saxelovnebo mecnierebata ziebani #3(36), 2008 art science ...36)_2008.pdf · shota rustaveli...

SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinosuniversiteti

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and FilmUniversity

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani

#3 (36), 2008

ART SCIENCE STUDIES#3 (36), 2008

gamomcemloba ̀ kentavri~Tbilisi _ 2008

Sinaarsi

SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universiteti

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #3 (36), 2008

saredaqcio sabWozurab managaZe

nato gengiuri

oliko JRenti

literaturuliredaqtori

mariam iaSvili

garekanis dizaini

levan dadiani

dakabadonebaekaterine

oqropiriZe

koreqtura

manana goSaZe

gamomcemlobisxelmZRvaneli

maka vasaZe

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)s-364

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masalauzrunvelyofili unda iyosSesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tanunda axldes monacemebi avtorissamecniero kvalifikaciis SesaxebqarTul da inglisur enebze,agreTve naSromis inglisurenovanireziume.

krebulis stamburi gamocemaegzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSorisokvleviT centrebs.

naSromebi mogvawodeT dacnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblisgamziri #40, SoTa rusTavelisTeatrisa da kinos universiteti,II korpusi.tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 218 292E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

T e a t r m c o d n e o b a

maka vasaZe

robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis ....................8marika mamacaSvili

mZuls sityva kultura ......................................................................................16

k i n o m c o d n e o b a

nana doliZe

araaqtualuri televizia ...................................................................................29

k u l t u r o l o g i a

zviad kviciani

musikaluri kulturis sakiTxisaTvis antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi(arqeologiuri artefaqtebi) ..........................................................................38

universitetis samagistro programa

T a n a m e d r o v e k i n o T e o r i e b i d a

k r it ic iz m i

Teona esitaSvili

kinomonstrebi .........................................................................................................49Tamar TargamaZe

Trileri da SiSis teqnologia .......................................................................55mariam manjgalaZe

mozardis reprezentacia Tanamedrove amerikul kinematografSi(eri pozinis filmis ̀ Camskraberi~ magaliTze) ..........................................59rusudan papunaSvili

almodovari da misi homopersonaJebi ..............................................................64

XX saukunis xelovneba

nino gvazava

oqromqandakeblobis tradiciebis axali sicocxle(koba gurulis Semoqmedebis magaliTze) ............................................................70Tea marexaSvili

qarTveli mxatvari ruseTSidekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze ............75

54

CONTENTS

T H E AT R E S T U D I E SMAKA VASADZEFormation of Robert Sturua’s Theatrical Language(Interpretation of Georgian Classical Literature A La Robert Sturua) .....131MARIKA MAMATSASHVILII Hate The Word ‘Culture’ ................................................................................132F I L M S T U D I E SNANA DOLIDZEThe None Actual Tv .........................................................................................133

C U LT U R A L S T U D I E SZVIAD KVITSIANITo The Issueof Musical Culture in Georgia of The Ancient Period(Archeological Artifacts) .................................................................................135

UNIVERSITY’S MA PROGRAM

CO NTEM PORARY FILM TH EORIES AND CRITICISMTEONA ESITASHVILIFilm Monsters .....................................................................................................136TAMAR TARGAMADZEThriller and Technologies of Fear ....................................................................137MARIAM MANJGALADZEDepiction of Teenager in Contemporary American Film(On Basis of “Chumscrubber” By Arie Posin) ...............................................138RUSUDAN PAPUASHVILIAlmadovar And His Homocharacters ...........................................................139

T W E N T I E T H C E N T U R Y A R TNINO GVAZAVAThe Ancient Traditions of Goldsmiths in The Artcrafts of Koba Guruli ..140TEA MAREKHASHVILIGeorgian Artist in RussiaOn the International Exhibition of Decorative-Applied Arts .......................141

xaTuna melaZe

xelovnebis swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodikisZiriTadi sakiTxebi .........................................................................................83maia razmaZe

somerset moemis Teoriuli Sexeduleba saTeatroxelovnebis Sesaxeb .............................................................................................91eka qumsiaSvili

`art nuvos~ stilis genezisis sakiTxi uiliambleikis SemoqmedebaSi ....................................................................................98

q a r Tu l i q o r e o g r a f i i s m k v l e v a r i

aleko gelaSvili

parizis cekvis samefo akademia _ misi warmatebuli dawarumatebeli mxareebi ......................................................................................104eka geliaSvili

qaRaldze gadatanili cekva(cekvis Caweris sistemebi saqarTveloSi) .................................................111nino daraxveliZe

cekvis dadgmis mosamzadebeli periodis reJisorulikuTxiT gaazrebis sakiTxisaTvis ................................................................117Tamar munjiSvili

msoflio qoreografiis ostatebi(artur sen-leoni) ............................................................................................122saavtoro monacemebi .................................................................126

76

TeatrmcodneobaKHATUNA MELADZEThe Main Items of Contemporary Methods of ModernArt Teaching ..........................................................................................................142MAIKO RAZMADZETheoretical View of Somerset Maugham on Theatre Art .............................143EKA KUMSIASHVILIThe Point of Genesis of The Style “Art Nouveau”in William Blake’s Work .......................................................................................144

R ES EA RC H E R O F G EO R G I AN C H O RE O G RA PH YALEKO GELASHVILIParis Royal Academy of Dance – Its Successful andUnsuccessful Sides .............................................................................................145EKA GELIASHVILIDance Transfered on the Paper(Systems of Dance Recording in Georgia) ....................................................146NINO DARAKHVELIDZEFor Consideration of Dance Staging Preparatory Period withPoint of View of Director ..................................................................................147TAMAR MUNJISHVILIMasters of World Choreography(Arthur Saint-Leon -Artistic Profile) ................................................................ 148

98

warmomadgenlebi ukve mimarTaven e. w. piesis montaJirebisprinci ps, magram speqtaklis mTavari safuZveli, misikoncefciis amosavali wertili yovelTvis dramaturgiulimasala iyo. Cvens droSi dramaturgia (an romelime nawarmoebi,romelic idgmeba) erTgvar nedl masalas warmoadgens reJisorisxelSi. reJisorebi umetes SemTxvevaSi Tavis koncefciasuqvemdebareben piesas. maTi amdagvari midgoma dramaturgiisadmiuTuod drom da epoqam gansazRvra. Teatri dResdReobiT, isemZafrad aRar aris damokidebuli dramturgiaze. amgvariprocesi 50-iani wlebis bolodan daiwyo _ ara mxolodqarTul TeatrSi, aramed zogadad msoflio TeatralursamyaroSi.

mainc saidan iwyeba robert sturuas saTeatro enisformirebis procesi? Tavad ambobs, rom mas kinoreJisorobasurda, magram sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo igi xdeba TeatrisreJisori. da, saidan iwyebs? `... m. TumaniSvilma maswavlaSemecno Teatri, rogorc sixaruliT savse, magram TavdauzogaviSromis asparezi, roca vnebebs scenis rkinisebur logikasumorCileb da aboboqrebul warmosaxvas azris damarcxebissaSualebas ar aZlev. sxva maswavleblebic myavda. es iyododo aleqsiZe, romelsac Teatri esmoda rogorc zeimi. esiyo misi saocari, brwyinvale TeatralobiT aRbeWdilispeqtaklebi... es iyo lili ioseliani, romelic speqtaklzeTavisi skrupulozuri muSaobiT gamoirCeoda... es iyo saSamiqelaZe, romelic reJisoris profesias ironiiT uyurebdada amtkicebda, ar SeiZleba, rom WeSmariti Semoqmedi Zalzeseriozulad ekidebodes imas, rasac TviTon qmniso. me yvelaferamas viwovdi, magram Cems gzas veZebdi mainc...~1 amas TavadreJisori ambobs. me ki davumatebdi, rom e. w. `genetikurimaxsovrobiT~, robert sturua (Tu mxolod qarTul TeatrsSevexebiT) kote marjaniSvilis `mowafec~ aris. vinaidanqarTul TeatrSi kino-montaJis princi pi, rodesac scenazeerTdroulad, erT epizodSi ramdenime qmedeba TamaSdeba, sworedkote marjaniSvilma daamkvidra. dRes sturua saTeatroreJisuris yvela gasaRebsa Tu saidumlos flobs.

robert sturuasTvis, piesa swored nedl masalas

maka vasaZe

robert sturuas saTeatro enis

formirebis sakiTxisaTvis

(qarTuli klasikis sturuaseuli interpretacia)

qarTul TeatrSi klasikuri dramaturgiis dadgmis diditradicia arsebobs, Tanac, novatoruli dadgmis tradicia.qarTveli reJisorebi da msaxiobebi Tavisi epoqidan, Tavisidroidan, erovnul-sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinareaxdendnen ama Tu im klasikuri nawarmoebis interpretaciasda yovelTvis axal sityvas ambobdnen misi wakiTxvisas. pirveliqarTveli tragikosidan, l. mesxiSvilidan moyolebuli dRemde,qarTuli ATeatris istoriaSi araerTi, klasikur piesaTapersonaJebis waruSleli saxe darCa. darCa agreTveganumeorebeli, axleburi reJisoruli interpretaciebiklasikuri nawarmoebebisa. gavixsenoT Tundac l. mesxiSvilismier Seqmnili iseTi saxeebi rogoricaa: hamleti, franc moori,eqimi stokmani, romlebic boboqari suliskveTebiT iyo aRsavse.gavixsenoT marjaniSvilis mier ganxorcielebuli lope devegas ̀ cxvris wyaro~, romlis gamarjvebiTac gadawyda qarTuliTeatris yofna - aryofnis sakiTxi. gavixsenoT mis miervedadgmuli `hamleti~ uSangi CxeiZis SesrulebiT. axmetelismier ganxorcielebuli Sileris `yaCaRebi~ akaki xoravaskarl mooriTa da akaki vasaZis franc mooriT. akaki xoravasotelo, akaki vasaZis iago, sergo zaqariaZis kreoni (m.TumaniSvilis mier ganxorcielebul J. anuis `antigoneSi~),(dRes laparaki SeuZlebelia ramaz CxikvaZis azdakisa, riCardIII-es gareSe) da kidev mravali sxva. zemoT CamoTvlilspeqtaklebSi wamoWrili problemebi yovelTvis Tavisi droisada epoqis Sesabamisi iyo. swored amaSi mdgomareobda maTidadgmebis novatoroba. am, WeSmaritad karg tradicias, arcaxla Ralatobs qarTuli Teatri.

XX saukunis dasawyisidan evropuli saTeatro skolis

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akademiur TeatrSi amgvari speqtaklebis dadgma. mokledrom vTqvaT, `xanumam~ sazogadoebis didi `vnebaTRelva~gamoiwvia. robert sturuam aqvsenti cagarelis nawarmoebimTlianad amoatriala, gaaTanamedrova, piesis e. w. ̀ modernizeba~gaakeTa. daemata prologi, Camatebuli iqna teqsti, msaxiobebixSirad improvizacias mimarTavdnen. Seiqmna SesaniSnaviaqtioruli ansambli. scenaze cocxldeboda aqvsenti cagareliskomediuri situaciebi, mkveTri, sisxlsavse xasiaTebiT siTboTida qarTuli artistizmiT aRsavse. ar iyo cxovrebisseriozuloba, problemebze fiqri, mxolod da mxolod garToba,sicili. ̀ wyarosaviT moedineba artistuli mravalferovneba,gardasuli saukunis cxovreba modis Tavisi primitiuligulaxdilobiT, modis sixalisiT, zeimurad. reJisori poulobscocxal nervs xalxur Teatralur tradiciebTan mimarTebaSi,asxvaferebs mas da isev ubrunebs pirvelsawyisebs. aq yvelaferiTamaSobs, araseriozulis sazRvramde midis seriozuli dawinaaRmegobaTa groteskul ganzogadoebaSi isaxeba garkveuliTeatraluri tendencia~.4

`xanuma~ didi kamaTis sagani xdeba. eSiniaT imisa, romTeatri kargavs problemurobas, ideaTa Tu socialur simZafres,aqtualobas. 1882 wels dawera aqvsenti cagarelma `xanuma~.mas Semdeg es piesa mravaljer daidga qarTul scenaze.`xanuma~ Tavis droze aqtualuri, socialuri nawarmoebiiyo. swored Tavisi socialuri winaaRmdegobidan iqcevakomediis safuZvlad gadamdgari, xandazmuli generlis, ATavadvano fantiaSvilis mier vaWar mikiC tyuilkotriancis sasurvelsasiZod miCneva. dRevandeli sazogadoebisaTvis isev aqtualurigaxda `xanumas~ socialuri motivi (ra Tqma unda sxvasaxiT). maSin, ki, robert sturuam `xanumas~ Camoacilasocialuri safuZveli da mayurebels uCvena mecxrametesaukunis ATbilisis suraTebi. sturuam Seqmna Tavisi ̀ xanuma~,komediis komediasTan SeerTebiT. `Это был спекталь–двойник,слитые воедино «Ханума» и «Анти-ханума». Артисты игралипьесу Цагарели и одновременно разрушали её.5

reJisorma ZveliATbilisi, misTvis damaxasaiTebeli qalaqurifolkloriT, mayurebels Tanamedrove saestrado

warmoadgens sakuTari koncefciis warmosaCenad. a. mileris`seilemis procesi~ pirveli seriozuli ganacxadi iyo misSemoqmedebaSi. amas Tavadac ambobs dRes. magram Tavis drozedramaturgmac moiwona sturuaseuli dadgma. `darbaisluriwarmodgenaa da ara sentimentaluri, rogorc es zogierTscenaze minaxavs. momewona, Zalze STambeWdavia... mizanswrafulia,Zlieria moqmedeba, mTliani da monoliTuri~... ambobs arturmileri.2 profesori levan xeTaguri ki Tvlis, rom aqedaniwyeba misi `politikuri Teatris~ modelis Camoyalibeba.3

robert sturuam mimarTa brextis Teatrs, SeiTvisa igida amasTanave, daukavSira qarTuli erovnuli Teatralurikulturis tradiciebs. Ziebani axalac mimdinareobs misSemoqmedebaSi, magram erTi ram naTelia _ robert sturuasfenomeni, rogorc Teatris genialuri reJisorisa - arsebobs.

robert sturua Tavis SemoqmedebaSi ikvlevs tiraniis,tiranul saxelmwifoSi adamianis Tavisuflebis, pirovnebisada sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebis problemebs.

robert sturuas mier rusTavelis TeatrSi qarTuliklasikuri piesebis dadgmam met-naklebi warmateba moipova.yovel SemTxvevaSi metad mwvave diskusia gamoiwvia qarTulsazogadoebaSi. amis mizezi, albaT is gaxlavT, rom klasikurinawarmoebebi sruliad axleburad iqna wakiTxuli da dadgmulireJisoris mier.

speqtakli ̀ xanuma~ Zalze Teatraluri (am sityvis kargigagebiT), reJisoruli gamonagonebebis siuxviT aRsavse,musikaluri warmodgena iyo, sadac Tavi iCina warmosaxvis,warmoCenis Teatris stilistikam. speqtaklma gansakuTrebuliroli iTamaSa robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi, misi SemdgomireJisoruli stilistikis CamoyalibebaSi. mayurebeliaraCveulebrivi aRtacebiT Sexvda speqtakls. aRtacebamayureblis mxridan am uproblemo, mxolod da mxolodsanaxaobiTi speqtaklisadmi imdenad didi iyo, rom qarTulTeatralur samyaroSi egreT wodebuli `gangaSi~ gamoiwvia.`xanumas~ avkargianobis Sesaxeb diskusiebi imarTeboda,romlebSic literaturis kritikosebic iRebdnen monawileobas.kamaTobdnen imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad mizanSewonilia

maka vasaZe robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis

1312

marTlac robert sturua yovelTvis miiswrafviskonkretulidan zogadisken. mis speqtaklebSi, konkretuli,zogad xasiaTs iZens. gmiris moqmedebas reJisori xSiradsocialuri movlenebis Tvalsazrisidan aSuqebs, xsnis.

cnobilia, rom dramatuli xelovnebis yoveli mniSvenlovaninawarmoebi, mravalgvari interpretaciis safuZvels iZleva.yvelaze Zneli isaa, axleburi interpretaciis dros SeinarCunonawarmoebis ZiriTadi arsi, Sinagani struqtura, koncefciada Janruli specifika. rusTavelis Teatris sturuaseulispeqtaklebi swored amis saukeTeso magaliTia. `Ralatsa~da `yvaryvareSi~ teqsti zogan Camatebulia, darRveuliamoqmedebis Tanmimdevroba. mokled, rom vTqvaT, robert sturuaqarTuli klasikuri nawarmoebebis axal montaJs gvTavazobs.magaliTad, ̀ yvaryvareSi~, Setanilia polikarpe kakabaZis sxvapiesebidan amonakrebi citatebi, sadac yvaryvares variaciulisaxeebia mocemuli (`kaxaberis xmali~, `cxovrebis jara~).ufro metic, reJisorma Caamata scena bertold brextispiesidanA`arturo uis kariera.~ risTvis dasWirda am scenisCamateba, amis Sesaxeb ufro qveviT vilaparakeb. `RalatSi~reJisori ar mimarTavs sxva piesebidan scenebis gadmotanas,magram aqac aqvs adgili teqstualur cvlilebebs,gadaadgilebebs, Camatebebsa da kupiurebs. magram, rogorcukve aRvniSne, nawarmoebSi amgvari CareviT, ar icvleba piesisdedaazri, piriqiT, kidev ufro gamwvavebuli xdeba.

`samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ robert sturuamATemurCxeiZesTan erTad 1969 wels dadga, da, albaT, ra sirTuliswinaSe aRmoCndeboda damdgmeli koleqtivi, rodesac daviTkldiaSvilis SesaniSnavi moTxrobis inscenirebas Seudgeboda.sirTuleebi bevri iqneboda. pirvel rigSi forma, ra formiTunda miesadagebina am nawarmoebis socialuri problematikaCvens Tanamedrove yofasTan. speqtakli pirobiT aspeqtSigadawyvites da es pirobiToba savsebiT gamarTlebuli aRmoCnda,imdenad bunebrivad moxda yvelaferi.

speqtakli daviT kldiaSvilis saxl-muzeumSi damTvalierebelTamosvliT iwyeboda, da mTeli moqmedeba am muzeumis erT oTaxsada aivanze mimdinareobda. giorgi gegeWkori xelSi iRebda

musikisATanxlebiT warudgina. speqtaklSi aRreulia sxvadasxvaJanrebi. swored `xanumaSi~ Caisaxa pirvelad bevri ram, racSemdgom r. sturuas reJisoruli stilistikisaTvis gaxdadamaxasiaTebeli. SeiZleba iTqvas, reJisorma monaxa isgaregnuli formebi, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi, romlebicmas daexmareboda Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi gzis Semdgomiorientaciis ganazRvraSi. da, romelsac dRes me, SeiZlebaaraswori termini, magram mainc, `sturuaseuli ekleqturiTeatri~ vuwode.6 `xanuma~, ase vTqvaT, `sasinji qva~,`gardamavali~ wertili iyo fsiqologiuri mimarTulebisTeatridan axali, brextiseuli Teatris princi pebisaken,romelic robert sturuam qarTul xasiaTTan daaxlova.amasTanave, `xanumaSi~ gamovlinda qarTuli artistizmi,qarTuli artistuli `suli~. salome yanCelis, erosimanjgalaZis da ramaz CxikvaZis trio kidev ufro met xalissada sococxles matebda speqtakls. mayurebelTan kontaqtisgasaRrmaveblad axali formebis Ziebis moments ki, speqtakl`xanumas~ mowinaaRmdegeni uaryofiTad afasebdnen damiiCnevdnen, rom ̀ xanumas~ msgavsi speqtaklebi Teatrs mxolodgarTobis sagnad gadaaqcevda da Camoacilebda mas `sulisgansawmendi~ da `amaRlebuli taZris~ daniSnulebas. magram,rogorc drom gviCvena, robert sturuam (Tavis SemdgomspeqtaklebSi) ki ar Camoacila, aramed, gaamZafra `Teatri-tribunis~ roli. ra Tqma unda, rodesac xelovnebis raRacprocesebi Sens Tvalwin mimdinareobs, Znelia dainaxo daSeafaso isini. amas dro da distancia sWirdeba. axla, rodesacdrom ganvlo, aRmoCnda, rom `xanumas dadgma, mxolod damxolod, reJisoris ̀ akviatebuli~ survilis nayofi ar yofila.misi rusTavelis Teatris scenaze ganxorcieleba, winaswarmofiqrebuli nabiji iyo, an, SeiZleba is, ̀ winaswarmetyveluri~unari, rac geniosebs xSirad axasiaTebT xolme.

rusi kritikosi v. ivanovi zust Sefasebas aZlevs robertsturuas reJisorul azrovnebas: «Художественное мышлениеР. Стуруа развёрнуто в ширь общества, режиссёр глядит начеловека глазами общества. У Р. Стуруа анализ внутреннегомира человека вытекает из исследования социальних проблем.7


1514

xelovnebaSi~... da, warmodgena iwyeboda. ̀ yvaryvare TuTaberis~dasawyisi sturuam sruliad Secvala. polikarpe kakabaZispiesas yvaryvare iwyebs, romelic sayveduris toniT mimarTavsmewisqviles: `kmara mudam xom ar unda iRiRino?!~, vinaidanmewisqvile xels uSlis nacris moqeqvasa da momavali gegmebisdawyobaSi. robert sturuam Secvala ara mxolod garemo,aramed piesis moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevrobac. reJisormaspeqtakls SemTxveviT rodi daarqva `yvaryvare~ (piesisagangansxvavebiT). es gaazrebulad moxda. robert sturuammayurebels afiSidanve ganucxada, rom speqtakli raRaciTgansxvavebuli iqneboda piesisagan, rom speqtaklSi yvaryvaressaxe ufro globaluri masStabiT iqneboda warmodgenili.

gagrZeleba iqneba

1. ix.: gaz. `kultura~. #2,(40). 20082. ix.: iqve;3. ix.: iqve;4. Teatri da dro, v. kiknaZe. gamomc. ̀ xelovneba~, Tbilisi. 19845. «Советская музыка» , Орджоникидзе. Г. «Становление», №10. 19766. ix.: gaz. ̀ kultura~ #2 (40), 2008.7.«Дружба народов», В. Иванов «Человек в обществе мир в человеке.Размышления о театре имени Руставели». №6. 1977.

daviT kldiaSvilis gamocemis eqsponirebul egzemplars daiwyebda kiTxvas. TandaTanobiT Sedioda giorgi gegeWkorisaxeSi da im adgilas, sadac warmoTqvamda `mRupav mama?!~igi ukve platon samaniSvilad iqceoda. aseve ubralod,bunebrivad erTveboda moTxrobis gasceniurebaSi bekinac. sergozaqariaZe mxrebze gadaigdebda TeTr yabalaxs, romelic agreTvemuzeumis eqsponats warmoadgenda da TamaSs iwyebda. aseveSediodnen TavianT saxeebSi damTvalierebelTa jgufis sxvawarmomadgenlebi. amgvari scenuri atmosfero mayurebelswarmosaxvis, fantaziis uflebas utovebda.

`yvaryvares~, romelsac robert sturuam daarqvasamnawiliani sanaxaoba polikarpe kakabaZis piesebis mixedviT,iwyebda moxetiale dasi. scenaze eklesiis interieri iyowarmodgenili, taZris kedelze `yinwvisis angelozis~uzarmazari freska, mas marjvena xeli Sav CarCoSi hqondaCasmuli. Camoqceuliyo ̀ wminda giorgis~ freska, xolo samiznetiris wreebi eklesiis kedelze mkveTrad iyo gamosaxuli.simbolika savsebiT naTelia, qveyana ̀ uRvTodaa~ mitovebuli.taZris kedlebze moCanda agreTve XIX saukunis dasasrulisada XX saukunis dasawyisis gamoCenil adamianTa saxeebi. aqveiyo daisruli sebastiane. mTeli am dekoraciis daniSnulebaSemdegSi mdgomareobda: eCvenebinaT scenaze mimdinare movlenaTasayovelTaoba, globaluroba. swored aq, am taZarSi, gaemarTaTAwisqvili (mxatvrebi g. imerliSvili, i. mSveliZe); am daqceuleklesiaSi modioda moxetiale dasi da marTavda speqtakls.warmodgenis aseTi xerxiT gadawyveta reJisors saSualebasaZlevda gadaeadgilebina epizodebi, Seeqmna improvizaciissaSualeba da rac mTavaria, naTlad warmoeCina dadgmiskoncefcia. speqtaklis wamyvanebi iyvnen: dasis xelmZRvaneli(jemal RaRaniZe) da patara momRerali biWuna (nanulisarajiSvili), romlebic speqtaklis prologs simReriTa dareCitativiT warmoTqvamdnen. isini mayurebels amcnobdnen,rom moxetiale dass ganuzraxavs speqtaklis gamarTva, romisini speqtaklis wamyvanebi arian da swored prologSigangvimartavdnen ̀ TavianTi Teatrisa Tu koleqtivis~ esTetikas_ ̀ maS, Cemo daso, miwieri codo-madlis kanonebs nu gaduxvev


1716

cxovrebasa da kulturaSi Carevas. speqtaklma didisaerTaSoriso skandali gamoiwvia. Semdeg Tqven am dadgmismixedviT gadaiReT filmi ̀ momatyueT me~. rogor fiqrobT,politikur cxovrebaSi momxdar romel movlenas undagamoexmauros uciloblad Teatri?

p. b.: jer kidev 60-ian wlebSi, roca davdgiT speqtakli ̀ Cven~,politikuri Teatris arseboba SeuZlebeli iyo, politikuriTeatris erTaderTi mizani xom isaa, rom sargebloba moutanossazogadoebas. magram rogor unda gaakeTo es, roca msoflioSiaseTi rTuli situaciaa? politikuri cxovrebis gamartiveba,msoflios dayofa mtrebad da megobrebad, cudebad da kargebad– ubralod sisulelea. SeiZleba piesis dadgma ruseTze. esZlier saintereso iqneboda. am piesaSi marTebuli iqnebodaTqveni qveynis urTierTsawinaaRmdego mxareebis gaSiSvleba,magram arafriT ar SeiZleba aCveno cudi oligarqebi dakargi prezidentebi – es sibriyve iqneba. unda moicva rusulicxovrebis bevrad farTo aspeqtebi, azris gamoTqmis saSualebamisce sruliad gansxvavebul adamianebs.

sul axlaxan, parizSi, Cven dostoevskis `didiinkvizitori~ davdgiT. am dadgmis repeticiebs sxvaspeqtaklTan erTad gavdiodiT. es ukanaskneli vaCveneTberlinSi. `Tierno Bokar~ _ ase hqvia speqtakls, romelSicSeiZleba naxo kargi da cudi islami... evropeli mayurebeli`Tierno Bokar” – is yurebisas usaTuod fiqrobs: `madlobaRmerTs, rom qristiani var!~ Semdeg ki publikas SeuZliawavides `did inkvizitorze~ da gaigos, rom odesRac CvenimSobliuri inkvizicia iseve saSineli iyo, rogorc Tanamedroveislamuri terorizmi.

rac Seexeba sufTa politikur Teatrs, is misaRebibertold brextis epoqaSi gaxldaT. im gulubryvilo dReebSi,roca Tavisuflad SeiZleboda gangecxadebina: kapitalizmi –cudia, komunizmi - ki, kargi an piriqiT.

b. brexts SeiZleba pativi sce, rogorc SesaniSnavdramaturgsa da reJisors. magram misi piesebis morali imdenadmartivia, rom ver esadageba dRevandel ukiduresad rTulviTarebas. aq vawydebiT paradoqss: Tu Sen eTanxmebi brextis

marika mamacaSvili

mZuls sityva kultura

piter bruki msoflio mniSvnelobis reJisorad 60-ianiwlebidan aRiares. misi speqtaklebi Teatris istoriis yvelasaxelmZRvaneloSia Sesuli. reJisoris warmodgenebSi didi jongilgudi da pol skofildi TamaSobdnen. Teatris bunebaze gordonkregTan, eJi grotovskisTan, bertold brextTan kamaTobda,TanamSromlobda salvador dalisTan da toogi tukitorisTan.

Tavisi xangrZlivi profesiuli moRvaweobis manZilze 50speqtaklze meti dadga, gadaiRo 10-ze meti filmi. brukisganuwyveteli fiqri Teatris kanonebisa da bunebis Sesaxeb,dauRalavi Zieba ̀ cocxali Teatrisa~ mis wignebSi, gamocemebsaTu presisTvis micemul interviuebSi aisaxa.

piter bruki msoflio moqalaqea! misTvis ar arsebobssazRvrebi, gansxvavebuli kulturebi... reJisoris mizania dadgasspeqtaklebi, romlebic msoflios nebismier wertilSi erTnairadgasagebi da amaRelvebeli iqneba.

2008 wlis 1 seqtembers mxcovan reJisorsa da araerTijildos mflobels kidev erTi aRiareba xvda wilad. ibsenis IsaerTaSoriso (internacionaluri) premiis mflobeli sworedis gaxda. ceremonia oslos nacionalur TeatrSi Sedga.

h. ibsenis internacionaluri premiis dajildoebas norvegiismTavrobam 2007 wels Cauyara safuZveli. jildovdebian ispirebi, organizaciebi, romlebic eqstraordinarulad dainaxaven,Caswvdebian henrik ibsenis sulier samyaros. da, Tu ara bruks,vis unda mieRo es premia. bruki, romelic aramarto ibsens,aramed nebismier movlenas, sagans Taviseburad xedavs, sakuTarinterpretacias da kanonebs umorCilebs.

gTavazobT intervius, romelic piter brukma gazeT`Известия~-s1 korespondents _ artur solomonovs – misca,Cemi azriT, es saubari bevr saintereso mosazrebas Seicavs,rogorc profesionalebisTvis, aseve Teatris moyvarulTaTvis.a. s.: speqtakli `Cven~ (1966) eZRvneboda vietnamis oms, _

amerikeli jariskacebis mxecur saqciels, maT sxva qveynis

1918

praqtikosebis dajgufebis wevri gaxldiT, romlebic miznadisaxavdnen publikis Sokirebas – tabus damsxvrevas.

roca brodveize `marat sads~ vdgamdi, swored maSingamoviyvane scenaze SiSveli adamiani. es gaxda movlena, aqcia.dRes ki, msoflios masStabiT, scenaze gundurad daborialebenSiSvlebi da gana vinmes akvirvebs es? SesaZloa, magram maTiricxvi Zalze mcirea. me ki sxva ram makvirvebs: ratomiyeneben reJisorebi im xerxebs, romlebic ukve 50 wlisaa daromlebic aRaravis aocebs. es Stampi naxevar saukunezemetisaa! tabu – rogorc aseTi, aRar arsebobs. isini ki sulraRacas angreven da angreven. es araa Teatri.

rac Seexeba Tqvens SekiTxvas – dResac mZuls davewinaaRmdegebi tradiciuli Teatris muSaobis sistemiswinaaRmdeg brZolasa da siZulvils! ruseTsa da evropaSimuSaobis es sistema ramdenime saukunea arsebobs: avtoriwers teqsts, aZlevs reJisors, is kiTxulobs, midis msaxiobTan,uxsnis mas, rogor unda imuSaos. Semdeg repeticiebi, romlebzecreJisori aCvenebs msaxiobebs, ra unda iTamaSon. amis Semdegki msaxiobi aCvenebs publikas, ra iswavla repeticiebze.yvela es nabiji xelovnuria. namdvil TeatrSi yvelaferi eserTiani unda iyos. Cvens parizis Teatraluri kvlevissaerTaSoriso centrSi samuSao asea organizebuli.

magram evropuli Teatris yvelaze saSineli idea –premieraa. yvelafers vakeTeb imisTvis, rom ar mqondes premieraCveuli tradiciuli gagebiT, anu ar minda, rom Cems speqtaklzemovidnen kritikosebi, viRac mniSvnelovani adamianebi. premiera– danaSaulia speqtaklis winaaRmdeg. minaxavs, ramdeni kargidadgma ganadgurebula aseTi publikis (sapremiero publikis)gamo, kritikosebis naCqarevi naazrevis da `mniSvnelovani~personebis qedmaRluri reaqciebis gamo. premiera erT-erTietapis msgavsad da ara gamocdad, an samuSaos finalur stadiadunda miiRo speqtaklis cxovrebaSi. speqtakli mzadaa, rocamas 50-jer iTamaSeben _ ambobda meierholdi. da es simarTlea.Teatri, romelSic arsebobs speqtaklis iseTi damaxinjebulimovlena, rogoric premieraa, ganwirulia.

a. s.: miuxedavad amisa, yvela festivalSi iRebT monawileobas,

piesebis morals, Tu Sen iziareb samyaros miseul xedvas,maSin ver SeZleb brextis mixedviT kargi speqtaklis Seqmnas.politikuri Teatri Tavis arsiT _ stalinuria. arsebobsdidi gmiri, uSvelebeli boroteba, maTi brZola da wertili!morCa, meti araferia saWiro!

a. s. Tqveni speqtakli ̀ Cven~ dResac, erayis omis dros, aqtualuriSeiZleboda yofiliyo.

p. b.: yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva: ra dgas dRes mimdinarereligiuri omis ukan, visi interesebi – saxelmwifos, TuTiToeuli adamianis? politikosebisTvis religiainstrumentia, magram TiToeuls, vinc awarmoebs religiuroms, aqvs Zalian gasagebi, adamianuri mizezebi. rogoria isini?ras niSnavs, waxvide sikvdilze alahis saxeliT, ra dgasreligiuri zizRis, mrisxanebis, masiuri mkvlelobebis miRma?am kiTxvaze ar SeiZleba pasuxi iyos Teoriuli.

me axal piesas imisTvis vdgam, rom mayurebelSi eWviaRvZra. imedi maqvs, rom scenaze figurebis moZraoba, xma,siCume, teqsti – yvelaferi es erTad aRebuli, ufro metadimoqmedebs mayurebelze, vidre carieli axali ambebis nusxa.xolo sakiTxebi, romlebic televiziasa da gazeTebSi wydeba,Cven ar unda gvainteresebdes. dae, amiT burJuaziuli Teatridakavdes.

premiera – es speqtaklis winaaRmdeg mimarTulidanaSaulia

a. s.: karieris dasawyisSi, 40-ian wlebSi, burJuaziuli TeatrismowinaaRmdege iyaviT. magram xelovnebis kanoni aseTia, dasawyisSireJisori protests ucxadebs burJuaziul Teatrs, droTaganmavlobaSi ki misi nawili xdeba. ras akeTebT, rom winaRudgeT am process?

p. b.: im xerxebs, romlebsac Cven vxmarobdiT burJuaziuli TeatriswinaaRmdeg, saxaliso ram daemarTaT _ axla isini am Teatrisganuyofel nawilad iqcnen. moviyvan umartives magaliTs. 50-ian wlebSi inglisSi burJuaziuli Teatri – komfortuli,myudro, zneobrivi – yvelgan batonobda. me ki im Teatraluri

marika mamacaSvili mZuls sityva kultura

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skola saukeTesoa qveyanaSi.~ ukve maSin mesmoda, rom essisulelea. roca gavizarde, dadga Semdegi etapi! miTxres,rom Cemi qveyana saukeTesoa. rogor SemeZlo amaze reagireba?...

wadiT mTaSi, CrdiloeTSi!

a. s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi msaxiobebis mcire jgufTanerTad afrikaSi gaemgzavreT. im publikasTan SexvedriT,romelmac ar icoda Teatri, SesaZlebloba mogcaT eWvqveSdageyenebinaT yvelaferi, risganac Sedgeba Cveulebrivi Teatri,_ scenis mowyobiloba, msaxiobisa da personaJis urTierToba,publikasTan kontaqti, fiqsirebuli teqsti. SesaZloa gasulsaukuneSi yvelaze Rirebuli kontaqti gansxvavebulikulturebisa swored iq Sedga. ras urCevdiT axalgazrdareJisors, romelsac surs gaigos Teatris sawyisebi, dakavdesTeatraluri eqsperimentiT? masac sWirdeba sadme gamgzavreba?

p. b. zogjer mekiTxebian: ratom ar gaqvT sakuTari Teatraluriskola? vfiqrob, rom axalgazrda reJisorisTvis saukeTesoskolaa Seqmnas TanamoazreTa jgufi da gaemgzavrossamogzaurod. sadac unda, Sors Teatrisgan, romelsac CvenmiveCvieT, Teatraluri institutebisgan, festivalebisgan dajildoebisgan... gaemgzavros am speqtaklebis warmoebismanqanisgan rac SeiZleba Sors, CrdiloeTSi, mTebSi (icinis),ara aqvs mniSvneloba sad _ mTavaria ipovos mayurebeli,romelic ar aris Sepyrobili TeatriT, romelmac zustad aricis, ra da rogor unda iyos speqtaklSi, amitomac ar moaxdensdamRupvel zemoqmedebas Tqvens namuSevarze.afrikaSi Cven wavawydiT gauTviTcnobierebul, magram ara

primitiul mayurebels. sruliad axali publikis winaSegamosvlisas axalgazrda reJisorma unda daiwyos kvleva. saqmesimprovizaciiT unda Seudges. man unda ipovnos Tema, romelicgaaerTianebs im xalxTan, romelTanac mas kontaqtis damyarebasurs.

warmoidgineT, rom gaemgzavrebiT marsze Tqven jgufTan erTadda iq marsianelebs unda aCvenoT `alublis baRi~. ar unda

xolo safestivalo publika Tavisi umravlesobiT sworedis publikaa, romelsac Tqven ar scnobT: Semfaseblebi,specialistebi, reJisorebi, kritikosebi.

b. p.: publika, mosuli I speqtaklze, araadamianuria. sxvanairadver vityvi, Tumca speqtakls gansxavavebul auditoriasTanWirdeba kontaqti. amitomac Camomaqvs Cemi dadgmebi sxvadasxvaTeatralur forumebze.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi – gansxvavebuli amomavali wertilia,saidanac mayurebels da speqtakls Soris kontaqti iwyeba.Tu gsurs inglisel mayurebelTan daamyaro kontaqti, iseunda gaakeTo, rom darbazSi ixarxaron. es yvelazeelementaruli donea adamianebs Soris urTierTobisa, magraminglisSi publika sicilzea orientirebuli.

germaniaSi ki aqtualuri politikuri problemebi undadaayeno. unda dadga speqtakli an Tanamedrove politikursituaciaze, an Tavi unda moaCveno, rom saubrob politikaze.sinamdvileSi ki unda ilaparako imaze, rac gainteresebs.Tumca, politikuri Teatris keTeba uadvilesia.: magaliTad,SeiZleba prezidentis preskonferenciaze kamera daayeno daam saxiT warmoaCino is iseTi rakursiT, rom es revoluciistolfasi iqneba (icinis).

a. s. roca Tqven ambobT sityvas ̀ kultura~, TiTqos mas brWyalebSisvamT. ratom saubrobT amaze ironiiT?

p. b. Cveni samyaros Seuracxadobis mniSvnelovani nawili CadebuliasityvaSi ̀ kultura~. gulwrfelad getyviT, mZuls es sityva.Tu Sen iwyeb kulturebis Sedarebas, maT Sefasebas – esrasizmis dasawyisia. TiToeuli, Segnebulad, Tu gaucnobiereblad,Tvlis, rom kultura, romelsac is miekuTvneba, saukeTesoa.mTeli samyaro kulturis ideis tyvea. magram TiToeulikultura, calke aRebuli, arasrulia. yvela kultura –rusuli, germanuli, inglisuri, Cinuri – msoflio kulturisnawilia, im kulturisa, romelic arc erTi CvenganisTvisaraa cnobili.

a. s. albaT bevri unda gemogzauraT, rom gagecnobierebinaTkulturebis sawyisi Tanasworoba?

p. b. roca skolis moswavle viyavi, maswavlebelma miTxra: ̀ Seni


2322

dasaSvebia, magram CemTvis is daklaknilia!~ 60-wlianiTeatraluri praqtikis manZilze ar gagCeniaT azri, romgrotovski marTalia, rom Tqveni Teatraluri ideebi ufrosrulfasovan xorcSesxmas hpovebdnen, Tu Tqven maTpublikisgan Sors ganaviTarebdiT da Tan speqtaklze mxolodxeldasmulebs dauSvebdiT?

p. b.: ar var sakuTari ideebis realizaciiT dakavebuli! saZaglobaa,roca reJisori kavdeba ideebiT. es ar Sedis mis profesiaSi.es cudi praqtika XX saukunis dasawyisSi iRebs saTaves,roca ruseTSi da germaniaSi reJisori scenis sruluflebianixelisufali gaxda. amaSi damnaSave k. stanislavski da maqsreinhardia.

Semdeg reJisoruli diqtatura Cveulebriv ambad iqca.reJisori – diqtatori – es cudia, magram saerTod saSinelebaa,roca is piesebis werasac iwyebs. swored aq nadgurdebayvelaze Rirebuli ram, polifoniurobis, gansxvavebuliindividualurobis Serwymis nacvlad, Cven viRebT samyarosviwro, SezRudul xedvas. samagierod viRacam sakuTari ideaganaxorciela. Tu mavani fiqrobs, mas aqvs raRacgansakuTrebuli ideebi, romelTa Sesaxebac unda icodes xalxma– daweros wigni, leqsebi an filmi gadaiRos. filmi – es,marTlac, erTi adamianis saqmea. reJisori aq avtoria. TeatrSiki reJisors sul sxva amocana aqvs.

misi mizania, rogorc ukve mogaxseneT, misces sicocxleuxilavs. amisTvis aucilebelia sxva xalxi, maTTan kontaqtisxangZlivi periodi, dausrulebeli repeticiebi, romlisprocesSi reJisori ki ar Zaladobs msaxiobebze, aramed maTindividualobas maqsimalurad warmoaCens.

reJisors sWirdeba msaxiobi, msaxiobs ki – partniori.ase ikvreba jgufi. SexedeT qimiur procesebs: sivrceSigamoCndeba raRac ujredi da daiwyebs sxvebis provocirebas,miizidavs maT, rom Seerwyas. ai, swored esaa, reJisori.reJisoris energiam (da ara ideam) unda naxos gamosavaliadamianebis jgufis daxmarebiT. misi energiis gamravlebamxolod msaxiobebis meSveobiT xdeba. xolo, roca modismayurebeli, misi energia asmagdeba.

gaikvirvoT, Tu gaugebrobas waawydebiT. unda ipovoT saerTomxatvruli teritoria marsianelebTan. es mSvenieri wvrTnaiqneba reJisorisTvis. Tundac mxolod robotebiT dasaxlebulirom aRmoCndes marsi, reJisorma maTTan kontaqti mainc undadaamyaros!

amrigad, urTierToba Teatris armcodne auditoriasTan damyarda.aq dgeba ZiriTadi problema: es urTierTobebi ar ganviTardebaRimilis, megobruli Jestebisa da simRerebis xarjze. saWiroaufro radikaluri nabijis gadadgma, rom msaxiobebsa da auditoriasSoris kontaqti gaRrmavdes. da sul male unda warmoiSvasyvelaze mniSvnelovani ram: moTxrobili ambavis azrisa da adamianissxeulis sinTezi. reJisori unda grZnobdes saubris rogoriritmi, rogori saxeebia misaRebi swored am konkretuliauditoriisTvis. Tu is zedmetad swrafad anviTarebs moqmedebas– dakargavs kontaqts publikasTan.

axal auditoriasTan Sexvedrisas axalgazrda reJisors yoveljerze mouwevs teqstis, xmis, musikis, msaxiobebis moZraobissivrceSi axleburad gadaWra. es saukeTeso reJisoruli skolaa.

axalgazrda reJisors ar aqvs ufleba iyos umuSevari.reJisorad aravin gniSnavs, Sen TviTon iniSnav Tavs reJisorad.Tu reJisori wuwunebs, rom mas ar aqvs Teatri, saxelmwifo araZlevs fuls dadgmebisTvis – is ubralod ar aris reJisori.mas xom yovelTvis SeuZlia Semoikribos mcire Tanamoazreebisjgufi, gadasdos Tavisi energia, da maSin SeuZlia daiwyos TamaSi,sadac unda, nebismier pirobebSi. ai, Cven vsxedvarT kafeSi, sadacskamebi, magida, magidaze yavis finjnebi dgas. es momavali speqtaklisdekoraciaa. morCa! – SeiZleba TamaSis dawyeba. unda daiwyo imiT,rac gaqvs da ar daelodo gansakuTrebul pirobebs ansaxelmwifos daxmarebas.

yvelaferSi stanislavskia damnaSave

a. s.: polonelma reJisorma eJi grotovskim TqvenTan saubarSiganacxada: `Cemi Ziebebi reJisorsa da msaxiobs efuZneba.Tqveni ki – msaxiobs, reJisors da mayurebels. aseTi gza


2524

did reJisorze win wavida.dRes Teatraluri situacia bevrad ukeTesia, vidre maSin,

roca me viwyebdi. axalgazrda reJisors meierholdis.stanislavskis, artos, grotovskis gamocdilebis gamoyenebaSeuZlia, magram ar unda mibaZos, ar unda Seecados sxvisistilis imitirebas.

a. s.:PsakuTar wignebSi Tqvenc uSvebT Teatraluri sistemebisgamoyenebas, Tumca upiratesobas arc erTs aniWebT daTqvensasac ar qmniT.

p. b.: saerTod ar vixrebi im azrisken, rom naziarebi var raRacWeSmaritebas da arc vfiqrob, rom romelime didmaTeatralurma praqtikosma miaRwia am WeSmaritebas. ubralodarsebobs WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebis gansxvavebulisaSualebebi. Cven, rom axla 50-iani wlebis Sedevrebi vnaxoT,isini saSinelebad mogveCveneba.

Teatri – idealisa da praqtikis Sexvedris adgilia. SenyovelTvis muSaob saSualo pirobebSi, saSualo adamianebTanda Sen TviTonac saSualo xar. magram mainc vcdilobTmivaRwioT idealur dones, Tanac gvesmis, rom is miuwvdomelia.

Tuki yvelaze simpaTiuri da niWieri adamianebi akeTebenkomerciul Teatrs da xuT repeticiaSi surT kargispeqtaklis Seqmna – es SeuZlebelia, magram meore variantic– Teatri, rogorc mRvdelmsaxureba, sadac repeticiebi aTeuliwlobiT grZeldeba, sadac mxolod gansakuTrebuladmomzadebul mayurebels uSveben, esec absurdia, romelicewinaaRmdegeba Teatris ideas.

erTi sityviT, realoba unda iyos amomavali wertili daixelmZRvanelo idealuriT. miwaze myarad unda idge dagesmodes, rom fuli saWiroa imisTvis, rom gqondes saSualebagadauxado Zalian karg msaxiobs. ai, aseT winaaRmdegobebSimimdinareobs Cveni samuSao. da, swored amitom, me, romelicsul ramdenime wuTis win vlanZRavdi premieris ideas, axlaSemiZlia is Sevaqo. xandaxan premieris dRe kargi ram aris,imitom rom samuSaos organizebas axdens. speqtakli xombolos da bolos mzad unda iyos (icinis).

es Cais momzadebas hgavs: saWiroa wyali, cecxli da Cai.ra Tqma unda, civi wyliTac SeiZleba Cais gakeTeba, magram essul sxva Cai iqneba.

publikasTan urTierToba TandaTan unda ganviTardes.mayurebelsa da msaxiobebs Tanagancda unda gauCndeT. arcidea, arc ̀ mesiji~ (Setyobineba), aramed swored gancda! azriCndeba mogvianebiT. azri da gancda unda SeerTdes. Tuspeqtakli ideazea awyobili, maSin ra saWiroa is? ukeTesiamoisminoT leqcia universitetSi an samecniero wigniwaikiTxoT. Tu speqtakli mxolod emociazea agebuli – isicaraa Rirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi ufro didi Sokis miRebaSegviZlia rokkoncertze (am mxriv, SesaZloa, rokkoncertmametad SegZras). vimeoreb, azri da gancda speqtaklSi undaSeerTdes.

Tumca grotovskis SemTxveva unikaluria. eJi grotovski– didi adamiania. is swavlobda ГИТИС – Si moskovSi dastanislavskis sistemis didi zegavlena ganicada.araoficialurad ki masze gavlena akrZalulma meierholdmamoaxdina. grotovskim miznad daisaxa am ori didi Teatralurisistemis Serwyma. magram TandaTanobiT grotovski msaxiobissulieri ganviTarebiT metad dainteresda, vidre sakuTrivTeatraluri kvleviT. vfiqrob, is ver wavidoda Teatridan,vinaidan aTeistur qveyanaSi ar SeiZleboda monastris Seqmna.garda amisa, mas ar SeeZlo ganmartoebiT cxovreba da muSaoba.amitomac airCia arsebobis iseTi forma, romelsac vercTeatralurs da verc religiurs uwodeb!

grotovskis teqnika Teatralebma gamoiyenes. magram misimizani, swrafva, interesi mimarTuli iyo sulierebisken. misiaRmoCenebis gamosayeneblad unda mihyve reJisoriscxovrebiseul principebs. misi muSaoba ufro da ufroganumeorebeli xdeboda. is moculi iyo religiuri ZiebebiT,gars ki is xalxi ertya, vinc eTayvaneboda, rogorc reJisors.mas publika ar sWirdeboda – intimurobas saWiroebda, risimiRwevac mxolod samonastro cxovrebis wesiT SeiZleba.misi saqmianoba metad Rrma iyo, vidre stanislavskis,meierholdis, artos kvlevebi. grotovski XX saukunis yvela


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fiqrobs, mas aqvs raRac gansakuTrebuli ideebi, romlebis Sesaxebacunda icodes xalxma – daweros wigni, leqsebi an filmi gadaiRos.filmi – es, marTlac, erTi adamianis saqmea. reJisori aq avtoria.TeatrSi ki reJisors sul sxva amocana aqvs. misi mizania, rogorcukve mogaxseneT, misces sicocxle uxilavs.~

frangebi amboben, rom nasadilevs odnav kidev unda gSiodeso.swored aseTi grZnoba meufleba, roca vecnobi piter brukisnaSromebs, mis wignebs. bruki ambobs: WeSmariti Teatri yovelTvismoZraobaSia. `axla, roca Tqven am wigns kiTxulobT, is ukvemoZvelebulia.~ swored amitomaa bruki gansakuTrebuli damudmivad Tanamedrove. misTvis dro swrafi mdinarea. da cdilobserTi wamiTac ar CamorCes mis dinebas.

1. `Известия~ 03. 20052. m. TumaniSvili `sanam repeticia daiwyeba~ gv. 58.

a. s.: SeuZlia Tu ara Teatrs konkurencia gauwios kinosa datelevizias, da saerTod unda gaakeTos es?

p. b.: adamianebze kinosa da televiziis gavlena udidesia. amfaqtma TiTqos Teatri pasuxismgeblobisgan gaaTavisufla.Tanac vfiqrob, kino da televizia aqamde rom ar yofiliyo,maSin Teatri wavidoda im araswori gziT, romliskenacmiemarTeba televizia da kinematografiis udidesi nawili.roca xedav televiziisa da kinos cud magaliTs, Teatrmaufro naTlad unda gaacnobieros sakuTari pasuxismgeblobada sakuTari adgili Tanamedrove samyaroSi.

Teatrs ZaluZs mayurebelSi stereotipebis gareSegaaRviZos fantazia. Tu mivdivar TeatrSi da vxedav iqfotos, magaliTad, 11 seqtembers amerikaSi momxdarikatastrofisa, ar mgonia, aRmeZras namdvili emociuri reaqcia.magram, Tu scenidan, viRac saWiro momentSi ityvis im aucilebelsityvas, SeiZleba gaCndes Sansi vigrZnoT, Tu ra saSinelitragedia moxda 11 seqtembers da rogor Seicvala mas Semdegmsoflio.

a. s.: romelia Tqvens cxovrebaSi yvelaze didi imedgacrueba?p. b.: am TvalsazrisiT warsuli ar mainteresebs. yoveldRe

vawydebi imedgacruebas. es cxovrebaa, magram CaeZio ganvlilsda xelaxla ganicado? risTvis? Cemi warsuliT ar vtkbebi.

interviu, winaaRmdegobebiT savse mosazrebebs Seicavs. sworedesaa – piter bruki - pirovneba da reJisori. misi mravalferovaniazrovneba, mudmivi Ziebis survili da, ra Tqma unda, sakuTariTavis rwmena, dagrovili didi gamocdilebiTa da sainteresocxovrebiT. mxolod aseT profesionals SeuZlia Tavs uflebamisces, erTsa da imave interviuSi Tqvas, rom mas premierebisZuls, magram ̀ giJdeba~ festivalebze. misi prerogativaa gaakeTosskandaluri gancxadeba: _ saZaglobaa, roca reJisori kavdebaideebiT. es ar Sedis mis profesiaSi. brukma Zalian kargad icis,rom XX saukunis Teatris mamoZravebeli swored idea iyo.reJisorTa nawils, maT Soris qarTvel m. TumaniSvilsac miaCndaT,rom speqtaklis ̀ arsi misi ideaa, xolo arseboba _ moqmedeba.~2

brukisTvis ki yvelaferi piriqiTaa... is ambobs: `Tu mavani


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televizia, iseve rogorc sxva sakomunikacio institutebisazogadoebaSi gamefebul politikur, socialur da ekonomikurinteresebs emsaxureba. Tumca zogan, es Ria CareviT-cenzuriT,sadRac ki, ufro daxvewili ekonomikuri meqanizmebiTxorcieldeba; Tumca, aRniSnuli, televiziisa da sazogadoebisurTierTdamokidebulebis mxolod erTi mxarea. aranaklebmniSvnelovania is faqti, rom nebismier sazogadoebriv sistemaSitelevizia, ara mxolod kontroldeba socialuristruqturebis mier, aramed Tavadac warmoadgens erT-erTumTavres, socialuri kontrolis instituts. am misias iswarmatebiT axorcielebs, zemoqmedebs sazogadoebrivcnobierebaze, ayalibebs sazogadoebriv azrs, xels uwyobsgansazRvruli ideebis, faseulobebis, normebisa, Tu qceviswesebis formirebas. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvelasferoSi SeWrili televizia kolosalur zegavlenas axdenssazogadoebis yovel wevrze da es urTierTdamokidebulebebi,kidev erT, socialuri pasuxismgeblobis problemas ayenebsdRis wesrigSi.

dRes naTelia qarTuli satelevizio sivrcis krizisulimdgomareoba, sadac umTavresad satelevizio arxebisa dasazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebis mravali problemuriaspeqti iCens Tavs. upirvelesi da ganmsazRvreli Tavisuflebisxarisxia, romelic miuxedavad imisa, rom nebismieri politikuri,socialuri, ekonomikuri sistemebisTvis metnaklebad pirobiTicnebaa, komunikaciebis mflobelTa interesebisa da konkretulimiznebis gauTvaliswinebloba, problemis mxolod garegnulaspeqtebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebis perspeqtivas tovebs.sinamdvileSi krizisis mizezebi gacilebiT Rrmaa, istoriuliganviTarebis ramdenime periodzea ganfenili da amasTanproblema mraval plasts moicavs. maT Soris aris ara mxolodorganizebis formebi, aramed esTetikuri, teqnologiuri,

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modelidan sabazro modelze gadasvliT iyo ganpirobebuli.Cvens televizias (igulisxmeba ara mxolod qarTuli, aramedmTeli postsabWouri sivrce) gansakuTrebuli istoria aqvs,romelic avtoritaruli reJimis pirobebSi sociokulturuliinstitutebis specifiuri funqcionirebiT iyo aRbeWdili dafundamentur kvlevas saWiroebs. Tumca, dRes dRis wesrigSimediis Tavisuflebis problema dgas, _ sazogadoebasTanurTierTobis, masze gavlenis da Tavad sazogadoebispasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi.

nebismieri demokratiuli qveynis konstituciaSi aRniSnulisityvis Tavisufleba sainformacio moRvaweobis, informaciisTavisufali gavrcelebis, nebismieri ideis, mosazrebis,informaciis Tavisuflad mopovebis ufleba adamianis bunebrivuflebaTa rigSi dgeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavisuflebisprinci pebi da informaciis gavrcelebaze da miRebazekontroli, yovelTvis azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevda. risiCveneba SeiZleba televiziiT? ramdenad TavisufaliateleJurnalisti sakuTari azris gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT?daSvebulia, Tu ara eTerSi gansxvavebuli azrisdemonstrireba? ra formebSi da sazRvrebSi xorcieldebainformaciaze kontroli?

faqti udavoa da es Cvenma, gansakuTrebiT bolo wlebis,satelevizio mauwyeblobis istoriam naTlad daadastura,rom Tavisuflebis gamocxadeba sakmarisi ar aris WeSmaritiTavisulebisTvis, aucilebelia im pirobebis Seqmna, romelicam uflebis realizebis garantiebs iZleva. meore sakiTxia,Tu rogor SeiZleba am uflebis mopoveba, rodesacsainformacio-sakomunikacio saSualebebi kerZo sakuTrebisformiT arsebobs (gamonaklisi sazogadoebrivi mauwyebelia).

masobrivi komunikaciebis istoriam Tavisi arsebobismanZilze daadastura, rom Tavisufleba da kontrolicistoriulad cvalebad formebs iRebs . amerikeliJurnalistebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelod qceul naSromSiu.riversi aRniSnavs, rom „rac ar unda xmamaRla iyvironTavisuflebis konstituciur mrwamsze, praqtikaSi yoveli

moralur-zneobrivi, profesionalizmis, tradiciisa daerovnulobis, satelevizio memkvidreobis, prioritetebis,gemovnebis, Sinaarsisa da formis da sxva aranaklebmniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.

saqarTvelos televizia, romelmac gasuli saukunis 50-an wlebSi daiwyo regularuli mauwyebloba, TavisTavad, imcentralizebuli satelevizio sivrcis nawili iyo, rasacsabWour, totalitaruli marTvis sistemas vuwodebT, sadacinformacia kargavda informaciis umTavres niSnebs dateleviziasac ara sainformacio, aramed gasarTobi,aRmzrdelobiTi, propagandistuli funqciebi gaaCnda. televizia,romelic danarCen samyaroSi informaciis gadacemisa da miRebisualternativo saSualebad ganixileboda, sabWoTaadamianisaTvis socialistur-komunisturi idealebiTgajerebuli, „ukonfliqto~ virtualuri garemos Sesaqmneli,sazogadoebis ideologiuri marTvis propagandistul iaraRadiqca. dRes, aRniSnuli tradicia, ara mxolod sateleviziofunqciebis, aramed mmarTvelobis formebSic novatorulStrixebs iZens.

gasuli saukunis 80-ani wlebis meore naxevridan sabWourierTiani sakomunikacio sistemis decentralizaciis procesidaiwyo. yvela instituti: radio, televizia, presa, kinematografisabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi iwyebs funqcionirebas. SeicvalamaTi funqcionirebis wesebi, organizebis formebi, meqanizmebida Tavad moRvaweobac. pirvelad, yvelaze naTlad, es procesebipresaSi gamovlinda. gaCnda axali Jurnal-gazeTebi, sadacmanamde akrZaluli Temebis publikaciebma mkiTxvelTa interesigaamZafra. mogvianebiT, analogiurma procesebma televiziazecgadmoinacvla da gaCnda imedi, rom swored es cvlilebebi(gansakuTrebiT, komercializaciis procesi) sabolooddaamsxvrevda satelevizio mauwyeblobis sabWour models.90-ian wlebSi televiziis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi institutis,arsebobisa da Semoqmedebis safuZvlebis Secvlam, manamdeararsebuli saxelmwifo da kerZo mewarmeobis ucnaurisimbiozi warmoSva, romelic upirvelesad saxelmwifo

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yurebadobasTan da Sesabamisad maRali mogebis miRebasTan,aramed damoukideblobis „nebayoflobiT~ SezRudvazeaorientirebuli. informaciaze mkacri kontroli, cenzura,rodesac im politikuri da moraluri faseulobebis kritikairicxeba, romelic saxelmwifoSi dominirebs, gamoricxuliaZalauflebis kritika da is, rac gamefebul politikur xazTanda moralur kategoriebTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis,kvalificirdeba danaSaulad, an saerTod ignorirebulia. Cvenisatelevizio Jurnalistika Sors aris damoukideblobisganda ufro metad im pasuxismgeblobrivi poziciisgan, romelicam profesiis adamianebis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis amosavaliunda iyos. gamonaklisi telekompaniebis „kavkasiisa~ da„maestros~ moRvaweobaa, romelmac Jurnalisturi,moqalaqeobrivi da zneobrivi poziciis dacva moaxerxa daSeZlo Tavisufali mediis statusis, ara mxolod mopoveba,aramed misi SenarCuneba da sazogadoebis moTxovnaTanawilobrivi dakmayofileba. kidev erTi paradoqsi ikveTeba,rodesac mayurebeli irCevs teqnikuri da esTetikuriparametrebiT naklebi SesaZleblobebis mqone telearxebs,swored im mizeziT, rom maT gaTviTcnobierebuli aqvT isfunqcia, romelic televiziam unda Seasrulos.

Tu sabWouri modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo televiziismxolod saxelmwifo marTvaSi arseboba, dRes miviReT forma,rodesac kerZo mflobelobaSi arsebuli satelevizio arxebipraqtikulad saxelmwifo marTvis niSnebs atareben daSesabamisad, ,proragandistul institutebad gardaiqmnebian,mkveTri ideologiuri SeferilobiT, dozirebuli informaciiT,cenzuriT da SesaZlo sanqciebiT „urCobisaTvis~.

biznesi, romelic arsebul socialur-ekonomikursistemasTan aris kavSirSi sakuTari wvlili Seaqvs, am sistemisstatusqvos SenarCunebaSi. „masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTaSinaarsi da forma, maTi gadmocemis miTebi da xerxebimanipulirebazea dafuZnebuli. warmatebuli gamoyenebisas (daCvens SemTxvevaSi es, asec aris da samwuxarod is, cxovrebisyvela sferoze vrceldeba) maT aucileblad mivyavarT

sazogadoeba zRudavs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas, rac avtorebis,gamomcemlebis, moralisa da saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis,sazogadoebrivi wesrigis principebiT ganisazRvreba.~1

sxvadasxva qveynebis gamocdileba upirvelesad im faqtzemiuTiTebs, rom Tavisuflebis xarisxi da misi SezRudvisformebi, sazogadoebrivi kontrolis meqanizmebi, im sabazisoprincipebzea damokidebuli, romelSic isini funqcionireben:es iqneba politikur-ekonomikuri, socialur-kulturuli, Tuerovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi. aqedan, momdinareobs sakomunikaciosaSualebaTa sazogadoebrivi statusis ti pebic:avtoritaruli, libertarianuli, sabWouri da sazogadoebrivi.Tumca, sinamdvile, yovelTvis gacilebiT rTuli damravalferovania da ar jdeba abstraqtul, Teoriul sqemebSi.yovel sakomunikacio saSualebas sakuTari specifika daTaviseburebebi gaaCnia, amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia maTiistoriuli ganviTarebis xasiaTi, romelic tradiciis saxiTvlindeba funqcionirebis Semdgom etapebze.

Cveni satelevizio sivrce savsea paradoqsebiT. gaCndasatelevizio mmarTvelobisa da funqcionirebis erT modelSigaerTianebuli urTierTgamomricxavi modeli. erTi mxriv,telearxis garegnuli forma, romelic evropul-amerikulmodelzea orientirebuli da garkveulwilad maTgan iRebssatelevizio momsaxurebis ama Tu im formebs. ufro metic,xSirad satelivizio gadacemis formati pirdapiri aslisgziT Cndeba teleeTerSi, yovelgvari erovnuli TaviseburebisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe. Cvens satelevizio sivrceSi iSviaTadCndeba originalurobis kodis matarebeli qarTuli proeqti(Tumca aRniSnuli calke kvlevis sagania). meore mxriv,mmarTvelobis forma, sadac sabWouri tradicia erTgvaradgacocxlda da axali StrixebiT gamdidrda. rodesac esaTu is telekompania kerZo sakuTrebis formaa, Tumca maszekontroli ara mesakuTris, aramed realurad saxelmwifoSiarsebuli mmarTvelobiTi struqturis xelSia, rodesacmesakuTresTvis ZiriTadi orientiri ara sazogadoebisTvissamsaxuria, rac pirdapirproporciulia telearxis


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mudmivad aqtualuria da meore mxriv „rusTavi 2~ da „imedi~,romelTa axali ambebis specifikas, swored operatiulobagansazRvravs da ara Sinaarsobrivi mxare, romelTanac pirdapirkavSirSia Temisa, Tu problemis aqtualuroba. yuradRebisgadatanis, informaciis fragmentulobis, mudmivi STagonebis,populizmis, „dumilis spiralis~ da sxva mravali, ukvepraqtikiT daxvewili manipulirebis meTodebis wyalobiT,qarTuli satelevizio sivrce mayurebels kargavs.araaqtualuri televizia, is samwuxaro imijia, romelicmcire (z. a.) gamonaklisis garda, satelevizio arxebmaganaCenad gamoutana sakuTar mauwyeblobas. aseT pirobebSi,yovelTvis Cndeba informaciis miRebis alternatiulisaSualebebi da maT rols beWduri mauwyebloba da internetiasrulebs.

gasuli saukunis 50-an wlebSi u. Sramma pirvelad wamowiamasobrivi komunikaciebis moRvaweobaze socialuripasuxismgeblobis problema. misi azriT: „Cvens sazogadoebaSisami gavleniani jgufia, romelsac survilisamebr SeuZliacvlilebebis ganxorcieleba es aris mTavroba, kavSiris xerxebida saSualebebi da sazogadoeba. pasuxismgeblobac maTzeunda gadanawildes~.3 Cvens sazogadoebaSi, samive Zalam undaSeZlos sakuTari wili pasuxismgeblobis aReba da televiziam,romelsac gamRizianeblis diqtatoruli roli aqvs morgebuli,Tavisi roli da mniSvneloba gaacnobieros, konkretulpirovnebaTa interesi qveynisa da sazogadoebis interesebisgangamijnos da winaswar gansazRvros is prioritetebi, romelicmisi srulyofili funqcionirebis, sazogadoebisaTvis sakuTarimniSvnelovnebis amaRlebas uzrunvelyofs. moipovos dakarguliTavisufleba (sazogadoebrivi funqciis SesrulebisTvalsazrisiT, qarTuli satelevizio sivrce daubrunda imas,risganac ase TavgamodebiT cdilobda bolo oci wlis manZilzeganTavisuflebas). televizia, mxolod garTobis saSualebaar aris da informaciis mopovebisa da gavrcelebisTavisufleba gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, swored krizisulisituaciebis dros, vinaidan winaaRmdegobebiT gaxleCili

individis pasiurobisken, qmedebis uarmyofi inertulimdgomareobisken. swored individis amgvari mdgomareobiskeniltvis masobrivi informaciis xerxebi da mTeli es sistemamTlianobaSi, vinaidan, swored pasiuroba aris statusqvosgaranti~.2

sazogadoebriv cnobierebaze mani pulirebis erT-erTimeqanizmi, romelsac televizia iyenebs, garkveuliproblemebisadmi sazogadoebis yuradRebis mobilizebaa. vinaidan,yuradRebis centrSi is problema xvdeba, romelsac televiziauCvenebs, ZiriTadi muSaoba midis swored imaze, Tu ra SeiZlebamoxvdes satelevizio eTerSi, an movlenis ra nawilis CvenebaaSesaZlebeli, raTa mayurebels erTi mxriv informirebulobisgancda daeuflos, meore mxriv miiRos swored is, racwamyvan ideologiur mimarTulebas ar daupirispirdeba.

saxezea, rom Cvens sinamdvileSi axali ambebis, mwirianalitikuri satelevizio gadacemebis mier Seqmnili samyarossuraTi, realurad arsebul sinamdvilesTan srul SeusabamobaSimodis, ris mkafio dasturs sxva, sainformacio-sakomunikaciosaSualebebi iZleva. gansakuTrebiT, beWduri media, romlisTavisuflebis xarisxic gacilebiT maRalia, vidre televiziis.

dRes, omSi damarcxebuli qveyana, satelevizio gamarjvebiseiforiaSi, virtualur samyaroSi arsebobs da aseTivesuliskveTebiT agrZelebs Tavis arsebobas. Tumca, mZimesocialur-ekonomikuri siduxWiris fonze, damarcxebulissindromiT Sepyrobil sazogadoebas, umTavres problemaddasasvenebeli parkebis morTva-molamazebis satelevizioversias sTavazoben. gansxvavebuli azris Tavdapirveladdiskreditaciam, Semdgom ignorirebam da srulma miuReblobamteleviziisadmi sandoobis xarisxis niSnuli praqtikuladminimalur zRvramde daiyvana. sainformacio sazogadoebispirobebSi ki, swored, sainformacio mauwyeblobis xarisxigansazRvravs satelevizio mauwyeblobis aqtualurobas daara operatiuloba, risi naTeli magaliTia erTi mxrivtelekompania „kavkasia~, romelic, sakuTari mauwyeblobisprincipidan gamomdinare, operatiulobiT ar gamoirCeva, Tumca


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kulturologiasazogadoebisaTvis SemakavSireblis funqciis SesrulebaSeuZlia.

axali ambebis sazogadoebriv-humanuri misia devalvaciasganicdis, Sedegi ki qarTuli telearxebisaTvis, SesaZloamasobrivad mayureblis dakargvaSi aisaxos. gasterilebuliinformaciis nakadSi ki, veRarc Sokismomgvreli Sinaarsissensaciuri informacia, verc „rusTavi 2~-is komedi-Souebisgansxvavebuli formatebi daubrunebs televizias dakargulndobas.

1.Rivers W. News in print. Writing and reporting. N.Y.; Cambridge;Philadelphia; San francisko; Lnd.; Mexiko City; Sydney, 1984. P. 185.2.Шиллер Г. Манипуляторы сознанием. М., 1980. с.473.Schramm W. Responsibility for Mass Communication // MassCommunications. A Book of Readings. Urbana, 1960. P.585.

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da 1874 wlebSi aRmoCenili stefanwmindis ganZi (udidesinawili daculia moskovis istoriis muzeumSi. ganZis nawiliinaxeba saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi, mcire nawili gabneuliaucxoeTis sxvadasxva muzeumebSi). meore jgufs a. talgrenimiakuTvnebs mcire plastikis im nimuSebs, romlebic gamosaxavenara calkeul figurebs, aramed rTul kompoziciebs. a.talgrenma ganixila ra stefanwmindis ganZis antroporfuliqandakebebi dahyo isini xuT ZiriTad jgufad. aRniSnulganZSi yuradRebas ipyrobs mcire plastikis namuSevrebi,romlebic warmoadgenen antrofomorful da zoomorfulgamosaxulebebs, maTgan nawili ekuTvnis sakulto sagnebs,zogi ritonis samkaulebs warmoadgens. am jgufis mexuTekompoziciisagan SemorCenilia mxolod erTi qandakeba, musikos-damkvrelisa, romelsac xelSi xuTZaliani sakravi _ Cangi(qnari) uWiravs (S. amariSvili, 1961; 47gv.). es figura amjgufis sxva figurebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masTavsaburavi aqvs. qnariani musikosis gamosaxuleba gamarjvebiszeimis aRsaniSnavad aris miCneuli (a. talgreni, a. afaqiZe).

stefanwmindis ganZis aRwerili yvela kompoziciamiZRvnilia brZolisa da gamarjvebis Temas da TariRdebaZv.w. VII-VI saukuneebiT.

vanis naqalaqaris Zv. w. IV-III ss. kulturuli fenidanmomdinareobs brinjaos ori sabeWdi beWedi (daculiao.lorTqifaniZis saxelobis vanis arqeologiur muzeumSi).aqedan erTis Wrila farakze gamosaxulia lodze Camomjdarimarsiasi, profilSi marjvniv, romelic ukravs orluliangrZel sakrav aulosze (a. Wyonia - 1986; 113).

rogorc Cans ukve Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebidan Tu ufroadre ara qarTuli musikaluri instrumentebis krebulSimravalZaliani simebiani sakravebic iTvleboda, rac musikalurikulturis sakmaod ganviTarebul dones gulisxmobs.

musikosTa gamosaxulebebi sazeimo viTarebaSi gamosaxuliaxaiSis ganZis I saukunis oqros sakidze _ koSkura saxlze(daculia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi). xaiSis komplqsisoqros nivTTa Soris yvelaze metad TvalsaCino aris patarasakidi, romelic gamoxatavs irgvliv Zewkvebze Sekiduli

zviad kviciani

musikaluri kulturis sakiTxisaTvis

antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi

(arqeologiuri artefaqtebi)

saqarTvelos musikaluri kulturis Sesaswavlad,werilobiTi wyaroebisa da musikaluri folklorismonacemebTan erTad, antikuri xanis sayuradRebo arqeologiuriZeglebic aris aRmoCenili. am rigis monapovarTa SorismniSvnelovania mcxeTis Zvlis salamuri _ Zv. w. XII-XI ss.(a. kalandaZe), ufliscixeli meqnaris Tixis qandakeba _ Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. (d. xaxutaiSvili 1964; 1973), stefanwmindismusikos-damkvrelis brinjaos qandakeba _ Zv. w. VII-VI ss.(p. uvarova 1900; 1950), vanis brinjaos sabeWdavi beWediorluliani grZeli sakravis (aulosi) gamosaxulebiT _Zv.w. IV-III ss. (a. Wyonia – 1986; 113) (d. xaxutaiSvili –1964; 73) vanis panis qandakeba salamuriT _ Zv. w. II-I ss.xaiSis oqros saxlis _ ax. w. I s. (al. javaxiSvili – 1958;154) da mcxeTis brinjaos _ ax. w. I s. musikosebi.

1959 wels sof. ufliscixidan dasavleTiT adgil ̀ bambebSi~Zv. w. VII-VI s-is namosaxlaris erT-erTi nagebobis iatakisqveS, im fenaSi, romelSic CaSvebulia Zv. w. IV saukunissamarxebi, aRmoCnda metad saintereso nivTi _ Tixis patarafigura _ Cangze damkvrelis gamosaxulebiT (d. xaxutaiSvili– 1986; 54). meqnare gadmocemulia dakvris momentSi mjdomarepozaSi. mas niRabi ukeTia da CaCismagvari qudi xuravs.musikosis poza metad moxdenili da bunebrivia. is lega –moSavo Tixisagan aris gamoZerwili da Zv. w. VII-VI saukuneebsmiakuTvneben (d. xaxutaiSvili – 1986; 54). ufliscixelimusikosis figuraze raRac kompoziciis nawili Cans, romelicsamwuxarod dakargula. SesaZlebelia, rom igi marto musikosisfiguras ki ar moicavda, aramed figuraTa jgufs warmoadgenda,romelic romeliRac warmarTul dResaswaulTan dakavSirebulscenas gadmoscemda (d. xaxutaiSvili – 1986; 95).

msgavsi scenis amsaxvel ZeglTa Soris aRsaniSnavia 1871

4140

saiuveliro oqros nakeTobebzec (n. foforaZe; x. gaCeCilaZe;2002).

arqeologiuri liTonuri masalis (oqro) detalurmamikrorentgenospeqtralurma analizma da misma SedarebamTviTnabadi oqros qimiur SedgenilobasTan mravali sagulisxmofaqti mogvca, aseTi saxiT damzadebul nakeTobebSi identurimi ner aluri C a narTeb i da q i m iuri elem enteb i smikrokomponentebi iseTive raodenobiT, formiTa da ganawilebisTaviseburebebiTaa, rogorc TviTnabad oqroSi.

svaneTis teritoriaze gamovlenili xalasi oqros qimiuriSedgenilobis Sedarebam, svaneTis teritoriaze aRmoCenilioqros saiuveliro nakeTobebis qimiur SedgenilobasTan,saintereso Sedegi mogvca: rac ufro adreuli periodisaaoqros nakeToba, miT ufro naklebi xarisxiTaa gadamuSavebulioqros nedleuli da is, praqtikulad, ise gamoiyeneboda, rogorisaxiTac mas moipovebdnen. mxolod zogierT SemTxvevaSi,nakeTobis calkeuli detalis dasamzadeblad (romelzecgarkveuli datvirTva modioda), mcire danamatis saxiTumatebdnen vercxls an spilenZs.

`momReral-damkvreli~ – mesakrave Wabukis brinjaosaganCamosxmuli qandakeba aRmoCenilia 1951 wels mcxeTismavzoleumis tipis akldamaSi da ax. w. I-II ss. TariRdeba(g. lomTaTiZe, i. ciciSvili, 1991. #10), (daculia mcxeTisarqeologiur muzeumSi). es qandakeba mxolod welamdeagamoyvanili da Signidan Rrua, ase rom, raRac saganze iqnebodaTavis droze wamocmuli. Wabuks xuWuWa Tma da araadamianuradwawvetil-dagrZelebuli yurebi aqvs; xelebi ise uWiravs,TiTqos salamurs ukravso, xolo piri ise gauRia, TiTqosmReriso (g. lomTaTiZe, i. ciciSvili 1951).

qarTuli xalxuri sakravebis ZiriTad funqciaswarmoadgens simReris Tanxleba. wminda instrumentuli musikasacekvao JanriT aris warmodgenili. qarTuli sakravebisTanxlebiT, rogorc wesi sruldeboda erTxmiani simRerebi,mravalxmiani simRerebi ki _ uakompanimentod. es faqti gvaZlevssafuZvels, sakravebis gamoyeneba TanxlebisaTvis erTxmiankulturas davukavSiroT. qarTuli instrumentuli Tanxleba

mZivebiT morTul koSkura saxls orferda saxuravze dasmulimtredebiT da win wamoweuli patara baqanze dayenebuliadamianis ori figuriT (wona 22,52 gr.).

adamianTa figurebs qveda kidurebi sruliad ar gaaCniaT,xolo xelebi gakeTebulia erTi wvrili mavTulisagan, romelicubralod aris gayrili mkerdis areSi CaCxvletil ornaCvretSi. marcxena figuras, ubralod CaCxvletil pirSiCamagrebuli aqvs Zirs daSvebuli ori mokle grexili mavTuli;moxrili da gabrtyelebuli xelebi mimagrebulia am mavTulebisSua welze. aSkarad Cans, rom aq gamoxatulia wyvilluliansalamurze damkvreli adamiani. meore figuras marcxena xelihaerSi aqvs moxrili: aseve moxril marjvenaSi mas uWiravsTavgamsxvilebuli mokle grexili mavTuli.

sakravis xmaze mofrenili mtredebi koSkura saxlisorferda saxuravze mowyobilan da SeiZleba vifiqroT`tkbebian~ musikosis sakravis xmiT.

sainteresoa 1938 wels mcxeTis arqeologiuri eqspediciismier samTavros CrdiloeT ubanze aRmoCenili Zvlis salamuri,romelic damzadebulia gedis lulovani Zvlisagan. salamurisTavi da bolo sworad wakveTilia, uenoa da aqvs 3 mcirenaxvreti. saqarTveloSi dRemde moRweuli salamurebi ornairia:eniani da ueno (b. cxadaZe, 2008; 218 gv.).

xaiSis I saukunis ganZi Seicavs iseT mxatvrul nawarms,romelic axasiaTebs adgilobriv oqromWedlobaSi mimdinare_ Zveli formebisa da axali formebis Serwymis _ process;amiT SeiZleba aixsnas provinciuli saxelosnos produqciaSi,rogoric aris xaiSis oqros samkaulebi, arqauli motivebisada formebis mkafio gamovlineba.

masalis qimiur-teqnologiurma Seswavlam saSualebamogvca, maTi nedleulis savaraudo wyaro dagvedgina. amisTvisgamoviyeneT svaneTis teritoriaze mopovebuli qviSrobisabadoebis xalasi oqros marcvlebis detaluri mikrozondurikvleva. xalasi oqros marcvlebis qimiuri SedgenilobagansazRvruli iqna, rogorc marcvlis zedapirze, aseve gareSreebsa da Sida ubnebSi. aseTive samuSaoebi Catarda svaneTisteritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenil

zviad kviciani musikaluri kulturis sakiTxisaTvis antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi

4342

rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom Sewyvilebuli saxiT ixmareboda.mokled, warmarTuli galobac da sayviric dadasturebulia

antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi (sin. I Tb. 1970; 778gv.).antikur xanaSi qarTvel tomTa Soris saero musika, mag.

samxedro da sacekvao simRerebi, Zalian gavrcelebuli yofila.Wanebis tomebi omsac ki, Turme, saomari simRera-cekviT iwyebdnen.ueWvelia saero musika aseve danarCen qarTvel tomebsacunda hqonodaT da hqoniaT kidevac. es cxadad mtkicdebaTundac dRevandlamde daculi ara erTi warmarTuli xalxurisimReriT, romelTa hangebica da sityvebic uxsovari droisanarekls Seicavs (iv. javaxiSvili).

antikuri xanis mocekvave figurebi aRmoCeniliasaqarTvelos arqeologiur masalebze: samadlos Zv. w. IV-IIIss. keramikuli moxatuli WurWeli, sof. niCbisis Zv. w. VIIIs .Aarqeologiur-ritualuri Sinaarsis (saferxulomsvleloba) brinjaos sartyeli, brinjaos iTifaluriqandakebebi _ aRmoCenili stefanwmindaSi, zekarSi, xevsureTsada daRestanSi (S. amiranaSvili, 1944; 72gv.).

stefanwmindaSi aRmoCenil ganZSi yuradRebas ipyrobsmamakacis mcire zomis xuTi figura, romelTac, rogorc CanserTidaigive daniSnuleba hqoniaT da erT mxatvrul wresekuTvnoda. am figurebs aqvT rgolebi, romlis saSualebiTacisini SeerTebulni arian brinjaos ZewkviT. yvela SiSvelia,mxolod welze, garda erTisa, Semokruli aqvT SesamCnevisartyeli.

1913 wels sof. zekarSi (baRdadis r-ni) napovnia SiSvelimamakacis gamosaxuleba TvalsaCinod gamosaxuli sqesobriviniSnebiT (S. amiranaSvili. Tb. 1944 t. I. 69-70gv.). amfiguris simaRlea 24 sm. s. makalaTias azriT, qandakebassxeuli qalisa aqvs, sqesobrivi niSnebi ki mamakacis. Tavisdaskvnas s. makalaTia imaze amyarebs, rom qandakebas saxezeulvaSi aqvs, weli wvrili, grZeli Tma kiserze aqvs damagrebuli(s.makalaTia, 1926; 127gv.). Cven ar viziarebT winamdebareversias da veTanxmebiT S. amiranaSvilis naTqvams, romgulmkerdis forma am figuras qaluri ara aqvs, rom grZeli

harmoniuli funqciis gamomxatvelia. qarTuli xalxurisakravebis TanxlebiT Sesrulebuli simRerebis musikaluriena ufro mdidaria, vidre instrumentuli hangebisa. es aixsnebaqarTuli xalxuri vokaluri kulturis ganviTarebis ZlierimaRali doniT. ganviTarebulma vokalurma azrovnebam asaxvahpova sakravis TanxlebiT Sesasrulebel simReraSi (m. SilakaZe1988; 15gv.).

antikuri xanis qarTuli saxelovno kulturis maCvenebeliaqsenofontes cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom mosinikebi `cekvasiwyebdnen, sadac ar unda yofiliyo, TiTqos sxvebisTvis undaeCvenebinaT TavianTi xelovneba~ (T. miqelaZe 1967). mosinikebiscekvisaTvis qsenofontes SeuniSnavs magiuri rokva,dakavSirebuli brZolaSi gamarjvebasTan. es cekva sruldebodaraRac simReris xmazeo, aRniSnavs qsenofonte (T. miqelaZe,1967; 135gv.). `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ armazis sakultodResaswaulis aRwerisas naxsenebia ̀ xma oxrisa da sayvirisa...zari saSineli...~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955; 88gv.).

antikur samyaroSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic popularulida gavrcelebuli yofila musikaluri instrumenti winwila(flavius ariane). igi Sedgeba TiTberis an sxva liTonisagandamzadebuli ori TefSisagan, romelnic erTmaneTze SemokvriTgamoscemdnen musikalur melodias. werilobiTi wyaroebicda arqeologiuri masalebic adastureben saqarTveloSiwinwilis, rogorc `erTimeoris SemokvriT saJRereli~musikaluri instrumentis arsebobas. rogorc dasavleT, iseaRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva arqeologiur Zeglebzedafiqsirebulia antikuri winwilebis aRmoCenis 15-ze metiSemTxveva. mag. saCxereSi modinaxes arqeologiur gaTxrebsax. w. IV s. samarxebSi aRmoCenili (j. nadiraZe, 975; 71gv.),kaxeTSi, Jinvalis naqalaqaris antikuri xanis meomarTasamarxebSi (v. CixlaZe, 1999; 134gv.), aragvis xeobaSiwifnarisZiris samarovanze (III-IV ss.), neZixis samarovanze(III-IV ss.), mcxeTaSi armazcixeze, gvianantikuri xanis sataZrokompleqsSi (II-III ss.), dedoflis goraze (ax. w. I s.), sof.didRvabunaSi uqimeronis cixis mimdebare teritoriaze ax.w. III-IV ss. instrumentebi yvelgan wyviladaa aRmoCenili,


4544

1944, t. I.4. S. amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tbilisi,1961.5. a. afaqiZe, gvianantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebiurekidan, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe XIV, 1947.6. g. lomTaTiZe, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialuri dakulturuli daxasiaTebisaTvis; ax. w. I-III s-Si. Tbilisi,1955.7. g. lomTaTiZe, i. ciciSvili, axalaRmoCenili akldama mcxeTaSi,saq. mecn. akademiis moambe, 1951, #10.8. s. makalaTia, falosis kulti saqarTveloSi, mimomxilveli,t I. Tbilisi, 1926.9. i. maqacaria, uZvelesi qarTuli qoreografiuli nimuSebi(arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT) Tsu, krebuli: ̀ kulturis,istoriis sakiTxebi~. t V, 1998.10. m. SilakaZe, qarTuli xalxuri musikaluri tradiciebida Tanamedroveoba. tradicia da Tanamedroveoba, Tbilisi,1988.11. d. janeliZe, qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi, I,Tbilisi, 1948.12. al. javaxiSvili, xaiSis ganZi, Jurn. ̀ mnaTobi~, #3, 1958.13. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t., I, 1970.14. d. xaxutaiSvili. ufliscixe I, Tbilisi, 1964.15. a. Wyonia, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi vanis naqalaqariscentralur terasaze. vani, t. VIII, Tbilisi, 1986.16. i. maqacaria, RmerTebis ̀ didi dedis~ kulti saqarTveloSi.kulturis istoriis sakiTxebi, t. VIII. 2000.17. j. nadiraZe, yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi,Tbilisi, 1975.18. v. CixlaZe, qarTuli xalxuri musikaluri sakravebi, 1999.19. b. cxadaZe, dudukisa da salamuris warmoebisaTvis. SoTarusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis samecnieroSromebis krebuli ̀ saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani~, №1,(34),Tbilisi, 2008.20. d. alaviZe, qarTuli da saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli

Tmebi mamakacis figurebze gvxvdeba ara marto qarTul, aramedxeTur da sxva Zeglebze, sadac es Cveulebrivi ambavia. orivewin gamowvdili xeli moRunulia, muStebSi mokumSuli, kiserzeda xelebis zemo nawilze gamoyvanilia gravirebulimorTuloba, figura kvarcxlbekze dgas. mas arc fexsacmeliacvia, arc Tavsaburavi aqvs da arc sartyeli.

qarTuli warmarTobis xanis Zveli religiur wesCveulebebisSeswavla arkvevs im brinjaos figurebis semantikas,romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia moZravi poza, mkafiodgamoxatuli iTifaloba da romelime cxovelis atributi.

yvela zemoT aRniSnuli qandakebebis pozebi mkveTradgamoxatul moZraobas gadmoscemen. zogierTi maTgani aSkaradmocekvave figuris STabeWdilebas tovebs. marTlac, TudavakvirdebiT maTi xelebisa da fexebis mdgomareobas,gansakuTrebiT ki or urTierTxelCakidebuli mamakacis figuras,sruliad cxadi gaxdeba, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs jgufuri cekvis`ferxulis~ gamosaxulebasTan (i. maqacaria, 1998; 53gv.).

yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli gvaZlevs imis safuZvels, romantikuri xanis saqarTveloSi musikaluri kulturis maRalidone warmovidginoT da mravalxmiani qarTuli xalxurisimRerebis, cekvisa da musikaluri instrumentebis arsebobada farTod gavrceleba vivaraudoT. ufro metic, ufliscixelimusikosis morTuloba (tansacmeli, niRabi, Tavsamkauli),stefanwmindis Zv. w. VI-V ss.-is (П. Уварова, 1900), vanis(d.janeliZe - 1948; 25) da urekis (a. afaqiZe, 1947; 105gv.)Wiqura mZivsakidebi e. w. Maskenperlen anu Teatraluri niRbebida ufliscixis Teatris nageboba gvafiqrebinebs, rom am drossakmaod ganviTarebuli yofila ara marto musikalurikultura, aramed samsaxiobo xelovnebac.

L

1. `qarTlis cxovreba~, I. 1955.2. T. miqelaZe – qsenofontes `anabasisi~ (cnobebi qarTvelitomebis Sesaxeb) Tbilisi. 1967.3. S. amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tbilisi,


4746

universitetis

samagistro programa

xalxuri musikaluri sakravebi, Tbilisi, 1978.21. П. Уворова. Могильник северного Кавказа, МАК VIII, 51900.22. В.К. Стешенко-Куфтина, Древнейшие инструментальныеосновы грузинской народной музыки, I. флейта, 1936.23. A. Tallgren, Kaukasische antropomorphische Figuren und derVolderasiatische Kulturkreis, IPEK. Berlin, 1930 z. 7.24. A. Tallgren. Caucasisian monuments, The Kasbek Treasure, ESAV. Helsinki, 1930, p. 109-182.

zviad kviciani

4948

Teona esitaSviliK

kinomonstrebi

„me vebrZvi monstrs, vin gaimarjvebs?~

SiSi...…panika... isteria...…SeuZlebelia, am gancdas gverdiauaro maSin, roca uzarmazari sasaxlis kari bnel gvirabSigityuebs, iq ki `gurmani~ vampirebi gelodebian. arc maSingaqvs saxarbielod saqme, Tu fsiqiatriulis viwro kedlebSikacis xma sam dReSi sikvdils giwinaswarmetyvelebs, uxeSinabijebi giaxlovdeba da Senc garbixar.…ra xdeba maSin,roca Rrmad CaZinebuls `biZia fredi~ nacnob xels`mogicacunebs~, ukan mibrunebuli ki aRmoaCen, rom martoxar. ai, ukve misi ironiuli sicilic gesmis, grZnob, rogorgiaxlovdeba, Tumca dilis rva saaTic Sesrulda, maRviZaraiwyebs Tavisi funqciis Sesrulebas da Sen aRmoaCen, rommoCvenebaTa samyarodan sul axlaxans dabrundi.…Janri _hororia, Cveni gmirebi ki amoucnobi adamianebi, zeciuri Zalebi,SeSlili mecnierebi, vampirebi, moCvenebebi, demonebi, zombebi…daaq cota xniT SevCerdeT.

horori saTaves kinos Seqmnis pirvelive wlebidan iRebsda mimarTulia imisken, rom mayurebelSi mRelvareba gamoiwvios.misi TviTmizani SiSia, romelsac yovelTvis efeqturadiyenebdnen dasavleTis kinematografistebi. `1000 funtigirvanqa sterlingi mas, vinc SiSiT mokvdeba!~ 1 _ amgvaraduwevdnen reklamas zogierT saSinelebaTa films 40-ianiwlebis inglisSi. Zalian cota films Tu gamovyofdiT,romelsac SeiZleba raime konkretuli mizani hqondes, mTavarimainc xalxSi SiSis gamowvevaa. da mainc, ratom midismayurebeli saSinelebaTa filmis sanaxavad kinoSi. albaT,imitom, rom iq mas safrTxe ar elis da Tan karg „uJassac~Caatans gemos. yvelafris miuxedavad, am Janris filmebsyovelTvis didi auditoria hyavda. zogisTvis is mxolodgasarTobia, bevrisTvis, albaT kargi kino. zogic amiT Tavs

` T a n a m e d r o v e k i n o T e o r i e b i

d a k r i t i c i z m i ~

naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelisrekomendaciiT.

statiebis stli daculia.

programis xelmZRvaneli - manana lekboraSvili

5150

qalis, meri Selis amave saxelwodebis romans. ̀ frankenSteini~iTvleba ti piuri goTikuri Janris nawarmoebad. filmisreJisorma jeims veilma, monstris rolSi niWieri msaxiobiboris karlofi (Carlz edvard prati) warmogvidgina, romelicdialogis gareSe qmnis tragikul saxes, misi naRvliani dagawamebuli Tvalebi ki mayurebelSi SiSTan erTad simpaTiasaciwvevs. saSinelebaTa filmis istoriaSi pirvelad iqmnebagmiris saxasiaTo saxe. personaJi erTbaSad saSiSicaa dasayvarelic. is cdilobs dauaxlovdes adamianebs, Tumcaadamianebi gaurbian mas. gavixsenoT yvelasagan devnili adamianisda patara gogonas TamaSis epizodi: isini mdinareSi gvirilebsyrian da rodesac monstrs yvavili gauTavdeba, wyalSi gogonasCaagdebs. mas hgonia, rom es swori saqcielia, Tumca bavSvidaixrCoba da es ukanasknelic maleve mixvdeba, rom daaSava.vxedavT mis Sewuxebul saxes _ gaCnda emocia. miuxedavadamisa mayureblis simpaTia gmiris mimarT ki ar neldeba,aramed, piriqiT, Cndeba misdami sibralulis grZnoba, gansxvavebiTpirvelwyarosgan.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, filmis siuJeti sagrZnobladdaSorebulia pirvelwyaros. literaturul wyaroSifrankenSteinis mier gacocxlebuli demoni Segnebulad akeTebsyvelafers, borotia. meri Seli, wignis winasityvaobaSi wers:„me vlaparakobdi saidumloebiT moculi adamianis bunebasada arsze da Tan mindoda gamomeRviZebina mkiTxvelSi saSineliwarmosaxvebi~. 3

rac Seexeba e. w „SiSis xelovnebas~, reJisori filmispirvelive kadridan cdilobs mayureblis emociebis marTvas:iyenebs xmovan efeqtebs _ saqmeSi aqtiurad erTveba Weqa-quxili, qariSxali, wvima, ismis Semzaravi gruxunis xma daqviT naSenebi uzarmazari, civi cixesimagrec naTdeba. es isadgilia, sadac eqimi frankenSteini drois umetes nawilsatarebs. yvelaze STambeWdavi ki, albaT, ekranze monstrispirveli gamoCenaa. es aris didi tanis, tlanqad mosiarulearseba _ sakmaod saxasiaTo personaJi, romelic mayurebelsgulgrils ver tovebs. swored am filmma daudo saTave

aiZulebs, SiSi daZlios an ubralod „mazoxistia~. devidkronenbergi ki sakuTar versias gvTavazobs. misi azriT:`hororis safuZveli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven ar viciT,rogor movkvdebiT.~2

saSinelebaTa filmi eqspresionistulma kinom warmoSva.eqspresionizmi, rogorc mimarTuleba, Caisaxa XX saukunisdasawyisSi, is iyo protestis xelovneba, burJuaziis, sisastikis,omis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli. axali damTavrebuli iyo pirvelimsoflio omi, SiSis atmosferos gamoxatvis saSualeba kixelovnebis dargebidan yvelaze metad kinematografs hqonda.swored xalxSi gaCenilma SiSma da meryeobam ganapirobakinoSi hororis damkvidreba. es iyo goTikuri stilis filmebi,romlebic unda gadaRebuliyo did sasaxleebSi, bneladgilebSi, sadac mayurebels SiSi daeufleboda, am yvelaferski safuZvlad daedo rogorc realuri istoriebi, ise xalxurizRaprebi eSmakebze da jadoqrebze, miTebi, cnobilimelodramebi...

mogvianebiT germanelma reJisorebma mosinjes demonebisada borotebis amoucnobi samyaro. mayurebeli ekranze xvdebodairealur zebunebriv garemoSi, romelSic iyo sasaflaoebi,vampirebi, monstrebi, urCxulebi, satanuri Zalebis mqoneeSmakeuli adamianebi. germanuli saSinelebaTa filmebipopularobiT sargeblobda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.maTac hqondaT patara eqsperimenti, erTnawiliani filmifrankenSteinze, romelic 1910 wels gadaiRo edisoniskompaniam. miuxedavad imisa, rom es Janri 1930 wlamdeauTvisebeli iyo amerikuli kinematografisTvis, eqsperimentiarc Tu ise cudi gamovida, ufro metic, Seiqmna monstrissakmaod saSiSi saxe. es iyo ConCxi, romelic undagaecocxlebina eqim frankenSteins. mayurebeli ekranze xedavda,rogor isxamda xorcs adamianis Zvlebi da TandaTan Tmagawewildemons emsgavseboda, aq iyo SiSis gamowvevis Zalian kargimcdeloba.

kinomonstrebis aqtualoba ganapiroba 1931 wels gamosulma„frankenSteinma~, romelic eyrdnoboda ingliseli mwerali

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sanaxaobrivi TvalsazrisiT filmi kargi gamovida, gansakuTrebiTgamovarCev siuJetis dramaturgiul wyobas, rasac ver vityviTsamsaxiobo ostatobaze. zogadad aradamajerebelia msaxiobTaTamaSi da kidev ufro cudi monstris saxe. filmSi yvelaferizedapirulia, TviT demonic ki. reJisoris Canafiqri, eCvenebinayvelasagan devnili adamiani, romelic siyvaruls eZebs daimavdroulad SeeSinebina mayurebeli, kraxiT damTavrda. manSeqmna personaJi, romelic demonad ki ara sacodav arsebadwarmogvidgina, monstri, romelic Cveulebrivi adamianiviTdadis da laparakobs, tiris, ganicdis, magram misi saxe iseTiumetyvelo da yalbia, rom Znelia Segebralos an TundacSegeSindes. gaucxoveba, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi aseTgmirebTan gardauvalia xolme, am filmSi faqtobrivad _arc arsebobs. erTaderTi, rac monstrs ganasxvavebsdanarCenebisgan, ucnauri samosia. Sesabamisad, is arc SiSsiwvevs mayurebelSi, rasac ver vityviT li skotis„frankenSteinis dabrunebaze~ (2005).

aq SiSis faqtori ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre gmirisgancdebi, survilebi. Cven winaSea saSiSi demoni, romelicSegnebulad Cadis mkvlelobas, borotebas. Tavad midismsxverplis mosaklavad, romelic unda gaacocxlosprofesorma frankenSteinma da gaxados misi megobari. vxedavT,rogor ixocebian adamianebi. Tumca es yvelaferi iseTibunebrivi xdeba, rom mayurebelSi protestis grZnobas aRariwvevs da egueba mas.

es aris „neofrankenSteinebis~ seriis bolo suraTi, sadacmonstris saxe yvelaze metad uaxlovdeba reJisoris Canafiqrs,SeaSinos mayurebeli da marTos misi emociebi. Tumca filmsamis garda sxva Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. cudia Tu kargi,faqtia, rom Tanamedrove fsevdogmirebma mTlianad daangriesnawarmoebis mTavari arsi da sazogadoebaSi `dartymulimecnieris~ mier Seqmnili sabralo msxverpli, saSinelimonstris saxeliT sargeblobs. es iyo msxverpli adamianisgulgrilobisa, monstri, romelic eZebda siyvaruls da dResam uazro „neofrankenSteinebiT~ guls vtkenT mas. msxverpli,

kinomonstrebis serias, romlebic Semdgom didi warmatebiTganviTarda masobriv kulturaSi.

boris karlofis gmiri oTxi wlis Semdeg kvlav gvaxsenebsTavs filmSi „frankenSteinis sacole~, romelic 1935 welsgadaiRo jeims veilma. kinosuraTSi naCvenebia, rogor gadarCa„mokluli” monstri. iwyeba meore eqsperimentisTvis mzadebada frankenSteinis misia axla ukve qali monstris Seqmnaa,romelmac partnioroba unda gauwios boris karlofis gmirs,sanacvlod frankenSteinsa da mis ojaxs Tavs daanebebs. aqukve monstri warmodgenilia saSiS da mavne arsebad, romelicgauTaveblad daZrwis da yvelafers anadgurebs. cdilobsdaZlios martooba, gamosavali ki erTaderTia _ megobari,romelic uTanagrZnobs da daemsgavseba mas. es versia 1931wlis suraTisgan gansxvavebiT, Zalian miuaxlovdaliteraturul pirvelwyaros.

„frankenSteinis~ Tema Zalian aqtualuri iyokinoxelovnebaSi „SiSis teqnologiis” TvalsazrisiT. eqimifrankenSteini tvinis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT amtkicebs, romSeuZlia akontrolos rogorc Cveulebrivi adamianis, asevemonstrebisa da zombebis emociebi. gavisxenoT jorj romeroscnobili filmi zombebze „mkvdrebis dRe~ (1985), sadacprofesori erT-erT zombs azrovnebas aswavlis, cdilobsmiaxvedros, ra sagans ra daniSnuleba aqvs da amiT amtkicebs,rom zombsac SeuZlia sixarulis da mwuxarebis gamoxatva.

sagulisxmoa, rom amis Semdeg uamravi TanamedrovefrankenSteini moevlina qveyanas. magaliTad, kenet branas„meri Selis frankenSteini” (1994), monstris rolSi robertde niro, romelic arc Tu ise gansxvavdeba karlofis gmirisgan.Tumca, rac yvelaze metad aSorebT erTmaneTisgan, maTivestatusia _ mayureblis damokidebuleba. is stereotipi, rommonstri, garda SiSisa, adamianis simpaTiasa da siyvarulsacimsaxurebs, male imsxvreva da de niros gmiric ufro agresiasiwvevs mayureblSi, vidre mowonebas.

sayuradReboa agreTve kevin konoris „frankenSteini~(2004). am filmze Zalian bevri ram SeiZleba iTqvas.

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Tamar TargamaZe

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`civilizaciam wagvarTva uSualo reaqciebisunari.Ggaxevebuli mdgomareobidan gaTavisuflebada sulieri wonasworobis aRgena mxolod SokiszRvarze moqmedi xelovnuri xerxebiTaaSesaZlebeli. kino saukeTeso saSualebaa am miznismisaRwevad~.

Aalfred hiCkoki.

adamianebi ufro xSirad imisTvisac dadian kinoSi, raTa ganicadonis grZnobebi, romelsac Cveulebriv moklebulni arian realurcxovrebaSi. `saspensi saSinelebaa~ ambobs oskar uaildis erT-erTi personaJi, _ ̀ magram me imedi maqvs, rom is gagrZeldeba~.1

es paradoqsuli SegrZneba nacnobia yvela kinomoyvarulisTvis,miT umetes, saspensis udidesi ostatis alfred hiCkokismoyvarulTaTvis. ratom xdeba, rom `gveSinia~ SiSis da maincsiamovnebas gvaniWebs misi gancda (miT umetes, TuU is realurfizikur safrTxes ar ukavSirdeba)? Tavad hiCkoki fiqrobda,rom es jer kidev dedis mklavebidan iwyeba, roca deda bavSvsaSinebs: ̀ buu!~. bavSvi jer SeSinebulia, Semdeg ki kmayofilebiTicinis.

Trileri, rogorc termini, 40-50-ian wlebSi gaCnda. igiSeiZleba iyos deteqtivi, socialuri an fsiqologiuri drama,upirveles yovlisa ki _ saSinelebaTa filmi. klasikuriTrileris didi ostati, ingliseli reJisoriAalfred hiCkokiambobda: `adamianSi misgan damoukideblad imaleba potenciurimkvleli, msxverpli da maniaki.~ aqedan gamomdinare reJisorismizani iyo, maqsimaluri adrenalinis gamoyofis saSualebiTmayureblisTvis daenaxvebina es potenciuri `rolebi~.

Trilers, rogorc damoukidebel Janrs, Znelad Tu gamoyofiseTi Janrebisgan, rogorebicaa: deteqtivi da saSinelebaTa

romelic monstrad Tavad adamianma aqcia da mis mimarT SiSiTviTonve daiwyo.

da mainc, hororis ZiriTadi amocanaa gadalaxos,daamsxvrios sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis wesiT agebulijebirebi da masSi damaluli SiSi gaaTavisuflos; aiZulosmayurebeli, daanaxos is, risi danaxvac ar SeeZlo wina wuTebSi;mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba SiSis esTetikuri gancda.

Tu adre mayurebels saSinelebaTa filmebi xiblavda TavisidaZabulobiT, Tematuri mravalferovnebiT, vampirebiT,monstrebiT, zombebiT da alqajebiT, romlebic sasaflaoebzedaZrwian, dRes ukve aqtiurad SeiniSneba SiSis xelovnebiscvalebadoba . teqnologiurma miRwevebma aaRorZinaapokalifsuri filmebi, dawyebuli klonirebidan maniakebisada mkvlelebis Camoyalibebamde. hororma uaryo Tavisi poetika,mayurebelTan urTierTobis birTvi gaxda uecari Soki dahorori iqca e. w. `boevikis~ Tanasworad, sadac unda iyossaspensi.

1. i. maxaraZe. saSinelebaTa filmebi _ „axali filmebi~,Tbilisi, 1990, №3, gv. 18-23.2. Д. Комм. Технологии страха - `искуство кино”, Моссква,2001, №11, с. 98-107.3. i. maxaraZe. Ddasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 18-23.

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mayureblis nebismier kategoriaze SeuZlia moergos.filmi `Toki~2 erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, Tu

rogor unda imoqmedo mayurebelze, ise, rom igi daZabo, SeaSinoda amave dros filmis erT-erT monawiled gaxado. danaSauli,romelic Cadenilia ubralo adamianuri sisustis dasafarad daimaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom `zeadamians~ mkvlelobis Cadenacxelewifeba da marTlmsajulebaze Tavis aridebac, danaSauliarasodes gamJRavndeba, maSinac ki, roca gvami saaSkaraod gamosaCenadgilas aris damaluli. es aris filmis ZiriTadi RerZi, romlisgarSemoc trialeben personaJebi. filmis dasawyisSive oriaxalgazrda mamakaci klavs saerTo megobars da gvams sastumrooTaxSi moTavsebul skivrSi malavs. cota xnis Semdeg am skivrzeSlian sufras da stumrad moklulis Seyvarebuls, mSoblebs,axloblebs patiJeben wveulebaze.

hiCkokis saidumlo imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kamera skivrispirdapir, frontalurad aris damontaJebuli da mayurebelssurvili uCndeba, miwveul stumrebs Tavad miuTiTos gvamisadgilsamyofeli. sruliad ucnaur viTarebaSi ramdenjerme Cndebamkvlelobis iaraRi _ Toki, romelic aseve moqmedebs mayurebelzeda Cndeba daZabuli molodinis gancda, rom danaSauls sacaa,farda aexdeba.

TiTqos umniSvnelo da xSirad ironiuli dialogebiTgajerebuli epizodebi ar gaZlevs gamoTiSvis saSualebas, radganswored masSia miniSnebuli Tavsatexis gasaRebi da swored amdialogebiT mixvdeba erT-erTi stumari, maTi yofili aRmzrdeli,rom mkvleloba Cadenilia maspinZlebis mier da metic, rom gvamidamalulia swored im skivrSi, razec igi cota xnis win vaxSmobda.

xelovnurad Seqmnili garemo ferad filmSi Sav-TeTri filmisgmirad gagrZnobinebs Tavs, rac ufro damajerebels xdis yvelaim emocias, romelic yurebis dros giCndeba.

`Tokis~ msgavsad Trileris saukeTeso nimuSebad SeiZlebamiviCnioT `fsiqo~, `Citebi~ da `Tavbrusxveva~. `Citebisgan~gansxvavebiT zemoT CamoTvlil filmebs aerTianebs adamianuricduneba da fulisadmi swrafva, Tumca mTavari mainc deteqtiurielferia, romelic mudam mzadyofnis refleqss aRviZebs. ̀ CitebSi~konkretuli danaSauli raRac iracionaluri kanonebis mixedviT

filmi, radgan is am Janrebis erT-erTi arsebiTi Semadgenelia,magram am SemTxvevebSi Trileri emsaxureba raRac sxva mizans,xolo maSin, roca filmis erTaderTi mizani mayurebelSi daZabulimolodinis da SiSis Jruantelis gamowvevaa, albaT, SegviZliavilaparakoT Trilerze, rogorc Janrze.

dReisTvis Trileri erT-erTi popularuli Janria. teqnikisganviTarebam adamianis moTxovnilebis gazrda da daxvewa gamoiwvia,swored aqedan gamomdinare Trileri erTaderTi Janria im JanrTaSoris, romlis amocnoba ver SeZlo mayurebelma. mudmivi daZabuloba,SiSis molodiniT mijaWvuloba kinoekranTan ufro sainteresosda amoucnobs xdis am Janrs. klasikuri Trileris `mamad~wodebuli alfred hiCkoki uamravi saidumlo xerxis avtoria amJanrSi, maT Soris aris Soki da saspensi. saspensi danaSaulismolodinis gamZafrebaSi mdgomareobs. am dros mayurebeli iseveganicdis mTavari gmiris Tavgadasavals, TiTqos igi Tavad iyosfilmis gmiri. hiCkokis filmebi gajerebulia aseTi SegrZnebebiT,swored amitom uwodes inglisel reJisors Trileris didiostati. saspensis Sesaqmnelad hiCkoki sxvadasxva xerxs iyenebsmaT Soris aris: msxvili xedi, montaJis Taviseburi xerxebi,aseve specifikuri musika, romelic mTel films gasdevsgansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi.

Trileris saidumlo sworad gaTvlil drosa da sworaddasmul maxvilebSi mdgomareobs: Tu ar aris gansazRvruli zustidro, rodis unda moxdes siuJetis daZabva, SeuZlebelia mayureblisdamorCileba. bombi, romelic SeiZleba moulodnelad afeTqdesfilmis msvlelobis dros, mayurebelSi Soks gamoiwvevs; xoloTu mayurebelma icis, rom bombi sadRac mTavari gmiris maxlobladaris damontaJebuli da yovel wuTs elodeba mis afeTqebas,swored am dros xdeba mayureblis ekranTan mijaWva da igi ukvesiuJetze damokidebuli xdeba.

`Trileris dros aucilebelia, mayurebelma kargadicodes filmis siuJeti, radgan saspensi maTze am droskargad moqmedebs~ _ ambobs hiCkoki. ingliseli reJisorisTiTqmis yvela filmSi arsebobs saidumlo, romlisamocnoba mayurebels xandaxan uWirs. swored amsaidumloSia reJisoris gasaRebi da am gasaRebiT

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Mmariam manjgalaZe

mozardis reprezentacia Tanamedrove

amerikul kinematografSi

(eri pozinis filmis `Camskraberi~ magaliTze)

rTulia, kerZo SemTxvevebze Tu situaciebze dayrdnobiTganazogado Seqmnili problemebi, magram mozardis asakobrivikvleva sakmao xania xelovnebis Tu mecnierebis Seswavlis sagania,amitom araerTi analitikuri Tu SemoqmedebiTi masala arsebobsam universalur TemasTan dakavSirebiT.Ddasaxelebulia problemebi,maTi warmoqmnis SesaZlo versiebi da am problemaTa aRmofxvrisan Sesustebis saSualebebi. magram gamotanili daskvnebi didiveraferi SeRavaTia ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenelTaTvis daarc Tavad axalgazrdebisTvis gamxdara sasikeTo cvlilebebisdasawyisi. SeiZleba iTqvas, problema mecnieruli miRwevebis dacivilizaciis ganviTarebis paralelurad met simZafres iZens.Mmisikompleqsuri bunebidan gamomdinare Seqmnili garTulebebi SeiZlebauamrav garemoebasTan davakavSiroT.Mmizezebis aRwera afasebsdamdgar realobas da Semdeg yvelafer amis sababs arkvevs.

mozardis aRqma da damokidebuleba gare samyarosTank vlevisTvis sa k m aod rTuli feno m e n i a . A a q oriurTierTsapirispiro mimarTeba: ̀ msxverpli~ da ̀ damnaSave~ xSiradSegviZlia erT epiTetSi gavaerTianoT. siRrmidan wamosulienergia da emociebi yovel jerze Taviseburadaa gamovlenili.individi Tavad irCevs gamoxatulebis formas da xasiaTs. ZiriTadadsimptomebi aris agresia, narkomania, depresia, SiSebi, kompleqsebida kidev bevri niSani, rac garkveul fsiqikur aSlilobazemiuTiTebs.Ees zogjer SeniRbulia, dafarulia gareSe TvalisTvis,zogjer ki aSkaraa da safrTxes warmoadgens garSemo myofTaTvis.

narkotiki moCvenebiTi Tavisuflebis da komfortismisaRwevad yvelaze cnobili da ioli gzaa.Ees droebiTigamosavali mis momxmarebelTa umarTavi moqmedebebisTvis erTgvaristimulia. arsebobs mosazreba, rom pirovnebis Camoyalibebasmisi sxvebTan urTierTobebi gansazRvravs. ras vifiqrebT sakuTarTavze damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras fiqrobdnen Cven Sesaxeb

warmoiSoba da Zlierdeba, saSiSroebis neli, gardauvali zrda _SfoTva, SiSi,Eelda. rogorc hiCkokis sxva filmebSi aqac saspensiTavis saqmes ubadlod akeTebs. musikis nacvlad am filmSigamoyenebulia Citebis xmebi da sxvadasxva xmauri. amiT reJisormaufro damajerebeli da realuri gaxada is sisastike, rac ekranzegvaCvena. es yvelaferi saSualebas gvaZlevs am kinosuraTs erT-erTi saukeTeso namuSevari vuwodoT Trileris istoriaSi.

am Janris popularoba misma aradamrigeblurma daaramqadegeblurma siuJetma gamoiwvia. TrilerisTvis ar arismTavari, mayurebels miawodos moraluri recepti, swored esubraloeba xdis mas saidumloebiT mocul Janrad.

is cdunebani, romlebiTac Zalian xSirad iwyeba TrilerisJanris filmebi, sakmaod miamiturad gamoiyureba, magram sakmarisia,personaJma cali fexi mainc gayos misTvis dagebul maxeSi, rommTlianad intrigis qveS eqceva da ukve Tavad ki ar marTavssituacias, aramed mTlianad am situaciisagan xdeba damokidebuli.

yvelaferi martivad xdeba: uboroto tyuils Tan mosdevssxva didi tyuili; patara SantaJis, TiTqmis flirtisa da TamaSisirgvliv TandaTan izrdeba da Zlierdeba mkvlelobebis, devnis,SiSis sulisSemxuTveli atmosfero. es sakmaod mZime Sromaa,romelic did moTminebas da logikur Tanamimdevrobas moiTxovs.

kinematografi erT-erTi iaraRia, mayurebels aacilo issafrTxe, romelic misgan damoukideblad arsebobs, xolo Janrienaa, romliTac saSualeba gaqvs, maT esaubro. Seqspiri sasjelscodvaSi xedavs, codva danaSaulia, danaSauli ki Trileris mTavariRerZia.

hiCkoki erTaderTi reJisoria, romelsac SeuZlia, xiluligaxados erTi an ramdenime personaJis azrebi ise, rom dialogsar mimarTos ufro metic, mas SeuZlia publikis yuradRebisdapyroba da ekranze misi sruli koncentrireba ise, rom yvelada yvelaferi daaviwyos.

1. ix.: Oscar Wilde. The Importance of Being Earnest. (1895)2. `Toki~. 1948. reJ., alfred hiCkoki

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gare ganaTeba Sinagan mdgomareobas faravs,Mmimika ki ar amJRavnebsnamdvil emociebs.Aam samyaroSi adamianebi Tavad awesebenSezRudvebs da mere TviTonve veRar aRweven Tavs mis gavlenebs.reJisori maT moCvenebiT keTildReobas aSkara ironiiT afasebs.filmSi mTavari urTierTobebi _ mSoblisa da Svilis, megobrebis,Seyvarebuli wyvilis damokidebuleba mZafrad arakomunikabelurida uSinaarsoa.

am samyaroSi arsebobis mTavari principebia _ arasodesdakargo wonasworoba, aravis aCveno sakuTari sisuste da arCaidino is, rac ewinaaRmdegeba saerTo interesebs.Aam punqtebisdacvas filmis gmirebi bejiTad ekidebian, magram miRweuli balansimainc irRveva.Mmozardebi erTi mxriv, warmoadgenen am faseulobebisdamangrevel, araswor Zalas, magram, meore mxriv, isini ufrojansaR, namdvil saxeebs qmnian, vidre samagaliTo ̀ didebis Taoba~.

aq ar dgas socialuri an ekonomikuri problemebi, axalgazrdebsmSoblebi cxovrebis sakmaod karg pirobebs sTavazoben,uzrunvelyofen materialurad, magram swored aseT fonze kargadCans gaucxovebis, martoobis, TanagrZnobis deficitisproblema.Mmozardebs sWirdebaT kavSiri mSoblebTan, Tumcacivilizebuli da kulturuli garemo aseT kavSirebs ufrooficialur da gansazRvrul formaSi aqcevs.Aaravis ainteresebssxvisi mosmena, aravinaa gulwrfeli da veravin gamoxatavs RiadsakuTar emociebs.

Znelia irwmuno, rom mSobels winaswar aqvs ganzraxuli,Svils TviTmkvlelobisken, narkotikebisken an danaSauliskenubiZgos, magram filmSi gamokveTilia safrTxe, rac xels uwyobsmaT am fazamde miyvanas. ufrosebis uyuradReboba da gulgriloba,axalgazrdebis ,,Cveulebrivi~ problemebis TiTqmis ignorireba,gadagvarebis mTavar mizezad gvevlineba.

filmis mTavari gmiri dini stifli megobris TviTmkvlelobismomswre xdeba.Aamis Semdeg is mudmivad gaurbis nanaxze fiqrs,icis, rom yvelasTvis sulerTia misi gancdebi. erTaderTi eqimibili CaTvlis saWirod Svilis mdgomareobaSi garkvevas da isiczereled usmens ufro dakvirvebis obieqts, vidre Svils.BbolosZlier damamSvidebel preparats uwvdis. dinis rTuli situaciidangamoyvana da mdgomareobis Semsubuqeba am wamalze xdeba

Cveni pirovnebis formirebis wlebSi.Mmozardis socialursituaciebSi gamovlenili winaaRmdegobebi realur mdgomareobasada mis idealizebul warmodgenebs Soris arsebul SeusabamobasacSeiZleba davukavSiroT. sakuTari `meobis~ dasadgenad maTcxovrebis sazrisis swori gageba sWirdebaT. sxvagvaradgrZnobebis gauxeSeba xdeba da sasiamovno gancdebis xelovnuradgamowvevis survili viTardeba.

dRes ukve amerikuli, da aramarto amerikuli, kino aseveseriozulad svams mozardebis mier antidepresanti saSualebebisxSiri gamoyenebis problemasac.Uukve TiTqos erT plastSiganixileba mravali saxis narkotikuli Tu antidepresiulinivTierebis mavne zemoqmedeba. moSvebuli, gaRizianebuli anagresiuli mozardebisaTvis ufrosebi am kategoriis saSualebebsmimarTaven, calkeuli rTuli SemTxvevis dros naklebadiTvaliswineben asakobriv midrekilebebs da individisgansxvavebul unarebs. Sedegma aCvena, rom es `harmoniulobis~garanti nivTierebebi arcTu ise usafrTxoa, rogorc amassareklamo diskursi gvawvdis.

kino amgvar problemaTa reprezentacias sxvadasxvagvarirealobis warmodgeniT axdens. zedapirulad iTvaliswinebs yvelajgufis, klasis identurobas da kulturuli Tu sazogadoebrivigavlenebidan gamomdinare, Taviseburad afasebs Seqmnilvariantebs.Nnebismier SemTxvevaSi viRebT sinamdvilis ara zustanarekls, aramed saxeze gvaqvs specifikuri aRqmis magaliTebi.

eri pozinis filmi `Camskraberi~1Aamerikuli sinamdvilissakmaod saintereso versias ayalibebs.Mmyudro da mSvid qalaqSi,sadac yvelaferi idiliur garemoze mianiSnebs, Seusabamosituaciebia Seqmnili. standartuli fasadis aucileblobayvelasTvis dadgenilia, wesebi saerTo da gasaTvaliswinebelia.aseT ̀ mowesrigebul~ sazogadoebaSi formireba maTi Cveulebebisgaziarebas moiTxovs. roca saerTo mdgomareoba ariTmetikulisizustiTaa agebuli, parametrebi SenTvisac winaswarvea gaTvlili.

reJisori kritikulad udgeba am saxiT Camoyalibebulrealobas. SefasebisTvis is zRapruli suraTis gacocxlebulvariants gvTavazobs. yvelaferi erTimeoris miyolebiTsaTamaSosaviT faqizad da mimzidveladaa awyobili. xelovnuri

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adaptaciisTvis emzadebian.Aase aRwevs nawili stabilurobas,nawili ki arabunebriv mdgomareobaSi yofnis gamo winaaRmdegobrivmidrekilebebs avlens.

filmi ̀ Camskraberi~ am saxis amerikul sociumSi ganviTarebulimozardis ironiuli, utrirebuli reprezentaciaa, Tumca es ironiagacilebiT Semwynarebluria mozardebis mimarT, vidre mozrdilTareprezentaciis dros. Cans, rom garemo balansis dasacavad maTganac`Segnebul~ da `dinamikur~ midgomas moiTxovs. sxvanairad isZnelad egueba ukontrolo procesebs.Aaxalgazrdebi Tavad iqmnianrealobas, magram mcdari faseulobebis fonze ver axarxebenswori mimarTulebis povnas.Uufrosebis cxovreba da moqmedebisstili gadaWriT uintereso da mosawyenia maTTvis. isini ZiriTaddros profesiul da sazogadoebriv saqmeebs uTmoben.DdagegmildRis wesrigSi SvilebTan urTierTobis punqti mxolodsaWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xvdeba. gamosavali mogonili sikeTeebis,pozitiuri faseulobebiT CanacvlebaSia.

filmis dasasruls maiklis da dinis personaJebiTavisufldebian garSemomyofebis zewolisagan da TavisTvismisaReb simSvides agneben. is, rom ukompromiso sistema adamianebmaSeqmnes, niSnavs, rom mxolod maTive ZalisxmeviTaa SesaZlebelimisi dasusteba. droTa ganmavlobaSi SemuSavebuli tendenciebida mimarTulebebi Taviseburad niSandobliv pirobebs aarsebs.aq mTavaria swrafva liderobisken, warmatebisken da Zalauflebisken,TiTqmis aRar arsebobs TviTgamoxatvis da grZnobis upiratesoba.

1. ̀ Camskraberi~ (`Chumskraubber~), 2005, reJ. eri pozini (Arie Posin),scen. avt. Eeri pozini, zak stenfordi. rolebSi: jemi beli, kamilabeli, glen qlouzi, rori kalkini, ralf faiansi.

2. www.regioncentve.ru

damokidebuli. eqims Znelad warmoudgenia ukeTesi saSualebaSvilis dasaxmareblad.

reJisori xazs usvams, rom umTavresi adamianuri urTierTobebigamogonilma nivTierebebma da usulo sagnebma Caanacvla.Aaq xalxiiCqaris imisken, rasac momavali ara aqvs da mxolod umniSvnelodroebiTi warmateba moaqvs.Mmisis bredli imdenadaa Tavisisaqorwilo samzadisiT dakavebuli, rom ver amCnevs SvilisramdenimedRian gauCinarebas. ver axerxebs saqmros mosmenas,romelic cdilobs sakuTar SegrZnebebze daelaparakos. aseTiabsurduli da amave dros saSiSroebis Semcveli situaciebisgamoyenebiT reJisori gauazrebeli problemebis simwvavezesaubrobs.Ddaufaravia misi simpaTia mozardebis mimarT _ ZiriTadadisini amxelen Rirseul ufrosebs gamousworebeli SecdomebisdaSvebaSi, garkveul ususurobaSi da upatiebeli sisusteebisgamovlenaSi. filmSi axalgazrdebi ar ibrZvian maT winaaRmdeg,mxolod surT gaTavisufldnen ̀ keTilismsurveli~ meurveebisgan.zogi TviTmkvlelobiT, zogi narkotikiT da ase yvela misTvismisawvdomi gziT aRwevs Sedegs.Aaq reprezentirebulia samyaro,romelSic Svilebi ar iReben mSoblis rudunebiT Seqmnil,maketiviT unaklo, magram amasTan usaZirkvlo realobas. filmSisinamdvile ukiduresi simwvaviTaa gamoxatuli, miniSnebebis nacvladxmamaRali Sefasebebi da Ria protesti gaismis. is Seqmnilisistemis ugunurebaze saubrobs.

filmis personaJebi, ZiriTadad, amerikis SeZlebul saSualofenas warmoadgenen.Eeqimi, politikosi, diasaxlisi, saqmiani qalida a. S. TiTqmis Seesabamebian statusiT nakarnaxev stereotipebs,Tumca amave dros maT utrirebul da gauTvaliswinebladwinaaRmdegobriv saxeebs qmnian. yofiTi garemo xelsayrelia, ararsebobs mizezi gaurkvevlobis da masTan dapirispirebisa, erTia,rom es srulyofilad gaTvlili garemo mizanmimarTulad uspobTmTavar principebs da SeumCnevlad nergavs adamianis bunebisgadagvarebas.Kkonkretulad veravin asaxelebs, raSia misi sakuTarTavTan gaucxoebis problema.Aaq komforti da diskomfortisinonimebia, amitom aRar SeiZleba isaubro harmoniaze da balansze,filmis gmirebi ki maT mudmiv ZiebaSi arian. isini TandaTaneCvevian ganwyobis, fiqris ignorirebas da tendenciur pirobebTan

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klasikuri kinosaxeebi Seqmna. es xdeba 70-80-ian wlebSi,rodesac homoseqsualizmi codvisa da daavadebis sinonimadmoiazreboda.

homoseqsualizmi dResac kamaTis sagania. zogierTifsiqologi Tvlis, rom ar arsebobs TvalsaCino gansxvaveba`geebisa~ da ̀ naturalebis~ fsiqikas Soris da, Tuki ̀ geebSi~raime darRveva SeiniSneba, es gamowveulia mxolodsazogadoebis zewoliT. aseve cnobilia is faqtic, romhomoseqsualistebSi, magaliTad, suicidis SemTxveva ufroxSiria vidre heteroseqsualebSi. almodovars fsiqologebzearanakleb zedmiwevniT hyavs Seswavlili es adamianebi -sisusteebiTa da paTologiebiT.

gavixsenoT lola filmidan ̀ yvelaferi dedaCemis Sesaxeb~.adamiani sruliad darRveuli fsiqikiT. ra SeiZleba iTqvasmamakacze, romelic gardaiqmna qalad, romelsac aqvs silikonismkerdi da amasTan, is protests gamoTqvams meuRlis, manuelas,zedmetad mokle bolokabaze. albaT, masSi jer kidev igrZnobamamakacuri sawyisi. colis gamomwvevi Cacmuloba xom, rogorcwesi, mamakacebs aRizianebT. ai, filmis finalSi ki ukve vxedavTTiTqmis ̀ srulfasovan qals~, romelSic dedobrivi instinqticki iRviZebs. albaT, gvaxsovs scena, rodesac mas Svili, pataraestebani, uWiravs. misi cremlnarevi Rimili gvagonebs imqalis emocias, romelic axlaxans deda gaxda.

agrado kidev erTi personaJia am filmidan, romelicbunebisa da biologiis winaaRmdeg midis. is ikeTebs plastikuroperaciebs, gardaisaxeba qalad da gadis panelze. filmSiar Cans, is amas gamorCenis Tu siamovnebis gamo akeTebs.aSkaraa, rom qalis tyavSi agrado Tavs ukeT grZnobs.almodovaris personaJebSi igrZnoba bedisadmi Seuguebloba,Sinagani disharmonia, romelic maT radikaluri cvlilebebiskenubiZgebs.

rac ar unda vilaparakoT sazogadoebis loialurobasada humanurobaze, aSkaraa misi kritikuli damikidebulebaaratradiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis adamianebis mimarT.sazogadoebis azri filmSi `yvelaferi dedaCemis Sesaxeb~

rusudan papunaSvili

almodovari da misi homopersonaJebi

pedro almodovari Tavis pirvel filmebs iRebs maSin,rodesac frankos diqtatoruli reJimi damxobilia, magram,miuxedavad amisa, espanur sazogadoebaSi bevri tabudadebuliTema arsebobs. erT-erTi aseTi Temaa homoseqsualizmi, romelsacxSirad vxvdebiT mis filmebSi. es filmebi gadaRebuliamisTvis Cveul naturalistur maneraSi da aris erTgvariprotesti, mimarTuli espanuri burJuaziuli sazogadoebisken.am filmebs araerTxel gamouwvevia skandali. erT-erTi aseTiskandalis Semdeg reJisori Semdeg komentars akeTebs: `Cemifilmebi skandaluria ara gamosaxulebis , aramedgulwrfelobis gamo. xalxma icis, rom homoseqsualizmiarsebobs, rom ori mamakaci erTad wveba, magram xalxs aRizianebsis faqti, rom es naCvenebia ekranze. zogadad skandaliyovelTvis viRacis subieqturi xedvaa. arian kidev homofobebi,ZiriTadad mamakacebi, romlebic ver uyureben scenas, sadacori kaci erTmaneTs esiyvaruleba. isini amis TanamonawiledgrZnoben Tavs da es xels uSliT maT mSvidad uyuronamgvar sanaxaobas~.1

pedro almodovaris kino aris Tavisufali samyarosreprezentacia. rogorc Tavad ambobs, is bolomde datkbademokratiiT. misi azriT, XX saukunis bolos Sexedulebacxovrebaze, siyvarulsa da ojaxze Seicvala da amanTa nam edrove adami ani ufro Tavi sufali , m agr amgacilebiTYdepresiuli gaxada. misi personaJebi damZimebulniarian Sinagani konfliqtebiT, swored es, maTi mdgomareoba,moqmedebs misi filmebis siuJetis Sinagan logikaze.almodovaris gmirebi mudmivi gardaqmnis situaciaSi imyofebian.isini icvlian garegnobas, profesias da, rac yvelazesainteresoa, sqess. is erT-erTi pirvelia im reJisorebsSoris, romelmac sociumis fskerze myofi adamianebisgan

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SegviZlia davaskvnaT kidec, rom uma fiziologiurad arishomoseqsuali, nina, ki _ gadawyvetilebiT.

espaneli reJisoris filmebSi yvelaze gamokveTilad ̀ gei~personaJebs vxvdebiT kinosuraTebSi `survilis kanoni~,`yvelaferi dedaCemis Sesaxeb~ da ̀ cudi aRzrda~. ̀ surviliskanoni~ da `cudi aRzrda~ homoerotiuli kriminalurimelodramebia. pirveli pedro almodovarma gadaiRo 1987wels, meore – 2004 wels, rodesac ukve SemoqmedebiT simwifeSiimyofeboda. orive kinosuraTma, miuxedavad 17 wlianiintervalisa, TiTqmis erTnairi skandali gamoiwviasazogadoabaSi. es ori filmi Tavisi personaJebis xasiaTiTada bedisweriT erTmaneTs hgavs, ̀ yvelaferi dedaCemis Sesaxeb~zemoT CamoTvlili personaJebisgan (saubari maqvshomoseqsualistebze) ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdebian, rom pavlo,antonio, enrike da ignasio homoseqsualistebi arian, magramisini mainc rCebian mamakacebad, am sityvebis srulimniSvnelobiT. lola da agrado ki Sinaganad qalebi arian.maTi qalobis survili imdenad didia, rom isini mamakacissxeuls ver eguebian.

rodesac almodovari amgvar filmebs iRebs, is ar debsmaTSi mxolod seqsualuri umciresobis socialuradSeugueblobis problemas an mxolod maT Sinagan konfliqtebs,is saintereso siuJeturi xaziTa da sxvadasxva peripetiiTtvirTavs Tavis filmebs. magaliTad, rodesac Cven vuyurebT`survilis kanons~, ar vfiqrobT imaze, ramdenad Cagrulniarian misi gmirebi socialurad Tu fiziologiurad. masSibevri sxva niuansi iqcevs yuradRebas: mkvleloba, gmirebisurTierTdamokidebuleba Tu filmis dramaturgia. mayurebelic,Tavis mxriv, iWreba am gmirebis samyaroSi da maT gancdebsiziarebs.

erTmaneTze Seyvarebuli mamakacebis grZnobis gamoxatvisforma imxela gavlenas axdens mayurebelze, rom maTiarasaxarbielo statusi sazogadoebaSi ukana planze gadadis.gavixsenoT pavlos mier xuanisTvis miwerili werili: `meSen miyvarxar da, vgoneb, uSenod Cemi cxovreba carieli

reprezentirebulia rosas dedis saxiT. gavixsenoT scena,sadac is ver faravs ukmayofilebas, SeiZleba iTqvas zizRs,rodesac lolas uyurebs. msgavs niuanss vxvdebiT `maRalquslebSi~, srulfasovani mamakacis, manuelisa da transvestitiletalis Selaparakebis scenaSi: _ `letali qalis saxeliaTu kacis?~ _ kiTxulobs manueli cinikurad~, _ `gaaCnia,SenTvis mamakaci var~ _ pasuxobs letali.

ZiriTadad pedro almodovaris filmebis gmirebi an qalebiarian, an iseTi mamakacebi, romlebsac surT, gaxdnen qalebi.Cveulebrivi mamakacebi mis SemoqmedebaSi arasaxarbielomdgomareobaSi warmoCndebian. aSkaraa maTi ususuroba sustisqesis winaSe. magaliTad, imave kinosuraTSi `yvelaferidedaCemis Sesaxeb~ mxolod erTi mamakacia, rosas mama daisic autizmiT daavadebuli, meuRlezea damokidebuli.`mTrTolvare sxeulSi~ mamakacTa susti mxareebigansakuTrebiTaa xazgasmuli, maTi yoveli qmedeba, Tundacazrs moklebuli, nakarnaxevia surviliT _ raime SecvalonqalTan mimarTebaSi da Tu, almodovaris mamakaci sCadisznedacemul saqciels, is TiTqmis yovelTvis qalis xeliTkvdeba.

rodesac homoseqsualebze vsaubrobT, Tanac almodovarTanmimarTebaSi, ra Tqma unda, maTSi ̀ lesboselebic~ igulisxmebian.mamakacebis mgavsad maT Sorisac aris gansxvaveba. Sors arwaval da isev filmidan ̀ yvelaferi dedaCemis Sesaxeb~ moviyvanninasa da umas magaliTs. uma Seyvarebulia ninaze iseTisiyvaruliT, rogoric mxolod asakovan qals SeuZlia. isSepyrobilia misi bolomde flobis surviliT da ver imetebsmas rogorc narkotikebisTvis, iseve sxva mamakacisTvis. racmTavaria, nina umasTvis arc mxolod seqsualuri ltolvisobieqtia da arc gulgatexili qalis gadawyvetileba, aramednamdvili siyvarulia. nina, Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, ar aris`WeSmariti lesboseli~, is ubralod ikvebeba im siTboTi,romelsac misTvis uma gaiRebs. ufro metic, igrZnoba, rommisTvis homoseqsualizmi miuRebelia, magram Sinaganidisharmonia aiZulebs mas, daewafos yovelgvar ugunurebas.

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XX saukunis xelovneba

naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelisrekomendaciiT

statiebis stili daculia.

programis xelmZRvaneli _ irine abesaZe

iqneba. momiyevi yvelaferi Sen Sesaxeb, miTxari ra wignebskiTxulob, ra filmebs uyureb, ra musikas usmen, momiyeviyvelaferi, oRond erTs gTxov, ar miTxra, rom vinme gaicanida vinme mogewona, ar SemiZlia cxovreba Sen gareSe. gaRmerTeb!~

igive SeiZleba vTqvaT suraTze `yvelaferi dedaCemisSesaxeb~. arc lola da arc agrado sazogadoebis azrzefiqriT Tavs ar iwuxeben. agrados sadRac eamayeba kidecTavisi mdgomareoba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is ver gabedavdaxalxis garTobis mizniT didi auditoriis win sityviTgamosvlas, sadac igi detalurad yveba qalad gardasaxvisTvisgakeTebuli plastikuri operaciebis Sesaxeb. an, gavixsenoTliftis scena, sadac is misTvis damaxasiaTebel naxevradxumrobiT maneraSi uyveba umas Tavis mamakacur warsulze,roca satvirTo manqanis mZRoli iyo. SeiZleba amgvarigambedaoba Sinagani protestis gamoc Cndeba, magram filmiSinaarsobrivad isea agebuli, rom agrado da lolamayureblisTvis sainteresoni arian, ara rogorc sazogadoebasmorgebuli, an ar morgebuli adamianebi, aramed rogorcindividebi, pirovnebebi TavianTi Sinagani samyaroTi.

xSirad pedro almodovaris filmebs `gei filmebs~uwodeben, razedac Tavad almodovars araerTxel gamouTqvamspretenzia. is Tvlis, rom Tavis SemoqmedebaSi saubrobsuniversalur grZnobebze, romelic damaxasiaTebelia nebismieriorientaciis adamianisTvis.

1. ix.: Nuria Bouza Vidal: The films of Pedro Almodovar, 1988

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moqandakeebma gemis interierSi warmoadgines Wedurifirfitebi SoTa rusTavelis ukvdavi poemis ̀ vefxistyaosnis~ilustraciebiT. aq mopovebulma warmatebam ganapiroba kobagurulis mier damoukideblad Sesrulebuli Tbomaval ̀ aWaras~,moskovis kinoTeatr `Tbilisis~, qarTuli sabWoTaenciklobediis Senobisa da yvarelSi Rvinis sadegustaciodarbazis gaformebis maRalmxatvrul nimuSebad aRiareba.saxeze iyo e. w. `ormocdaaTianelTa~ SemoqmedebiTi TaobisRirseul warmomadgenelTa irakli oCiauris da koba gurulismier wamowyebuli uZvelesi qarTuli liTonmqandakeblobisSesaniSnavi tradiciebis aRorZinebis warmatebuli mcdeloba.

moqandake koba guruls SemoqmedebiTi gamarjveba moutanaarqiteqtorebis o. liTaniSvilis da T. maWaraSvilis mierTbilisSi agebuli vaso abaSiZis saxelobis musikaluriTeatris Senobis gaformeba.

koba gurulma aq Seasrula Weduri frizi `niRbebi~ dadidi zomis Weduri bareliefi `avTandilis simRera~.

moqandakis mier Sesrulebulma namuSevrebma gamoavlinakoba gurulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli SegrZnebamonumenturobisa, amavdroulad poetur-metaforulimetyvelebis unari, simboluri ganzogadeba, yvelaferi is,ramac am niWier xelovans saxeli mouxveWa.

kob a gurulma , Sua s aukunee b i s erov nuliliTonmqandakeblobis saukeTeso tradiciebis TanamedroveinterpretaciiT irakli oCiaurTan, guram gabaSvilTan, anTimozgorgaZesTan, nuradin (nukri) SavguliZesTan da sxvebTanerTad, axladaRorZinebuli dargis ganviTarebis Tanamedrovetendeciebi warmoaCina. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo: liTonisdamuSavebaSi feradovani elementebis Setana, reliefiszedapiris tonireba. didi mniSvneloba mieca liTonis zedapirisdamuSavebas, mravalferovani masalis: spilenZis, TiTberis,aluminis, rkinis gamoyenebas. mxatvruli gadawyvetisas ki,garkveuli pirobiTobis da natifi stilizaciis gamoyenebas.

mravalferovani masalis – spilenZi, TiTberi, alumini,rkinis SesaZleblobaTa aTviseba mxatvruli Wedvis ostatebsfarTo SesaZleblobebi gauxsna. feris Setana e. w. ̀ daferva~

nino gvazava

oqromqandakeblobis tradiciebis

axali sicocxle

(koba gurulis Semoqmedebis magaliTze)

saqarTvelo uxsovari droidan iyo ganTqmuli brwyinvalemiRwevebiT xelovnebis yvela dargSi, romelTagan erT-erTuZvelessa da umdidress Weduri xelovneba warmoadgens.saqarTvelos muzeumebsa da mis sxvadasxva kuTxeSimimofantul eklesia-monastrebSi sasoebiT inaxeba qarTulixelovnebis fasdaudebeli saganZuri, Wedurobis iSviaTi nimuSebi,romelnic a m Ta v isTav adi origi naluri dargismravalsaukunovan ganviTarebaze mogiTxrobs.

saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze ukve brinjaos epoqaSi iqmnebodaWeduri xelovnebis srulyofili Zeglebi, romelnic dResacsaerTo aRtacebas iwvevs uzado teqnikuri ostatobiT,mxatvruli gemovnebiT.

liTonmqandakeblobam udides ayvavebas antikursaqarTveloSi miaRwia, razec metyvelebs arqeologiurigaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili oqrosa da vercxlis natifiWurWeli, oqromWedlobis iSviaTi nimuSebi, saocari xelovnebiTSesrulebuli samkaulebi. liToni uZvelesi xanidanmoyolebuli saqarTveloSi plastikur saxeTa gadmosacemadyvelaze sasurvel masalas warmoadgenda liTonmqandakebelTaxelSi. ostatebi mxatvruli damuSavebis SesaniSnavi,mravalferovani xerxebiT, im mdidar tradiciebs qmnidnen,romlebic ganaxlebasa da srulyofas ganicdidnen.

XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan Tbilisis arqiteqturuliiersaxis SeqmnaSi arqiteqtorebTan erTad did monawileobasiReben moqandakeebi: elguja amaSukeli, merab berZeniSvili,giorgi da irakli oCiaurebi, koba guruli, gulda kalaZe,ioseb qoiava da sxvebi. swored am periods ganekuTvnebamoqandke koba gurulis mier irakli oCiaurTan erTad SeqmniliWeduri reliefebi axladagebuli Tbomavali gemisaTvis ̀ SoTarusTaveli~.

7372

vedrebiT apyrobili xelebiT. am seriidan k. gurulis erT-erTi saintereso Weduri namuSevaria `miec glaxakTasaWurWle~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Wedur kompoziciebSi k. guruliostaturad rTavs xolme warwerebs, romlebic CarTuliaara mxolod moWedilobaSi, aramed dazgur reliefebSic.

Wedurobis yovel ostats liTonis dafervis TavisisakuTari saidumloebani aqvs. k. gurulis kompoziciebSiliTonis oqrosfer zedapirs gansakuTrebul kolorits aZlevsiisferi, lurj-wiTel sxivTa cimcimi.

liTonqandakebebTan formebis sagrZnobi ganzogadebis gardagvxvdeba garkveuli gataceba naturalizmiT, es gansakuTrebiTgamoCnda reliefSi `oboba~.

sayuradReboa koba gurulis Semoqmedebis Janrobrivimravalferovneba. masTn SexvdebiT istoriul pirTa portretebs(daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tamar mefe, rusTaveli, petre iberi, beqada beSqen opizrebi), miTologiur siuJetebze Seqmnilnawarmoebebs, (`medeas motaceba~), simbolur panoebs (`simSvide~,`poezia~, ̀ gamoRviZeba~).

samyaros Taviseburi xedva da cxovrebis movlenaTaoriginaluri aRqma ganapirobebs k. gurulis nawarmoebTaxasiaTs. mas sakuTari moTxovnebi aqvs Weduri xelovnebismimarT. k. gurulis azriT Weduri xelovneba, mxolod maSingaxdeba Cveni drois Sesaferi, rodesac srulad gamovlindebaliTonis, rogorc monumenturi xelovnebis masalisSesaZleblobebi. moqandake Tvlis agreTve, rom qarTuli Wedurixelovnebis warmatebiT ganviTareba, iseve, rogorc dekoratiul-gamoyenebeTi xelovnebis sxva dargebisa SesaZlebelia iq,sadac mas adgilobrivi xalxuri xelovnebis safuZvlebigaaCnia, sadac igi erovnuli xelovnebis nayofier niadagzeaRmocendeba, vinaidan Tanamedrove xelovnebis ganviTarebismTavar xelSemwyob pirobas, xom swored erovnuli safuZveliwarmoadgens.

tradiciisadmi SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba gamoCndaswored k. gurulis iseT nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa: `mTebis

liTonis axali qimiuri teqnologiis aTvisebasTan iyodakavSirebuli, xolo TviT Wedvis teqnikuri mxare tradiciulxerxebs emyareboda. ase Seerwya erTmaneTs Zveli da axalitradiciebi.

koba gurulis pirvelive namuSevrebi amJRavnebdnen mismaneras, romelic poetur-lirikul ganwyobas amkvidrebda. ammxriv sainteresoa moqandakis mier Sesrulebuli qalTaportretul-stilizeburi stereotipi qarTveli qalisa,gamosaxuli _ veeba nuSiseburi TvalebiT, moRerebuli gediskisriT, dekoratiulad gadmocemuli Tmis talRovani masiT.

koba guruli umetes SemTxvevaSi arCevs tipurad erovnulsiuJetebs. misi Weduri kompoziciebi ZiriTadad erTfiguriania,sadac figura mTlianad avsebs liTonis furclis zedapirs,aseTebia: ̀ Sen xar venaxi~, ̀ sadRegrZelo~, ̀ gudastviri~, ̀ nikalasSesandobari~.

formebis Taviseburi stilizaciiT miiqcia yuradRebaWedurma reliefma `marani~ – aq yvelaferi ganzogadebulia,figurebi erTgvar simboloebad aris qceuli, aq mxatvrulixerxia neitraluri fonidan e. w. silueturi amokveTafigurebis. aSkaraa plastikuri formebisadmi moqandakisTavisufali midgoma, moZraobis gadmocemisas pozebis erTgvarimaneruloba mxatvris mTavar mizans – tipurad qarTulixasiaTis Seqmnas emsaxureba, Cans aseve erovnuli motivebisada formebis xazgasmuli abstragirebis SeTavsebis cdebi.

koba guruli bolo wlebis namuSevrebSi: `iavnana~,`CurCxelebi~, `kalooba~ _ mTavari aqcenti ganzogadebulieqspresiulad deformirebuli moculobebis, denadi konturebisSerwymazea gadatanili. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna k. gurulisSemoqmedebis erT-ereTi mTavari STagonebis wyaroa SoTarusTaveli da misi poema `vefxistyaosani~. Sua saukuneebisostatebis msgavsad k. guruli wignis ydis moWedilobisSeqmnis ideam gaitaca. rusTavelis poemis Weduri yda manramdenime variantad ganaxorciela, maT Soris erT-erTzeTamarisa da rusTavelis saxeebia gadmocemuli. rusTavelisportretis safuZvlad moqandakem aiRo palestinaSi aRmoCeniliSoTa rusTavelis portretuli gamosaxuleba _ muxlmoyrili,

nino gvazava oqromqandakeblobis tradiciebis axali sicocxle

7574

Tea marexaSvili

qarTveli mxatvari ruseTSi

dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis

saerTaSoriso gamofenaze

minanqars, an rogorc mas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, XIXsaukunemde, uwodebdnen finifts, icnobda Zveli saqarTveloda ruseTic. mas iuvelirebi xSirad mimarTavdnen da farTodiyenebdnen dekoratiul-gamoyenebiT xelovnebaSi. Tumca, Tukargad gadavxedavT istorias, maSinve cxadi gaxdeba, romsaminanqro saqme daiwyo Zvel egvipteSi. tixruli minanqrissayuradRebo nimuSebi gvaqvs berZnul-romaul kulturaSiax. w. aR. I-III ss. dekoratiuli detalebia moRweuli. amperiodis masala saqarTveloSic dasturdeba, Tumca,srulyofilebas minanqris xelovneba Sua saukuneebSi aRwevs.

XV saukunidan xelovnebis es dargi qreba, rasac xeliSeuwyo bizantiis imperiis dacemam da saqarTveloSi rTulmapolitikurma situaciebma.

rac Seexeba rusul minanqars, Sua saukuneebSi is berZnulitixruli minanqris mibaZviT iqmneboda da gansxvaveba mxolodferebisa da Tematikis mravalferovnebaSi gamoixateboda.misi, rogorc xelovnebis ayvaveba ukve ukavSirdebasolviCegodskis (`usolskis~) ferwerul minanaqrebs (XVIIs.).XVIII saukuneSi am xelobam ganviTareba hpova did rostovSi,sadac amzadebdnen xatebsa da minanqris teqnikis sxva nakeTobebsm. v. lomonosovis mier damuSavebuli masalis safuZvelze.peterburgis samxatvro akademiaSi daarsda kidec saminanqroklasi (pirvelad moxseniebulia 1781 wels). XIX_XXsaukuneebis mijnaze ki vercxlisa da minanqris nakeTobebisdamzadeba daiwyes msoflioSi cnobilma fabrikebma da firmebma(ovCinikovis, sazikovis, xlebnikovis, kurlukovis, ZmebigraCevebisa da faberJes saxelosnoebi). es mokle istoriulieqskursi v. g. izvekovis azriT, iZleva pasuxs kiTxvaze, Turatom xdeba dRes, XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze, maincdamainciaroslavis mxareSi saminanqro da saiuveliro xelovnebis

simRera~, ̀ mevenaxe~, ̀ firosmanis gaxseneba~ da sxv., romelTakompoziciuri simwyobre, lakonizmi, xazovani ritmis winaplanze wamoweva, zomieri dekoratiuloba, reliefis plastikurmxaresTan Sexamebuli im SesaniSnav perspeqtivebs saxavda,romelTac aRorZinebuli dargis warmatebuli ganviTarebaunda ganesaszRvra.

samwuxarod, am bolo dros qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebisdargebs Soris liTonmqandakebloba sul ufro naklebadsaCinoa. gamofenebze sul ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba Wedurixelovnebis dazguri qmnilebebi, arc arqiteqturul ansamblSiaqvT miCenili adgili safasado an interieruli gaformebismizniT, monumentur Wedur reliefebs. es metad seriozulisakiTxi, vfiqrob xelovnebaTmcodneebis, mxatvrebis,arqiteqtorebis, urbanistebis, zogadad sazogadoebisseriozuli gansjis sagani unda gaxdes, radgan SesaZlebeliasul male, Weduri monumenturi xelovnebis mdidari tradiciebikvlav daviwyebas mieces da xelSi mxolod salonebSiwarmodgenili farTo momxmareblis gemovnebaze gaTvlilimdare xarisxis saiuveliro nawarmi SegvrCes.

1. kiwi maCabeli ̀ qarTuli oqromWedloba~, Tbilisi,2. g. inaniSvili ̀ siZveleTa teqnikuri eqspertizis safuZvlebi~.

nino gvazava

7776

aseve baltiispireTSi ̀ palangis~ da ̀ dzintaris~ SemoqmedebissaxlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris mxatvarTa gaerTianebis egidiT.

mxatvrebs qondaT SesaZlebloba gamoefinaT TavianTinamuSevrebi saqveynod cnobil muzeumebSi da galereebSi,tokioSi, ierusalimSi, aTenSi, parizSi, venaSi da briuselSi.petergofi, sankt-peterburgi da iaroslavi _ qalaqebi cnobiliTavianTi istoriuli da kulturuli tradiciebiT ki gaxdnenmanmade arsebuli gamofenebis kulminaciad.

rogorc zemoT vTqviT gamofenaSi monawile mxatvrebsSoris iyo saqarTveloc.Aar SeiZleba xazgasmiT Semoqmedi,romelmac Cveni qveynis saxe am grandiozul gamofenazewaradgina aris guram gunia. misi namuSevrebi dResac ifinebamsoflio masStabiT da saqarTvelos saxels mudmivad axsenebsucxoel damTvarieleblebs. guram gunia aris mxatvari,romelsac Tavisi niWis gamo araerTxel miupyria sazogadoebisyuradReba. man Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebisrealizeba moaxdina dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebissxvadasxva dargSi: iqneba es xeze Tu qvaze kveTa, Weduroba,keramika, minis mxatvruli damuSaveba, monumenturi ferweraTu grafika.Mmagram amjerad gvsurs gamovyoT misi minanqristeqnikaSi Sesrulebuli namuSevrebi, romlebic msofliokatalogebSia moqceuli da namuSevrebi, romlebic momavalaRiarebas elodebian.

guram guniam 1969 wels daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifosamxatvro akademiis gamoyenebiT-dekoratiuli fakulteti.jer kidev swavlis periodSi dainteresda saminanqroxelovnebiT, romelic am periodSi didi xnis miviwyebuliiyo. is moskovSi iZenda minanqris mza naWrebs, romelsacdulevos qarxana uSvebda, saTanadod gadaamuSavebda da TavisCanafiqrs asxamda xorcs.

1988 wels soWSi gaimarTa minanqarze momuSave mxatvrebisII saerTaSoriso simpoziumi. masSi monawileobas iRebdnenmxatvrebi 26 qveynidan, maT Soris iyo aleqsandr karixi,K.K.I.-is ruseTis filialis direqtori. maTi fotoebi danamuSevrebi warmodgenilia gamofenis katalogSi.saqarTvelodan mxatvarTa kavSiris mier wargzavnili gaxldaT

morigi ayvavebis procesi, sadac 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,Seiqmna saminanqro xelovnebisa da xelobis ruseTissaerTaSoriso SemoqmedebiTi centri èmalisi~ (r.s.S.c.). mismizans warmoadgenda dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebisunikaluri formebis ayvaveba da ganviTareba, saxeldobr ki,cxeli minanqris xelovnebis _ cxel minanqarTan SeerTebulisaiuveliro saqme da dazguri cxeli minanqari. r.s.S.c.èmaliss~ saTaveSi Caudga niWieri mxatvari da organizatorialeqsandr karixi.

germaniaSi, 1966 wels, mxatvrebis viwro wreSi aRmocendaCreativ-Kreis-Internacional-is saqmianoba . Creativ-Kreis-Internacional-is (SKI) prezidenti gaxldaT gertrud ritman-fiSeri, am organizaciis mdivani ki avgust fiSeri. sworedmaTi Zalisxmevis wyalobiT 1991 wels Seiqmna Creativ-Kreis-Internacional-is ruseTis filiali. 1991 w.-dan moyolebulirusi mxatvrebi Creativ-Kreis-Internacional-is SemadgenlobaSimonawileobas iRebdnen germaniisa da iaponiis gamofenebSi.maTi SeTavazeba iyo CaetarebinaT gamofena ruseTSic.

r.s.S.c. èmalisma~, Creativ-Kreis-Internacional-is ruseTisfilialma da saerTaSoriso SemoqmedebiTma gaerTianebam C.K.I.1994 wels moawyo dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebisgamofena. warmodgenili iyo minanqari, teqstili, keramika,liToni, finifti da saiuveliro xelovneba. xolo gamofenaSimonawile qveynebi gaxldaT: avstria, belgia, germania,saqarTvelo, italia, yazaxeTi, ruseTi, amerika, ukraina daiaponia. gertrud ritman-fiSerma SeZlo gaeerTianebinamsoflios 10 qveynidan 140-ze meti mxatvari da moewyogamofena, romelic erTdroulad sam qalaqSi gaixsna. 1994wlis 15 ivliss petergofSi, benuas ojaxis muzeumSi, 16ivliss sankt-peterburgSi, v. muxinas saxelobis umaRlessamxatvro-samrewvelo saswavlebelSi da 20 ivliss iaroslavSi,samxatvro muzeumSi. TiToeuli avtori warmodgenili iyoerTdroulad sam eqspoziciaSi. gamofenis eqspoziciaSisaminanqro xelovnebis ganxras ZiriTadad Seadgendnen immxatvrebis namuSevrebi, romlebic sxvadasxva wlebSiimyofeboda saerTaSoriso simpoziumebze ungreTSi q. keCkemetSi,

Tea marexaSviliqarTveli mxatvari ruseTSi dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi

xelovnebis saerTaSoriso gamofenaze

7978

Seadgenen da organulad erwymian erTmaneTs. moculobiTia TviTongeometriuli formebic, romlebic riyis qvis faqturas qmnian danaSeni kedlis asociacias iwveven. nawarmoebSi aSkaraamonumenturobis gancda. aqac saxeze gvaqvs ovaluri da sworixazebis Sepirispireba da konturebi aqac muqi Savi laqiT iqmneba.

gansakuTrebiT unda avRniSnoT bibliuri `wminda mose~,romelic dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis msofliokatalogSia moxvedrili. is warmodgenili iyo 1994 wliszemoTxsenebul gamofenaze sxva namuSevrebTan erTad:`kentavri~ (1990, spilenZi, cxeli minanqari, 30X30), ̀ ocneba~(1993, spilenZi, cxeli minanqari, 12,5X15,5 sm.), ̀ qristianulisamyaros simbolo~ (1994, spilenZi, minanqari, 83X15),`dabadeba~ (1993, spilenZi, cxeli minanqari, 8,5X12,5 sm.)da SoTa rusTaveli (1989, spilenZi, cxeli minanqari, 6,5X8,5sm. `teqstili~, ̀ keramika liToni~).

bibliuri ̀ wm. mose~ aris mcire zomis namuSevari zomebiT8X14 sm.-ze. Ria fonze Suaxnis mamakacis saxiT warmodgenilwmindans Tavze Saravandedi adgas da xelSi Zveli aRTqmiswigni upyria. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia moyavisfro Tma-wverida swori nakvTebi. Zalze ferwerulad aris Sesrulebulimisi samosis drapireba _ moyavisfro-oxrisferi, mowiTaloda moyviTalo laqebiT, romlebsac aTamaSebs mxatvari SiSvelisxeulis modelirebisas _ xelisa da fexis mtevnebze dasaxeze, aseve saxarebis ydaze. es namuSevari, iseve rogorcdanarCeni sxva namuSevrebi, gamoirCeva daxvewili gemovnebiTda zomierebis didi grZnobiT.

gamofenaze warmodgenili nawarmoebebidan aseve undagamovyoT `qristianuli samyaros simbolo~, igivesaqarTvelos karibWe.Mmas, maSin dausrulebeli saxismiuxedavad, mowoneba xvda wilad da didi interesi gamoiwviamnaxvelSi. dRes ki saxeze gvaqvs dasrulebuli proeqti,romelic iTvaliswinebs grandiozuli monumentis dadgmasfoTsa da baTums Soris. monumentis saerTo simaRlea 107 m.da aqvs ramodenime daniSnuleba: 1. moqmedi samlocveloeklesia, romlis simaRlec 30 metria, saritualo farTi ki_ 440 kv/m; 2. 33 safexurisgan Semdgari kibe (simaRle 7 m.),

guram gunia, man araerTi saintereso namuSevari Seqmna imTvenaxevris ganmavlobaSi, rac soWSi dahyo simpoziumzeyofnisas: maT Sorisaa `gamocxadeba~, `Seneba~, `samyaro~,`bibliuri wm. mose~ da sxva avangarduli nawarmoebebi (`mzisdabneleba~, 2001, 44X40 sm.).

`gamocxadebis~ kompozicias (mravalferovani minanqari,spilenZi, 40X15 sm.) erTi ucnauri istoriac aqvs. gamofenidanis moulodnelad gamqrala, rogorc Semdeg gairkva, namuSevarimoipara qalma, romelic am nawarmoebiT moinusxa. sabednierod,kompozicia daabrunes da dRes mxatvris saxlSi inaxeba.

masze warmodgenilia rusuli eklesia damaxasiaTebelimrgvali, zeviT wawvetebuli gumbaTebiT da grZeli, viwrojvrebiT.Kkompoziciis centrSi vxedavT maRal, TaRiseburkaribWes, romlis Sesasvlel sivrces TiTqmis srulad avsebswmindanis figura.MTeTri samosi muq fonze mkveTrad gamoiyofa.Mmarcxena zeaRmarTul xelSi anTebuli sanTeli upyria, TavzeSaravandedi adgas da mTlianad gabrwyinebulia. Kkompoziciaagebulia wriuli xazebisa da vertikalebis monacvleobiT.gamas qmnis momwvano saRebavi, romelic gamdidrebulia moSavo,moiasamnisfro, moyavisfro-oxrisferi, mocisfro da mowiTaloelferebiT.

eklesiis fasadis, gumbaTis da kibeebis momwvano feri fonissaerTo momwvano gamidan gamoiyofa moiasamnisfro-moSao laqiT.iqmneba iseTi STabeWdileba, TiTqos burusidan nel-nela gamodisda ikveTeba taZris konturebi. Yyvelaze naTeli laqa aris wmindanisfigura, romlis samosis drapirebac, iseve rogorc kompoziciissxva detalebi, moSavo-moyavisfro StrixebiT iqmneba. MmaszegaTamaSebuli mravalferovani laqebi ki, namuSevars metad ferwerulsxdis.

meore kompozicia ̀ Senebac~ (mravalferovani minanqari, spilenZi,40X20 sm.) aseve momwvano gamaSia Sesrulebuli. mTels sasuraTesibrtyes avsebs qalis Zlieri figura, romelic orive xeliTmxarze Semodebul qvas ezideba. is warmodgenilia taniT fasSi,saxiT ki profilSi. misi sxeuli da samosi, iseve rogorc namuSevrismTeli zedapiri, danawevrebulia mcire zomis geometriul figurebad.foni da qalis sxeuli TiTqos erT sibrtyes



8180

am teqnikiTaa Sesrulebuli misi nawarmoebebi: ̀ oqros Tvali~(2003, spilenZi, minanqari, 14X16 sm.), ̀ iuda~ (1997, spilenZi,minanqari, 8X16 sm.), ̀ mwignobari~ (1995, spilenZi, minanqari,8X13 sm.) da sxva. es namuSevrebi xasiaTdeba erTgvarimonoqromulobiT, magram swored am mxriv arian sainteresoni_ erTi feris uamravi gradaciis gadmocema da moculobisada siRrmeebis amsaxveli mkveTri Suq-Crdilebi, romelicgrizailis teqnikas mogvagonebs da romliTac mxatvari aRwevsdid gamomsaxvelobas. msgavsi efeqtebis Seqmna ferweruliminanqris teqnikaSi Zalze rTuli da sainteresoa. `miqaelmTavarangelozi~ monoqromul gamaSi Sesrulebul òqrosTvalSi~ vxedavT momwvano, molurjo da mowiTalo-moyviTaloamonaTebebs. am nawarmoebebisgan gansxvavebiT Zalzemravalferovania igive teqnikaSi Sesrulebuli `miqaelmTavarangelozi~ (1988, spilenZi, mravalferovani minanqari,30X19 sm.) da `samyaro~ (1996, mravalferovani minanqari,spilenZi, 14X36sm.). aq saxeze gvaqvs cocxali da mJReriferebis harmoniuli Sexameba. didi zomis yviTel da wiTellaqebs mxatvari ise debs da anawilebs, rom arc erTi feriar amovardes feradovani gamidan da miiRos sruli Tanwyoba.orive kompozicia xasiaTdeba CaketilobiT da dasrulebulobiT.Zalze sainteresoa gunias sxva minanqruli kompoziciebic:` q r i s te s S e s vl a i e rus ali m S i ~ ( s p ilenZ i ,minanqari),`macxovris gamosaxuleba~ (2005, spilenZi,minanqari, 47X37 sm.), ̀ mzis samyaroSi~(1990, spilenZi, minanqari,7X9), aseve misi vitraJebi (àvTandilis simRera~, 1969,feradi bloki, broli), qandakebebi (`kolxTa samefo~),mozaikebi (`macxovari~, `wminda nikolozi~) da sxva.

guram gunia dResac aqtiurad muSaobs dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi. sul cota xniswin mis mier Sesrulebuli mozaika RvTismSoblisgamosaxulebiT, gadaeca Tbilisis samebis sakaTedro taZarsda dabrZanebulia xarebis eklesiaSi. xolo misi sxvaSesaniSnavi nawarmoebebi aRmarTulia moskovSi, taSkentSi,kievSi, rigaSi da sazRvargareTis sxva qveynebSi. vimedovnebT,

romlis sivrcis farTSic (70X70 m. 4900 kv/m.) ganTavsdebasaeklesio muzeumi da biblioTeka. 3. samreklo, romelicmoTavsebulia jvris orive frTis qvemoT. 4. eklesiisgumbaTidan aRmocenebuli jvari (simaRle 66 m.), romelicgansazRvrulia mrevlisa da turistebisTvis, zRvisa da qalaqispanoramis dasaTvaliereblad (gadmosaxedi iqneba 95 metridan).orive farTi 240 turists itevs. aRmosavleTisa dadasavleTis gadawyvetileba erTnairia. kibeebis qveda sivrceSiganTavsebulia swrafmavali liftebi. mTlian fasadzeTandayolili Rari ki Seasrulebs qalaqis Suquris funqcias,romelic naTdeba da iZleva RamiT caze dakidebuli saydrisada jvris gamosaxulebas. mas zRvidan Semomavali gemiramodenime aTeuli kilometridan SeamCnevs.

monumentis forma aRebulia samTavisis aRmosavleT fasadzegamokveTili jvris dekoridan. qristianuli fesvebidanaRmocenebuli da axleburad gadamuSavebuli Zegli arisaxali sityva qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi.

axali da uCveuloa minanqrisa da arqiteqturis erTadSexamebac.Mmonumenturi ferweruli minanqari, romelic taZrissaritualo nawilis aRmosavleT da dasavleT fasadebs amkobs,yvelaze masStaburi da rekorduli iqneba msoflioSi (24X18 m.).igive iTqmis taZris gumbaTidan aRmocenebul jvrisarqiteqturul nawilze war modgenili jvarcmiskompoziciazec. aq saxeze gvaqvs mravalferovani minanqriTSesrulebuli qristianuli simbolo, vazis foTlebismcenareuli dekori, romelic srulad faravs jvris mklavebs(32X4 m.). ès mxatvruli monumenti marTlmadidebelimrevlisTvis mTeli qristianuli samyaros simbolod iqcevada gaiazreba macxovris siZlierisa da sidiadis dasturad~.

guram gunias, garda individualuri xedvisa, gaaCniaTaviseburi teqnikac, romelsac xSirad iyenebs ferwerulminanqarze muSaobis dros. es aris cxeli, sibrtyobriviminanqari, romelic gulisxmobs RumelSi minanqris dacurebissaSualebas, anu sxvadasxva ferebis erTmaneTTan Serevas, racgaxurebisas wamebSi xdeba . Teoriulad aseTi ramwarmoudgenelia, xelmeored misi gameoreba ki _ SeuZlebeli.



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xaTuna melaZe

xelovnebis swavlebis Tanamedrove

meTodikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoriis manZilzemozardi Taobis aRzrda-ganaTlebaze, maT zneobriv-esTetikur,fizikur da sulier ganviTarebaze zrunva mudam aqtualuri iyo.am rTul saqmes yvela droSi Tu qveyanaSi saTanado yuradRebaeTmoboda mozardTa aRzrdas, maTi sulis sworad Camoyalibebisproblemebze jer kidev antikuri xanis moazrovneebi msjelobdnen.

sagulisxmoa is, rom rac ufro win miiwevs civilizaciisganviTarebis tempi, miT ufro neldeba sazogadoebis dadebiTizegavlena da saWiro xdeba sagangebod organizebuli saaRmzrdelogaremos Seqmna.

aRzrda adamianis specifikuri niSania da igi socialurgaremoSi xorcieldeba, magram ZiriTadi saaRmzrdelo dawesebulebamainc skolaa, sadac mozardis aRzrda misi ganaTlebis fonzemimdinareobs. marTalia aRzrda, swavla da ganaTleba skolaSixorcieldeba, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom ojaxis roligamoiricxeba. ojaxma iseve, rogorc skolam sistematurad undaizrunos mozardis normalur adamianad formirebisaTvis, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi zogjer aRfrTovanebaSi movyavarT adamianisganswavlulobas, did codnas, magram gaocebas da srul ganxiblvasiwvevs misi aRuzrdeloba. aseTi Sedegi, rom ar miviRoT amisaTvisunda vizrunoT mozardis esTetikur aRzrdaze adreuli asakidan,Torem gasul saukunes filosofosTa didi nawili zneobrivikrizisis saukuned miiCnevs.

esTetikuri aRzrda warmoadgens adamianis sulier samyaros,politikur rwmenas, zneobrivi principebis CamoyalibebisumniSvnelovanes saSualebas, gansakuTrebiT misi zneobrivi saxisCamoyalibebis umniSvnelovanes saSualebas.

esTetikuri momenti aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobis yvelaformaSi gamoixateba, xolo maSin, rodesac yvela es formaiTvaliswinebs da moxerxebulad iyenebs esTetikur saSualebebsadamianebs uviTardebaT unari sworad, Rrmad da esTetikurad

rom CvenTanac male aRimarTeba is grandiozuli proeqtifoTsa da baTums Soris, romelic mxatvars marTlmadideblurisamyaros simbolod dausaxavs da macxovris sidiadisa dasiZlieris gamomxatvelia. .

1.Декоративное искусство, Международная выставкаПетродворец, Санкт-Петербург, Ярославль: Каталог выставки,1994г.2. II Международный симпозиум художников по эмали: Каталогвыставки, 1988г.3. zaur fifia. Suqurad aRmarTuli taZari, Jur. `iverioni~,2007w. #5. gv. 22-23.4. T. marexaSvili. tixruli minanqari, warsuli didebisgadmonaSTi, Jur. `kavkasiis macne~, 2006w. #15. gv. 224-232.5. Техника художественной эмали, чеканки и ковки, М. Высш.шк., 1986. 6. Русская эмаль XII-начала XX века, Л. 1987.

Tea marexaSvili

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ki ugemovnobis tyveobaSi imyofebian da jiutad mieltvian e.w.msubuqi Janris nawarmoebebs (radgan isini ar moiTxoven gonebisdid Zalisxmevas), zogjer ki sulac vulgarul, iaffasian,antimxatvrul nacodvilars etrfian. didi xelovneba ki, romliszegavlenac ase aucileblad sWirdeba sazogadoebasac dapirovnebasac specialuri mxatvruli momzadebisa da Rrma codnisgareSe miuwvdomeli rCeba zogierTaTvis. arada ramdeni sixarulidaakldaT adamianebs imis gamo, rom ar arian mzad Caswvdnen didseriozul xelovnebas. metic, arc Tu iSviaTad adamianebi sruliadusafuZvlod Tavad nawarmoebs adanaSauleben, roca ver gaiges damisgan dadebiTi emocia ver miiRes.

mravali esTetikuri filosofosi da xelovnebaTmcodneamtkicebs imas, rom mxatvruli aRzrda aucilebelia adreulasakidan da igi sistematur xasiaTs unda atarebdes, vinaidan amamocanas ver gadaWris veraviTari erTjeradi RonisZieba, vercTavisTavad metad saintereso leqciebi xelovnebaze. aseTleqciebs SeuZliaT aRZran msmenelis yuradReba, interesi, magrammaT ar ZaluZT Seqmnan aucilebeli winamZRvrebi Tundac musikisan ferweris Rrma gagebisaTvis.

mozards esTetikuri ier-saxis CamoyalibebaSi udidesi roliekuTvnis skolas.3 skolam unda gauRos farTod kari mozardebsmSvenierebis samyaroSi Sesasvlelad, unda aswavlos maT cxovrebisaSeneba `silamazis kanonebiT~, unda misces aucilebeli,elementaruli codna mainc xelovnebis Sesaxeb. sasurveli SedegimiiRweva maSin, Tu xelovnebis anbani sworad miewodeba mozardsmisi ganviTarebis calkeul safexurze. mozardebs miznad undadavusaxoT ara didi moculobis codnis dagroveba, aramed misimoZiebisa Tu mopovebis unaris gamomuSaveba da rac aranaklebmniSvnelovania, konkretul situaciaSi misi gamoyenebis CvevaSigavarjiSeba.

sul sxvagvarad iWreba mozardis cxovrebaSi gamoyenebiTixelovneba, arqiteqtura, ferwera, qandakebis monumenturi Janrebi.isini e. w. `esTetikuri gamosxivebiT~ mTlianad gansWvalavenmisi cxovrebis atmosferos. gamoyenebiTi xelovneba mozardiscxovrebaSi Semodis, rogorc cxovrebiseuli procesis monawile.sulieri zemoqmedebis es uwyvetoba gansazRvravs mis

faqizad Seafason yvelaferi, rac maT cxovrebaSi xvdebaT.uviTardebaT siyvaruli, miswrafeba silamazisaken, moTxovnilebaSeqmnan `silamazis kanonebis~ mixedviT, survili – gaxadonadamianis mTeli cxovreba WeSmaritad mSvenieri.

esTetikuri aRzrdis mniSvnelovani mxarea aRzrdili adamianixelovnebis saSualebiT, radgan xelovnebis nawarmoebSixorcSesxmulia samyarosadmi xelovnebis esTetikuri mimarTeba.adamianis esTetikuri aRzrda niSnavs masSi mTeli samyarosadmida ara marto xelovnebisadmi esTetikuri mimarTebisCamoyalibebas. es mimarTeba aRizrdeba ara marto xelovnebiT,aramed adamianis saqmianobis yvela formiT. Tu aRzrdis yvelasxva formisaTvis esTetikuri sawyisis arseboba sasurvelia,xelovnebaSi esTetikuri momenti aucilebelia, radgan Tuxelovneba adamianze ar moqmedebs esTetikurad, maSin igi kargavsTavis Zalas. amitom aris xelovneba esTetikuri aRzrdisuZlieresi da ucvleli saSualeba.

xelovnebis aRmzrdelobiT funqciaze didi xnis winaTamaxvilebdnen yuradRebas cnobili antikuri xanis moazrovneebida esTetikosebi, renesansis epoqis didi mxatvrebi, didi rusirevolucioner-demokratebi, qarTveli samocianelebi da sxvebi.1

isini udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen xelovnebas, rogorc aRzrdiserT-erT uZlieres saSualebas. xelovnebis nawarmoebma adamiansunda gauRviZos kacTmoyvareobis, sikeTis, humanurobis grZnoba,xeli Seewyos adamianis aRzrdas maRali idealebiT.

xelovnebis sxvadasxva saxe sxvadasxvagvarad monawileobsadamianis esTetikur aRzrdaSi. arseboben xelovnebis dargebi,romelTa aRqma moiTxovs specialurad amisTvis drois moZebnas,survils, ganwyobilebas. aseTebia: literatura, sasceno xelovneba,kinoxelovneba, ferwera, sakoncerto musika. isini moiTxovenabsolutur yuradRebas da adamianze mokle drois ganmavlobaSiaxdenen Zlier ideur-emociur zemoqmedebas ideur-emociurizemoqmedebis am ZaliTa da siRrmiT ganisazRvreba xelovnebaTaaRniSnuli saxeebis roli adamianTa esTetikur aRzrdaSi.

mravalricxovani gamokvlevebi adastureben, rom adamianebi,romelTac2 specialuri mxatvruli momzadeba ar gauvliaT,gamoirCevian ganuviTarebeli esTetikuri gemovnebiT, ufro xSirad

xaTuna melaZexelovnebis swavlebis

Tanamedrove meTodikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

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xasiaTis ganwyoba xelovnebis garkveuli saxisa da Janrisadmi,agreTve mocemuli avtorisa da konkretuli nawarmoebisadmi.ganwyobebi, saerTod praqtikul cxovrebaSi iqmneba, rac SeexebaesTetikur ganwyobebs (xelovnebaSi) xelovnebisadmi, maTiSesaZlebloba xelovnebasTan morigi Sexvedris molodinSi, Tumcarogorc viciT, xelovnebas WeSmariti tkboba da sulieriaRmafrena moaqvs mxolod maTTvis, vinc Rrmad swvdeba nawarmoebs,e. i. flobs mis enas, TanaSemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis saTanadounars da a.S.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ̀ garegani~ ganwyoba uSualod ukavSirdebaesTetikur gemovnebas. gemovnebas veravin gvaswavlis, misi moqmedebadakavSirebulia fsiqikis emociuri meqanizmis muSaobasTan, risgamoc SeiZleba mxolod aRzrda gemovnebisa, aRmzrdelad ki isevSeiZleba gamoviyenoT TviT xelovnebis specialurad organizebulisaSualebebiT warmarTuli zemoqmedeba.5

brZolas ukugemovnebasTan da zrunvas daxvewili gemovnebisaRzrdisaTvis, WeSmariti xelovnebisaken miswrafebas, rasac didiroli eniWeba axali adamianis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, amJamadsruliad samarTlianad ganixilaven rogorc Tanamedroveideologiuri brZolis erT-erT formas.6

rogorc avRniSneT, pirovnebis aRzrda da harmoniuliganviTareba, rac saskolo ganaTlebis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens,SeuZlebelia xelovnebasTan misi ziarebis gareSe. xelovnebissxvadasxva dargis Seswavla aRqmasa da grZnobas afaqizebs,warmosaxvis unars, SemoqmedebiT midgomas da kritikul azrovnebasaviTarebs, ris gareSec warmoudgenelia adamianis nebismierisaqmianoba.

pirovnebis aRzrda-ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli SromiTisaqmianoba axal saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi xelovnebisswavlebasTan aris integrirebuli. am integrirebis safuZvelssaxviTi xelovnebis swavlebaSi gamoyenebiT – dekoratiulixelovnebis elementebis CarTva warmoadgens.7

xelovnebis swavleba SromiT saqmianobasTan erTadzog adsag anm a naTleblo skolis yvela safexurzeagaTvaliswinebuli da am swavlebis mizani imaSi mdgomareobs,rom moxdes moswavleTa Cabma SemoqmedebiT da sainterpretacio

gansakuTrebul rols mozardTa esTetikur aRzrdaSi.xelovnebis nawarmoebis wvdoma moiTxovs pirvel rigSi

fsiqikis aqtivobas, amasTan upiratesi roli ekisreba misasociaciur meqanizms. asociaciebi is xidia, romlis gareSecnawarmoebSi avtoris mier xorcSesxmuli mxatvruli saxeebiver gadavlen mkiTxvelis, msmenelis, mayureblis cnobierebaSi. amefeqturobisTvis aucilebelia: sagnobrivi asociaciebi, emociuriasociaciebi, romlebic qmnian warmosaxvas da amave dros iwvevenmkiTxvelis, mayureblis, msmenelis emociur reaqcias. yovelimaTgani adamianis cnobierebaSi Cndeba cxovrebiseul asociaciad.

garda amisa arsebobs agreTve mxatvruli asociaciebic,romlebic emociebs da emociur damuxtul warmosaxvebs iwvevenmxolod gamocdil mayurebelSi, mkiTxvelSi, msmenelSi, romelTacmxatvruli ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli. mxatvruli dacxovrebiseuli asociacia moqmedebs erToblivad, urRveviurTierTdakavSirebiT. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi yalibdeba amasociaciaTa myari formebi, romelTac iTviseben calkeuliadamianebi bavSobidan moyolebuli mTeli sicocxlis manZilze.

aRqmis es fsiqikuri meqanizmi xelovnebas SesaZleblobasuqmnis mimarTos yvela mayurebels, msmenels, mkiTxvels erTad daTan daamyaros kavSiri cal-calke, Rrmad SeiWras maT SinagansamyaroSi, mianiWos yovel adamians udidesi siamovneba, sixaruli,sulierad aamaRlos isini. magram asociaciebis winaswaridazepireba SeuZlebelia. isini iqmnebian mxolod praqtikiT –zogadiT, cxovrebiseuliT, specialuriT da mxatvruliT. aqedandaskvna, rom mxatvruli momzadeba SeuZlebelia xelovnebasTancocxali urTierTobis gareSe. xelovneba unda iqces mTavariaraRad xelovnebasTan ziarebaSi, magram misi gamoyeneba am rolSiioli saqme rodia, igi miiRweva mxatvruli ganaTlebiTa daswavlebiT. amas ZiriTadad mxatvruli aRzrda axorcielebs,swored igi iyenebs farTod xelovnebis gansakuTrebulSesaZleblobebs, aRsazrdelTa fsiqikaSi mxatvruli asociaciebisCamoyalibebisaTvis, exmareba maT xelovnebis meSveobiT SeiTvisonxelovnebis ena.

gamokvlevebma xelovnebis aRqmis sferoSi daadgines amprocesis warmmarTveli fsiqikur ganwyobilebaTa udidesimniSvneloba.4 es aris saerTo ganwyoba xelovnebisadmi, kerZo



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aqcentebis naadrevi gamovlena sxva saswavlo disciplinebisxarjze, adgili aqvs protestis sxvadasxva formebs da a.S.

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom swavlebis organizaciis es tipianu pedagogiuri modeli, gansakuTrebiT efeqturia avtoritarulisazogadoebriv-politikuri wyobis pirobebSi, e.i. iq, sadac diqtati,politikuri sistemis batonoba wamyvania, gafetiSebulia, xolopirovnebis RirebulebiTi samyaros uflebrivi mdgomareobameoradi da daqvemdebarebulia ideologiur amocanebTan mimarTebaSi.sakmarisia sazogadoebaSi demokratiuli cvlibebis epoqa dadges,realuri gardaqmnebi daiwyos, rom swavlebis organizaciisavtoritaruli pedagogiuri modeli, myisierad ingreva, igi umalaraefeqturi xdeba. zustad am movlenis dadasturebaa TanamedrovezogadsaganmanaTleblo qarTuli sistema, romelic samwuxarod,TiTqmis amovarda drois konteqstidan. igi arsebiTad, veRarafersaZlevs mozards, an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod nawilobrivexmareba misi profesiuli zrdis saqmes. yovelive amis gamo,drom daayena konkretuli moTxovna - swavlebis organizaciistradiciul formas unda Caenacvlos axali droisaTvis ufrometad Sesaferisi modeli an modelebi. am konteqstSi ki, upirvelesyovlisa, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs moswavlispirovnebaze orientirebuli saswavlo saqmianoba da misiSesaZleblobebi.

swavlebis organizaciis axal modelSi mozardi ganixileba,rogorc saswavlo procesis subieqti,11 romlis miswrafebebida pirovnuli tendenciebi, socialuri garemos faqtorebTanerTad gansazRvravs kidevac saganmanaTleblo aqtivobis Sinaars.aseT situaciaSi, pedagogis funqciaa xeli Seuwyos saswavloaqtivobis provocirebas, interesis aRZvras, miznisaken svlismravalvariantuli saqmeebis mofiqreba-realizebas. pedagogi exmarebamozards daeuflos codnis mopovebis gza-saSualebebs, iswavlosswavla, saWiro informaciis mopoveba, garemos cvlad pirobebTanSegueba, sociumas moTxovnebze drouli reagireba da a.S.

tradiciuli pedagogiuri moqmedebis pirobebSi mozards codnamiewodeba im azriT da rwmeniT, rom mas igi momavalSi usaTuodgamoadgeba. amasTan miCneulia, rom rac ufro mravalmxrivi,moculobiTi da mravalferovani iqneba es codna, miT ufro

saqmianobaSi. swored am gziT maTTvis mSvenierebis gancdis dawarmosaxvis unaris ganviTraebaa SesaZlebeli.8

Tanamedrove zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola reformebisa dagardaqmnebis umniSvnelovanes etapze gavida. icvleba misistruqtura, muSaobis organizacia da Sinaarsi. epoqamgansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi daayena saganmanaTleblo procesisgardaqmnis mimarTulebiT, radgan formaluri TvalsazrisiT,TiTqosda kargad organizebuli tradiciuli saganmanaTleblosistema drois moTxovnebidan sakmaod daSorebuli gamodga.

pedagogikis mecnierebaSi dRemde moqmedi Teoriebi da maTiSesatyvisi praqtika met-naklebi sisruliT, mxars uWerda daupiratesobas aniWebda e.w. pedagogiur models, romlis mixedviTacswavlebis procesis wamyvani da erTaderTi subieqti arispedagogi.9 igi gansazRvravs, gegmavs da ayalibebs mTel im process,romlis mizansac swavleba, swavla da saerTod aRzrda-ganaTlebulobis SeZena, garkveuli profesiis dauflebawarmoadgens. Zveli berZnuli tradiciiTac pedagogi esaa adamiani,vinc moswavles gzas uCvenebs da cxovrebiseul labirinTebidanTavis daRwevis Cvevebs aZlevs. es imitom xdeba, rom mozardijer pataraa, ucodinaria, ususuria, gamocdilebis armqonea daamitom pedagogma nel-nela, nabij-nabij unda daaZlevinos massirTuleebi, Seuvsos danaklisi. mozardi am dros verSeewinaaRmdegeba, ver Seafasebs, ver gansjis, ver airCevs maszezemoqmedebis formebs. man unda miiRos rasac sTavazoben, winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi igi mohyveba sazogadoebrivi sanqciebis zemoqmedebiszonaSi da daisjeba kidec.

istoriuli gamocdilebis analizi adasturebs, rompedagogiuri saqmianobis es ti pi produqtiulia.10 igiuzrunvelyofs ganaTlebas, codnis SeZenas, RirebulebiTiorientaciebis Camoyalibebas da a.S. amasTan, mas aqvs seriozulinaklovanenebic, rac upirvelesad imaSi gamoixateba, rom TavisiarsiT igi avtoritarulia, ar scnobs an ufro sworad, sanaxevrodaRiarebs mozardis pirovnebis uflebebs, emyareba diqtats,mbrZaneblobas, imperatiul miTiTebebs, rac, umetes SemTxvevaSisapirispiro reaqciebs iwvevs. kerZod, mozardi TandaTanobiTeTiSeba momqancvel saswavlo Sromas, iwyeba profesiuli



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maia razmaZe

somerset moemis Teoriuli Sexeduleba

saTeatro xelovnebis Sesaxeb

somerset moemis mravalwlianma siaxlovem TeatralursamyarosTan Rrma kvali daaCnia mTel mis Semoqmedebas. esnaTlad Cans 1937 wels gamoqveynebul romanSi `Teatri~,romelic, faqtobrivad, xelovnebisa (Teatris) da cxovrebisurTierTmimarTebis filosofiuri gaazrebis mcdelobaswarmoadgens da formis TvalsazrisiTac axlos dgasdramasTan.

`TeatrSi~ avtori gamomsaxvelobis dramatul formasiyenebs, ar axvevs mkiTxvels Tavis sakuTar Sexedulebebs, arawvdis maT banalur WeSmaritebebs. moems romanSi Semoaqvs`scenebi~, romlebSic misi gmirebi warmoadgenen TavianTmiswrafebebs, Sinagan samyaros.

romanis saxelwodebas orgvari gageba SeiZleba hqondes:Teatri _ xelovneba, Teatri _ realuri cxovreba.mwerlisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda ara marto Teatralurisamyaros zne-Cveulebebisa da yofis warmosaxvas, aramedseriozul esTetikur-filosofiuri da sazogadoebriviproblemebis gaazrebasac.

`Teatris~ fabula Zalze martivia. erTi SexedviT, esvariaciaa sasiyvarulo samkuTxedis Temaze, magram sinamdvileSiromanis siuJetur xazs warmoadgens msaxiobi qalisSemoqmedebiTi gzis asaxva. romanisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia isniSani, romelic moemis Teoriul-esTetikuri poziciebismixedviT am Janris nawarmoebs pirvel rigSi moeTxoveba:dainteresebis, ̀ Tavis Seqcevis~, garTobis momenti. amave dros,moemi miiCnevda, rom mxolod saintereso siuJeti da moqmedebismZafri peripetiebi cxovrebis mravalferovnebisa da sirTulisgamoxatvis saSualebas ar iZleva. misi azriT, xelovnebismizania, sulierad gaamdidros adamiani, mianiWos mas siamovneba.`TeatrSic~ mTavari Seurigebeli winaaRmdegobaa Semoqmedpirovnebasa da sazogadoebas Soris. Tavad moemis azriT,

sasargebloa igi, rogorc sakuTriv mozardisaTvis, asevesazogadoebisaTvis. amisgan gansxvavebiT mozardze orientirebulipedagogiuri azri miiCnevs, rom yovelTvis da yvela situaciaSi,Tanac mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gamosayenebel codnas, vercveravin mogcems da verc veravin aiTvisebs. amitom, saWiroamiznad davisaxoT ara didi moculobis codnis dagroveba, aramedmisi moZiebisa, Tu mopovebis unaris gamomuSaveba da konkretulsituaciaSi misi gamoyenebis CvevaSi gavarjiSeba.

.

1. ix.: d. uznaZe. Sromebi. t.V, Tbilisi, 19672. iqve;3. ix.: o. alaviZe. samecniero sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 20054. ix.: d. uznaZe. Sromebi. t.V, Tbilisi, 19675. iqve;6. ix.: o. alaviZe. samecniero sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 20057. iqve;8. iqve;9. iqve;10. n. vasaZe. pedagogika. Tbilisi, 2000

11. iqve;

xaTuna melaZe

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Zalebi, vidre literaturul saqmianobis sxva nebismier sferos)da xelovanis erTsa da imave tips miekuTvnebian.

bunebrivia, Tavisi Sexedulebebi Semoqmedis bunebasa damis temperamentze mweralma swored am personaJSi ganasaxiera.somerset moemi miiCnevda, rom yoveli xelovnisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia Taviseburi ̀ SemoqmedebiTi instinqti~, raRacZala, romelic imorCilebs mas. magram TviT moemi im xelovanTaricxvs miekuTvneba, romelTac ara marto gare samyarosanalizi ZaluZT, aramed sakuTari Tavisac. aseTivea misigmiric.

dawvrilebiT aRwers moemi Tavis gmirs _ portretulsuraTxati misTvis fsiqologiuri daxasiaTebis erT-erTisaSualebaa. julias samsaxiobo kariera dasawyisSive hqondagadawyvetili, hqonda dauokebeli survili _ dauflebodayvela profesiul Cvevas, TavdaviwyebiT emuSava sakuTar Tavze.Tandayolili niWi mas saSualebas aZlevda, warmatebiTgadmoeca sxvisi grZnobebi da ganwyobilebebi, scenazewarmoeCina Tanamedrove sametyvelo stili, azri mieniWebinapiesis umniSvnelo frazebisTvisac ki, magram julia verTamaSobda Seqspiris gmirebs, ibneoda didi ingliselidramaturgis mravalferovan azrTa da vnebaTa samyaroSi _msaxiobi sruliad gansxvavebul sulier samyaroSi cxovrobdaamitom, igi TiTqmis arasodes TamaSobda klasikur rolebsklasikur piesebSi. igi mis TanamedroveTa saxeebsegzaltirebisa da zedmeti naturalizmis gareSe qmnida.

moemis Rrma rwmeniT, dauRalavi Sroma aucilebeliatalantis realizaciisaTvis. msaxiobis `xelobas usazRvromoTmineba sWirdeba. xSirad imedgacruebac mosdevs~, _ wersigi Tavis TxzulebaSi `Sejameba~. warmateba iSviaTad ewvevaxolme msaxiobs, radgan igi mTlianad mayurebelzeadamokidebuli: igi SeiZleba brbos kerpad iqces da SeiZleba_ yvelasagan daviwyebuli, SimSiliT mokvdes. romanis erT-erTi gmiris, reJisor jim lengatinis dasi Zalian bevrsiRwvoda imisaTvis, rom ubralod speqtakli ki ar ̀ warmoedgina~mayureblisaTvis, aramed scenaze ecxovra da namdvilixelovneba Seeqmna . dasis yvela wevri grZnobda

saxelmwifo sargeblobs Semoqmedi pirovnebiT sakuTarimiznebisaTvis. Tuki pirovneba ilaSqrebs am `gamoyenebis~winaaRmdeg, saxelmwifo fexqveS Telavs mas, xolo Tuki maskeTilsindisierad emsaxurebian, maSin ajildoebs medlebiT,pensiiTa da pativiT. rogorc kritikosi aRniSnavs, s. moemis`TeatrSi~ dascinis pirovnebis snobizms, Surs, amave drosigi aRmerTebs WeSmarit Semoqmeds. mecnieris azriT, moemiCanafiqria warmoadginos WeSmariti niWierebis Seusabamobaarsebul sinamdvilesTan.

moemi aRniSnul nawarmoebSi svams rig mniSvnelovanproblemas: Semoqmedi da privilegirebuli klasi, Semoqmedida sazogadoeba, xelovneba da sinamdvile. mweraligansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs cxovrebisTeatralurobis, rogorc sinamdvilisadmi damokidebulebisTemaze, rodesac mTavari moqmedi piris TamaSi cxovrebaSiyoveldRiur Cvevad iqceva da Taviseburi SeniRbvis, zogjerki, banaluri realobidan Tavdacvis xerxs warmoadgens.Seqspiriseuli azri, rom mTeli samyaro Teatria da masSiyvelani msaxiobebia, moemTan Tavisebur interpretaciaspoulobs. igi gvixatavs, Tu rogor yalibdeba wminda profesiulCvevaTa kompleqsi da iqceva mkafiod Camoyalibebul`fsiqologiad~, gaazrebul reaqciad gare samyaroze.

`...mxolod Cven, msaxiobebi, varT realurni am samyaroSi,_ msjelobs `Teatris~ mTavari gmiri, msaxiobi qali julialamberti _ yvela adamiani Cveni nedleulia. Cven Segvaqvszari maT arsebobaSi. amboben: TamaSi moCvenebaa. swored esmoCvenebiToba aris erTaderTi realoba~. julias cxovreba`Teatralur warmodgenaTa jaWvia~.

julia lamberti moemis erT-erTi yvelaze axlobelipersonaJia. amas avtoric ramdenjerme mianiSnebs. julia,iseve rogorc moemi, frangulenovan, inglisuri warmomavlobisojaxSi gaizarda. misi bavSvobis zogierTi detali emTxvevamwerlisas. moemi yovelTvis Zalze saRad afasebda Taviswarmatebebs. aseTive mSvidi TviTSefasebis unariT arisdajildoebuli misi gmiric. isini xelovnebis erTsa da imavedargs (moemma xom Teatrs dauTmo ufro meti dro da

maia razmaZe somerset moemis Teoriuli Sexeduleba saTeatro xelovnebis Sesaxeb

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TandaswrebiT qmnis da sakuTari Tavis Semowmebis SesaZleblobaam SemTxvevaSi Zalze didia.

julia lamberti imitom axerxebs morigi gmiris vnebebismayureblamde mitanas, rom TviTon scenaze ar ganicdisWeSmarit vnebebs _ igi mxolod ostaturad gamoxatavs maT.swored amaSi xedavda didro msaxiobis xelovnebis paradoqss.mas, rasakvirvelia, esmoda, rom arsebobs sxva ti pismsaxiobebic, magram upiratesobas aniWebda maT, vinc civigonebiT TamaSobda. msaxiobi, didros azriT, Tavis speqtaklsmayureblis winaSe dReSi mxolod ori-sami saaTis ganmavlobaSiTamaSobs. mayurebeli ki dilidan saRamomde TamaSobsspeqtakls, TamaSobs mas emociurad da TavdaviwyebiT. msaxiobik,i mxolod Tvalyurs adevnebs, aanalizebs da imaxsovrebs,raTa saRamos es yvelaferi scenaze Semoitanos da kvlavacgvaiZulos msgavsi grZnobebi ganvicadoT. didros mixedviT,xelovnis umaRlesi ti pi aris adamiani, romelicdajildoebulia dakvirvebisa da vnebaTa zusti gadmocemisunariT, mayurebels isini WeSmarit vnebebad warmouCenia.isini mzad arian, ufro metad Tanaugrnon gmirebs scenaze,vidre cxovrebaSi, radganac cxovrebaSi vnebebi xSiradaraesTetikuria, xelovneba ki cxovrebas Seisisxlxorcebsda kidec xvews mas.

moemi eTanxmeba didros, magram mas mSvenivrad esmis, romdidro iseve, rogorc sxva polemisti, Tavisi azris ukiduresgamoxatulebas gvTavaozbs. igi svams kiTxvas: Tuki msaxiobiTavis masalas obieqtur realobaSi eZebs, maSin ratom araqvs mas ufleba sakuTari Tavic, rogorc adamiani, am realobisnawilad CaTvalos? xom ar aris sakuTari Tavis Secnobacxovrebis Secnobis nawili? didro aRniSnavda, rom msaxiobsSeuZlia ganasaxieros nebismieri xasiaTi, vinaidan sakuTarisgansaxierebis unari ar gaaCnia. moemi mas am sakiTxSi areTanxmeba, magram imavdroulad mas esmis, Tu ramdenadTaviseburia ̀ xasiaTis cneba~ msaxiobisaTvis _ adamianisaTvis,romelic mudam `uTvalTvalebs~ sxvebs da sakuTar Tavsac,romelic afiqsirebs Tavis emociebs da profesiuli sizustiTgansazRvravs Tavisi sityvebisa da qcevebis efeqts.

pasuxismgeblobas. `reJisoroba rTuli saqmea. es xelobaada, Tu gnebavT, xelovnebac, romlis miRwevac did garjasmoiTxovs~1 _ aRniSnavda moemi. reJisori warmarTavs msaxiobisTamaSs, Tvalyurs adevnebs, rom misma individualurma Tvisebebmaar daarRvios speqtaklis kanonzomiereba.

mTavarma gmirma juliam kargad icis, Tu ris fasad aRwevsmsaxiobi didebas da aRiarebas. igi RimiliT uyurebs maT,vinc moxiblulia misi warmatebiT. romanSi aris pasaJebi,sadac moemis antiTezaa gacxadebuli imis Sesaxeb, rom msaxiobiscxovrebis garemomcveli romantikuli Saravandedis miRmadafaruli daucxromeli Ziebebi, Seupovari SromisSepirispirebas emyareba. mwerali iyenebs antiTezas, rogorcerT-erT ZiriTad gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebas, romliTacamZafrebs konfliqts sazogadoebasa da msaxiobs Soris.

Teatraluri xelovnebis moemiseuli koncefcia,faqtobrivad, aRebulia frangi ganmanaTleblis, deni didros,traqtatidan `paradoqsi aqtiorze~. moemi ise safuZvlianadamuSavebs msaxiobis Semoqmedebis kanonebis Sesaxeb am traqtatisZiriTad debulebebs, rom mis romans SeiZleba didrosTeatraluri naSromis `romanizacia~ ewodos. TiToeulidebuleba TiTqos Semowmebulia cxovrebiseuli da scenurigamocdilebiT da swored amitomac iZens gansakuTrebuldamajereblobas.

deni didro am traqtatSi msjelobs ara mxolod scenis,aramed SemoqmedebiTi kanonebis Sesaxeb, ubralod, msaxiobismagaliTi didros yvelaze Sesaferisad moeCvena: msaxiobi,mxatvrisa da mwerlisagan gansxvavebiT, iZulebulia, yovelsaRamos gaimeoros Tavisi roli. swored aq vlindeba, didrosazriT, yvelaze naTlad racionalurisa da emociurisurTierTmimarTeba xelovnis pirovnebaSi, cxovrebasa daSemoqmedebas, msaxiobis pirovnebasa da mis mier scenaze Seqmnilsaxes Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis xarisxi da forma.Tanac Znelia sxva iseTi dargis povna, sadac urTierTobebixelovansa da imaT Soris, visTvisac iqmneba misi xelovneba,ase uSualo da mWidro iqneboda. artisti xalxis


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sabolood, julia mainc ver Rebulobs siamovnebas sakuTariegoisturi qcevebisagan, rac mxatvruli gamoxatulebaa moemisim mosazrebisa, rom adamianis sixaruli da bedniereba mxolodTanaziari SeiZleba iyos.3

moems gansakuTrebiT xelovnebisa da realobisurTierTmimarTeba ainteresebs. is darwmunebulia, romxelovnebis sawyisi cxovrebaSia saZiebeli, igi sinamdvilesgamosaxavs, magram ar Semoifargleba mSvenierebis fenomeniT.xelovnebas Tavad SeuZlia gaakeTos seriozuli aRmoCenebiadamianis Sinagani samyaros Secnobis sferoSi, Cawvdesyofierebis arss.

amrigad, moemi roman `TeatrSi~ Tavis ideaTa kompleqssmxatvrul saxeTa sistemiT, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli RrmafsiqologizmiT, saintereso siuJetiT, weris cocxali dadaxvewili maneriT gamoxatavs. mTavari gmiris mxatvrulsaxeSi erTmaneTs erwymis sxvadasxva Cveva da Tviseba,kontrastuli, urTierTgamomricxavi Taviseburebebi. mxatvrulisaxeebis srulyofisaTvis romanSi didi mniSvneloba eniWebalogikurad gamarTul da leqsikurad mdidar enas. sadastili, daxvewili, keTilxmovani da naTeli frazebi, zedmeti`ornamentebisagan~ Tavisufali mxatvruli qsovili mowmobs,rom avtori klasikuri realizmis tradiciebs agrZelebs dasinamdvilis asaxvis realisturi principebis erTgulia.

1. moemi s., ̀ Sejameba~, inglisuridan Targmna z. gaCeCilaZem, Tbilisi,1986, gv. 116.2. W.S. Maugham, “Theatre”, 2005.3.ix.: n. imedaSvili. `xelovneba da xelovani somerset moemis

romanebSi, quTaisi, 2005.

moemi Tavis gmirs sastik gamocdas uwyobs: igigamoacdevinebs mas siyvaruls Zalze umniSvnelo, SeiZlebaiTqvas, usaxuri adamianis mimarT. arsebiTad, julia sulieriganviTarebis garkveul etaps gadis, klerki tomi ki statistiamis gverdiT, meti araferi. julia varskvlavia, romelicalalbedad Sekowiwebul dasSi TamaSobs. magram rogor undaiTamaSo, rodesac garSemo mxolod uniWo msaxiobebi gaxveviada mTeli am drois manZilze julia Tavisi meore cxovrebiTcxovrobs _ sceniT. aq ikveTeba moemis Teoriul naSromebSigamoTqmuli mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac xelovneba cxovrebisubedurebis nugeSs, samyaros simkacrisagan xsnasa da yvelaubedurebisagan TavSesafars warmoadgens.2 marTlac,Tavdapirvelad Tavis gmirebad gardasaxvaSi, yovel saRamosindividualobis SecvlaSi julia poulobda Svebas, xsnasTavisi sulieri siyvarulisagan. Semdeg Tavisi namdvili tanjvascenaze gadaitana da Zalian cudad daiwyo TamaSi. moemi,iseve rogorc didro, darwmunebulia, rom roli sruliadacar iqmneba scenaze da erTaderTi emocia, romelicmsaxiobisaTvis dasaSvebia scenaze, aris TviT SemoqmedebiTiprocesiT tkboba.

moemi xelovnis SemoqmedebiT Zalas upirispirebs ̀ maRali~sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTa inteleqtualur parazitizms,romlebsac ar esmiT, ra aris WeSmariti siyvaruli dazneobrioba. moemi ar malavs Tavis siZulvils maT mimarT,aCvenebs aristokratiis TviTkmayofilebasa da klanurobas,mis angarebasa da meSCanur SezRudulobas, ̀ bohemisaken~ yalbltolvas, rac sinamdvileSi am sazogadoebas `pewis~SesanarCuneblad sWirdeba. moemisaTvis axlobelia mousvenariadamiani, romelic cdilobs gaeqces cxovrebis prozasSemoqmedebisa da ocnebis samyaroSi, daundobelma sinamdvilemkidec rom gaTelos igi. `Teatris~ mTavari personaJisa damisi garemomcveli sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTebaSi arekliliamoemis koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac pirovnebasa dasazogadoebas Soris garkveuli dauwereli SeTanxmebaadadebuli. meore mxriv, julias saqcieli romanSi Seesatyvisebagaucxoebis Teorias, iRebs bolomde arc moemi uaryofs.


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literaturaSi miiRo da araerTi araordinaruli da sainteresoSemoqmedi SesZina msoflio literaturas, romelTa SorisgansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs uiliam bleiki _ poeti, mxatvari,graviori, musikosi. is Tavis TavSi aerTianebda modernis stilisada futurizmis Soreul winamorbeds _ bleiki werda leqsebs,tvifravda graviurebs, romelTac teqstebiT amkobda, akvarelissaRebavebiT aferadebda naxatebs, anu, Tavad qmnida sakuTarfoliantebs, romlebic erTi saukuniT win uswreben rusifuturistebis e. w. `saavtoro wignebs~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom u. bleiki metad mistikur garemoSi gaizarda.mas bavSvobidanve hqonia ucnauri xilvebi, romelTa realobacTurme sococxlis bolomde swamda. amiT ki man SeSlilisa dasaswaulmoqmedis saxeli daimkvidra sazogadoebaSi. uiliam bleikssistemuri ganaTleba ar miuRia, magram bevrs kiTxulobda dabavSvobidanve icnobda mistikosi svedenborgis, idealistiplatonis da ganmanaTleblobis epoqis deistur filosofias;kiTxulobda Seqspirs, miltons, Catertons; icnobda romael daberZen poetebs, gansakuTrebiT xiblavda vergiliusis, ovidiusisda ariostos Semoqmedeba; Seiswavla berZnuli da Zvelebraulienebi, raTa originalSi waekiTxa biblia, sicocxlis bolos kiitaliursac daeufla, rom ukeT Cawvdomoda dantes ̀ RvTaebrivikomediis~ idumalebas da misTvis ilustraciebi Seesrulebina.

siRaribe, martooba, dauRalavi Sroma u. bleikis cxovrebisTanamgzavrebi iyvnen. ̀ profiti verasodes gabedavs gadmoabijosCems zRurbls~, _ naRvlianad werda igi Tavis erT-erT megobars.Tanamedrove inglisis oficialuri sazogadoebrivi azri ansaerTod ignorirebas uwevda mas, an ise uyurebda, rogorcsulierad daavadebuls, magram, miuxedavad amisa, bleiki TavgamodebiTicavda sakuTar sulier damoukideblobas, ̀ inglisSi imas ki arkiTxuloben, adamiani niWieri da genialuri Tu aris, aramed imas,Tu ramdenad wynari, zrdilobiani da keTilia, rogorc viri; Tuiziarebs didebulTa Sexedulebebs xelovnebasa da mecnierebaze,Tu asea, maSin is kargia, Tu arada, dae, mokvdes mSieri~, _ werdableiki.2

uiliam bleikis poezia, mxatvroba da grafika sazogadoebriviusamarTlobisadmi erTgvari gamowveva iyo. am usamarTlobas

eka qumsiaSvili

`art nuvos~ stilis genezisis sakiTxi

uiliam bleikis SemoqmedebaSi

XVIII saukunis bolos parizis revoluciurma quxilmaeqosaviT gadauara mTel evropas. safrangeTis gamaTavisuflebelmaideebma udidesi gavlena moaxdina evropul azrovnebaze da aramarto Secvala saxelmwifoebrivi formebi, aramed saukuneebisganmavlobaSi dadgenil sazogadoebriv warmodgenaTa daSexedulebaTa mTeli sistema gardaqmna. daiwyo Zvel RirebulebaTagadasinjva, Seicvala sulieri faseulobebi. bunebrivia, la-manSismeore mxares mdebare didi britaneTi, romelsac safrangeTisrevoluciis dasawyisisTvis gadatanili hqonda qariSxlianisamrewvelo revolucia da mZlavr kapitalistur saxelmwifoswarmoadgenda, gulgrili ver darCeboda mis mezoblad mimdinaremovlenebisadmi. XIX saukunis pirvel aTeulSi did britaneTSigaiSala saxalxo-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romelsac ajanyebaTamTeli jaWvi mohyva, da romelic sastikad iqna CaxSobili mTavrobismier.

XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze Seqmnili mdgomareobiTSemoqmedTa ukmayofilebis SegrZneba, uimedo ganwyoba, sasowarkveTada e. w. ̀ kosmiuri pesimizmi~ ̀ msoflio kaeSanSi~ gadaizarda dabiZgi misca axali mZlavri kulturul-msoflmxedvelobrivimimarTulebis – romantizmis _ warmoSobas.1

ganxeTqileba arsebul sinamdvilesa da warmosaxvas Soris,sakuTari idealebis Zieba religiis, xelovnebis, bunebis,folkloris samyarosa da istoriul warsulSi, yvelgan iq,sadac ar iqmneboda yoveldRiuri proza, merkantiluri, ̀ saRad~moazrovne Tanamedroveoba _ aseTi iyo romantikuli msoflaRqmiserT-erTi Tavisebureba. romantikos SemoqmedTa ZiriTadi TemaindividualobiT gamorCeul pirovnebas ukavSirdeba, gmirs, romelicver urigdeba arsebul sinamdviles da mis gardaqmnas cdilobs,Tumca xSirad igi sazogadoebrivi usulgulobis gamodamarcxebisTvis aris ganwiruli.

romantizmma gansakuTrebiT mZafri forma inglisur

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ganviTarebis pirvel stadiaSi mxolod karg nawils aRiqvamda[...] axla ki, adamiani vardSi eklebs arCevs, ubedurebaSi _ cremlebs~.yvela adamianSi, bleikis filosofiis mixedviT, arsebobs RmerTi,romelic adamianis cnobierebis mesame napirze imyofeba daromelsac adamiani mxolod damoukidebeli ganviTarebiT Tumiagnebs. damoukidebel ganviTarebas ki adamiani im idealurdonemde mihyavs, romliskenac mudam iswrafvoda bleiki. misTvisidealuri adamiani warmosaxvis, anu xilvis, udidesi unariT arisdajildoebuli da maSin aris is RmerTis toli. magram sad arisan ra aris is, rac adamians RmerTis simaRlemde aiyvans?! sadaris is unari, romelic adamians Tavis TavSi RmerTs apovninebs?!bleikis azriT, yvela CvenganSi aris RmerTi, romelmac es sulierimetamorfozebi gaiara, magram ise, rom ganviTarebis arcerTistadia ar daukargavs. ̀ RmerTi Semoqmedia da is arsebobs yvelasulier arsebaSi [...] RmerTi erTaderTia da is xilulia iesoqristeSi.~ bleikis gagebiT ieso arc warsulSia, rogorcistoriuli ieso da arc momavalSi, rogorc mesia, aramed igiaris axla, realur awmyoSi, romelic realuri warsulisa darealuri momavlis Semcvelia.3

Tu sxva ingliseli romantikosi poetebi TavianT SemoqmedebaSimimarTavdnen Zveli civilizaciebis (induri, berZnuli, romauli,ebrauli) miTologiur saxeebs, uiliam bleiki sakuTar miTologiasqmnis da es miTologiuri fantastika aranair CarCoSi ar Tavsdeba.

u. bleiki Tavisi gviani periodis erT-erTi nawarmoebisSesavalSi werda: ̀ Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo, Seminde imis gamo, rasac,iqneb, ar eTanxmebi, da Semiyvare im energiisTvis, romelsac me CemsniWs, Cems samuSaos vaxmar.~ misi energia ukidegano masStabebsiZenda mxatvrobaSic. klasicizmTan aSkara kavSiris miuxedavad,bleiki am stils upirispirdeboda. marTalia, isic irCevda soflissiuJetebsa da maradiul Temebs, uars ambobda batalur scenebze,misi gmirebic mxatvrobasa da grafikaSi gadmodiodnen dantes damiltonis poeziidan, magram bleikis SemoqmedebisTvis rokokosada barokosken mibruneba iyo damaxasiaTebeli. bleiki-mxatvrisTvisgansakuTrebiT Rirebulia xazi. Tu klasicistebTan es xaziwarmoadgens moculobaTa mkacrad dadgenil sazRvars daganuyofelia figurisa da sagnisagan, bleikTan es xazi gvevlineba

poeti mTeli cxovreba ebrZoda. XVIII saukunis 90-iani wlebisdasawyisisTvis bleiki londonel ìakobinelTa~ revoluciurwres miekuTvneboda da udidesi TanagZnobiT adevnebda TvalssafrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebs. igi demonstraciulad dadiodalondonis quCebSi Tavisuflebis emblemiT _ wiTeli qudiT,xvdeboda revoluciur_propagandistuli organizaciiswarmomadgenlebs, megobrobda cnobili filosofiur-politikuritraqtatis _ ̀ politikuri samarTlianobis~ avtorTan _ uiliamgoldvinTan, da saxelmoxveWil publicistTan, àdamianisuflebebis~ avtor Tomas peinTan.

1789-1794 wlebiT TariRdeba u. bleikis umniSvnelovanesipoeturi nawarmoebi `simRerebi adamianis umankoebisa dagamocdilebis Sesaxeb~ . saTaurSive gamoCnda oriurTierTsawinaaRmndego cnebis, umankoeba-gamoucdelobisgamocdilebasTan dapirispireba. krebulis kompoziciac amasveesadageba: TiTqmis yvela leqss, romelic pirvel ciklSi, _ùmankoebis simRerebSi~ Sedis, aqvs Tavisi kontr-wyvili meoreciklSi _ ̀ gamocdilebis simRerebSi~. ̀ umankoebis simRerebSi~dedamiwa daxatulia rogorc mSvidobisa da mxiarulebis samefo,sadac mTavari moqmedi gmirebi bavSvebi arian. maTi guliTadoba,mimndobloba, mxiaruleba poetis warmosaxvaSi aRiqmeba, rogorcadamianis bunebis saukeTeso da bunebrivi gamovlena. am leqsebSibedniereba warmogvidgeba rogorc yoveli cocxali arsebisnormaluri mdgomareoba. amiT bleiki mWidrod ukavSirdebaganmanaTlebelTa humanur tradiciebs, romelTa mixedviTbednierebaze adamianis ufleba bunebrivi da kanonzomieri movlenaa.rac Seexeba ̀ gamocdilebis simRerebs~, aq mkveTrad aris darRveuliharmoniuloba. Rrma Sinagani dramatizmi gansazRvravs orivelirikuli ciklis Tanafardobas. poeti TiTqos sakuTar TavsekamaTeba: is, rac damtkicebulia pirvel ciklSi, uaryofiliameoreSi. `gamocdilebis simRerebSi~ Zirfesvianad icvlebacxovrebisadmi damokidebuleba. ̀ adamiani iZens gamocdilebas, imas,rac Tavisi ganviTarebis pirvel stadiaSi aklda da risi naklebobacmis arsebobas safrTxes uqadda. adamiani iZens movlenaTagacnobirebis unars, magram amas igi meore ukiduresobamde mihyavsda simarTles mxolod erTi, cudi mxridan xedavs maSin, roca

eka qumsiaSvili àrt nuvos~ stilis genezisis sakiTxi uiliam bleikis SemoqmedebaSi

103102

` q a r T u l i q o r e o g r a f i i s

m k v l e v a r i ~

naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelisrekomendaciiT.

statiebis stili daculia.

programis xelmZRvaneli _ anano samsonaZe

rogorc sulieri sawyisis matarebeli. xazis gaTavisuflebises procesi dakavSirebulia u. bleikis ferweris kidev erTTaviseburebasTan: figurebi mis kompoziciaSi xdebian usxeuloni,amitom isini saocrad eleganturni da moqnilni arian.

`jojoxeTis karibWeSi~ (dantes `RvTaebrivi komediis~ilustraciebi) Cven ukve ganvasxvavebT bevr iseT niSans, romelicSemdgomSi modernis stils gansazRvravs: kompozicia simetriulia,xazobrivi ritmi TiTqmis Trgunavs ornamentis gamosaxulebas,figurebis daxrilobasa da Jestebis xasiaTs, Semoaqvs ̀ goTikuri~egzaltaciis momenti. es erTgvari erTianobaa cocxalTa dam k vd arTa sa m y arosi . s ai ntereso a bleik is m i er`winaswarmetyveluri wignis~ ilustraciebisTvis Seqmniliurizenis boroti saxe _ civi da momakvdinebeli despoti, romelmacdaimona yovelive cocxali... bleikis naxatze urizeniwarmodgenilia, rogorc mkacri moxuci, romlis mTavari atributiasaswori da fargali. is zomavs da wonis yovelive arsebuls dasurs daimonos mTeli samyaro, magram urizenis winaaRmdeg aRdgebiancecxlis, sinaTlis da Tavisuflebis stiqiuri Zalebi. CvenwinaSe urTierTsawinaaRmdego ZalTa konfliqti iSleba, romelicsabolood urizenis mkvdar, umoZrao samefoze gamarjvebiTmTavrdeba.4

aseTi iyo ocneba uiliam bleikisa. masze saukune naxevrisSemdeg daweren: `arsebulan adamianebi, visac momavli, mermisisatrfosebr hyvarebiaT da masac Tavisi sunTqva maTi sunTqvisTvisSeurevia, Tavisi Tma maTTvis Semouxvevia, raTa TavianTi droisTvisSeucnobadi darCeniliyvnen.~5

1. ix.: i. sariSvili. bleiki da romantizmi, Jurn. `saunje~, #1.Tbilisi, 1987.2. Willson. H. The life of William Blake. 1948.3. ix.: i. sariSvili. adamianis faqtori u. bleikis SemoqmedebaSi,Jurn. ̀ saunje~. #6. Tbilisi, 1987.4. Елистратова А. А. Английский Романтизм и Современность. 1960.5. ix.: m. maisuraZe, ̀ adamianis idea da xati u. bleikis SemoqmedebaSi~,

Jurn. ̀ saunje~, #1. Tbilisi, 1987.

eka qumsiaSvili

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xelovnebis daxvewaze, srulyofaze da misi erTi meTodisqveS gaerTianebaze. am mxares warmoadgendnen mocekvaveebi,cekvis maswavleblebi, baletmaisterebi da TviT ludovikoXIV.

swored ludoviko XIV-is TaosnobiT da brZanebiT 1661wels parizSi iqmneba ̀ cekvis samefo akademia~. igi SedgebodasabWosgan, romelsac meTaurobda direqtori (pirvelad – p.boSani, Semdeg – l. pekuri). sabWoSi Sedioda cekvis 13specialisti – baletmaisteri (im dros e. w. – cekvismaswavlebeli), romelTac daevalaT cekvebis swavlebis zrunva-patronoba. aq uSvebdnen diplomirebul kadrebs. akademiisdamTavrebulebs akademikosebi ewodebodaT. cekvis samefoakademia dakavebuli iyo samefo karisa da saxasiaTo cekvebismodifikaciiT. aq moxda baletis safuZvlis, anu, misi xuTiZiriTadi poziciis SemuSaveba da dakanoneba. 1780 welscekvis samefo akademiam arseboba Sewyvita.

`uarmyofelni yvelanairi saxis akademiisa gvirCeven, romcekvis akademiac ar iZleva dadebiT Sedegs, radgan arc erTmaswavlebels ar SeuZlia gamoigonos cekva, romelic didixniT darCeba sicocxlisunariani.~2

Jan Jak noveri wignSi `werili cekvebis da baletebisSesaxeb~ akademias konservatizmSi adanaSaulebs.3 masumarTebulad miaCnia aq SemuSavebuli cekvis Cawerisxelovnebis – qoreografiis _ arsi da amocanebi. Tvlis, romcekvis xelovnebis Caweris aseTi saxe aucilebeli iyo pirvelxanebSi, rodesac cekva jer kidev emorCileboda mkacr kanonebsda Sedgeboda arc Tu ise didi raodenobis elementebisagan.mogvianebiT ki, rodesac, `pa~ gaxda rTuli, es sirTulegaormagda da gasammagda. Sesabamisad rTuli aRmoCnda misigamosaxva werilobiT da ufro rTuli - misi gaSifrva.garda amisa, es meTodi arasrulyofilia: magaliTad, Tu zustadaris Cawerili erTi mxriv, mxolod fexebis moZraoba, meoremxriv, ar aris aRniSnuli xelebis mdgomareoba da maTiCanaxati. ar aris naCvenebi aseve korpusis mdgomareoba, brunebi,Tavis mdgomareoba, gansxvavebuli manerebi imisa, Tu rogor

aleko gelaSvili

parizis cekvis samefo akademia _ misi

warmatebuli da warumatebeli mxareebi

XVII saukunis dasawyisisTvis safrangeTSi, samefo kariscekvebi, Tavisi ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida. cekvisitaliuri tradiciebi , `pavanebi~ , `galiardebi~ ,TviTmaswavleblebis _ karozos da negris _ meTodebiTandaTanobiT daviwyebas mieca. warmoiSva axali cekvebi,romlebic ufro kargad gamoxatavdnen grZnobebs, harmoniasmoZraobis proporciebsa da musikas Soris, sxeulis plastikasda sxva. samefo karis mejlisebze icvleboda sacekvaofigurebi. popularuli gaxda qalisa da vaJis mier wyvilSiSesrulebuli cekva. idgmeboda saerTo cekva, sadacerTdroulad monawileobda ramdenime wyvili. sacekvaopraqtikaSi gaCnda sxvadasxva provinciis xalxis cekva:`espanuri sarabanda~, ̀ gavoti~, ̀ bure~, ̀ rigodoni~ da mTelijaWvi axali saxis cekvebisa, romelTa Soris mefobda cekva`menueti~. xalxidan aRebuli cekvebis rTuli agebulebagamartivda, gadaiqca yvelasaTvis misaReb formad da arsebobisuflebac gadakeTebuli da Selamazebuli saxiT miiRo. aseTigzebiT ibadeboda axali wyviluri cekvebi ludoviko XIVsaukuneSi.

am movlenebisadmi xalxis ganwyoba orgvari iyo: iyvneniseTebi, romlebic emxrobodnen axal procesebs da iseTebic,romlebic siaxleebs ewinaaRmdegebodnen. maT, piriqiT,moswondaT cekvebis pirvandeli saxe. magaliTad moviyvanTqalbaton de sevinis werilis fragments, romelsac gvacnobssergei xudiokovi Tavis wignSi ̀ cekvebis istoria~: ̀ me saSinladgulnawyeni var imiT, rom Sen ar SegiZlia dainaxo provinciebSi,rogor cekvaven bures. es sruliad gasaocaria! ubraloglexebi avlenen iseT grZnobas ritmisa, simsubuqisa damxatvrulobisa, rom, erTi sityviT, me aRtacebuli var!~1

magram iyo meore mxare, romelic zrunavda sacekvao

107106

mivadevnoT qoreografiuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis gzebs.tuano arbos `orxesografiis~ Semdeg TiTqmis mTeliaswleulis ganmavlobaSi ar gamocemula arc erTi wigni,sadac mocemuli iqneboda ̀ traqtatebi~ qoreografiis Sesaxeb.mxolod 1682 wels gamoCnda mcire zomis nawarmoebi, ̀ Zvelida axali baletebi Teatris kanonebis mixedviT~, romlisavtori iyo menetrie,Mmagram arc am gamocemaSi aris saubarixelovnebis ganviTarebaze. igi gadmogvcems mxolod keTilrCevebs Tu rogor unda SeTxza baleti, magram cekvis teqnikisSesaxeb – arc erT sityvas.

XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamoCnda ramdenimesaintereso qoreografiuli naSromi. 1700 wels gamoica`cekvis aRweris xelovneba niSnebis saSualebiT~. wignisavtorad raul oJe felie gvevlineba. igi iyo cekvismaswavlebeli, romelmac es naSromi miuZRvna pekuris _mocekvavesa da baletis damdgmels musikis akademiaSi. rauloJe felie wignis winasityvaobaSi ambobs, rom misi niSnebissaSualebiT yvelas SeuZlia, masalebis gareSe iswavlos yvelasaxis cekva.

am ieroglifebis danaxvisTanave eWvi dagebadeba amgancxadebis simarTleSi, magram, yvelafris miuxedavad, feliesSromas aqvs udidesi damsaxureba. man warmoadginda misidrois cekvebis axali arqiteqturis gamomsaxvelobiTi suraTida sufTa franguli sacekvao xelovnebis formebis dabadebisSegrZneba. garda amisa, aq vxvdebiT Semdegi saxis cnobebs:

1. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi ludoviko XIV-is mefobisdamTavrebis Semdeg, mTel evropaSi cekvis teqnikam miaRwiamniSvnelovan ganviTarebas. samejliso cekvebs gamoeyosalonuri cekvebi kurantasTan da menuetTan erTad, romelTaSesrulebisTvis iswavleboda sakmaod mkacri kanonebi;

2. sabaleto nomrebma scenaze Secvales: `seriuli~ da`maRali~ cekvebi; moZraobebi, romlebic gamoyenebuli iyo`jigaxebSi~, ̀ sarabandebSi~ da ̀ SakonebSi~; dainerga sxvadasxvasaxis `furi~, `an turnani~ da `kabrioli~;

3. amave dros maswavleblebma Seqmnes sxvadasxva

unda daiWiro korpusi ama Tu im cekvis Sesabamisad.cekvis akademiis Tavdapirvel mizans warmoadgenda sacekvao

xelovnebis dacemis Tavidan arideba da swrafi moqmedebamis ganviTarebaze. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi imis nacvlad,rom misi saSualebiT dabadebuliyo axali sacekvao moZraobebi,figurebi, suraTebi, pozebi, piriqiT – aq imeorebdnen cnobilimocekvaveebis: diupres, kamargos, lanis da sxvaTa mier Seqmnilsacekvao figurebs, romlebic ar Seicavdnen arafers axals,garda warsulSi talantebis mier Seqmnili pirveladiStrixebisa da gamovlinebebisa. amgvarad, `cekvis akademiagadaixara misi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobidan, daemsgavsa dumilismonasters da akldamas, sadac talantebi ganisveneben~.4

miuxedavad amisa, parizis cekvis samefo akademiis arsebobisistoria saukuneze met xans gagrZelda. misi daniSnulebaiyo warmoadgenda Tvalyuris devneba sacekvao xelovnebisswor moZraobaze. Tu iqmneboda raime axali forma, xalxuricekvebidan, is Serwymuli iyo drois sulTan da masebisgemovnebasTan.

akademiis amocana iyo mkacrad SeenaxaT is esTetikuriidealebi, romlis wyalobiTac qoreografiam gamokveTiliadgili daikava xelovnebis dargebs Soris. swored amdawesebulebis meSveobiT qoreografia oficialuradaRiarebul iqna xelovnebad. garda amisa, aq erTmaneTisagangamoiyo salonuri da sasceno cekvebi. xalxidan aRebuli`branlebi~, `bure~ da sxva cekvebi sxvadasxva variantadidgmeboda. Tumca saTeatro warmodgenebi mTlianadgadmocemdnen Zvel sacekvao formebs, magram Semsruleblebiam warmodgenebSi mainc cvlidnen cekvis adrindel tempsTavisi SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.

qoreografiis samyaroSi gamobrwyinda maSindeli cnobilimocekvaveebis saxelebi: boSani, pekuri, baloni, a’etapa, diupre,rac axlad daarsebuli akademiis damsaxureba iyo.

akademia agreTve zrunavda qoreografiuli literaturisganviTarebaze, romelsac XVIII saukunidan hyavda uamraviwarmomdageneli. maTi meSveobiT WeSmaritad SeiZleba Tvali

aleko gelaSviliparizis cekvis samefo akademia _ misi warmatebuli da

warumatebeli mxareebi

109108

amisa, iyvnen iseTebic, magaliTad, cnobili artistebi: diupreda vestrisi` romlebic ar cnobdnen aranair poziciebs.isini adgendnen sakuTar poziciebs da avrcelebdnen maT,scildebodnen ra wignebSi daweril wesebs.

ukve XVIII saukuneSi am artistebis SesaZleblobidangamomdinare, aRmasvla ganicada moZraobis virtuozulobam.sabaleto warmodgenebisTvis mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda scenada msaxiobebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT, farTod gaeSalaT TavianTiZalebi da SesaZleblobebi. rac Seexeba fexebis xuT, arasworpozicias – sacekvao praqtikam isini Tavidan `moisrola~,radgan fexebis mrude dadgma da xelebis arabunebrivi pozebiamaxinjebdnen korpusis didebul warmosadegobas da amisSemweobiT ikargeboda im xazebis harmonia, romelzec aigoklasikuri cekva.

felies wignis Semdeg, 1725 wels, samefo akademiam pierramos avtorobiT gamosca ori naSromi. pirveli naSromia`cekvis maswavlebeli~, sadac aRwerilia reveransis Teoria,dasamaxsovrebeli rCevebi, romelsac aswavlidnen 100 wliswin italielebi – negri da karozo. imavdroulad mocemulia`menuetis~ da ̀ kurantas~ nabijebisa da figurebis saxeobebi.garda amisa, wigns TandarTuli aqvs ramdenime cxrili sadacmocemulia Tu rogor unda daikavo cekvis dros mtevnebi,xelebi, idayvebi da mxrebi.

am wignis Semdeg ramom dawera `mokle saxelmZRvanelo~,sadac aRwera mTeli rigi salonuri cekvebi. am cekvebisSesruleba gamosaxulia Zalian cud naxatze, romelsacxudiokovi Tavis wignSi ̀ cekvis istoria~ gadmogvcems ramoswignidan, rogorc zusts, samefo karis mejlisis naturidanaRebul gauformebel asls.6

zemoT moyvanili qoreografiuli literatura garkveulwarmodgenas gvaZlevs XVII-XVIII ss. sacekvao kulturisSesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini qoreografiuli xelovnebisganviTarebisaTvis siaxleebis naklebobas ganicdian, TavianTadgils mainc imkvidreben qoreografiul literaturaSi, icavenra cnobebs imdroindeli cekvebis, mocekvaveebisa da cekvismaswavleblebis – baletmaisterebis Sesaxeb.

moZraobisTvis sakmaod gafarToebuli franguli terminologia:`kupe~, `sote~, `rigodoni~, `balanse~, `asamble~, `tur deSape~ da sxva.

am terminebidan umetesoba isev arsebobs farTo gamoyenebiTsacekvao leqsikonSi. amdenad, franguli sacekvao skolisena gaxda saerTaSoriso, xolo parizis akademia – kanonmdebelimTeli qoreografiuli samyarosi.

felies wignSi ganTavsebulia mis mier dadgmuli cekvebi,romelTa Sorisaa: `samyaros rigodoni~, `jiga-orisaTvis~,`sarabanda-kavalerebisa da damebisaTvis~, `folie de spane~,`kanaruli~ da bolos _ mTeli baleti. garda amisa,qoreografiuli niSnebiT gadmocemulia pekuris mier Seqmnilicekvebi, romlebic TviTon pekuris mier sruldeboda: `kabure~, ̀ de aCile~, ̀ la marie~, ̀ le pase pie~, ̀ rigodoni~, ̀ desvisux~, `la savoie~, `la forlana~ da `la konti~.

mTavari interesi felies wignisa imaSi mdgomareobs, romaq miTiTebulia im faqtze, Tu rogor Camoyalibda XVIIIsaukuneSi sakmaod kargad agebuli cekvis xelovnebis swavlebissistema. am dros arsebobda fexebis xuTi swori da xuTiaraswori pozicia da TiToeuli maTgani aRiniSnebodagansxvavebuli niSnebiT.

garda xuTi swori da xuTi araswori poziciisa feliessistemis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

1. iZleva sacekvao moedanze moZraobis gegmis pirobiTgrafikul gamosaxulebas;

2. ileTis xasiaTs felie gadmogvcems grafikulad damaT yofs Semdeg saxeobebad: Ria, momrgvalebuli, zigzagiseburi,dakvriTi da a. S. yvela es ileTi SeiZleba Sesrulebuliiqnes `SigniT~ da `gareT~;

3. cekvis moZraobis xazs, musikalur taqtebTan SefardebiT,felie taqtebad yofs;

4. Canawers Tavze awers melodias.5

felies principebi didi xniT darCa xeluxlebeli, magrammisi poziciebis analizisas unda iTqvas, rom isini sakmarisadver uzrunvelyofda sacekvao xelovnebis srulyofas. garda

aleko gelaSviliparizis cekvis samefo akademia _ misi warmatebuli da

warumatebeli mxareebi

111110

Eeka geliaSvili

qaRaldze gadatanili cekva

(cekvis Caweris sistemebi saqarTveloSi)

udidesma survilma, wamiT mainc SeCerebuliyo dro da moqmedeba,uZvelesi droidanve miiyvana xalxi cekvis Caweris meTodebisSeqmnis moTxovnilebamde. moZraobebis Casawerad adamianebisxvadasxva niSnis gamoyenebas cdilobdnen. am miznisaTvis Zveliegvi ptelebi ieroglifebs iSveliebdnen, indoelebi ki _skulpturul gamosaxulebebs klasikuri cekvis ZiriTadimdgomareobebiT. Jestis Casawerad pirobiT niSnebs asevexmarobdnen Zveli romaelebic.

dRemde arsebuli masalebiT, dasavleT evropaSi aRmoCenilicekvis Caweris pirveli nimuSi XV saukunes miekuTvneba, romelicxelnaweris saxiT arsebobs. amave periodSi ukve dasturdebamargarita avstrielis ̀ oqros basdansebis~ xelnaweric. Semdegukve Cndeba cekvis Caweris mcdelobis pirveli nabeWdi versia,romelic m. tuluzis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli. XVIsaukuneSi cekvis Caweris winamorbed cdebze dayrdnobiT Tavisisistema ufro ganaviTara frangma ̀ tancmaisterma~ tuano arbom(es anagramaa namdvili saxelis Jan taburosi). fabricio karozom(1581) ki, pirvelma scada cekvis sqematuri aRwera grafikulformaSi.1

XVII saukunis bolodan da XVIII saukunis dasawyisidanfrangma cekvis maswavleblebma da baletmaisterebma: pier boSanma,raul oJe feiem, p. ramom saTave daudes cekvis Caweris SedarebiTsafuZvlian sistemebs.

moZraobebis Casaweri srulyofili sistemis Seqmnisakenswrafvam, ioli da myari meTodebis Ziebis survilma specialistTainteresi kidev ufro gaaRrmava, ramac mravali sistemis Camoyalibebaganapiroba. maT Soris sainteresoa frangi baletmaisteris arturmiSel sen leonis (XIX s.) moZraobis Caweris sistema,2 fridrixalbert cornis (1890) da vladimer stepanovis (XIX s.) sistemebiruseTSi, avstrieli baletmaister rudolf fon labanis (romlisnamdvili gvaria _ de varaliaSi (De Varaljas), 1938),3 rudolf

garda amisa, termini ̀ qoreografia~, romelic dRes cekvisxelovnebas aRniSnavs, pirvelad moxseniebulia swored Cvensmier ganxilul raul oJe felies wignSi, sadac maSindelimniSvnelobiT, termini ̀ qoreografia~ aRniSnavs cekvis CawerispirobiTi niSnebis sistemas.

amdenad, Cven mier warmodgenil statiaSi, mokled arisganxiluli yvela is sakiTxi, romelic Seexeba parizis cekvissamefo akademias, mis warmatebul da warumatebel mxareebs,XVII-XVIII ss. sacekvao kulturas da amave droisqoreografiul literaturas. garda amisa, ar viZleviTdawvrilebiT informacias aq dasaxelebuli cekvebis istoriisSinaarsisa Tu agebulebis Sesaxeb, ar mogvyavs imdroindelimocekvaveebisa Tu baletmaisterebis farTo biografiuli daSemoqmedebiTi monacemebi, rac, Cveni azriT, Semdegi kvleva-Ziebis sagans warmoadgens.

1. С. Худёков. «Историа танцев», С. Петербург, 1914, част II, с. 276.2. Балет Энциклопедия. Москва, «Советская Энциклопедия», 1981, с.17.3. Ж. Ж. Новер. «Письмо о танце и балетах», Москва «Искусство», 1965г, с. 242-254.4. ix.: С. Худёков. «Историа танцев», С. Петербург, 1914, часть II.5. a. TaTaraZe. ̀ cekvis Caweris pirobiTi niSnebi~, Tbilisi, 1966. gv.7.

6. С. Худёков. «Историа танцев», С. Петербург, 1914, часть II, с. 278.

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cekvis Casaweri orive sistema iyenebs avtorTa miergamogonebul pirobiT niSnebs, romlebic sanoto xazebzegrafikulad iwereba.

daviT javriSvilma iseve, rogorc avTandil TaTaraZem cekvisCaweris pirobiTi niSnebisTvis SeimuSaves e.w.`gasaRebi~, sxeulis aRmniSvneli simboloebi,romelic am sistemaTa safuZvelia. daviTjavriSvilis `gasaRebSi~ mocemulia orivertikaluri paraleluri a a1, b b1, romelicSuaze kveTs or horizontalur paralelurxazs g g1, d d1-s. gadakveTil xazebs Sorismdebareobs oTxkuTxedi `evTz~. avtoripirobiTad iRebs, rom horizontaluri xazis gg1-s zemoT aRiniSneba Tavi da mklavebi,horizontaluri xazis d d1-is qvemoT _ qvedakidurebi, xolo oTxkuTxediT _ zetani.gasaRebis ufro TvalnaTliv warmosadgenad,avtori Slis mas Semadgenel nawilebad, ris

Sedegadac viRebT adamianis sxeulis nawilebis aRmniSvnel pirobiTniSnebs.

sxeulis aRmniSvneli ̀ gasaRebi~ daaxloebiT amave principiTaqvs damuSavebuli avTandil TaTaraZesac, oRondmasTan gadamkveTi xazebi ar arsebobs da misnacvlad gamoyenebulia geometriulisimboloebi. zetani TaTaraZesTan aRniSnuliawertiliani samkuTxediT, romelsac mobmuliaqvs Tavisive RerZi. kidurebic sxvagvarisimboloebiT aRiniSneba, magram mTlianadgasaRebis agebis principi orivesTan msgavsia.

daviT javriSvili, iseve rogorc av.TaTaraZe,zemoT mocemul gasaRebze dayrdnobiT iZlevianmxrebis, idayvebis, winamxrebis, majebis, mtevnebis,muxlebis, wvivebisa da sxeulis sxva nawilebisaRmniSvnel niSnebsac.

pirveli ganmasxvavebeli niSani, rac TvalnaTliv SeimCneva am orisistemis Sedarebisas, aris is, rom daviT javriSvilis sistema

beneSis (1955-1956), romlis sistemas gavrcelebis Semdeg`qoreologia~ ewoda;4 aseve _ karl blazisis, i. kulas, p.kontas, i. Siferis, f. delsarfis, s. babicasa da sxvaTa sistemebi.1940 wels moskovSi gamoica srbui lisicianis naSromi`moZraobis Cawera~ (kinetografia), sadac avtori adamianismoZraobas Slis kinetikur akordebad da frazebad.5

am mravalricxovan sistemaTagan zogierTi maTgani grafikulniSnebs eyrdnoboda, zogi ki pirobiT sqematur figurebs,ilustraciul aRwerasa da sityvier Caweras. cekvis Casaweradgrafikuli niSnebis gamoyenebasa da misi gamogonebis mcdelobasaqtualoba dRemde ar daukargavs.

winamdebare naSromSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli cekvis Cawerissistemebis urTierTSedarebis safuZvelze maTi problematikisZiebis mcdelobaa warmodgenili, rac qoreografiuli xelovnebisSeswavliT dainteresebulTaTvis metad mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia.

saqarTveloSi cekvisa da misi moZraobebis Caweris mcdelobapirvelad XIX saukunis miwuruls aleqsi aleqsiZis(sonRulaSvili, 1874-1934) saxels ukavSirdeba. pirvelprofesional mocekvaves pretenzia ar gasCenia Caweris sistemisCamoyalibebaze, magram rogorc cda misi utilizaciisadadasturebulia naSromSi ̀ mTawmindeli mocekvave~.6 analogiuridaniSnulebiT cekvis Caweris mcdelobebi hqonda qoreografbuxuti daraxveliZesac.7

rac Seexeba cekvis grafikulad Caweris sistemas saqarTveloSi,is oria. es aris daviT javriSvilis ̀ qarTuli cekvis CasaweripirobiTi niSnebi~8 da avTandil TaTaraZis `cekvis CawerispirobiTi niSnebi~9. daviT javriSvilis sistema naSromis saxiT1961 wels gamoica, miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev 1954 welsavtors ukve SemuSavebuli hqonda da misi swavleba-gamoyenebiseqsperimentsac atarebda Tbilisis mxatvruli TviTmoqmedebiskult-saganmanaTleblo saswavleblis qoreografiuliganyofilebis mesame da meoTxe kursebze. rogorc Tavad aRniSnavda,eqsperimentma sakmaod warmatebiT Caiara.

rac Seexeba avTandil TaTaraZis naSroms `cekvis CawerispirobiTi niSnebi~, igi 1966 wels daibeWda TbilisSi gamomcemloba`ganaTlebis~ mier.

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aRmniSvneli niSani, romelsac axorcielebs sivrcisaTvisdamaxasiaTebel samganzomilebian RerZTa sistemaze. aqedangamomdinare, igi advilad sazRvravs ara mxolod gadaadgilebismimarTulebas, aramed sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis moxrisa dagaSlis sididesac gradusis saSualebiT. a. TaTaraZe kidurebisaRsaniSnavad iyenebs sanoto sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebel pirobiTniSnebs sxvadasxva damatebiTi simboloTi, romelsac niSanSivemiuTiTebs moxrisa da gaSlis sxvadasxva sididis aRmniSvnelsimbolos. kidurebis am niSnebs igi Semdeg aerTianebs sanotosistemis msgavsad damakavSirebeli xaziT. garda zeda da qvedakidurebis niSnebisa, avTandil TaTaraZe gvTavazobs Tavis, zetanis,moZraoba-mdgomareobaTa da mimarTulebaTa aRsaniSnavad gankuTvnilpirobiT niSnebs.

mis Caweris sistemas, gansxvavebiT d. javriSvilisagan,esaWiroeba ori xuT xaziani sanoto sistema, romelTaganacqveda xazebze Caiwereba qveda kidurebis, zetanisa da Tavis,xolo zedaze _ mxolod zeda kidurebis moZraoba-mdgomareobani.pirobiTi niSnebi iwereba rogorc xazebze, aseve xazebs Soris.xazze iwereba mxolod is niSnebi, romlis drosac xdeba sxeulzean iatakze Sexeba, xolo xazebs Sua sivrceSi mdebare sxeulisnawili. xazebi aqac iseve, rogorc d. javriSvilTan iTvlebaqvemodan zemoT da masac zeda damatebiT xazze emateba musikissanoto masala dayofili taqtebad. sanoto sistemaze sxeulismoZraobis Cawera Semdegi wesiT xdeba: jer iwereba marjvenafexis, xolo Semdeg mis gverdiT _ marcxena fexis moZraoba-mdgomareoba. ganmarteba qveda kiduris muxlisa da koWis saxsarSimoZraoba-mdgomareobaTa Sesaxeb iwereba ZiriTadi niSnis TavzeTanmimdevrulad marjvenisTvis, marjvenis gaswvriv, xolomarcxenisTvis _ marcxenas gaswvriv. zetanis mdgomareoba iwerebaim fexis niSnebis gaswvriv, romel fexzecaa sxeulis simZimiscentri. qveda kidurebis ZiriTad niSnebs Soris terfebismdgomareoba SeiZleba daiweros maSin, rodesac isini erTmaneTTanaaSeerTebuli quslebiT, wverebiT, cerebiT an sxva, daSorebisSemTxvevaSi ki iwereba cal-calke. aseve asrulebs avtoriCaweras zeda kidurebis aRmniSvnel niSnebs Sorisac.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi saxiT Cawerili cekvis aRdgena

avTandil TaTaraZisagan gansxvavebiT gankuTvnilia mxolod qarTulicekvebisa da misi moZraobebis Casawerad, xolo avTandil TaTaraZissistemiT SesaZlebelia Caiweros ara mxolod qarTuli, aramednebismieri kuTxisa da saxeobis cekva.

d. javriSvilis sistemaSi mocemulia aseve mimarTulebaTa,moZraobaTa da mdgomareobaTa aRmniSvneli pirobiTi niSnebi.magaliTad: svlebi, Cakvrebi, gasmebi, xtomebi, cerileTebi, buqni,muxlileTebi, xelsarTavebi, mxarsarTavebi da sxva. igi sacekvaofragmentebis Caweras awarmoebs ori sxvadasxva xerxiT:striqonebad da xuT xazze Caweris meTodiT. xazebze Cawerisdros moZraobas vkiTxulobT qvemodan zemoT, iseve rogorc s.lisicianTan10 pirvel xazze moTavsebulia qveda kidurebismoZraoba, sadac miTiTebulia konkretuli svlis niSani, meorezeTavsdeba zetani, mesameze zeda kidurebi, meoTxeze Tavis mdgomareobada mexuTeze moTavsebulia musikaluri notebi, romelicmoZraobasTan SesabamisobaSi dayofilia taqtebad. rac SeexebamTliani cekvis Caweras, aq javriSvili furclis gverds hyofs8 Tanabar nawilad. mkiTxvelisgan marcxena mxares igi aTavsebscekvis naxazs, romelsac gverdzeve grafikuli niSnebiT miuTiTebsam momentisTvis gaTvaliswinebul moZraobas. avtori iqvemiuTiTebs musikalur taqtebsac.

daviT javriSvils am sistemiT aRniSnul naSromSi Caweriliaqvs sami cekva, romlis aRdgena sistemis dawvrilebiTi SeswavlisSemdeg SesaZlebelia. magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom avtorsniSnebi Seqmnili aqvs mxolod qarTuli cekvebisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli moZraobebisTvis, rac ukve aRiniSna, SeuZlebelixdeba sxva, araqarTuli cekvebis Cawera. garda amisa, isterminologia, romliTac sargeblobs avtori moZvelda da zogjersaerTod gaugebari xdeba, Tu ra moZraoba igulisxmeba ama Tu imniSnis qveS. naSromis meTodur miTiTebanSi aRniSnulia kidec,rom am niSnebis gamoyenebas SeZlebs mxolod is piri, romelmacicis qarTul xalxur ileTTa terminologia. es ki, rogorcukve aRvniSne, did problemas uqmnis cekvis CaweriTa Tu misiaRdgeniT dainteresebul specilists.

avTandil TaTaraZes, daviT javriSvilisagan gansxvavebiT,sistemaSi gamoyenebuli aqvs sxeulis sivrceSi gadaadgilebis

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nino daraxveliZe

cekvis dadgmis mosamzadebeli periodis

reJisoruli kuTxiT gaazrebis

sakiTxisaTvis

qarTuli xalxuri qoreografia aTaswleulebs iTvlis.saukuneebTan erTad ganviTarda sasceno qoreografia, magramamasTan erTad dadga tradiciebis dakargvis saSiSroeba.Taobebis cvalebadobam da cxovrebis ritmma kidev ufrometi siaxle moiTxova. Tanamedrove mayurebels aRarakmayofilebs Zveli, mravaljer nanaxi da ukve Stampad qceuliqoreografiuli nimuSebi. adamianebs surT ixilon raRacaxali, originaluri da saintereso.

rogor unda Seiqmnas iseTi xelovnebis nimuSi, romelicmayureblis aRfrTovanebas daimsaxurebs da adamianebis gulebSiadgilis damkvidrebasTan erTad Semoqmedsac gauxangrZlivebssicocxles?

amisaTvis niWTan erTad Sromismoyvareoba da codnaa saWiro,magram ra gziT SeiZleba qoreografma miiRos ganaTleba,rodesac literatura qarTuli xalxuri qoreografiis Sesaxebsakmaod mcirea? Tanamedrove qoreografma cekvis Seqmnamde,uSualod mis dadgmamde unda Seiswavlos qveynis istoria,geografia, wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi. TavisTavad, saWiroasafuZvliani codna qoreografiuli xelovnebis istoriaSi,musikis safuZvlebSi. sasurvelia ZiriTadi komponentebis:melodiis, ritmis, tempis, tembris, musikaluri frazis, periodis,bgeris grZliobis codna. yovelive amas Tu gemovnebacdaemateba, Sedegad miviRebT Sinaarsian, tradiciebzeaRmocenebul axal qoreografiul nimuSs, romelic Tanamedrovemayureblis moTxovnebs daakmayofilebs.

qoreografis sadadgmo xelovneba Zalian hgavs reJisorismuSaobas. garda imisa, rom cekvac da speqtaklic emorCilebadramaturgiis kanonebs, cekvis dadgmisaTvis saWiro bevrietapi Zalian hgavs speqtaklisas. xelovnebis sxva dargebisgangansxvavebiT Teatri da qoreografia sinTezuri, drosa da

niSnebis Seswavlis Semdeg SesaZlebelia, es sakmaod did sirTuleswarmoadgens. sistemaSi yuradReba eqceva sxeulis nawilebisTiToeul, sul mcire cvalebadobasac ki. es, ra Tqma unda,profesionalurad miRebulia, magram auarebeli ucnobi niSnisdamaxsovreba sakmaod rTulia. garda amisa, yovelive es ikavebssakmaod did drosa da adgils. Cvens varauds kidev ufroasabuTebs is garemoeba, rom TviT sistemis avtorsac ki, arc erTgamocemul naSromSi, gamoyenebuli ar aqvs Tavis mierve Seqmnilicekvis grafikulad Caweris meTodi da is mxolod sityvieriaRweriT kmayofildeba.

rogorc irkveva, cekvis Casaweri erTiani srulyofili sistemisgamogoneba, romelic daakmayofilebs profesionalur moTxovnebsda imavdroulad martivi da yvelasaTvis gasagebi iqneba, urTulesiproblemaa. savaraudod, swored am mizezebis gamo ver daimkvidresTavi grafikulad Caweris sistemebma. maTi arsebobis miuxedavad,praqtikul gamoyenebaSi kvlav cekvis aRweris sityvieri meTodida Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebi rCeba.

1. ix.: baletis enciklopedia, iuri grigoroviCis redaqciiT, m., 1981.2. Г. Н. Добровольская, http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/65/1006568/print.htm3. http://www.isra-trainings.com/articles/dance/laban_patterns.html4. ix.: multimediuri enciklopedia, http://www.aggregateria.com/KH/xoreografija.html5. Лисициан С., Запись движения. (Кинетография), М. - Л., 1940.6. ix.: lili gvaramaZe. mTawmindeli mocekvave (al. aleqsiZe-sonRulaSvili), Tbilisi, 1962.7. ix.: besik svaniZe. cekvisa da qcevis raindi (buxuti daraxveliZe),Tbilisi, 2007.8. ix.: daviT javriSvili. qarTuli cekvis Casaweri pirobiTi niSnebi,Tbilisi, 1961.9. ix.: avTandil TaTaraZe. cekvis Caweris pirobiTi niSnebi, Tbilisi,1966.

10. ix.: Лисициан С., Запись движения. (Кинетография), М. - Л., 1940.

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gaTavisebisa da srulyofisaTvis sasurvelia qoreografigaecnos iseTi reJisorebis sistemebs, romlebmac gadatrialebamoaxdines Teatris samyaroSi. Zalian saWiro da sainteresoastanislavskis, nemiroviC-danCenkos realisturi princi pebi(daxvewili fsiqologizmi, scenaze realisturi atmosferosSeqmna), aseve saWiroa da aucilebelic vs. meierxoldis, h.kregis, m. rainhardtis, b. brextis, p. brukis, e. vaxtangovis, a.tairovis, k. marjaniSvilis, al. axmetelis, g. tovstonogovis,o. efremovis, d. aleqsiZis, m. TumaniSvilis, r. sturuas dasxv. muSaobis Sesaxeb warmodgenis arseboba. mTavaria, arcerTi maTgani ar iqces dogmad. TiToeuli sistema gaazrebulunda iqnes qoreografiuli kuTxiT. ramdenime reJisorissistemis Seswavlis Sedegad Camoyalibda sadadgmo xelovnebiswinaperiodis sqema. mivediT im daskvnamde, rom, reJisorismsgavsad damdgmelma qoreografma uSualod cekvis dadgmamdeunda gaiaros ori ZiriTadi etapi:1

1. individualuri mosamzadebeli etapi _ ideis, Temis,kompoziciis umTavresi momentebis sakuTar TavTan dadgena.

2. koleqtiuri momzadebis etapi _ Ziebis procesi,Canafiqris, varaudis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba SemoqmedebiTgundTan erTad.

pirvel etapze, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac qoreografimuSaobs Tematur-siuJetur kompoziciaze, aucilebladgasaTvaliswinebelia Tavdapirveli mimarTulebis arCeva dasaboloo miznis moxazva, raTa mimarTuleba zeamocanisakeniyos naTeli. qoreografi ganixilavs sxvadasxva nawarmoebs,axdens momavali cekvis analizs, ecnoba epoqas, istoriul,eTnografiul masalas,EeZebs musikalur masalas. TaviswarmosaxvaSi qmnis cekvis saxierebas, xats. am drosqoreografs TavSi mosdis uamravi idea, romelic TeatrSie.w. ̀ nabodvari ideebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili, amitom sasurveliamaTi CaniSvnac. Tu qoreografi cekvas dgams literaturulinawarmoebis mixedviT (moTxroba, poema, Canaxati da sxv.),saWiroa fabulis gansazRvra, romelic aris momavaliqoreografiuli kompoziciis ideuri formula, Zunwi,koncentrirebuli moTxrobis saxiT Camoyalibebuli. mxolod,

sivrceSi ganfenili dargebia, Tanac masalac cocxalia.Teatric da qoreografiac iyeneben sxva xelovnebis dargebs:literaturas, musikas, saxviT xelovnebas...

Teatri Tavis saarsebod xelovnebis sxva dargebTan erTadqoreografiasac iyenebs. xSirad reJisorebi cekvas yvelazekulminaciur momentSi CarTaven xolme, radgan dgeba momenti,rodesac sityva uZluria da speqtaklis dinamikis, epoqis anraime grZnobis gamosaxatavad saWiroa raRac sxva, es sxvaki xandaxan swored qoreografiuli gadawyvetaa. Tavadqoreografiac warmoudgenelia Teatris gareSe, radgan cekvisSeqmnisas saWiroa dramaturgiis kanonebis dacva. am drosqoreografi gverds ver auvlis bevr iseT etaps, romelsacgadian reJisorebi speqtaklis dadgmamde. erTaderTi, racSeiZleba mkveTrad mijnavdes erTmaneTisgan speqtaklsa daqoreografiul nimuSs, es aris specifika, anu, gamomsaxvelobiTisaSualebebis sxvadasxvaoba. TeatrSi mTavari sityvaa, xoloqoreografiaSi _ moZraoba. msaxiobi ZiriTadad eniTgadmogvcems Tavis saTqmels, mocekvave-msaxiobi ki _ mxolodsxeulis plastikiT.

Tanamedrove qoreografiuli nimuSis erT-erTi mTavariRirseba saintereso qoreografiuli `aRmoCenaa~. saWiroatrdiciebisa da novatorobis Serwyma, yoveli axali Stoxom fesvidan aRmocendeba. xelovnebasTan urTierTobissixaruli swored isaa, rom ucnobSi nacnobi dainaxo, axalSi_ Zveli. erTi da igive speqtakli an cekva SeiZleba dadgasmravalma reJisorma an qoreografma, mTavaria, `xedva~ iyosaxali da originaluri, ara banaluri, sadRac nanaxis,Tvalmokrulis amotivtiveba. visac yovelgvari fiqrisa damomzadebis gareSe SeuZlia cekvis dadgma, aRmosaCenic araferirCeba, radgan iqve aqvs yvela Tavisi Stampi da gacveTilixerxi. pol valeris azriT, imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCino vardissiaxle, romelsac ukve aTasjer umReres, umjobesia an icode,rac ki vardze dawerila da ecado ipovo sakuTari, aTasmeerTegadawyveta, an araferi icode. ise Sexedo, TiTqos pirveladvixileo.

qoreografebis sadadgmo xelovnebis specifikis gaazrebis,

nino daraxveliZecekvis dadgmis mosamzadebeli periodis

reJisoruli kuTxiT gaazrebis sakiTxisaTvis

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axsna da daxasiaTeba, qoreografi yveba Tavis Canafiqrs, igicdilobs bolomde gasces dagrovili informacia.

meore periodi, anu ̀ muSaoba ZgideebSi~, moicavs mizanscenebisdalagebas, naxazisa da qoreografiuli teqstis Seqmnas. xdebacalkeuli suraTebis repeticiebi, romlebic sabolood ikinZebagamWoli moqmedebiT. cekva ixveweba darbazSi da emzadebascenaze gadasasvlelad.

bolo periodi _ `scenaze~ msaxiobi irgebs kostiums dagrims. xdeba Segueba rekvizitTan, ganaTebasTan, scenasTan.

damdgmeli qoreografi kompozitoris, mocekvave-msaxiobis,mxatvris da mayureblis mTavari SemaduRebeli Zalaa. erT-erTi mTavari da Sromatevadi samuSao qoreografs mocekvavemsaxiobTan uwevs, radgan isini, faqtobrivad, Tanaavtorebadgvevlinebian. es aris cocxali masala, riTac iZerweba saboloosuraTi. xSirad yvelaferi repeticiebze, mocekvaveebTan erTadkeTdeba. SeiZleba, winaswar mofiqrebuli azri Seicvalos damizanscenebisa da qoreografiuli teqstis saxiereba-stilismigneba swored maTTan erTad moxdes, es organuliTanaSemoqmedebis procesia. TavisTavad, qoreografi darbazSimomzadebuli unda Sevides, magram ecados, rom saxlSimofiqrebuli miseuli gadawyveta Tavs ar Semoaxvios msaxiobs,raTa scenuri saxe mSrali da usicocxlo ar gamovides.

amdenad, qoreografia aris profesia, romelic mayurebelTanurTierTobs mxatvruli, qmediTi saxeebis meSveobiT. cekvisavtori vlindeba yvelgan, igi Tavis nawarmoebSi sufevs, viTarcaufali samyaroSi, yvelgan myofi da uCinari, amitom misivalia iyos mravalmxriv ganaTlebuli Tavis profesiaSi.

1. ix.: v. kiknaZe. reJisoris xelovneba, Tbilisi, 1977; g. tovstonogovi.reJisoris profesia, Tbilisi, 1975; n. arvelaZe. msaxiobi, reJisori,repeticia, Tbilisi, 1978; d. aleqsiZe. reJisoris muSaoba speqtaklze,Tbilisi, 1961; k. stanislavski. Cemi cxovreba xelovnebaSi, Tbilisi,1988; n. gorCakovi. k. s. stanislavskis reJisoruli gakveTilebi,Tbilisi, 1962; m. TumaniSvili. sanam reopeticia daiwyeba... saqar.

Teatr. sazog., Tbilisi, 1977.

sifrTxilea saWiro, raTa forma ar daicalos azrisagan daSinaarsi _ formisagan.

qoreografis SemoqmedebiTi procesi, romelic pirvel etaps,individualur mosamzadebel periods ukavSirdeba, Sedgebaanalizisagan, ideis warmoqmnisa da modelirebisagan, ammodelirebis gamocdiT:

1. literaturuli analizi _ ideur-Tematuri Canafiqri;2. qoreografiuli analizi _ gadawyveta, moqmedebis

gadayvana plastikis xerxebiT literaturulidan qmediTformaSi.

gegmis orive nawili Taviseburad rTulia da fiqrs iTxovs,radgan ideur-Tematuri Canafiqri ganapirobebs qoreografiulikompoziciis Rirebulebas. ideis xarisxi cekvis xarisxia,magram aranakleb rTulia formis monaxva, gadawyveta. xerxiunda iyos axali, moulodneli da imavdroulad zusti danatifi. epizodebi, movlenebi, naxazebis gadasvlebi, xasiaTisniSnebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli qoreografiuli leqsikada teqsti unda erTiandebodes mwyobr sistemad da yovelivees viTardebodes dramaturgiis kanonebis mixedviT.

kompoziciis ZiriTadi elementebis sakuTar TavTandadgenisTanave qoreografi wers programas, romelSicgansazRvrulia nawarmoebis fabula, Tema, idea, musikalurimasala,HJanri, rekviziti, kostiumi da zusti qronometraJi.

mosamzadebel periodSi aqtiurad arian CarTulikompozitori da mxatvari, romlebic avtorTan erTad ecnobiannawarmoebis Sinaarss, epoqas, moqmedi gmirebis xasiaTebs,yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT kompozitori qmnis musikascekvisTvis, mxatvari ki muSaobs kostiumebis eskizebze,dekoraciebsa da rekvizitebze.

ms axiob- mocekv av is teqnikuri da artistuliSesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba saxasiaTo gmirebisSerCeva, rolebis ganawileba, romlis Semdegac iwyeba meoreetapi romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa periodebad. pirvel periodsreJisorebi `magidasTan muSaobas~ uwodeben. repeticiebisdawyebamde qoreografi dass acnobs momavali cekvis saerTomimarTulebas, nawarmoebis ideas. xdeba rolebis fsiqologiuri

nino daraxveliZecekvis dadgmis mosamzadebeli periodis

reJisoruli kuTxiT gaazrebis sakiTxisaTvis

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moTxovnadi Semsrulebeli. man yuradReba gaamaxvila ara baletisromantikul Sinaarsze, aramed SemsrulebelTa teqnikurSesaZleblobebze.

igi partniorebs swored am kriteriumiT arCevda. misi aRmoCenaiyo fani Carito, romelTan erTad mravali qveyana moiarawarmatebiT. mogvianebiT sen-leoni damkvidrda peterburgis didTeatrSi, man aq Seqmna da daxvewa rusi balerina muraviova daSemdeg igi gastrolebze waiyvana parizSi.

sen-leonis sabaleto moRvaweoba dasawyisSive moeqca kritikisyuradRebis qveS. igi iyo pirveli baletmaisteri, romelmacugulvebelhyo baletis Sinaarsi da wina planze wamowia misiSesrulebis done da cekvebis mravalferovneba. ra Tqma unda, amtendenciis danergvas iolad da umtkivneulad ar Cauvlia.sazogadoeba, romelic miCveuli iyo sxvadasxvagvar sanaxaobas,advilad ver egueboda mis aseT saxecvlilebas. amas mohyvakritikosTa araerTgvarovani Sexedulebac. erTni Tvlidnen, romes arasworia da xelovnebis am dargs daRupvamde miiyvans, meoreniki ambobdnen, rom krizisul situaciaSi swored es iyo saukeTesogamosavali. am yvelafris miuxedavad artur sen-leoni ganagrZobdanayofier muSaobas da yovel nabijze cxadad xedavda TavisimuSaobis dadebiT Sedegs. Zveli dadgmebisgan gansxvavebiT sen-leonma daiwyo aqtiurad muSaoba sasceno efeqtebze. Tvlida,rom marto cekva, rac ar unda maRal teqnikur doneze iyos isSesrulebuli, ver miiqcevs mayureblis yuradRebas, sWirdebasaTanado SefuTva efeqtebiT. swored am sasceno efeqtebissimravliT gamoirCeva sen-leonis araerTi dadgma.

sen-leonis Semoqmedeba metad nayofieri gamodga. Tu ki sxvabaletmaisterebi ramdenime weliwadSi erTi speqtaklis gamoSvebasaxerxebdnen, sen-leoni weliwadSi ramdenime sabaleto dadgmasaxorcielebda. swored amitom mas xSirad ar swyalobda kritika.isini Tvlidnen, rom, ̀ Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, misi speqtaklebiZalian hgavs erTmaneTs, ubralod, yoveli axali dadgma morgebuliaam baletSi mTavari rolebis SemsrulebelTa SesaZleblobebze~.2

sen-leoni ki jiutad amsxvrevda klasikur baletSi arsebulstereoti pebs da axali dadgmebiT miiwevda didebismwverevalisaken.Ees ki, ra Tqma unda, bevri kritikosis gaRizianebasiwvevda.

Tamar munjiSvili

msoflio qoreografiis ostatebi

(artur sen-leoni)

1870 wlis seqtemberSi parizSi gardaicvala gold operisbaletmaisteri artur sen-leoni. misi dabadebis zusti TariRiucnobia. xudiokovi miiCnevs, rom igi 1811 wels daibada, xolo,pleSeevis azriT, is 1815 welsaa dabadebuli. Tumca Tavad sen-leoni niuterisaTvis miweril werilSi, romelic 1869 wliTTariRdeba, wers, rom man meSvide aTwledSi Seabija. aranaklebburusiTaa moculi misi cxovrebac. araa cnobili misi zustiwarmomavloba, misi pirveli pedagogebi. man meteoriviT gaielvagermaniis scenaze, Semdeg ise, rom misi safuZvliani SeTvalierebacver moaswres, ukve italiaSi cekvavda. ase moiara man evraziisbevri qveyana. igi gaielvebda ama Tu im Teatris scenaze damaSinve gzas agrZelebda. bolos ki aRmoCnda parizSi, musikisa dacekvis nacionalur akademiaSi – gold opera.1

XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi evropaSi sabaleto krizisidaiwyo. frangul baletSi SeimCneoda talantTa simcire, aravissurda Statiani baletmaisterebis Senaxva, radgan sezonebi Zalianmokle iyo. 20-40-ian wlebSi popularulma romantikulmabaletebma aqtualuroba dakarga, axali dadgmebi ki, rogorc wesi,Zalian cota da mdore xarisxisa iyo. baletmaisterebi, romlebiccdilobdnen am dargis gadarCenas, eZebdnen sxvadasxva xerxs,magram es Zalian rTuli procesi aRmoCnda. amisaTvis saWiroiyo uzarmazari niWi da energia, rac sen-leons sakmarisze metihqonda. igi Tavis Semoqmedebas daJinebiT sTavazobda yvela wamyvanTeatrs, Tanxmdeboda yvelanair pirobaze. sinamdvileSi ki misigansakuTrebuloba mis mravalferovnebaSi gamoixateboda. iyodamdgmeli, SemTxzveli, musikosi, kompozitori. ra Janric arunda gamoCeniliyo, yovelTvis moiZebneboda presaSi masze dadebiTirecenziebi. mis dadgmaSi ̀ eSmakis violino~ igi cekvavda mTavarpartias, virtuozulad ukravda violinoze da masve ekuTvnodamusika. sen-leonma Zalian advilad auRo alRo imdroindelmoTxovnebs da swored amitom gaxda metad popularuli da

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kritikosTa risxva da sen-leoni ruseTidan wavida, magram miswin gaiRo parizis operis kari. man Tavisi dideba iq ganimtkicabaletiT ̀ kopelia~; magram es gamodga sen-leonis gedis simRera,igi imave wels gardaicvala.

artur sen-leonis Semoqmedebaze saubrisas SeiZlebaCamoiTvalos misi mravali damsaxureba sabaleto xelovnebisganviTarebaSi. man droulad auRo alRo axal moTxovnebs damravali novatoruli idea gaatara sabaleto xelovnebaSi. misididi damsaxurebaa, rom baletSi aqcenti gakeTda ara Sinaarsze,aramed uSualod mocekvaveebze, kerZod, balerinebze. man aRmoaCinada gazarda im periodis balerinebis didi nawili da isinimTel msoflios gaacno, riTac uzomo samsaxuri gauwia rusulbalets. is, da ara pero (rogorc amas bevri amtkicebda), iyomarius petipas aRmzrdeli da maswavlebeli. swored petipadarCa sen-leonis Semdeg misi ideebis gamtareblad ruseTSi.swored sen-leonisagan Seiswavla man divertismentuli nomrebisSeqmna, nacionaluri elementebis gamoyeneba da balerinis, rogorcspeqtaklis mTavari gmiris, gamoCena misi saukeTeso kuTxiT.

nacionaluri simdidrisadmi cocxali interesi, saxasiaTobaletebis Seqmnis idea, nebismieri masalisadmi Tavisufali midgoma,kompoziciuri Canafiqris simkveTre, gamocdileba komikur JanrSi,unari, aRmoaCino da warmoaCino artistSi misi saukeTeso Tvisebebi– es sen-leonis damsaxurebaTa arasruli CamonaTvalia. sworedamitom ewoda mas wina aswleulis qoreografiuli Teatris

udidesi ostati.

1. С. Худёков. «Историа танцев», С. Петербург, 1914.2. ̀ antraqti~, #4, Tbilisi, 1867.3. Балет Энциклопедия. Москва, «Советская Энциклопедия»,1981, с.17.

artur sen-leonis mTeli Semoqmedeba mayurebelze iyogaTvlili. cdilobda, zustad Seeqmna iseTi ram, rac im konkretulspeqtaklze mosul mayurebels daainteresebda. igi iTvaliswinebdayvela qveynis mayureblis moTxovnebs da xSirad Tavis dadgmebSiiseT detalebs iyenebda, rac speqtaklis warmatebas gardauvalsxdida. swored am mizniT dainteresda igi sxvadasxva qveynisxalxuri cekvebiT, safuZvlianad Seiswavla da SemdgomSi TavisdadgmebSi gamoiyena. uZvelesi droidan araerTi qoreografimuSaobda cekvis Caweris sistemebze. gamonaklisi arc arturmiSel sen-leonia. swored am mizniT man Seqmna traqtati _`stenoqoreografia~, sadac cekvis Casawerad gamoiyena grafikulipirobiTi niSnebi. sen-leonis mier Seqmnil Caweris sistemasSemdgomSi popularizacias uwevda germaneli pedagogi fridrixalbert corni, romelmac es sistema ruseTSic danerga.3

60-ian wlebSi kritikosebi axal moTxovnas uyenebdnenbaletmaisterebs. - gamoyenebul iqnes axali da sainteresoTemebi baletis dadgmebis dros. kritika iTxovda xalxurimotivebis gamoyenebasac. swored amaze fiqri ar aZlevda mosvenebassen-leons. igi ruseTSi moRvaweobda, magram sakmarisad ar icnobdarusul xalxur motivebs. gamoCnda ramdenime dadgma rusulTematikaze, romlebmac warmatebas ver miaRwia. aman ufro daafrTxosxva baletmaisterebi. saWiro iyo zusti gasaRebis povna, racmoutanda ama Tu im dadgmas warmatebas. sen-leonma amaze bevriifiqra da sruliad SemTxveviT waawyda rusul zRapars – ̀ kaniok-gorbunok~ _ saswrafod aTargmnina igi da daiwyo misi dadgma. ambaletma gadaCrdila aramarto sxva sabaleto speqtaklebi, arameddramatuli da saopero dadgmebic. am dadgmis scenaze gamoCenaSefasda rogorc rusuli nacionaluri xelovnebis namdvilizeimi, xolo sen-leons ewoda nacionaluri baletis fuZemdebeli.amiT gaTamamebulma baletmaisterma moindoma kidev erTi rusulibaletis dadgma. es iyo puSkinis `oqros Tevzi~. sen-leoniapirebda masStaburi dadgmis ganxorcielebas, magram im faqtorma,rom is Sinaarss ar aqcevda saTanado yuradRebas da ar hqondapraqtika am kuTxiT muSaobisa, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi xeliSeuSala. dadgmam ar gaamarTla. misma arsebobam mxolod erTsezons gastana da Semdeg samudamod gaqra scenidan. aman gamoiwvia

Tamar munjiSvili msoflio qoreografiis ostatebi

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eTer okujava _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, kinomcodne.SoTaA rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis Teatris, kinos,mediis, menejmentis da tradiciuli xelovnebis saswavlo-samecnierokvleviT institutis mTavari mecnier TanamSromeli.daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, istoriis fakulteti,xelovnebaTmcodneobis ganxriT. staJireba gaiara kinomcodnisspecialobiT moskovis sax. kinoinstitutSi (ВГИК, e.surkovis jgufSi).misi samecniero kvlevebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: qarTuli kinosSemoqmedebiTi tendenciebi, filmis saxviTi gadawyvetis problemebi,zogadad gamomsaxvelobiTi struqturebi, qarTuli filmis esTetika,Janrebi, calkeul xelovanTa SemoqmedebaTa kvleva drois faqtorisgaTvaliswinebiT (xelovani da dro), Tematuri Ziebani da filmis,sazogadod kinoTeoriis sakiTxebi da a.S.gamoqveynebuli aqvs 50-ze meti statia, aqedan umetesi referirebulJurnalebSi _ qarTul da ramdenime _ ucxo enebze. avtoria wignebisa:`imeda kaxiani~, ̀ aqtiori~ (1990), ̀ kultura _ gza gadarCenisa~(1997,piveli gamocema; 2000, meore gamocema), `daviT kakabaZe kinosa daTeatrSi~ (2008).aris: internet-gamocema ̀ qarTuli kino eTer okujavasagan~ _ mTavariredaqtori.nato vaCnaZis saxelobis qarTuli kinos akademiis erT-erTidamfuZnebeli, fizikuri piri da kulturuli iniciativebis fondis`nato~ damfuZnebeli da prezidenti.tel.: + 995 (32) 37 06 29; mob. +995 (99) 92 11 92;el-fosta: [email protected]: www.ethmo.narod.ru

zviad kviciani _ istoriis doqtori, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da saqarTvelos teqnikuriuniversitetis asocirebuli profesori.daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriis,Jurnalistikisa da iuridiuli fakultetebi,muSaobs Tsu-Si. axalgazrda mecnierTa saprezidento stipendiislaureati. svaneTis, biWvinTis, Sida qarTlis (dedoflis gora), breTis,walkis, gonio-afsarosis, ujarmis, bebriscixis, artasatis (somxeTi),borovecis (bulgareTi), sevastopolis (ukraina), qobuleT-fiWvnaris,fasisis, gudabertyis, grakalis goris (igoeTi), petra-cixisZirisarqeologiuri eqspediciebis monawile-xelmZRvaneli, sxvadasxvasaerTaSoriso konferenciebisa da kongresebis monawile.

saavtoro monacemebi

marine (maka) vasaZe _ Teatrmcodne.daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis sax. Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifoinstitutis TeatrmcodneobiTi fakulteti. (1986w.)xelmZRvanelobs SoTa rusTavelis Taetrisa da kinos universitetissauniversiteto gamomcemlobas ̀ kentavri”. aris amave universitetisgazeT ̀ durujis” redaqtori, agreTve damaarsebeli da redaqtorigazeTisa ̀ kultura”.moRvaweobs saerTaSoriso kulturis fond ̀ kavkasiaSi” menejerad,aris kulturis saerTaSoriso bazrobis (2003. 2005, 2007)kordinatori, Teatris da kinos saCvenebeli programis xelm-li.sistematiurad aqveynebs statiebs, werilebs, recenziebs TanamedroveTeatralur procesebze da problemebze Jurn. ̀ Teatri da cxovreba”,gazeTebSi ̀ kultura”, ̀ duruji”.tel: +995 (95) 30 50 60el-fosta: [email protected]

marika mamacaSvili – TeatrmcodnedaamTavra SoTa rusTavelis sax. Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifoinstituti Teatrmcodnis specialobiT. ibeWdeboda JurnalebSi:`xelovneba~ da ̀ Teatraluri moambe~. amJamad muSaobs specialistadgamomcemloba ̀ kentavrSi~. ikvlevs piter brukis Semoqmedebas.tel: +995 (77) 41 00 11; +995 (32) 22 21 11el-fosta: [email protected]

nana doliZe - kinomcodneSoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis mecnier-TanamSromeli, satelevizio kritikis samagistro programisxelmZRvaneli.daamTavra amave universitetis kinomcodneobis fakulteti.muSaobs Tanamedrove msoflio kinoSi mimdinare procesebze, satelevizioTeoriisa da praqtikis problemebze.tel: +995 (32) 23 32 33; +995 (99) 58 48 85el-fosta: [email protected]

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Tea marexaSvili - daamTavra eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis kulturis fakulteti,xelovnebaTmcodne-eqspertis specialobiT.gamoqveynebuli aqvs: `tixruli minanqari _ warsuli didebisgadmonaSTi”, Jur. kavkasiis macne, 2006, #15 da ̀ ferweruli minanqari,misi teqnika_teqnologia~, 2006, #15.2005 wels monawileoba miiRo samecniero konferenciaSi TemiT`tixreuli minanqari”.amJamad muSaobs Temaze ̀ mxatvruli minanqri~, Temis xelmZRvaneli _prof. aleqsandre CxeiZe.tel: +995 32 71 60 68; +995 58 10 92 76;

xaTuna melaZe - muSaobs samagistro naSromze: ̀ xelovnebis swavlebisTanamedrove meTodologiis zogierTi aspeqti saqarTvelos regionalursajaro skolebSi~.

maiko razmaZe - daamTavra eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetis kulturis fakulteti, inglisuri enisada literaturis specialobiT.aris inglisuri enis pedagogi damoukidebel saerTo gimnaziaSi`Savnabada~.amJamad muSaobs Temaze: `xelovneba da xelovnebis saxe somersetmoemis romanSi ̀ Teatri~.tel: + 995 (99) 41 80 42;

eka qumsiaSvili - daamTavra eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetis kulturis fakulteti, inglisuri enisada literaturis specialobiT.gamoqveynebuli aqvs prozauli da poeturi nawarmoebi Jurnal`nostalgiasa~ da gazeT ̀ qarTul kulturaSi~.amJamad muSaobis Temaze: `eqsperimentuli tendenciebi qarTuliferweris ganviTarebaSi (XX s.-is 20-iani wlebi)~.tel.: +995 (24) 17 18 03; +995 (93) 56 76 14;

aleko gelaSvili - daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos universiteti qarTuli cekvis damdgmeli qoreografiisspecialobiT.aris kaxa bakuraZis `moZraobis Teatri~-s msaxiobi, samejliso dasportuli cekvebis studia `Tela~-s wevri-mocekvave. agreTve _

Tsu da sxva umaRles saswavleblebSi kiTxulobda da kiTxulobssaleqcio kursebs Semdeg disciplinebSi: arqeologiis safuZvlebi(zogadi arqeologia), antikuri arqeologia, saqarTvelos istoriulixanis arqeologia, bibliuri arqeologia, msoflio civilizaciisistoria, qarTuli kulturis istoria, kavkasiis mTielTaeTnokulturuli urTierTobebi, eTnoarqeologia, arqeologia daTanamedroveoba, qarTuli samarTlis istoria.aris 50-mde samecniero naSromis (maT Soris ori monografia daerTi saxelZRvanelo) avtori, aqedan 12 ucxoenovani.tel.: +995 (99) 96 59 95;

Teona esitaSvili - daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos saxelmwifo universitetis, xelovnebaTmcodneobis fakulteti,kinomcodneobis specialoba.iklvlevs ̀ hororis~ Janrs.tel: +995 (93) 96 76 01;el-fosta: [email protected]

Tamar TargamaZe - daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinosuniversitetis xelovnebisa da socialur mecnierebaTa fakulteti,kinomcodneobis specialoba.ikvlevs Trileris Janrs.

mariam manjgalaZe - daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos universitetis xelovnebisa da socialur mecnierebaTa fakulteti,kinomcodneobis specialoba.ikvlevs mozardis reprezentaciis problemas Tanamvedrove amerikulkinematografSi.tel: +995 (32) 93 39 97; +995 (99) 41 71 57;

rusudan papunaSvili - daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos universitetis xelovnebisa da socialur mecnierebaTa fakulteti,kinomcodneobis specialoba.muSaobs Temaze: ̀ qalis reprezentacia espanur kinematografSi~.

nino gvazava - daamTavra Tbilisis eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobiskulturisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifo universitetixelovnebaTmcodne-eqspertis specialoba.ikvlevs oqromqandakeblobis tradiciebs.

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THEATRE STUDIES

Maka Vasadze

FORMATION OF ROBERT STURUA’S THEATRICALLANGUAGE

(Interpretation of Georgian Classical Literature a la Robert Sturua)

Summery

It is widely known that each important drama piece can be variouslyinterpreted. When interpreting a work from a different perspective, it’s utterlyimportant to preserve the main idea, inner structure, concept and specificsof a genre. Plays staged by Robert Sturua in Rustaveli Theatre are goodexample of this.Still, where does Robert Sturua’s theatrical language formation begin? Hehimself claims that he wanted to become a movie director, however, due toseveral reasons, he became a theater director.A play represents a rough material for Robert Sturua, in which he can portrayhis personal conception.In this part of the article I am discussing Robert Sturua’s plays: “Khanuma”(1968) by Tsagareli, “Step-mother of Samanishvili” (1969) by Kldiashvili (withChkheidze), “Kvarkvare Tutaberi” (1974) by Kakabadze, “Betrayal” (1975)by Sumbatashvil-Iuzhin.Robert Sturua’s Georgian classical plays set in the Rustaveli theater havehad relative success. Nevertheless, they have become the subject of activediscussions among the society. Probably reason for this was a completelynew approach by the director.“Khanuma” played an exceptional role in of Robert Sturua’s further stylisticalformation. Exactly “Khanuma” bears the first trace of Sturua’s exceptionalvision. In this play the director has discovered visual forms that would helphim to define the direction of his future work. Maybe falsely, but I haveidentified these forms as “Sturua’s Eclectic Theater”.

ABOUT AUTHORTheater criticHas graduated from the faculty of theater art of Tbilisi Theatrical Institute.Head of Shota Rustaveli Theater and Film University publishing house

`studenturi dReebi 2003~-is samecniero komferenciiaSi pirveliadgilis mflobeli. sxvadasxva dros qarTuli da saerTaSorisoxalxuri TviTmoqmedebis festivalebis laureati.tel.: +995 (32) 69 54 61; +995 (93) 32 34 17;el-fosta: [email protected]

eka geliaSvili _ SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinosuniversitetis asistent profesori. qoreografi.daamTavra Tbilisis kulturisa da xelovnebis saxelmwifouniversitetis qarTuli cekvis damdgmeli qoreografis specialoba..gamoqveynebuli aqvs publikacia qarTuli qoreografiuliliteraturis problematikaze. amJamad ikvlevs cekvis Cawerissistemebis problematikas saqarTveloSi.tel.: +995 (99) 18 88 24;

nino daraxveliZe - daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa dakinos universiteti, qarTuli cekvis damdgmeli qoreografisspecialobiT, aris ansambl ̀ rokvis” mocekvave msaxiobi. eweva pedagogiurmoRvaweobas Tbilisis me6 sajaro skolaSi.muSaobs Temaze: ̀ qoreografi, rogorc cekvis damdgmeli reJisori~tel: +995 (93) 91 50 77;

Tamar munjiSvili _ SoTa rusTaveli Teatrisa da kinosuniversitetis asistent profesori, qarTuli cekvis pedagogi.daamTavra ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis universitetis qarTulifilologiis fakulteti.ikvlevs sabavSvo qoreografiisa da pedagogikis sakiTxebisproblematikas.tel.: +995 (99) 90 22 77;

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FILM STUDIES

Nana DolidzeTHE NONE ACTUAL TV

Summery

Constitution of any democratic State, declares and protects the freedom ofspeech, ideas, reception and distribution of information; that means to receive,distribute or impart information without a restriction and any fail - It is one ofthe absolute norms of Human Rights. At the same time, the principles ofinformational Freedom – from one side, and control of information - on theother, always has been and still is – the matter of dispute.What can be shown by TV-broadcasting? What level of freedom arepossessing television journalists - to demonstrate an opinion? What is thelevel of possibilities, for presenting the different vision of the event by TV?What is the degree of information-broadcast control and where are “TheScopes of Limitation Margins“?Television broadcasting history has clearly showed us, that only thedeclaration of freedom, is not enough for the existence of real freedom. It isnecessary to provide terms and create the conditions, guaranteeing therealisation of the indicated freedom. Another question which appears is -how to attain this right in folded situation, when all broadcasting companiesare in the private ownership (exception - “Public Television“).A censorship and strict control over the information, makes criticismimpossible, neither of “political principles“, nor recently emerged“concomitant moral categories“- dominating in the State. Moreover, veryoften the criticism of the outgoing principles and categories are either totallyignored, or qualified as violation of law.In the most, Georgian TV-journalism is distant from the real independenceand very far away from high responsibility. Consequently, for the peopleengaged in this business, personal “self-responsibility” - should becomethe only initial point of their creative activity. An attention transfer andredirection, presentation of information by fragments, permanent convincing,populism, “spiral of silence “ and many other well improved “manipulation-methods“ - are those factors, from which Georgian television loses theaudience.“The non-actual TV“ - is a pitiful and non-popular image, which the widemajority of Georgian TV channels have issued as verdict to their ownbroadcasting (simultaneously, it should be noted, that the rear exceptionsstill exist).

“Kentavri”. Editor of another newspaper of the same institution “Duruji”and a founder and editor of a newspaper “Kultura”.Holds a position of a manager at the Stichting Caucasus Foundation is oneof the coordinators of the International Cultural Fare (2003, 2005, 2007). Isthe editor of several books; systematically publishes articles and reviews onthe processes and problems of contemporary theatre:Magazines: “Soviet Art”, “Theatrical News”, “Theater and Life”.Newspapers: “Kultura”, “Duruji”.Tel: +995 (95) 30 50 60Email: [email protected]

Marika Mamatsashvili

I HATE THE WORD ‘CULTURE’

Summery

This artikle is about Peter Brook (b. London, 21 March 1925).Director, ofRussian descent:One of the twentieth century’s most innovative andproductive practitioners.He has worrked on a variety of deferent kinds ofperfomances and texts including Shakespeare, Seneca, major European andAmerican voices (Sartre, Anouilh, Geret, Durrenmatt, Fry, Miller) and seminalmodernists (Eliot) as well asovertly commercial forms, such as musical comedy(Irma la douce,1958). In addition, he has directed opera and films.This extraordinary person gives interviw to the “Izvestias” corespondentArtur Solomonov. We think this interview is very special and helpful forboth proffessionals and amataurs too, to know Peter Brook’s inner world.

ABOUT AUTHORGraduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University with major intheatre studies in the year of 1989. She has published in the magazines“Khelovneba” and “Teatraluri Moambe”. Now she is working as a specialistin the publishing house “KENTAVRI”. She is a resercher of Peter Brookscreative works.Tel: +995 (77) 41 00 11; +995 (32) 22 21 11;E-mail: [email protected]

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CULTURAL STUDIES

Zviad Kvitsiani

TO THE ISSUE OF MUSICAL CULTURE IN GEORGIA OF THEANCIENT PERIOD

(ARCHEOLOGICAL ARTIFACTS)

Summery

Archeological monuments important for the study of Georgian musical cultureof the Ancient period were discovered together with the existing writtensources and musical folklore.Among the such kind of found units, we have to note clay the sculpture ofthe musician playing at lira VIII-VII B.C. Uplistsikhe, bronze sculpture ofmusician VII B.C. Stepantsminda, bronze signet IV-III B.C. Vani, golden towerI A.D. Khaishi, bronze sculpture of signer I-II B.C. Mtskheta etc.Revealing of such sculptures and dancing figures of the Ancient Period letus to represent the high level of archeological artifacts of Georgian musicalculture of the Ancient Period.

ABOUT AUTHORHe has graduated from the faculties of History, Law and Journalism atTSU.Z. Kvitsiani has waked at TSU since 1985. He has written more than 40scientific wala (among them one monograph and one textbook).He is aparticipant of a number of archeological expeditions in Svaneti, Pitsunda,Dedoplisgora, Tsalka and gonio as well as a participant of variousinternational conferences and congresses.He delivers lectures for students of TSU and other Universities in Foundationsof Archeology, Biblical Archeology, Archeology of the Ancient Period,History of the world civilization, History of Georgia, Civilization, Ethnoculturalrelations among the Caucasian Highlanders, Archeology and the ModernWorld.Currently he is a doctor of History, professor of Archeology.Tel: +995 (99) 96 59 95;

The Public and humane missions of News-broadcasting devalues; as a resultGeorgian TV channels are facing the perspective to reach the critical point of“spectators-loss“. In the stream of “sterile information”, neither the episodicshow of shocking incidents and broadcasting the sensational startles, northe different formats of “Comedy-show” (“Rustavi-2” company ), wouldn’tbe able to recover and return to TV-companies the Lost Trust.P.S “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this rightincludes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receiveand impart information and ideas through any media and regardless offrontiers. (The Universal Declaretion of Human Rights; art. 19).

ABOUT AUTHORFilm Historian .Scientist –collaborator, the leader of muster program in TVcritics at Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University.Graduated from the same university’s faculty of Film Studies.She works on the current processes in world film, on the problems existingin the theory of television and pratice.Tel: +995 (32) 23 32 33; Mob: +995 (99) 58 48 85;E-mail: [email protected]

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Tamar Targamadze

THRILLER AND TECHNOLOGIES OF FEAR

Summery

People often go to the theatre in order to experience emotions that theynormally lack in real life. “Suspense is dreadful” says one of the charactersof Oscar Wilde. “But I hope it will continue”.This contradictory feeling is familiar to anyone who likes movies and inparticular to the ones who especially favor Alfred Hitchkock as the greatestmaster of suspense. Why is that so that we “fear” the fear but still get suchpleasure from experiencing it (especially when it is not connected with actualphysical danger)? Hitchcock himself thought of it as being originated fromthe arms of the mother when the mother scares the child with the words“Buu”! The child is scared at first but then laughs with satisfaction.“Civilization has stripped us of the ability of initial reactions. Freeing oneselffrom static condition and restoring spiritual balance is possible only on theedge of shock with help of existing artifical means. Film is the best possibleway to reach this goal”. (Alfred Hitchcock)

ABOUT AUTHORGraduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University’s faculty ofArts and Social Sciences with major in Film Studies.She is researching thriller genre.

UNIVERSITY’S MA PROGRAM

“CONTEMPORARY FILM THEORIES AND CRITICISM”

Program Leader - Manana Lekborashvili

Teona Esitashvili

KFILM MONSTERS

Summery

Birth of horror is connected with gothic films, which would be surveyed inbig black palaces, where spectators should have been frightened. It took asa principle real stories, popular tales about devils and magicians, also myths,well-known melodramas and others. Spectator is in unreal surroundings,where the monsters, devil man and vampires “suck blood”. Probably, youwill remember sweetheart character, from the film “Frankenstein”, which leavesthe fear and love inside spectators at the same time. There were many“Frankensteins”, among them, version of 1931 years is the best and themonster is convincing and typical, which makes tragic face out of dialogue.His sad and tortured eyes leaves fear with sympathy too. Though, modernpseudo-characters destroyed completely the main point of the productionand in society, the poor sacrifice uses terrible monster’s name.If, earlier spectators liked horror, with its tension, thematic various, withvampires, monsters, zombies and witches, which strolls on the cemetery,today already, actually notice changeability of fear art. The technologicaladvance regenerated apocalyptical films, from the beginning of clone, till themaniac and the killer formation.

ABOUT AUTHORGraduated from the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University, withspecialty in film criticism. Researches horror genre.Tel: + 995 (93) 96 76 01;E-Mail: [email protected]

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Rusudan Papuashvili

ALMADOVAR AND HIS HOMOCHARACTERS

Summery

The movie of Pedro Almadovar is the representation of free universe. He isone of the first directors, who created classical screen faces from the peoplebeing at the bottom of society. Basically his characters are women and men,who desire to be women. Homosexual theme is one of the basic inAlmadovars’ movies, but when he makes such film, he does not put in themonly unsociability problem of sexual minority or their inner conflicts,Almadovar loads the film with interesting subject line and variousinterrelations. In that way his personages are interesting for spectators notas human beings fitted or not to the society, but as individuals, personalitieswith their internal world.Frequently the films of Pedro Almadovar are called “Gay films”. Many timeshe commented Almadovar that in his creations he talks about universalfeelings that are typical for people of any orientation.

ABOUT AUTHORGraduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University’s faculty of theArts and Social Sciences with major in Film Studies.Works on topics: “Depiction of a woman in Spanish Film”

Mariam Manjgaladze

DEPICTION OF TEENAGER IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN FILM(On basis of “Chumscrubber” by Arie Posin)

Summery

Article’s Topic referrs to teenager’s social condition and problems incontemporary American film. Arie Posin’s “Chumscrubber” tells about thedifficulties of transitional period and about the negative influence of commonstructure. Against the background of senseless, very regulated relations wesee different kinds of teenagers in the phase of their formation. Involuntarilythey find themselves on the territory of unknown obstacles. They come intouch with drug abuse, suicide and crime but typical alarming situationsreveal the causes.Arie Posin’s artistic style boarders the caricature drawing. It easily revealsthe entire face, but the “victim’s weaknesses” are so emphasized andunderlined that it brings smiles to our faces, distorted details amuse us,although the artist’s straightforwardness and boldness is annoying andrepressing for our sensitive nature. The director The film makes fun ofuncompromised and artificial perfection.

ABOUT AUTHORGraduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University’s faculty ofArts and Social Sciences with major in Film Studies.She researches the problems of teenage depiction in contemporaryAmerican Film.Tel: +995 (32) 93 39 97; +995 (99) 41 71 57;

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Tea Marekhashvili

GEORGIAN ARTIST IN RUSSIAON THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF DECORATIVE-APPLIED

ARTS

Summery

Russian Enamel Art reached its heyday of glory in pictorial enamel techniquein XVII century. Its rich traditions conditioned the fact that at the edge ofXX-XXI centuries decorative applied art was still in heyday of its glory inYaroslavl side, particularly hot enamel. In 1994 international exhibition ofdecorative applied art was organized in three Russian cities at the same time,more than 140 artists took place in the exhibition from 10 countries all overthe world.It was a proud fact that there was a person who represented Georgia in theabove mentioned exhibition. Guram Gunia, artist, whose art and creationattracts enormous attention. His works are new and original, various in hotenamel technique (“Juda”, “Bibliophile”, Golden Eye” and etc.). As regardshis project Georgian Door – “Symbol of orthodox universe“, where with thedifference from traditional diminutive painting we have monumental plique-a-jour and pictorial enamels. Combination of enamel with architecture isoutstanding and it is new for the both field of art.Hoping that this multifunctional project will take place in Poti and Batumi (asthought) where our cultural tradition and modern ideas are significantlyoutlined.

ABOUT AUTHORShe graduated from the Tbilisi State University of Culture and Art andcompleted the Bachelor’s program with a major In Art Critic - Expert.She is the author of two articles: 1. “Cloisonne Enamel – Remains of pastGlory”; journal “Caucasus Herald”, 2006, # 15; 2. “Painting Enamel”, itsTechniques – Technology, 2006, # 15.In 2005 she participated in scientific conference with a theme: “CloisonneEnamel”Nowadays she works on a subject “Artistic Enamel”. Supervisor – professorIrina Abesadze.Tel.: (+995 32) 71 60 68; (+995 58) 10 92 76;

TWENTIETH CENTURY ART

Program Leader – Professor Irine Abesadze

Nino Gvazava

THE ANCIENT TRADITIONS OF GOLDSMITHS IN THEARTCRAFTS OF KOBA GURULI

Summary

This article is about the activities of the famous Georgian sculptures I. Ochiauriand K. Guruli in revival of ancient traditions of Georgian gold metal work.The art crafts of the Koba Guruli demonstrate the best ways of carving(chiseling) on metals.The author emphasizes the modern state of Georgian goldsmith art direction.

ABOUT AUTHORShe graduated from Ekvtime Takaishvili Tbilisi State University of Arts andCulture with major in Art History expertise. She does research in traditions ofgold metal work.

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Maiko Razmadze

THEORETICAL VIEW OF SOMERSET MAUGHAM ON THEATRE ART

Summary

The significance of the theme of Art and Artist in Somerset Maugham’sfiction can hardly be overestimated. This problem acquires special importancein his novels “The moon and the Sixpence” and “Theatre”. The comparativestudy of these novels can serve as a basis for revealing similarities anddifferences in the writer’s attitude to this problem at different stages of hiscreative evolution.This aspect of Maugham’s writings has given rise to much controversyamong literary critics. Whether his attitude to such issues as art and life,artist and art, spiritual mission of artist and art, their social and aestheticfunctions was serious or marked with playfulness was a common questionfor critics. Their opinion has always been conflicting and mutually exclusive.The novel “Theatre” is focused on the relationship between art and life.According to Maugham, art is derived from life and on the contrary, life istheatre where everybody plays his/her own role. The writer perceives theatreas a metaphor of life, thus expressing his attitude towards existing reality.

ABOUT AUTHORShe graduated from Tbilisi State University of Culture and Arts and completedBachelor’s program with major in English Language and Literature.Nowadays she works on a subject “Art and Artist in the novel of SomersetMaugham “Theatre”.Tel.: +995 (99) 41 80 42;

Khatuna Meladze

THE MAIN ITEMS OF CONTEMPORARY METHODSOF MODERN ART TEACHING

Summery

During the development of human history, it was important to care aboutyouth education. It’s true that growing up, training and getting education takes place atschool, but it does not mean at all that it excludes the role of the family. Afamily just as school must systematically assist youth to become adults.In resistance cases sometimes we are enthusiastic about a person’s greatknowledge, but sometimes these very educated people lack proper behavior.To avoid these situations, it is our responsibility to develop a child’s mind aswell as to teach them how to live a proper life. The philosophers of the lastcentury thought that this time period was a time of personal crises.

ABOUT AUTHORWorks on master’s thesis: “Certain aspects of contemporary teachingmethodology of the arts in regional public schools of Georgia”.

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“RESEARCHER OF GEORGIAN CHOREOGRAPHY”

Program Leader - Anano Samsonadze

Aleko Gelashvili

PARIS ROYAL ACADEMY OF DANCE – ITS SUCCESSFUL ANDUNSUCCESSFUL SIDES

Summery

XVII-XVIII century French dance occupies a major role in the history ofchoreography. When Italian transitions of “Pavan”, “Galiardi”, methods ofself-taught teachers like Karozo and Negri became history, the complexstructure of folk dance became simplified and transformed into well acceptedforms. Spanish “Sarabanda”, “Gavoto”, “Bure”, “Rigodon” and Menuet aswell as other forms of dance became popular. This processes were mainlylead by the Paris Royal Academy of Dance, which was created by thecommand and wish if Louis XIV in 1661.The essential goal of the dance academy was to prevent the fall of dace andits rapid development, but through the times, instead of it giving birth to themeans of new dance movements, figures and postures the academy startedto copy the dance figures created by the famous dancers like Dupres,Kamargo, Lani and others. These figures contained nothing new only theoriginal sketches created by the past talents.In spite of it, it was due to the academy that choreography took a distinctiveplace in the fields of art and was officially proclaimed as an ar tform. Theacademy differentiated salon and stage dance forms from each other. Thanksto the academy the names of the great dancers of those times emerged:Boschan, Pekure, Balon, Dupret and others.The dance academy also provided for the development of choreographyliterature. One of the most important books is a 1700 year addition of RaoulAuger Feuillet’s “Art of describing dance with the help of signs”. This is thebook which mentions the term “choreography” for the first time, which isused to briefly describe the art of dance nowadays. At that time it was usedto describe the system of conventional signs used to record dance.

Eka Kumsiashvili

THE POINT OF GENESIS OF THE STYLE “ART NOUVEAU” INWILLIAM BLAKE’S WORK

Summery

A famous English poet and artist William Blake is known in the history ofCulture as an extremely originally creator, who was defending his spiritualindependence. He was universal person, in his poetry and fine art W. Blakeestablished his own style. He often painted in colors and details on eachpage by hand. To support himself, Blake worked for other authors as anillustrator.William Blake’s most important poetical composition “Songs of Innocenceand Experience” is dated at about 1789-1794. These poems explore his favoritethemes - the denting of the human spirit and the possibility of renewing ourperceptions. He came to believe that a return to innocence was not, at leastby itself, sufficient for people to attain true self-awareness. Blake’s credowas that there must be a union of opposites, or a fusion of innocence andexperience.W. Blake illustrated his poems with striking, integrated designs. Theseillustrations seem to swirl through the words and become part of theirmeaning. Blake claimed that many of the images he drew as illustrations werelikenesses of his inner visions. They have a childlike feeling and were verydifferent from the strict, formal styles of his time.

ABOUT AUTHORShe graduated from the Tbilisi State University of Culture and Art andcompleted the Bachelor’s program with a Major in English Language andLiterature.She worked as a journalist in journal “Nostalgia” and newspaper “GeorgianCulture”, where were published her poetical and prosaic writings. In Rustavishe organized the Student Film Festival “Muza”.Nowadays she works on a subject – “Expressionistic tendencies indevelopment of Georgian Fine Arts. 1920-s of the 20-th century”.Tel: +995 (24) 17 18 03; +995 (93) 56 76 14;

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is used for recording movements and conditions of lower body parts, torsoand head, whereas the upper is used for upper body parts only.Despite the authors’ efforts, these systems are too complex to study and attimes confusing (meaning Davit Javrishvili’s terminology) and practicallyuseless. It seams that coming up with a single, perfect system for recordingdance, which would be satisfactory for professionals as well as easy tounderstand for everyone is quite a serious problem. Supposedly this is thereason why the recording systems have not been able to implicate themselves.Inspite of their existence, only an oral method and modern practical meansfor recording dance remain.

ABOUT AUTHORAssistant Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University.Choreographer. Graduated from Tbilisi Culture and Arts State University(currently Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University) with major inchoreography of Georgian dance. From 1998 works at the same university asteacher of Georgian dance. Is an author of publication on problems ofGeorgian choreographic literature. Currently she is working on problems ofdance recording in Georgia.Tel: +995 (99) 18 88 24;

Nino Darakhvelidze

FOR CONSIDERATION OF DANCE STAGING PREPARATORYPERIOD WITH POINT OF VIEW OF DIRECTOR

Summery

Dynamic development of the modern epoch changed choreographic folkloreinto stage folk dance submitting folk art to some laws. Only scenic charactercreated by technical and artistic dancer can satisfy the desires of modernaudience. One of the important places in creation of perfect choreographiccomposition takes art of staging.Creation of dance by choreographer is connected directly to the director’swork on the performance. Consequently we consider that it is must beinteresting the subject of dance staging preparatory period from the point ofview of the director.

ABOUT AUTHORGraduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University, majoring inchoreography of Georgian Dance.Actor of “Movement Theatre” of Kakha Bakuradze. Member-dancer of theBall and Sport Dance studio “Tela”.He took the first place in “Student Days 2003” science conference. At varioustimes was the laureate of Georgian and International folk festivals.Tel: (+995 32) 69 54 61; +995 (93) 32 34 17;E-mail: [email protected]

Eka Geliashvili

DANCE TRANSFERED ON THE PAPER(Systems of dance recording in Georgia)

Summery

Efforts to record dance existed in ancient Egypt, India and Rome. The firstexample of recording dance was actually discovered in Europe in fifteenthcentury. “Golden Basdances” manuscript by Margarite the Austrian and theeffort of dance recording in a form of a printed version associated with thename of M. Toulouse date also of the same time period. From the end of theseventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century French dancingteachers and ballet masters Pierre Beauchamps , Raul Oje Feie and PierreRameau have come up with relatively basic systems of dance recording, thathave been improved in the future by other specialists.In Georgia there are two systems of dance and movements recording. Thefirst is “Conventional signs for recording Georgian dance” by Davit Javrishviliand “Conventional signs for recording dance” by Avtandil Tataradze. Bothsystems use the conventional signs created by the authors, which are writtendown on a music sheet as well as the body parts that are represented by theso called music “key”. Davit Javrishvili’s system is used to record onlyGeorgian dance and its movements. It works in two different ways: In versesand written on five line system. His system also contains conventional signsused for recording directions, movements and conditions. As opposed tothis system, the other author uses two five line music system. The lower part

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ABOUT AUTHORShe has graduated Shota Rustaveli University of Theatre and Cinema as A-student in 2007 (stage director of Georgian dances).She is dancer-actress of the dance group “Rokva”. Also she works as ateacher in Tbilisi 6th Public high school.

Tamar Munjishvili

MASTERS OF WORLD CHOREOGRAPHY(Arthur Saint-Leon -Artistic Profile)

Summery

World choreography has preserved the names of many talented artists. Eachof them in different time periods has tried to make their contribution in thedevelopment of this field of art. Among the artists of the nineteenth centuryone of the most interesting figures was represented in the face of ArthurMichele Saint-Leon. He was a phenomenally talented person, a dancer,musician, choreographer, screen writer. He was the one to bring some of themost novel ideas to the classical dance. This is the very reason why Saint-Leon is considered to be one of the greatest artists of his time. When talkingabout Arthur Saint-Leon it is impossible not to mention his theoretical work– a pamphlet – “Stenochoreography”, which serves the recording processof dance. With the help of conventional signs the author tried to demonstratein this work the development of dance in space. He also brought in newsings with the help of which he correlated every movement of the leg withthe movements of hand, head and body. Further this very system wasimplicated and improved by Albert Zorn.Arthur Saint-Leon traveled the world with his art and discovered severalmarvelous examples of dance having later introduced them to the world.Every epoch brings its own novelty, everything around undergoes change.The same could be said about art. Although not every artist is able to keepup with these novelties. Arthur Saint-Leon was an artist of this kind. This isthe reason why he is one of the most renowned artists of the past century.

ABOUT AUTHOR

Assistant Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film UniversityTeacher of Georgian DanceFirst year Master’s student of the same university, specializing in the researchof Georgian dance.Graduated from Ilia Chavchavadze University, Faculty of Georgian languagestudies.Tel: + 995 (99) 90 22 77;

saxelovnebo mecnierebata ziebani #3(36), 2008 art science ...36)_2008.pdf · shota rustaveli...

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