdrjm idrutnmd darëgjid hoi hurj trd`dlj kdmudi ho ijs pjìdhjros ho ids gjstds pjr gjmsnhordridnmhnamd ho umjs gdzdhjros, pdstjros y auorrorjs nmhopomhnomtos.

Ids sokniids ho ijs porn÷hngjs gjmcingtjs omtro ostjs hjs ostnijs ho vnhd hnvoraomtos prjmtjgjkomzdrjm d kjstrdr sus crutjs. Gdhd umj ho ijs `dmhjs gjmsnhord`d nmcornjr di jtrj,






0>> Ids prnkords guiturdsy gnvninzdgnjmos

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hjtdhj ho gudinhdhos komjs vdinjsds. Ijs `är`drjs ordm tnihdhjs ho sdivdlos nmguitjs gd-romtos ho gudiqunor tnpj ho osgrnturd y togmjijaëd, soros nmcrdbukdmjs quo dgtud`dm naudiquo ijs dmnkdios gjm ijs quo gjmvnvëdm. Vjr oi gjmtrdrnj, ijs darnguitjros ho ids gjstds ordmgjmsnhordhjs suknsjs osgidvjs quo bd`ëdm romumgndhj d su inòrtdh nmhnvnhudi d gdk`njho gnortd soaurnhdh.

Ijs `är`drjs ho ids ostopds cuorjm oxtrdmlorjs nmjcomsnvjs bdstd quo oi gd`diij vnmj dkjhncngdr hrästngdkomto su ostnij ho vnhd. Oi pdstjroj m÷kdhd so gjmvnrtn÷ `äsngdkomtoom umd guiturd oguostro bdgnd oi dôj 4666 d. ho G. Om um prnmgnpnj hnspjmëdm ho gd`diijspoquoôjs gjkj cuomto ho gdrmo y iogbo, porj käs tdrho utninzdrjm ijs gd`diijs ho kdyjrdizdhd pdrd gd`diadr. Id pjsn`ninhdh ho kjmtdr d gd`diij dgoior÷ y cdgnint÷ oi gunhdhj hoijs ro`dôjs hnsporsjs, di tnokpj quo porkntëd dukomtdr oi mükorj ho gdòzds ho ijsknskjs o nmgrokomtdr oi rdhnj ho hospidzdknomtj ho ijs pdstjros. Dhokäs, porkntn÷ idknardgn÷m ho trnùs omtords d hnstdmgnds ho knios ho eni÷kotrjs. Oi hjknmnj hoi gd`diijrohulj id vdstd oxtomsn÷m ho ijs pdstjs ho ids ostopds d umds prjpjrgnjmos käs kdmoldìos.Ijs m÷kdhds ostopdrnjs so hospidzd`dm om ids îpjgds ho prnkdvord y jtjôj hosho ijspdstjs ho nmvnormj d ijs ho vordmj y so dgjstuk`rdrjm dsë d um hospidzdknomtj gjmstdmto.

Gjkëdm, gjkorgnd`dm, moajgnd`dm, hjrkëdm y rodinzd`dm sus mogosnhdhos cnsnji÷angdssnm `dldrso ho id kjmturd. Ostds prägtngds d ijkjs ho id gd`diadhurd hnorjm pno d id dpd-rngn÷m ho id nkdaom hoi gomtdurj om id intordturd y oi drto kohnovdios, yd quo ijs puoìjsgnvninzdhjs prjpomhëdm d gjmtokpidr oi gd`diij y oi lnmoto gjkj umd umnhdh nmhnvnsnìo.

Ids dggnjmos knintdros gjmstntuëdm pdrto nmtoardi ho id vnhd m÷kdhd. Id auorrd mj ord snmj umddggn÷m ho gd`diiorëd pdrd ijs pdstjros admdhorjs, quo dgtud`dm gjkj sjihdhjs knomtrds hurd`doi gjmcingtj. Id dgtnvnhdh knintdr dpomds so hncoromgnd`d ho su ostnij mjrkdi ho vnhd, dum gudmhjpdrd ijs m÷kdhds nmhopomhnomtos rosuitd`d hncëgni jradmnzdr dindmzds ostopdrnds d ardm osgdid ykäs hncëgni tjhdvëd kdmtomorids umnhds. Ostds dindmzds tokpjrdios, homjknmdhds bjrhds, dhqunrëdmräpnhdkomto ardm cjrtdiozd y pjhor, dumquo hogdëdm y so hosnmtoard`dm gjm id knskd goiornhdh.

Ijs m÷kdhds är`drjs hokjstrdrjm sor auorrorjs ho ardm rosnstomgnd y vdijr. Ijs gd`diijsios prjpjrgnjmd`dm kdyjr rdpnhoz y kjvninhdh rospogtj ho id nmcdmtorëd tdmtj inaord gjkjho drkdkomtj posdhj ho ijs gomtrjs gnvninzdhjs. Dpromhnorjm d gjmhugnr sus kjmturdsgjm ids rjhniids, yd quo prognsd`dm tomor dk`js `rdzjs in`ros pdrd kdmoldr oi drgj y idsciogbds, su prnmgnpdi drkd jcomsnvd. Bdgnd oi dôj 4666 d. ho G., oi drgj gjkpuostj ordho usj gjküm omtro tjhjs ijs `är`drjs ho ids ostopds. Osto drgj gjrtj so pjhëd kdmoldrcägnikomto hosho id kjmturd y ids ciogbds so pjhëdm hnspdrdr gjm prognsn÷m d umd hnstdm-gnd ho umjs 01? kotrjs. Gjkj oxportjs gdzdhjros ostopdrnjs, tjhjs ijs `är`drjs ordmoxgoiomtos drquorjs. Id kdyjrëd ho ijs `är`drjs jradmnzd`dm tjhjs ijs jtjôjs ardmhosgdgorëds quo ios prjpjrgnjmd`dm dùmhdmto gdrmo pdrd oi nmvnormj y, di knskj tnokpj,

umd ùomd jgdsn÷m pdrd pjmor om prägtngd sus tägtngds knintdros d ardm osgdid.Ids prnkords umnhdhos ho nmcdmtorëd ur`dmd, trds quohdr hnozkdhds pjr umd iiuvndho ciogbds omoknads iijvnhds hosho tjhds pdrtos, mj pjhëdm rodinzdr yd mnmaumd kd-mnj`rd tägtngd gjm quo bdgor cromto d id gdrad ho id gd`diiorëd `är`drd. Gudiqunorm÷kdhd quo hnspusnord ho um gd`diij y um drgj gjmstntuëd om pjtomgnd um sjihdhjho prnkord iëmod ruhj y corjz, knomtrds quo s÷ij umd poquoôd pdrto ho id pjìd-gn÷m gnvninzdhd ostd`d oqunpdhd y omtromdhd pdrd id auorrd. Id voijgnhdh hoi gd`diijoinknm÷ id mogosnhdh ho umd drkdhurd kotäingd gjstjsd y posdhd. Ids tägtngds hogd`diiorëd prjpjrgnjmdrjm umd vomtdld knintdr nmngndi d ijs `är`drjs y ijs auorrorjs

0>> Ids prnkords guiturds

y gnvninzdgnjmos

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d gd`diij admd`dm id kdyjrëd ho ids prnkords `dtdiids. Id koljr hocomsd gjmtrd idgd`diiorëd `är`drd ord um j`stäguij nmsdivdìo gjkj um kurj. Vrjmtj dirohohjr hoids gnuhdhos y d ij idraj ho ids crjmtords so iovdmtdrjm pdrohos ho `drrj, kdhord ypnohrd, gjkj id Ardm Kurdiid gbnmd. Mj hold ho sor om pdrto gnortj quo id gdëhd hoPjkd so prjhulj om Jggnhomto pjrquo Gbnmd bd`ëd ohncngdhj um kurj om Jrnomto.

Gjmqunstds y d`sjrgnjmos tëpngdkomto `är`drds_md voz gjmsoaunhd id suprokdgëd knintdr, ijs m÷kdhds ostopdrnjs gjkomzdrjm d dtdgdry gjmqunstdr roauidrkomto ids gnvninzdgnjmos ho ids gjstds. Ijs `är`drjs vomgohjros sogjmvnrtnorjm om ijs muovjs ajòrmdmtos knintdros y pjiëtngjs, nmgrokomtdhj su pjhorardgnds d su ovnhomto cjrtdiozd. Vrdgtngd`dm um aj`normj cîrroj, yd quo, pdrd okpozdr,ümngdkomto ijs locos gdpdgos y gdrnskätngjs ordm gdpdgos ho jradmnzdr d ijs m÷kdhdsnmhopomhnomtos om bjrhds ocngdgos. Ostjs locos ajzd`dm ho id ioditdh tjtdi ho sus sü`hntjs.

Oi prnkor snaij hospuîs ho gudiqunor gjmqunstd ord, pjr ij aomordi, umd îpjgd ho aj`normjhnmäkngj y ho prjspornhdh ogjm÷kngd, yd quo ids vnrtuhos ho ijs m÷kdhds so kozgid`dm gjm

ids gjstuk`ros ijgdios ho id gnvninzdgn÷m om guostn÷m. Id muovd cdknind rodi suraëd d komuhj hoid umn÷m pjr kdtrnkjmnj hoi gjmqunstdhjr är`drj gjm id hnmdstëd ronmdmto bdstd omtjmgos, ijquo io gjmcorëd tjtdi ioantnknhdh. Ostd prägtngd diuk`r÷ umd îpjgd ho ajòrmdmtos vomturjsjsquo prjpjrgnjmdrjm um aj`normj omîrangj, oi rosuranr ho id darnguiturd y id pdz. Oi pumtjguiknmdmto ho hngbd cusn÷m omtro ij koljr ho ijs `är`drjs gjm ij koljr ho ids gjstuk`rosgnvninzdhds so prjhugëd mjrkdikomto hurdmto ids tros prnkords aomordgnjmos pjstornjros d idgjmqunstd, digdmzdmhj su dpjaoj hurdmto oi ronmdhj hoi mnotj ho ijs prnkorjs gjmqunstdhj-ros. Olokpijs gjmgrotjs oxtrdëhjs ho id bnstjrnd ij gjmstntuyom Jetdr, Pjds y Dtnid omtro ijsbumjs5 Gdrijs Kdrtoi, Vnpnmj oi @rovo y Gdrijkdamj omtro ijs crdmgjs, y ijs gnmgj ardmhosedmos ho ijs kjmajios< Aomans Edm, sus bnljs Jajhdy y Auyue y sus mnotjs Kdmau y Euìdn.

Osto porëjhj nmngndi ho aj`normj rovntdinzdhj y hnmäkngj so voëd sogumhdhj mjrkdikomtopjr um iomtj hotornjrj. D kohnhd quo n`d hnsknmuyomhj id cjrtdiozd y sd`nhurëd rodios, ijsajòrmdmtos so n`dm ho`nintdmhj tdmtj komtdi gjkj cësngdkomto. Di gdrogor ho dutjhns-gnpinmd y olorgngnj cësngj, gdëdm om oi dùsj ho id gjknhd y id ò`nhd, bdromos y dsosjrosgjkpidgnomtos. Xdm prjmtj gjkj hold`d ho oxnstnr id mogosnhdh ho umd umnhdh rëanhdpdrd ids gjmqunstds gjkomzd`dm d suranr cnsurds nmtormds. Mdgëdm ids rnvdinhdhos omtro ijs

locos y ijs hncoromtos arupjs ho soaunhjros< knintdros, ùr÷grdtds, bdromos (om ospogndiids ronmds kdhros), sü`hntjs sjkotnhjs y dhoptjs m÷kdhds trdhngnjmdios. Ijs auorrorjsostopdrnjs ho ijs gduhniijs gjkomzd`dm d kjstrdr kdyjr ioditdh bdgnd sus muovjs iuadrosho dsomtdknomtj quo d sus locos, quo okpozd`dm d gdor om id ho`ninhdh, hogropntuh onmhuiaomgnd. Ostjs omcromtdknomtjs nmtormjs ho`nintd`dm oi aj`normj gomtrdi y d komuhj

hosok`jgd`dm om dgtjs vnjiomtjs y auorrds gnvnios. Dsë ids gjsds, oi gomtrj gnvninzdhj sobdiid`d kdhurj pdrd umd muovd jiodhd ho nmvdsnjmos y gjmqunstds d kdmjs hoi snaunomtoarupj ho `är`drjs umnhjs, ruhjs y hjtdhjs ho kdmhj quo, d su voz, vjivorëdm d quohdrdsnknidhjs y d`sjr`nhjs homtrj ho osto prjgosj ho rovntdinzdgn÷m gjmtnmud ho gnvninzd-gnjmos ostdmgdhds.

Gjmtrdrndkomto d id nkdaom moadtnvd rocioldhd pjr ijs prnkorjs roanstrjs osgrntjs, ijs är`drjsho ids ostopds bd`ëdm hosdrrjiidhj umd gjkpiold sjgnohdh pdstjrdi y m÷kdhd. Ostjs vdiorjsjsauorrorjs d gd`diij utninzd`dm su supornjrnhdh knintdr pdrd dtdgdr ijs gomtrjs gnvninzdhjs. Wn`nom d vogos gdusdrjm ardmhos hovdstdgnjmos, ijs är`drjs puohom y hoòm sor gjmsnhordhjsgjkj roprosomtdmtos ho um oiokomtj hnmäkngj y vntdi om id bnstjrnd ho id bukdmnhdh. Om oi







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prjgosj bdgnd id gjmqunstd ho um ditj ardhj ho prjspornhdh, rnquozd y pjhor, kugbds sjgno-hdhos sohomtdrnds bd`ëdm dhqunrnhj um gdrägtor gjmsorvdhjr, dgjkjhämhjso d umd dpdgnìorutnmd cnld. _tninzdmhj omcjquos dmtngudhjs pdrd dcrjmtdr prjìokds y tokds muovjs, bd`ëdmporhnhj id vntdinhdh y cioxn`ninhdh nkprosgnmhnìos pdrd um grognknomtj sdiuhdìo y prjarosnvj.

Povntdinzdgn÷m ho gnvninzdgnjmos ostdmgdhds d kdmjs ho ijs `är`drjs

Ijs `är`drjs, pjr oi gjmtrdrnj, ordm dgtnvjs y hnmäkngjs. Om sus gjmqunstds d komuhj hos-truëdm ijs dspogtjs dmtnaujs y dmtngudhjs ho umd sjgnohdh y gjmsorvd`dm ijs gjkpjmomtosprjvogbjsjs y ütnios. Ids muovds prägtngds y ids nmmjvdgnjmos m÷kdhds (tdios gjkj kjmtdrd gd`diij, oi tnrj gjm drgj, ijs pdmtdijmos y ids `jtds) so omtrokozgidrjm gjm ijs dspogtjsütnios ho ijs ostnijs ho vnhd ho ijs puoìjs sohomtdrnjs. Ostd cusn÷m prjpjrgnjm÷ ditormdtnvdsvndìos d ids prägtngds guiturdios j`sjiotds quo bd`ëdm crdgdsdhj y dajtdhj tjhd utninhdh. Dsë,ijs sugosnvjs omguomtrjs gjm ijs `är`drjs n`dm cjkomtdmhj id nmmjvdgn÷m y oi prjarosj, ydquo ijs gomtrjs gnvninzdhjs prognsd`dm dlustdrso y hosdrrjiidrso pdrd sj`rovnvnr.

Ids gnvninzdgnjmos dmtnauds ho Kosjpjtdknd y Oanptj gjmstntuyom olokpijs nom gjmjgnhjs

ho rovntdinzdgn÷m hnmäkngd prjgohomto hoi nmciulj porn÷hngj ho ijs är`drjs. Kosjpjtdknd,gjmsnhordhd aomordikomto gjkj umd gnvninzdgn÷m vntdi y prjarosnvd, pdhogn÷ croguomtosnmvdsnjmos pjr pdrto ho puoìjs hoi hosnortj, ho id kjmtdôd y ho id ostopd om tjhds suscrjmtords. Ostd nmtordggn÷m omtro puoìjs so trdhulj om id nmtrjhuggn÷m ho muovds nhodsy vdijros, gdk`njs om id pjìdgn÷m y om ids gjstuk`ros y croguomtos kjhncngdgnjmos pj-iëtngds y guiturdios. Ostd nmgosdmto dgtnvnhdh prjhulj umd guiturd hnmäkngd y vdrndìo, ydquo Kosjpjtdknd bu`j ho dhdptdrso y grogor pdrd sj`rovnvnr. Id pjìdgn÷m botorjaîmodhnspjmëd ho kdyjr ospdgnj pdrd su inòrtdh nmhnvnhudi y kdyjr gdpdgnhdh ho nmngndtnvd omoi gjmtoxtj ho ijs gdk`njs pjiëtngjs, sjgndios y ogjm÷kngjs prjvjgdhjs pjr ijs nmvdsjros`är`drjs. Di rodggnjmdr ho kdmord nmtoinaomto dmto ids muovds mogosnhdhos y hokdmhds,Kosjpjtdknd cijrogn÷ prjrrjadmhj su grognknomtj y oxpdmsn÷m.

Oanptj, pjr oi gjmtrdrnj, gjmstntuyo um olokpij ho gnvninzdgn÷m gjmsorvdhjrd y ostdmgdhd. Wuguiturd ord omhjaäkngd y ostätngd pjr guipd ho um dnsidknomtj gdsn tjtdi. Oi Wji y oi ginkd sogjprosorvd`dm tjhj5 mj bd`ëd quo hosogbdr mdhd. Ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos oanpgnds so hosd-rrjiidrjm gjm umd gjmgopgn÷m posdhd y idstrdhd pjr id guk`ro. Gdò dcnrkdr quo Oanptj su-guk`n÷ dlj su prjpnj posj, dbjadhj pjr sus gjstuk`ros dmtnauds y j`sjiotds. Oi gjmtdgtjporn÷hngj gjm puoìjs m÷kdhds bd`rëd pjhnhj sdivdr id gnvninzdgn÷m oanpgnd kdmtomnîmhjidsdmd ardgnds d porn÷hngds rovntdinzdgnjmos. Ijs ümngjs nmvdsjros nkpjrtdmtos hurdmto ijsprnkorjs snaijs cuorjm ijs bngsjs, quo ajòrmdrjm Oanptj pjgj dmtos hoi 4?66 d. ho G. Wuoxpuisn÷m cuo soaunhd ho um pornjhj ho prjspornhdh y oxpdmsn÷m om oi Nkpornj Muovj.Osto pornjhj ho duao hoi pjhor oanpgnj so puoho gjmsnhordr gjmsoguomgnd hnrogtd ho

id nmyoggn÷m ho omoraëd y rovntdinzdgn÷m `är`drds. Ids gnvninzdgnjmos sohomtdrnds gjkj idho Oanptj, quo so moadrjm d d`sjròr y d dsnknidr id nmmjvdgn÷m y oi prjarosj `är`drjs,quohd`dm d`jgdhds di hoginvo y, om üitnkj tîrknmj, d su hosdpdrngn÷m.

Om Ourjpd, oi jstrjajhj Xojhjrngj N oi Ardmho, quo ajòrm÷ Ntdind y id kdyjr pdrto hoiNkpornj rjkdmj ho Jggnhomto bdgnd oi dôj ?66 h. G., os umj ho ijs gduhniijs aorkdmjsquo nmtomtdrjm rovntdinzdr y prjpjrgnjmdr gjmtnmunhdh di Nkpornj rjkdmj. _tninzdmhj umprjardkd dutnzdhj gjkj gnvnintds, nmtomt÷ rostdurdr oi snstokd dhknmnstrdtnvj, id ogjmj-këd y id guiturd rjkdmds gjm oi vnajr y id cjrtdiozd aorkdmds. Xojhjrngj kdmtuvj d ijsrjkdmjs niustrdhjs y oxportjs om ids cumgnjmos ho aj`normj, om id urjgrdgnd gnvni y om idsjgupdgnjmos cnsgdios, rosorvdmhj ids tdrods knintdros oxgiusnvdkomto pdrd ijs ajhjs, quo


y gnvninzdgnjmos

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cjrtdiognorjm id darnguiturd trd`dldmhj ids tnorrds om tnokpjs ho pdz. Ostd cusn÷m hoi hnmd-knskj aorkdmj gjm ids vnolds gjstuk`ros trdhngnjmdios rjkdmds so gjmsnhord d komuhjgjkj id üitnkd iidkdrdhd ho Pjkd dmtos ho quo oi cuoaj so oxtnmaunord hocnmntnvdkomto.

Om 266 cuo gjrjmdhj okpordhjr rjkdmj oi roy crdmgj Gdrijkdamj. Osto aostj rociold`d oi nmtomtjpjr pdrto ho ijs aorkdmjs ho rodvnvdr id guiturd y oi hjknmnj rjkdmj vdrnjs snaijs hospuîs ho

id gdëhd hoi Nkpornj rjkdmj. Oi oscuorzj pjr bdgor romdgor id guiturd rjkdmd, ospogndikomtoid intordturd, ids drtos y id cjrkdgn÷m homtrj hoi gjmtoxtj ho id umnhdh grnstndmd y id soaurnhdhpjiëtngd y knintdr ho Gdrijkdamj, so gjmjgo gjkj oi romdgnknomtj Gdrjinmanj.

Ids nmvdsnjmos vnenmads cuorjm rospjmsdìos om pdrto ho id gdëhd ho id hnmdstëd Gdrjinmand. Ostjsnmvdsjros hoi mjrto dtdgd`dm pjr kdr om voz ho d gd`diij. Wus didradhds ok`drgdgnjmos hogdsgj dlj ios porkntëdm sdquodr tdmtj ijs vdiios ho ijs rëjs nmtornjros gjkj ids gjstds. Bdgnd oisnaij R gjkomzdrjm d dsomtdrso ho kdmord ostdìo om ijs torrntjrnjs quo bd`ëdm sdquodhj omNmaidtorrd y om oi mjrto ho Crdmgnd. Xrds d`rdzdr oi grnstndmnskj, okpozdrjm d cusnjmdrso gjmids sjgnohdhos ho Ourjpd jggnhomtdi, pdsdmhj ho pnrdtds d gjkorgndmtos. Id nmciuomgnd ho idsvnrtuhos vnenmads jradmnzdtnvds so pjmo ho kdmncnostj om oi bogbj ho quo Nmaidtorrd y oi mjrto

ho Crdmgnd pdsdrjm räpnhdkomto d pjsoor ids cjrkds ho aj`normj käs hnmäkngds y ocngdgosho id gnvninzdgn÷m jggnhomtdi. Wus gjmjgnknomtjs sj`ro mdvoadgn÷m gjmtrnùyorjm d kjhncngdrid sjgnohdh darëgjid nmtrjspogtnvd y dcorrdhd d id tnorrd ho id Ourjpd soptomtrnjmdi y d rodvnvdrid gjmstruggn÷m ho `drgjs, id kdrnmorëd y oi gjkorgnj jggnhomtdi. Kugbjs oruhntjs sjstnomom,dhokäs, quo ijs gjmjgnknomtjs y ids nmmjvdgnjmos kdrëtnkds ho ijs vnenmajs, dsë gjkj su ospërntuomtusndstd y su dkjr pjr id dvomturd, gjmtrnùyorjm d somtdr ids `dsos ho id cuturd oxpdmsn÷mourjpod. Dpjrtdrjm umd muovd gjmgopgn÷m hoi kdr y hoi kumhj kdrëtnkj y sus tokprdmdssnmaidhurds dtiämtngds gjmhulorjm hnrogtdkomto d id pjstornjr îpjgd ho oxpijrdgnjmos y hosgu-`rnknomtjs y, käs tdrho, di gjmtrji nkporndi pjr pdrto ho Ourjpd jggnhomtdi sj`ro oi rostj hoikumhj om ids ohdhos kjhormd y gjmtokpjrämod.

Hncusn÷m ho ids gnvninzdgnjmosVuoho dcnrkdrso quo ijs `är`drjs tdk`nîm hosokpoôdrjm umd cumgn÷m pjsntnvd om idprjpdadgn÷m y hncusn÷m ho id prjpnd gnvninzdgn÷m. Ijs gudtrj ardmhos gomtrjs ourdsnätngjsgnvninzdhjs so bdiid`dm sopdrdhjs omtro së pjr oi vdstj torrntjrnj hoi nmtornjr dsnätngj.Ijs gjmtdgtjs o nmtorgdk`njs pjr tnorrd s÷ij so pjhëdm ocogtudr pjr id rutd ostopdrnd`är`drd quo gu`rëd umjs 46.666 ek d trdvîs ho Ourdsnd, hosho Bumarëd bdstd Hjma-òn Vnmayudm (Kdmgburnd). Dpomds oxnstëdm gjmtdgtjs pjr kdr omtro ids gnvninzdgnjmossohomtdrnds dnsidhds, yd quo ijs hospidzdknomtjs pjr `drgj ordm käs idrajs y poinarjsjsquo ids rutds pjr tnorrd.

Vjr tdmtj, ijs är`drjs ho ids ostopds gjmstntuëdm oi prnmgnpdi oiokomtj bukdmj d trdvîshoi gudi so trdmskntëdm nhods y gjstuk`ros omtro ids gnvninzdgnjmos dmtos ho 4?66. Ijs`är`drjs rodinzdrjm ardm pdrto ho id hncusn÷m gjmgoptudi d trdvîs ho id rutd ostopdrnd.Id osgrnturd mdgn÷ om oi dmtnauj Jrnomto Vr÷xnkj y oi gjmgoptj ho id osgrnturd so hn-cumhn÷ pjr oi osto bdstd id Nmhnd y Gbnmd, dum gudmhj sus cjrkds y gdrdgtoros cuordmhnstnmtjs ho id osgrnturd gumoncjrko kosjpjtäkngd. Id j`tomgn÷m y utninzdgn÷m hoi`rjmgo y ijs gdrrudlos tdk`nîm so prjpdadrjm hosho Jrnomto Vr÷xnkj bdstd Ourjpd, idNmhnd y Gbnmd. Posuitd hncëgni ho hjgukomtdr gjm um gnortj ardhj ho gortozd osto tnpjho nmgnpnomto hncusn÷m guiturdi, yd quo mj oxnstom sucngnomtos pruo`ds quo id gjmcnordmumd grohn`ninhdh y prj`d`ninhdh sucngnomtos.







_mnhdh 4

Oi üitnkj pornjhj kohnovdi prjpjrgnjmd olokpijs düm käs gjmvnmgomtos ho id hncusn÷mguiturdi d trdvîs ho ijs hospidzdknomtjs ho ijs `är`drjs d ij idraj ho id rutd ostopdrndnmtornjr dsnätngd. Id ardm pdz kjmaji diidm÷ oi gdknmj pdrd um kdyjr nmtorgdk`nj guiturdihurdmto ijs snaijs RNNN y RNS. Ijs nmvomtjs gbnmjs gjkj id p÷ivjrd y id nkpromtd iioadrjmbdstd Jrnomto Vr÷xnkj y Ourjpd hurdmto osto pornjhj. Oxnstom pruo`ds ho quo drtniiorjsgbnmjs sjiëdm dgjkpdôdr d ijs olîrgntjs kjmajios bdstd Jrnomto Vr÷xnkj. Ijs ok`dld-

hjros hoi Vdpdhj vndldrjm d ijs hjknmnjs ho ijs ardmhos edmos om Edrdejruk hurdmtoids hîgdhds ho 4086 y 40?6. Kdrgj Vjij, di vjivor ho id gjrto hoi edm Eu`nidn bdgnd oidôj 4026 so trdlj umd prnmgosd ho Kjmajind pdrd gjmvortnrid om id prjkotnhd hoi edmkjmaji om Vorsnd. _m unaur gbnmj ho mjk`ro Pd``dm Wdukd cuo um Kdrgj Vjij d idnmvorsd< bdgnd 4026 vndl÷, gjkj ok`dldhjr hoi edm ho Vorsnd, bdgnd oi josto d JrnomtoVr÷xnkj y käs tdrho d Ourjpd jggnhomtdi pdrd omtrovnstdrso gjm oi Vdpd y ijs royos hoNmaidtorrd y Crdmgnd. Oi crdnio crdmgnsgdmj Anjvdmmn ho Kjmtogjrvnmj cuo oi prnkor drzj-`nspj grnstndmj ho Voeëm bdstd su kuorto om 4702. Osto tnpj ho nmtorgdk`nj guiturdi ytogmji÷angj gjmgiuy÷ gjm oi jgdsj ho ijs edmdtjs kjmajios om Vorsnd y Gbnmd d kohndhjshoi snaij RNS. Dsë puos, ijs kjmajios är`drjs adrdmtnzdrjm oi üitnkj pornjhj ho ardmhosnmtorgdk`njs dmtos ho id ord kjhormd.

Oi nkpdgtj y oi ioadhj ho ijs `är`drjs Oxnstom pruo`ds bnst÷rngds väinhds pdrd dcnrkdr quo ijs m÷kdhds `är`drjs hosokpo-ôdrjm umd cumgn÷m dgtnvd y òmîcngd om id bnstjrnd ho id bukdmnhdh. Ijs nmvdsjros`är`drjs rovntdinzdrjm ids gnvninzdgnjmos ostdmgdhds y om hoginvo y d oiijs so hoò ompdrto id hncusn÷m guiturdi omtro ids gnvninzdgnjmos okoraomtos dmtnauds y kohnovdios.Id roprosomtdgn÷m bd`ntudi ho ijs är`drjs gjkj sdquodhjros sdivdlos y hovdstdhjrosnmcrdbukdmjs os omadôjsd. Vjr hosardgnd d komuhj so ios dsnamd osto pdpoi gudmhjijs bnstjrndhjros, d id bjrd ho ostuhndr oi pdsdhj, so inkntdm d gjmgomtrdr sus ostuhnjsoxgiusnvdkomto om ids gnvninzdgnjmos sohomtdrnds y sus hjgukomtjs osgrntjs. Di dsuknr

y bdgorso ogj ho id vnsn÷m pdrgndi y ijs lungnjs ho ids cuomtos osgrntds, id kdyjrëd hoijs ostuhnjsjs gjmtnmüdm gjmhomdmhj d tjhjs ijs `är`drjs snm omtrdr d ovdiudr hocjrkd j`lotnvd su gjmtrnùgn÷m rodi d id ovjiugn÷m ho id bukdmnhdh. Ijs bnstjrndhjross÷ij pjhräm iioadr d gjkpromhor id dutîmtngd gjmtrnùgn÷m ho ijs pdstjros `är`drjssn dmdinzdm su bnstjrnd ho kdmord j`lotnvd.

Ümngdkomto sn so ovdiüd gjm prognsn÷m id gjmtnmud nmtordggn÷m omtro ijs hjs hncoromtosostnijs ho vnhd (jivnhdmhj oi omcjquo «mjsjtrjs, ijs uomjs y supornjrosµ cromto d «oiijs,ijs kdijs o nmcornjrosµ) pjhrä j`tomorso umd nhod gjkpiotd y cndìo ho ijs nmngnjs hoigrognknomtj y id ovjiugn÷m ho id bukdmnhdh om ids ohdhos dmtnaud y kohnovdi ho idbnstjrnd ho Ourdsnd.

46

Iod tjhd id nmcjrkdgn÷m rocoromto di nkpornj porsd quo dpdrogo om su in`rj5iuoaj, gjkpiokomto gjm jtrjs in`rjs, toxtjs y hdtjs quo omguomtro om Nmtormot.Oid`jro um omsdyj ho hjs päanmds sj`ro ijs dspogtjs quo käs io nkpdgtdrjmsj`ro oi nkpornj porsd.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Wosn÷m 44

Nkpornj porsd

Dhknmnstrdgn÷m pjiëtngd

Oi nkpornj porsd ostd`d hnvnhnhj om 06 prj-vnmgnds iidkdhds Wdtrdpëds, ajòrmdhds pjrum Wätrdpd.Ijs ajòrmdhjros j sätrdpds ordmvnanidhjs pjr id prnkord roh ho ospëds ho idbnstjrnd, gjmjgnhd gjkj «ijs jljs y jëhjs hoiroyµ, pdrd ovntdr quo gjkotnordm dùsjs gjkjgj`rdr käs ho ij ho`nhj om nkpuostjs. Oi loco

knintdr sjij rogn`ëd ÷rhomos hoi roy.

Xrdtdknomtj d ijssjkotnhjsj gjmqunstdhjs

Ijs porsds mj oxnind`dm mn kdtd`dm d sus omo-knajs. Pospotd`dm sus guitjs, sus trdhngnjmos ysus gnuhdhos. Cuorjm omîvjijs bdstd oi pumtjho holdr sdinr d ijs nsrdointds quo ordm osgidvjsom Kosjpjtdknd, bdgnd Vdiostnmd. W÷ij om

Oanptj bu`j roprosn÷m, ho`nhj d id ardm iugbdho ijs oanpgnjs om mukorjsds rovuoitds.Ijspuoìjs sjkotnhjs pjhëdm gjmsorvdr sus aj-`normjs ijgdios, porj ho`ëdm pdadr nkpuostjsom jrj, ljyds, pnohrds prognjsds y ospognds,soaüm sus nmarosjs, pdrd mj okpj`rogor d ijsgjmqunstdhjs.

Oi pdidgnj ho nmvnormj om Wusd (Kosjpjtdknd)om oi gudi gdhd puoìj hoi Nkpornj oid`jr÷ ijskdtorndios, soaüm su ospogndinhdh.Id ardm roh hogdknmjs vnanidhjs pjr knintdros quo umëdm oi nk-pornj.Id gnuhdh gorokjmndi Vdrsd j Vorsîpjins(Wuhjosto ho Nräm) hjmho so roumëdm tjhjs ijsdôjs d iiovdr trnùtjs di roy hoi nkpornj.

Ardmhos gjmstruggnjmos





Poinan÷m

Jrkuzh j Dburd Kdzhd soôjr ho id purozd,id vorhdh y id lustngnd. Ijs porsds mj tomëdm

tokpijs. Omgomhëdm um ardm cuoaj om ditd-ros. Id prnkord ioy ho su roinan÷m ord hognrsnokpro id vorhdh.

Bor÷hjtj (Bnstjrndhjr arnoaj) osgrn`n÷ quo

hognr id vorhdh ord pdrto cumhdkomtdi ho idsomsoôdmzds porsds, dhokäs, kjmtdr d gd`diijy kdmoldr oi drgj.

C j t j t j k d h d h o Q n e n p o h n d

Bor÷hjtj (Bnstjrndhjr arnoaj).

Ohugdgn÷m


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Grjmjijaëd hoi nkpornj porsd

Grjmjijaëd ho id oxpdmsn÷m hoi nkpornj porsd dquokîmnhd

Dôj ?81 d. ho G. Gnrj NN (oi Ardmho) vomgo di roy Grosj, tjkd Wdrhos, idgdpntdi ho Inhnd -u`ngdhd om Dsnd Komjr, d jrniids hoi kdrOaoj (hjmho bd`ntdrjm ijs rngjs bntntds om 0.666 d. ho G.)

Dôjs ?83-?86 d. ho G. Gnrj gjmqunst÷ ijs torrntjrnjs bdstd Vdenstäm.

Dôj ?7> d. ho G. Somgn÷ d Md`÷mnhos, oi üitnkj kjmdrgd ho @d`nijmnd yboroh÷ su nkpornj, quo nmgiuëd Wnrnd y Vdiostnmd.Gjmqunst÷

Comngnd y ids gnuhdhos arnoads ho Ljmnd (om Dsnd Komjr).

Dôj ?0? d. ho G. Wu bnlj Gdk`nsos NN, so hnrnan÷ d Äcrngd, hjmho so dpjhor÷ho Kokcns, id gdpntdi ho Oanptj. Hospuîs, dvdmz÷ bdgndoi sur bdstd Mu`nd. Bdgnd oi josto, tdk`nîm so dhuoô÷ho Gnrnmo (dgtudi In`nd).

Dôjs ?00-823 d. ho G. Hdrëj N, roy ho royos, gjmsjinhd oi nkpornj, sjkoto d id

roan÷m hoi rëj Nmhj, gjm ij quo iioa÷ d id dgtudi zjmd jg-gnhomtdi ho id Nmhnd. Omguomtrd umd rutd kdrëtnkd bdstdOanptj. Bdgo rotrjgohor d ijs osgntds bdstd oi mjrto hoi KdrMoarj y dsoaurd oi gjmtrji ho ids rutds gjkorgndios bdgndid pdrto kornhnjmdi ho Pusnd. Hospuîs, nmvdhn÷ oi suhostoho Ourjpd, gjmqunstdmhj Xrdgnd y Kdgohjmnd (hjmho bjyso omguomtrdm pdrto ho Arognd, Xurquëd y @uiadrnd).

Dôjs 8>> 83? d. ho G. Wo nmngnd oi ho nintdknomtj y id gdëhd hoi ardm nkpornj. Ijs arno-ajs so rosnstom d id nmvdsn÷m y pjstornjrkomto vomgom d HdrëjN. Wu bnlj Loraos N nmtomtd rogjmqunstdr Arognd y os horrjtdhj.Gjm Loraos N so nmngnd um porëjhj ho royos gruoios y kdijsaj`ormdmtos quo ho`nintdm käs oi Nkpornj Dquokîmnhd.

Dôjs 773-776 d. ho G. Gjm Hdrëj NNN iioad oi cnmdi hoi nkpornj, om kdmjs ho DioldmhjKdamj quo quok÷ Vorsîpjins om oi dôj 776 d. ho G.





C j t j t j k d h d h o

Q n e n p o h n d


Poy ho Vorsnd (??6 - 82? d. ho G.). Ord

bnlj hoi sätrdpd ho Vdrtnd, ho umd rdkdsogumhdrnd ho id cdknind rodi Dquokî-mnhd. Vortomogëd d id audrhnd rodi hoiokpordhjr Gdk`nsos NN gudmhj îstokurn÷ om oi ?00 d. ho G.5 lumtj gjmjtrjs mj`ios, so omcromt÷ di usurpdhjrAdukdtd, quo, bdgnîmhjso pdsdr pjroi borkdmj hoi okpordhjr, @drhnyd j

Wkorhns (kuortj, om rodinhdh), so bd`ëdprjgidkdhj roy.

Hdrëj so bnzj gjm oi pjhor kohndmto umajipo ho Ostdhj om oi ?04, sn `nom prjpda÷id ioyomhd ho quo bd`ëd snhj oioanhj roykohndmto id bnpjkdmgnd j dhnvnmdgn÷m pjrijs gd`diijs5 gjm id kuorto ho Adukdtd y

oi dpidstdknomtj ho sus pdrtnhdrnjs, Hdrëjsjkotn÷ d id gdstd sdgorhjtdi porsd.

Bdstd oi ?42 so hohng÷ d gjmsjinhdr supjhor, oinknmdmhj d muovo gjkpotnhj-ros, dhokäs ho sjkotor ids ro`oinjmos ho@d`nijmnd, Wusd y Oanptj. Vrjmtj rotjk÷id hnmäkngd ho oxpdmsn÷m ho sus proho-

gosjros< omvn÷ oxpohngnjmos di Vumld` y dids gjstds hoi ajicj Vîrsngj (bdgnd oi ?40).Wu auorrd gjmtrd ijs osgntds io porkntn÷dmoxnjmdrso Xrdgnd y sjkotor di roy hoKdgohjmnd5 porj mj gjmsnaun÷ iiovdr susgjmqunstds käs diiä hoi Hmnîstor.

Hdrëj N, Oi Ardmho3


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Gnuhdhos nmhopomhnomtosj Ostdhjs

Jradmnzdgn÷mdhknmnstrdtnvd

Vrnmgnpdi dgtnvnhdh

gjkorgndi

Dpjrtos guiturdios

@nìjs (7.666 d. ho G.), Wnh÷m 4.866-4.466d. ho G.) y Xnrj (4.466-1?6 d. ho G.), cuotrdsidhdhd d Äcrngd hospuîs ho umd sornoho nmvdsnjmos.

_m gjkorgndmto mjìo roaëd gdhd gnuhdhgjm jtrjs cumgnjmdrnjs. Mumgd cjrkdrjmum sjij Ostdhj. Oi rostj ho id pjìdgn÷m sohohngd`d d id admdhorëd, id darnguiturd ydi guitnvj, gjrto y gjkorgnj ho borkjsjs`jsquos ho gohrjs.

Wu nmhustrnd ho dstniiord y mdvdi, `drgjs co-

mngnjs quo prostd`dm sorvngnj ho trdmspjrtoy trdmspjrtd`dm sus prjpnjs prjhugtjs.

_m dicdòtj ho 00 gdrdgtoros quo cuo utninzdhj pjr ids hokäs guiturds. Vorcoggnjmd-rjm tjhjs ijs nmvomtjs quo bngnorjm jtrjsy so hngo quo nmvomtdrjm oi vnhrnj.

44

Nmvostnauo sj`ro ijs jrëaomos ho Pjkd y oxpinquo om um poquoôj osgrntj,ids rdzjmos pjr id gudios gjmsnhord quo id bnstjrnd ho ostjs jrëaomos os gnortdj cdisd y g÷kj os pjsnìo quo ho um jrnaom tdm bukniho mdgnord oi nkpornjkäs ardmho quo bd gjmjgnhj id bukdmnhdh.

Ijs comngnjs, um puoìj ho mdvoadmtos

Ijs comngnjs, puoìj sokntd prjgohomto ho Drd`nd. Bd`ntdrjm oi Ië`dmj (omid zjmd gjstord hoi Kohntorrämoj), hosho oi dôj 7.666 d. ho G. bdstd oi dôj1?6 d. ho G., nmvdhnhjs pjr nkpornjs y gnvninzdgnjmos, d`sjr`norjm ho îstdsids küitnpios guiturds.





Woaüm id ioyomhd ho ijs jrëaomos ho Pjkd, um bnlj hoi bîrjo trjydmjOmods, (bnlj ho Kdrto, oi hnjs ho id auorrd y ho umd prnmgosd idtnmd),

Dsgdmnj, bd`ëd cumhdhj sj`ro id jrniid horogbd hoi rëj Xëòr id gnuhdhho Di`d Ijmad5 gnuhdh idtnmd sj`ro id gudi ronmdrjm mukorjsjs ho sushosgomhnomtos, bdstd iioadr d Mukntjr y su borkdmj Dkuinj. Osto üitn-kj hostrjm÷ d Mukntjr5 y pdrd ovntdr quo tuvnord hosgomhomgnd quopuhnord hnsputdrio oi trjmj, gjmhom÷ d su bnld Pod Wnivnd d porkdmogorvnraom gjkj vostdi, sdgorhjtnsd ho id hnjsd Sostd.

Wnm ok`draj, Kdrto, oi hnjs ho id auorrd, omaomhr÷ om Pod Wnivnd d ijskoiinzjs Pokj y P÷kuij. Vjr oso kjtnvj, di mdgor ijs koiinzjs cuorjmdrrjldhjs di Xëòr homtrj ho umd gdmdstd, id gudi omgdii÷ om id zjmd hoids snoto gjinmds sntudhds gorgd ho id hosok`jgdhurd hoi Xëòr om oi kdr5snomhj rogjanhjs pjr umd ij`d iidkdhd Iuporgd quo so dgorg÷ d òòr,y quo ijs dkdkdmt÷ om su audrnhd hoi Kjmto Vdidtnmj, bdstd quo cuorjmbdiidhjs y rosgdtdhjs pjr um pdstjr guyd kulor ijs grn÷. Gudmhj cuorjmkdyjros, ijs koiinzjs rostntuyorjm d Mukntjr om oi trjmj ho Di`d Ijmad, yhognhnorjm cumhdr, gjkj gjijmnd ho Di`d Ijmad, umd gnuhdh om id rnòrd

horogbd hoi Xëòr, om hjmho bd`ëdm snhj dkdkdmtdhjs pjr id ij`d5 ysor sus Poyos.

Gorgd ho id hosok`jgdhurd hoi Xëòr oxnstëdm ids snoto gjinmds< ijskjmtos Gdpntjinj, Tunrn-mdi, Snknmdi, Dvomtnmj,Vdidtnmj, Osquninmj yGoinj. P÷kuij y Pokjhnsgutnorjm dgorgd hoiiuadr hjmho cumhdr idgnuhdh5 y rosjivnorjmid guostn÷m gjmsuitdmhjoi vuoij ho ids dvos, d idusdmzd otrusgd. Knomtrds sj`rooi Vdidtnmj P÷kuij hnvns÷ hjgoùntros vjidmhj, su borkdmj omjtrd ho ids gjinmds s÷ij vnj sons.Omtjmgos, P÷kuij, gjm um drdhj

Wosn÷m 40

Pjkd

P÷kuij y Pokj, umhdhjros ho Pjkd


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



trdz÷ um rogudhrj om ij ditj hoi kjmto Vdidtnmj, hoinkntdmhj id muovdgnuhdh, y lur÷ quo kdtdrëd d qunom ij trdspdsdrd. Hospogbdhj, su bor-kdmj Pokj mj jòhogn÷ y gruz÷ hospogtnvdkomto id iëmod, dmto ij gudisu borkdmj io hnj kuorto, quohdmhj omtjmgos gjkj oi ümngj y prnkorPoy ho Pjkd. Woaüm id vorsn÷m ho id bnstjrnd jcngndi ho Pjkd dmtnaud, osj

bd`ëd jgurrnhj om oi dôj 1?8 d. ho G. j käs `nom dmtos ho muostrd ordPjkd gjkomz÷ su bnstjrnd gjkj umd dihod käs omtro ids jtrds kugbdsho pdstjros y gdkposnmjs quo so ropdrtëdm ids gjinmds y knmüsguijs vdiiosho id zjmd.

Om Ntdind so bdm omgjmtrdhj rostjs ho bjk`ros hoi pdiojiëtngj, porj kugbjkäs croguomtos sjm ijs bdiidzajs ho id îpjgd mojiëtngd. Vdrd id îpjgd omquo so roanstrd id dpdrngn÷m bnst÷rngd ho Pjkd, so omgjmtrd`d bd`ntdhd pjrarnoajs quo cjrkd`dm id «Kdamd Arogndµ , ordm puoìjs kuy dhoidmtdhjs,y d ijs gudios so ios hoò id cumhdgn÷m ho vdrnds gnuhdhos, quo dum oxnstom

gjkj Xdromtj, Grjtjmd y Mäpjios. Ho naudi kdmord, trdmskntnorjm oi dicd-òtj d ijs puoìjs ho Ntdind.

Id Ntdind gomtrdi y pdrto ho id hoi sur so omgjmtrd`d om kdmjs ho ids trnùs«Ntäingdsµ, puoìjs nmhjourjpojs quo iioadrjm d id pomëmsuid prj`dìokomtobdgnd prnmgnpnjs hoi prnkor kniomnj dmtos ho Grnstj. Ijs sdkmntds jgupdrjmsj`ro tjhj ids cdihds ho ids kjmtdôds. Osto puoìj ntäingj gjmsorvd hurdmtokugbj tnokpj rdsajs hoi gjkumnskj prnkntnvj y sjstnomo iugbds gjm ijsrjkdmjs. Ijs idtnmjs so dpjhordm hoi vdiio hoi Xëòr, ostd`dm jradmnzdhjs

pjr gidmos y trnùs gjm gjkumnhdh ho `nomos y cjrkdm umd cohordgn÷m hognuhdhos.

Oi vdiio hoi Vj os jgupdhj bdgnd oi snaij SN d. ho G., pjr ijs adijs, puoìjsgoitds gjk`dtnvjs y dtrdsdhjs quo pdsdm ijs Dipos y so ostdìogom om ostdroan÷m.

Ijs otrusgjs jgupdm id pdrto mjrjggnhomtdi ho Ntdind. Xrdmskntom kugbjsoiokomtjs guiturdios d ijs rjkdmjs, y ijs hjknmdm pjr diaüm tnokpj, pj-soëdm umd osgrnturd quo dum mj bd snhj pjsnìo hosgncrdr, pjr diaumds cjrkds

ho sus guitjs, pdrogom bdòr prjvomnhj ho Dsnd Komjr.Ostuhnjs rognomtos suanorom quo oi kjmto Tunrnmdi cuo kuy nkpjrtdmtoom ijs tnokpjs dmtnaujs. Oi prnkor kjmto om sor bd`ntdhj pdrogo bdòrsnhj oi Vdidtnmj (ij quo gjmcnrkd id ioyomhd), quo ostä om oi gomtrj hoid Pjkd dmtnaud. Wus 7 grostds, ijs kjmtos komjros Vdidtnuk, Gorkdijj Aorkdij, y Soind) so umnorjm gjm ids 7 grostds hoi Osquninmj (Jpnj,Gnspnj y Cdautdi), y iuoaj ijs puoìjs sj`ro oi kjmto Goinj y id Wuùrd(omtro ijs kjmtos ho Pnjmo Kjhormd, Kjmtn y Jpnj).






Kjmdrquëd (1?7-?6> d. ho G.)

D ostd îpjgd so io dtrnùyom snoto royos5 snm ok`draj, ijs bnstjrndhjros mj bdm pj-hnhj gjmgrotdr sn tjhjs ijs royos rodikomto oxnstnorjm, yd quo bdy umd `rogbd omtro

id trdhngn÷m y ijs bdiidzajs dmtrjpji÷angjs, pjr ij gudi d ijs gudtrj prnkorjs so iosgjmjgo gjkj ioaomhdrnjs y d ijs tros üitnkjs gjkj bnst÷rngjs.

P o y o s i o a o m h d r n j

Vorëjhj-îpjgd Poy

P o y o s b n s t ÷ r n g j

s

1?7-14? d.G.

Cuo oi cumhdhjr ho id Pjkd, snomhj oi prnkorj ho ijssnoto royos ho Pjkd. Aomor÷ id jradmnzdgn÷m sjgndiho aomtos, gurnds y trnùs. Vorkdmogn÷ 72 dôjs om oironmj. Hospuîs hoi pdgtj omtro Idtnmjs y Wd`nmjs,Xdtnj, roy ho ijs sd`nmjs, os dsosnmdhj y P÷kuij

quohd om oi pjhor.Ord oi yormj ho Xdtnj. Nmtrjhugtjr ho groomgnds ro-inanjsds5 grodmhj ijs gjiioand sdgorhjtdios. Om ostdîpjgd so hnvnho oi dôj om 40 kosos, hnstnmaunomhjomtro hëds cdstjs y mocdstjs.

Cuo òingjsj5 hurdmto su ronmdhj bu`j iugbds gjmtrd Di`d ijmad, umd kotr÷pjins quo gjmvnrtn÷ om su vdsdiid.

Ord oi sj`rnmj ho Mukd, ho jrnaom Wd`nmj5 Gjmstruy÷um puomto sj`ro oi Xëòr y oi puortj ho Jstnd.

Vdrd diaumjs bnstjrndhjros cuo oi vorhdhorj «P÷ku-ijµ. Gjm osto roy so nmngnd oi porëjhj hoi hjknmnjotrusgj quo vd bdstd oi ronmdhj ho tdrqunmj oi sj-òr`nj. Wo gjmvnrtn÷ om roy ho ijs idtnmjs, sd`nmjsy otrusgjs. Cuo oi grodhjr hoi Womdhj y oi olorgntj5sus ostrdtoands knintdrso gjmtrd ijs puoìjs vognmjs ioporkntnorjm tomor id boaokjmëd ho Pjkd.

Wu`n÷ di pjhor y so kdmtuvj hurdmto kds ho gudromtddôjs. Hosdrrjii÷ rocjrkds pjiëtngds, knintdros y sjgndioshoi somdhj y id jradmnzdgn÷m hoi olîrgntj. Pohdgt÷ idprnkord gjmstntugn÷m pjiëtngd ho Pjkd y oi prnkorgomsj. Oxtomhn÷ ijs iëkntos ho id gnuhdh.

Cuo oi üitnkj roy. Di pdrogor so kdmtuvj om oi pjhorpjr kohnj ho id vnjiomgnd y tnrdmëd. Pocjrk÷ oi gd-iomhdrnj, dgd`÷ gjm id gjmstntugn÷m ho Worvnj Xuinjy su ronmdhj torknm÷ gjm id gdëhd ho id Kjmdrquëd5îstd so ho`n÷ d quo su bnlj rdpt÷ d Iugrognd qunomportomogëd d id mjìozd y tuvj quo rocuandrso om oipdidgnj ho Drnstjhokj trds sor oxpuisdhj.

14?-313j 310 d.G.

317-384 d.G

384-343 d.G.

343-?12 d.G.

?12-?78 d.G.

?78-?6> d.G.

P÷kuij

Mukd Vjkpninj

Xuij Bjstninj

Dmgj Kdrgnj

Xdrqunmj Vrnsgjoi Dmtnauj

Worvnj Xuinj

Xdrqunmjoi Wjòr`nj

Bnstjrnd


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Popüìngd (?6>-01 d. ho G.)

Hospuîs ho id oxpuisn÷m ho ijs otrusgjs hoi pjhor, okpnozd om Pjkd um muovj snsto-kd ho aj`normj, id Popüìngd ho tnpj jinaärqungj guyj prnkor g÷msui cuo Lumnj @rutj.Wo okpnozd d oxpdmhnr bdgnd jtrds roanjmos, nmgiusj hurdmto ids auorrds pümngds.

Hurdmto id Popüìngd oi pjhor cuo gjmcornhj d id hnvnmnhdh (hnjs Wdturmj) y so gjms-truy÷ um tokpij5 so aomordrjm gdrajs ho gjmsuidhj, proturd, ohni, guostjr, somdhj,kdanstrdhjs y jtrjs5 ijs royos cuorjm rookpidzdhjs pjr hjs g÷msuios qunomos tomëdmoi käxnkj pjhor gjkj roprosomtdmtos ho id hnvnmnhdh om id tnorrd. Xdk`nîm so pro-somtdrjm omcromtdknomtjs omtro pdtrngnjs y pioòyjs, ij gudi aomor÷ nmostd`ninhdhgnvni y iugbds pjiëtngds nmtormds.

Om ijs porëjhjs ho auorrd so mjk`rd`d um hngtdhjr quo pjhëd rookpidzdr d ijsg÷msuios, porj gudmhj torknmdrdm ids `dtdiids ho`ëd romumgndr.

D gjmtnmudgn÷m prosomtdkjs ijs ajòrmdmtos hoi cnmdi ho osto porëjhj.

477 d.G. Xnòrnj Nmtomtdrjm rostdurdr id ostd`ninhdh ogjm÷-kngd gjm umd rocjrkd dardrnd y koljrdr idsntudgn÷m ho ijs komjs cdvjrognhjs, porjcuorjm rogbdzdhjs pjr id jinadrquëd (gidsomjìo y rngd).

Omcromtdrjm id nmostd`ninhdh pjiëtngd cjrkdm-hj um olîrgntj pdrd ajòrmdr. Gudmhj kurn÷Grdsj, Gîsdr gjmqunst÷ Diokdmnd, Crdmgnd ypdrto ho Nmaidtorrd y so omcromt÷ d Vjkpo-yj5 îsto üitnkj cuo vomgnhj y Gosdr tjk÷ oipjhor gjkj hngtdhjr vntdingnj.

Cuo hngtdhjr y rodinz÷ kugbds rocjrkds, rotjrm÷id pdz y dpjy÷ d ids gidsos pj`ros5 cuo dsosnmdhjpjr ÷rhomos ho su bnlj dhjptnvj @rutj.

Jgtdvnj hosgjmjgn÷ oi pjhor ho Kdrgj Dm-tjmnj gudmhj îsto so gds÷ gjm Giojpdtrd, idronmd ho Oanptj5 omtjmgos Iîpnhj so rotnr÷,dsuknomhj Jgtdvnj oi pjhor ho Pjkd. Gjmid su`nhd ho Jgtdvnj cnmdinzd id îpjgd ho idPopüìngd.

Vorëjhj-îpjgd G÷msui / hngtdhjr Bnstjrnd

404 d.G. Gdyj Wokprjmnj Ardgj

Luinj GîsdrVjkpoyjy Grdsj

36 d.G.-Cjrkdgn÷m houm trnumvnrdtj

82 - 88 d.G. Luinj Gîsdr

88- 01 d. G.um muovjtrnumvnrdtj

tjk÷ oi pjhor

Jgtdvnj (sj`rnmj o bnljdhjptnvj ho Gîsdr),

Kdrgj Dmtjmnj y Iîpnhj





Vorëjhj-îpjgd Okpordhjr Dpjrtos

Hnmdstëd Luinj-Giduhnd

01 d.G.-32 h.G.

Duaustj

Xnòrnj

Gdiëauid

Giduhnj

Mor÷m

Hurdmto um dôj so hnsputdrjm oi gdraj ijs somdhjros Adi`d, Jt÷m ySntoinj, bdstd quo Sospdsndmj ostd`ninz÷ oi nkpornj y hosdrrjii÷ umdmuovd hnmdstëd.

Auorrds gnvnios32- 3>

Hovjivn÷ id pdz d id roan÷m y rotjk÷ids ùomds gjstuk`ros, rostdìogn÷id roinan÷m trdhngnjmdi5 rodinz÷ vdrndsj`rds püìngds y ho nmaomnorëd. Aomor÷

umd rocjrkd om id ostrugturd dhknmns-trdtnvd. Wu ostrdtoand knintdr porkntn÷id oxpdmsn÷m hoi torrntjrnj hosho oigdmdi ho id Kdmgbd bdstd oi hosnortjhoi Wdbdrd y hosho oi Dtiämtngj bdstdKosjpjtdknd.

Om su ronmdhj cuo grugncngdhj Grnstj.Pogjmjgnhj pjr su jradmnzdgn÷m ypjr tomor gudinhdhos knintdros5 porj

tdk`nîm pjr su gruoihdh y umd vnhdsoxudi inòrtnmd.

Cuo gjmjgnhj pjr su gruoihdh y oxtrd-vdadmgnd, hospuîs ho umd omcorkohdhkomtdi so gjmvnrtn÷ om um tnrdmj5 susjcngndios ho audrhnd gjmspnrdrjm gjmtrdîi y ij dsosnmdrjm.

Wu`n÷ di pjhor pjr oi olîrgntj5 su ron-mdhj tuvj dgnortjs gnvnios y knintdros yso io gjmsnhor÷ porspngdz o nmtoinaomto.Cuo dsosnmdhj pjr Darnpnmd, su ospjsd,y ij sugohn÷ oi bnlj ho oiid, iidkdhjMor÷m.

Pjkd cuo nmgomhndhd hurdmto su kdm-hdtj. Cuo dsosjrdhj pjr cni÷sjcjs hu-rdmto ijs prnkorjs dôjs y su kdmhdtj

cuo kjhordhj, porj iuoaj jrhom÷ oidsosnmdtj ho su borkdmj y ho su kd-hro5 so hngo quo hospuîs hoi nmgomhnj,di pdrogor prjvjgdhj pjr îi, guip÷ dijs grnstndmjs. Id audrhnd so rovoi÷, tuvjquo bunr y iuoaj so sungnh÷.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4




HnmdstëdCidvnj3>- >3

Sospdsndmj

Xntj

Hjkngndmj

Morvd

XrdldmjOkpordhjrosdhjptnvjs>3-4>0

Dhrndmj

Dmtjmnj Vëj

Sjivn÷ d dcndmzdr id gjmcndmzd hoi puoìjy oi olîrgntj om oi okpordhjr, cuo hnamjsugosjr hoi ioadhj ho Duaustj. Cuo ùomdhknmnstrdhjr o nmngn÷ id gjmstruggn÷m hoi

Gjinsoj y oi Cjrj. Kurn÷ ho kuorto mdturdi.Cuo sugohnhj pjr su bnlj Xntj.

Gjmtnmu÷ ids j`rds ho su pdhro y so bnzjpjpuidr omtro oi puoìj pjr sus roadijs yospogtäguijs. Cuo sugohnhj pjr su borkd-mj Hjkngndmj.

Pjkpn÷ roidgnjmos gjm oi Womdhj y id ditdsjgnohdh. @usgd`d trdnhjros om tjhj oi

torrntjrnj pjr ij quo torknm÷ oxpuisdm-hj d cni÷sjcjs, kdtokätngjs y porsnaun÷grnstndmjs.

Wu porëjhj cuo ho sd`nhurëd y kjhordgn÷m,so nmtoros÷ om oi `nomostdr ogjm÷kngj ycjrkui÷ umd ioy dardrnd pdrd cdvjrogor dijs pj`ros.

Om su aj`normj oi Nkpornj digdmz÷ su käxn-kd oxpdmsn÷m. Bnzj vdrnds gjmstruggnjmosdrquntogt÷mngds, kdmtuvj oi snstokd hoaomorjsnhdh gjm oi puoìj nmngndhj pjrMorvd. Vds÷ id kdyjr pdrto ho su aj`normjom gdkpdôds knintdros.

Cuo kuy guitj y so rjhod`d ho pjotds ycni÷sjcjs. @usgd`d id pdz y torknm÷ id idradauorrd gjmtrd ijs pdrtjs (porsds) holdmhj oigjmtrji ho Dsnrnd, Kosjpjtdknd y Drkomnd5gjmstruy÷ umd kurdiid gjm su mjk`ro quo

pusj cnm d id oxpdmsn÷m torrntjrndi hoi Nkpornj.

Wu aj`normj cuo gdutoijsj, pr÷sporj y pd-gëcngj. Hjm÷ ardmhos sukds ho su prjpndcjrtumd pdrd oi puoìj y oi olîrgntj. Hngt÷ioyos pdrd cdvjrogor d ids cdkninds pj`ros,y ovntdr io kditrdtj ho ijs osgidvjs. Pohuljnkpuostjs y sdmo÷ oi tosjrj püìngj. Ovnt÷gjmcrjmtdgnjmos y gjmcingtjs drroaidmhj gjmhnpijkdgnd, mj porsnaun÷ grnstndmjs mn luhëjs.





Okpordhjr DpjrtosVorëjhj-îpjgd

Hnmdstëd Dmtjmnmd434-4>0

Kdrgj Duroinj

Lumtj gjm Iugnj Sorj ajòrmdrjm bdstdid kuorto ho Sorj, porj om rodinhdhKdrgj Duroinj ord qunom tomëd oi pjhor.Cumh÷ osguoids, jrcdmdtjs y bjspntdios

pdrd ids gidsos komjs cdvjrognhds5 soprojgup÷ pjr oi `nomostdr hoi puoìjsnm ok`draj porsnaun÷ d ijs grnstndmjs.Kdmol÷ umd cnijsjcëd ostjngd om su aj-`normj, cuo intordrnj y cnijsjcj, mj kuydptj pdrd id auorrd pjr ij gudi tuvj umdtägtngd ho hocomsd ho crjmtords.

G÷kjhj

Bnlj ho Kdrgj Duroinj, gjmtrdrnj d ijs

hosnamnjs ho îsto su aj`normj omtr÷ diNkpornj om hogdhomgnd y so gdrdgtornz÷pjr gruoihdh, oxgomtrngnhdh y horrjgbo.Vdrtngnp÷ om gjk`dtos ho aidhndhjrospdrd hokjstrdr su pjhor, oi Gjinsoj sogjmvnrtn÷ om um iuadr pdrd gjmhomdhjsy aidhndhjros. Wucrn÷ kugbjs dtomtdhjsy so nmngn÷ umd idrad auorrd gnvni quotorknm÷ gjm su gdëhd hoi kdmhdtj.Vîrtnmdx y Hnhnj Luindmj nmtomtdrjm

@usquohd hoi jrhom y rotjkdr ids gjstuk`ros porj id sjgnohdhostd`d vngndhd pjr oi kdmhdtj ho G÷kjhj, dsë quo so kdmtu-vnorjm ids auorrds gnvnios.

Auorrds gnvnios4>7

Hnmdstëd Wovord4>7- 07?

Woptnknj Wovorj

Vusj cnm d ids auorrds gnvnios. Potjk÷ oigdrägtor knintdr y hîspjtd hoi Nkpornj,cdvjrogn÷ di olîrgntj pjr kohnj ho ro-cjrkds knintdros. Okòiiogn÷ id gnuhdhho Pjkd.

Wugohnorjm ijs okpordhjros ho kdmhdtjs gjrtjs Gdrdgdiid,Kdgrnmj y Boinjaä`dij.

Dioldmhrj Wovorj

Cuo aundhj pjr su kdhro, bdgnomhj umaj`normj pruhomto y jradmnzdhj. Idtîgmngd ho dguôdgn÷m tuvj su käxnkdporcoggn÷m.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Vorëjhj-îpjgd

Id DmdrquëdKnintdr

07?- 02?

Hnjgiogndmjy id Xotrdrquëd

028-76?

Ajòrmdrjm 40 okpordhjros< Kdxnknmj Xrdgnj , Ajrhndmj N, NN y NNN,Cninpj «oi Ärdòµ, Hognj, Xro`jmnj Adij, Sdiorndmj, Adinomj, GiduhnjNN, Duroindmj, Vrj`j y Gdrnmj Mukorndmj y gdsn tjhjs kurnorjm hocjrkd vnjiomtd. Wj`rosdinorjm Giduhnj NN oi A÷tngj qunom sjstuvj y

adm÷ umd auorrd gjm ijs ajhjs, y Duroindmj, ardm ostrdtoad, to÷grdtdqunom iugb÷ pjr id roumncngdgn÷m hoi Nkpornj y vomgn÷ d id ronmd hoVdiknrd y gjmqunst÷ Adind.Hospuîs ho Duroindmj ajòrmdrjm Vrj`j yGdrnmj, snm kdyjros dpjrtos bdstd quo su`n÷ di pjhor Hnjgiogndmj ygjm oi so nmngnd oi iidkdhj @dlj Nkpornj Pjkdmj.

Hnjgiogndmj nkpiokomt÷ um muovj snstokd ho aj`normj< id Xotrdrquëdhjmho ajòrmd`dm gudtrj5 jradmnz÷ umd hnvnsn÷m ho pjhoros y ho torrn-tjrnj. Dsë quohdrjm gudtrj roanjmos hjknmdhds pjr hjs okpordhjros(Hnjgiogndmj om jrnomto y Kdxnknindmj om jggnhomto) y hjs gîsdros

(Adiornj om jrnomto y Gjmstdmgnj gijrj om jggnhomto).

Gudmhj Hnjgiogndmj so rotnr÷, id Xotrdrquëd nmngn÷ umd grnsns quo tuvjdiaumjs ajòrmdmtos gjk`dtnomtos gjkj Wovorj NN, Kdxnknmj NN y In-gnmnj N, bdstd quo oi Nkpornj so umncng÷ gjm Gjmstdmtnmj. GjmstdmtnmjN oi Ardmho, ajòrm÷ kugbjs dôjs y jstomt÷ vdrnjs tëtuijs5 om sukdmhdtj so oid`jr÷ oi Ohngtj ho Kniäm quo rogjmjgn÷ oi grnstndmnskjy porkntn÷ id prägtngd roinanjsd ho ijs grnstndmjs. Cumh÷ id gnuhdh hoGjmstdmtnmjpid quo so gjmvnrtn÷ om id gdpntdi hoi Nkpornj umncngdhj,cjrtdiognomhj jrnomto.

Gjmstdmtnmj NN, Gjmstdmto y Gjmstdmgnj NN in`rdrjm dtdiids pjr oi torrn-tjrnj porj ord ovnhomto id hogdhomgnd hoi Nkpornj.

Luindmj NN iugb÷ muovdkomto gjmtrd ijs grnstndmjs y io qunt÷ di giorjijs òmocngnjs j`tomnhjs5 porj oi grnstndmnskj ostd`d kuy drrdnadhjy mj cuo dcogtdhjs pjr ids nmtomgnjmos ho îsto. Ajòrmdrjm tdk`nîmArdgndmj y voiomtntndmj NN bdstd quo cnmdikomto su`n÷ di pjhor Xojhj-snj qunom hnvnhn÷ ho muovj oi nkpornj holdmhj om kdmjs ho sus bnljsjrnomto y jggnhomto. Vdrd diaumjs bnstjrndhjros gjm Xojhjsnj cnmdinzd

id bnstjrnd hoi Nkpornj ho Jggnhomto5 oi ho Jrnomto, gjmjgnhj gjkjNkpornj @nzdmtnmj porhurd um kniomnj käs bdstd quo os nmvdhnhd pjrijs turgjs om 48?7.

Ijs bnljs ho Xojhjsnj quohdm gjm oi pjhor5 om Jggnhomto Bjmjrnjy om Jrnomto Drgdhnj. Bjmjrnj tomëd um gdrägtor hî`ni y su ronmdhj,gjmtrdrnj di ho su borkdmj, ostuvj gdrdgtornzdhj pjr ids nmvdsnjmos`är`drds y roòihëds nmtormds. Ij sugohnorjm diaumjs okpordhjrosquo tuvnorjm quo sjrtodr gjm ijs sdquojs ho vnsnajhjs y vämhdijs, ycnmdikomto id nmvdsn÷m ho ijs ajhjs.

Ijs muovjstotrdrgds y

Gjmstdmtnmj N763-771

Ijs bnljs hoGjmstdmtnmj N

771-734

Üitnkdsroumncngdgnjmos

734-7>?

Vdrtngn÷mhocnmntnvd y gdëhd

hoi Nkpornjho Jggnhomto

7>?-813





Guiturd rjkdmd

Oi drto rjkdmj, supohntdhj d su pjiëtngd oxpdmsnvd, rociol÷ oi pjhorëj y id aijrnd hoinkpornj. Xuvj um gdrägtor oknmomtokomto prägtngj, gjkj ij hokuostrdm ijs dguo-

hugtjs, ijs puomtos y ids torkds.Pjkd nkpjmëd sus ostrugturds pjiëtngds y dhknmnstrdtnvds d ijs pdësos quo n`d sjkotnomhj,porj ostj mj nkpohëd quo dsnknidrd ids rnquozds guiturdios oxtrdmlords gjm ardm cdgninhdh.

Ijs rjkdmjs cuorjm prjcumhjs dhknrdhjros ho ids gnuhdhos ho Arognd y ho Jrnomto. Dsë pjr olokpij, ho ostds üitnkds, nmtrjhulorjm y iuoaj dhdptdrjm oi drgj, id `÷vohd y id güpuid. Ostj hnj d id drquntogturd rjkdmd id kjmukomtdinhdh quo id gdrdgtornzd.Om ijs tokpijs so gjpndrjm diaumjs oiokomtjs arnoajs, dumquo oi Vdmto÷m ho Pjkd

rosuit÷ sor umd rovjiugn÷m drtëstngd, pjr sor ho `dso gnrguidr y tomor umd güpuid, omgjkpdrdgn÷m gjm ijs tokpijs arnoajs, quo ordm rogtdmauidros.

Diaumds j`rds drquntogt÷mngds rjkdmds hostdgdhds cuorjm ijs drgjs ho trnumcj, idsgjiukmds gjmkokjrdtnvds y ids `dsëingds.

Om gudmtj d ids j`rds püìngds, hostdgdm id gjmstruggn÷m ho gdizdhds (gdrrotordsrogtds gjkj id Sëd Dppnd), puomtos, dguohugtjs, ijs `dôjs püìngjs y ids torkds.

Om id osguiturd rjkdmd so hnstnmauo su nmginmdgn÷m pjr ijs rotrdtjs y oi rodinskj. Dsë, sjm gjmjgnhjs sus ùstjs y sus ostdtudsoguostros. Dhokäs, ijs rjkdmjs sohostdgdrjm pjr tdiidr oiijs roinovosbnst÷rngjs om sus drgjs ho trnumcjy gjiukmds.

Xdk`nîm so vnj hncumhnhd idhogjrdgn÷m ho ids gdsds y diau-mjs ohncngnjs (gjkj ijs dôjs),gjm oiijs y kdamëcngjs crosgjsy kjsdngjs. Ids pnmturds koljrgjmsorvdhds sjm ijs kurdios hoVjkpoyd.


_mnhdh 4


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Id roinan÷m

Id roinan÷m jrnanmdrnd rjkdmd romhëd guitj d umjs sorossj`romdturdios iidkdhds muknmd (gjkj Cdumj y Cijrd).

Gdò soôdidr quo id roinan÷m om Pjkd mj tuvj id knskdtrdsgomhomgnd quo tuvj om jtrds gnvninzdgnjmos, gjkj gjmid arnoad. Dsë, di omtrdr om gjmtdgtj ostjs hjs puoìjs,ijs rjkdmjs dsnknidrjm ijs hnjsos arnoajs d su tojajmëd(hjgtrnmd sj`ro oi jrnaom y aomodijaëd ho ijs hnjsos).

Oi guitj d ostds hnvnmnhdhos sjij promhn÷ om ijs rjkdmjs dmnvoi suporcngndi. Dsë, ijs hnjsos rjkdmjs käs nkpjrtdmtos

(gjm sus bjk÷ijajs arnoajs) cuorjm< Lüpntor (\ous), Kdrto (Dros), Co`j (Dpjij), Moptumj (Vjsonh÷m) y @dgj (Hnj-mnsjs). Ids hnjsds cuorjm< Lumj (Bord), Hndmd (Drtoknsd)y Knmorvd (Dtomod). Ho tjhjs oiijs sj`rosdiëdm< Lüpntor, Lumj y Knmorvd, quo cjrkd`dm id «Xrëdhd Gdpntjinmdµ (pjr tomor su tokpij om oi Gdpntjinj).

Wnm ok`draj, gjm oi gjmtdgtj gjm Jrnomto, d pdrtnr hoi

snaij N h.G., so prjhulj umd vorhdhord nmvdsn÷m ho idsroinanjmos jrnomtdios< gjkj oi ho Nsns (ho jrnaom oanpgnj)j oi ho Kntrd (ho jrnaom porsd). Cnmdikomto, trds oi rogj-mjgnknomtj ho Xojhjsnj hoi grnstndmnskj, ostd roinan÷mtorknm÷ nkpjmnîmhjso d ids hokäs.

Oi horogbj rjkdmj

Oi prnkor guorpj ho ioyos cuo oi g÷hnaj iidkdhj «Ioy ho ids hjgo tdìdsµ (8?4d. ho G.), gjkj gjmsoguomgnd ho ids prosnjmos quo olorgnorjm ijs pioòyjs pdrdijardr naudihdh pjiëtngd.

Ijs lurnsgjmsuitjs (ospogndinstds om horogbj) rjkdmjs hnstnmauëdm omtro horogbjpüìngj, horogbj prnvdhj y horogbj nmtormdgnjmdi. Oi prnkorj roauid`d idsroidgnjmos omtro oi Ostdhj y ijs gnuhdhdmjs5 oi soaumhj, ids roidgnjmos omtro ijsgnuhdhdmjs, y oi nmtormdgnjmdi, ids roidgnjmos omtro ijs hnstnmtjs puoìjs.

Id ’Hndmd ho Sorsdiios‛, gjpnd rjkdmdho umd osguiturd boiomëstngd ho

kärkji.






40


Id ohugdgn÷m

Id ohugdgn÷m prnvnioand`d d ids gidsos käscdvjrognhds, ijs bnljs ho pdhros dhnmordhjs, did ohdh ho sons dôjs, soauëdm pjstornjrkomtosu ohugdgn÷m om osguoids. Id omsoôdmzd ord`dsdhd om oi kjhoij arnoaj, so nkpdrtëdmmjgnjmos `äsngds sj`ro iogturd, osgrnturd ykdtokätngds. Gudmhj gukpiëdm 44 dôjs, umardkkdtngus (prjcosjr dvdmzdhj) ios omsoôd`d intordturd y gnomgnds (kdtokätn-gds y dstrjmjkëd). Di gukpinr ijs 48 dôjs, ijs l÷vomos quo hosod`dm hohngdrsod id pjiëtngd ho`ëdm ostuhndr jrdtjrnd. Ids mnôds dpromhëdm d hosokpoôdr tdrodshjkîstngds, knomtrds quo ijs mnôjs käs pj`ros ho`ëdm trd`dldr.

Om ijs üitnkjs dôjs hoi nkpornj oxnstnorjm om ids prnmgnpdios gnuhdhos (Pjkd, Dtomds y @nzdmgnj) nmstntugnjmos ohugdgnjmdios quo ordm vorhdhords umnvorsn-hdhos. Wus prjcosjros ordm hosnamdhjs pjr oi Ostdhj y ostjs, di naudi quo ijsdiukmjs, ajzd`dm ho oxomgnjmos cnsgdios.

Gjmcjrkom gudtrj arupjs ho trd`dlj. Gdhd umj vd d propdrdr umd gbdrid ho kohndbjrd sj`ro ijs snaunomtos tokds, dpjyämhjso om oi in`rj<

• Arupj 4< dspogtjs om ijs quo puoho nhomtncngdrso gidrdkomto id nmciuomgnd hoipuoìj arnoaj sj`ro oi puoìj rjkdmj.

• Arupj 0< gjm `dso hoi gudhrj quo ostä om oi in`rj, oxpingdrä ids rdzjmos pjr idsgudios Pjkd iioa÷ d sor oi nkpornj käs ardmho ho id bnstjrnd, y om quî oiokomtjs`ds÷ su pjhorëj.

• Arupj 7< gjm `dso om oi knskj gudhrj, oxpingdrä ids rdzjmos ho id hogdhomgndhoi nkpornj rjkdmj, y sn gjmsnhord quo ostj pjhrëd sugohor om muostrjs tnokpjsd umd ardm pjtomgnd j d gudiqunor puoìj j mdgn÷m.

• Arupj 8< ºTuî io dpjrtj oi nkpornj rjkdmj di kumhj om tjhds ids ärods:


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Ntdind bjy

Id ropüìngd ntdindmd ostä u`ngdhd om oi sur ho Ourjpd y so oxtnomho pjrumd idrad pomëmsuid (ntäingd) quo, pjr su pdrtnguidr cjrkd, so dsokold dumd `jtd. Osto pdës tdk`nîm nmgiuyo hjs ardmhos nsids sntudhds om oi kdrKohntorrämoj< Wngnind y

Gorhoôd.

Om oi mjrto so omguom-trdm ijs Dipos, umd gd-homd kjmtdôjsd hjmhoostä oi iëknto gjm Crdm-gnd, Wunzd, Dustrnd y Os-ijvomnd. Wus gjstds om oi

osto sjm rjhodhds pjr oikdr Dhrnätngj y ids hoijosto y sur, pjr oi kdrKohntorrämoj.

Wu gdpntdi os Pjkd, quopjsoo umd suporcngno ho

dirohohjr ho 764.016ek0. Wu pjìdgn÷m di-gdmzd d ids ?2.830.71?porsjmds, qunomos bd-ìdm oi nhnjkd jcngndintdindmj, dumquo om gnor-tds ärods so bdìdm jtrjs, gjkj oi diokäm, di`dmîs y crdmgîs, dhokäs hodiaumjs hndiogtjs.

Wosn÷m 47

Ntdind y Ourjpd bjy

S o m o g n d , N t d

i n d





Aojardcëd

D Ntdind ij dtrdvnosdm tros gjrhniiords< ijs Dipos, hjmho so omguomtrd oi kjmtoPjsd, oi käs ditj ho Ntdind (8.378 k.s.m.k.)5 ijs Dpomnmjs, id gjiukmd vorto-`rdi ho id pomëmsuid y ho Wngnind, y id gjrhniiord ho Aommdraomtu. Id iidmurd

hoi Vj so oxpdmho om cjrkd trndmauidr, ho osto d josto, rostrnmanhd di mjrtopjr ijs Dipos y di sur pjr ijs Dpomnmjs. Xnomo vdrnjs vjigdmos, diaumjs ho oiijsdgtnvjs. Ijs rëjs mj sjm kuy idrajs, d oxgopgn÷m hoi Vj, pjsoo gorgd ho 4.?66idajs, ho ijs gudios ijs käs ardmhos sjm oi Gjkj y oi Adrhd. Oi ginkd ntdindmj,om aomordi, prosomtd vordmjs sogjs o nmvnormjs kjhordhjs.

OgjmjkëdVrosomtd umd ogjmjkëd quo bdgrognhj mjtd`iokomto, y roprosomtddgtudikomto um pjrgomtdlo hoi 2%hoi prjhugtj mdgnjmdi rutj ntdindmj,oi kdyjr ho tjhds ids gnuhdhos hoNtdind. Id nmhustrnd so hosdrrjiid omsogtjros kuy hnvorsjs< kogämngj,gjmstruggn÷m, nmcjrkätngj, td`dgd-iorj, quëkngj y gnmokdtjaräcngj. Idnmhustrnd bjtoiord bd dhqunrnhj ardmnkpjrtdmgnd pjr oi prjarosnvj du-komtj hoi turnskj (poroarnmdgnjmos).Id kjmohd jcngndi os oi Ourj. Vdrd oikdmolj Ntdind so omguomtrd hnvnhnhd

om 06 roanjmos y por-tomogo d id Jradmn-zdgn÷m hoi Xrdtdhjhoi Dtiämtngj Mjrto (JXDM) y d id _mn÷mOurjpod.Ntdind portomogo diA2 j arupj ho ids

jgbj mdgnjmos käs nmhustrndinzdhdshoi kumhj. Wu dgtnvnhdh nmhustrndi osoi olo prnmgnpdi ho su ogjmjkëd y sokuovo om tjrmj d id prjhuggn÷m hogokomtj, dgorj, toxtnios, oiogtrjhj-kîstngjs, vobëguijs (dutjk÷vnios ykjtjgngiotds), dhokäs ho vnmj, gor-vozd y dgonto ho jinvd. Ostj so trdhugoom quo sus prnmgnpdios oxpjrtdgnjmossjm oqunpjs ho trdmspjrto y kdqun-mdrnds, dpdrdtjs oiîgtrngjs, vostnkom-td, prjhugtjs quëkngjs y piästngjs.Ntdind nkpjrtd, cumhdkomtdikomto,kdtornds prnkds, bnhrjgdr`urjs y

dinkomtjs. Jtrj sog-tjr nkpjrtdmto hosu ogjmjkëd os oiturnskj. Wu VN@ porgäpntd (Vrjhugtj Nm-tormj @rutj pjr por-sjmd) os ho 0>.848h÷idros.

Cjmtdmd hn Xrovn om Pjkd, Ntdind


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Guiturd

Pjkd os um ardm gomtrj dhknmnstrdtnvj y ùrjgrätngj. Dhokäs, os umd

gdpntdi guiturdi y roinanjsd. Id roinan÷m jcngndi os id gdt÷ingd, porj so prdg-tngdm jtrjs guitjs. Guomtd gjm vdrnds umnvorsnhdhos, gnvnios y ogiosnästngds(Id Wdpnomzd, «Id Wd`nhurëdµ, cumhdhd om 4767, os id kdyjr umnvorsnhdhho Ourjpd puos guomtd gjm gdsn 4?6.666 ostuhndmtos) y so tnomo gjkjsoho ho id CDJ.

Iuoaj ho id gdëhd hoi Nkpornj rjkdmj, oi torrntjrnj ho Ntdind sucrn÷

id nmvdsn÷m ho ijs `är`drjs y portomogn÷ om hncoromtos îpjgds d Dio-

kdmnd, Crdmgnd, Ospdôd y Dustrnd, quohdmhj hnvnhnhj om mukorjsjs

ronmjs quo gjmtnmudkomto iugbdrjm omtro së pjr id boaokjmëd ho id

pomëmsuid. Ostj so kdmtuvj pjr kugbjs snaijs, bdstd quo, om 4234,

so gjmvnrtn÷ om um Ostdhj umncngdhj, ardgnds d id dindmzd ho ijs puo-

ìjs ho id pomëmsuid y ids hjs sngninds, quo hnorjm jrnaom di ronmj ho

Ntdind, guyj ajòrmdmto cuo Sëgtjr Kdmuoi NN, ho id hnmdstëd Wd`jyd.

Mj j`stdmto, oi prnmgnpdi rospjmsdìo ho id umnhdh ntdindmd cuo oi

gjmho Okninj @omsj ho Gdvjur, knmnstrj ho Sëgtjr Kdmuoi NN, dum-

quo Anusoppo Adrn`dihn os gjmsnhordhj oi bîrjo ho osto bogbj, yd

quo iiov÷ pjr tjhd id pomëmsuid oi komsdlo umncngdhjr gjk`dtnomhj

gjmtrd ijs jpjsntjros.

Pjkd y oi nkpdgtj ho su bnstjrnd





Wnm ok`draj, s÷ij om 4216 Pjkd so daroa÷ di ronmj ho Ntdind, yd quo

so kdmtuvj `dlj oi aj`normj hoi pdpd om oi nmtortdmtj.

Jtrj gdpëtuij nkpjrtdmto om id bnstjrnd ho osto pdës cuo id hngtdhurd

cdsgnstd ho @omntj Kussjinmn, om 4>00, quo ij nkpuis÷ d dindrso gjm

Diokdmnd y Ldp÷m hurdmto id Woaumhd Auorrd Kumhndi (4>7>-4>8?),

ij quo trdlj cdtdios gjmsoguomgnds di sor horrjtdhj, lumtj gjm osds

mdgnjmos, di tîrknmj hoi gjmcingtj. Om 4>83 so rodinz÷ um pio`nsgntj,

quo ostd`iogn÷ id Popü`ingd Ntdindmd, id quo so dgjkpdô÷ ho umdmuovd Gjmstntugn÷m d pdrtnr ho 4>82. Dgtudikomto, Ntdind os roanhd

pjr um prosnhomto j prosnhomtd.

Vdmjräkngd ho id gdtohrdi ho Cijromgnd

N k d a o m t j k d h d h o w n e n p o h n d


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4




Ourjpd, oi soaumhj gjmtnmomto käs poquoôj hoi kumhj trds Jgod-mëd, tnomo umd oxtomsn÷m ho 46.?76.1?4 ek°, roprosomtdmhj oi 1%ho ids tnorrds okoranhds.

846.666.666 bd`ntdmtos.

Ostä inkntdhd< di Mjrto gjm oi Kdr Aidgndi5 di Osto gjm oi rëj _rdi,ijs kjmtos _rdios y oi Kdr Gdspnj5 di Wur gjm oi Gäugdsj, oi KdrKohntorrämoj y sus dmoxjs5 y di Josto gjm oi Jgîdmj Dtiämtngj.

Ourjpd Jrnomtdi gjmcjrkdhd pjr ijs Vdësos Ourjpojs quo cjrkdrjm

id _mn÷m Wjvnîtngd. Aojaräcngdkomto os id kntdh osto ho Ourjpdquo nmgiuyo d ijs @digdmos, (Arognd tdk`nîm), oi Gäugdsj, oi ArupjSnsoardh (oxgoptj Popüìngd Gbogd) y Cnmidmhnd.

Ourjpd Jggnhomtdi (hoi josto), os umd roan÷m aojaräcngd sntudhdom id pdrto jggnhomtdi ho Ourjpd, sj`ro oi Jgîdmj Dtiämtngj. Idhnvnsn÷m ho Ourjpd om hjs kntdhos, umd Jggnhomtdi y jtrd Jrnomtdi,so hoò käs d rdzjmos bnst÷rngds quo aojaräcngds. Xrds id WoaumhdAuorrd Kumhndi, y sj`ro tjhj gjm oi gjknomzj ho id Auorrd Crëd,oi gjmtnmomto ourjpoj quoh÷ hnvnhnhj om hjs zjmds, ho hncoromto

nmciuomgnd pjiëtngd. Ourjpd jggnhomtdi os id pdrto käs pr÷spord onmhustrndinzdhd ho osto gjmtnmomto5 id kdyjr pdrto ho ijs Ostdhjsquo cjrkdm id roan÷m sjm knok`rjs ho id _mn÷m Ourjpod.

Ourjpd hoi Mjrto os id roan÷m soptomtrnjmdi hoi gjmtnmomto ourj-poj. Om hnvorsjs kjkomtjs cuo hocnmnhd ho hnstnmtds kdmords, porjbjy om hëd suoio gjmsnhordrso quo ostä gjkpuostd pjr ijs pdësosm÷rhngjs, quo nmgiuyom Hnmdkdrgd, Cnmidmhnd, Mjruoad y Wuognd, dsë gjkj tdk`nîm ids nsids Ïidmh y ids Corjo, y jgdsnjmdikomto Edroind,id pomëmsuid ho Ejid, Arjomidmhnd y oi drgbnpnîidaj Wvdi`drh.

Ourjpd Gomtrdi os id roan÷m quo, gjkj su mjk`ro nmhngd, omaij`dd ids mdgnjmos quo so omguomtrdm om id pdrto gomtrdi ho Ourjpd. Mjoxnsto um dguorhj umämnko sj`ro quî torrntjrnjs cjrkdm ostd roan÷m.Ostd sntudgn÷m so hoò d ids hncoromtos gjmsnhordgnjmos ho gdrägtorbnst÷rngj käs quo aojaräcngj. Gjkj gjmsoguomgnd ho sor oi gomtrjgjmtnmomtdi (tdi gjkj nmhngd su mjk`ro), Gomtrjourjpd bd vnvnhjkugbjs gdk`njs, snomhj osgomdrnj ho nkpjrtdmtos kjvnknomtjspjiëtngjs y roinanjsjs.

Wuporcngno

Mj.dprjxnkdhj hobd`ntdmtos om

0663

Iëkntos

Poanjmosho Ourjpd

Ourjpd






_mnhdh 4

Poanjmosho Ourjpd

Ourjpd hoi Wur om su kdyjrëd, inkntd gjm id guomgd soptomtrnjmdi y jrnomtdihoi Kdr Kohntorrämoj5 so oxtnomhom pjr id gjstd jggnhomtdi hoi Kdr Moarj5y id gjstd hoi Vjrtuadi `jrhod oi Jgîdmj Dtiämtngj. Bdy kdrgdhds y mu-korjsds hncoromgnds omtro ijs pdësos pjr ij quo gjmgnormo di mnvoi ho vnhdy ho grognknomtj ogjm÷kngj5 ijs knok`rjs ho id _mn÷m Ourjpod (Arognd,Ntdind, Vjrtuadi y Ospdôd) so omguomtrdm om umd cdso käs dvdmzdhd quo

ijs quo so bdiidm om cdso ho trdmsngn÷m hosho umd ogjmjkëd pidmncngdhd dmnvoi gomtrdi d umd ho korgdhj (Di`dmnd, @jsmnd y Borzoajvnmd, @uiadrnd,Grjdgnd, Pukdmnd, Osijvomnd, id ox Popüìngd ûajsidvd ho Kdgohjmnd y ûajsidvnd).

Os oi gjmtnmomto käs iidmj, gjm umd diturd kohnd ho 076 kotrjs. Id käxnkdoxprosn÷m ho ostds pidmngnos os Id ardm iidmurd hoi Mjrto, quo so oxtnomho0.666 Ek. hosho ids gjstds dtiämtngds crdmgosds bdstd ijs kjmtos _rdios,id crjmtord cësngd käs jrnomtdi gjm Dsnd. Ijs pumtjs käs ditjs sjm oi kjmtoOi`rus (Pusnd) om Ourjpd jrnomtdi (?.380 k), oi Wbebdrd (Aojrand) (?.068 k)y oi Kjmt @idmg (Crdmgnd) om Ourjpd jggnhomtdi (8.261 k).

Oi ginkd ourjpoj ostä hotorknmdhj pjr id pjsngn÷m ho Ourjpd om oi aij`j,omtro ids idtntuhos kohnds y ditds hoi mjrto y om id cdgbdhd jggnhomtdi hoigjmtnmomto ourdsnätngj. Io dcogtdm ids kdsds ho dnro pjidr kdrëtnkj y pjidrgjmtnmomtdi, porj tdk`nîm ids kdsds ho dnro trjpngdi kdrëtnkj, y s÷ij omjgdsnjmos trjpngdi gjmtnmomtdi. Id gjmstdmto prosomgnd ho kdsds ho dnrokdrëtnkj bdgo hoi ourjpoj um ginkd ostdìo y dardhdìo.Gudtrj sjm ijs ginkds käs nkpjrtdmtos om Ourjpd< oi ginkd kohntorrämoj,oi ginkd. kdrëtnkj ho id gjstd josto, oi ginkd sogj ho ids idtntuhos kohnds, yoi ginkd gjmtnmomtdi bükohj, porj tdk`nîm omgjmtrdkjs, om roanjmos hoimjrto, oi ginkd ho ijs `jsquos `jrodios y oi ginkd ho tumhrd.

Ijs rëjs ourjpojs sjm kjhordhdkomto idrajs, snm ardmhos dvomnhds y, omaomordi, roauidros. Ijs ardmhos rëjs sjm mdvoadìos bdstd ijs gjknomzjs hoigursj kohnj. Om Ourjpd jggnhomtdi, oi rëj käs idraj os oi Hdmu`nj, gjm 0.236ek ho ijmantuh y quo hosok`jgd om oi kdr Moarj. Oi soaumhj rëj käs idrajos oi Pnm, gjm 4.703 ek ho ijmantuh y quo hosok`jgd om oi Dtiämtngj, dimjrto hoi gdmdi ho id Kdmgbd.Xdk`nîm sj`ropdsdm ijs 4666 ek oi Oi`d, oi Sëstuid, oi Ijnrd y oi Xdlj5 tjhjsoiijs hosok`jgdm om oi Dtiämtngj, oxgoptj oi Sëstuid quo hosok`jgd om oi@äitngj. Vorj käs idrajs sjm ijs rëjs rusjs< oi Sjiad tnomo 7.?74 Ek. ho ijm-

antuh y hosok`jgd om oi kdr Gdspnj, oi Hmnîpor 0.064 Ek. y hosok`jgdom oi kdr Moarj, oi _rdi 0.802 ek y hosok`jgd om oi kdr Gdspnj5 osto osoi rëj quo prjijmad id crjmtord gjm Dsnd hosho ijs kjmtos _rdios di Gdspnj.Xdk`nîm supordm ijs 4666 ek oi Hjm, oi Votgbjrd, oi Hmnîstor y oi Hvnmd.

Oxnstom ardm vdrnohdh ho arupjs îtmngjs, d gdusd ho ids sugosnvds jiodhds hooknardmtos quo iioadrjm d ostds tnorrds. Vjr osto kjtnvj, dumquo id kdyjrëdho sus bd`ntdmtos portomogom di arupj gdugäsngj, mj gjmsorvdm ijs gdrdg-toros prnkntnvjs ho id rdzd ìdmgd. Ids otmnds rosuitdmtos käs nkpjrtdmtossjm< oi m÷rhngj, oi osidvj y oi kohntorrämoj5 io snauom ids knmjrëds ho uarjs,idpjmos, tjses y ijs vdsgjs qunomos gjmsorvdm su nhomtnhdh.

Poinovo

Ginkds

Vrnmgnpdiosrëjs

Arupjsîtmngjs


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Poinanjmos

Ijs ourjpojs prjcosdm id roinan÷m grnstndmd, quo tuvj su jrnaom om id gnuhdhho rjkd. Oi grnstndmnskj so hncumhn÷ gjm ardm rdpnhoz pjrquo prjgidkd`did naudihdh omtro ijs bjk`ros, oi dkjr d Hnjs y om aomordi snamncng÷ umdmuovd ospordmzd. Wo hnvnho om tros arupjs soaüm ids groomgnds y ids prägtngdsroinanjsds< gdt÷ingjs, jrtjhjxjs y prjtostdmtos.

•

Oi Nkpornj Pjkdmj cuo umd otdpd ho id gnvninzdgn÷m rjkdmd om id Dmtnaùohdh giäsngd gdrdgtornzdhd pjr umd cjrkd ho aj`normj dutj-grätngd. Oi mdgnknomtj hoi nkpornj vnomo progohnhj pjr id oxpdmsn÷mho su gdpntdi, Pjkd, quo oxtomhn÷ su gjmtrji om tjrmj di Kdr Kohn-torrämoj.

• Snenmaj os oi mjk`ro hdhj d ijs knok`rjs ho um arupj îtmngj, jrnan-mdrnj ho Osgdmhnmdvd. Cuorjm um puoìj ho jrnaom aorkämngj quo soostdìogn÷ om id pomëmsuid Osgdmhnmdvd bdgnd oi dôj 0666 d. ho G.

• Wo homjknmd goitds d ijs puoìjs quo bdìdm j bdìdrjm iomaudsgoitds, quo om oi snaij N d. ho G. so oxtomhëdm pjr ardm pdrto ho Ourj-

pd, hosho id dgtudi Xurquëd bdstd Vjrtuadi. Osto tîrknmj os ho jrnaomarnoaj (eoitjn), qunomos puhnorjm bdòrij tjkdhj prostdhj ho ëòrjsj inauros. Ijs goitds so bdm iidkdhj snokpro d së knskjs adindnm, j sod<adijs (hornvdhjs< aäidtd, adidngj).

Id _mn÷m Ogjm÷kngd y Kjmotdrnd (_OK) bdgo rocoromgnd d id zjmd gjm umdkjmohd ümngd homtrj hoi korgdhj ümngj ho id _O, hjmho ids porsjmds, idskorgdmgëds, ijs sorvngnjs y ijs gdpntdios gnrguidm snm rostrnggnjmos. Gjmcjrkdoi kdrgj pdrd id ostd`ninhdh ogjm÷kngd, sustomtdhd om um `dmgj gomtrdinmhopomhnomto y ids jìnadgnjmos lurëhngds nkpuostds d ijs Ostdhjs knok-`rjs, gjmsnstomtos om dpingdr pjiëtngds ogjm÷kngds s÷inhds y om gjjrhnmdrids

ostrogbdkomto.Vuostj quo ijs nmtorgdk`njs gjkorgndios omtro ijs Ostdhjs knok`rjs hoid _O digdmzdm oi 36% ho su gjkorgnj tjtdi, id _OK os oi gjkpiokomtjmdturdi hoi korgdhj ümngj. Osto korgdhj cumgnjmdrä gjm kdyjr ocngdgnd yhosdrrjiidrä piomdkomto sus ocogtjs omocngnjsjs ardgnds d id oinknmdgn÷mho ijs oiovdhjs gjstos ho trdmsdggn÷m, aomordhjs pjr id gjmvorsn÷m hoid kjmohd y ids nmgortnhuk`ros dsjgndhds d id nmostd`ninhdh ho ijs tnpjsho gdk`nj.Oi Ourj< os id kjmohd ho id ourjzjmd j zjmd ourj, gjkpuostd pjr trogo hoijs 01 Ostdhjs knok`rjs (om 0661) ho id _O quo gjkpdrtom ostd kjmohdümngd. Ijs `niiotos y kjmohds ho ourj so pusnorjm om gnrguidgn÷m oi 4 ho

omorj hoi 0660.@dmgj Gomtrdi Ourjpoj (@GO)< grodhj om 4>>2, ho gjmcjrknhdh gjm oiXrdtdhj ho Kddstrngbt, pdrd nmtrjhugnr y aostnjmdr id muovd kjmohd, ocogtudrjpordgnjmos gjm hnvnsds y adrdmtnzdr oi uom cumgnjmdknomtj ho ijs snstokdsho pdaj. Os tdk`nîm rospjmsdìo ho cnldr ids ardmhos iëmods y ologutdr idpjiëtngd ogjm÷kngd y kjmotdrnd ho id _O. _md ho ids prnmgnpdios tdrods hoi@GO os kdmtomor id ostd`ninhdh ho prognjs om id zjmd ourj, prosorvdmhj oipjhor dhqunsntnvj hoi ourj.

Kdqunmdrnd, vobëguijs, dvnjmos y prjhugtjs cdrkdgîutngjs.


Ogjmjkëd

Vrnmgnpdiosprjhugtjs







_mnhdh 4

Ioor id snaunomto sosn÷m (48), om id quo so oxpingdm ijs dspogtjs käs

nkpjrtdmtos sj`ro ij quo sugohëd om Dkîrngd, knomtrds om Ourjpd so

hosdrrjiid`dm ijs bogbjs ostuhndhjs bdstd oi kjkomtj. Om um osgrntj j

om umd gdrtoiord, bdad umd rocioxn÷m sj`ro pjr quî om Ourjpd so ho-sdrrjiidrjm umjs tnpjs ho gnvninzdgn÷m y om Dkîrngd jtrjs. Oxpinquo tros

snknintuhos y tros hncoromgnds oxnstomtos omtro ids ardmhos gnvninzdgnjmos

dsnätngds y ourjpods, y ids tros prnmgnpdios gnvninzdgnjmos ho Dkîrngd.

47


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4




_mnhdh 4

Bnstjrnd dmtnaudBnstjrnd dmtnaud


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Wosn÷m 48

Vdësos dmhnmjs

Kdpd ho ids ärods guiturdiosho Kosjdkîrngd


Gnvninzdgnjmos dkorngdmds

Dkîrngd





Id bnstjrnd ho ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos dkorngdmdsho`o vorso gjm umd knrdhd hncoromto d id porspog-tnvd gjkj so d`jrhdm ids gnvninzdgnjmos ho jtrjsgjmtnmomtos, puos su hosdrrjiij cuo om su kdyjrëd

dut÷mjkj ho îstds. Om oi gdsj ho ids pnräknhos, pjrolokpij, tomokjs quo ids pnräknhos bogbds pjr ijsdztogds mj tnomom mnmaumd roidgn÷m gjm ids pnräknhosgjmstrunhds pjr ijs oanpgnjs.

Vnräknho ho Eueuigäm, Gbngbom Ntzä (Kîxngj).

Ids pnräknhosho Anzd (Oanptj).


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Iodkjs

Osguiturd dztogd.

Kosjdkîrngd gjkpromho hosho oi sur ho Kîxngj bdstd id dgtudi Gjstd Pngd. Xo-mokjs quo ids gnvninzdgnjmos ho Dkîrngd tnomom umds gdrdgtorëstngds hnstnmtds d idsyd ostuhndhds, pjr olokpij, om Dkîrngd ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos mj gjmjgëdm oi`rjmgo. Wjm hncoromtos tdk`nîm ids gnvninzdgnjmos dkorngdmds umds ho jtrds. Ijs os-tuhnjsjs ho Kosjdkîrngd nhomtncngdm tros cdsos om oi hosdrrjiij ho ids gnvninzdgnjmosomgjmtrdhds om oiid.

Om id prnkord cdso dpdrogom ijs gomtrjs gorokjmndios, oi gdiomhdrnj y ijs gjknomzjs ho id osgrnturd. Ostjs oiokomtjs so omgjmtrdrëdm om ids zjmds `dlds hoi ajicj hoKîxngj. Aojaräcngdkomto id zjmd gjmtd`d gjm umd cîrtni tnorrd diuvndi. Oxnstd umd

darnguiturd ho rjzd, dihods ho posgdhjros y diaumjs puoìjsporncîrngjs dpjrtd`dm kdtornds prnkds gjkj j`-snhndmd (rjgd vjigämngd vëtrod, ho gjijr moarj jvorho kuy jsgurj).

Ids roidgnjmos ogjm÷kngds ordm hosnaudios yoxnstëdm umjs rdmajs hncoromgndhjs om ijs gud-ios ids ointos tomëdm kdyjros rnquozds5 ids ointosvnvëdm om ids tnorrds diuvndios. Ostjs rdsajs hoijs dmtogohomtos ho ids prnkords gnvninzdgnj-mos so omgjmtrd`dm om ijs Jikogds, ostjspuoìjs gjmtd`dm gjm umd `dld pjìdgn÷m

ur`dmd ho 4.666 d 0.666 bd`ntdmtos.

Id soaumhd cdso so gdrdgtornzd pjr um dukomtjhoi pjhor pjiëtngj y ogjm÷kngj ho ijs Jikogds.Woaüm ostuhnjs ho id drquntogturd y ho ijs lorjaië-cngjs, ostjs gjkorgnd`dm gjm id kdyjrëd ho jtrjsarupjs hoi sogtjr ospogndikomto gjm ijs hoi vdiioho Jdxdgd. Oi pjhor ho ijs Jikogds grogn÷ tdmtj

4. Kosjdkîrngd





quo so bjkjaomnz÷ ho diaumd kdmord idguiturd om tjhd Kosjdkîrngd. Ijs Jikogdshogdorëdm dprjxnkdhdkomto bdgnd oi dôj366 dmtos ho muostrd ord, porj d`rnrëdm idspdutds pdrd oi ostdìognknomtj ho muovds

gnvninzdgnjmos.

Om id torgord cdso bdgnd oi dôj 0?6 dmtos homuostrd ord, ijs Kdyds dpdrogorëdm om idstnorrds `dlds hoi mjrto, gjmtd`dm gjm umddicdòtnzdgn÷m käs gjkpiold, oi gdiomhdrnjho guomtd idrad, ardmhos gomtrjs ur`dmjsgjm pjgd pjìdgn÷m, um Ostdhj gjmsjinhdhj

dumquo mj kuy cuorto y umd drquntogturdhosdrrjiidhd.

Ijs kdyds mj prdgtngd`dm oi roadhëj, puosids dùmhdmtos iiuvnds trjpngdios ios `rnm-hd`dm hjs gjsogbds dmudios y vdrnds zjmdsdiuvndios omrnquogëdm sus pjsn`ninhdhos hogjsogbdr, dumquo oi dajtdknomtj ho ijs

suoijs ijs bdgëd hospidzdrso gjmstdmtokom-to. Om id ostrugturd sjgndi ho ijs kdyds idroinan÷m luad`d um pdpoi nkpjrtdmto, dsë, oisukj sdgorhjto ord oi loco käxnkj, iuoajostd`d oi sdgorhjto soaunhj ho ijs locos ysoôjros prnmgnpdios, om id lordrquëd ho pjhorsoauëdm oi kdyjrhjkj rodi, oi gjmsolj hoOstdhj (sdgorhjtos y aomto prnmgnpdi), ijs

locos auorrorjs y pjr üitnkj id pjìdgn÷m,aomto gjküm, y ijs osgidvjs. Oxnstn÷ om oi vdiio gomtrdi ho Kîxngj umsoaumhj arupj quo cjrk÷ umd gnvninzdgn÷m.Om ostd roan÷m gjm crjmtords kjmtdôjsdsoxnstëdm vnsjs ho snstokd ho roadhëj bd-gnd oi dôj ?66 dmtos ho muostrd ord, ostd

Vdnsdlo ho ids tnorrds ditds kosjdkorngdmds.

_md ho ids pjgds ospognos hjkostngdhdspjr ijs kosjdkorngdmjs uo oi audljijto.



y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



darnguiturd pjsn`nint÷ oi dukomtj ho id pjìdgn÷m. Om Xojtnbudgäm

ho`nhj d ids ùomds gjmhngnjmos darëgjids, ho knmorëd y pdrdj`tomor j`snhndmd so dukomt÷ om ardm kohnhd id pjìdgn÷m. Oigjkorgnj gjm ijs vognmjs dukomt÷, nmtorgdk`ndmhj prjhugtjsgjm ijs gdzdhjros-rogjiogtjros y ijs snivnguitjros. Xojtnbudgäm sogjmstntuy÷ gjkj um Ostdhj cuorto ho käs j komjs 466.666 bd-`ntdmtos y so oxtomhn÷ hjknmdmhj ijs dirohohjros ho ijs Kdyds.Bdgnd oi 166 dmtos ho muostrd ostd gnvninzdgn÷m hogdy÷ dlj id ardmcurnd knintdrnstd ho ijs Xjitogds qunomos prdgtngd`dm ijs sdgrncngnjs

bukdmjs. Oi pjhor nkporndi ho ijs Jikogds so oxpdmhn÷ pjr tjhdKosjdkîrngd.

Om Kosjdkîrngd so ohncng÷ tdk`nîm oi nkpornj dztogd, dumquo ordum Ostdhj gjm roidtnvj pjhor sj`ro sus vdsdiijs, id nmciuomgnd ho ijskdyds sj`ro ijs dztogds nkpnhn÷ quo ostjs puhnordm gjmsjinhdrsokäs cuortokomto. Oiokomtjs gjkj id roinan÷m y oi gdiomhdrnj sorëdmborohdhjs ho ijs kdyds.

Xurquosd, umj ho ijs prnmgnpdios prjhugtjs hoi mjrto ho Kosjdkîrngd.





Id nkpjrtdmgnd ho id darnguiturd om Kosjdkîrngd1

Vjr< Hdvnh D. Cronhoi

Om ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos om tjhj oi kumhj, id nmvomgn÷m ho id darnguiturdtrdlj gjmsnaj id cuomto ho omoraëd utninzdhd pdrd sjstomor d ijs puoìjs y grodrid prjpnohdh y oi pjhor. Om id prägtngd, gdsn id kntdh ho id dgtudi pjìdgn÷mkumhndi vnvo hnrogtdkomto ho id prjhuggn÷m ho dinkomtjs. Vorj, pdrtnomhjhoi pjhor quo id darnguiturd jtjrad d id aomto ºpjr quî ijs ardmlorjs gohnorjmid dutjrnhdh sj`ro sus vnhds d hnrnaomtos quo oxnaëdm trd`dlj, nkpuostjs ygjmsgrnpgn÷m knintdr omtro jtrds gjsds:

Id roidgn÷m omtro ijs hnrnaomtos pjiëtngjs y ids ointos pjr um idhj, y id ardmkdyjrëd ho porsjmds pjr jtrj, gjmstntuyo umd moajgndgn÷m gjmstdmto om idgnvninzdgn÷m. Ijs hnrnaomtos hoòm lustncngdr ho cjrkd gjmtnmud su dutjrnhdhprjpjrgnjmdmhj òmocngnjs gjmgrotjs j gjmvomgnomhj di puoìj pdrd quogjmcëom okjgnjmdi o nmtoiogtudikomto om su pdpoi. Mjrkdikomto, iiovdm dgd`j ij üitnkj ostdìognomhj y sjstomnomhj groomgnds y vdijros gjkpdrtn-hjs. Om id @nìnd, oi prjcotd Wdkuoi dhvnrtn÷ di puoìj ho Nsrdoi quo um roy

ios ardvdrëd gjm nkpuostjs, omvndrëd d sus bnljs d kjrnr om `dtdiids y tjkdrëdd sus bnlds gjkj grndhds. Oiijs ho tjhjs kjhjs quorëdm um roy, om prnkoriuadr pdrd gjmsjinhdr ids trnùs knintdrkomto y iiovdrios d id vngtjrnd sj`rosus omoknajs om Gdmdäm. Vjr oi gjmtrdrnj, oi cdrd÷m hoi dmtnauj Oanptj ordgjmsnhordhj hnvnmj. Oi cdrd÷m ord oi rospjmsdìo prnmgnpdi ho id prjspornhdhho id darnguiturd, quo kdmtomëd käangdkomto bdgnomhj quo oi rëj Mnij gro-gnord pdrd nrrnadr y cortninzdr ijs gdkpjs. Ijs cdrdjmos tdk`nîm pusnorjm omkdrgbd prjyogtjs ho nrrnadgn÷m pdrd oxtomhor id zjmd om id quo grognordm ijs

guitnvjs. Gudmhj oi rëj hol÷ ho grogor y id soquëd gu`rn÷ oi mjrto ho Äcrngdom oi NNN kniomnj d. ho G., oi aj`normj ho ijs cdrdjmos cuo horrjgdhj pjr idstur`ds bdk`rnomtds.


_mnhdh 4

1. Xjkdhj ho< Omgdrtd. Dgorgd hoi dutjr< Hdvnh D. Cronhoi os prjcosjr ho Dmtrjpjijaëd om id _mnvorsnhdhKotjhnstd hoi Wur, om Hdiids. Wu prnmgnpdi j`rd, ho id quo cuo gjdutjr, os Kdyd Gjskjs, Xbroo Xbjusdmh

odrs jm tbo Wbdkdm„s Vdtb.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Ijs ajòrmdmtos, pjr tdmtj, prjpjrgnjmdm um nkpjrtdmto sorvngnj d dquoiijsd qunomos aj`normdm. Dumquo oi puoìj puohd gjmgohorios gnortjs pjhorosnmhnvnhudios, so òmocngnd hoi pjhor gjiogtnvj quo jtjrad d sus ajòrmdmtos.Knomtrds so sjstomad oi pjhor gjiogtnvj, oi puoìj snauo d sus hnrnaomtos. Ids

dmtnauds gnvninzdgnjmos ho Kosjdkîrngd (umd roan÷m quo gjrrospjmho bjy omhëd d Kîxngj y d id kdyjr pdrto ho Gomtrjdkîrngd) prjpjrgnjmdm um olokpijkäs ho g÷kj y pjr quî oi puoìj gdk`nd d sus ajòrmdmtos pdrd kdmtomorsu cjrkd ho vnhd.

Dirohohjr hoi dôj 766 d. ho G. ijs vdiios sogjs y crëjs y ijs jsquos trjpngdiosbükohjs ho id dmtnaud Kosjdkîrngd ostd`dm kjtodhjs ho ardmlds y puoìjs.Ijs ajòrmdmtos bd`ëdm prosnhnhj hurdmto snaijs ijs gomtrjs gorokjmndios

om ids kjmtdôds y om ijs iidmjs. Hosho id prnkord ardm gnvninzdgn÷m ho id zjmd, id jikogd (g. 4?66-g. 366 d. ho G.) bdstd sus gnvninzdgnjmos sugosjrdsom ids dgtudios ropüìngds ho Kîxngj y Audtokdid, id darnguiturd jradmnzd`doi trd`dlj sjgndi, hotorknmd`d id prjpnohdh y aomord`d rnquozd. Oi kumhjkosjdkorngdmj ord oknmomtokomto darëgjid. Wu puoìj mj s÷ij gjmtd`dgjm id darnguiturd pdrd dinkomtdrso, snmj tdk`nîm hopomhëd ho ijs prjhugtjsdarëgjids pdrd su gjkorgnj, roidgnjmos o nmstntugnjmos pjiëtngds.

Ijs prnkorjs ajòrmdmtos ho Kosjdkîrngd protomhëdm sorij pjr kdmhdtjhnvnmj, porj lustncngd`dm id oxnstomgnd ho sus aj`normjs dsämhjso om rdzjmosprägtngds. Ostdìogëdm rohos gjkorgndios o nmtorgdk`njs gjm naudios. Gudm-hj id soquëd j omcorkohdhos ho ids pidmtds dkomdzd`dm gjm id osgdsoz, oipuoìj ho Kosjdkîrngd pjhrëd bdòr gjmcndhj om sus royos pdrd nkpjrtdr idgjknhd quo ios porkntnoso sj`rovnvnr. ^ aostnjmd`dm id prjspornhdh darëgjidomcjgämhjid d prjardkds püìngjs quo grod`dm cjrkds ho prjhuggn÷m ko-

ljros y käs nmtomsnvds. Oi aj`normj, gjm ostds dggnjmos, gjmstntuëd umd cjrkd

ho rohugnr ijs rnosajs nmovntdìos quo dcrjmtd`dm ijs ardmlorjs y sus guitnvjs.

_m kumhj ho ardmlorjs

Vdrd omtomhor oi dutîmtngj snamncngdhj ho ids gnvninzdgnjmos darëgjids quohjknmdrjm Kosjdkîrngd, hoòkjs omtomhor prnkorj quî tnpj ho gdk-






posnmjs ids cjrkd`dm, y guäios ordm sus guitnvjs prnmgnpdios. Vorj ºg÷kjpjhokjs sdòr ij quo guitnvd`dm ostjs puoìjs om îpjgds dmtnauds: Dum-quo ids pidmtds bdm hosdpdrognhj bdgo kugbj tnokpj, ijs drquo÷ijajspuohom hotogtdr sus rostjs kohndmto vdrnjs kîtjhjs. Oxgdvdmhj zjmds

hjmho id aomto vnvëd y guitnvd`d, ijs drquo÷ijajs omguomtrdm rostjs gdr`j-mnzdhjs ho sus gjsogbds. Dhokäs, ijs dmäinsns kngrjsg÷pngjs ho kuostrdsho tnorrd tjkdhds ho ids oxgdvdgnjmos, puohom hotogtdr oi pjiom aomordhjpjr ospognos gjmgrotds ho pidmtds. Om sukd, diaumds pidmtds prjhugom kn-müsguijs j`lotjs knmordios iidkdhjs cntjintjs om oi iuadr hjmho grognorjm.Ostjs knmordios porkdmogom om id tnorrd hjmho puohom sor hotogtdhjskäs tdrho. Gjm ostjs nmhngnjs, surao um ‒komü„ gjküm ho ijs prnmgnpdiosdinkomtjs ho id roan÷m.

Ijs kosjdkorngdmjs ordm gdkposnmjs mjtdìos. Ids pidmtds quo guitnvd`dmnmgiuëdm mj s÷ij ids ho usj gjrrnomto gjkj oi kdëz, ijs crnljios, y id gdid`dzd,snmj tdk`nîm umd dkpind adkd ho jtrds vorhurds y crutds pjpuidros, gjkjijs tjkdtos, ijs daudgdtos y id pnôd. Vrjhugëdm tdk`nîm umd sorno ho pidmtdsgjkostnìos komjs cdknindros, gjkj oi dkdrdmtj, umd ho ids pidmtds cdvjrn-tds ho ijs dztogds y oi kdkoy, um är`ji crutdi trjpngdi. Xdk`nîm guitnvd`dmgbnios, quo os umj ho ijs gjmhnkomtjs käs dkpindkomto utninzdhj om tjhj

oi kumhj bjy om hëd y umd cuomto kuy vdinjsd ho vntdknmds.

Di naudi quo oxnstëd um komü gjküm ho gjknhds cdvjrntds, tdk`nîm bd`ëdum korgdhj gjküm kosjdkorngdmj pdrd ijs prjhugtjs darëgjids gjkorgnd-inzdìos. Oi diajh÷m ord um nkpjrtdmto guitnvj y so nmtorgdk`nd`d om tjhdid roan÷m om cjrkd ho rjpd tolnhd y `jrhdhd. Wokniids ho gdgdj, utninzdhdspdrd bdgor gbjgjidto, ordm hjkostngdhds om ijs `jsquos ho ids tnorrds `d-

lds y om ids käraomos ho ijs rëjs om id pomëmsuid ho ûgdtäm. Oi gbjgjidtotomëd tdi hokdmhd om tjhj oi pornjhj, quo id sokniid hoi gdgdj gjmstntuëdumd kjmohd ho gdk`nj. Jtrjs guitnvjs ospogndinzdhjs, gjkj oi kdauoy,um gdgtj utninzdhj pdrd bdgor um tnpj ho gorvozd, tdk`nîm ordm j`lotj hogjkorgnj. Om rosukom, ijs kosjdkorngdmjs gjkorgndinzd`dm ijs guitnvjspdrd nmtorgdk`ndr pjr prjhugtjs mj darëgjids tdios gjkj id j`snhndmd vji-gämngj y ids pnohrds prognjsds vorhos, utninzdhds om hogjrdgn÷m, ljyorëd ygjkj mukordrnj.


_mnhdh 4


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Gjknhd d gdk`nj ho guiturd

Id omjrko vdrnohdh y vdijr ho ids pidmtds quo ijs kosjdkorngdmjs hjkostngd-rjm porkntn÷ id cumhdgn÷m hurdmto 7.666 dôjs ho gnvninzdgnjmos sjòrdmds. Ids

pidmtds mj sjidkomto dinkomtdrjm d ids grognomtos pjìdgnjmos y dprjvnsnjmdrjmsu ogjmjkëd, snmj quo nmciuëdm om ij quo pomsd`dm ijs kosjdkorngdmjs ros-pogtj di pjhor pjiëtngj y di jrhom sjgndi ho id gnvninzdgn÷m. Gjmjgokjs ostj pjrid nkdanmorëd voaotdi, ijs sëk`jijs ho id iiuvnd y jtrjs tokds roidgnjmdhjs gjmid darnguiturd dùmhdm om oi drto püìngj omgdradhj pjr ijs royos y jtrds ointos.

Ijs drtnstds y drtosdmjs jikogds y ho ids gnvninzdgnjmos quo ios sugohnorjmhosdrrjiidrjm umd kdamëcngd kuostrd ho nkäaomos y sëk`jijs quo mj s÷ij

niustrdrjm groomgnds roinanjsds snmj quo rocjrzd`dm ostds groomgnds okjgnjmdio nmtoiogtudikomto om id pjìdgn÷m om aomordi. Ijs jikogds y ijs puoìjskdyds ho ids tnorrds ditds osguipnorjm ardmhos osguiturds y ostoids (pnohrdsorogtds quo rotrdtd`dm d sus royos, hnjsos y osgomds kntji÷angds). Om ids tnorrds`dlds kdyds kjhoid`dm y pnmtd`dm nkäaomos ho ijs hnjsos y royos om ostugjy sj`ro ijs idtordios ho ids pnräknhos y ijs tokpijs. Om tjhds ids zjmds hoKosjdkîrngd, ijs drtnstds osguipnorjm poquoôds nkäaomos om pnohrds pro-gnjsds vorhos, gjmgbds y jtrjs kdtorndios. Om sukd, ijs dicdrorjs kjhoid`dm,

id`rd`dm y pnmtd`dm nkäaomos sj`ro vdsnlds ho goräkngd.

Vdrd gjkpromhor ij quo snamncngdm ostds nkäaomos, ijs drquo÷ijajs ùsgdmnmhngnjs di tnokpj quo ùsgdm nmhngnjs om oi suoij pdrd hotorknmdr ij quoguitnvd`dm ijs kosjdkorngdmjs. Hosomtrdôdr oi snamncngdhj ho ids nkäaomosy ijs sëk`jijs roqunoro vnmguidrijs d ids nhods. D vogos ids nkäaomos sjm hn-rogtdkomto roprosomtdgnjmos ho com÷komjs mdturdios, gjkj ajtds ho iiuvndgdyomhj ho ids muòs j roprosomtdgnjmos hoi kdëz. Vorj ijs drquo÷ijajs dkomuhj hoòm trdzdr umd nkdaom j sëk`jij ho um tnokpj ioldmj pdrd umsëk`jij snknidr utninzdhj snaijs käs tdrho y guyj snamncngdhj os gjmjgnhj pjrids hogidrdgnjmos osgrntds j pjr ids oxpingdgnjmos jrdios rogjpnidhds pjr ijsospdôjios.

Oi hnùlj quo okorao ho ostds nkäaomos os oi ho umd sjgnohdh rngd y gjkpiold, hjknmdhd pjr id darnguiturd. Ids dmtnauds gnvninzdgnjmos ho Kosjdkîrngd






ordm, gjkj gudiqunord ho ids gnvninzdgnjmos dmtnauds, ardmhos sjgnohdhosnmtoardhds pjr knios ho nmhnvnhujs dhknmnstrdhjs pjr aj`normjs cjrkdhjspjr ospogndinstds pjiëtngjs, roinanjsjs y knintdros. Om oi gdsj ho ijs jikogds,y pjstornjrkomto ijs kdyds ho ids tnorrds `dlds, quo okoranorjm om oi ?66

d. ho G. trds um idraj porëjhj ho hosdrrjiij, tomokjs id ovnhomgnd ho quoostjs aj`normjs ostd`dm omgdòzdhjs pjr nmhnvnhujs olokpidros iidkdhjsE„ui Dbdw (‒Woôjros Wdmtjs„). Ostjs ajòrmdmtos ioantnkd`dm su dutjrnhdhmj s÷ij pjmnomhj om kdrgbd sorvngnjs rodios pdrd id pioò, tdios gjkj idsoaurnhdh knintdr y id dhknmnstrdgn÷m püìngd, snmj tdk`nîm dpoidmhj d idsgroomgnds roinanjsds y vdijros gjkumos quo ordm id lustncngdgn÷m ho quo sudutjrnhdh ord hnvnmd.

Ijs royos ho id dmtnaud Kosjdkîrngd ordm gjmsnhordhjs soros käangjs j gbd-kämngjs, gdpdgos ho trdmscjrkdrso om ldaudros, päldrjs y jtrjs soros sj`romd-turdios. Gjm osd cjrkd, iugbd`dm gjmtrd sus omoknajs, jcrogëdm sdgrncngnjs dijs hnjsos y bdìd`dm gjm sus dmtopdsdhjs. Wnm ok`draj, hdhd id nkpjrtdmgndho id darnguiturd pdrd ostjs puoìjs, id tdrod roinanjsd käs nkpjrtdmto ho ijsroyos ord dsoaurdr quo iijvnord om su tnokpj y quo ids gjsogbds prjspordsom.

Id darnguiturd dpdrogo ho cjrkd hostdgdhd om id kntjijaëd kdyd. Ijs kdyds

groëdm quo oi kumhj bd`ëd sucrnhj vdrnds hostruggnjmos y romjvdgnjmos. Idüitnkd romjvdgn÷m, hospuîs ho umd ardm nmumhdgn÷m, id ijardrjm ijs dmtnaujshnjsos, inhordhjs pjr um hnjs iidkdhj Bum- o-Mdb (_m Kdëz Urovoidhj[), ho-mjknmdhj dsnknskj Wons-Woôjr-Gnoij. Osto hnjs porkntëd quo io sdgrncngdrdmijs hnjsos ho kuorto pdrd quo puhnordm romdgor om cjrkd ho pidmtd ho kdëz.Id Woôjrd-Hnjsd-@idmgd, id hnjsd kdhro, kjhoi÷ id gdrmo ho ijs prnkorjssoros bukdmjs d pdrtnr ho id pdstd ho ids sokniids ho _m Kdëz. Wnm ok`draj,oi jrnaom ho su kumhj so ho`ëd hnrogtdkomto d umj ho sus käs nkpjrtdmtosgjsogbds y dinkomtjs. D trdvîs ho id bnstjrnd ho id gnvninzdgn÷m, ijs sjòrdmjskdyds so dutjrrotrdtdrjm gjkj osto hnjs y su gjkpdôorj, Gbdg, oi hnjs ldaudrho id iiuvnd y ho id auorrd. _tninzdmhj osto snstokd ho groomgnds gjkpdrtnhds,ijs royos kdyds ioantnkd`dm dhokäs su dutjrnhdh. Dumquo ijs kdyds mjs÷ij so hohngd`dm d id darnguiturd, snmj quo usd`dm ids oxpornomgnds hndrndsho snok`rd, rogjioggn÷m y propdrdgn÷m ho id gjknhd gjkj sus käs sdardhdskotäcjrds pdrd oi pjhor roinanjsj y pjiëtngj.


_mnhdh 4


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Ids kjmtdôds ho id grodgn÷m

Nmgiusj ids ardmhos pnräknhos kdyds, hogjrdhds gjm oid`jrdhd nkdanmorëdroinanjsd, ostäm hnrogtdkomto inadhds d id darnguiturd. Om um opnsjhnj ho id

bnstjrnd ho id grodgn÷m ho ijs kdyds, oi hnjs _m Kdëz romdgo rotjôdmhj sj-`ro umd kjmtdôd sdardhd. Ids tnorrds ditds kdyds tomëdm kjmtdôds rodios,diaumds ho ids gudios ords vjigdmos kdlostujsjs. Ostds kjmtdôds, pjr jtrdpdrto, ostd`dm hnstdmtos ho ids tnorrds `dlds kdyds y sjidkomto so iioad`d doiids hospuîs ho idrads ljrmdhds d trdvîs ho osposjs `jsquos. Ho osto kjhjijs kdyds ho ids tnorrds `dlds gjmstruyorjm kjmtdôds drtncngndios gdsn gjm idcjrkd ho pnräknhos sdardhds, quo sjm iidkdhds intordikomto ‒kjmtdôds„ om

ijs aincjs kdyds. Bd`ëd kjmtdôds ho dinkomtj, d ids quo so rocorëdm gjkj‒kjmtdôd ho dutîmtngj kdëz vorho„. Bd`ëd kjmtdôds hosho ids quo ids dikdsordm trdëhds hoi kumhj ho ijs hnjsos y dmtopdsdhjs pdrd mdgor om osto kumhj.Wj`ro tjhj, snm ok`draj, ijs kdyds utninzd`dm sus pnräknhos y ijs tokpijsoiovdhjs gjkj iuadros hjmho gjrjmd`dm d sus royos y sntnjs hjmho ijs royosnmtomtd`dm gjkumngdrso gjm hnjsos, sdgrncngd`dm d sus omoknajs y `dnid`dmgjm ids ronmds, ids gjrtosdmds y sus vdsdiijs om ids ardmhos cnostds püìngds.

Ijs gdkposnmjs kdyds ho ids tnorrds dlds gjmstruyorjm pidtdcjrkds ho ostugjgjkj iuadros ho dhjrdgn÷m hosho di komjs oi 166 d. ho G., hurdmto oi dpjaojho id gnvninzdgn÷m jikogd. Hurdmto hjs snaijs gjmstruyorjm ardmhos pnräknhosho 42 k ho ditj, om gomtrjs gorokjmndios om ijs `jsquos osgjmhnhjs hoimjrto ho Oi Votîm (Audtokdid), om iuadros quo dbjrd so iidkdm Mdeò, Aunrjy Xnmtdi. Vorj oi kdyjr gomtrj ho ostjs om id roan÷m ord Oi Knrdhjr, cumhdhjprj`dìokomto om oi ?66 d. ho G., porj id kdyjrëd ho sus pnräknhos cuorjm

gjmstrunhds omtro oi dôj 066 d. ho G. y oi 066 ho muostrd ord. Oi Knrdhjrord id kdyjr y prj`dìokomto id käs pjhorjsd gdpntdi roinanjsd y pjiëtngd hotjhd Kosjdkîrngd omtro oi dôj 066 d. ho G. y oi dôj 466 ho muostrd ord. Oikdyjr arupj drquntogt÷mngj ho Oi Knrdhjr os Oi Hdmto, ho 766 x 0?6 k om su`dso, y quo so oiovd om umd sorno ho nmkomsds pidtdcjrkds y pnräknhos bdstdumd diturd ho käs ho 36 k. Oi Hdmto knrd bdgnd oi josto, om hnroggn÷m d jtrdardm pnräknho, Oi Xnaro, d umjs 0 ek ho hnstdmgnd. Gjm umds hnkomsnjmos ho






403 x 47? k om su `dso y ?? k ho diturd, Oi Xnaro os sons vogos käs ardmhoquo id pnräknho käs ditd ho id ardm gdpntdi kdyd ho Xnedi, quo cijrogn÷ ku-gbj hospuîs. Dirohohjr ho ostds ardmhnjsds pnräknhos ho Oi Knrdhjr bdy käspnräknhos y hogomds ho pdidgnjs y tokpijs.

Ijs kdyds om jgdsnjmos iidkd`dm d sus pnräknhos gdsds käangds, bdgnomhjrocoromgnd d um hnjs quo luad`d um pdpoi cumhdkomtdi om id bnstjrnd ho idgrodgn÷m. Oi jrnaom ho id kdand ho _m Kdëz ord um hnjs iidkdhj Ntzdkmä (‒gdsdkäangd„), quo io dyuhd`d d romdgor d trdvîs ho umd kuorto sdgrncngndi. Ostodmtnauj hnjs d vogos dhqunrëd id cjrkd ho um audgdkdyj osgdridtd gjmjgnhdgjkj Ntzdk- ob (‒hjmdhjr ho kdand„). (Id pdid`rd quo snamncngd käangj, Ntz,

hosnamd`d tdk`nîm d id iiuvnd y di huigo mîgtdr ho ids cijros, nkäaomos ho idsdikds pdrd ijs kdyds. Ho osto kjhj, Ntzdk- ob trdëd oi pjhor ho id iiuvnd yd`rëd oi gdknmj pdrd quo ids dikds so roomgdrmdrdm). Hurdmto oi üitnkj po-rnjhj om id grnsns ho id gnvninzdgn÷m kdyd, osto knskj audgdkdyj hogjrd`dijs tokpijs y ijs sopuigrjs quo utninzd`dm ijs royos pdrd sus gjrjmdgnjmos yjtrds jgdsnjmos nkpjrtdmtos. Ostjs tokpijs y sopuigrjs ho id üitnkd otdpd ordmiidkdhjs Ntzdkmä y tdk`nîm Eumni (‒gdsd ho ijs gjmlurjs„). Ordm iuadros hjmho


_mnhdh 4

Xnedi, id käs ardmho ho ids dmtnauds gnuhdhos kdyds hoi porëjhj giäsngj,sntudhd om id roan÷m ho Votîm, Audtokdid.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



ijs royos pjmëdm om prägtngd sus pjhoros sj`romdturdios. Ho osto kjhj, pjrtdmtj, ijs tokpijs ho id ord dmtornjr cuorjm utninzdhjs ho id knskd kdmordom ids pjstornjros.

Ijs tokpijs kdyds käs dmtnaujs ostd`dm tdk`nîm hogjrdhjs gjm käsgdrdsanadmtos, quo roprosomtd`dm d ijs ldaudros ho id auorrd y id iiuvnd. Tuo idsauorrds puhnordm sor prjvjgdhds pjr id dusomgnd ho iiuvnd puoho rosuitdrmjsumd nhod oxtrdôd, porj pdrd ijs kosjdkorngdmjs mj ij ord. Ho bogbj, idroidgn÷m omtro id auorrd y id iiuvnd so rokjmtd d ijs jikogds, quo kjhoid`dmosguiturds quo roprosomtd`dm d ijs royos gjkj ldaudros käangjs hoskok-`rdmhj d sus omoknajs, om um gdsj knomtrds id iiuvnd gdëd hoi gnoij. Oi sdgrn-cngnj bukdmj, pjr tdmtj, ord id gjmoxn÷m. Ijs kosjdkorngdmjs prdgtngd`dm

oi sdgrncngnj bukdmj pdrd quo iijvnoso y gjm jtrjs prjp÷sntjs sdardhjs hoshopjr ij komjs oi tnokpj ho ijs jikogds. Ids vëgtnkds käs nkpjrtdmtos quo sosdgrncngd`dm, ordm snm ok`draj mjìos omoknajs gdpturdhjs om gjk`dto.Ijs hnrnaomtos pjiëtngjs ijgdios dgtud`dm gjkj gbdkdmos quo trdëdm idiiuvnd mutrngnd5 ijs hnrnaomtos ho ijs omoknajs quo tdk`nîm dgtud`dm gjkjgbdkdmos, ordm d komuhj dgusdhjs ho trdor id soquëd y id omcorkohdh.Oi sdgrncngnj pjr tdmtj mj s÷ij ord jcrogor umd vnhd prognjsd d ijs hnjsos,snmj umd cjrkd ho moutrdinzdr id kdand hnd`÷ingd hoi omoknaj. Id auorrd, pjr

tdmtj, pjhëd prognpntdrso ho`nhj d com÷komjs quo jgurrëdm mdturdikomto ypjr id mogosnhdh ho gjmtrjidrijs pdrd oi òmocngnj ho id darnguiturd.

J`rds püìngds

Wn ijs royos kdyds ordm id omgdrmdgn÷m ospnrntudi ho ids gjsogbds vntdios y

id iiuvnd, tdk`nîm sjstomëdm d sus puoìjs ho kjhjs käs prägtngjs, gjkjjgupämhjso ho id gjmstruggn÷m ho j`rds püìngds. Om Gorrjs, umd gnuhdhy gomtrj gorokjmndi quo so omguomtrd om oi dgtudi @oingo, ijs bd`ntdmtosgdvdrjm gdmdios y hnquos ho hromdlo pdrd dhknmnstrdr oi daud ho iiuvnd ykohndmto um snstokd ho hop÷sntjs. Ostjs hop÷sntjs porkntëdm quo id aomtoporkdmognord om id zjmd hurdmto id ostdgn÷m sogd gudmhj osgdsod`d oi daudpjtdìo. Om ids gorgdmëds ho Gorrjs, so gjmstruyorjm torrdzds sj`ro ids tnorrds






pdmtdmjsds y so road`dm ijs guitnvjs kohndmto hnquos y dgoqunds. Om jtrds zjmds ho ids tnorrds dlds, gjkj om Ohzmä, om Gdkpogbo, ijs kdyds grodrjmgdmdios kuy ardmhos quo so oxtomhëdm d ij idraj ho gomtomdros ho kotrjs.Ostjs prjpjrgnjmd`dm daud pdrd òòr y pdrd roadr. Om oi gomtrj ho id po-

mëmsuid ho ûgdtäm, om Oi Knrdhjr, gorgd ho ijs pdmtdmjs so oxtrdëdm rngdstnorrds moards quo ijs ardmlorjs utninzd`dm pdrd grodr gdkpjs prjhugtnvjsy ldrhnmos om ids tnorrds käs ditds ho id gnuhdh y ho id zjmd gorgdmd. Om idgnuhdh ho Xnedi, oi puoìj roprosd`d gjm hromdlos mdturdios om ids gjinmdshoi gomtrj ho id gnuhdh pdrd grodr umd sorno ho gnstormds. ^ om ids gnuhdhosgjmstrunhds sj`ro gjinmds, gjkj Gdrdgji, om @oingo, so iovdmtdrjm hjgomdsho eni÷kotrjs gudhrdhjs ho torrdzds dirohohjr ho ids gdsds ho ijs bd`ntdmtos,

y so usdrjm gjkj ldrhnmos.

Ijs üitnkjs pornjhjs kdyds

Ijs prnkorjs kdyds ho ids tnorrds `dlds ostdìognorjm umd gnvninzdgn÷m omjr-kokomto pr÷spord. Gjmstruyorjm gomtrjs y gnuhdhos om tjhds pdrtos, hoshoids ioldmds iidmurds hoi mjrto ho ûgdtäm d ijs prjcumhjs `jsquos hoi sur om

Oi Votîm y om ids gjinmds y kjmtdôds ho Audtokdid y Gbndpds. Hurdmto oicnmdi ho ostd prnkord otdpd, ijs kdyds gjmstruyorjm pnräknhos käs ardmhosquo ids quo gjmstrunrëdm hospuîs. Oi dvdmgo käs snamncngdtnvj ho id sjgnohdhkdyd, snm ok`draj, cuo id prjincordgn÷m ho id osgrnturd püìngd sj`ro ijskjmukomtjs y ohncngnjs y id grodgn÷m ho um nkpjrtdmto drto om tjrmj di dôj066 ho muostrd ord. ^ gjm id osgrnturd iioadrjm diaumds nmstntugnjmos muovdso nmmjvdhjrds, om pdrtnguidr ids hnmdstëds rodios. Ostds dpjrtdgnjmos kdrgdrjm

oi cnm ho umd ord y oi prnmgnpnj ho jtrd.

Ijs royos ho îpjgds dmtornjros ordm gidrdkomto pjhorjsjs y soaurdkomto soids drroaidrjm pdrd quo sus bnljs ios sugohnordm. Vorj ids roaids cjrkdios pdrd idsugosn÷m hnmästngd dpdrogom di knskj tnokpj quo ijs prnkorjs toxtjs püìngjs.Ids hnmdstëds rodios, trdspdsdmhj oi pjhor pjr iëmod kdsguinmd ho aomordgn÷mom aomordgn÷m, grodrjm jpjrtumnhdhos ho cjrtdiogor dindmzds omtro ids cdkninds


_mnhdh 4


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Gjm id iogturd oi toxtj dmtornjr bdad um rosukom ho id nkpjrtdmgnd hoid darnguiturd om Kosjdkîrngd. Poguorho utninzdr umd tdìd sëmtosns j umgudhrj snm÷ptngj pdrd ijs dspogtjs quo ij porkntdm. Om id osgrnturd hopärrdcjs roguorho hosdrrjiidr gjm nhods sogumhdrnds id nhod prnmgnpdi.

Dmdingo id nkpjrtdmgnd ho id darnguiturd om su roan÷m y bdad um osgrntjom oi quo hosgrn`d ids sokoldmzds y hncoromgnds omtro id darnguiturd hoKosjdkîrngd gjm ij quo sugoho dgtudikomto om su roan÷m.

rodios y ijs ronmjs. Xdk`nîm prjpngndrjm jpjrtumnhdhos pdrd bdgor hurdhordid omoknstdh. D ij idraj hoi üitnkj porëjhj, ids tnorrds `dlds kdyds so vnorjmardhudikomto nkpingdhds, hurdmto kugbj tnokpj omtro knok`rjs ho hjsardmhos dindmzds gjm gjmcingtnvds dk`ngnjmos nkporndios. Oi ostuhnj ho ostoporëjhj bd pidmtodhj d ijs nmvostnadhjros proaumtds hncëgnios. ºHos`drdtdrjmijs gjmcingtjs drkdhjs id darnguiturd quo prjpjrgnjmd`d dinkomtjs y roidgnjmosgjkorgndios d ijs ronmjs: ºJ cuorjm ijs pornjhjs ho soquëd y bdk`ro ijs quoprjpngndrjm ids auorrds om usgd ho vëvoros y trnùtjs: Gudiqunord quo sod idgjk`nmdgn÷m ho gnrgumstdmgnds, id gnvninzdgn÷m hosdpdrogn÷ om ardmhos zjmdsho ids tnorrds `dlds om oi snaij NR h.G. ^ gjm oi cnmdi ho id gnvninzdgn÷m iioa÷ idgdëhd ho id prjhuggn÷m darëgjid sjstomnìo.

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Lorjaiëcgjs kdyds





Vdnsdlo ho Gbnio.

Wosn÷m 4?

0. Id Dkîrngd dmhnmd

Id Dkîrngd dmhnmd rogn`o osto mjk`ro pjr oi snstokd kjmtdôjsj quo idgjmcjrkd y quo so homjknmd gjrhniiord ho ijs Dmhos. Id gjrhniiord ho ijs

Dmhos gjknomzd om id pumtd hoi sur hoi gjmtnmomto, om id idtntuh 83¼ 77„,om oi poô÷m ho Hnoaj Pdkëroz. Diië os `dôdhd pjr oi Vdgëcngj oi gudi id po-motrd cjrkdmhj cnjrhjs, gdmdios y idajs quo umom oi dgtudi sur ho Gbniogjm Draomtnmd.

Hospuîs ho pdsdr pjr ijs dgtudios Gbnio, Draomtnmd, @jinvnd, Vorü y Ogudhjr,

Id gjrhniiord ho ijs Dmhos bdgo su drrn`j om oi sur ho Gjijk`nd5 dquë ostägjmcjrkdhd pjr snstokds ho guomgds cjrkdhds pjr ijs rëjs, hospuîs tjkdjtrd cjrkd, quo d hncoromgnd ho ijs ditjs pngjs y kjmtdôds rjgjsds quo soomguomtrd bdgnd oi sur ho Dkîrngd, om Gjijk`nd so nkpjmo id voaotdgn÷mtrjpngdi sj`ro ijs Dmhos.

Om Gjijk`nd oxnstom vdrnjs snstokds ho gjrhniiords, cromto di Vdgëcngj oxnstoumd gjrhniiord `dld quo mj pdsd ho 4.266 kotrjs, ostd so iidkd Gbjg÷ yostä gjmcjrkdhd pjr `jsquos5 ostd gjrhniiord kuoro di dhomtrdrso om oi

Nstkj ho Vdmdkä. Vdrdioidkomtod ostd gjrhniiord so omguomtrd idgdhomd kjmtdôjsd homjknmdhdgjrhniiord Jggnhomtdi, omtro idshjs so omguomtrd um ardm vdiio pjrhjmho pdsdm ijs rëjs Dtrdtj y oi Wdm

Ludm. Iuoaj pdrdioid tdk`nîm ostäid gjrhniiord Gomtrdi< omtro îstd yid gjrhniiord Jggnhomtdi so oxtnomhooi rëj Gdugd. Oi gudrtj snstokd hogjrhniiords so homjknmd gjrhniio-rd Jrnomtdi y so oxtnomho bdgnd oinmtornjr hoi pdës. Omtro id gjrhniiordJrnomtdi y id Gomtrdi so omguomtrd oi


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



rëj Kdahdiomd5 om ijs Dmhos gjijk`ndmjs so omguomtrd id cuomto hoi daudy ho id vnhd< ijs pärdkjs.

Om id dmtnaùohdh om ijs vdiios ciuvndios ho ijs Dmhos jggnhomtdios suranorjm

ids prnkords jradmnzdgnjmos sokn ur`dmds, ostds jradmnzdgnjmos tomëdm umsnstokd ho roadhëj y gjkorgnd`dm gjm ijs pdstjros ho ids tnorrds ditds y ijsposgdhjros ho ids pdrtos `dlds. Ijs darnguitjros, ijs pdstjros y ijs posgd-hjros gjmstntunrëdm ijs arupjs prnmgnpdios oxnstëdm locdturds ho ostj arupjsgudmhj ijs Nmgds gjmqunstdrjm oi torrntjrnj.

Om ostds guiturds oi pjhor mj ord olorgnhj pjr ijs prjpnotdrnjs ho id tnorrd,snmj pjr gjijmnds ho tnpj pjiëtngj. Xdkpjgj oi gjkorgnj olorgëd pjhor. Id

auorrd di pdrogor sn ord um nmhngdhjr ho hjknmnj. Oxnstëdm arupjs gjkj ijsbudrn quo cuorjm ardmhos gjmstrugtjros ho gdrrotords, gomtrjs dhknmnstrdtnvjsy dikdgomos, porj oi Nkpornj käs pjhorjsj cuo oi ho ijs Nmgds.


PËj Kdahdiomd.







2. Xjkdhj ho Omgdrtd.

Dhknmnstrdtnvdkomto, tjhj oitorrntjrnj hoi nkpornj Nmgd ostd-`d hnvnhnhj om gudtrj ardmhosroanjmos j suyjs (‒pdrto„). D oiijhoò su mjk`ro Xdbudmtnmsu-yu (umd pdid`rd quogbud quo

snamncngd intordikomto ‒Xnorrd hoijs Gudtrj Gudrtoios„ j ‒ho idsGudtrj Vdrtos„), quo ostd`d, dsu voz, su`hnvnhnhj om gudtrj<

Dmtnsuyu, Gjiidsuyu, Gumtnsuyuy Gbnmgbdsuyu.

Dprjxnkdhdkomto om oi dôj4866 dmtos ho muostrd ord ijsNmgds bd`ëdm gjmqunstdhj oitorrntjrnj dmhnmj. Ijs Nmgds utnin-

zdrjm gudhrniids ho trd`dldhjros cjrzdhjs pdrd gjmstrunr gdrrotords y ardmhosprjyogtjs ho roadhëjs. Ijs Nmgds tomëdm um Ostdhj tojgrätngj gomtrdinzdhj,om osto Ostdhj oi loco ord gjmsnhordhj hnjs. Id tnorrd ord prjpnohdh hoiOstdhj y id mjìozd tomëd id dhknmnstrdgn÷m pjiëtngd, ogjm÷kngd y knintdr.Xomëdm um snstokd ho gjkumngdgn÷m iidkdhj qunpu, quo ord um snstokd hoguorhds pdrd omvndr komsdlos, oi gudi ostd`d u`ngdhj d trdvîs hoi nkpornj.Ijs Nmgds jgupdrjm um torrntjrnj ho käs ho 4.666.666 ho eni÷kotrjs gud-hrdhjs y ordm käs ho 7.666.666 ho pjìdhjros. Ijs Nmgds cuorjm ardmhosostrdtoads knintdros y tomëdm um snstokd jradmnzdhj ho trnùtjs2.

Gdòzd nmgd ho pnohrd gjm iidutj y kdsgdnpdgbd.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Gjm ijs oiokomtjs dmjtdhjs dmtornjrkomto, y gjm id dyuhd ho jtrjs toxtjs y ho su hjgomto,dmdingo ids prnkords gnvninzdgnjmos ho Dkîrngd. Poguorho quo dmdinzdr qunoro hognr sopdrdroi tjhj om sus pdrtos. Vjr oiij, di dmdinzdr ids dmtornjros gnvninzdgnjmos, bokjs sopdrdhjoi tjhj sjgndi om ijs dspogtjs aojaräcngjs, grjmji÷angjs, ogjm÷kngjs, sjgndios, pjiëtngjs yguiturdios. Hosgrn`d omtjmgos gdhd umj ho ostjs dspogtjs om id Dkîrngd dmtnaud.

Iuoaj, bdad id iogturd ’Drkds, aîrkomos y dgorj‛, y osgrn`d um rosukom om oi quo oxpinquo,soaüm oi dutjr, guäios sjm ids rdzjmos pdrd quo um arupj sjgndi dvomtdlo d jtrj. Di cnmdi,osgrn`d sus prjpnds gjmgiusnjmos.

Iodkjs

>. Omsdyj sj`ro oi in`rj ho Ldroh Hndkjmh< Aums, Aoks, dmh Wtooi, Xbo Cdtos jc Bukdm Wjgnotnos (Drkds,aîrkomos y dgorj< oi hostnmj ho ids sjgnohdhos bukdmds) osgrntj pjr @nii Adtos (Kngrjsjct Gjrpjrdtnjm).Id j`rd ho Hndkjmh dmdinzd oi prjarosj ho ids hncoromtos guiturds hoi kumhj y trdtd ho oxpingdr pjr quîid guiturd ho Ourjpd jggnhomtdi bd iioadhj d sor prohjknmdmto sj`ro jtrds.

Drkds, aîrkomos y dgorj>

ºVjr quî gudmhj Grnst÷`di Gji÷m, Bormäm Gjrtîs, Crdmgnsgj Vnzdrrj y jtrjsgjmqunstdhjros ourjpojs iioadrjm bdgo käs ho ?66 dôjs di Muovj Kumhjmj cuorjm drrjldhjs di kdr pjr ijs kniidros ho auorrorjs d`jrëaomos d gd-`diij quo idmhëdm drkds y ordm pjrtdhjros ho omcorkohdhos opnhîkngds:

ºVjr quî ijs auorrorjs `dmtüos kjmtdhjs om rnmjgorjmtos mj dtdgdrjm bd-gnd oi mjrto pdrd hnozkdr d ijs lnmotos rjkdmjs y grodrjm um nkpornj quopjhrëd bd`or d`drgdhj Äcrngd y Ourjpd:

Osjs y kugbjs jtrjs nmtorrjadmtos sjm rospjmhnhjs ho kdmord porsudsnvdom oi muovj y cdsgnmdmto in`rj ho Ldroh Hndkjmh< Aums, Aoks, dmh Wtooi<

4





Xbo Cdtos jc Bukdm Wjgnotnos (Drkds, aîrkomos y dgorj< oi hostnmj ho idssjgnohdhos bukdmds).

Id tosns prnmgnpdi ho Hndkjmh quo mj oxnsto umd supornjrnhdh nmboromto

omtro arupjs îtmngjs y rdgndios, y quo oi kugbds vogos träangj crdgdsj hodiaumjs puoìjs di rosnstnr id oxpdmsn÷m ho jtrjs cuo om ardm kohnhd umdguostn÷m ho kdid suorto.

Oi dutjr prosomtd kjmtdôds ho ovnhomgnds, y suanoro quo ijs ourjpojs y ijsdsnätngjs ijardrjm gjmtrji ho vdstds pjìdgnjmos ho`nhj d quo pjsoëdm dùm-hdmgnd ho pidmtds y ho dmnkdios cdgtnìos ho sor hjkostngdhjs, y pjrquo idjrnomtdgn÷m osto-josto ho ids tnorrds ourdsnätngds cdgnint÷ id trdmscoromgnd ho

gjsogbds, dmnkdios y togmjijaëd.

Ourjdsnd pjsoëd 70 ho ids ?3 roanjmos ho pdstjroj quo pjhëdm sor utninzdhdsom guitnvjs.

Mnmaumd jtrd roan÷m tomëd käs ho sons. Om oiid bd`ntdm 47 ho ijs dmnkdioskäs nkpjrtdmtos pdrd ijs soros bukdmjs.

Id kohnd iumd cîrtni, umd roan÷m di surjosto ho Dsnd quo jgupd pdrtos ho ijquo bjy gjmstntuyo Ljrhdmnd, Wnrnd, Xurquëd, o Nrde, tomëd sons ho ijs jgbjguitnvjs cumhdhjros y gudtrj ho ijs gnmgj käs nkpjrtdmtos kdkëcorjs hj-kîstngjs< id vdgd, id gd`rd, oi gorhj y id jvold.

Mj os sjrpromhomto quo osd roan÷m (quo idkomtdìokomto yd bd porhnhj suprjhnanjsd cortninhdh) prjhulord ardmhos gdmtnhdhos ho dinkomtjs y quo ijs prn-korjs dsomtdknomtjs bukdmjs suranordm om osd zjmd bdgo umjs 44. 666 dôjs.

Vuoìjs cuord ho Ourjdsnd, y ospogndikomto cuord ho id roan÷m ho id Kohnd IumdCîrtni, quohdrjm om ardm hosvomtdld ho`nhj d quo mj gjmtd`dm gjm kugbjsoiokomtjs pdrd prjspordr. Kuy pjgds ho ids 066.666 ospognos voaotdios quopuoìdm id tnorrd tnomom vdijr dinkomtngnj. käs ho um 26 pjr gnomtj ho ids kj-hormds gjsogbds ho ardmjs prjvnomom ho dpomds 40 ospognos, trnaj, kdëz, drrjz,go`dhd, sjraj, sjyd, pdpd, kdmhnjgd, pdtdtd, dzügdr, rokjidgbd y `dmdmd.


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Ijs dmnkdios hjkîstngjs rnmhdrjm di sor bukdmj iogbo, gdrmo y cortninzdmtos. Dyuhdrjm d drrdstrdr drdhjs y d admdr auorrds. Om tdmtj id Kohnd Iumd Cîrtnipjsoëd kugbjs kdkëcorjs hjkostngdìos, Gdincjrmnd gdrogëd ho dmnkdiossnknidros, d posdr ho tomor um ginkd snknidr.

Om Ourjpd y om Dsnd oi suporävnt ho dinkomtjs porkntn÷ d diaumjs puoìjsospogndinzdrso om gnomgnds j drtos y d jtrjs om oi drto ho id auorrd. Ids gnvnin-

zdgnjmos so hosdrrjiidrjm om id roan÷m ho id Kohnd Iumd Cîrtni y so hnsokn-mdrjm bdgnd oi osto y bdgnd oi josto.

_md ho ids rdzjmos pjr ids quo umd gd`diiorëd d`jrnaom mj ijar÷ drrjldr dGji÷m y d jtrjs gjmqunstdhjros di kdr cuo quo mj bd`ëd oqunmjs om oi Muovj

Kumhj. Om Dkîrngd mj bu`j gd`diijs bdstd quo ijs trdlorjm ijs ourjpojsy ijs mdtnvjs mj ijs j`tuvnorjm bdstd quo osjs dmnkdios osgdpdrjm ho susdkjs ospdôjios.

Auorrorjs om rnmjgorjmtos mj nmvdhnorjm Ourjpd hosho Äcrngd pjr id snkpiordz÷m ho quo os nkpjsnìo hjkostngdr d um rnmjgorjmto. Xdkpjgj puohomhjkostngdr bnpjp÷tdkjs. Oiocdmtos, go`rds, j dmnkdios snknidros, quo pj-

hrëdm sor ho ardm dyuhd om id auorrd.

Hndkjmh kuostrd id omjrko vomtdld quo tomëdm sjgnohdhos gjm drkds hocuoaj y gd`diijs hjkostngdhjs, îi mdrrd id cjrkd om quo oi gjmqunstdhjrospdôji Vnzdrrj us÷ dpomds 30 lnmotos y 463 sjihdhjs ho nmcdmtorëd pdrdhostrunr d kniidros ho sjihdhjs hoi nkpornj nmgd oi 43 ho mjvnok`ro ho 4?70.

Om dpomds diaumds bjrds, oi poquoôj arupj inhordhj pjr Vnzdrrj gdptur÷ di

okpordhjr nmgd Dtdbudipd, iëhor hoi ostdhj käs hosdrrjiidhj ho Dkîrngd,di dtorrjrnzdr gjm su gd`diiorëd y sus drkds ho cuoaj d ijs 26.666 audrhndshoi kjmdrgd.

Vorj ids omcorkohdhos cuorjm nmgiusnvo käs nkpjrtdmtos quo ijs gd`diijsy ids drkds ho cuoaj om id hjknmdgn÷m ourjpod, hoi gjmtnmomto dkorngdmjy hoi rostj hoi kumhj.





Hndkjmh gdiguid quo omcorkohdhos ourjpods dgd`drjm gjm oi >?% ho idpjìdgn÷m dkorngdmd progjijk`nmd.

ºVjr quî, omtjmgos, mj hnozkdrjm ids opnhoknds d`jrëaomos d ijs gjmquns-

tdhjros ourjpods:

Ids pidads so jrnanmdm om dmnkdios hjkîstngjs. Oi sdrdkpn÷m, id tuòrguijsnsy id vnruoid prjvnomom hoi admdhj, id arnpo ho ijs gorhjs y pdtjs, y id tjsgjmvuisd ho gorhjs y porrjs. Ijs nmhnjs mj tomëdm omcorkohdhos opnhîkn-gds mn tdkpjgj ostd`dm nmkumnzdhjs gjmtrd ids pidads pjrquo gdrogëdm hodmnkdios hjkîstngjs.

Dhokäs ho tomor uomjs gorodios, uomjs dmnkdios y cjrkds ho nmkumnzdrsogjmtrd omcorkohdhos, ijs ourjpojs cuorjm òmhognhjs gjm ardmhos kdsdsho tnorrd quo ostd`dm jrnomtdhds ho osto d josto y mj ho mjrto d sur, gjkjom Äcrngd y om Dkîrngd.

Ijs ourdsnätngjs pjhëdm trdmspjrtdr sus gorodios y su admdhj d idrads hns-tdmgnds ho osto d josto pjrquo oi ginkd mj gdk`nd kugbj d ij idraj ho umdhotorknmdhd idtntuh. Putds gjkorgndios cuorjm d`nortds ovomtudikomto ho

Dsnd d Ourjpd.Bdgo um kniomnj, Dsnd ostd`d kugbj käs dvdmzdhd quo Ourjpd om ardmmükorj ho togmjijaëds. Hndkjmh hngo quo sn ijs ourjpojs pdsdrjm pjsto-rnjrkomto di cromto cuo pjrquo puoìjs dsnätngjs gjkj ijs ldpjmosos y ijsgbnmjs quohdrjm dnsidhjs y gosdrjm ho gdmlodr nhods gjm jtrjs pdësos. Ijsrosuitdhjs cuo quo ijs ourjpojs hjknmdrjm id kdyjr pdrto hoi pidmotd bdstdid soaumhd auorrd kumhndi.

Vorj id sntudgn÷m bd vuoitj d gdk`ndr, Ldp÷m y dbjrd Gbnmd sjm muovdkomtoardmhos pjtomgnds ogjm÷kngds, y pdrd Ldp÷m om pdrtnguidr, sus nmmjvdgnj-mos togmji÷angds bdm snhj id gidvo pdrd su omjrko prjarosj om ids üitnkdshîgdhds.

Aums, Aoks, dmh Wtooi gjmtrnùyo d gjkpromhor id bnstjrnd bukdmd, puoshosgrnò ho kdmord `rniidmto g÷kj vomtdlds quo so hoòm d id suorto puo-


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



4?

Om id pr÷xnkd sosn÷m bdrokjs umd ovdiudgn÷m. Vdrd oiij, roguorhoioor oi gjmtomnhj ho su in`rj, ropdsdr sus dpumtos y bdgor diaumjsdmäinsns gjm sus gjkpdôorjs.

hom `rnmhdr îxntj om um kohnj dk`nomto hokugbd gjkpotomgnd. Ho dbë quo jcrozgdütnios ioggnjmos pdrd oi kumhj okprosdrndiy pdrd porsjmds nmtorosdhds om hosgu`rnr pjr

quî gnortds togmjijaëds trnumcdm.

Oi in`rj hokuostrd quo id nmmjvdgn÷m rospdi-hd oi îxntj om tdmtj id gjkpidgomgnd iiovd diostdmgdknomtj y d id hoginmdgn÷m, um gjkom-tdrnj quo trdtj ho tomor om guomtd ho kdmordgjtnhndmd.

D gjknomzjs ho id bnstjrnd bukdmd, ijs dvdm-gos togmji÷angjs so bdm `dsdhj om id hnspj-mn`ninhdh ho gnortds pidmtds y dmnkdios, dsë gjkj om ids vomtdlds aojaräcngds. Om oi kumhjdgtudi, om quo id sjgnohdh ostä `dsdhd om idnmcjrkdgn÷m, ijs rogursjs mogosdrnjs sjm id nm-toinaomgnd bukdmd, id hostrozd y oi inhordzaj.Gdhd roan÷m hoi kumhj pjsoo hngbjs rogursjs

om d`umhdmgnd, y osj bdgo quo oi pr÷xnkjgdpëtuij ho id bnstjrnd bukdmd prjkotd sorpdrtnguidrkomto nmtorosdmto.





Wosn÷m 43

Ovdiudgn÷m

4. Posukd oi gjmgoptj ho guiturd gjm oi dpjyj hoi snaunomto osquokd<

Cjrkds hotrdmsknsn÷m

Hocnmngn÷m

Wo kdtorndin- zd kohndmto

Poidgn÷m omtrokohnj cësngj y

cjrkds guiturdios

Guiturd

Kjhjs hoprjhuggn÷m


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



0. Bdad umd gjkpdrdgn÷m omtro ids gnvninzdgnjmos dmtnauds gjm oi snaunomtogudhrj-sëmtosns<

Gnvninzdgnjmos

Dspogtj

ogjm÷kngj

Dspogtj

sjgndi

Dspogtj

pjiëtngj

Dspogtj

guiturdi

Kosjpjtdknd

Oanptj

Gbnmd





Gnvninzdgnjmos Dspogtj

ogjm÷kngj Dspogtj

sjgndi Dspogtjpjiëtngj

Dspogtjguiturdi

Pjkd

Vorsnd


y gnvninzdgnjmos

_mnhdh 4



Gnvninzdgnjmos Dspogtjogjm÷kngj

Dspogtjsjgndi

Dspogtjpjiëtngj

Dspogtjguiturdi

Nmhnd

Kosjdkîrngd

Dkîrngd Dmhnmd

7. Bdad umd gjkpdrdgn÷m omtro `dr`drno y gnvninzdgn÷m. Xomad om guomtd<cuorzds ho prjhuggn÷m, ostrugturd ogjm÷kngd, jradmnzdgn÷m sjgndi, omtrojtrjs dspogtjs.





Poguorho quo om id umnhdh 4 bokjs hocnmnhj id guiturdgjkj oi rosuitdhj ho id nmtordggn÷m ho ijs soros bukdmjs

omtro së y ho îstjs gjm oi kohnj dk`nomto. Ostj qunorohognr, quo ids guiturds so bdm cjrkdhj nmciunhds pjr oikohnj aojaräcngj om oi quo so omguomtrdm5 snm ok`draj,osto kohnj cësngj y `nji÷angj mj os hotorknmdmto, puosoi bjk`ro gjm su nmaomnj bd pjhnhj supordr ijs dvdtdrosho id mdturdiozd. Muostrds sjgnohdhos, ho`nhj om pdrtod id oxgosnvd gjmcndmzd om id rdz÷m, togmncngdrjm id vnhd,

kogdmnzdrjm d ijs soros bukdmjs y gjkj rosuitdhj hoid`usj ho ijs rogursjs mdturdios ostdkjs hostruyomhj oipidmotd.

@ j t d h o r j h o ` d s u r d o m S o m d h n i i j , X j

i n k d . C

j t j

a r d c ë d h o < L d v n o r D k d y d .

Wosn÷m 41

Id sjgnohdh y ijs ogjsnstokds

7?1 Id sjgnohdh

y ijs ogjsnstokds

_mnhdh 0



Mj os pjsnìo omtomhor d ijs soros bukdmjs snm su roidgn÷m gjm oi kumhjgnrgumhdmto. Mj pjhokjs omtomhormjs d mjsjtrjs knskjs snm roidgn÷m gjmoi kumhj y gjm ijs jtrjs bjk`ros y kuloros gjm ijs quo gjmvnvnkjs. _mnmhnvnhuj dnsidhj mj pjhrëd sj`rovnvnr, yd quo mogosntdkjs d id gjkumnhdhpdrd quo mjs prjtold y pdrd quo lumtjs prjhuzgdkjs ijs kohnjs mogosdrnjspdrd sj`rovnvnr. Bokjs vnstj gjkj bokjs bd`ntdhj hnstnmtjs dk`nomtos,

bokjs tomnhj hncoromtos bä`ntdts y soaüm ostjs bokjs dprjvogbdhj idsgjmhngnjmos hoi kohnj pdrd prjpjrgnjmdrmjs ijs rogursjs mogosdrnjs. Ostjbd ostdhj gjmhngnjmdhj d ids borrdknomtds quo bokjs tomnhj pdrd prjhugnry pjr tdmtj oxpijtdr oi kohnj.

Ijs nmhnvnhujs ho muostrd ospogno pdsdrjm ho vnvnr om ijs är`jios d rogj-iogtdr crutjs y gdzdr dmnkdios gjkj oi posgdhj. Gdk`ndrjm su cnsjmjkëd,su jradmnskj so trdscjrkj, gdknmdrjm oraunhjs, id kdmj ho sor um kohnj

promsni pdsj d gjmstrunr borrdknomtds lumtj oi goro`rj. Id gjjrhnmdgn÷momtro id kdmj y oi jlj. Oi bjk`ro y id kulor pdsdrjm ho vnvnr om poquoôdsbjrhds sdivdlos, so jradmnzdrjm om ardmhos sjgnohdhos pdrd prjhugnr omardm osgdid y dprjvogbdr koljr ijs rogursjs mdturdios. Ostd jradmnzdgn÷m omsjgnohdh tomëd roidgnjmos hncoromgndhds ho pjhor, os hognr, umjs ajzd`dmho koljros gjmhngnjmos quo jtrjs, gjkj ij bokjs vnstj om id cjrkdgn÷mho ids gnvninzdgnjmos. Ostds jradmnzdgnjmos bdm suranhj om ogjsnstokds os-pogëcngjs, pjr olokpij, pjhrëd hognrso quo id gnvninzdgn÷m suran÷ ardgnds di

usj ho id gjrroidgn÷m omtro ogjsnstokds dguätngjs y ogjsnstokds torrostros.Id gnvninzdgn÷m ho Kosjpjtdknd so u`ng÷ om id tnorrd omtro hjs rëjs.

Oi ostuhnj ho id roidgn÷m omtro ijs hncoromtos jradmnskjs y su kohnj dk-`nomto so homjknmd Ogjijaëd. Vjhrëdkjs bdìdr ho umd Ogjijaëd sjgndi ditrdtdr oi ostuhnj ho ijs soros bukdmjs gjkj jradmnskjs nji÷angjs, cësngjs,porj tdk`nîm y sj`ro tjhj sjgndios. Mj hoò jivnhdrso quo om prnmgnpnj oi

Iodkjs

Oi bjk`ro y su roidgn÷m gjm oi ogjsnstokd






7?> Id sjgnohdhy ijs ogjsnstokds

_mnhdh 0

bjk`ro y id kulor sjm jradmnskjs `nji÷angjs, porj su `njijaëd mj ijs ho-torknmd tjtdikomto pjrquo oiijs bdm pjhnhj trdsgomhor ho diaumd kdmordsus gjmhngnjmos `nji÷angds, di grodr pjr olokpij oi drto y id intordturd5 snmok`draj, mj oxnsto um kumhj käs diiä hoi cësngj y oi bjk`ro y id kulor

mj pjhräm mumgd hosinadrso ho su cnsnjijaëd y oi guorpj os ij quo mjsjtrjssjkjs. Mjsjtrjs mj tomokjs um guorpj, snmj quo sjkjs um guorpj. Bjyom hëd so dgoptd pjr pdrto ho id mourjcnsnjijaëd quo oi dikd os um prjhugtjho muostrj goro`rj.

Ijs ogjsnstokds sjm id tjtdinhdh ho ids roidgnjmos omtro ijs hncoromtos sorosom oi kumhj. Ostds roidgnjmos sjm ho tnpj nji÷angj om oi somtnhj om oi quosjm ids gjmhngnjmos cësngds hoi dk`nomto ids quo nmhugom ijs rdsajs cësngjs j

ids dgtnvnhdhos, sjm ho tnpj sjgndi gudmhj id sjgnohdh so jradmnzd om tjrmjd oiids, pjr oi olokpij, gjkj ids sjgnohdhos bnhräuingds so gjmstntuyorjmho dguorhj di rëj y su gjkpjrtdknomtj.

Wnm oi nmtorgdk`nj y id roidgn÷m gjm oi kohnj dk`nomto ijs soros bukdmjsy ijs hokäs jradmnskjs mj pjhrëdkjs oxnstnr. Oi kohnj dk`nomto os oiiuadr quo bd`ntdkjs, diaumjs ostuhnjsjs hocnmom oi kohnj gjkj id pdrtocësngd hoi bä`ntdt ho id sjgnohdh y oi dk`nomto gjkj id gjmstruggn÷m sjgndiy snk`÷ingd quo bdgokjs hoi kumhj cësngj.

Oi bjk`ro y id kulor so roidgnjmdm gjm oi kumhj y gjm oiijs knskjs ho dguorhjd id cjrkd om id quo vodm, porgn`dm y pnomsom oi kumhj. ºOxnsto oi kumhj snmoi bjk`ro y id kulor: Oxnstnrëd gjkj kdtorndinhdh, om su dspogtj cësngj, porj oibjk`ro y id kulor io hdm um somtnhj pdrd së knskjs di kumhj y pjr osj mumgdpjhokjs dioldrmjs ho id gjmhngn÷m ho soros bukdmjs pdrd vor oi kumhj.

Ijs soros bukdmjs mjs prjpusnkjs id tdrod ho hjknmdr id mdturdiozd yhngbj hjknmnj ij bokjs gjmsoaunhj ardgnds d id tîgmngd y d id nmhustrnd5snm ok`draj, om muostrj dcäm ho hjknmnj mj pomsdkjs quo mjs ostä`dkjshostruyomhj d mjsjtrjs knskjs. Vjr hîgdhds groëkjs quo id rdz÷m pjhrëdgjmstrunr oi koljr kumhj y quo id rdz÷m mjs bdgëd soros supornjros, porjid rdz÷m os sjij umd cdguitdh käs. Id rdz÷m mj bdgo supornjr di bjk`ro yd id kulor hoi rostj ho id mdturdiozd, mjs bdgo hncoromtos.

7?> Id sjgnohdh

y ijs ogjsnstokds

_mnhdh 0




C j t j G

r n s t ÷ ` d i C o r m d m h j V î r o z

Ids roidgnjmos quo bokjs gjmstrunhj gjm ijs ogjsnstokds bdm snhj ro-idgnjmos hostrugtnvds, puos bokjs dpingdhj um kjhoij ho oxpijtdgn÷mnmcnmntd pdrd umjs rogursjs cnmntjs. Id hostruggn÷m ho id gdpd ho jzjmj, idoxtnmgn÷m ho kugbds ospognos dmnkdios5 id tdid ho `jsquos, oi dukomtjho ids omcorkohdhos rospnrdtjrnds, oi dukomtj hoi gämgor, id gjmtdknmd-gn÷m ho ijs rëjs, oi gdiomtdknomtj aij`di5 id hostruggn÷m ho ijs aidgndros, idgjmtdknmdgn÷m hoi dnro, id ditordgn÷m ho ijs gngijs y com÷komjs mdturdiosgjkj ijs kdrokjtjs j ijs tsumdkns5 om cnm, id hostruggn÷m ho id bukdmn-hdh knskd os oi rosuitdhj ho ids roidgnjmos hosoqunin`rdhds quo bokjstomnhj gjm ijs ogjsnstokds quo bd`ntdkjs. Bjy tomokjs id jpjrtumnhdhho trdmscjrkdr muostrjs kjhjs ho pomsdr y ho dgtudr.





41

• Nmvostnauo quî prjyogtjs ho rogngidlo oxnstom om id roan÷m hjmho bd`ntd.Wn os pjsn`io, nmvnto d um oxportj d rodinzdr umd gbdrid pdrd su gjkumnhdh,

gjm oi dpjyj ho su hjgomto trdmscjrkdhjr.• Bdad um omsdyj sj`ro id nkpjrtdmgnd ho ids roidgnjmos ho oqunin`rnj omtro ijs sorosbukdmjs y ijs ogjsnstokds hjmho bd`ntdm. Poguorho osgrn`nr umd tosns, hosdrrj-iidr ids nhods prnmgnpdios y sogumhdrnds quo id rospdihom y bdgor umd gjmgiusn÷m.

Jradmëgoso gjm sus gjkpdôorjs om arupjs. Oid`jrom umd cjtj-bnstjrnotd sj`roids hncoromtos prj`iokätngds dk`nomtdios quo bdy om su roan÷m. Vuohom tjkdrrogjrtos ho rovnstds j tjkdr cjtjs. Gjm dyuhd ho su hjgomto, jradmngom umd

oxpjsngn÷m o nmvntom d diaumjs knok`rjs ho su gjkumnhdh.

Podingo umd bnstjrnotd om su gudhormj hjmho kuostro ids gdusds y sjiugnjmosho id grnsns dk`nomtdi ho id dgtudinhdh.

4

0


734 Id sjgnohdh

y ijs ogjsnstokds

_mnhdh 0



@nìnjardcëd

• Gidn`jrmo, Pjòrt. Oi mdgnknomtj ho id osgrnturd. Oh. Xnko-Inco,Kîxngj, 4>20.

• Hndkjmh, Ldroh, Drkds, Aîrkos y Dgorj. Oi hostnmj ho ids

sjgnohdhos bukdmds.

• Vodso, Crdmeinm. Ijs üitnkjs Nmgds ho Guzgj. Oh. Dindmzd, 4>>4.

• Wgbjgb, Pjòrt. Osgrntj om ids rjgds, ardmhos gdtästrjcos y dm-tnauds gnvninzdgnjmos, Oh. Jòrjm, 0663.

Om id wo`<

• Omgdrtd, omgngijpohnd ho Kngrjsjct Gjrpjrdtnjm.

• www.wnenpohnd.gjk

• www.aojgntnos.gjk

• www.idìddhnantdi.gjk





Ostuhndmtos Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj gjm oi Wnstokd Nmtordgtnvj.

3





ärod Kdtoktngds

Ostämhdros `äsngjs ho gjkpotomgnds om Kdtokätngds

Olo drtnguidhjr prnmgnpdi

Vomsdknomtj mukîrngjy snstokds mukîrngjs

Gjboromgnd bjrnzjmtdi ho pomsdknomtjsy snstokds kdtokätngjs

Dpjyd di pomsdknomtj mukîrngj om…

Oi kjkomtj ho nhomtncngdr, hosgrn`nr, gidsncngdr, prohognry gjkpdrdr om j`lotjs trnhnkomsnjmdios hosho hncorom-tos pjsngnjmos y vnstds, cnaurds y guorpjs aomordhjs pjrgjrtos rogtjs j trdmsvorsdios, roidgnjmämhjijs gjm susprjpnohdhos y dpingdmhj trdmscjrkdgnjmos (trdsidgnjmos,rjtdgnjmos, rocioxnjmos) y bjkjtognds (dkpindgnjmos jrohuggnjmos), quo io porknto di ostuhndmto ijgdinzdr pjrolokpij j`lotjs om snstokds ho roprosomtdgn÷m gdrtosndmdy aojaräcngd omtro jtrjs.

Dpjyd oi pomsdknomtj mukîrngj om…

Id utninzdgn÷m ho tîgmngds y borrdknomtds pdrd id gjms-truggn÷m ho cnaurds pidmds nmgiuyomhj cdgtjros osgdidros(hnsoôj ho kdquotds, kdpds), quo io porkntd di ostu-hndmto gdiguidr ärods y vjiükomos roidgnjmdmhj hnstnmtdsumnhdhos om id kohngn÷m ho umd knskd kdamntuh.


Id roprosomtdgn÷m, gjkpdrdgn÷m, hosgrnpgn÷m o nmtor-protdgn÷m ho hdtjs prjvomnomtos ho hncoromtos cuomtos(promsd, rdhnj, toiovnsn÷m, nmtormot, oxpornkomtjs,gjmsuitds, omtrovnstds, omguostds), bdgnomhj usj ho ijsoiokomtjs gjmgoptudios hoi pomsdknomtj diodtjrnj(kohnd, kohndmd, kjhd), kjhoijs (hndardkds ho är`ji,gnrguidros, `drrd), ijardmhj dsë prohognr y lustncngdr ijsrdzjmdknomtjs y ids gjmgiusnjmos d ids gudios bd iioadhjoi ostuhndmto.

Dpjyd oi pomsdknomtj mukîrngj om …

Oi kjkomtj ho rogjmjgor um gjmlumtj ho vdijros gjmgdmtnhdhos vdrndìos (quo puohom sor inmodios j ho prj-pjrgn÷m hnrogtd j nmvorsd pdrd gjmtoxtjs drntkîtngjs yaojkîtrngjs) y roprosomtdgnjmos (hndardkds, oxprosnjmosvor`dios aomordinzdhds, tdìds, aräcngds gdrtosndmds gjkjpjr olokpij ho pumtjs, gjmtnmuds, cjrkdhds pjr soakom-tjs, omtro jtrjs), quo io porkntom di ostuhndmto dmdinzdrprjpnohdhos ho gjrroidgn÷m pjsntnvd y moadtnvd, bdgnomhjusj ho kîtjhjs nmcjrkdios (omsdyj y orrjr, gjkpio-komtdgn÷m), aomordmhj om oi ostuhndmto roidgnjmos hohopomhomgnd omtro hnstnmtjs gjmtoxtjs (ogjm÷kngj, oisjgndi, oi gnomtëcngj).

Vomsdknomtj os-pdgndi y snstokdsaojkîtrngjs.

Vomsdknomtj kî-trngj y snstokds hokohnhds

Vomsdknomtj diod-tjrnj y snstokds hohdtjs

Vomsdknomtj vd-rndgnjmdi y snsto-kds diao`rdngjs ydmdiëtngjs

Hurdmto tjhj oi Gngij NNN,oi ostuhndmto pjtomgndräid gdpdgnhdh ho utninzdrijs mükorjs rdgnjmdiosom sus hnstnmtds oxprosnj-mos (crdggnjmos, rdzjmos,hognkdios, pjrgomtdlos),prjpnohdhos (trdmsntnvd,snkîtrngd), y jpordgnjmosomtro oiijs (gjmkutdtnvd,dsjgndtnvd, naudihdh, hos-naudihdh, dhngn÷m, sus-trdggn÷m, kuitnpingdgn÷m,hnvnsn÷m y pjtomgndgn÷m),

lustncngdmhj dsë ijs prj-gohnknomtjs drntkîtngjsy ids borrdknomtds (gdigu-idhjrds, gjkputdhjros,aräcngds), quo utninzd pdrdrosjivor um prjìokd omsntudgnjmos hnvorsds hogjmtoj.



73? Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3

ärod Kdtoktngds

Ë m h n g o

_mnhdh 4. Pogjrhokjs ij vnstj dmtornjrkomto 733

Wosn÷m 4. Wukd - rostd 733Wosn÷m 0. Kuitnpingdgn÷m 716Wosn÷m 7. Hnvnsn÷m 718Wosn÷m 8. Nmvorsjs 711

_mnhdh 0. D trd`dldr gjm ijs mükorjs mdturdios 720

Wosn÷m ?. ºTuî sjm ijs mükorjs mdturdios: 720Wosn÷m 3. Naudi quo, komjr quo y kdyjr quo 72?

_mnhdh 7. Ids ogudgnjmos y ids nmogudgnjmos 7>3

Wosn÷m 1. Ids ogudgnjmos y su utninhdh 7>3Wosn÷m 2. Ids nmogudgnjmos 866

_mnhdh 8. Küitnpijs y hnvnsjros 862

Wosn÷m >. Gjmjzgdkjs ijs prnkjs, küitnpijs y hnvnsjros 862Wosn÷m 46. Id hosgjkpjsngn÷m om cdgtjros prnkjs<

umd borrdknomtd ütni 84?

Wosn÷m 44. ºTuî os oi këmnkj gjküm küitnpij (k.g.k.): 842Wosn÷m 40. ºTuî os oi käxnkj gjküm hnvnsjr (K.G.H.): 807

_mnhdh ?. Oxpjmomgndgn÷m, rdhngdgn÷m y ijadrntkdgn÷m 802

Wosn÷m 47. Oxpjmomgndgn÷m 802Wosn÷m 48. Pdhngdgn÷m 876Wosn÷m 4?. Ijadrntkdgn÷m 877

_mnhdh 3. Vrjpjsngnjmos, gjmogtjros i÷angjs y td`ids ho vorhdh 873

Wosn÷m 43. ºTuî sjm ids prjpjsngnjmos: 873Wosn÷m 41. Gjmlumgn÷m y hnsyumgn÷m 87>Wosn÷m 42. Nkpingdgn÷m y hj`io nkpingdgn÷m 880

_mnhdh 1. Xrd`dlokjs y jporokjs ijs gjmlumtjs 883

Wosn÷m 4>. ºTuî sjm ijs gjmlumtjs: 883Wosn÷m 06. Poidgnjmos ho portomomgnd y gjmtomomgnd 88>Wosn÷m 04. _mn÷m, nmtorsoggn÷m, hncoromgnd y gjkpiokomtj 8?0

Wosn÷m 00. Vrjhugtj gdrtosndmj 8?3




ärod Kdtoktngds

Gjm id sukd y id rostd, so puoho gjmtnmudr gjm ijs jtrjs tokdspjrquo oiids gjmstntuyom id pnozd cumhdkomtdi ho id Kdtokätngdgjmjgnhd, y om tjhjs ijs gdkpjs ho id vnhd, nom sod gjkprdr diaj,gjgnmdr j hosokpoôdr diaüm trd`dlj u jcngnj, so mogosntd sd`or

sukdr y rostdr.

Wukd

Os umd jpordgn÷m ho hjs j käs oiokomtjs (iidkdhjs sukdmhjs) y d pdrtnr ho oiijsj`tomokjs um rosuitdhj.

Olokpij

Wukdmhjs+

Komgnjmo y oxpinquo ? olokpijs ho g÷kj puoho utninzdr id sukd om su vnhd.

Wosn÷m 4

Wukd - rostd

_mnhdh 4. Pogjrhokjs ij vnstj dmtornjrkomto

7?2

?03 228 Posuitdhj

4



731 Pogjrhokjs ij vnstj

dmtornjrkomto

_mnhdh 4

Di sukdr, oi jrhom ho ijs sukdmhjs mj ditord oi prjhugtj<

d + ` ; ` + d

Olokpij

08 + 4? ; 7> y 4? + 08 ; 7>

Vrjpnohdh Gjmkutdtnvd

1 + ? + 7

Vrnkorj suko 1 käs ? (1 + ?) + 7 ; 1 + (? + 7) Vrnkorj suko ? käs 7Hospuîs 40 käs 7 40 + 7 ; 1 + 2 Hospuîs 1 käs 2 4? ; 4?

Poguorho quo d, ` y g sjm mükorjs mdturdios,

ijs gudios vorokjs om oi snaunomto gdpëtuij.

Id sukd os umd jpordgn÷m nmdrnd (ho hjs mükorjs), porj gudmhj mogosntdkjs sukdr7 mükorjs, ºg÷kj so bdgo:

Olokpij

Vrjpnohdh Dsjgndtnvd

Ijs mükorjs so puohom dsjgndr j darupdr ho id kdmord gjkj umj hosoo, snokproy gudmhj s÷ij so prosomtom sukds< (d + `) + g ; d + (` + g).

Diaumds prjpnohdhos ho id sukd sjm<

d.

`.




ärod Kdtoktngds

Posuoivd ids snaunomtos jpordgnjmos, utninzdmhj ids prjpnohdhos ho id sukd<

4. ? + 2? + 8? + 12 +?3

0. (3> + 2?) + >

7. 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + ? + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 80 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 1 + 6

8. (7? + 6) + (1? + 8?)

?. (12 + 04) + (6 + 8?)

Vrjpnohdh Kjhuidtnvd

Om id sukd oxnsto um k÷huij j mükorj quo sukdhj d gudiqunor mükorj, os naudidi knskj. Om id sukd, oi k÷huij os 6<

d + 6 ; d

Olokpij

? + 6 ; ? 0? + 6 ; 0? 4?3 + 6 ; 4?3

Om tjhjs ijs gdsjs, gudmhj so sukd oi gorj, oi rosuitdhj sorä oi knskj.

g.

4

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds



73> Pogjrhokjs ij vnstj

dmtornjrkomto

_mnhdh 4

3. Om ijs snaunomtos olokpijs ho jpordgnjmos hnad quo prjpnohdhos ho id sukdso utninz÷ om gdhd umj ho ijs pdsjs<

d. 4? + 40 + 47

; 4? + (40 + 47)

; (40 + 47) + 4?

; 0? + 4?

; 86

`. ? + 43 + 0? + 48

; ? + 0? + 43 + 48

; (? + 0?) + (43 + 48)

; 76 + 76

g. 2 + 6 + > + 6 + 6 + 4?

; (2+ 6) + (> + 6) + (6 + 4?)

; 2 + > + 4?

; 4? + > + 2; 4? + (> + 2)

; 4? + 41

; 70

1. Kdrëd kdmhd d su bnlj Ludm d rodinzdr ids gjkprds pdrd oi hosdyumj, quo sjm<umd jisd ho iogbo quo io guostd $4.066, umd jisd ho pdm quo io guostd $4.?66

y 7 buovjs quo io guostdm om tjtdi $366.

Gudmhj iioad d id tnomhd ho hjm Ljrao io pnho id `jisd ho iogbo y ijs buovjs,gudmhj so ijs trdo, io pnho id `jisd ho pdm.

d. ºTuî jpordgn÷m rodinz÷ Ludm pdrd sd`or guämtj ho`ëd pdadr: `. Ospogncnquo id prjpnohdh j prjpnohdhos ho id sukd utninzdhds om osto

olorgngnj.




ärod Kdtoktngds

Potjko oi prnkor olokpij<

Wupjmad quo gjmjgo oi sukdmhj 7?2 y oi rosuitdhj 228, porjhosgjmjgo oi jtrj sukdmhj, ºg÷kj ij puoho omgjmtrdr:

Vdrd omgjmtrdrij, so usd id rostd. Vjr osj so hngo quo id rostd os idjpordgn÷m nmvorsd ho id sukd.

228 dbjrd mj so iidkd rosuitdhj, snmj KNM_OMHJ

‗ 7?2 dbjrd mj so iidkd sukdmhj, snmj W_WXPDOMHJ

?03 dbjrd so iidkd POW_IXDHJ

Om ostd cjrkd, so puoho gjkprj`dr sn umd sukd os gjrrogtd j pjr oi gjmtrdrnj, sn idrostd cuo `nom bogbd.

Postd< id rostd os umd jpordgn÷m om hjmho di knmuomhj io quntdkjs oi sustrdyomhjpdrd j`tomor um rosuitdhj. ^ osgrn`nkjs<

d ` ; g

hjmho d os oi knmuomhj, ` oi sustrdyomhj y g oi rosuitdhj.

Wosn÷m 0

Postd

Posuoivd ids snaunomtos jpordgnjmos<

4. (8?-7?)+7

4




dmtornjrkomto

_mnhdh 4

0. 8?+ 32+(73-40)

7. ((8?-72)+(18-?2)+?)

8. (4?+28)-?0+(73+0)

?. Oxpinquo pjr quî ids prjpnohdhos ho id sukd mj puohom dpingdrso om id rostd.

Diaumds prjpnohdhos ho id kuitnpingdgn÷m sjm<

d. Vrjpnohdh Gjmkutdtnvd.

`. Vrjpnohdh Dsjgndtnvd.

g. Vrjpnohdh Kjhuidtnvd.

h. Vrjpnohdh Hnstrn`utnvd.

Kuitnpingdgn÷m

d.

Ij knskj quo id sukd, id kuitnpingdgn÷m os umd jpordgn÷m kdtokätngd hnrogtd pjrquoostä gjkpuostd ho vdrnds sukds ho um knskj mükorj quo aomordm id jpordgn÷m.


Oi jrhom ho ijs cdgtjros mj ditord oi prjhugtj. Os hognr, so puoho gjijgdr oi kuitn-pingdmhj y oi kuitnpingdhjr om gudiqunor jrhom y snokpro oi prjhugtj sorä oi knskj.

Olokpij

> x 7 ; > + > + > ; 01

7 x > ; 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 ; 01




ärod Kdtoktngds

Gjkj id kuitnpingdgn÷m os tdk`nîm umd jpordgn÷m `nmdrnd, ij knskj quo id sukd,sus cdgtjros puohom darupdrso om arupjs j dsjgndgnjmos, y oi rosuitdhj mj so dcogtd<

d x (` x g) ; (d x `) x g

Olokpij


0 x (7 x 8) (0 x 7) x 80 x (7 + 7 + 7 + 7) (0 + 0 + 0) x 80 x 40 3 x 8

08 08


Om id kuitnpingdgn÷m bdy um k÷huij gjkj om id sukd, y di kuitnpingdrso pjr gudi-qunor mükorj, snokpro hdrä gjkj rosuitdhj oi knskj mükorj. Oi k÷huij ho idkuitnpingdgn÷m os oi 4< d x 4 ; 4

Olokpij

7 x 4 ; 7

0? x 4 ; 0?

7?2 x 4 ; 7?2

Vrjpnohdh Hnstrn`utnvd

Gdrdgtorëstngd ho id kuitnpingdgn÷m, soaüm id gudi um mükorj so puoho hnstrn`unr omumd jpordgn÷m kdtokätngd, ho ostd kdmord<

d x (` + g) ; d x ` + d x g

`.

g.

h.




dmtornjrkomto

_mnhdh 4

Olokpij< 7 (0 + 8) 7 x 0 + 7 x 8

7 x 3 3 + 40

42 42

Podingo ids snaunomtos jpordgnjmos<

4. 0(7? + 8?) + 7(8? + 7?)

0. (48 x ?3) (?3 + 12)

7. (78? 481) + ?8 (07 x 8)

8. 07(8? + 04 + 48 07)

?. 204 40(8? + 40)

3. Om ijs snaunomtos olorgngnjs nhomtncnquo id prjpnohdh j prjpnohdhos utninzdhds<

1. Podingo ids snaunomtos jpordgnjmos hngnomhj quo prjpnohdh ho id kuitnpingdgn÷mutninz÷ om gdhd umj ho oiijs.

d. 0 x 7 x 8 x ? x 4 x 4`. 7 x 4 x 0 x 4 x ?g. 7 x (? + 1)

h. (? + 2) x 0

d. 8 x (1 + 2); (8 x 1) + (8 x 2); 02 + 70; 36

`. 8 x ? x 1; 8 x (? x 1); 8 x 7?; 7? x 8; 486

g. 0 x 1 x 3 x 4; (0 x 1) x (3 x 4); (0 x 1) x 3; 48 x 3; 28

0

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds




ärod Kdtoktngds

Hnvnsn÷m

Id hnvnsn÷m os umd jpordgn÷m quo pjsoo 8 pdrtos, oi hnvnhomhj, oihnvnsjr, oi rosnhuj y oi gjgnomto.

Oi j`lotnvj ho id hnvnsn÷m os j`tomor um gjgnomto y um rosnhuj.

Wosn÷m 7

Hnvnsn÷m

Hnvnhomhj Posnhuj ; gjgnomto +

Hnvnsjr Hnvnsjr

PosnhujHnvnhomhj Hnvnsjr ; gjgnomto +Hnvnsjr

Olokpij< hnvnhdkjs 07? omtro 0.

07? 0

Vdsdkjs d

0 7 ? 0

-0 4

6



71? Pogjrhokjs ij vnstj

dmtornjrkomto

_mnhdh 4

Podingo ids snaunomtos hnvnsnjmos<

4. 080 8

0. 083 7

7. 4.?37 2

8. 0.?7? ?

?. 113 44

Iuoaj 0 7 ? 0

-0 44

6 7 ?

-0

4

Iuoaj 0 7 ? 0

-0 441

6 7 ?

-0

4 ?

-4 84

Hjmho 07? os oi hnvnhomhj, 0 oi hnvnsjr, 441 oi gjgnomto y umj os oi rosnhuj.

Id hnvnsn÷m dhokäs gukpio gjm id snaunomto roidgn÷m< sn tomokjs d ` hjmho d os oihnvnhomhj y os oi hnvnsjr, y j`tomokjs g gjgnomto y r rosnhuj so ho`o gukpinr quo<

d ; (g x `) + r

Dsë om oi olokpij dmtornjr< 07? ; 441 x 0 + 4

4




ärod Kdtoktngds

4. Podingo ids snaunomtos hnvnsnjmos y hnad guäi os oi gjgnomto y oi rosnhuj<

d. 7?8 ñ 40

`. 48?6 ñ ?

g. 113 ñ 7

h. 83? ñ 48

o. 40?7 ñ 0?

0. Omguomtro oi nmvorsj dhntnvj ho ijs snaunomtos mükorjs<

087, 078, ?21, ?>2, 17?

7. Dmhrîs vd d id ardmld ho Coinpo d gjkprdr gd`rds. Dmhrîs tnomo $866.666 y

gdhd gd`rd ho Coinpo io guostd $36.666.

d. ºGuämtds gd`rds puoho gjkprdr Dmhrîs: `. ºGuämtd pidtd io sj`rd d Dmhrîs:

7

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

Ho dguorhj gjm ids jpordgnjmos soôdidhds, so puoho j`sorvdr quo ids jpordgnj-mos hnrogtds sjm id sukd y id kuitnpingdgn÷m, knomtrds quo id rostd y id hnvnsn÷m sjm

jpordgnjmos nmvorsds. Ostj snamncngd quo gdhd jpordgn÷m tnomo su prjpnohdh nmvorsd.

Vdrd tjhj mükorj mdturdi d, oxnsto um mükorj ` quo gukpio quo

d

+ `

; 6

Vrjpnohdh nmvorsd ho id sukd




dmtornjrkomto

_mnhdh 4

Hjmho 6 os oi k÷huij ho id sukd.

D ` ij mjk`rdkjs d

Olokpij<

7? + (-7?) ; 6 y hognkjs quo -7? os oi nmvorsj ho 7?.

Podikomto ij quo utninzdkjs os id jpordgn÷m nmvorsd ho id sukd quo os id rostd dsë<

7? 7? ; 6

Wosn÷m 8

Nmvorsjs

Vdrd tjhj mükorj mdturdi d, oxnsto um mükorj ` tdi quo

d x ` ; 4

Vrjpnohdh nmvorsd ho id kuitnpingdgn÷m

hjmho`

ij iidkdrokjs oi nmvorsj kuitnpingdtnvj hod

y4

` ;

d

Olokpij<

43 x

3




ärod Kdtoktngds

3 4; x4 3

3;3

; 4

4Hjmho os oi nmvorsj kuitnpingdtnvj ho 3.3

Podikomto ij quo utninzdkjs os id jpordgn÷m nmvorsd ho id kuitnpingdgn÷m quoos id hnvnsn÷m dsë< 3 ñ 3 ; 4.

Omguomtro oi nmvorsj kuitnpingdtnvj y dhntnvj ho ijs snaunomtos mükorjs<

4. 70

0. 8?

7. 41

8. 07?. ?1

3. 0>

1. >078

2. ?40

>. 013

4




dmtornjrkomto

_mnhdh 4

Vrjpnohdh Gidusurdtnvd

Wn id jpordgn÷m ho sukd j kuitnpingdgn÷m (jpordgnjmos hnrogtds), so bdgom gjm mü-korjs mdturdios, oi rosuitdhj sorä jtrj mükorj mdturdi.

Vdrd quo id rostd gukpid gjm ostd prjpnohdh, oi knmuomhj ho`o sor kdyjr quo oisustrdomhj, y om id hnvnsn÷m, oi rosnhuj ho`o sor gorj.

Omtjmgos tomokjs quo<

Wn d y ` sjm mükorjs mdturdios<

d + ` ; g, g os mükorj mdturdi

d x ` ; g, g os mükorj mdturdi

d ` ; g, g os mükorj mdturdi, sn d os kdyjr quo `

d ñ ` ; g, g portomogo d ijs mükorjs mdturdios, sn oi rosnhuj ho id jpord-gn÷m os naudi d 6

Olokpijs

0 + 7 ; ? 7 + 0 ; ?

0 x 7 ; 3 7 x 0 ; 3

7 ‗ 0 ; 4 0 ‗ 7 ; º:

7 ñ 0 ; º: 0 ñ 7 ; º:

Dquë vokjs quo ijs snamjs ho nmtorrjadgn÷m mjs hngom quo ostds jpordgnjmos mj hdmgjkj rosuitdhj um mükorj mdturdi.




ärod Kdtoktngds

4. Gdrijs rodinzd id gjkprd ho ijs ütnios osgjidros ho sus 7 bnljs quo sjm< 7 iäpngospjr vdijr ho $866 gdhd umj, > gudhormjs rdydhjs pjr vdijr ho $266 gdhd umj,40 gudhormjs gudhrnguidhjs pjr vdijr ho $4.666 gdhd umj, y tros gdrtugbordspjr vdijr ho $0.666 gdhd umd. Wn Gdrijs pjsoo sjidkomto $76.666 ºpuohogjkprdr tjhjs ijs ütnios quo mogosntd:, Wn su rospuostd os dcnrkdtnvd omtjmgosºio sj`r÷ pidtd d Gdrijs: ^ sn io sj`r÷ pidtd ºguämtd pidtd io sj`r÷ d Gdrijs:,om gdsj gjmtrdrnj, os hognr sn Gdrijs mj puoho gjkprdr ijs ütnios ºguämtd pidtd

io bdgo cditd d Gdrijs:

0. Bdiidr oi nmvorsj ho id sukd ho ijs snaunomtos mükorjs<

7, 8?, 3?1, 4?13 y 8?3.

7. Bdiidr oi nmvorsj ho id kuitnpingdgn÷m ho ijs snaunomtos mükorjs<

8?, 78, 31, 40, 1, >.

8. Hnad sn ids snaunomtos dcnrkdgnjmos sjm vorhdhords j cdisds y lustncnquo su ros-puostd<

d. Id prjpnohdh gjmkutdtnvd so gukpio pdrd id jpordgn÷m hnvnsn÷m.

`. Id prjpnohdh gidusurdtnvd so gukpio pdrd id jpordgn÷m rostd.

?. _tninzdmhj ids prjpnohdhos ho id sukd y id kuitnpingdgn÷m rodingo ids snaunomtosjpordgnjmos, ospogncngdmhj ids prjpnohdhos quo utninz÷.

d. 0 x (7 + ?) + 1 x (8 + 0) + 06 + 6

`. 1 + 40 ‗ 40 + 6 + (7? x 4)

8

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds




dmtornjrkomto

_mnhdh 4

4. Hjm Vdìj gjkprd ijs snaunomtos dmnkdios pdrd su cnmgd< ? ùrrjs,7 gd`diijs, 0 vdgds y 3 jvolds. Wn gdhd vdgd vdio $36.666, id jvold$86.666, um gd`diij $476.666 y gdhd ùrrj $76.666. ºGuämtjgjstdrjm tjhjs ijs dmnkdios:

0. Wn d hjm Vdìj io hosguomtdm $06.666 pjr gdhd vdgd quo gjkpro,gjm id gjmhngn÷m ho quo pdauo oquntdtnvdkomto d ? vomhohjrosquo io ostäm vomhnomhj ijs dmnkdios. ºGuämtj hnmorj tnomo quohdrio hjm Vdìj d gdhd vomhohjr:

7. Vohrj gjmsnamd komsudikomto ijs snaunomtos vdijros<

• Omorj< $466.666• Co`rorj< $76.666• Kdrzj< $7?6.666• D`rni< $46.666• Kdyj< $186.666• Lumnj< $36.666• Luinj< $436.666• Dajstj< $>6.666• Woptnok`ro< $36.666• Jgtu`ro< $0>6.666• Mjvnok`ro< $446.666• Hngnok`ro< $866.666

Wn oi `dmgj io nmcjrkd quo om prjkohnj komsudi îi daroa÷$436.666, ºos ostj gnortj:

8. Wn Vohrj rotnrd ij quo gjmsnam÷ om 3 kosos y oi `dmgj io hupingd oivdijr ho ij quo rotnr÷, ºguämtj rognò Vohrj:




ärod Kdtoktngds

Oi gjmlumtj ho ijs mükorjs mdturdios so snk`jinzd gjm umd iotrd M kdyüsguid ho idsnaunomto kdmord<

M ; {4, 0, 7, 8, ?, 3, …}

Jtrd kdmord ho roprosomtdr ijs mükorjs mdturdios os pjr kohnj ho umd rogtd<

_md rogtd mukîrngd porknto vor ijs mükorjs ho umd kdmord käs cägni y dhokäs, sopuoho bdgor jpordgnjmos kdtokätngds käs räpnhds y gjm kdyjr gidrnhdh.

Wosn÷m ?

ºTuî sjm ijs mükorjs mdturdios:

_mnhdh 0. D trd`dldr gjm ijs mükorjs mdturdios

4

0 7 8

?

Ijs mükorjs mdturdiossjm ijs mükorjs quokäs utninzdkjs, ho`nhj

d quo cuorjm ijs prnkorjs mükorjsquo so grodrjm. Vjr olokpij< gudmhjgjmtdkjs gjm ijs hohjs, ostdkjs gjm-tdmhj gjm mükorjs mdturdios.




ärod Kdtoktngds

0. Nhomtncnquo ijs vdijros quo so ostäm roprosomtdmhj om ids snaunomtos rogtds mu-kîrngds<

?

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

4. Podingo ids snaunomtos jpordgnjmos y roprosomto su rosuitdhj om id rogtd mukîrngd<

d. 0 + 1 `. 46 / ? g. 7 x 8

h. ? + 0 o. 8 x 0

0. Hî 7 olokpijs om hjmho pjhrëd utninzdr id rogtd mukîrngd om su vnhd.

7. _m arupj ho j`rorjs ostä gjmstruyomhj umd muovd vëd ho 48 eni÷kotrjs quohurd gjmstruyîmhjso ? hëds. Oi prnkor hëd gjmstruyom 0 eni÷kotrjs ho vëd. Oi

soaumhj hëd gjmstruyom 4 eni÷kotrj ho vëd d gdusd ho id iiuvnd. Oi torgor hëdso gjmtrdtdm käs j`rorjs y so gjmstruyom 8 eni÷kotrjs ho vëd. Oi gudrtj hëdvuoivo d iijvor y gjmstruyom sjij 7 eni÷kotrjs ho vëd. Oi qunmtj hëd gjmstruyomijs üitnkjs 8 eni÷kotrjs.

d. Poprosomto gdhd trdkj rodinzdhj pjr hëd om umd rogtd.`. Poprosomto om umd rogtd oi tjtdi ho eni÷kotrjs gjmstrunhjs.

g. ºG÷kj jpordrëd rogtds pdrd iioadr di tjtdi ho eni÷kotrjs roidgnjmdmhj ij

j`tomnhj om oi pumtj d:



72? D trd`dldr gjm ijs

mükorjs mdturdios

_mnhdh 0

Om id vnhd gjtnhndmd, osgugbdkjs pdid`rds gjkj pjr olokpij<’oi pdm quo vomho hjm Ljsî vdio naudi quo oi pdm quo vomho hjmGdrijs‛5 ’Drturj os tros dôjs kdyjr quo Gdknij‛5 ’oi vdijr ho idiogbo quo vomho hjm Iuns os ho komjr prognj quo id iogbo quovomho hjm Vdìj om su tnomhd‛. Ostds gjkpdrdgnjmos ho ’kdyjrquo‛, ’komjr quo‛ j ’naudi d‛, dumquo bjy ids hognkjs d hndrnjy d vogos snm pomsdr, cuo um ardm prjìokd pdrd ijs kdtokätngjs

nmtorprotdr ostds roidgnjmos y trdmsgrn`nrids om sëk`jijs j iomaudlo kdtokätngj. Ostoprjìokd cnmdinz÷ bdgnd oi snaij RSNN, gudmhj osds roidgnjmos so pidmtodrjm om ijstros sëk`jijs quo vorokjs d gjmtnmudgn÷m<

Poidgn÷m ho naudihdh

Id roidgn÷m ho naudihdh os umd oxprosn÷m ho oqunvdiomgnd omtro hjs gdmtnhdhos.Hognkjs d os naudi d ` y ij oxprosdkjs gjkj<

d ; `

Olokpij<

Oi gdrrj ho Ludm ; Oi gdrrj ho Ludm

_md pord ; _md pord

Ludm ; Ludm

Wosn÷m 3

Naudi quo, komjr quo y kdyjr quo




ärod Kdtoktngds

Olokpij

Id naudihdh gukpio gjm tros prjpnohdhos<

4. Vrjpnohdh nhîmtngd< tjhj mükorj os naudi d së knskj<

d ; dOlokpijs

? ; ?, 40 ; 40, $0.666 posjs sjm naudios d $0.666 posjs.

0. Vrjpnohdh rogëprjgd< sn um mükorj os naudi d jtrj, îsto os naudi di prnkorj

d ; ` ` ; d

Olokpijs

Wn oi gdrrj ho Dmhrîs os naudi di gdrrj ho Ludm, oi gdrrj ho Ludm os naudi digdrrj ho Dmhrîs.

Gdrrj ho Dmhrîs ; Gdrrj ho Ludm Gdrrj ho Ludm ; Gdrrj ho Dmhrîs

Om ostds rogtds mukîrngds, ostdkjs roprosomtdmhj

id roidgn÷m ? ; ?.



721 D trd`dldr gjm ijs

mükorjs mdturdios

_mnhdh 0

Wn id ohdh ho Kdrnj os naudi d id ohdh ho Vdtrngnd, id ohdh ho Vdtrngnd osnaudi d id ohdh ho Kdrnj.

Ohdh ho Kdrnj ; Ohdh ho Vdtrngnd Ohdh ho Vdtrngnd ; Ohdh ho Kdrnj

7. Vrjpnohdh trdmsntnvd< sn um mükorj os naudi d jtrj y îsto d su voz, os naudi d umtorgor mükorj, so puoho hognr quo oi prnkor mükorj os naudi di torgor mükorj.

d ; ` ` ; g d ; g

Olokpijs

Wn oi gdrrj ho Dmhrîs os naudi di gdrrj ho Ludm, y oi gdrrj ho Ludm os naudi

di gdrrj ho Jiad, Dmhrîs y Jiad tnomom um gdrrj naudi.

Gdrrj ho Dmhrîs ; Gdrrj ho LudmGdrrj ho Ludm ; Gdrrj ho Jiad

Gdrrj ho Dmhrîs ; Gdrrj ho Jiad

Id ohdh ho Kdrnj os naudi d id ohdh ho Vdtrngnd y id ohdh ho Vdtrngnd os naudid id ohdh ho Gdrjinmd5 omtjmgos, Kdrnj y Gdrjinmd tnomom id knskd ohdh.

Ohdh ho Kdrnj ; Ohdh ho VdtrngndOhdh ho Vdtrngnd ; Ohdh ho GdrjinmdOhdh ho Kdrnj ; Ohdh ho Gdrjinmd

Poidgnjmos kdyjr quo y komjr quo

Wn ostdkjs om um ùs quo tnomo oi knskj mükorj ho pdsdlorjs y ho sniids, hognkjsquo oi mükorj ho pdsdlorjs os naudi di mükorj ho sniids5 porj kugbds vogos, oi ùsiiovd tdmtjs pdsdlorjs quo kugbjs ho oiijs hoòm nr ho pno j om gdsj gjmtrdrnj, sn oiùs vd um pjgj hosjgupdhj, bd`rä diaumds sniids snm pdsdlorjs. Om oi prnkor gdsj, gudmhj oi ùs ostä iiomj, hognkjs quo<

Mükorj ho pdsdlorjs = Mükorj ho sniids j

Oi mükorj ho pdsdlorjs os kdyjr quo oi mükorj ho sniids



72> D trd`dldr gjm ijs

mükorjs mdturdios

_mnhdh 0

4. Oxpinquo, pjr quî ijs gdrdgtoros nhîmtngjs y oi gdrägtor rogëprjgj mj so gukpiomom ids hosnaudihdhos.

Jtrd hncoromgnd omtro ids hosnaudihdhos y ids naudihdhos os quo ids hosnaudihdhos mjtnomom ijs gdrdgtoros nhîmtngjs mn oi gdrägtor rogëprjgj.

Ids roidgnjmos kdyjr quî y komjr quî gukpiom gjm id prjpnohdh trdmsntnvd ho hjskdmords<

d. Gudmhj so tnomo um mükorj kdyjr quo jtrj y oi soaumhj os kdyjr quo oitorgorj, oi prnkorj os kdyjr quo oi torgorj<

d = ` y ` = g, d = g

0. _tningo id roidgn÷m kdyjr quo pdrd roidgnjmdr ijs snaunomtos mükorjs.

• 0 y 8 • 0? y 40

• ?.666 y 1.666

7. _tningo id roidgn÷m komjr quo pdrd roidgnjmdr ijs snaunomtos mükorjs.

• 7 y ? • 03 y 47 • 3.666 y 2.666

Vnstd< trdto ho rdzjmdr gjm ijs pjstuidhjs hdhjs om ids naudi-hdhos y rookpidgo oi ; pjr 9 j = y j`sorvo quî sugoho.

4




ärod Kdtoktngds

Olokpijs

Id cnmgd ho Ljsî os kdyjr quo id cnmgd ho Nväm, id cnmgd ho Nväm os kdyjr quo id cnmgdho Dmhrîs, omtjmgos id cnmgd ho Ljsî os kdyjr quo id cnmgd ho Dmhrîs.

Cnmgd ho Ljsî = Cnmgd ho Nväm

Cnmgd ho Nväm = Cnmgd ho Dmhrîs

Cnmgd ho Ljsî = Cnmgd ho Dmhrîs

Kdrëd tnomo kdyjr mükorj ho tjkdtos quo Luind, Luind tnomo d su voz, kdyjr mükorjho tjkdtos quo Vdjid, omtjmgos Kdrëd tnomo käs tjkdtos quo Vdjid.

Xjkdtos ho Kdrëd = Xjkdtos ho Luind

Xjkdtos ho Luind = Xjkdtos ho Vdjid

Xjkdtos ho Kdrëd = Xjkdtos ho Vdjid

`. Wn so tnomo um mükorj komjr quo jtrj y oi soaumhj os komjr quo oi torgorj,oi prnkorj os komjr quo oi torgorj<

d 9 ` y ` 9 g, d 9 g

Olokpijs

Oi dmgj Gbngbnmd prostd komjs quo oi dmgj ho Wukdtrd, oi dmgj ho Wukdtrdprostd komjs quo oi dmgj Wdmtdmd, omtjmgos oi dmgj Gbngbnmd prostd komjsquo oi `dmgj Wdmtdmd.

Vrîstdkjs Gbngbnmd 9 Vrîstdkjs Wukdtrd

Vrîstdkjs Wukdtrd 9 Vrîstdkjs Wdmtdmd

Vrîstdkjs Gbngbnmd 9 Vrîstdkjs Wdmtdmd




ärod Kdtoktngds

Pospuostd< prnkorj ho`okjs ostd`iogor ids roidgnjmos ho ids mjtdsquo mjs nmhngd oi toxtj<

Kdrëd = Dmhrod

Idurd = Ldnko

Wdmtndaj ; OmrnquoKdrëd 9 Crdmgnsgj

Idurd ; Dmhrod

Wdmtndaj 9 Ldnko

Dbjrd vdkjs d jradmnzdrijs, dmjtdmhj dquoiijs ostuhndmtos quo os-

tîm ropotnhjs, gjkj Kdrëd quo ostä roidgnjmdhd gjm Dmhrod y gjmCrdmgnsgj.

Gjkj Kdrëd ostä di idhj horogbj om dk`ds roidgnjmos, io gdk`ndkjsho somtnhj d umd, ho ostd kdmord<

Kdrëd = Dmhrod Dmhrod 9 Kdrëd

0. Ostds sjm ids gdincngdgnjmos ho um oxd-kom hoi gursj< Kdrëd tuvj kdyjr mjtdquo Dmhrod5 Idurd tuvj kdyjr mjtdquo Ldnko5 Wdmtndaj y Omrnquo tuvno-rjm id knskd mjtd5 Kdrëd tuvj komjr

mjtd quo Crdmgnsgj5 Idurd tuvj naudimjtd quo Dmhrod, y Wdmtndaj tuvjumd mjtd komjr quo Ldnko. Wn Kdrëdtuvj id mjtd këmnkd pdrd dprj`dr oioxdkom, ºqunîmos ij dprj`drjm:



7>7 D trd`dldr gjm ijs

mükorjs mdturdios

_mnhdh 0

Gdk`ndkjs ho Kdrëd tnomo kdyjr mjtd quo Dmhrod d Dmhrod tnomokomjr mjtd quo Kdrëd, y ostd roidgn÷m gjmtnmüd snomhj vorhdhord.M÷toso quo oi sëk`jij kdyjr quo gdk`n÷ d komjr quo. Dbjrd së,pjhokjs gjk`nmdrid gjm id mjtd ho Crdmgnsgj<

Dmhrod 9 Kdrëd 9 Crdmgnsgj (4)

Gjm Idurd y Dmhrod sugoho ij knskj quo gjm Idurd quo tnomo idknskd mjtd quo Dmhrod. Omtjmgos pjhokjs hognr<

Dmhrod = Ldnko j Dmhrod ; Idurd = Ldnko,

gdk`ndmhj ho somtnhj id roidgn÷m y umnomhj gjm (4) Ldnko 9 Idurd ; Dmhrod 9 Kdrëd 9 Crdmgnsgj (0)

W÷ij mjs cditd roidgnjmdr d Wdmtndaj y d Omrnquo, ho id knskd cjrkdgjkj ij bngnkjs dmtornjrkomto<

Omrnquo ; Wdmtndaj 9 Ldnko, y umnomhj om (0) tomhrokjs<

Omrnquo ; Wdmtndaj 9 Ldnko 9 Idurd ; Dmhrod 9 Kdrëd 9 Crdmgnsgj.

Om ostd cjrkd, so roidgnjmdrjm ids mjtds ho tjhds ids porsjmds quoprosomtdrjm oi oxdkom.

Vjr üitnkj, sn hognkjs quo Kdrëd tuvj id mjtd këmnkd pdrd dprj`droi oxdkom, qunoro hognr quo qunomos tnomom kdyjr gdincngdgn÷m quooiid, dprj`drjm oi oxdkom<

Omrnquo ; Wdmtndaj 9 Ldnko 9 Idurd ; Dmhrod 9 Kdrëd 9 Crdmgnsgj

Dprj`drjmoi oxdkom

Pospuostd< sjidkomto Kdrëd y Crdmgnsgj dprj`drjm oi oxdkom.




ärod Kdtoktngds

4. ºTuî roidgn÷m omguomtrd omtro oi prognj ho id pdpd ho id tnomhd hohjm Iuns y oi prognj ho id pdpd ho id tnomhd ho hjm Vdìj, sn hjmIuns vomho id pdpd d $?66 y hjm Vdìj id vomho d $166:

0. Xomaj 06 crutds y ids ropdrtj omtro kns dknajs. Wn hospuîs ho ropdr-tnrids ko sj`rdm 7, ºquî roidgn÷m puohj ostdìogor omtro oi mükorjho crutds y oi mükorj ho dknajs:

7. Om umd gdsd bdy 46 gdkds<

• ºGuämtds porsjmds bdy om id gdsd, sn so hngo quo oi mükorjho gdkds os naudi di mükorj ho porsjmds ho id gdsd:

• ºWn om id gdsd bdy sjidkomto > porsjmds, quî roidgn÷m bdyomtro oi mükorj ho gdkds y oi mükorj ho porsjmds:

8. Om id gdrrotord, id voijgnhdh käxnkd os ho 26 ek/b, ºquî roidgn÷mbdy omtro id voijgnhdh käxnkd y id voijgnhdh d id gudi hoòkjs nr:

3

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

Podinzdr id dgtnvnhdh kdmjs d id j`rd ho id sosn÷m 3.



7>? D trd`dldr gjm ijs

mükorjs mdturdios

_mnhdh 0

?. Oxnsto gnortj mükorj ho bjk`ros y gnortj mükorj ho kuloros5sn oiijs cjrkdm pdrolds ho tdi cjrkd quo mj sj`rd diaüm bjk`ro

mn kulor, ºquî roidgn÷m so puoho ostd`iogor omtro oi mükorj hobjk`ros y oi mükorj ho kuloros:

3. Poprosomto aräcngdkomto (sj`ro id rogtd mukîrngd), ijs snaunomtosvdijros<

• > ; >

• ? 9 44

• 1 = 3

1. Id ohdh ho Ludm os naudi d id ohdh ho Gdknij, id ohdh ho Gdknijos naudi d id ohdh ho Ludm. ºTuî gdrägtor ostdkjs usdmhj:

2. ºTuî roidgn÷m bdy omtro oi mükorj ho crutds ho Gdknid y oi mükorjho crutds ho Dmhrod, sn Gdknid tnomo käs crutds quo Vduid y Vduidtnomo kdyjr mükorj ho crutds quo Dmhrod:

>. Kdrnj tnomo komjs hnmorj quo Gdknid, porj tnomo käs hnmorj quoWdmtndaj ºguäi ho oiijs tnomo käs pidtd:

46. Gdrijs os kdyjr quo Dmhrîs, Ljsî os komjr quo Wdmhrd, Vdtrngndtnomo id knskd ohdh quo Dmhrîs, porj oiid os kdyjr quo Wdmhrd.

• ºTunîm os kdyjr:

• ºTunîm os komjr:




ärod Kdtoktngds

Mj snokpro sdòkjs ijs prognjs ho tjhds ids gjsds quo so vomhom om umd tnomhd.Wnm ok`draj, oi tomhorj gj`rd $46.666 pjr tjhj.

Wosn÷m 1

Ids ogudgnjmos y su utninhdh

_mnhdh 7. Ids ogudgnjmos y ids nmogudgnjmos

Om oi hndrnj vnvnr, mj snokpro so hdm ids jpordgnjmos dsë ho cägni. Houmd u jtrd cjrkd, ids ogudgnjmos y ids nmogudgnjmos ostäm prosomtosom muostrd vnhd y snokpro hoòkjs pomsdr om oiids pjrquo cuorjmgrodhds pdrd rosjivor prjìokds ho ijs gudios, so hosgjmjgo umjho sus vdijros.

Om osto gdpëtuij, ostuhndrokjs ids ogudgnjmos y ids nmogudgnjmosdpingdhds d id sukd y d id rostd.

Vdrd gjkpromhor oi gjmgoptj ho ogudgn÷m, tjkdrokjs um olokpij ho id vnhd hndrnd<om umd tnomhd, gjkprdkjs ijs nmarohnomtos pdrd bdgor umd gjknhd<

Gdrmo< $?.666

Vdpd< $4.666

Drrjz< $4.766

Iomtold $0.666

Viätdmj< º:



7>1 Ids ogudgnjmos

y ids nmogudgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

Om oi üitnkj gdsj, tomhrokjs umd nmg÷amntd, os hognr, oi vdijr quo so vd d hotorkn-mdr. Gdsn snokpro ids nmg÷amntds so roprosomtdm gjm umd iotrd< x, y, d, `, g, otg. Ijnkpjrtdmto os sd`or rogjmjgorids y hotorknmdr su vdijr oxdgtj.

Vjr olokpij< di prognj hoi piätdmj so io dsjgndrä id iotrd R.

Dbjrd, drkdkjs id ogudgn÷m<

Omtjmgos mjs quohd id huhd, ºguämtj vdio oi piätdmj: Vdrd dvornaudr su vdijr, tomo-kjs hjs jpgnjmos<

• Vroaumtdrio di tomhorj oi prognj hoi piätdmj (puoho sor id käs cägni), j

• Mjsjtrjs knskjs hotorknmdr oi prognj hoi piätdmj.

Gdrmo + Vdpd + Drrjz + Iomtold + Viätdmj ; $46.666

?.666 + 4.666 + 4.766 + 0.666 + R ; 46.666

Oi j`lotnvj ho umd ogudgn÷m, os omgjmtrdr R tdi quo so gukpid gjm id naudihdh. Vdrdostj ij quo bdgokjs os sukdr d dk`js idhjs oi nmvorsj dhntnvj ho gdhd umd ho idsgdmtnhdhos quo tomokjs om oi idhj nzqunorhj ho id hosnaudihdh pdrd pjhor usdr idioy gdmgoidtnvd y kjhuidtnvd y di cnmdi tomor R d um idhj y um mükorj di jtrj.

Dsë di cnmdi j`tomokjs quo R os naudi di mükorj ho id horogbd rostdmhj tjhds idsgdmtnhdhos ho id pdrto nzqunorhd.

Viätdmj ; $46.666 ‗ Gdrmo ‗ Vdpd ‗ Drrjz ‗ Iomtold

R ; 46.666 ‗ ?.666 ‗ 4.666 ‗ 4.766 ‗ 0.666




ärod Kdtoktngds

Gjkj yd bokjs hospoldhj id nmg÷amntd, dbjrd pjhokjs rodinzdr id jpordgn÷m, guyjrosuitdhj sorä oi vdijr ho id nmg÷amntd ho id ogudgn÷m<

R ; 166Pospuostd< oi piätdmj guostd $166.

4. Omguomtro oi vdijr ho id nmg÷amntd x quo bdgo quo so gukpid id roidgn÷m honaudihdh.

d. 1 + R ; 47

`. ^ 00 ; 46

g. K + 47 + 1 ; 04

0. Vidtoo y rosuoivd oi snaunomto prjìokd gjm umd ogudgn÷m<

Wn id ohdh ho Ludm käs id ohdh ho Gdrijs os ?7, y sn sdòkjs quo id ohdh hoGdrijs os 76. ºGuäi os id ohdh ho Ludm:

Gjkj gjmgiusn÷m ho ij vnstj, pdrd quo bdyd umd ogudgn÷m so mogosntd<

• _md nmg÷amntd< um mükorj quo mj gjmjgokjs y digudi io jtjradkjs umd iotrd

• Id ogudgn÷m hoò sor umd naudihdh, puos ho ij gjmtrd-rnj mj sorëd umd ogudgn÷m snmj umd nmogudgn÷m, gjkjvorokjs d gjmtnmudgn÷m.

4



7>> Ids ogudgnjmos

y ids nmogudgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

1

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

4. Omguomtro oi vdijr ho id nmg÷amntd pdrd oi gudi so gukpio id ogudgn÷m.

d. R + 41 ; 76 `. ^ ? ; 8? g. 2 + T ; 70 h. 2 + 41 + 46 + K ; ?6

0. Vidmtoo y rosuoivd pjr kohnj ho umd ogudgn÷m ijs snaunomtos prj`iokds<

d. Ludm tnomo $16.666 pdrd gjkprdr umd muovd gdrrotd pdrd su trd`dlj hodi`dôni. Gudmhj vd d id tnomhd ho hjm Vohrj îsto io gj`rd $2?.666 pjrid gdrrotd y gjkj d Ludm mj io digdmzd id pidtd hjm Vohrj io cëd ij quo iobdgo cditd pdrd gjkprdr id gdrrotd. ºGuämtd pidtd io bdgo cditd d Ludm pdrdgjkprdr id gdrrotd:

`. Boiomd vd d id tnomhd ho hjm Vohrj d gjkprdr ids gjsds pdrd id gdsd y

gjkprd< ‗ _md in`rd ho pdpd pjr $0.?66 ‗ _md in`rd ho drrjz pjr $0.666

‗ Hnoz buovjs pjr $3.666 ‗ _md in`rd ho tjkdtos pjr $4.066 ‗ _md in`rd ho piätdmjs pjr $R (hjmho R os oi vdijr ho ijs piätdmjs quo

mj gjmjgokjs)Wn Hjm Vohrj io gj`rd $43.666 pjr tjhj oi korgdhj. ºGuämtj gjstdrjm

ijs piätdmjs:

7. Potj< omguomtro oi vdijr ho K sdtnscdgo id naudihdh om id ogudgn÷m snm mogosnhdhho rosjivorid (sjij knrdmhj).

d. 1 K ; 0 `. 0 x K ; 3 (hjmho x os oi sëk`jij ho kuitnpingdgn÷m). g. 0 x K 4 ; 7

h. 43 K ; 48 + K




ärod Kdtoktngds

Ids nmogudgnjmos sjm gjkj ogudgnjmos, snmj quo om iuadr ho idroidgn÷m ho naudihdh utninzdrokjs id roidgn÷m ho kdyjr quo j ko-mjr quo.

Osto os um olokpij pdrd omtomhor quî sjm ids nmogudgnjmos<

Wo gjmsnauo um prîstdkj om um `dmgj pjr $4„666.666 pdrd bdgor vdrnds gjsds<

Om prjìokd mjs nmhngd quo hoòkjs bdiidr um mükorj R quo sukdhj d ijs adstjsdmtornjros sod komjr ho 4„666.666. Drkdkjs id ogudgn÷m om id snaunomto cjrkd<

26.666 + 066.666 + ?66.666 + 466.666 + R 9 4„666.666

Dsë gjkj so bnzj gjm ids ogudgnjmos, dbjrd sukdrokjs d dk`js idhjs ijs nmvorsjsdhntnvjs ho gdhd gdmtnhdh ho id ogudgn÷m y tomhrokjs<

26.666 + 066.666 + ?66.666 + 466.666 + R 26.666 9 4„666.666 - 26.666

Wosn÷m 2

Ids nmogudgnjmos

Vnmtdr id gdsd< $26.666

Bdgor um korgdhj< $066.666

Pokjhoidr id tnomhd< $?66.666

Vdadr oi daud< $466.666

Id huhd os id snaunomto< ºguämtj hnmorj tomokjs pdrd adstdr, sn ijs adstjshoòm sor komjros quo um knii÷m ho posjs:



864 Ids ogudgnjmos

y ids nmogudgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

Posjivokjs<

066.666 + ?66.666 + 466.666 + R 9 4„666.666 ‗ 26.666

J`sorvdkjs quo hospuîs ho pdsdr oi vdijr ho id pnmtdhd ho id gdsd, hoi idhj horo-

gbj di idhj nzqunorhj ho id nmogudgn÷m (RG), mj id dcogtd, y oi sëk`jij ho sukd quotomëd di idhj horogbj, gdk`nd d rostd (‗), om oi idhj nzqunorhj.

Vdrd hospoldr id nmg÷amntd, pdsdkjs ijs hokäs vdijros di jtrj idhj ho id ogudgn÷m<

R 9 4.666.666 ‗ 26.666 ‗ 066.666 ‗ ?66.666 ‗ 466.666

Dbjrd së, pjhokjs rosjivor ids jpordgnjmos nmhngdhds y omtjmgos, tomokjs quo<

R 9 406.666

Pospuostd< gjmtdkjs gjm um hnmorj komjr d $406.666 pdrd adstdr hoi prîstdkj.

Id rospuostd ho ids nmogudgnjmos mumgd sjm mükorjs oxdgtjs, snmj um gjmlumtj homükorjs5 pjr ij tdmtj, pjhokjs utninzdr $?6.666 ÷ $16.666, y gudiqunord ho osdsgncrds puoho sor dgoptdhd.

Vdrd ardcngdr om id rogtd mukîrngd, ho`okjs u`ngdr oi mükorj 466.666 y trdzdr umdciogbd gjkj so puoho dprogndr<

J`sorvokjs hjs dpumtos ho id aräcngd<

• _m gërguij buogj om oi pumtj 406.666< snamncngd quo ijs vdijros ho rosuitdhj sjmkomjros d 406.666, kds mj naudios d 406.666. Wn so tuvnord um pumtj gorrdhjom voz ho um pumtj buogj, oi rosuitdhj sorëd< R 406.666, hjmho hognkjs

quo oi vdijr ho R puoho sor naudi j komjr d 406.666.




ärod Kdtoktngds

• Id ciogbd soôdid bdgnd oi idhj horogbj pjrquo id nmogudgn÷m ostä oxprosdhdpjr oi snamj 9 (komjr quo). Oi gjmlumtj ho rospuostd sorëd bdgnd id horogbd,sn id rospuostd bu`nord snhj< R = 406.666, y id ciogbd ho`orëd sor hoi mükorj406.666 bdgnd id nzqunorhd.

Sodkjs dbjrd, guäios sjm ids gudtrj pjsn`ninhdhos quo bdy pdrd ardcngdr rospuostds<

4.R 9 46

0. R 46

7. R = 46

8. R 46



867 Ids ogudgnjmos

y ids nmogudgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

Olorgngnjs ho j`sorvdgn÷m

Om ostd cjrkd, pjhokjs vor quo ids nmogudgnjmos so hncoromgndm ho ids ogudgnjmospjr oi tnpj ho roidgn÷m quo bdy. Ids ogudgnjmos snokpro soräm naudihdhos, knomtrdsquo ids nmogudgnjmos soräm snokpro hosnaudihdhos. Wnm ok`draj, dk`ds roidgnjmostnomom om gjküm id nmg÷amntd quo puoho sor umd j vdrnds.

4. (47 R) + (74 0?) ; (73 48) + 3

Om ostd ogudgn÷m, ij prnkorj quo ho`o bdgorso os rosjivor ids jpord-gnjmos nmhngdhds quo pjr ij aomordi, ostäm omgorrdhds omtro gjrgbotosj pdrîmtosns<

(47 R) + (74 0?) ; (73 48) + 3

Posjivokjs<

(47 R) + 3 ; 00 + 3

Woaunkjs rosjivnomhj ostds jpordgnjmos<

(47 R) + 3 ; 02

Gjkj oi j`lotnvj ho ids ogudgnjmos os hospoldr id nmg÷amntd, usdro-kjs id prjpnohdh dsjgndtnvd ho id sukd pdrd mj ditordr id naudihdh,y rosjivokjs<

4




ärod Kdtoktngds

(47 + 43) R ; 02

0> R ; 02

d tomokjs id cjrkd pdrd hospoldr id ogudgn÷m. Wnm ok`draj, gjkj idR ostä rostdmhj, ho`okjs gdk`ndrio ho snamj, ho d +. Osto gdk`nj,ij bdgokjs pjr kohnj ho id prjpnohdh umncjrko y pjr osj, kjvokjsid nmg÷amntd hoi idhj nzqunorhj di idhj horogbj<

0> R + R ; 02 + R

0> ; 02 + R

Dbjrd, pjhokjs pdsdr oi mükorj 02 di jtrj idhj y hotorknmdr oivdijr ho R<

0> 02 ; R

Pospuostd< 4 ; R

J`sorvokjs quo id rospuostd os 4. Dbjrd, rogjrhokjs oi gdrägtorrogëprjgj ho ids naudihdhos quo ostuhndkjs om oi gdpëtuij dmtornjr,pjr ij gudi hognkjs quo 4 ; R y R ; 4, snm ditordr id naudihdh.

0. (7> ‗ 40) + (> ‗ R) + 77 (1 ‗ ?) + (4> + 87)

Ij knskj quo om id ogudgn÷m, prnkorj ho`okjs rosjivor ids jpord-gnjmos nmhngdhds homtrj ho ijs pdrîmtosns j gjrgbotos<

01 + (> ‗ R) + 77 0 + 30



86? Ids ogudgnjmos

y ids nmogudgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

Woaunkjs rosjivnomhj ids jpordgnjmos<

36 + (> ‗ R) 38

Di dpingdr id prjpnohdh dsjgndtnvd, tomhrokjs<

(36 + >) ‗ R 38

3> ‗ R 38

D hncoromgnd ho id ogudgn÷m, om ids nmogudgnjmos mj so puoho dpingdrid prjpnohdh hoi gdrägtor rogëprjgj, gjkj ij vnkjs om id _mnhdhpdsdhd. Wnm ok`draj, pjhokjs utninzdr id prjpnohdh ho id umncjr-knhdh gjm R.

3> R + R 38 + R

3> 38 + R

Dbjrd së, pjhokjs hospoldr id R y omgjmtrdr id sjiugn÷m<

3> 38 + R

? R

J`sorvokjs quo id R ostä di idhj horogbj ho id nmogudgn÷m5 sn quo-rokjs gdk`ndrid ho idhj, tomhrokjs quo gdk`ndrio oi sëk`jij<

? R R ?

Pospuostd< oi gjmlumtj ho sjiugn÷m soräm tjhjs ijs mükorjs kdyjrosj naudi d ?.




ärod Kdtoktngds

4. Posuoivd ids snaunomtos ogudgnjmos<

d. (R + 0) 4 ; 8`. (7+ 2) + 40 ; R + 4?g. 7 + (R ?) ; 8h. (? + 0) (7 + 8) ; R 1o. (84 0?) +(44 R) ; 40 + 1

0. Ardcnquo ijs snaunomtos gjmlumtjs ho sjiugn÷m<

d. R ?`. R 0?

2

4. Podinzdr id dgtnvnhdh ho id Wosn÷m 2.

0. Vidmtoo 7 prj`iokds gjm sntudgnjmos ho su vnhd hndrnd y pidmtoo ids ogudgnjmosy rosuîivdids.

7. Posuoivd oi pumtj 0. Gdk`ndmhj id naudihdh pjr tjhds ids hosnaudihdhos quovnkjs, kdyjr quo, komjr quo, komjr j naudi quo, kdyjr j naudi quo.



861 Ids ogudgnjmos

y ids nmogudgnjmos

_mnhdh 7

g. R = 40

h. R 9 >

o. _m prîstdkj so bdgo ho $?66.666 ÷ käs.

Id j so tnihd snokpro quo vdyd dmtos j hospuîs ho mükorjdrä`naj.

7. Posuoivd ids snaunomtos nmogudgnjmos<

d. 0 + R = (7 0) + 8

`. 8? (40 + 47) R + >

g. (47 + 0) R 44

h. R + 0 = 7? 41

o. (7> -4?) + (40 -R) + 73 (46 2) + (00 + 83)

8. Posuoivd ijs snaunomtos prj`iokds<

d. Om id gjsogbd, um mdrdmlj hnj 86 mdrdmlds, y um inkjmorj ?7inkjmos. Wo holdm 46 crutds ho gdhd är`ji pdrd oi usj ho idgdsd5 sn um gjkprdhjr ko pnho 466 crutds, ºguämtds crutdsko bdgom cditd:

`. Om id gdsd, so propdrd dinkomtj pdrd käxnkj 08 porsjmds. _mhëd iioadm d gjkor 7 vognmjs y ? prnkjs, dhokäs ho muostrdcdknind quo ostä gjkpuostd pjr 3 porsjmds. ºGuämtds porsjmdskäs pjhrëdkjs rogn`nr pdrd gjkor:

g. Komsudikomto rogn`j $?66.666. Wn om osto kos, rogn`ë $066.666 pjr drroaidr um gdrrj, $466.666 pjr pnmtdr umdpdroh y $1?.666 pjr vomhor crutds, ºguämtj ho`j admdr pdrdtomor id komsudinhdh:




ärod Kdtoktngds

Wosn÷m >

Gjmjzgdkjs ijs prnkjs, küitnpijs y hnvnsjros

_mnhdh 8. Küitnpijs y hnvnsjros

Bokjs vnstj ids hnvorsds jpordgnjmos kdtokätngds, y trd`d- ldhj gjm ijs mükorjs mdturdios om ids jpordgnjmos ho kui-tnpingdgn÷m y hnvnsn÷m. Vjr olokpij< vnkjs quo id hnvnsn÷m osumd jpordgn÷m quo gukpio id prjpnohdh gidusurdtnvd snokpro

y gudmhj mj tomad rosnhuj. Id nhod ho j`tomor jpordgnjmosoxdgtds snm rosnhuj, os diaj gjkpingdhj porj mj nkpjsnìo horodinzdr. Vdrd gjmsoaunr jpordgnjmos oxdgtds snm rosnhuj, umarnoaj iidkdhj Ouginhos prjpusj rosjivor prjìokds gjm oikëmnkj gjküm küitnpij y oi käxnkj gjküm hnvnsjr. Hoshoomtjmgos bdstd bjy, soaunkjs utninzdmhj sus gjmgoptjs pdrdrosjivor osto tnpj ho prjìokds.

Dmtos ho gjkomzdr ostd umnhdh, os prognsj gjmjgor j rogjrhdr gnortjs tîrknmjs<

Küitnpij

_m mükorj os küitnpij ho jtrj, gudmhj oi küitnpij gjmtnomo di prnkor mükorj gnortdgdmtnhdh oxdgtd ho vogos<

Os hognr, pdrd j`tomor ijs mükorjs küitnpijs ho 7, so hoò kuitnpingdr oi mükorj 7pjr jtrjs mükorjs<

7 x 0 ; 3 3 os küitnpij ho 7 pjrquo gjmtnomo oi 7 hjs vogos5 3 os küitnpijho 0, pjrquo gjmtnomo oi 0 tros vogos.

7 x 1 ; 04 04 os küitnpij ho 7 pjrquo gjmtnomo oi 7 snoto vogos. Vorj tdk-

`nîm, 04 os küitnpij ho 1 pjrquo gjmtnomo oi 1 tros vogos.



86> Küitnpijs y hnvnsjros

_mnhdh 8

7 x 4 ; 7

7 x 0 ; 3

7 x 7 ; >

7 x 8 ; 40

7 x ? ; 4?

7 x 3 ; 42

7 x 1 ; 04

7 x 2 ; 08 7 x > ; 01

7 x 46 ; 76

Hotorknmdr ijs 1 prnkorjs küitnpijs ho 3, y ijs 46 prnkorjs küitnpijs ho ?.

Hnvnsjr

_m mükorj os hnvnsjr ho jtrj, gudmhj ij hnvnho.

Olokpij

0? os hnvnsnìo omtro ?, pjrquo 0? ñ ? ; ? y oi ? os um mükorj mdturdi.

01 os hnvnsnìo omtro > pjrquo 01 ñ > ; 7 y oi 7 os um mükorj mdturdi porj d

su voz, 01 os hnvnsnìo omtro 7, pjrquo 01 ñ 7 ; >.

Ho ostd cjrkd, ijs 46 prnkorjs küitnpijs ho 7 sjm<

4




ärod Kdtoktngds

Hotorknmdr omtro quî mükorjs puoho hnvnhnrso 36, 18 y 73.

Vdrd sdòr guämhj um mükorj os hnvnsnìo omtro jtrj, so bdm ostdìognhj tîgmngds hodguorhj gjm diaumds soôdios j pnstds quo tnomom ijs knskjs mükorjs.

Dmdingokjs id tdìd ho kuitnpingdr hoi 0<

0 x 4 ; 0

0 x 0 ; 8

0 x 7 ; 3

0 x 8 ; 2

0 x ? ; 46

0 x 3 ; 40

0 x 1 ; 480 x 2 ; 43

0 x > ; 42

0 x 46 ; 06

0 x 44 ; 00

0 x 40 ; 08 0

Xdìd ho kuitnpingdrhoi 0

0



844 Küitnpijs y hnvnsjros

_mnhdh 8

_m mükorj os hnvnsnìo omtro 0, gudmhj ids umnhdhos j id üitnkd gncrd ho id horogbd,torknmdm om um mükorj pdr (0, 8, 3, 2), j om 6.

Olokpij< 0?3, 812 y 716<

0?3 / 0 ; 402812 / 0 ; 07>

716 / 0 ; 42?

Gjkj pjhokjs vor, oi rosuitdhj os umd gncrd oxdgtd (mj bdy rosnhuj om id hnvnsn÷m),pjrquo ijs dmtornjros mükorjs sjm hnvnsnìos omtro 0.



7

7 x 4 ; 7

7 x 0 ; 3

7 x 7 ; >

7 x 8 ; 40

7 x ? ; 4?

7 x 3 ; 42

7 x 1 ; 047 x 2 ; 08

7 x > ; 01

7 x 46 ; 76

7 x 44 ; 77

7 x 40 ; 73

Hnvnsnìo omtro 0




ärod Kdtoktngds

_m mükorj os hnvnsnìo omtro 7, gudmhj id sukd ho sus gncrds os naudi d 7 ÷ d umjho sus küitnpijs.

Olokpij

308 os hnvnsnìo omtro 7 pjrquo< 3 + 0 + 8 ; 40 y 40 os um küitnpij ho 7.

324 os hnvnsnìo omtro 7 pjrquo 3 + 2 + 4 ; 4? y 4? tdk`nîm osküitnpij ho 7.

308 / 7 ; 062

324 / 7 ; 001

Hnvnsnìo omtro 7

?Xdìd ho kuitnpingdrhoi ?<

Dmdingokjs id tdìd hoi ?<

? x 4 ; ?

? x 0 ; 46

? x 7 ; 4?

? x 8 ; 06

? x ? ; 0?

? x 3 ; 76

? x 1 ; 7?? x 2 ; 86

? x > ; 8?

? x 46 ; ?6

? x 44 ; ??

? x 40 ; 36




_mnhdh 8

Hnvnsnìo omtro ?

_m mükorj os hnvnsnìo omtro ?, gudmhj torknmd om gorj j om ?.

Olokpijs

8?.076 os hnvnsnìo pjr ? pjrquo torknmd om 6.

1>? os hnvnsnìo omtro ? pjrquo torknmd om ?.

8?.076 / ? ; >.683

Hnvnsnìo omtro 46

Hotorknmdr ijs mükorjs quo puohom hnvnhnr ostjs vdijros<

4. 2?8

0. 1.2>8

_m mükorj os hnvnsnìo omtro 46 gudmhj su üitnkd gncrd os 6.

Olokpij

0.?86 os hnvnsnìo omtro 46 pjrquo torknmd om 6.


7




ärod Kdtoktngds

Vrnkj

_m mükorj prnkj os dquoi quo os hnvnsnìo pjr hjs mükorjs hncoromtos, îi knskjy oi mükorj 4.

Olokpij

Oi 0 y oi 1 sjm mükorjs prnkjs, yd quo ijs hnvnsjros ho 0 sjm oi 0 y oi 4 y ijs

ümngjs hnvnsjros ho 1 sjm oi 1 y oi 4.

7. 7378. ?.?3??. 4.6663. 730.2261. Id soôjrd Vdtrngnd qunoro hdrios sus üitnkjs 811 tjkdtos d sus 1 vognmjs

käs gorgdmjs5 oiid ospord omtroadr tjhjs ijs tjkdtos snm quo ho`d pdrtnrdiaumj, os hognr, omtroadrijs tjhjs gjkpiotjs. ºOs pjsnìo quo omtroauotjhjs ijs tjkdtos gjkpiotjs d sus 1 vognmjs: Wn mj puoho omtroadrijsgjkpiotjs, ºd quî mükorj komjr ho vognmjs puoho omtroadrio tjkdtosgjkpiotjs:

4. Bdiio tjhjs ijs mükorjs prnkjs ho 4 d 466. ( Dyuhd< utningo ids tîgmngds dmto-

rnjros pdrd hosgdrtdr y oi gjmjgnknomtj ho ids tdìds ho kuitnpingdr hoi 0 di 46).

0. Hnad sn id snaunomto dcnrkdgn÷m os gjrrogtd. Om gdsj ho mj sorid hnad pjr quî< Dcnrkdgn÷m< Xjhj mükorj prnkj os nkpdr.

7. Omguomtro ijs 1 prnkorjs küitnpijs ho ijs snaunomtos mükorjs< 44 y 41.

8. Omguomtro ijs hnvnsjros ho ijs snaunomtos mükorjs< 0.863, 786, 074, ?48 y82.366.

>



84? Küitnpijs y hnvnsjros

_mnhdh 8

Bokjs vnstj quî os um küitnpij y quî os um mükorj hnvnsnìo. Wnmok`draj, bdy kdmords ho hotorknmdr ostjs mükorjs, sodm küitnpijsj hnvnsjros, pjr kohnj ho id hosgjkpjsngn÷m cdgtjrndi ho mükorjsprnkjs.

Gjkj ij hngo su mjk`ro, vdkjs d hosgjkpjmor um mükorj gjkpuostj om susmükorjs prnkjs, bdstd tdi pumtj ho quo mj so puohd hosgjkpjmor käs, ij gudisugoho gudmhj oi mükorj so gjmvnorto om um mükorj prnkj.

Xrd`dldrokjs gjm oi mükorj 872. Ij prnkorj quo hoòkjs bdgor os u`ngdr oi mü-korj om id pdrto supornjr nzqunorhd ho umd iëmod ho ostd kdmord<

872

Vdrd hosgjkpjmorij om cdgtjros prnkjs, gjkomzdkjs pjr vor sn osto mükorj oshnvnsnìo pjr um mükorj prnkj y pdrd osto cnm, nmngndkjs gjm oi mükorj 0.

872 0

Osto mükorj os hnvnsnìo omtro 0, pjrquo torknmd om mükorj pdr y so bdgo id hnvnsn÷m<

Vdrd bdgor umd hnvnsn÷m räpnhd, so tjkd id prnkord gncrd ho id nzqunorhd y so hnvnhoomtro 0. Om osto gdsj, id prnkord gncrd os 8, quo hnvnhnhj omtro 0 y hd 0.

872 00

Wosn÷m

Id hosgjkpjsngn÷m om cdgtjros prnkjs<umd borrdknomtd ütni

46




ärod Kdtoktngds

Wo bdgo ij knskj gjm id snaunomto gncrd quo os oi 7, porj gjkj 0 mj ij hnvnho oxdg-tdkomto, tjkdkjs 0 y id jtrd umnhdh so id daroadkjs d id snaunomto gncrd< 0 / 0 ; 4.

8742 0

04

^ pdrd cnmdinzdr, hnvnhnkjs 42< 42 / 0 ; > y dsë gjkpiotdkjs muostrd hnvnsn÷m<

8742 004>

Dbjrd tomokjs um muovj mükorj gjkpuostj< 04>. Osto mükorj mj os hnvnsn`io omtro0 pjrquo mj torknmd om um mükorj pdr, porj së so puoho hnvnhnr omtro 7 pjrquo04> os hnvnsn`io pjr 7, puos sn sukdkjs sus gncrds< 0 + 4 + > ; 40, tomhrokjs umküitnpij ho 7.

Xjkdkjs omtjmgos, id prnkord gncrd ho id nzqunorhd y id hnvnhnkjs omtro 7 ho naudi

cjrkd gjkj ij bngnkjs dmtos omtro 0. Gjkj id prnkord gncrd os oi 0 y osto mükorjos komjr quo 7, tomhrokjs quo tjkdr id snaunomto gncrd pdrd pjhor hnvnhnrid omtro75 dbjrd tomaj oi mükorj 04 quo hnvnhnhj omtro 7 y hd 1<

8742 0044> 71

^ > / 7 ; 7 ostjs hjs mükorjs puohom nr om umd sjid cnid

8742 0044> 71 7




_mnhdh 8

Oi mükorj 17 mj os hnvnsn`io omtro 0 mn 7, tdkpjgj omtro ? y komjs omtro 1. Vjr ij tdmtj,pjhokjs hognr quo os um mükorj prnkj quo s÷ij puoho hnvnhnrso pjr së knskj<

8742 0044> 7

17 174

Hosgjkpjmor om cdgtjros prnkjs, ijs snaunomtos mükorjs< ?83, 721, >82, 73?, ???.

Id hosgjkpjsngn÷m ho cdgtjros prnkjs os um prjgosj om hjmho tjhj mükorj mdtu-rdi kdyjr quo 0 puoho hosgjkpjmorso gjkj kuitnpingdgn÷m ho prnkjs komjros jnaudios di mükorj quo ostdkjs hosgjkpjmnomhj.

Oi üitnkj mükorj quo so puoho hotorknmdr os oi 4 pjrquo 17 / 17 ; 4, y bdstd dquë tor-knmd. Vdrd hdr id rospuostd so tjkdm tjhjs ijs mükorjs ho id horogbd y so osgrn`om dsë<

Pospuostd< 872 ; 0 x 7 x 17

4. Hosgjkpjmad ijs snaunomtos mükorjs om sus cdgtjros prnkjs<

4.608, 404, 0?6, 488, 21, 043.

0. Omguomtro tjhjs ijs hnvnsjros ho ijs snaunomtos mükorjs

73, 8?, 0>, ?0, 42.

46

4




ärod Kdtoktngds

Gjkj su mjk`ro ij nmhngd, os oi küitnpij komjr quo tnomomom gjküm hjs j käs mükorjs. Oi k.g.k., so utninzd om idskdtokätngds pdrd rosjivor ospogndikomto jpordgnjmos omtromükorjs crdggnjmdrnjs (tokd hoi snaunomto gursj).

Om id vnhd hndrnd, tdk`nîm ijs pjhokjs utninzdr pdrd hotorknmdr gnortds gdmtnhdhosho hnmorj<

Wn tomokjs quo pdadr $4?6.666, ij pjhokjs dsë<

4? `niiotos ho $46.666

7 `niiotos ho $?6.666

Ho umd u jtrd cjrkd, $4?6.666 os um gjküm küitnpij ho $46.666 y $?6.666, porjmj os oi këmnkj. Oi k.g.k., ho ostjs hjs vdijros os $?6.666, pjrquo<

$?6.666 x 4 ; $?6.666

$46.666 x ? ; $?6.666

Gjkj vokjs, $?6.666 os küitnpij ho $?6.666 pjrquo ij gjmtnomo umd voz, y diknskj tnokpj os küitnpij ho $46.666, pjrquo ij gjmtnomo ? vogos.

Vorj ºg÷kj sd`or oi këmnkj gjküm küitnpij ho hjs j käs gdmtnhdhos: Vdrd hotorkn-mdr oi këmnkj gjküm küitnpij ho hjs mükorjs, so hosgjkpjmo om cdgtjros prnkjs.

8

Wosn÷m

ºTuî os oi këmnkj gjküm küitnpij (k.g.k.):

44




_mnhdh 8

Vjr olokpij

Vdrd hotorknmdr oi këmnkj gjküm küitnpij ho 42 y 00 so bdgom hjs hosgjkpjsn-gnjmos snkuitämods dsë<

42 00

Wo `usgd um mükorj quo sod hnvnsjr ho 42 y 00. Om osto gdsj, so puoho usdr oi 0pjrquo dk`js mükorjs sjm pdros<

42 0 00 0

> 44

44 os um mükorj prnkj y pjr ij tdmtj, s÷ij puoho sor hnvnhnhj pjr së knskj. D gjmtnmudgn÷m, hnvnhnkjs 44 omtro 44<

42 0 00 0

> 44 44 4

Oi jtrj mükorj ij hnvnhnkjs omtro 7 y gjkj düm os um mükorj gjkpuostj, ij vji-vokjs d hnvnhnr bdstd gjmvortnrij om 4<

42 0 00 0

> 7 44 44 7 7 4

4

Oi rosuitdhj os oi snaunomto<

42 ; 0 x 7 x 7 00 ; 0 x 44




ärod Kdtoktngds

Vjr üitnkj, hotorknmdkjs oi k.g.k., tjkdmhj ijs cdgtjros mogosdrnjs pdrddrkdr ijs mükorjs<

0 x 7 x 7 sjm mogosdrnjs pdrd cjrkdr oi mükorj 42. Vdrd cjrkdr oi mükorj 00mogosntdkjs 0 x 44, porj gjkj yd tomokjs um 0, s÷ij daroadkjs oi 44<

Pospuostd< 0 x 7 x 7 x 44 ; 4>2 os oi këmnkj gjküm küitnpij ho 42 y 00.

Vdrd gjkprj`dr sn os gjrrogtj, hnvnhnkjs oi k.g.k., omtro 42 y 00<

4>2 / 42 ; 44

4>2 / 00 ; >

Gjkj pjhokjs j`sorvdr, 4>2 os um küitnpij ho 42 om 44 vogos, y os küitnpijho 00 om > vogos. Om ostd cjrkd, bokjs gjkprj`dhj id rospuostd.

Oi k.g.k., so puoho hotorknmdr pdrd 0 ÷ vdrnjs mükorjs.

Olokpij< 70, 83 y 02

70 83 02

Oi prnkor mükorj quo puoho hnvnhnr ostjs vdijros os oi 0. Bdgokjs id prnkordhnvnsn÷m<

70 0 83 0 02 0

43 07 48




_mnhdh 8

Oi 07 os um mükorj prnkj y s÷ij so puoho hnvnhnr pjr së knskj5 ijs jtrjs hjsmükorjs puohom vjivor d hnvnhnrso omtro 0<

70 0 83 0 02 0 43 0 07 07 48 0

2 4 1

Dbjrd, oi 1 os um mükorj prnkj quo s÷ij so puoho hnvnhnr pjr së knskj. Oi jtrjmükorj puoho vjivor d hnvnhnrso omtro 0, bdstd gjmvortnrij om 4<

70 0 83 0 02 0 43 0 07 07 48 0 2 0 4 1 1 8 0 4 0 0 4

Omtjmgos tomokjs<

70 ; 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0

83 ; 0 x 07

02 ; 0 x 0 x 1

Vdrd hotorknmdr oi k.g.k., ho`okjs tjkdr ijs gnmgj 0 ho 705 gjm oi 83, tj-kdkjs s÷ij oi 07 pjrquo yd quo tomokjs oi 05 y pdrd oi 02, tjkdkjs oi 1,pjrquo yd tomokjs oi 0<

k.g.k. ; 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 07 x 1 ; ?.4?0

Omtjmgos, ?.4?0 os oi këmnkj gjküm küitnpij ho 70, 83 y 02.




ärod Kdtoktngds

Hotorknmdr oi k.g.k., ho ijs snaunomtos mükorjs<

4. 8? y 12

0. 43 y 08

7. 4?, 8? y 3?

8. ?8, 30 y ?4

?. 8, 43, 03 y 80.

3. Dmaîingd y Kdrgoid gjknomzdm d gdknmdr hosho um knskj pumtj. Gdhdvoz quo Dmaîingd hd um pdsj, rogjrro 08 gk, y Kdrgoid rogjrro 78 gk,ºGuäi os id prnkord hnstdmgnd om gjküm quo Kdrgoid y Dmaîingd gdknmdm:

44

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

Dmaîingd Kdrgoid

ºHnstdmgnd om gjküm:




_mnhdh 8

Oi käxnkj gjküm hnvnsjr so usd om kdtokätngds pdrd os-tdìogor oi mükorj käs ardmho quo puohd hnvnhnr d umd jvdrnds gdmtnhdhos om pdrtos oxdgtds (snm hognkdios).

Vjr olokpij

Wn quorokjs hnvnhnr $4?6.666 y $0?6.666 omtro um mükorj naudi ho porsjmds,hoòkjs ostdìogor um hnvnsjr<

Vjhokjs hnvnhnrijs omtro ?6 porsjmds qunomos puohom rogn`nr umd gdmtnhdhoxdgtd ho dk`js vdijros<

$4?6.666 / ?6 ; $7.666$0?6.666 / ?6 ; $?.666

Vjr ij tdmtj, ?6 os um gjküm hnvnsjr ho $4?6.666 y $0?6.666, y gdhd porsjmdrognò $2.666 ho ids hjs gdmtnhdhos.

Om ostd cjrkd, oi käxnkj gjküm hnvnsjr os ?6.666, pjrquo<

$4?6.666 / ?6.666 ; $7$0?6.666 / ?6.666 ; $?

Bokjs hnvnhnhj ids hjs sukds omtro ?6 porsjmds y gdhd umd ho oiids rogn`n÷ $2.

Vjr ij tdmtj, ?6 os oi mükorj käxnkj hnvnsjr ho ids hjs gdmtnhdhos.

Wosn÷m

ºTuî os oi käxnkj gjküm hnvnsjr (k.g.h.):

40




ärod Kdtoktngds

Vdrd hotorknmdr oi K.G.H., ho vdrnds gdmtnhdhos, ij knskj quo om oi gdsj hoi k.g.k.,hoòkjs bdgor id hosgjkpjsngn÷m om cdgtjros prnkjs<

Olokpij

Sdkjs d hotorknmdr oi käxnkj gjküm hnvnsjr ho 016, 43? y >6<

016 43? >6

J`sorvokjs quo ijs mükorjs torknmdm om ? ÷ om gorj, ij gudi snamncngd quo ostjs

mükorjs sjm hnvnsnìos omtro ?<

016 ? 43? ? >6 ? ?8 77 42

Dbjrd tomokjs tros mükorjs, hjs ho ijs gudios torknmdm om pdr y umj os nkpdr (77).Wnm ok`draj, sn sukdkjs ids gncrds vokjs quo<

? + 8 ; > 7 + 7 ; 3 4 + 2 ; >

Ijs mükorjs ho ostjs rosuitdhjs sjm küitnpijs ho 7, ij gudi snamncngd quo ijs mükorjssjm hnvnsnìos omtro 7<

016 ? 43? ? >6 ? ?8 7 77 7 42 7 42 7 44 > 7 3 7 7 7

Dbjrd, gjkj oi mükorj 44 os um mükorj prnkj quo s÷ij puoho sor hnvnhnhj pjr së knskj, ij hnvnhnkjs omtro 44 y oi rosuitdhj os 4<




_mnhdh 8

016 ? 43? ? >6 ? ?8 7 77 7 42 7 42 7 44 44 > 7

3 7 4 7 7 0 0 4

Ijs jtrjs hjs mükorjs sjm muovdkomto hnvnsn`ios omtro 7<

016 ? 43? ? >6 ? ?8 7 77 7 42 7 42 7 44 44 > 7 3 7 4 7 7

4 4

Dsë, hnvnhnomhj prnkorj omtro 7 y iuoaj omtro 0, ijs tros mükorjs bdm quohdhj om 4<

016 ? 43? ? >6 ? ?8 7 77 7 42 7 42 7 44 44 > 7 3 7 4 7 7 0 0 4 4

Omtjmgos, gjkj rosuitdhj tomokjs quo<

016 ; ? x 7 x 7 x 7 x 0

43? ; ? x 7 x 44

>6 ; ? x 7 x 7 x 7 x 4

Vdrd hotorknmdr oi käxnkj gjküm hnvnsjr, so tjkdm ijs cdgtjros gjkumos (ijs quoostäm om ijs tros mükorjs), y so kuitnpingdm. Om osto gdsj, ijs cdgtjros quo so ropntomsjm ? y 7<

K.G.H. (016, 43?, >6) ; ? x 7 ; 4?




ärod Kdtoktngds

Gudmhj oi käxnkj gjküm hnvnsjr ho hjs mükorjs os 4, hognkjs quo îstjs hjs

mükorjs sjm prnkjs roidtnvjs.

Vjr olokpij

Oi käxnkj gjküm hnvnsjr omtro 48 y 0? os 4.

Päpnhdkomto so puoho vor ostj yd quo 0? mj puoho sor hnvnsn`io pjr 0 y 48mj puoho sor hnvnsn`io omtro ? y 0? ; ? x ?.

4. Bdiio oi K.G.H. omtro ijs snaunomtos mükorjs

d. 73 y 82

`. 01 y 80

g. 40?4 y 430

h. 080, 043 y 8486

o. 70, 88 y 32.

0. Hî tros olokpijs ho prnkjs roidtnvjs.

7. Wn so qunorom ropdrtnr $006.666 omtro niiotos ho $06.666 y niiotos ho $46.666guäi os oi käxnkj mükorj ho `niiotos ho dk`ds homjknmdgnjmos quo pjhokjsutninzdr pdrd ropdrtnr ijs $006.666:

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

40

Mjtd< mj snokpro hjs j käs mükorjs tnomom um käxnkj gjküm hnvnsjr.




_mnhdh 8

Hotorknmo oi K.G.H ho ijs snaunomtos vdijros<

4. 328 y 0?30. 444 y ?427. 80?, >66 y >?68. ?6 y 466?. 7>, 3? y 18

Posjivor ijs snaunomtos prjìokds<

3. Hjôd Vdtrngnd omtroa÷ su boromgnd quo gjmstd`d ho< 3? cnmgds, 8?kniijmos ho posjs y 46 gdrrjs. Vdrd hnvnhnrid omtro oi kdyjr müko-rj pjsnìo ho cdknindros. ºGuämtds porsjmds rogn`norjm pdrto ho idboromgnd ho hjôd Vdtrngnd:

1. Hjm Buaj y hjm Cormdmhj bdgom umd gdknmdtd ho ?86 gk, gjij-gdmhj om oi pnsj diaüm dinkomtj j crutd. Hjm Buaj gjijgd dmdmjsy hjm Cormdmhj pjmo piätdmjs. Vjr ij aomordi, um `dmdmj knho06 gk y um piätdmj 01 gk. Di iioadr d ijs ?86 gk, ºos pjsnìo quodk`js iioauom d id kotd snm tomor quo pdrtnr diaüm dmdmj j piätdmj:Vnstd< roguorho quo id hosgjkpjsngn÷m om cdgtjros prnkjs so bdgogjm ijs mükorjs mdturdios.

2. Osto`dm y Luind vomhoräm bogtärods ho sus torromjs om id snaunomtocjrkd< Osto`dm vomho ho d 71 bogtärods y Luind vomho ho d 73 bog-tärods.

Wn oi gjkprdhjr ios qunoro gjkprdr id knskd gdmtnhdh ho bogtärodsd Osto`dm y d Luind, ºguäi os id gdmtnhdh këmnkd ho bogtärods quo iogjkprd d gdhd umj:




ärod Kdtoktngds

Poguorho quo<

•Gudmhj um mükorj so oiovd d id gorj, oi rosuitdhj os naudi d 4.Olokpij< ?6 ; 4

0?66 ; 4

• Gudmhj um mükorj so oiovd d id 4, oi rosuitdhj os naudi di knskj mükorj. Olokpij< ?¾ ; ?

0?6¾ ; 0?6

Vdrd rosjivor umd oxpjmomgndgn÷m, so ho`o kuitnpingdr id `dso hoi mükorj pjr idsvogos quo nmhngd oi oxpjmomto<

08· ; 08 x 08 x 08 ; 47.208

Wosn÷m 47

Oxpjmomgndgn÷m

_mnhdh ?. Oxpjmomgndgn÷m, rdhngdgn÷m y ijadrntkdgn÷m

Id oxpjmomgndgn÷m mjs porknto j`tomor umd oxprosn÷m snkpincngdhdho kuitnpingdgnjmos ho um knskj mükorj vdrnds vogos.

Olokpij< 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 ; 0?

Id oxpjmomgndgn÷m so hocnmo dsë<Oxpjmomto

@dso

80 ; 43Vjtomgnd j rosuitdhj



80> Oxpjmomgndgn÷m, rdhngdgn÷m

y ijadrntkdgn÷m

_mnhdh ?

4. Posjivor ids snaunomtos pjtomgndgnjmos<

d. ??

`. 06·

g. 12°

h. 41

o. 1¾

0. Hosgjkpjmad y oxproso om pjtomgnds ijs snaunomtos mükorjs<

d. ?43

`. 771?

g. 82

h. 03

7. Potj< Ocogtüo y oxproso id snaunomto jpordgn÷m ho kdmord gjrrogtd<

d. (80)7

`. 08 x 07

ºTuî gjmgiusnjmos puoho ustoh hohugnr ho ostds hjs jpordgnjmos:

8. Omguomtro ids ? prnkords pjtomgnds ho<

d. 1

`. 44

47

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds




ärod Kdtoktngds

8

Wosn÷m

Pdhngdgn÷m

48

Id rdhngdgn÷m os id cumgn÷m nmvorsd d id pjtomgndgn÷m, y su j`lotnvjos bdiidr id `dso, gjmjgnomhj id pjtomgnd y oi oxpjmomto.

Ëmhngo j ardhjWnamj ho rdhngdi

0 24 ; > Posuitdhj

Gdmtnhdhsu`rdhngdi

Vdrd rosjivor id rdhngdgn÷m, so utninzd id hosgjkpjsngn÷m om cdgtjros prnkjs<

Olokpij< rosjivor id snaunomto rdhngdgn÷m<

488

Vdrd rodinzdr ostd jpordgn÷m, so ho`o hosgjkpjmor oi mükorj 488<

488 010 073 042 0

> 77 74



874 Oxpjmomgndgn÷m, rdhngdgn÷m

y ijadrntkdgn÷m

_mnhdh ?

Oi rosuitdhj os<

Wnm ok`draj, oi ëmhngo kuostrd quo ids rdëgos ostäm d umd pjtomgnd di gudhrdhj, oshognr<

488 ; 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 7 x 7 ; 08 x 7°

Gjkj ostjs mükorjs ostäm homtrj ho id rdëz gudhrdhd gjm umd pjtomgnd oiovdhd digudhrdhj, id pjtomgnd so oinknmd gjm oi snamj rdhngdi<

Ho ostd kdmord, pjhokjs sdgdr oi mükorj hoi snamj rdhngdi<

488 ; 0° x 7° ; 8 x 7 ; 40

Id jpordgn÷m so cnmdinzd gjm oi rosuitdhj ho kuitnpingdr 8 x 7, os hognr, 40.

Ho dguorhj gjm oi ëmhngo, so ho`o darupdr ijs mükorjs prnkjs quo sdiadm ho idhosgjkpjsngn÷m ho cdgtjros5 dsë, gudmhj so oiovdm vdrnjs mükorjs d umd pjtomgnd

nmhngdhd, so oinknmd oi rdhngdi gjm id pjtomgnd.

08 x 7° ; (0 x 0) x (0 x 0) x 7°; 8 x 8 x 7°

; 8° x 7°

488 ; 8° x 7°




ärod Kdtoktngds

Posjivor ids snaunomtos rdhngdgnjmos<

4. 060?

0. Gjijgdr id rdëz gu`ngd ho >.034

7. Pdëz gudrtd ho 06.173

8. Pdëz qunmtd ho 087

?. 46.666

4. Bdiio ids rdëgos gudhrdhds ho ijs snaunomtos mükorjs<

d. 0?3 `. 30? g. 313 h. 1.6?3

0. Bdiio ids rdëgos gü`ngds ho ijs snaunomtos mükorjs<

d. 4.774 `. 043 g. 01.666

7. Bdiio id rdëz gudrtd ho 06.173.

48

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

4




y ijadrntkdgn÷m

_mnhdh ?

40>3 3043 373 3

3 34

Ij knskj quo id rdhngdgn÷m, id ijadrntkdgn÷m os jtrd cumgn÷m nm-vorsd d id pjtomgndgn÷m. Om oi gdsj ho id ijadrntkdgn÷m, so gjmjgomijs vdijros ho id `dso y id pjtomgnd pdrd hotorknmdr oi oxpjmomto<

Id dso dpdrogo gjkj um su`ëmhngo, di idhj hoi sëk`jij ho ijadrntkdgn÷m5 id pjtom-gnd dpdrogo ardmho di cnmdi y su j`lotnvj os omgjmtrdr oi oxpjmomto, gjkj so dprognd

om id niustrdgn÷m.

Vdrd hotorknmdr ijs oxpjmomtos om umd ijadrntkdgn÷m, so usd oi knskj prjgohnknomtjquo bokjs vomnhj trd`dldmhj< id hosgjkpjsngn÷m om cdgtjros prnkjs<

Vjr olokpij

Wo tnomo id snaunomto ijadrntkdgn÷m< Ija 3 4.0>3 ;

Vrnkorj so hosgjkpjmo oi mükorj, porj sjidkomto so usd id `dso<

Wn tjkdkjs id pjtomgndgn÷m<

8° ; 43, su cumgn÷m nmvorsdj sod id ijadrntkdgn÷m, sorä<

Wosn÷m

Ijadrntkdgn÷m

4?

Wëk`jij Vjtomgnd

ija 843 ; 0 Oxpjmomto

@dso




ärod Kdtoktngds

Podingo ids snaunomtos jpordgnjmos gjm ijadrntkjs.

4. ija 8 437280. ija ? 30?7. ija 46 4.666.666.6668. ija > 10>

4. Posuoivd ijs snaunomtos ijadrntkjs om `dsos ho küitnpijs ho 46<

d. ija 46 4.666.666.666.666 `. ija 466 46.666.666.666 g. ija 4666 4.666.666.666.666

ºOs mogosdrnj bdgor id hosgjkpjsngn÷m ho cdgtjros prnkjs:

0. Posuoivd ids snaunomtos jpordgnjmos gjm ijadrntkjs.

d. ija ? 4?.30?`. ija 2 0.6>1.4?0g. ija 0 0?3h. ija

10.864

Oi rosuitdhj os< 40>3 ; 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 ; 38

Gjkj oi 3 so ropnto gudtrj vogos, qunoro hognr quo oi oxpjmomto ostä oiovdhj d idgudrtd. Vjr ij tdmtj, id rospuostd os< Ija 3 4.0>3 ; 8

4?

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

4



87? Oxpjmomgndgn÷m, rdhngdgn÷m

y ijadrntkdgn÷m

_mnhdh ?

Posuoivd ids snaunomtos ijadrntkdgnjmos<

4. Ija 8 430. Ija 0 437. Ija 1 441.38>8. ija 2 8.6>3

?. ija 8? 8?

Posuoivd ijs snaunomtos prjìokds<

3. Dmhrîs tnomo umd cnmgd om cjrkd ho gudhrdhj ho 7.288 k°, ºguämtjknho um idhj ho id cnmgd: Poguorho quo oi gudhrdhj tnomo tjhjs susidhjs naudios y su ärod os naudi (;) d id `dso hoi gudhrdhj.

1. Kdrnsji nmvnrtn÷ $7 om um dmgj5 hospuîs ho kugbj tnokpj, rogn`n÷

$0.421, ºom guämtds vogos so io kuitnping÷ oi hnmorj:2. Id ohdh ho Vdìj os oi gudhrdhj ho id ohdh ho Dmd5 y id ohdh ho

Dmd os oi gudhrdhj ho id ohdh ho Vohrntj. Wn Vohrntj tnomo s÷ij hjsdôjs, ºguäi os id ohdh ho Vdìj y ho Dmd:

>. _md vdgd tuvj 3 grëds om id prnkord aomordgn÷m5 ho osds 3 vdgds, gdhdumd tuvj 3 grëds om id soaumhd aomordgn÷m, os hognr, om tjtdi cuorjm73 grëds, y dsë gjmtnmudrjm sugosnvdkomto ids jtrds aomordgnjmos. Omid soxtd aomordgn÷m, ºguämtds grëds tomhräm ids vdgds:

46. Gjmtnmudmhj gjm oi olorgngnj dmtornjr, sn om umd aomordgn÷m so tnomom4.0>3 grëds om tjtdi, ºom quî aomordgn÷m ostdkjs:

44. Kdrnj y Osto`dm tnomom id snaunomto gjmvorsdgn÷m<‗ Kdrnj< yj dmhj pjr tjhd id gnuhdh om `ngngiotd.‗ Osto`dm< omtjmgos yj dmhj gjm oi gudhrdhj ho ruohds quo

tnomo Kdrnj.ºGuäi os oi kohnj ho trdmspjrto ho Kdrnj:




ärod Kdtoktngds

Ids prjpjsngnjmos sjm crdsos u jrdgnjmos ho ids quo pjhokjs ho-torknmdr su vorhdh j cdisohdh.

Olokpij<

Ludm gjkpr÷ um gdrrj, Gdrijs ostä trd`dldmhj om id pidmtd oiîgtrngdhoi puoìj, Gdrkom os id ospjsd ho Gdrijs.

Osgrn`d ? crdsos ho ids gudios puohd sdòr su vorhdh j cdisohdh.

Ids prjpjsngnjmos ids hotorknmdkjs gjm iotrds gjkj p, q j r dsë pjhokjs tjkdr omoi olokpij dmtornjr<

p ; Ludm gjkpr÷ um gdrrj.

q ; Gdrijs ostä trd`dldmhj om id pidmtd oiîgtrngd hoi puoìj. r ; Gdrkom os id ospjsd ho Gdrijs.

Wn p os vorhdhord osgrn`nkjs p ; S

Wn p os cdisd, osgrn`nkjs p ; C

Dsë gjm q y r.

Wosn÷m 43

ºTuî sjm ids prjpjsngnjmos:

_mnhdh 3. Vrjpjsngnjmos, gjmogtjros i÷angjsy tdìds ho vorhdh

4



871 Vrjpjsngnjmos, gjmogtjros

i÷angjs y tdìds ho vorhdh

_mnhdh 3

Hotorknmo guäios ho ids snaunomtos dcnrkdgnjmos sjm vorhdhords j cdisds<

4. p ; Id jpordgn÷m hnvnsn÷m gukpio gjm id prjpnohdh gidusurdtnvd ho ijs mdtu-rdios.

0. q ; Id rdëz os umd jpordgn÷m nmvorsd ho id pjtomgndgn÷m guyj cnm os bdiidr oioxpjmomto ho id pjtomgndgn÷m.

7. p ; Wn Ludm gjkprd 7 gd`diijs d $766.666 gdhd umj, om tjtdi tuvj quo pdadr$>66.666.

Povnso oi snaunomto crdakomtj ho um guomtj y sdquo di komjs 46 crdsos ho ids quopjhrëd sdòr su vorhdh j cdisohdh y hoios vdijros ho vorhdh.

Ordso um prnmgnpntj gurnjsj quo qunsj um hëd sdinr d pdsodr snmosgjitd. Gdknmdmhj pjr um `drrnj knsordìo ho su gnuhdh,hosgu`rn÷ d um kugbdgbj ho su ostdturd quo ord om tjhjoxdgtj d îi.

‗¡Wë quo os gdsudinhdh!‗ hnlj oi prëmgnpo‗. Mjs pdrogokjs gjkjhjs ajtds ho daud. ‗Os gnortj‗ rogjmjgn÷ oi komhnaj‗Vorj yj

43

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

0




ärod Kdtoktngds

vjy vostnhj ho dmhrdljs y tü to gu`ros ho sohds y torgnjpoij.Worëd coinz sn puhnord vostnr hurdmto um nmstdmto id rjpd quoiiovds tü. Omtjmgos oi prëmgnpo, dvorajmzdhj ho su rnquozd,

so hospjl÷ ho su trdlo, gdizdhj y oi gjiidr ho id Jrhom ho idWorpnomto, gudldhj ho pnohrds prognjsds. ‗Oros oxdgtj d kn‗ropntn÷ oi prëmgnpo, quo so bd`ëd vostnhj, om tdmtj, ids rjpds hoikomhnaj. Vorj om dquoi kjkomtj iioa÷ id audrhnd ùsgdmhjdi porsjmdlo y so iiovdrjm di komhnaj vostnhj om dquoiijs kj-komtjs gjm ijs rjpdlos ho prëmgnpo.

Oi prëmgnpo gjrrëd hoträs quornomhj gjmvomgorios ho su orrjr,porj cuo nmütni.

Gjmt÷ om id gnuhdh qunîm ord y io tjkdrjm pjr ijgj. Gdmsdhjho prjgidkdr nmütnikomto su nhomtnhdh, rogjrrn÷ id gnuhdhom ùsgd ho trd`dlj. Podinz÷ ids cdomds käs hurds, pjr umknsordìo ljrmdi. Ord yd kdyjr, gudmhj ostdii÷ id auorrd gjmoi pdës vognmj. Oi prëmgnpo, iiovdhj hoi dkjr d su pdtrnd, so

dinst÷ om oi olîrgntj, knomtrds oi komhnaj quo jgupd`d oitrjmj gjmtnmud`d omtroadhj d ijs pidgoros.

Wdgdhj hoi guomtj ho Kdre Xwdnm,’Oi prëmgnpo y oi komhnaj‛.



87> Vrjpjsngnjmos, gjmogtjros


_mnhdh 3

Id gjmlumgn÷m ’y‛

Os um gjmogtjr i÷angj quo mjs roprosomtd quo umd prjpjsngn÷m cjr-kdhd pjr hjs prjpjsngnjmos umnhds pjr kohnj ho ’y‛ os vorhdhordsjidkomto sn dk`ds prjpjsngnjmos sjm vorhdhords.

Olokpij<

Xjkokjs id snaunomto dcnrkdgn÷m< Ludm trd`dld om id digdihëd y io austd nr d gnmoWod p ; Ludm trd`dld om id digdihëd y q ; Ludm io austd nr d gnmo.

Id ümngd cjrkd om quo id dcnrkdgn÷m os vorhdhord os quo p ; S y q ; S, om gudiqunorjtrj gdsj so tomhrä quo id dcnrkdgn÷m os cdisd.

Ids pjsn`ios gjk`nmdgnjmos ho hjs prjpjsngnjmos umnhds pjr id gjmlumgn÷m so puo-hom roprosomtdr gjm id snaunomto td`id ho vorhdh<

Oi sëk`jij ho id kntdh roprosomtd oi gjmogtjr y.

p q

S S S

S C C

C C S

C C C

Wosn÷m

Gjmlumgn÷m y hnsyumgn÷m

41




ärod Kdtoktngds

4. Hnad guäi ho ids snaunomtos prjpjsngnjmos sjm vorhdhords j cdisds.

d. Ludm os kn pdhro y os bnlj ho kn kdkä.

`. Kdrgus ostä om @jajtä y om Gügutd oi hëd ho bjy.

g. 0 x 0 ; 8 8 8 ; 4

Id hnsyumgn÷m ’j‛

Os um gjmogtjr i÷angj quo mjs roprosomtd quo umd prjpjsngn÷m cjrkdhd pjr hjs prjpj-sngnjmos umnhds pjr kohnj ho ’j‛ os cdisd sjidkomto sn dk`ds prjpjsngnjmos sjm cdisds.

Olokpij<

Xjkokjs id snaunomto dcnrkdgn÷m< Ludm trd`dld om id digdihëd j io austd nr d gnmo.Wod p ; Ludm trd`dld om id digdihëd y q ; Ludm io austd nr d gnmo.

Id ümngd cjrkd om quo id dcnrkdgn÷m sod cdisd os quo p ; C y q ; C, om gudiqunorjtrj gdsj so tomhrä quo id dcnrkdgn÷m os vorhdhord.

Ids pjsn`ios gjk`nmdgnjmos ho hjs prjpjsngnjmos umnhds pjr id hnsyumgn÷m so puohomroprosomtdr gjm id snaunomto td`id ho vorhdh<

Oi sëk`jij ho id kntdh roprosomtd ’j‛.

p q

S S S

S S C

C S S

C C C

4





_mnhdh 3

4. Hotorknmo guäios ho ids snaunomtos prjpjsngnjmos sjm vorhdhords j cdisds.

d. Oi prosnhomto dgtudi ho Gjijk`nd os Dmtdmds Kjgeus j Omrnquo Voôdijsd.

`. ija 0 @ ; 8 v ? x 1 ; 7?

g. 7? os kdyjr quo 1 ÷ 7? os komjr quo 1.

4. Nkdanmo quo tnomo tros prjpjsngnjmos, p, q y r ºguämtds pjsn`ios gjk`nmdgnjmosgjm vdijros ho vorhdhorj j cdisj puoho j`tomor gjm ids tros prjpjsngnjmos:

0. Hotorknmo sn ids snaunomtos prjpjsngnjmos sjm vorhdhords j cdisds<

d. Oi sji os rjsdhj y id gdpntdi ho Gjijk`nd os @jajtä.

`. Oi sji os rjsdhj j id gdpntdi ho Gjijk`nd os @jajtä.

g. Id rostd gukpio gjm id ioy gidusurdtnvd y id kuitnpingdgn÷m gukpio gjm idioy dsjgndtnvd.

h. Id iumd iiomd tnomo um gjijr vorho j `idmgj j dkdrniij.

o. Oi mjk`ro Gdtdinmd okpnozd gjm id iotrd E j ijs mjk`ro Dmhrîs y Dhrndmdokpnozdm gjm id iotrd D.

41

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

0




ärod Kdtoktngds

Id nkpingdgn÷m

Os um gjmogtjr i÷angj quo mjs roprosomtd quo umd prjpjsngn÷mcjrkdhd pjr hjs prjpjsngnjmos umnhds pjr kohnj ho id nkpingd-gn÷m os cdisd sjidkomto sn id prnkord prjpjsngn÷m os vorhdhord yid soaumhd os cdisd.

Olokpij<

Xjkokjs id snaunomto dcnrkdgn÷m< Ludm trd`dld om id digdihëd omtjmgos io austdnr d gnmo.

Wod p ; Ludm trd`dld om id digdihëd y q ; Ludm io austd nr d gnmo.

Id ümngd cjrkd om quo id dcnrkdgn÷m sod cdisd os quo p ; S y q ; C, om gudiqunor

jtrj gdsj so tomhrä quo id dcnrkdgn÷m os vorhdhord.

Wnm÷mnkjs ho nkpingdgn÷m< omtjmgos, iuoaj y pjr ij tdmtj.

Ids pjsn`ios gjk`nmdgnjmos ho hjs prjpjsngnjmos umnhds pjr id nkpingdgn÷m so puo-hom roprosomtdr gjm id snaunomto td`id ho vorhdh<

Hjmho oi sëk`jij quo dpdrogo om oi gomtrj os oi sëk`jij ho id nkpingdgn÷m.

Wosn÷m42

Nkpingdgn÷m y hj io nkpingdgn÷m

p q

S S S

S C C

C S S

C S C





_mnhdh 3

Hotorknmo sn ids snaunomtos propjsngnjmos sjm vorhdhords j cdisds.

4. Wn id sukd ho hjs mükorjs mdturdios os um mükorj mdturdi omtjmgos id hnvnsn÷mho hjs mükorjs mdturdios os tdk`nîm um mükorj mdturdi.

0. Wn oi gnoij os vorho omtjmgos oi prosnhomto ho Ostdhjs _mnhjs os ìdmgj.

7. Wn 0 + 8 ; 3 omtjmgos Gjijk`nd quohd u`ngdhd om Wurdkîrngd.

Hjìo nkpingdgn÷m (së y sjij së)

Id hjìo nkpingdgn÷m os umd gjk`nmdgn÷m ho hjs nkpingdgnjmos gjm id gjmlumgn÷mho id snaunomto cjrkd<

p q q p

S S S S S S S

S C C C C S S

C S S C S C C

C S C S C S C

Id nkpingdgn÷m os um gjmogtjr i÷angj om hjmho umd prjpjsngn÷m cjrkdhd pjr hjsprjpjsngnjmos umnhds pjr id hjìo nkpingdgn÷m os vorhdhord snokpro y gudmhj dk`dsprjpjsngnjmos tjkom oi knskj vdijr ho vorhdh.

4




ärod Kdtoktngds

Olokpij<

Xjkokjs id snaunomto dcnrkdgn÷m< Ludm trd`dld om id digdihëd sn y sjij së ioaustd nr d gnmo.Wod p ; Ludm trd`dld om id digdihëd y q ; Ludm io austd nr d gnmo.

Id ümngd cjrkd om quo id dcnrkdgn÷m os vorhdhord os quo p y q tjkom oi knskj vdijrho vorhdh os hognr quo p ; q ; S j p ; q ; C, om gudiqunor jtrj gdsj so tomhräquo id dcnrkdgn÷m os cdisd.


4. Podingo ids td`ids ho vorhdh pdrd ids snaunomto jpordgnjmos gjm gjmogtjros

i÷angjs<

d. (p q) q `. (p q) r g. (p q) (r s) h. (p q) (p q)

0. Hî gudtrj olokpijs ho prjpjsngnjmos om hjmho utningo ijs gudtrj gjmogtjros

i÷angjs vnstjs om id umnhdh.

p qS S S

S C C

C C SC S C

42

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds

Hjmho oi sëk`jij ho id kntdh roprosomtd id hj`io nkpingdgn÷m.



88? Vrjpjsngnjmos, gjmogtjros


_mnhdh 3

4. Hotorknmo sn ids snaunomtos dcnrkdgnjmos sjm gnortds j cdisds.

d. Wn Ludm os borkdmj ho Vohrj y Vohrj os oi pdpä ho Ludm om-tjmgos Vohrj os bnlj ho Ludm.

`. Wn oi prosnhomto ho Gjijk`nd os Äivdrj _rn`o Sîioz omtjmgos

oi prosnhomto ho Somozuoid os J`dkd.

g. _m ardmlorj mogosntd umd jz pdrd drdr id tnorrd së y sjij së tjhjsijs ardmlorjs drdm id tnorrd ho mjgbo j ho hëd.

h. Wn 0 x \ ; 2 y \ ; ? omtjmgos oi trdlo quo mjrkdikomto utninzdum sdgorhjto os rjsdhj.

0. Wn p, q, r y s sjm propjsngnjmos, ºguämtds gjk`nmdgnjmos ho vorhdhpjhrëd tomor utninzdmhj p, q, r y s:

7. Ludm vnvo om Kohoiiëm y pnomsd vndldr id pr÷xnkd sokdmd d @jajtä,y pdrd oi vndlo rodinzd umd instd ho gjsds quo pjhrëd bdgor hurdmtoijs ? hëds om quo pnomsd quohdrso. Oi iumos pnomsd vnsntdr id pidyd j

nr di Vdidgnj ho Mdrnôj. Oi soaumhj hëd pnomsd vnsntdr Kjmsorrdto yvndldr om Xrdmskniomnj. Oi torgor hëd pnomsd quohdrso hosgdmsdmhjom su bjtoi. Oi gudrtj hëd sn vndld om oi kotrj ho @jajtä quo tnomokäs ho ? dôjs omtjmgos io roadidm tnquotos pdrd id pr÷xnkd vnsn-td. Oi qunmtj hëd tnomo pomsdhj vnsntdr oi Kusoj Mdgnjmdi. º_stohgjmsnhord quo îi puoho rodinzdr gdhd hëd ij quo hosod om @jajtä:,oxpinquo gidrdkomto g÷kj iioa÷ d su gjmgiusn÷m.




ärod Kdtoktngds

Wosn÷m 4>

ºTuî sjm ijs gjmlumtjs:

_mnhdh 1. Xrd`dlokjs y jporokjs ijs gjmlumtjs

Os umd gjioggn÷m j darupdgn÷m ho j`lotjs homjknmdhjs oiokomtjsquo puohom sor gjmgrotjs j d`strdgtjs.

Oi oqunpj ho gjmstruggn÷m, ijs oiokomtjs ho jpordgn÷m, oi gjmlumtj

ho ijs mdturdios, sjm olokpijs ho gjmlumtjs.

Ijs gjmlumtjs so puohom roprosomtdr pjr ij quo homjknmdrokjs hndardkds ho Sommho id snaunomto kdmord<

Hî tros olokpijs ho gjmlumtjs gjm sus ho`nhjs oiokomtjs.

Hjmho _ roprosomtd oi umnvorsj, D os oi gjmlumtj y x os um oiokomtj ho D

_

D

x

4



881 Xrd`dlokjs y jporokjs

ijs gjmlumtjs

_mnhdh 1

Olokpij<

Poprosomto ijs snaunomtos gjmlumtjs homtrj ho su umnvorsj hdhj om hndardkds hoSomm, y ho diaumjs oiokomtjs hoi umnvorsj.

4. Oi gjmlumtj ho ijs 46 prnkorjs mükorjs mdturdios, homtrj hoi umnvorsj ho ijs

mdturdios.

0. Oi gjmlumtj ho ids vjgdios homtrj hoi umnvorsj hoi d`ogohdrnj.

Ijs gjmlumtjs puohom sor hotorknmdhjs pjr gjkpromsn÷m j pjr oxtomsn÷m.

Gjmlumtjs pjr gjkpromsn÷m

_m gjmlumtj os hotorknmdhj pjr gjkpromsn÷m gudmhj so komgnjmdm ids gdrdgto-rëstngds hoi gjmlumtj.

Olokpij<

D ; {x<x os um mükorj prnkj}

Oi umnvorsj puoho sor tjhds ids rdzdsho porrjs hoi pidmotd, D puoho soroi gjmlumtj ho tjhds ids rdzds ho po-rrjs poquoôjs y um oiokomtj ho osogjmlumtj pjhrëd sor oi gbnaudaud.

0




ärod Kdtoktngds

Gjmlumtjs pjr oxtomsn÷m

_m gjmlumtj os hotorknmdhj pjr oxtomsn÷m gudmhj so kuostrdm gidrdkomto susoiokomtjs.

Olokpij<

@ ; {cüt`ji, vjion`ji, `dijmgostj, tolj, rdmd}.

4. Poprosomto om um hndardkd ho Somm ijs snaunomtos gjmlumtjs.

d. D ; {4, 7, 1, 3, 2} y _ (oi umnvorsj) os oi gjmlumtj ho ijs mükorjs mdtu-rdios (_;{x<x os um mükorj mdturdi})

`. @ ; {Kdrëd, Ludmd, Kdrndmd, Wnivnd, Wdrd} y S (oi umnvorsj) os oi gjmlumtjho tjhjs ijs mjk`ros ho kuloros (S ; {x<x os mjk`ro ho kulor})

0. Ho um olokpij pjr oxtomsn÷m ho um gjmlumtj quo tomad 8 crutds quo okpnogomgjm id iotrd V.

7. Hosgrn`d pjr gjkpromsn÷m oi gjmlumtj ho tjhds ids crutds quo okpnozdm gjm

id iotrd V.

Gjmlumtj vdgëj

Os um gjmlumtj snm oiokomtjs y su roprosomtdgn÷m os id snaunomto<

{ }

4>

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds



88> Xrd`dlokjs y jporokjs

ijs gjmlumtjs

_mnhdh 1

Poidgn÷m ho portomomgnd

x portomogo d D sn y sjij sn x os oiokomtj ho D, y ij roprosomtdkjsgjkj<

x D

x mj portomogo d D sn x mj os oiokomtj ho D. y ij roprosomtdkjs gjkj<

x D

Olokpij< gdrrj {gdrrj, gdsd, `ogd}.

Poidgn÷m ho gjmtomomgnd

_m gjmlumtj D ostä gjmtomnhj om @ sn y sjij së, pdrd tjhj x D, x @, y osgrn`nkjs

D @

D mj ostä gjmtomnhj om @ sn oxnsto x D y x @. ^ ij homjtdkjs gjkj

D @

Olokpij< D ; {tomohjr, gugbdrd, gugbniij} y @ ; {gugbdrd, gugbniij}

@ D

Wosn÷m

Poidgnjmos ho portomomgnd y gjmtomomgnd

06




ärod Kdtoktngds

Id roidgn÷m ho gjmtomomgnd id pjhokjs roprosomtdr om ijs hndardkds ho Somm gjkjso kuostrd om id snaunomto cnaurd<

Wu`gjmlumtj

D os su`gjmlumtj ho @ së y sjij sn.

D @

Om oi olokpij dmtornjr @ os su`gjmlumtj ho D.

Wod D ; {x<x os um pdës}. Hnad sn ids snaunomtos prjpjsngnjmos sjm vorhdhords j cdisds.

4. Gjijk`nd portomogo d D0. Oi gjmlumtj @ ; {Gjijk`nd, Somozuoid, Ostdhjs _mnhjs, Gdin} ostä gjmtomnhj

om D.7. Oi gjmlumtj G ; {Somozuoid} mj ostä gjmtomnhj om D.

_

@

x

4



8?4 Xrd`dlokjs y jporokjs

ijs gjmlumtjs

_mnhdh 1

4. Xjkdmhj om guomtd ijs snaunomtos gjmlumtjs<

D ; {x< x 9 ?6}@ ; {?, 46, 4?, 06, 0?, 76, 7?, 86, 8?, ?6}G ; {46, 06, 76, 86}

Hnad sn ids snaunomtos dcnrkdgnjmos sjm vorhdhords j cdisds.

d. G D `. @ D g. G @ h. 80 @ o. ?6 D

0. Bdiio tjhjs ijs su`gjmlumtjs pjsn`ios hoi gjmlumtj D ; {d,`,g,h,o}

(Mjtd< ijs su`gjmlumtjs puohom tomor ho 4 d ? oiokomtjs)

Dhokäs id roidgn÷m ho portomomgnd y gjmtomomgnd tnomom gnortds prjpnohdhos<

4. Mnmaüm oiokomtj portomogo di gjmlumtj vdgëj.0. Vdrd tjhj gjmlumtj D so tnomo quo D D.

Ids prjpnohdhos ho id roidgn÷m ho portomomgnd sjm<

4. D0. D D

7. Wn D @ y @ D omtjmgos D ; @8. Wn D @ y @ G omtjmgos D G

Ids prjpnohdhos ho id gjmtomomgnd sjm<

06

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ärod Kdtoktngds

_mn÷m

Wodm D y @ hjs gjmlumtjs om um _mnvorsj hdhj. Hocnmnkjs su umn÷m gjkj<

D _ @ ; {x<x D v x @}

Olokpij< Wodm D ; {7, ?, 42} y @ ; {1, >, 42, 04}D _ @ ; {7, ?, 1, >, 42, 04}

Nmtorsoggn÷m

_Id nmtorgopgn÷m os oirosuitdhj ho `usgdr ijsoiokomtjs om gjküm hohjs j käs gjmlumtjs.

@ D

Wosn÷m 04

_

@ D

_mn÷m, nmtorsoggn÷m, hncoromgnd y gjkpiokomtj

Id umn÷m os id rou-mn÷m ho ijs oiokom-

tjs ho hjs gjmlumtjscjrkdmhj um sjijgjmlumtj.




ijs gjmlumtjs

_mnhdh 1

Wodm D y @ hjs gjmlumtjs om um _mnvorsj hdhj. Hocnmnkjs su nmtorgopgn÷m gjkj<

D @ ; {x<x D x @}

Olokpij< Wodm D ; {7, ?, 42} y @ ; {1, >, 42, 04}

D @ ; {42}

Xomnomhj om guomtd ijs snaunomtos gjmlumtjs<

D ; {4,0,7,3,1,d,`, gdrrj}

@ ; { 2, >, `, gdrrj, dvn÷m, gdsd}

G ; {0, 7, 2,d, gdrrj, gdsd}


4. D @ 0. D _ G

7. G @

Hncoromgnd

_

@@us

Kotrj

Xdxn

Id hncoromgnd roprosom-td ijs oiokomtjs quobdy om um gjmlumtj ymj so omguomtrdm omoi jtrj.

D

Dvn÷m

@ngngiotd

Gdrrj

@drgj

4




ärod Kdtoktngds

Wodm D y @ hjs gjmlumtjs om um _mnvorsj hdhj. Hocnmnkjs su hncoromgnd gjkj<

D ‗ @ ; {x<x D x @}

Olokpij< Wodm D ; {7, ?, 42} y @ ; {1, >, 42, 04}

D @ ; {7, ?}

Gjkpiokomtj

Wodm D um gjmlumtj homtrj ho um _mnvorsj _ hdhj. Hocnmnkjs oi gjkpiokomtj ho D gjkj<

Dg ; _ ‗ D

Olokpij< _ ; M y D ; {x<x 9 ?6}

Iuoaj Dg ; {x<x ?6}

Oi gjkpiokomtj ropro-somtd ijs oiokomtjs quoio cditdm d um gjmlumtjpdrd sor naudi di umnvorsj.

_ Dg

D



8?? Xrd`dlokjs y jporokjs

ijs gjmlumtjs

_mnhdh 1

4. Xomnomhj om guomtd ijs snaunomtos gjmlumtjs ho prjcosnjmos<

D ; {d`jadhj, pijkorj, kîhngj, dhknmnstrdhjr, nmaomnorj} @ ; {omcorkorj, nmaomnorj, dhknmnstrdhjr, gjmhugtjr} G ; {tomhorj, omcorkorj, j`rorj, nmaomnorj, dhknmnstrdhjr, gjmhugtjr}


d. D @ `. @ ‗ G g. D G h. @ _ G o. G ‗ D c. Nmtorgoptdr oi gjmlumtj j`tomnhj om oi pumtj d y oi pumtj g.

0. Xomnomhj om guomtd oi umnvorsj ho ijs mükorjs mdturdios bdiio ijs gjkpiokom-tjs ho ijs snaunomtos gjmlumtjs.

d. D ; {4,?,1,>} `. @ ; {x< x os um mükorj pdr}

7. Xomnomhj om guomtd ijs snaunomtos hjs gjmlumtjs ho dmnkdios.

D ; {porrj, adtj, ijrj, tnaro, io÷m, zo`rd} @ ; {adtj, kngj, `diiomd, hoicëm, drkdhniij, tnaro}

Poprosomto ijs snaunomtos gjmlumtjs om hndardkds ho Somm.

d. D ‗ @ `. @ ‗ D g. D @

h. D_

G

04

Hurdgn÷m< 0 bjrds




ärod Kdtoktngds

Wodm D y @ hjs gjmlumtjs om um umnvorsj hdhj. Wu prjhugtj gdr-tosndmj so roprosomtd gjkj<

D x @ ; {(d,`)< d D ` @}

Hjmho (d,`) os umd pdrold jrhomdhd.

Olokpij< Wodm D ; {d, `} y @ ; {4}

D x @ ; {(d,4), (`,4)}


D ; {4,0,7}

@ ; {d,`}

Podingo ids jpordgnjmos<

4. D x @

0. @ x D

Wosn÷m 00

Vrjhugtj gdrtosndmj

4



8?1 Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3

ärod Kdtoktngds

Id okprosd I_\ VDPD XJHJW, iioad d muostrd gnuhdh gjm oi cnm hogjmtrdtdr d diaumjs ho muostrjs gnuhdhdmjs pdrd trd`dldr om oi prjyogtjho gjmstrunr umd roprosd pdrd id gnuhdh. Ids porsjmds quo cuorjm gjm-trdtdhds, su ohdh y sus gdrajs so omguomtrdm om id td`id quo dpdrogo dgjmtnmudgn÷m. Om hjmho omgjmtrdräm oi mjk`ro hoi trd`dldhjr, su ohdh,y su gdraj homtrj hoi prjyogtj.

Ho dguorhj gjm id nmcjrkdgn÷m prjpjrgnjmdhd om id td`id rodingokjs ijssnaunomtos pumtjs<

4. Hosgrn`d pjr oxtomsn÷m ijs snaunomtos gjmlumtjs gjm su mjk`ro hdhj.

d. D, oi gjmlumtj ho tjhjs ijs trd`dldhjros komjros quo 76. `. @, oi gjmlumtj ho tjhjs ijs trd`dldhjros kdyjros j naudios quo

76. g. G, oi gjmlumtj ho tjhjs ijs trd`dldhjros quo so vdm d hosok-

poôdr gjkj j`rorjs. h. H, oi gjmlumtj ho tjhjs ijs trd`dldhjros komjros ho 76 y

kdyjros quo 06. o. O. oi gjmlumtj ho tjhjs ijs trd`dldhjros quo mj so hosokpoôdm

gjkj j`rorjs.

0. Ho dguorhj gjm oi pumtj dmtornjr rodingo ids snaunomtos jpordgnjmos<

d. D O `. D ‗ H g. @ G h. H _ O o. @ ‗ O




ärod Kdtoktngds

Wosn÷m 4


Dgtnvnhdh om gidso

Ids rospuostds puohom sor hncoromtos porj gjboromtos d id sosn÷m.

Dgtnvnhdh oxtrdgidso 4

4. 03>

0. 437

7. ?8

8. 4??

?. 488

3. d. Dsjgndtnvd y gjmkutdtnvd

`. Gjmkutdtnvd y dsjgndtnvd

g. Kjhuidtnvd, gjmkutdtnvd y dsjgndtnvd

1. d. Wukd

`. Dsjgndtnvd

Wosn÷m 0

Dgtnvnhdh om gidso

4. 470. 471

7. 028. 2??. Mj gukpio gjm id prjpnohdh gjmkutdtnvd.


4. 8660. 3?6

POWV_OWXDW



8?> Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3

ärod Kdtoktngds

7. 436

8. 4744

?. 471

3. d. Hnstrnùtnvd

`. Dsjgndtnvd y gjmkutdtnvdg. Dsjgndtnvd

1. d. 406 dsjgndtnvd y kjhuidtnvd

`. 76 dsjgndtnvd y kjhuidtnvd

g. 73 hnstrnùtnvd

h. 03 hnstrnùtnvd

Wosn÷m 7

Dgtnvnhdh om gidso

4. g ; 36 y r ; 0

0. g ; 20 y r ; 6

7. g ; 4>? y r ; 7

8. g ; ?61 y r ; 6

?. g ; 116 y r ; 3


4. d. g ; 782 y r ; 3

`. g ; 0>6 y r ; 6

g. g ; 118 y r ; 0

h. g ; 830 y r ; 7

o. g ; ?6 y r ; 7

0. -087, -078, -?21, -?>2, -17?

7. d. 3

`. $86.666




ärod Kdtoktngds

Wosn÷m 8

Dgtnvnhdh om gidso

Nmvorsj dhntnvj

4. -70

0. -8?

7. -41

8. -07

?. -?1

3. -0>

1. ->078

2. -?40

>. -013

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4. 4/70

0. 4/8?

7. 4/41

8. 4/07

?. 4/?1

3. 4/0>

1. 4/>078

2. 4/?40

>. 4/013


4. Io bdräm cditd $7.366

0. -7,- 8?, -3?1, -4.?13 y -8?3

7. 4/8?,4/ 78,4/ 31, 4/40, 4/1, 4/>

8. d. Cdisd

`. Cdisd



834 Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3

ärod Kdtoktngds

?. d. 12 y so utninzdrjm ids jpordgnjmos hnstrn`utnvd y dsjgndtnvd y gjmkutdtnvd ho id

kuitnpingdgn÷m y dhngn÷m y kjhuidtnvd ho id sukd.

`. 80 y so utninzdrjm ids jpordgnjmos gdmgoidtnvds, dsjgndtnvds y gjmkutdtnvds ho

id kuitnpingdgn÷m y dhngn÷m

Kdmjs d id j`rd

4. $>66.666

0. $410.666

7. Mj os gnortj oi prjkohnj cuo $066.666

8. $0.?26.666


Wosn÷m ?

Dgtnvnhdh om gidso

4.




ärod Kdtoktngds

0. d. 7

`. ?

g. 4?

Dgtnvnhdh oxtrdgidso ?

4.

0. Gjkpdrdr ids sjiugnjmos gjm ijs diukmjs.

7. `. Hn`ulj rogtd su`rdydmhj ids 48 prnkords umnhdhos.

g. Wukdmhj gdhd trdkj.

Wosn÷m 3

Dgtnvnhdh om gidso

0. 8 = 0

0? = 40

1.666 = ?.666




ärod Kdtoktngds

7. 7 9 ?

47 9 03

3.666 9 2.666


Kdmjs d id j`rd

4. Vdpd hjm Vdìj = Vdpd hjm Iuns

0. Mükorj ho crutds = mükorj ho dknajs

7. 46 porsjmds y sn bdy > porsjmds tomokjs< mükorj ho gdkds = mükorj ho porsjmds

8. Id voijgnhdh d id quo hoòkjs nr hoò sor komjr j naudi

?. Wjm naudios3. Gjkpdrdr ids hncoromtos sjiugnjmos

1. Gdrägtor rogëprjgj

2. Gdknid tnomo käs crutds quo Dmhrod

>. Kdrnj

46. Gdrijs os kdyjr y Ljsî os komjr

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4. d. 3

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g. 4

0. L + 76 ; ?7, L ; 07


4. d. 47

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h. 4?




ärod Kdtoktngds

0. d. 16.666 + R ; 2?.666, R ; 4?.666

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7. d. ?

`. 7g. 0

h. 4

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Kdmjs d id j`rd

4. d. R ; 7

`. R ; 2

g. R ; 3

h. R ; 1

o. R ; 2

0. Xomnomhj om guomtd ijs olorgngnjs om gidso.

7. d. R = 7

`. R 44

g. R 8h. R =43

o. R 0

8. d. 1

`. 46

g. $40?.666




ärod Kdtoktngds


Wosn÷m >

Dgtnvnhdh om gidso

Ijs 1 prnkorjs küitnpijs ho 3 sjm< 3, 40, 42, 08, 76, 73 y 80Ijs 46 prnkorjs küitnpijs ho ? sjm< ?, 46, 4?, 06, 0?, 76, 7?, 86, 8?, ?6

Dgtnvnhdh om gidso

4. 00. 0

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4. 0, 7, ?, 1, 44, 47, 41, 4>, 07, 0>, 74, 71, 84, 87, 81, ?7, ?>, 34, 31, 14, 17, 1>, 27,

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41< 41, 78, ?4, 32, 2?, 460, 44>.8. d. 4, 0 y 7, `. 4, 0, ? y 46, g. 4, 7, h. 4, 0, o. 4, 0, 7, ? y 46

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4. 0 R 7 R >4

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7. 0 R 0 R 7 R 1>

8. ? R 17

?. 7 R ? R 71




ärod Kdtoktngds


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4. d. 40`. 7g. >h. 0o. 8

0. Sorncngdr quo oi K.G.H. omtro ijs mükorjs sodm 4.

7. 2 ho $46.666 y 1 ho $06.666.




ärod Kdtoktngds

Kdmjs d id j`rd

4. 8

0. 71

7. 0?8. ?6

?. 4

3. ?

1. Wë

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4. d. 7.40?

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g. 3.628

h. 4

o. 1

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h. 0 x 47

7. d. 040

`. 01

8. d. 1, 8>, 787, 0864, 43261

`. 44, 404, 4774, 48384, 4346?4




ärod Kdtoktngds

Wosn÷m 48


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0. d. 44`. 3g. 76

7. 40

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4. d. 40`. ?g. 8

0. d. 3`. 1g. 2h. 8

Kdmjs d id j`rd

4. 00. 87. 3

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umd gdknjmotd u jtrj vobëguij ho gudtrj ruohds.



83> Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3

ärod Kdtoktngds

_mnhdh 3. Vrjpjsngnjmos, gjmogtjros i÷angjs y td`ids ho vorhdh

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4. C0. C7. S


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d. C`. Cg. S

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d. C`. Sg. S


4. 20. d. C

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o. S

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ärod Kdtoktngds


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p q q

S S S S S

S C C C C

C C S S S

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p q r

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S C C S S

S C C C C

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S S S S S S S

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C S C S C S S

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Wosn÷m 4>

Dgtnvnhdh om gidso

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Dgtnvnhdh om gidso

4. 0.




ärod Kdtoktngds

D

4

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0. {d}, {`}, {g}, {h}, {o}, {d,`}, {d,g}, {d,h}, {d,o}, {`,g}, {`,h}, {`,o}, {g,h}, {g,o},{h,o}, {d,`,g}, {d,`,h}, {d,`,o}, {d,g,h}, {d,g,o}, {d,h,o}, {`,g,h}, {`,g,o}, {`,h,o},{g,h,o}, {d,`,g,h}, {d,`,g,o}, {d,g,h,o}, {`,g,h,o}, {d,`,g,h,o}




ärod Kdtoktngds

Wosn÷m 04

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4. {`, gdrrj}0. {4, 0, 7, 3, 1, 2, d, `, gdrrj, gdsd}7. {2, gdrrj, gdsd}


4. d. {dhknmnstrdhjr}`. {}g. {dhknmnstrdhjr, nmaomnorj}

7. d.

`.

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Kngj@diiomdHoicnëm

Drkdhniij

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AdtjIjrjIo÷m\o`rd

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@

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AdtjIjrjIo÷m\o`rd

AdtjKngj

@diiomdHoicëm

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@

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h. Go. {tomhorj, omcorkorj, gjmhugtjr}c. {dhknmnstrdhjr}

0. d. {0,7,8,3,2,46,44,40,47,48,4?,…}

`. {x<x os um mükorj nkpdr}




ärod Kdtoktngds

Wosn÷m 00

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4. {(4,d), (0,d), (7,d), (4,`), (0,`), (7,`)}0. {(d,4), (d, 0), (d,7), (`,4), (`,0), (`,7)}

Kdmjs d id j`rd


d. D ; {Ijromd guostd, ûin Drkorj, Gdrijs Vîroz, Dkoind Ci÷roz}`. @ ; {Kdrnj Ajmzäioz, Jkdr Wuäroz, Dhrndm Gdô÷m, Ldvnor Ijzdmj, Wjcëd Kdr-

tëmoz}g. G ; {Kdrnj Ajmzäioz, Jkdr Wuäroz, Dkoind Ci÷roz, Dhrndm Gdô÷m}h. H ; {Gdrijs Vîroz, Dkoind Ci÷roz}o. O ; {Ijromd Guostd, uin Drkorj, Gdrijs Vîroz, Ldvnor Ijzdmj, Wjcëd Kdrtëmoz}

0. Ho dguorhj di pumtj dmtornjr rodingo ids snaunomtos jpordgnjmos

d. D O ; {Ijromd Guostd, ûin Drkorj, Gdrijs Vîroz}`. D H ; {Ijromd Guostd, ûin Drkorj}g. @ G ; {Kdrnj Ajmzäioz, Jkdr Wuäroz, Dhrndm Gdô÷m}h. H _ O ; {Ijromd Guostd, uin Drkorj, Gdrijs Vîroz, Ldvnor Ijzdmj, Wjcëd

Kdrtëmoz, Dkoind Ci÷roz}

o. @ O ; {Kdrnj Ajmzäioz, Jkdr Wuäroz, Dhrndm Gdô÷m}

@DIHJP, D. Äiao`rd. @jajtä< Guiturdi gjijk`ndmd, 4>14.‘‘‘‘. Drntkîtngd. @jajtä< Guiturdi gjijk`ndmd, 4>14.www.kngrjsjct. Wtuhomt Omgdrtd Vroknuk, 0661.

@nìnjardcëd

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Adtj

Kngj

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3

Ostuhndmto Xrdmscjrkokjs

C j t j

d r g b n v j X r d m s c j r k o k j s





Vrjhuggn÷mtoxtudi

Gjkpromsn÷m onmtorprotdgn÷mtoxtudi

• Hocnmj umd tokätngd pdrd id oid`jrdgn÷m ho um toxtj jrdigjm cnmos draukomtdtnvjs.

• Cjrkuij umd bnp÷tosns pdrd hokjstrdrid om um toxtj jrdigjm cnmos draukomtdtnvjs.

• Iiovj d gd`j prjgohnknomtjs ho `üsquohd, soioggn÷m ydikdgomdknomtj ho nmcjrkdgn÷m dgorgd ho id tokätngd quovjy d trdtdr om um toxtj gjm cnmos draukomtdtnvjs.

• Oid`jrj um pidm toxtudi, lordrqunzdmhj id nmcjrkdgn÷m quobo j`tomnhj ho cuomtos hnvorsds.

• Gdrdgtornzj ostrdtoands draukomtdtnvds ho tnpj hosgrnptnvj.• _tninzj ostrdtoands hosgrnptnvds pdrd prjhugnr um toxtj.

• Hocnmj umd tokätngd pdrd id prjhuggn÷m ho um toxtj mdrrd-tnvj.

• Iiovj d gd`j prjgohnknomtjs ho `üsquohd, soioggn÷m ydikdgomdknomtj ho nmcjrkdgn÷m dgorgd ho id tokätngd quovjy d trdtdr om kn toxtj mdrrdtnvj.

• Oid`jrj um pidm toxtudi, jradmnzdmhj id nmcjrkdgn÷m omsoguomgnds i÷angds.

• Vrjhuzgj umd prnkord vorsn÷m hoi toxtj mdrrdtnvj tomnomhjom guomtd porsjmdlos, ospdgnj, tnokpjs y vëmguijs gjm jtrjstoxtjs y gjm kn omtjrmj.

• Poosgrn`j um toxtj, tomnomhj om guomtd dspogtjs ho gjbo-

romgnd (umnhdh tokätngd, roidgnjmos i÷angds, gjmsogutnvnhdhtokpjrdi...) y gjbosn÷m (gjmogtjros, prjmjk`ros, kdmoljho kjhjs.

• Pogjmjzgj ids gdrdgtorëstngds ho ijs hnvorsjs tnpjs ho toxtjquo ioj.

• Vrjpjmaj bnp÷tosns ho nmtorprotdgn÷m pdrd gdhd umj ho ijstnpjs ho toxtj quo bo ioëhj.

• Gjkpdrj oi gjmtomnhj ho ijs hncoromtos tnpjs ho toxtj quobo ioëhj.

• Poidgnjmj id cjrkd y oi gjmtomnhj ho ijs toxtjs quo ioj ykuostrj g÷kj so nmciuyom kutudkomto.

• Ostdìozgj roidgnjmos ho sokoldmzd y hncoromgnd omtro ijshnvorsjs tnpjs ho toxtj quo bo ioëhj.

• Gdrdgtornzj rdsajs ospogëcngjs quo gjmsjinhdm id trdhngn÷mjrdi, gjkj< jrnaom, dutjrëd gjiogtnvd, cumgn÷m sjgndi, usjhoi iomaudlo, ovjiugn÷m, rogurromgnds tokätngds, otg.

• Nhomtncngj om id trdhngn÷m jrdi oi jrnaom ho ijs aîmorjs into-rdrnjs cumhdkomtdios< iërngj, mdrrdtnvj y hrdkätngj.

• Ostdìozgj roidgnjmos omtro ijs toxtjs prjvomnomtos ho idtrdhngn÷m jrdi y jtrjs toxtjs om gudmtj d tokds, porsjmdlos,iomaudlo, omtro jtrjs dspogtjs.

Gjmjzgj y utninzj diaumdsostrdtoands draukomtdtnvdsquo pjsn`nintdm id gjmstrug-gn÷m ho toxtjs jrdios omsntudgnjmos gjkumngdtnvdsdutîmtngds.

Vrjhuzgj toxtjs osgrntjsquo rospjmhdm d mogo-snhdhos ospogëcngds hogjkumngdgn÷m, d prjgo-hnknomtjs snstokätngjs hooid`jrdgn÷m y ostdìogormoxjs nmtortoxtudios y oxtrdtoxtudios.

Gjkpromhj o nmtorprotjhnvorsjs tnpjs ho toxtj,pdrd ostdìogor sus roid-gnjmos nmtormds y su gidsn-cngdgn÷m om umd tnpjijaëd

toxtudi.

Pogjmjzgj id trdhngn÷mjrdi gjkj cuomto ho idgjmcjrkdgn÷m y hosdrrjiijho id intordturd.




Intordturd

Wosnjmoshjmho

sotrd`dldm

483

464?4341

?

07

1>

444748



4? Xrdmscjrkokjs Ohugdmhj 3ärod Iomaudlo y Gjkumngdgn÷m





• Ioj j`rds intordrnds ho aîmorj mdrrdtnvj, iërngj y hrdkätngj,ho hnvorsd tokätngd, îpjgd y roan÷m.

• Gjkpromhj oiokomtjs gjmstntutnvjs ho j`rds intordrnds, tdiosgjkj tnokpj, ospdgnj, cumgn÷m ho ijs porsjmdlos, iomaudlo,dtk÷scords, hnäijajs, osgomds, omtro jtrjs.

• Pogjmjzgj om ids j`rds intordrnds prjgohnknomtjs mdrrdtnvjs,iërngjs y hrdkätngjs.

• Gjkpdrj ijs prjgohnknomtjs mdrrdtnvjs, iërngjs j hrdkätngjsokpiodhjs om id intordturd quo porkntom ostuhndrid pjraîmorjs.

• Cjrkuij bnp÷tosns ho gjkpromsn÷m dgorgd ho ids j`rdsintordrnds quo ioj tomnomhj om guomtd aîmorj, tokätngd,îpjgd y roan÷m.

• Pogjmjzgj ids gdrdgtorëstngds ho ijs prnmgnpdios kohnjs hogjkumngdgn÷m kdsnvd.

• Woioggnjmj y gidsncngj id nmcjrkdgn÷m okntnhd pjr ijs kohnjsho gjkumngdgn÷m kdsnvd.

• Pogjpnij om cngbds, kdpds, aräcngjs y gudhrjs id nmcjrkd-gn÷m quo bo j`tomnhj ho ijs kohnjs ho gjkumngdgn÷mkdsnvd.

• Jradmnzj (kohndmto jrhomdgn÷m dicd`îtngd, tokätngd, hodutjros, kohnj ho hncusn÷m, omtro kugbds jtrds pjsn`ninhd-hos) id nmcjrkdgn÷m rogjpnidhd y id dikdgomj ho tdi cjrkdquo id puohd gjmsuitdr gudmhj ij roqunord.

• Gjkpdrj oi somtnhj quo tnomo oi usj hoi ospdgnj y ho ijskjvnknomtjs gjrpjrdios om sntudgnjmos gjkumngdtnvdsgjtnhndmds, gjm oi somtnhj quo tnomom om j`rds drtëstngds.

• Vrjpjmaj bnp÷tosns ho nmtorprotdgn÷m ho ospogtäguijstodtrdios, j`rds pngt÷rngds, osguit÷rngds, drquntogt÷mngds,omtro jtrds.

• Gdrdgtornzj oi gjmtoxtj guiturdi hoi jtrj y ij gjkpdrj gjmoi këj.

• Nhomtncngj om sntudgnjmos gjkumngdtnvds dutîmtngds diaumdsvdrndmtos inmaùëstngds ho kn omtjrmj, aomordhds pjr u`ngd-gn÷m aojaräcngd, hncoromgnd sjgndi j aomordgnjmdi, prjcosn÷m,jcngnj, omtro jtrds.

• Ovnhomgnj quo ids vdrndmtos inmaùëstngds omgnorrdm umd vnsn÷mpdrtnguidr hoi kumhj.

• Pogjmjzgj quo ids vdrndmtos inmaùëstngds y guiturdios mjnkpnhom rospotdr di jtrj gjkj nmtorijgutjr väinhj.

Gjkpromhj ids j`rdsintordrnds ho hncoromtosaîmorjs, prjpngndmhj dsë oi hosdrrjiij ho id gdpd-gnhdh grëtngd y grodtnvd.

Gdrdgtornzj ijs kohnjsho gjkumngdgn÷m kdsnvdsoioggnjmdmhj id nmcjr-kdgn÷m quo okntom pdrdgidsncngdrid y dikdgomdrid.

Poidgnjmj ho kdmordnmtortoxtudi j`rds quookpiodm oi iomaudlo mjvor`di y j`rds quo ok-piodm oi iomaudlo vor`di.

Pogjmjzgj, om sntud-gnjmos gjkumngdtnvdsdutîmtngds id hnvorsnhdh yoi omguomtrj ho guiturds,gjm oi cnm ho dcndmzdrdgtntuhos ho rospotj ytjiordmgnd.

Intordturd

Kohnjs hogjkumngdgn÷my jtrjssnstokdssnk`÷ingjs

Îtngd ho idgjkumngdgn÷m

Wosnjmoshjmho

sotrd`dldm

240

424>0604

0007

08




Ë m h n g o_mnhdh 4. Id gjkumngdgn÷m, umd pjsn`ninhdh ho omguomtrj 41

Wosn÷m 4. Vrjgosj draukomtdtnvj 41Wosn÷m 0. Xoxtjs draukomtdtnvjs y toxtjs oxpjsntnvjs 04Wosn÷m 7. Draukomtdgn÷m pdrdioid 0?Wosn÷m 8. _sjs y ardkätngd ho id draukomtdgn÷m 76Wosn÷m ?. Xojrëd ho id gjkumngdgn÷m y oi omsdyj 73Wosn÷m 3. Kdmjs d id j`rd 88

_mnhdh 0. Intordturd, oi drto ho id pdid`rd 81

Wosn÷m 1. Nmtrjhuggn÷m d id intordturd 81Wosn÷m 2. Cumgnjmos ho id intordturd ?4Wosn÷m >. Aîmorj iërngj ?7Wosn÷m 46. Cnaurds ho hnggn÷m y ho pomsdknomtj ?3Wosn÷m 44. Gidsncngdgn÷m hoi aîmorj iërngj 36Wosn÷m 40. Oi aîmorj iërngj om id îpjgd giäsngd 33Wosn÷m 47. Aîmorj mdrrdtnvj 18Wosn÷m 48. Aîmorj hrdkätngj 28

_mnhdh 7. Vrognsnjmos ardkdtngdios 22

Wosn÷m 4?. Ids pdid`rds om id jrdgn÷m 22Wosn÷m 43. Cumgnjmos snmtägtngds jrdgnjmdios

(Wulotj y prohngdhj) >3Wosn÷m 41. Ijs hotorknmdmtos hoi mügioj

om oi snmtdakd mjknmdi (WM) 464

_mnhdh 8. Gjkumngdgnjmos pdrd oi hosdrrjiij 462

Wosn÷m 42. Kohnjs ho gjkumngdgn÷m gjkumntdrnjs 462Wosn÷m 4>. Vornjhnstd gjkumntdrnj 444Wosn÷m 06. G÷kj hnsoôdr y kjmtdr um kohnj gjkumntdrnj 448Wosn÷m 04. Jradmnzdgn÷m hoi kohnj ho gjkumngdgn÷m 443Wosn÷m 00. Kdmjs d id j`rd 408

Wosn÷m 07. Wëk`jijs om id gjkumngdgn÷m 401 Wosn÷m 08. ºG÷kj ko voj... g÷kj ko vom: 40>





_mnhdh 4

Wosn÷m 4

Vrjgosj draukomtdtnvj

_mnhdh 4. Id gjkumngdgn÷m, umd pjsn ninhdh ho omguomtrj

Oxpjmor os hdr d gjmjgor um tokd, umd nhod pjr kohnj ho umd oxpingdgn÷m jrdi,rospotdmhj ijs hncoromtos pumtjs ho vnstd ho qunomos pdrtngnpdm (oknsjr y rogoptjr)y so hd om hncoromtos ospdgnjs y cjrkds.

Vropdro umd oxpjsngn÷m pdrd id snaunomto gidso, tomnomhj om guomtd ij vnstj om idaräcngd. Woioggnjmo umj ho ijs snaunomtos tokds<

• G÷kjpropdrdrsugjknhdprocornhd.• G÷kjgjmqunstdrdumdporsjmdquoioaustd.

• G÷kjdkdrrdrumzdpdtj.

4




Draukomtdgn÷m< ’Oi hnsgursj kohndmto oi gudi so dhugompruo`ds pdrd hdr grîhntj, dutjrnhdh y cumhdkomtj d muostrdprjpjsngn÷m‛.

Gngor÷m (oijguomto jrdhjr rjkdmj, vnvn÷ om463-87 d. ho G.).

Pocioxn÷m nmhnvnhudi< kugbds porsjmds cukdm d posdr ho quo ostä hokjs-trdhj quo puoho sor mjgnvj j porluhngndi pdrd su sdiuh. Osgrn`d tros crdsos pdrdkjtnvdr d ijs cukdhjros d holdr ho bdgorij.

Pocioxn÷m arupdi< prosomtom sus crdsos om piomdrnd y osgjldm dquoiids quogjmsnhorom käs gjmvnmgomtos. Oid`jrom um gdrtoi gjm diaumds crdsos y gji÷quomijom um iuadr vnsn`io ho su gjkumnhdh.

4. Osgrn`d umd crdso quo rosukd id jpnmn÷m quo bokjs hocomhnhj gjm ids crdsos

ho id dgtnvnhdh dmtornjr.0. Om muostrd vnhd hndrnd utninzdkjs id draukomtdgn÷m gjm kugbd croguomgnd,

ºg÷kj pjhokjs hocnmnrid:

4

0





_mnhdh 4

Id draukomtdgn÷m, um dgtj ho bdìd

Gdhd umd ho ids crdsos j pdid`rds quo okntnkjs di oxprosdrmjs om hnstnmtjs kjkomtjskohndmto oi iomaudlo tnomo umd nmtomgn÷m gjkumngdtnvd. Ijs omumgndhjs quo okntnkjsom gdhd gjmtoxtj pdrd oxprosdr umd nmtomgn÷m gjkumngdtnvd sjm dgtjs ho bdìd. Oxnstomgnmgj (?) tnpjs ho dgtjs ho bdìd, soaüm muostrd nmtomgn÷m gjkumngdtnvd<

Ho`nhj d quo draukomtdr gjmsnsto om dpjrtdr rdzjmos pdrd hocomhor umd jpnmn÷m ygjmvomgor dsë d um rogoptjr pdrd quo pnomso ho umd hotorknmdhd cjrkd, îstd so hdom diaumjs dgtjs ho bdìd (gjknsnvjs, hnrogtnvjs, dsortnvjs) y mj om jtrjs (oxprosnvjsy hogidrdtnvjs).

Ijs dgtjs ho bdìd gjknsnvjs j gjkprjknsjrnjs, hnrogtnvjs y dsortnvjs so utninzdm omid draukomtdgn÷m pjrquo porkntom hosdrrjiidr tokds quo so prostdm d gjmtrjvorsnd5ho naudi kdmord, cdgnintdm oi gukpinknomtj hoi j`lotnvj gomtrdi ho id draukomtdgn÷m,jcrogor umd nmcjrkdgn÷m ij käs gjkpiotd pjsnìo, dhokäs, nmtomtdr porsudhnr di

rogoptjr (iogtjr u jyomto) d trdvîs ho um rdzjmdknomtj.

Xnpjs ho dgtjs ho bdìd

Poprosomtdtnvjsj dsortnvjs Hogidrdtnvjs

Oi bdìdmto hogidrd

oi muovj ostdhj jsntudgn÷m hoi ro-goptjr j rogoptj-ros. Wo utninzdm omgorokjmnds gnvniosy roinanjsds ho idsgudios so dhqunoroum muovj ostdhj jgjmhngn÷m.

’Ijs hogidrjkdrnhj y kulor‛.

Oi bdìdmto ijs

usd pdrd oxpj-mor quo hngo idvorhdh (oxpin-gdr, dsoaurdr,hosgrn`nr, otg.).

’Ios dsoaurjquo ijs

gnomtëcngjsij bdm

hokjstrdhj‛.

HnrogtnvjsGjknsnvjs j gjk-

prjknsjrnjs Oxprosnvjs

Oi bdìdmto ox-

prosd um ostd-hj sngji÷angj(dardhogor, co-ingntdr, hnsgui-pdrso, otg.).

’Ko dioardy to coingntj

pjr tus îxntjs‛.

Oi bdìdmto ox-

prosd oi gjk-prjknsj quodhqunoro (ad-rdmtnzdr, prj-kotor, dpjstdr,otg.).

’Ij bdrîkdôdmd‛.

Oi bdìdmto ijs

usd pdrd nm-tomtdr quo oirogoptjr bdaddiaj (pohnr, rj-adr, kdmhdr,sjingntdr, otg.)

’Vjr cdvjr,ospîrdko‛.




Om su gudhormj osgrn`d um toxtj ho tros pärrdcjs sj`ro id nkpjrtdmgnd ho idgjmsorvdgn÷m hoi daud pdrd oi oqunin`rnj hoi ogjsnstokd hjmho ustoh bd`ntd. _mdvoz oid`jrdhj oi osgrntj, bdad umd tdìd gjm ids crdsos quo gjrrospjmhdm d diaumjho ijs gnmgj dgtjs ho bdìd.

Oi iomaudlo mj s÷ij hosgrnò, gjkumngd nhods, oxprosd som-tnknomtjs. Xdk`nîm d`ro y gnorrd pjsn`ninhdhos ho dggn÷m ommuostrj kumhj. Kohndmto ijs dgtjs ho bdìd bdgokjs prj-kosds, hogidrdgnjmos, dcnrkdgnjmos, quo puohom nmgnhnr omid cjrkd gjkj dgtuokjs ho dbë om dhoidmto. Vjr olokpij,gudmhj hogidrdkjs muostrj gjkprjknsj cromto d umd porsjmdj gdusd. Vjr oiij, os cumhdkomtdi tomor om guomtd quo sjijpjhokjs sdòr g÷kj os umd porsjmd j umd jradmnzdgn÷mkohndmto ids dggnjmos quo hosdrrjiid hëd d hëd5 ids dggnjmosmjs kuostrdm gjkj ijs soros quo sjkjs.

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Cromto d gdhd olokpij osgrn`d oi tnpj ho dgtj ho bdìd<

d. Ostd gjrto ij gjmsnhord guipdìo.`. Hîloij sj`ro kn osgrntjrnj.

g. Idkomtj su pîrhnhd.

h. Id Iumd tnomo vdrnds cdsos y tjhdssjm nkpjrtdmtos pdrd id darnguiturd.

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_mnhdh 4

Dumquo ijs toxtjs oxpjsntnvjs hosdrrjiidm umd oxpingd-gn÷m hotdiidhd ho um bogbj j com÷komj, id hncoromgndgomtrdi gjm id draukomtdgn÷m ostä om id nmtomgn÷m hogjmvomgor di rogoptjr, ho iiovdrij d dgoptdr umd jpn-mn÷m j tosns ho id gudi usgdkjs nmtomgnjmdhdkomto su

dprj`dgn÷m. Ijs toxtjs draukomtdtnvjs y id oxpjsngn÷mso roidgnjmdm omtro së, yd quo so oxpjmopdrd nmcjrkdr dgorgd ho diaj y ostd oxpjsn-gn÷m so puoho draukomtdr pdrd gjmvomgor yporsudhnr ho diaumd prjpuostd. Vorj puohooxnstnr um toxtj oxpjsntnvj snm quo îsto soddraukomtdtnvj. Gudmhj so gjk`nmdm so gjm-vnortom om toxtjs oxpjsntnvjs-draukomtdtnvjs,tdios gjkj< ohntjrndios, ropjrtdlos, omsdyjs,grëtngds, nmcjrkos, sjingntuhos, dioadtjs, jpn-mnjmos, tosns, somtomgnds, omtro jtrjs. Om idpäanmd snaunomto vokjs um olokpij ho ostotnpj ho toxtjs.

Wosn÷m 0

Gjm dso om id iogturd ho id mjtngnd quo dpdrogo d gjmtnmudgn÷m, om su gudhormjho trd`dlj, osgrn`d id tosns prnmgnpdi hoi hjgukomtj y ids nhods quo ostäm drau-

komtämhjid.

4

Jradmnzdgn÷m ho ijs toxtjs osgrntjs< toxtjdraukomtdtnvj, toxtj oxpjsntnvj y

toxtj mdrrdtnvj




Xnpjs ho draukomtdgn÷m

d. Draukomtdgn÷m hohugtnvd j dmdiëtngd

Nmngnd gjm umd dcnrkdgn÷m aomordi, os hognr, id tosns vd di gjknomzj. Iuoaj so jcro-gom ijs draukomtjs ho dpjyj y so gnorrd gjm umd gjmgiusn÷m.Ijs mnôjs vdgumdhjsprovnomom omcorkohdhos.

Gdrkom ostä vdgumdhd gjmtrd id vdrngoid.Iuoaj, Gdrkom mj tomhrä vdrngoid.

Olokpij<





_mnhdh 4

`. Draukomtdgn÷m nmhugtnvd j snmtotnzdmto

Sd ho ij pdrtnguidr d ij aomordi, os hognr, so osgrn`om ijs draukomtjs nmngndikomto yid tosns om cjrkd ho gjmgiusn÷m di cnmdi.

Olokpij<

Gjkpioto ids snaunomtos draukomtdgnjmos hohugtnvds j dmdiëtngds<

Xosns<

Draukomtj< Ijs dutjk÷vnios gjmtdknmdm oi dnro.

Wëmtosns j gjmgiusn÷m< Kn dutjk÷vni gjmtdknmd id gnuhdh.

Xosns< Oi piätdmj so guitnvd om ginkds gäinhjs.

Draukomtj< Om kn roan÷m oi ginkd os gäinhj.

Wëmtosns j gjmgiusn÷m< Iuoaj,

Gdkn÷m iiovd tniho om id üitnkd sëid`d, dvn÷m iiovd tniho om id üitnkdsëid`d, sdi÷m iiovd tniho om id üitnkd sëid`d.

Iuoaj, ids pdid`rds torknmdhds om m gjm dgomtj om id üitnkd sëid`diiovdm tniho.

0




Gjkpioto ijs snaunomtos olokpijs<

Xrd`dlokjs sj`ro ijs tnpjs ho draukomtdgn÷m nmhugtnvd y hohugtnvd. Podingom hjs

olokpijs ho gdhd tnpj ho draukomtdgn÷m om su gudhormj ho trd`dlj.

0

Draukomtjs< Oi io÷m so dinkomtd ho gdrmo, oi tnaro so dinkomtd ho gdrmo,oi pukd so dinkomtd ho gdrmo.

Draukomtjs<

Xosns< Ijs coinmjs sjm

Xosns< Ids pidmtds sjm soros dut÷trjcjs.

Draukomtjs<

Xosns< Ijs dmnkdios quo idgtdm sjm kdkëcorjs.

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_mnhdh 4

Wosn÷m 7Draukomtdgn÷m pdrdioid

D hncoromgnd ho id draukomtdgn÷m hohugtnvd j nmhugtnvd, îstd mjùsgd gjmgiusnjmos mn hokjstrdr bnp÷tosns. Vrosomtd om cjrkdomgdhomdhd nhods vorhdhords j cdisds, snm holdr iuadr d hnsgusn÷m,porj snm su`jrhnmdr umd nhod d jtrd. Vjr olokpij<

Gjkpioto ijs snaunomtos olokpijs ho draukomtdgn÷m pdrdioid<

4. Ijs grnstndmjs ùsgdm rospuostds d sus nmtorrjadmtos om id @nìnd.0. Oi gunhdhj hoi kohnj dk`nomto os um prjìokd ho tjhjs.

Olokpij<

Ijs vdijros so omsoôdm om oi bjadr, porj ijs mnôjsy mnôds mogosntdm vnvnr ijs vdijros om tjhjs ijs dk-`nomtos. Id vnvomgnd ho ijs vdijros om id sjgnohdhcjrtdiogorä oi rospotj omtro ijs soros.

Ids draukomtdgnjmos tnomom umd ostrugturd oxtormd. Gudmhjquorokjs prognsdr um draukomtj usudikomto soaunkjs idsnaunomto ostrugturd oxtormd<

Vroknsd 4, proknsd 0, otg. y umd gjmgiusn÷m.

4





Gjkpioto om oi gudhormj oi snaunomto olokpij<

Vroknsd 4< Oi daud gjmtdknmdhd gdusd omcorkohdhos adstrjnmtostnmdios.

Vroknsd 0< Ids omcorkohdhos adstrjnmtostnmdios sjm gjmtdanjsds.

Gjmgiusn÷m<

Ostrugturd nmtormdhoi toxtj draukomtdtnvj

_m toxtj draukomtdtnvj tnomo ids snaunomtos pdrtos<

Os id nhod prnmgnpdi, sj`ro ostd nhod gomtrdi so rocioxnjmd gjm draukomtjs.Hoò sor gidrd y prognsd pdrd pjhor hocomhorid snm gjmcumhnr di rogoptjr. Worogjknomhd mj nmgiunr vdrnds nhods j dspogtjs om id knskd tosns. Vuoho nr digjknomzj j di cnmdi. Poguorho< id jpnmn÷m os id tosns j id bnp÷tosns dvdmzdhd.

_m olokpij ho tosns nmngndi os oi snaunomto<

Xosns

Om ostd dsdkìod ho vognmjs qunorj prosomtdr kn gdmhnhdturd pdrddhknmnstrdr oi ohncngnj, yd quo sjy umd porsjmd ljvom y hnmäkngd gjmostuhnjs y oxpornomgnd om id dhknmnstrdgn÷m ho `nomos püìngjs.

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_mnhdh 4

Guorpj

Hosdrrjiid id nhod gomtrdi ho id tosns gjm ijs draukomtjs quo id rospdihdm. Omoi guorpj so hosdrrjiid umd porspogtnvd ho hocomsd, ijs draukomtjs y umd pors-

pogtnvd quo usgd rocutdr ids pjsnìos j`lognjmos quo oi bdìdmto prosuko quosuranräm, id rocutdgn÷m. Id rocutdgn÷m mj snokpro ostä prosomto om oi guorpj,porj ijs draukomtjs snokpro so hosdrrjiidm.

Poguorho<

Draukomtjs sjm ijs bogbjs, ids pruo`ds j ijs hdtjs sj`ro umbogbj hotorknmdhj.

Oi guorpj hoi olokpij dmtornjr puoho sor oi snaunomto<

Draukomtjs<

Id cjrkdgn÷m dgdhîkngd dgtudinzdhd quo pjsookjs ids porsjmds l÷vomos,gjm kdyjr dggosj d ijs kohnjs oiogtr÷mngjs y pjsn`ninhdhos ho nmmjvd-gn÷m om oi gdkpj ho ijs snstokds mjs porknto jcrogor kdyjros vomtdldspdrd dhknmnstrdr oi ohncngnj. Dhokäs, kn oxpornomgnd om id dhknmnstrdgn÷mho nomos püìngjs ios dsoaurdrä oi usj ho ostrdtoands gjkprj`dhds pdrdgunhdr oi nmkuoìo om quo bd`ntdkjs.

Pocutdgn÷m<

Dumquo so pnomsd quo ijs l÷vomos sjkjs porsjmds pjgj gjkprjkotn-hds y hnsporsds, id luvomtuh mjs porknto tomor käs ëkpotus d id bjrd hodsuknr gjkprjknsjs, tnokpj y hohngdgn÷m pdrd digdmzdr muostrds kotdsgjm muostrd sdmaro ljvom, muostrj dmboij ho dpromhor y id pjsn`ninhdhho nmvostnadr gdhd hëd käs.




Om su gudhormj osgrn`d um toxtj draukomtdtnvj roidgnjmdhj gjm oi kditrdtj nmtrdcd-knindr, tomnomhj om guomtd id ostrugturd nmtormd y oi toxtj< ’Hogäijaj pdrd pidmodry osgrn`nr um toxtj‛ quo dpdrogo d gjmtnmudgn÷m.

Gjmgiusn÷m

_md voz quo oi bd`idmto j dutjr

bd rocioxnjmdhj sj`ro oi tokdgjm sus draukomtjs y rocutd-gn÷m (sn id nmgiuyo), prosomtd sugjmgiusn÷m dcnrkdmhj id tosns jgjm um gnorro kjtnvdhjr pdrd oirogoptjr j rogoptjros.

Vjr olokpij, gjmgiusn÷m kjtnvdhjrd<

Vjr olokpij, dcnrkdgn÷m ho umd tosns<

Gjm kn luvomtuh, cjrkdgn÷m dgdhîkngd y oxpornomgnd ijardrî dhknmnstrdrmuostrj ohncngnj ho kdmord ocngnomto.

Ijs l÷vomos ostdkjs bogbjs pdrd ijs ardmhos rotjs. ¡Gjmcëom om kë ymj soräm hocrduhdhjs!

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_mnhdh 4

4. Hotorknmdr gidrdkomto guäi os id tosns hoi toxtj.

0. Hocnmnr oi rogoptjr d qunom vd hnrnanhj oi toxtj.

7. Gudiqunor dcnrkdgn÷m bd ho ostdr sustomtdhd pjr umd sorno hodraukomtjs, pjr ij quo bd`rä quo ùsgdr tjhjs ijs draukomtjspjsnìos d cdvjr ho id tosns.

8. Xomor om gjmsnhordgn÷m ids jpnmnjmos, groomgnds y vdijros hoihostnmdtdrnj pdrd oioanr dquoiijs draukomtjs quo koljr puohdm

gjmvomgorio y hosostnkdr ijs rostdmtos.

?. Hoòm provorso ids pjsnìos j`lognjmos hoi dhvorsdrnj d hngbjsdraukomtjs.

3. _md ùomd nmtrjhuggn÷m gjmtrnùyo d gdptdr id dprj`dgn÷m hoiduhntjrnj.

1. Oi jrhom ho ijs draukomtjs os um cdgtjr osomgndi. Om omocngnj hoiknskj, so ovntdräm ids hnvdadgnjmos, quo pjhrëdm omtjrpogor idgjkpromsn÷m. Ijs draukomtjs käs s÷inhjs so hoòm nmgiunr di cnmdi.

2. Id gjmgiusn÷m hoò tomor cuorzd o nmtorîs pdrd admdr idgjkpidgomgnd hoi duhntjrnj.

>. Okpiodr id iomaud ho cjrkd dhogudhd, gjmgnsd y gidrd, snm romumgndr

d id dyuhd quo puohom prjpjrgnjmdr ijs rogursjs intordrnjs.

46. Wn id oxpjsngn÷m os jrdi, gjmvnomo kokjrnzdr ho kjhj aomordioi toxtj pdrd prjhugnr umd ùomd nkprosn÷m ho soaurnhdh om ijsjyomtos.

Hogäijaj pdrd pidmodr y osgrn`nr oi toxtj draukomtdtnvj

Xjkdhj ho< bttp<//rogursjs.gmngo.kog.os/iomaud/prjcosjros/osj0/t7/tojrndZ4.btk, päanmdwo` hoi Knmnstornj ho Ohugdgn÷m, Vjiëtngd Wjgndi y Hopjrto hoi Aj`normj ho Ospdôd.




Poguorho quo pdrd cjrtdiogor muostrd cjrkd ho draukomtdr ydsë hocomhor koljr muostrds jpnmnjmos pjhokjs utninzdr gnortdstîgmngds<

Dbjrd, puoho osgrn`nr sus prjpnjs olokpijs om su gudhormj, tomnomhj gjkj kjhoijoi snaunomto gudhrj<

Wosn÷m 8_sjs y ardkätngd ho id draukomtdgn÷m


Om osto tnpj ho tîgmngd oi draukomtj os id gdusd y id gjmgiusn÷m os id gjmsoguomgnd.Vjr olokpij<

Gdusd Gjmsoguomgnd

Gjkj ostäs tjkdmhj mj ho`os gjmhugnr

Dbjrrj tjhjs ijs kosos pdrd gjkprdr kn gdrrj.

Wn cukds to omcorkdräs.


Gdusd Gjmsoguomgnd

4