apostilal3semantica1 2010 alexandre

8/6/2019 ApostilaL3semantica1 2010 ALEXANDRE

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Letras: Portugus / Ingls

Lngua Inglesa 3:

Semntica e Escrita

Exerccios

1 semestre 2010


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Lngua Inglesa 3 Semntica e Sintaxe (Exerccios) 2010

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MODAL VERBS INTRODUCTION (Adapted from HALL & FOLEY, 2002: 06-7)O que um verbo modal?

Os verbos modais diferem dos verbos principais tanto na sua variedade de expresses como no seu

funcionamento gramatical.

H dez verbos modais:

can could should ought to must will shall would may might

Alm desses verbos modais autnticos, h cinco outros verbos e expresses que podem funcionar da mesma

forma. So os seguintes:

be able to have to need (to) had better used to

Num primeiro momento, estudaremos: can could should may might be able to had better

O que os verbos modais expressam?

A principal caracterstica dos verbos modais terem freqentemente significados e funes distintos. Por

exemplo, o verbo modal couldpode exprimir:

Uma habilidade passada:

When I was young, Icouldrun very fast. (Quando eu era jovem eu conseguia correr muito rpido.)

Uma possibilidade presente ou futura:

Hes very tall. Hecould be a basketball player. (Ele muito alto. Poderia ser um jogador debasquete.)

If it snows tomorrow, wecouldgo skiing. (Se nevar amanh, poderemos esquiar.)

Permisso:

CouldI use your telephone? (Eu poderia usar seu telefone?)

Pedidos:

CouldI ask you a question? (Eu poderia lhe fazer uma pergunta?)

Sugestes:

How about going out tonight? Wecouldgo to the theater. (Que tal sair hoje noite? Poderamos ir

ao teatro.)

Deduo:

Hecouldnt have done it. He wasnt here. (Ele no pode ter feito isso. Ele no estava aqui.)

Os verbos modais so muito comuns na lngua inglesa. Portanto, preciso compreend-los na sua estrutura

e no seu significado.

Como funcionam os verbos modais?

Existem regras especficas para os verbos modais:

os verbos modais so defectivos, ou seja, no se conjugam em todos os tempos verbais.

no recebem o -s final na terceira pessoa do singular (he, she, it).

Imust / Hemust go home. (Eu tenho / ele tem que ir para casa.)

no tm as formas do passado simples ou do ing.

no usam do (nem did) na interrogativa ou na negativa.

Can you...? I cant...

no tm a forma nominal de infinitivo (no existem as formas to can, to must, etc.). so seguidos do infinitivo sem o to.

I can dance. (Sei danar.)

(Errado:I can to dance.)

As duas excees a essa regra soought to e used to.

no podem fazer combinaes com verbos auxiliares.

(Errado:I will must I have must etc.).

podem ser seguidos de have + particpio passado.

He should have written to his mother. (Ele deveria ter escrito para sua me.)

They must have passed their exam. (Eles devem ter passado no exame.)

Para expressar tempos e formas verbais distintos usando os verbos modais, normalmente recorremos a

outras formas de expresso. Por exemplo:had to (passado), will have to (futuro), em lugar demust.

Presente:Imust go home. (Tenho que ir para casa.)

Passado:Ihad to go home. (Tive que ir para casa.)


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Futuro:Iwill have to go home. (Vou ter que ir para casa.)

MODAL AUXILIARIES AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS (Adapted from AZAR, 1996: 431)AUXILIARY MEANING EXAMPLE

present ability/capacity I can sing.

possibility You can sit down if you want.

polite request Can you please help me?

(a)can

informal permission Can I come in?

past ability/capacity I couldntgo to class yesterday.

possibility It couldrain tomorrow.

polite request Couldyou please help me?

(b)could

formal permission CouldI come in?

possibility It may rain tomorrow.

polite question May Ihelp you?

(c)may

formal permission May I come in?

(d)might possibility It mightrain tomorrow.

(e) will future happening My sister will meet us at the airport.

(f)be able to ability/capacity I wasnt able to attend the meeting.

(g)be going to future happening Tina is going to meet us at the airport.

EXERCISE 1: Complete the gaps withcan orcant. Then, classify the sentences according to the

idea that the modal verb expresses (capacity/ability, possibility or permission/request).

1. Now I __________ throw away these old comic books!

2. Julian s a weightlifter. He __________ lift over 200 kilos.

3. Eating sweets __________ ruin your teeth.

4. My house __________ get very cold in the winter.5. The exam isnt too difficult. I __________ answer most of the questions.

6. The motorways __________ be very busy at the weekends.

7. My brothers slightly color-blind. He __________ tell the difference between green and brown.

8. Amandas just got a place at art school. She __________ paint really well.

9. These days traveling __________ be very expensive.

10. What a delicious soup! I __________ taste all those fresh herbs from your garden.

(Adapted from HALL & FOLEY, 2002: 10)

EXERCISE 2: What would you say in these situations? Write a question usingcan and the verb in

parentheses.

1. You are at the check-in desk at the airport. You have a large bag and you want to take it on the

plane with you. (to take) Can I take this bag on the plane ?

2. You want to borrow 10 from a friend. (to lend)

____________________________________________________________________?

3. You are at the railway station and you want to know the time of the next train to Paris. (to tell)

____________________________________________________________________?


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4. You are talking to the cashier in a shop. You want to pay by credit card. (to pay)

____________________________________________________________________?

5. You are in a bank. You want to cash some travelers checks. (to cash)

____________________________________________________________________?


EXERCISE 3: Look at this extract from a travel brochure and use the information to complete the

sentences withcan orcant.

LuxAir Flights

* LuxAir flights are completely non-smoking.

* The baggage allowance is 20 kg.

* Use of mobile phones is forbidden.* A movie will be shown during the flight.

* Duty free goods will be available for purchasing during the flight.

* Passengers are not permitted to bring alcoholic drinks onto the plane.

1. You __________ smoke on LuxAir flights.

2. You __________ take up to 20 kilos of baggage.

3. You __________ use mobile phones.4. You __________ watch a movie during the flight.

5. You __________ buy duty free goods.

6. You __________ bring alcoholic drinks onto the plane.


EXERCISE 4: According to the idea that the modal verb expresses (capacity/ability, possibility,

permission/request), how could you classify the sentences in exercises 2 and 3?

EXERCISE 5: Complete each sentence with could or couldnt. Then, classify the sentences

according to the idea that the modal verb expresses (capacity/ability, possibility or

permission/request)

1. Karen didnt go to university so she ___________ become a teacher.

2. My son was only fifteen so he ___________ vote in the election.

3. Wheres the hammer? It ___________ be in the garage. Why dont you look there?

4. Sarah ___________ help you with your accounts, she knows a lot about finance.

5. If you need some milk, you ___________ try the corner shop: it stays open late.


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6. Simon ___________ be in Japan - he hasnt got a passport.

7. When I was a child I ___________ ski better than my brother.

8. It was so cold yesterday I ___________ feel the tips of my fingers.

9. I lost my dictionary yesterday and I ___________ find it anywhere.

10. The earthquake was terrible - we ___________ feel the whole house shaking!(Adapted from HALL & FOLEY, 2002: 14)

EXERCISE 6: Use the information in the pictures to complete the mini-dialogues. Use couldand

the verbs and nouns in the boxes.

to go to

to write about

to buy

to fly to

to drive to

the country

Napoleon

some CDs

New York

the cinema

1

- Where shall we go on holiday this year?

- We ____________________________________________________.

- What shall we do tonight?

-We ____________________________________________________.

- What do you feel like doing at the weekend?

-We ____________________________________________________.- Have you got any ideas for my history essay?

- Yes, you ________________________________________________.

- What do you think I should spend this money on?

- You ____________________________________________________.


EXERCISE 7: What questions do you ask in these situations? Usecan you orcould you according

to the situation and the expressions in the box.

to answer the phone for me to say that again to get the door for me

to turn it down to open the window to turn the volume up

1. Its getting hot in here. _______________________________________________________?

2. The phone is ringing, but my hands are full. ______________________________________?

3. Im trying to study, but the radio is too loud. ______________________________________?

4. Im trying to listen to the news on television, but I cant hear it. ________________________?

5. The door is closed and Im carrying many books here. _______________________________?


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6. A: Hi. Walabaxitinpundoozit?

B: Excuse me? ______________________________________________________________?

(Adapted from AZAR, 1992: 103-4)

EXERCISE 8: Match the questions in column A and the suggestions/requests in column B.

A B1. I cant think of a good restaurant. a. You might use your class notes.

2. How can I study for this exam? b. You might sit on it.

3. Shall I help you cook the dinner? c. You might ring the Spanish shop.

4. Where can I get good Spanish wine? d. You might peel the potatoes.

5. Can I help you close your suitcase? e. You might try the Good Food Guide.


EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD ANDHAD BETTER (ADVICE)(Adapted from AZAR, 1996: 420; AZAR, 1992: 105)

(a) My clothes are dirty. Ishould washthem.

(b) Tom is sleepy. Heshould goto bed.

(c) Youre sick. Youshould seea doctor.

Shouldmeans This is a good idea. This is good

advice.

(d) I

You

He

She should go now.

It

We

YouThey

Shouldis followed bythe simple form of a verb.

INCORRECT:He should goes now.

INCORRECT:He should to go now.

(e) Youshould not leave your grammar book at home.

You need it in class.

(f) Youshouldnt leave your grammar book at home.

NEGATIVE: should not

CONTRACTION: should+ not= shouldnt

(g) My clothes are dirty. Ihad better washthem.

(h) Tom is sleepy. Hehad better goto bed.

(i) Youre sick. Youhad better seea doctor.

Had better has basically the same meaning as

should. It means This is a good idea. This is

good advice.

(j) I

You

He

She had better go now.It

We

You

They

Had better is also followed bythe simple form of

a verb.*

INCORRECT:He had better goes now.INCORRECT:He had better to go now.

(k) Youd better study tonight.

(l) Youd better not leave your grammar book at home.

CONTRACTION OF HAD: d better

NEGATIVE**: had better + not = had better not

OR: d better notNOTE: * Usuallyhadis the past form of have. However, in the expressionhad better,hadis used as part of an idiom

and the meaning is not past. The meaning is present or future.

** The negative form ofhad betterishad better not, and it often carries a warning of bad consequences.

Example: You had better not be late! If you are late, you will get into a lot of trouble.


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EXERCISE 9: Complete the sentences. Useshouldorshouldnt.

1. Students ____________________ come to class every day.

2. Students ____________________ cut class.

3. We ____________________ waste our money on things we dont need.

4. Its raining. You ____________________ take your umbrella when you leave.

5. Jimmy, you ____________________ pull the cats tail!

6. People ____________________ be cruel to animals.

7. Your plane leaves at 8.00. You ____________________ get to the airport by 7.00.

8. Life is short. We ____________________ waste it.

9. You ____________________ smoke in a public place because the smoke bothers other people.

10. We ____________________ cross a street at an intersection.(Adapted from AZAR, 1996: 421-2)

EXERCISE 10: Give advice usingshouldandshouldnt.

1. English is not my native language. What advice can you give me about good ways to learn

English? ___________________________________________________________________.

2. Doug is a teenager. What advice can you give him about being a good person and living a happy

life? ______________________________________________________________________.

3. Liz is a newcomer. What advice can you give her about going to this school and living in this

city? ______________________________________________________________________.

4. Peter and Tom have a job interview tomorrow. What advice can you give them about going to a

job interview? _______________________________________________________________.

5. Jessica and I have just moved to this city. What advice can you give us about living in this city?

___________________________________________________________________________.

(Adapted from AZAR, 1996: 422)

EXERCISE 11: Ronald is a tourist. Hes going to visit So Paulo. Answer his questions using your

own words/ideas.

1. Is So Paulo a good place for a tourist to visit? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________.

2. What should I do when Im there?

___________________________________________________________________________.

3. Where should I go?

___________________________________________________________________________.

4. What should I see?


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___________________________________________________________________________.

5. What shouldnt I do?

___________________________________________________________________________.

6. Are there places I shouldnt visit?

___________________________________________________________________________.

EXERCISE 12: Complete the dialogues. Usehad better orhad better not. Choose from the

expressions in the list.

1. I have a toothache. This tooth hurts. What should I do?*___________________________________________________________________________.

2. I have the hiccups. What should I do?

___________________________________________________________________________.

3. Alex asked Mary to marry him. She said no. What should he do?

___________________________________________________________________________.

4. I dont have any money. Im broke. I cant pay my rent. What should I do?

___________________________________________________________________________.

5. Someone stole my bicycle. What should I do?

___________________________________________________________________________.

6. Ann bought a new CD player. After two days, it stopped working. What should she do?

___________________________________________________________________________.

7. Cigarette smoking is dangerous for your health. What should you do?

___________________________________________________________________________.

8. The students are tired. What should they do?

___________________________________________________________________________.

* Should, nothad better, is usually used in a question. The answer, however, can containshouldorhad better.


EXERCISE 13: Give responses to the following.

Example: Name something you had to do yesterday. I had to go to class .

1. Name something you can do. ______________________________________

2. Name something you couldntdo yesterday. ______________________________________

3. Name something you will do this evening. ______________________________________

4. Name something you werent able to do when you were a child. __________________________

to drink a glass of water to smoke

to continue this exercise to see a dentist

to send her a dozen roses to borrow some money

to take it back to the store to call the police


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5. Name something you may do tomorrow. ______________________________________

6. Name something you mightdo tomorrow. ______________________________________

7. Name something you shoulddo this evening. ______________________________________

8. Name something you are going to do this week. ______________________________________

9. You want to borrow something from a classmate. Ask a polite question with could.

____________________________________________________________________________

10. A classmate has something that you want. Ask a polite question with may.

____________________________________________________________________________


EXERCISE 14: Analyze the sentences below. They are grammatically incorrect. Correct them and

explain (in Portuguese) why they were incorrect.

1. I will can go to the meeting tomorrow.________________________________________________________________________________

2. Ken should writes us a letter.

________________________________________________________________________________

3. I could went to the store yesterday.

________________________________________________________________________________

4. May you take my book?

________________________________________________________________________________

5. I had better paying my bills today.

________________________________________________________________________________

6. Shelley cant goes to the concert tomorrow.

________________________________________________________________________________

7. Youd better not leaving your key in the door.

________________________________________________________________________________

8. Mr. Nagaya has a large family and a small apartment. He should found a newapartment.

________________________________________________________________________________

9. You had better to call the doctor today.

________________________________________________________________________________

10. You dont should stay up too late tonight.

________________________________________________________________________________

11. You willbetter not be late.

________________________________________________________________________________

12. Anna shouldnt wears shorts into the restaurant.


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________________________________________________________________________________

13. I should to go to the post office today.

________________________________________________________________________________


IF-CLAUSES: POSSIBLE SITUATIONS (FIRST CONDITIONAL) (Adapted from AZAR, 1996: 260)(a) If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home. .

if-clause main clause

(b) We will stay home if it rains tomorrow. .main clause if-clause

An if-clause* begins with ifand has a subject and a

verb.

An if-clause can come before or after a main clause.

(c)Ifitrains tomorrow, we wont go on a picnic.

(d) I will buy a new car next year if I have enough

money.If I dont have enough money for a new car

next year, I will buy a used car.

Ifis often used to describe situations and

consequences that are possible in the present or

future.

The SIMPLE PRESENT(not will)is used in an if-clause to express futuretime.

*An if-clause is a kind of adverb clause.

Note: A clause is different of a sentence: a clause is part of a sentence. In other words, a (complex / subordinate)

sentence is made of 2 or more clauses.

EXERCISE 15: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.

1. If Alex is (to be) in class tomorrow, I will ask (to ask) him to join us for

coffee after class.

2. If the weather ___________________ (to be) nice tomorrow, I ___________________ (to go) to

Central Park with my friends.

3. I ___________________ (not / to stay) home tomorrow if the weather ___________________

(to be) nice.

4. If I ___________________ (not / to feel) well tomorrow, I ___________________ (not / to go)

to work.

5. Mary ___________________ (to stay) in bed tomorrow if she ___________________ (not / to

feel) well.

6. I ___________________ (to stay) with my aunt and uncle if I ___________________ (to go) to

Miami next week.

7. If my friends ___________________ (to be) busy tomorrow, I ___________________ (to go) to

a movie by myself.

8. If we ___________________ (to continue) to pollute the land and oceans with poisons and

waste, future generations ___________________ (to suffer).


EXERCISE 16: Ask questions beginning with What will you do if.? Then, answer them using


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your own words / ideas. Include the if-clause in your answer.

Example: the weather is nice tomorrow?

A: What will you do if the weather is nice tomorrow ?

B: If the weather is nice tomorrow, I will sit outside in the sun.

OR: I will sit outside in the sun if the weather is nice tomorrow.

1. the weather is cold tomorrow?

A: ____________________________________________________________________________?

B: ____________________________________________________________________________.

2. the weather is hot tomorrow?

A: ____________________________________________________________________________?

B: ____________________________________________________________________________.

3. you dont understand a question that I ask you?

A: ____________________________________________________________________________?

B: ____________________________________________________________________________.

4. class is canceled tomorrow?

A: ____________________________________________________________________________?

B: ____________________________________________________________________________.

5. you dont feel well tomorrow?

A: ____________________________________________________________________________?

B: ____________________________________________________________________________.


IF-CLAUSES: UNREAL SITUATIONS (SECOND CONDITIONAL) (Adapted from AZAR, 1992: 389)Ifis often used to talk about situations that are imaginary, i. e., situations that are the opposite of the true

situation.

TRUE SITUATION: (a) Idont have enough money.

USING IF: (b) If Ihadenough money, Iwould buy a car.

(c) If Ihadenough money, Icould buy a car.

TRUE SITUATION:

USING IF:

(d) The weatherisnt nice today.

(e) If the weatherwere nice today, Iwould go to the park.

(f) If the weatherwere nice today, Icould go to the park.

Sentences that describe imaginary situations with an if-clause and a result clause are called unreal

conditional sentences. Special verb forms are used. The SIMPLE PAST TENSE is used to discuss a

present or future situation in an if-clause. Wouldorcouldis used in the result clause.

IF-CLAUSE: simple past tense RESULT CLAUSE: would/could+ simple form

if-clause result clause

(g) If Ihadenough money, Iwould buya car.

result clause if-clause

(h) Iwould go to the park if the weatherwere nice.

In (g) and (h), the speakers are talking about

present/future situations, but they use the

simple past in the if-clause.


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(i) If I had enough money, Iwouldbuy a car.

(The speaker wants to buy a car.)

(j) If I had enough money, Icouldbuy a car.

(The speaker is expressing a possibility.)

Wouldexpresses intended or desired results.

Couldexpresses possible options.

Could= would be able to.

(k) If theweather were nice, Id go to the park.

(l) IfKate were here, she would help us.

(m) IfI were you, I wouldnt accept that job.

Notice in (k), (l), and (m):were (instead of

was) is usually usedfor singular subjects in an

if-clause that describes imaginary situations.

EXERCISE 17: Complete the sentences with words in parentheses.

1. TRUE SITUATION: I dont have enough time.

IMAGINARY SITUATION: If I ___________________ (to have) enough time, I

___________________ (to go) to the park.

2. TRUE SITUATION: I dont have enough money.

IMAGINARY SITUATION: If I ___________________ (to have) enough money, I

___________________ (to fly) home this weekend.

3. TRUE SITUATION: Its cold today.

IMAGINARY SITUATION: If it ___________________ (not / to be) cold today, I

___________________ (to go) swimming.

4. TRUE SITUATION: I dont know how to swim.

IMAGINARY SITUATION: If I ___________________ (to know) how to swim, I

___________________ (to go) to the beach with you.

5. TRUE SITUATION: I dont understand that sentence.

IMAGINARY SITUATION: If I ___________________ (to understand) that sentence, I

___________________ (to explain) it to you.

6. TRUE SITUATION: I have to go to class today.

IMAGINARY SITUATION: If I ___________________ (not / to have) to go to class today, I

___________________ (to go) shopping, or I ___________________ (to visit) my friends.

7. TRUE SITUATION: It isnt Saturday.

IMAGINARY SITUATION: If it ___________________ (to be) Saturday, I

___________________ (to go) to the beach.

8. TRUE SITUATION: Im not rich.

IMAGINARY SITUATION: If I ___________________ (to be) rich, I ___________________

(to live) on a farm and ___________________ (to raise) horses.



1. Jim doesnt study hard. If he studied (to study) harder, he wouldget(to get) better grades.


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2. The weather isnt nice. I ___________________ (to take) a walk if the weather

___________________ (to be) nice.

3. My wife and I want to buy a house, but houses are too expensive. We ___________________ (to

buy) a house if we ___________________ (to have) enough money for a down payment.

4. If money ___________________ (to grow) on trees, all of us ___________________ (to be)

rich.

5. If I ___________________ (to be) you, I ___________________ (to tell) the truth.

6. Airplane tickets are expensive. If they ___________________ (to be) cheap, I

___________________ (to fly) to Singapore for the weekend.

7. I wish I had a camera. I ___________________ (to take) a picture of the sunset tonight if I

___________________ (to have) a camera.

8. Sometimes our teacher gives surprise quizzes. If I ___________________ (to teach) this Englishclass, I ___________________ (not / to give) surprise tests.


IF-CLAUSES: POSSIBLE SITUATIONS X UNREAL SITUATIONS (Adapted from AZAR, 1992: 392)

POSSIBLE SITUATION(a) If youneedsome money, I will lend you some.

(simple present) can

In (a): Perhaps you need some money. If

that is true, I will (or can) lend you some.

Reminder: Do not usewillin an if-

clause.

UNREAL SITUATION

(b) If youneededsome money, I would lend you some.(simple past) could

In (b): In truth, you dont need any

money. But if the opposite were true, Iwould (or could) lend you some.

VERB FORM USAGE SUMMARY (PRESENT/FUTURE)

SITUATION IF-CLAUSE: RESULT CLAUSE:

POSSIBLE simple present will / can + simple form

UNREAL simple past would / could+ simple form

EXERCISE 19: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Some of the sentences

express possible situations, and some of the sentences express unreal situations.

1. Maybe I will have enough time tonight. If I have (to have) enough time, I will

write (to write) a letter to my cousin.

2. I wont have enough time tonight. But if I had (to have) enough time, I would

write (to write) a letter to my cousin.

3. Maybe I will have enough money. If I ___________________ (to have) enough money, I

___________________ (to buy) a ticket to the rock concert.

4. Unfortunately, I dont have enough money. But if I ___________________ (to have) enough

money, I ___________________ (to buy) a ticket to the rock concert.

5. Maybe I will buy a car. If I ___________________ (to buy) a car, I ___________________ (to


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drive) to Springfield next month to visit my friend.

6. Im not going to buy a car. But, if I ___________________ (to buy) a car, I

___________________ (to drive) to Springfield next month to visit my friend.

7. The weather is terrible today. But if the weather ___________________ (to be) good, I

___________________ (to go) for a five-mile walk.

8. Maybe the weather will be nice tomorrow. If the weather ___________________ (to be) nice, I

___________________ (to go) for a long walk.

9. I know that you dont want to go to a movie tonight. But if you ___________________ (to want)

to go to a movie, I ___________________ (to go) with you.

10. What would you like to do tonight? Do you want to go to a movie? If you

___________________ (to want) to go to a movie, I ___________________ (to go) with you.


EXERCISE 20: Complete the following with your own words.

1. If I have enough money, ________________________________________________________.

2. If I had enough money, _________________________________________________________.

3. If I have enough time, __________________________________________________________.

4. If I had enough time, ___________________________________________________________.

5. If the weather is nice tomorrow, __________________________________________________.


IF-CLAUSES:UNREAL PAST SITUATIONS (THIRD CONDITIONAL)(Adapted from AZAR, 1992: 394)

Conditional sentences that discuss past time have special verb forms:

If-CLAUSE: the past perfect RESULT CLAUSE: would have/could have + past participle

TRUE SITUATION:

USINGIF:

(a) I didnt have enough money.

(b) If Ihad hadenough money, I would have boughta car.

(c) If Ihad hadenough money, Icould have boughta car.

TRUE SITUATION:

USINGIF:

(d) The weather wasntnice yesterday.

(e) If the weatherhad beennice yesterday, I would have goneto the park.

(f) If the weatherhad beennice yesterday, Icould have goneto the park.


1. TRUE SITUATION: I didnt have enough time yesterday.

UNREAL SITUATION: If I ______________________________________ (to have) enough

time yesterday, I ______________________________________ (to go) to the park.

2. TRUE SITUATION: I didnt have enough money last night.

UNREAL SITUATION: If I ______________________________________ (to have) enough

money last night, I ______________________________________ (to go) to a show.

3. TRUE SITUATION: Mary didnt come to my party last week.

UNREAL SITUATION: If she ______________________________________ (to come) to my


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party, she ______________________________________ (to meet) my fianc.

4. TRUE SITUATION: It was cold yesterday.

UNREAL SITUATION: If it ______________________________________ (not / to be) cold

yesterday, I ______________________________________ (to go) swimming.

5. TRUE SITUATION: Jack didnt study for the test.

UNREAL SITUATION: If he ______________________________________ (to study) for the

test, he ______________________________________ (to pass) it.

6. TRUE SITUATION: John didnt travel to Miami yesterday.

UNREAL SITUATION: If he ______________________________________ (to travel) to

Miami yesterday, he ______________________________________ (to buy) many nice imported

goods there.

7. TRUE SITUATION: Donna didnt have breakfast this morning.UNREAL SITUATION: If she ______________________________________ (to have)

breakfast this morning, she _____________________________________ (not / to be) hungry now.


SUMMARY: VERB FORMS INIF-CLAUSES(CONDITIONAL SENTENCES)(Adapted from AZAR, 1992: 395)

SITUATION IF-CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE EXAMPLES

POSSIBLE IN

THE PRESENT/

FUTURE

simple present will/can + simple form

If Ihave enough money,

I will buy a ticket

canbuy.

UNREAL IN

THE PRESENT/

FUTUREsimple past would / could+ simple form

If Ihadenough money,

I wouldbuy a ticket.

couldbuy

UNREAL

IN THE PASTpast perfect

would/could +have + pastparticiple

If Ihad hadenough money,

I would havebought a ticket.

couldhave bought


1. I didnt feel good yesterday. If I ______________________________________ (to feel) better, I

______________________________________ (to come) to class yesterday.

2. I dont feel good today. If I ______________________________________ (to feel) better, I

______________________________________ (to take) a walk in the park today.

3. I have a cold today, but I will probably feel better tomorrow. If I _________________________

___________ (to feel) better tomorrow, I __________________________________ (to go) to class.

4. Im sorry that you didnt come to the party. If you _____________________________________

(to come), you ______________________________________ (to have) a good time.

5. I didnt know that Bob was sick. If I ______________________________________ (to know)


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that he was sick, I ______________________________________ (to take) him some chicken soup.

6. Im tired. If I ______________________________________ (not / to be) tired, I _____________

_________________________ (to help) you.

7. Snow is predicted for tomorrow. If it ______________________________________ (to snow)

tomorrow, I ______________________________________ (to stay) home.(Adapted from AZAR, 1992: 396)

EXERCISE 23: Make sentences with if. Follow the patterns in the examples.

Example: I dont have enough time. If I had enough time, I would/could go

shopping this afternoon .

Example: I didnt have enough time. If I had had enough time, I would

have/could have gone shopping yesterday afternoon .

1. I dont have enough money. ______________________________________________________.

2. I didnt have enough money. _____________________________________________________.

3. The weather isnt nice. __________________________________________________________.

4. The weather wasnt nice. ________________________________________________________.

5. Im in class right now. __________________________________________________________.


EXERCISE 24: Answer the questions in complete sentences.

1. Where would you be right now if you werent in class?

_______________________________________________________________________________.

2. What would you have done yesterday if you hadnt come to class?

_______________________________________________________________________________.

3. What would you do today if you had enough time?

_______________________________________________________________________________.

4. What would you have done yesterday if you had had enough time?

_______________________________________________________________________________.

5. What would you buy if you had enough money?

_______________________________________________________________________________.




1. If I will go to Bahia, I will visit the Pelourinho.

________________________________________________________________________________


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2. If John had money, he will buy a car.

________________________________________________________________________________

3. If Mary study, she pass the test.

________________________________________________________________________________

4. If I were you, I went to Paris.

________________________________________________________________________________

5. If I had been sick yesterday, I would go to the hospital.

________________________________________________________________________________

6. If my mother didnt work, she will be happier.

________________________________________________________________________________

7. Charles spoke better English if he studied hard.

________________________________________________________________________________8. If Dave were eighteen he would be able to vote.

________________________________________________________________________________

9. If I were rich, I would a house in the south of France.

________________________________________________________________________________

QUOTED SPEECH X REPORTED SPEECH* (Adapted from AZAR, 1992: 366)QUOTED SPEECH(a) Ann said, Im hungry!

(b) Tom said, I needmy pen.

Quoted speech = giving a speakers exact words.Quotation marks are used.*

REPORTED SPEECH(c) Annsaid (that)she was hungry.

(d) Tom said (that) heneededhis pen.

Reported speech = giving the idea of a speakerswords. Not all of the exact words are used; pronouns

and verb forms may change. Quotation marks areNOT used.

* Quoted speech is also called direct speech.Reportedspeech is also called indirect speech

EXERCISE 26: Change the pronouns from the quoted speech to reported speech.

1. Mr. Smith said, I need help with my luggage.

Mr. Smith said that he needed help with his luggage.

2. Mrs. Peacock said, I am going to visit my brother.

Mrs. Peacock said that __________ was going to visit __________ brother.

3. Sue and Tom said, We dont like our new apartment.

Sue and Tom said that __________ didnt like __________ new apartment.

4. Joe said to me, I will call you.

Joe said __________ would call __________.

5. Paul said to me, Ill meet you at your house after I finish my work at my house.

Paul said that __________ would meet __________ at __________ house after __________finished __________ work at __________ house.



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VERB FORMS IN REPORTED SPEECH (Adapted from AZAR, 2003: 423)(a) QUOTED: Joe said, Ifeelgood.

(b) REPORTED: Joe said hefelt good.

(c) QUOTED: Sue said, Iam happy!

(d) REPORTED: Sue said she washappy.

In formal English, if the reporting verb (e.g., said)

is in the past, the verb in the noun clause is often

also in a past form, as in (b) and (d).

-Ann

said, I am hungry.(e) A:What did Ann just say? I didnt hear her.

B: She said she is hungry.

(f) A:What did Annsay when she got home last

night?

B: She said she was hungry.

In informal English, often the verb in the nounclause is not changed to a past form, especially

when words are reported soonafterthey are said,as in (e).

In laterreporting, however, or in formal English, a

past verb is commonly used, as in (f).

(g) Annsays (that) she is hungry. If the reporting verb is present tense (e.g., says),nochange is made in the noun clause verb.

QUOTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

formal or later reporting

REPORTED SPEECH

informal or immediate reporting

He said, I work hard.

He said, Iam working hard.

He said, I workedhard.He said, Ihave workedhard.

He said, Iam going to work

hard.

He said, I willwork hard.

He said, Ican work hard.

He said he workedhard.

He said he was working hard.

He said hehad workedhard.He said hehad workedhard.

He said he was going to work

hard.

He said he would work hard.

He said hecould work hard.

He said he works hard.

He said he isworking hard.

He said he workedhard.He said hehas workedhard.

He said he isgoing to work

hard.

He said he willwork hard.

He said hecan work hard.

EXERCISE 27: Complete the reported speech sentences. Use formal verb forms.

1. Sara said, I need some help.

Sara said (that) she needed some help.

2. Linda said, Im meeting David for dinner.

Linda said (that) she ____________________ David for dinner.

3. Ms. Bell said, I have studied in Cairo.

Ms. Bell said (that) she ____________________ in Cairo.

4. Bill said, I forgot to pay my electric bill.

Bill said (that) he ____________________ to pay his electric bill.

5. Barbara said, I am going to fly to Hawaii for my vacation.

Barbara said (that) she ____________________ to Hawaii for her vacation.

6. I said, Ill carry the box up the stairs.

I said (that) I ____________________ the box up the stairs.

7. Tom said to me, I can teach you to drive.

Tom said (that) he ____________________ me to drive.


EXERCISE 28: Change the quoted speech to reported speech. Change the verb in quoted speech toa past form in reported speech if possible.

1. Jim said, Im sleepy. Jim said (that) he was sleepy .

2. Sally said, I dont like chocolate. _______________________________________________


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3. Tom said, I have already eaten lunch. ____________________________________________

4. Kate said, I called my doctor. ________________________________________________

5. Ann said, I have to finish my work. _____________________________________________

6. Mr. Rice said, Im going to go to Chicago. ________________________________________

7. Jane said, I cant afford to buy a new car. _________________________________________

8. Eric said to me, I will come to your house at ten. ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________


TIME EXPRESSIONS IN REPORTED SPEECH (Adapted from SINGLETON, 2003: 24-5)TIME DIRECT / QUOTED SPEECH INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH

PAST last (Monday / month / year)

(five minutes / two days) ago

yesterday

the day before yesterday

the (Monday / month / year)before

the previous (Monday / month / year)

(five minutes / two days) before

(five minutes / two days) earlier

the day beforethe previous day

two days before

two days earlier

PRESENT today

at the moment/at present

this (morning)

that dayon (Monday)

at that timethat (morning)

FUTURE tomorrow

the day after tomorrow

in (five minutes / two days)

next (Monday / year)

tonight

the next day

the following day

the day after

two days latertwo days after(five minutes / two days) later

the following (Monday / year)

thatnight

EXERCISE 29: Complete the reports of the sentences. Make sure your time expressions are

appropriate to the time of the report.

1. BEN: I got married last month.

________________________________________________________________________________

2. MARTIN AND MARTHA: We moved house last week.

________________________________________________________________________________

3. POLLY: Im just on my way to Athens and it rained in Greece this morning.

________________________________________________________________________________

4. JOHN: I broke my arm yesterday.

________________________________________________________________________________

5. BILL: My friend is arriving from Spain the day after tomorrow.

________________________________________________________________________________


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(Adapted from SINGLETON, 2003: 26)

COMMON REPORTING VERBS: SAY X TELL (Adapted from AZAR, 2003: 425)(a) Annsaidthat she was hungry.

(b) Anntold me that she was hungry.

(c) AnntoldTom that she was hungry.

INCORRECT: Ann told that she was hungryINCORRECT: Ann said me that she was hungry.

A main verb that introduces reported speech is called

a reporting verb. Say is the most common

reporting verb* and is usually followed immediately

by a noun clause, as in (a).Tellis also commonly used. Note thattoldis

followed byme in (b) and by Tom in (c).

Tellneeds to be followed immediately by an object

(pro)noun (e. g. me, Tom, someone) and then by a

noun clause.Other common reporting verbs:Annannounced,commented,complained, explained,remarked,statedthat she was

hungry.

EXERCISE 30:Complete the sentences withsaidortold.

1. Karen told me that she would be here at one oclock.

2. Tom said that he was going to get here around two.

3. Jack __________ that I had a message.

4. Jack __________ me that someone had called me around ten-thirty.

5. I had a short conversation with Alice yesterday. I __________ her that I would help her move

into her new apartment next week. She __________ that she would welcome the help. I

__________ her Jason had a truck. She __________ she would call him.

6. My uncle in Chicago called and __________ that he was organizing a surprise party for my

aunts 60th

birthday. He invited me. I __________ him that I would be happy to come. He

__________ it was the last weekend in August.

7. The patient __________ the doctor she had a sore throat.


REPORTING YES/NO QUESTIONS (Adapted from AZAR, 2003: 425)

Ask, notsay ortell, is used to report yes/no questions.

QUOTED REPORTED

Sam asked me, Are you hungry?

Sam asked Jane, Are you hungry?

(a) Samaskedme if Iwas hungry.

(b) SamaskedJane if she was hungry.

(c) INCORRECT: Sam asked me that I was

hungry.

If, NOTthat, is used afterask to introduce a noun

clause.

(d) Samasked ifI was hungry. The object (pro)noun (e.g., me) may be omitted afterask.

EXERCISE 31: Report the quotations below usingasked if.


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Example: ALEX: Are you married?

1. ALEX: Do you know my cousin?

2. ALEX: Are you tired?

3. ALEX: Can you speak French?

4. ALEX: Did you enjoy your vacation?

5. ALEX: Are you going to take another

English course?

6. ALEX: Will you be at home tonight?

7. ALEX: Have you ever been in Mexico?

8. ALEX: Can you hear me?

9. ALEX: Are you listening to me?

10. ALEX: Do you need any help?

Alex asked me if I was married.*

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

* Immediate reporting, informal:Alexasked me if Im married.

Formal sequence of tenses:Alex asked me ifI wasmarried.(Adapted from AZAR, 1992: 369-370)

REPORTING WH- QUESTIONS (Adapted from AZAR, 1992: 347)

Ask is also used to report WH- questions.

Notice that the question word orderis NOT used in a reported WH-question.

QUOTED: Sam asked me, Where do you live?REPORTED: (a) Samaskedme where I lived.

INCORRECT: Sam asked mewhere do you live.

QUOTED: Sam asked me, Where does Jane live?REPORTED: (b) Samaskedme whereJane lived.INCORRECT: Sam asked me where does Jane live.

When SIMPLE PRESENT is used in the quoted

speech, the SIMPLE PAST is used in the reportedspeech, as in (a) and (b).

Notice that the auxiliary verb (do, does) disappears

in the reported speech.

QUOTED: Sam asked me, When did they leave?REPORTED: (c) Sam askedme whenthey had left.INCORRECT: Sam asked me when did they leave.

When SIMPLE PAST is used in the quoted speech,

the PAST PERFECT is used in the reported

speech, as in (c).

Notice that the auxiliary verb (did) disappears in

the reported speech.

QUOTED: Sam asked me, Why is Tom absent?REPORTED: (d) Sam askedme why Tom was

absent.INCORRECT: Sam asked me why is Tom absent.

When verb TO BE is used in the SIMPLEPRESENT in the quoted speech, the verb changes

to its PAST form in the reported speech, as in (d).

Notice that the word order changes:

Quoted: WH-word + verb +subject + compl.?

Reported: WH-word +subject + verb + compl.

EXERCISE 32: Report what Maria said. Useasked. Pay attention to verb tenses and word order in

the reported speech.

Example: MARIA: Where do you live?

1. MARIA: Where is your apartment?

Maria asked me where I lived .

______________________________________


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2. MARIA: Where did you go yesterday?

3. MARIA: What do you need?

______________________________________

______________________________________

4. MARIA: Where are you going after class?

5. MARIA: When does the semester end?

6. MARIA: Who did you meet last Saturday?

7. MARIA: Why is the director absent?

8. MARIA: How often do you go downtown?

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________


EXERCISE 33: Report what Alex said. Use formal verb forms in the noun clause. Usesaid, told,

andaskedin reported speech.

Example: Alex: I need to talk to you after

class.

1. Alex: Ill call you tomorrow.

2. Alex: Can you hear what Im saying?

3. Alex: I need to talk to you after class.

4. Alex: Im getting hungry.

5. Alex: I walked to school this morning.

6. Alex: Your pronunciation is very good.

7. Alex: What kind of food do you like best?

8. Alex: Is Slvio Santosmarried?

9. Alex: How long have you been married?

10. Alex: Do you think its going to rain?

Adapted from AZAR, 2003: 426)

You:Alex told me / said he needed

to talk to me after class .

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

EXERCISE 34: Change the reported speech to direct speech. Use quotation marks.

1. Eric asked me if I had ever gone skydiving.

Eric asked , Have you ever gone skydiving?

2. Chris wanted to know if I would be at the meeting.

Chris asked ______________________________________________________________________

3. Kate wondered whether I was going to quit my job.

Kate asked ______________________________________________________________________

4. Anna asked her friend where his car was.

Anna asked ______________________________________________________________________5. Brian asked me what I had done after class yesterday.


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Brian asked ______________________________________________________________________


EXERCISE 35: Look at the picture.Complete the written report based on what the people in the

picture say. Use the formal sequence of tenses.

AT THE RESTAURANT

Oneday Susan and Paul were at a restaurant.

Susan picked up her menu and looked at it.

Paul left his menu on the table. Susan asked

Paul what he was going to

have . He said __________________

____________________anything because he

____________________________________.

He ___________________________ already

___________________________ Susan was

surprised. She asked him why _____________________________________________. He told her

_______________________________________________________________________________.


REPORTING REQUESTS, INVITATIONS AND ADVICE (Adapted from AZAR, 1992: 375)

QUOTED SPEECH(a) Joe said, Please come to my party.

(b) Joe said, Can you come to my party?

(c) Joe said, Would you like to come to my party?

REPORTED SPEECH

(d) Joeinvited me to come to his party.

S + V + O + INFINITIVE PHRASE

(e) Joe invited me to come tohis party.

(f) I told Ann to studyharder.

Some verbs are followed immediately by an object

(pro)noun and then an infinitive phrase. These verbs

(see the list below) are often used to report speech.

EXERCISE 36: Complete each sentence with an infinitive phrase which, combined with the main

verb (invited, advised, etc.), reports the idea of the speakers words.

1. Joe said, Please come to my party,

Joe invited me to come to his party .

2. Bill said, Dont touch that hot pot.

Bill warned me not to touch that hot pot. *

3. Mrs. Jacobson said, You may use the phone.

Mrs. Jacobson permitted me ________________________________________________________


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4. The doctor said, Take a deep breath.

The doctor told the patient __________________________________________________________

5. My mother said, Make an appointment with the dentist.

My mother reminded me ___________________________________________________________

6. My friend said, I think you should take a long vacation.

My friend encouraged me ___________________________________________________________

7. The Smiths said, Would you like to come to our house for dinner?

The Smiths invited us ______________________________________________________________

*To make an infinitive negative, putnotin front of it.




1. Sam and I talked about his classes. He told that he dont like his algebra class.

________________________________________________________________________________

2. A woman came into the room and ask me Where is your brother?

________________________________________________________________________________

3. I felt very relieved when the doctor said, you will be fine. Its nothing serious.

________________________________________________________________________________

4. My mother asked me that: When you will be home?

________________________________________________________________________________

5. Kathy asked me open the window.

________________________________________________________________________________

6. My friend told to me that she understood my problem.

________________________________________________________________________________

7. She asked me that I wanted to go to the music festival.

________________________________________________________________________________

8. Tom said me that he was hungry.

________________________________________________________________________________

9. Bob asked me where do you live.

________________________________________________________________________________

10. Ann told that she had enjoyed the party.

________________________________________________________________________________

11. I told Bobby dont pull the cats tail.

________________________________________________________________________________

12. David invited me for eating dinner with him.


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________________________________________________________________________________


Referncias Bibliogrficas

Este material foi elaborado a partir da adaptao de exerccios das seguintes obras:

AZAR, Betty S. Basic English Grammar. 2nd

. edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents/Longman,

1996.

AZAR, Betty S. Fundamentals of English Grammar. 2nd

. edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall

Regents/Longman, 1992.

AZAR, Betty S. Fundamentals of English Grammar. 3rd

. edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall

Regents/Longman, 2003.

BEAUMONT,Digby. The Heinemann Elementary English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 1993.HALL, Diane & FOLEY, Mark.Modal Verbs. So Paulo: SBS, 2002.

MURPHY, Raymond. Essential Grammar in Use 2nd

. edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 2000.

SELLEN, Derek. Grammar World. So Paulo: Black Cat / SBS. 2000.

SINGLETON, Ken. Conditionals. So Paulo: SBS, 2005.

SINGLETON, Ken.Reported Speech. So Paulo: SBS, 2003.


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Regular Verbs

Infinitive Past Meaning

(Portuguese)

Infinitive Past Meaning

(Portuguese)

Answer answered mix mixed

Arrive arrived open opened

Ask asked own owned

Call called paint painted

Cancel canceled plan planned

Carry carried play played

clean cleaned rain rained

climb climbed receive received

close closed relax relaxed

cook cooked remember remembered

cry cried rent rented

dance danced return returned

die died smile smiled

enjoy enjoyed smoke smokedexercise exercised start started

finish finished stay stayed

fix fixed stop stopped

happen happened study studied

hate hated talk talked

invite invited touch touched

kiss kissed travel traveled

like liked try tried

listen listened visit visited

live lived wait waited

look looked want wanted

love loved wash washed

marry married watch watched

miss missed work worked


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IRREGULAR VERB TABLEPresent Past Past

ParticipleMeaning

(Portuguese)Present Past Past

ParticipleMeaning

(Portuguese)

be was / were been leave left left

become became become let let let

begin began begun lend lent lent

bite bit bitten lose lost lost

break broke broken make made made

bring brought brought mean meant meant

build built built meet met met

burn* burnt burnt pay paid paid

buy bought bought put put put

catch caught caught quit quit quit

choose chose chosen read read read

come came come ride rode riddencost cost cost ring rang rung

cut cut cut run ran run

do did done say said said

draw drew drawn see saw seen

dream* dreamt dreamt sell sold sold

drink drank drunk send sent sent

drive drove driven show showed shown

eat ate eaten shoot shot shot

fall fell fallen shut shut shut

feel felt felt sing sang sung

fight fought fought sit sat sat

find found found sleep slept slept

fly flew flown speak spoke spoken

forget forgot forgotten spend spent spent

forgive forgave forgiven stand stood stood

get got gotten / got steal stole stolen

give gave given swim swam swum

go went gone take took taken

grow grew grown teach taught taught

have had had tell told told

hear heard heard think thought thought

hold held held understand understood understood

hurt hurt hurt wake* woke woken

keep kept kept wear wore worn

know knew known win won wonlearn* learnt learnt write wrote written

The verbs with an asterisk (*) can also be called regular with their past and past participle forms ending in ed

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