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    SCIENCETH LEVEL

    CEIP Gins Morata Almera

    Andrs Egea

    ([email protected])

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    CEIP Gins Morat aAlmera

    Equipo de Bilingismo Andrs Egea

    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUNIT 1: LIVING THINGS

    Discovering a cell

    Living things are made up of tiny units called cells. Cells are the smallest living units in a livingthing.

    Some living things are made up of a single cell. They areunicellular. Other living things are made up of many cells. They aremulticellular.

    What are cells like? Parts of a cell

    Cells differ in shape and size. They carry out differenttasks.

    Cells have three parts:

    - The membrane is the covering around the cell.

    - The nucleus is the part which controls the cell.- The cytoplasm is between the nucleus and the membrane.

    Plants cells also have a hard cell wall around the membrane

    OrganismsMulticellular living things have the following structure:

    - Cells form tissues:Tissues , such as muscle tissue, are made up of cells whichwork together.

    - Tissues form organs:Organs , such as the heart, are made up of tissues whichwork together.

    - Organs form systems: Systems , such as the digestive system, are made up oforgans whcih work together.

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    Equipo de Bilingismo Andrs Egea

    - An organism is a complete living thing:

    Many systems work together in an organism. All living things are organisms

    KingdomsLiving things are classified into groups called kingdoms. The principal kingdoms are the animalkingdom, the plant Kingdom and the other kingdoms such as the fungi Kingdom. Other arebacteria, virus and protists.

    The animal kingdom

    Animals are multicellular living things that eat other living things.

    They can move from one place to another, and they can react quicklyto stimuli. To do this, they have a nervous system and sense organs.

    The plant kingdomPlants are multicellular living things that use sunlight andsubstances from the soil and air to make their own food. Plantscannot move around because they are fixed to the ground.

    The fungi kingdom

    Fungi can be unicellular, but most are multicellular.. Like animals,fungi do not make their own food. They depend on other organismsfor food

    The bacteria kingdom

    Bacteria are the most abundant of all living things. They can Bacteria are the smallest livingthings. Bacteria are unicellular and can live in different environments: in water, soil, air or

    inside other living things.

    The fifth kingdom

    This last kingdom is made up of all the living things that are not included in the previouskingdoms. Can be unicellulars or multicellulars. Protozoa are unicellular microbes that feed onother living things. Algae live in water and make their own food, like plants.

    Viruses

    Viruses are so small and simple that scientists cannot agree if they are living things or not. Forthis reason, they are not included in any of the five kingdoms. Viruses can only reproduce insideother living things. They cause illnesses like influenza, measles, chicken pox and AIDS.

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    CEIP Gins Morat aAlmera

    Equipo de Bilingismo Andrs Egea

    UNIT 1: LIVING THINGSACTIVITIES

    1.- Name three living and three non-living things.

    a. Three living things:

    b. Three non-living things:

    2.- Match the two columns.

    3.- Use these words to complete the sentences.

    a.- are the smallest living units in a living thing.

    b.-Living things which are made up of a single cell are

    c. Living things which are made up of many cells are

    d.-The is the covering around the cell.

    e. The is the part which controls the cell.

    f. is between the nucleus and the membrane.

    g. Plant cells also have a hard cell around the membrane.

    4.- Label this cell.

    CytoplasmNucleusMembrane

    Unicellular wall multicellular - membrane cytoplasm - nucleus - cells

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    Equipo de Bilingismo Andrs Egea

    5.- Match the characteristics to the kingdom.

    6. Identify and label the levels of organisation in living things.

    1

    4

    3

    2

    5

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    CEIP Gins Morat aAlmera

    Equipo de Bilingismo Andrs Egea

    Sexual reproductionFlowers are the reproductive organs of plants. Theyhave male parts and female parts.

    Stamens are the male parts of the flower. Theanther is located at the top of the stamen. Pollen isproduced in the anther. Pollen is a microscopicpowder made up of small grains.The pistil is the female part. It consists of thestigma, which receives the pollen, the style and theovary. The ovary contains ovules. Ovules becomeseeds. The stamen and pistil are protected by thecorolla and the calyx.

    PollinationPollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the ovary within the same plant orbetween plants of the same type. Insect pollination . Insects are attracted by aromatic flowerswith nectar. The pollen grains stick to the insect and are carried to the stigma of otherflowers . Wind pollination . Some plants have small, unattractive flowers. They produce largequantities of pollen. The wind blows this pollen to the stigmas of other flowers.

    Seeds and fruitAfter pollination, seeds and fruit begin to grow. Seeds form from the ovule and contain anembryo and a food store. The embryo is a miniature plant. The food store supplies the embryowith nutritive substances. Fruit is formed from the ovary. Seeds are inside the fruit. The fruithas two functions: to protect the seeds and to spread the seeds far from the mother plant.

    Seed germinationGermination is the final stage in plant reproduction. This is when the ripe fruit falls to theground, the fruit opens and the seeds fall out and start to grow.

    Asexual reproductionMany plants can reproduce without flowers or seeds. This is calledasexual reproduction. These plants use parts of themselves toreproduce.Tubers are subterranean stems. When we plant a tuber, part ofthe stem grows above ground and develops leaves. Part growsunderground and develops roots. Potatoes are tubers.Rhizomes are specialised stems. They extend horizontally below

    ground. Irises produce rhizomes.Stolons are specialised stems. They extend horizontally aboveground from the mother plant. Strawberry plants produce stolons

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    CEIP Gins Morat aAlmera

    Equipo de Bilingismo Andrs Egea

    UNIT 2: PLANTS KINGDOMACTIVITIES

    1. Match the two columns.

    2. Label the parts of the flower.

    3. Order the stages of plant nutrition. Write 1, 2, 3 or 4.

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    4. Circle the correct option.

    a. Flowers are the nutritional / reproductive organs of plants.

    b. The stamens are the male / female parts which produce pollen.

    c. Tiny pollen grains form on the stamens / petals.

    d. Respiration / Pollination is the movement of pollen from the stamens to the ovary.

    e. The ovary / corolla is the female part which contains ovules.

    f. Sunlight / Wind can carry pollen to other plants.

    g. After pollination, the ovary / calyx grows and becomes a fruit with seeds.

    h. When seeds germinate, they open / close and small roots grow.

    5.

    Label these stems: tubers, bulbs or stolens.

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    CEIP Gins Morat aAlmera

    Equipo de Biingismo Andrs Egea

    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUNIT 3 : ECOSYSTEMS

    What is an ecosystem?

    An ecosystem consist of all the living things in a specificenviroment, and their interaction with their habitat.Ecosystems can be small, like a pond, or large, like arainforest.The components of an ecosystem are:

    Living things : the plants in an ecosystem are calledflora . The animals are called fauna . There are also

    fungi , bacteria and algae . The environment: this refers to the surroundingconditions which affect living things, such as soil,climate, water, air and light.

    Types of ecosystems

    There are two types of ecosystems, terrestrial and aquatic:

    * Forests , grasslands and deserts are terrestrial ecosystems.

    Many living things live in forests and grasslands. The abundant vegetation provides them withfood.Few living things live in deserts because there is little food.* Freshwater ecosystems, such as rivers and lakes, and marine ecosystems, such as the sea ,are aquatic ecosystems

    Living things in an ecosystem

    All living things are grouped into species, for example, lions, tigers, poppies, oak trees, etc.

    A population is all the members of one species living in the same ecosystem.A habitat is theplace within anecosystem where apopulation lives.A community ismade up of all thepopulations thatinteract in anecosystem.

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    Equipo de Biingismo Andrs Egea

    Relationships between living things: The Food Chain

    Living things obtain food in different ways:

    * Producers , such as plants and algae, make their food.

    * Primary consumers , such as zebras and fish, eat plantsand algae

    * Secondary consumers , such as lions and snakes, eatprimary consumers.

    * Tertiaryconsumers , such aseagles and owls, are

    secondary consumers which eat other secondaryconsumers.

    * Decomposers , such as fungi and bacteria, eat theremains of other living things

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    CEIP Gins Morat aAlmera

    Equipo de Biingismo Andrs Egea

    UNIT 3: ECOSYSTEMSACTIVITIES

    1. Read the sentences and circle the correct word s.

    9a. Producers make their own food / eat other living things.b. Consumers make their own food / eat other living things .c. Primary consumers get their energy from plants / eating herbivores .d. Secondary consumers get their energy from eating tertiary consumers / herbivores .e. Tertiary consumers get their energy from eating secondary consumers / plants .

    2. Write parasite , scavenger and predator . Then, match the type of animal to thedefinitions.

    3. Number the living things to show the food chain.

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    4.Give two examples of each of the following living things from the food chain.a. Producer: .

    b. Primary consumer: .c. Secondary consumer: .

    d. Tertiary consumer: .

    5. Write T (true) or F (false). Correct the false sentences.

    Decomposers are bacteria and fungi.

    Decomposers only decompose the remains of plants.

    Decomposition puts minerals from living things back into the soil.

    Decomposition does not help keep the soil fertile.

    6. Complete the sentences.

    algae aquatic ecosystem environmentfauna flora fungi habitat terrestrial

    a. An consists of all the living things in a specific environmentand their interaction with their .

    b. The plants in an ecosystem are called .

    c. The animals are called .

    d. There are also bacteria, and .e. The refers to the surrounding conditions which affectliving things.

    f. There are two types of ecosystems, and .

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    CEIP Gins Morat aAlmera

    Equipo de Bilingismo Andrs Egea

    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUNIT 4: THE EARTH

    THE ATMOSPHERE

    The atmosphere is the air which surrounds the Earth.

    Air is a mixture of gases. It is mainly nitrogen and oxygen . There are also small quantities ofcarbon dioxide , ozone and water vapour .The atmosphere is essential to life on Earth:

    It has the oxygen which all living things breathe. It also has carbon dioxide which plantsneed for photosynthesis.

    Carbon dioxide and other gases are like ablanket which retains the Earths heat.

    Ozone filters harmful ultraviolet rays

    The layers of the atmosphere

    The troposphere is the lowest layer. Most gasesare in this layer. Plants and animals live in thetroposphere.

    The stratosphere is the next layer.There is a thin layer of ozone in the upperstratosphere. This is called the ozone layer.As we travel higher, the gases become lessdense.In outer space there is no atmosphere

    The hydrosphereAll water on Earth makes up the hydrosphere.

    Water is usually a liquid, but it can also be a solid or a gas.Water in liquid form covers most of the Earths surface. It is found in oceans, seas, rivers andlakes.Water in solid form (snow and ice) is found in the polar regions. It is also found on mountains.Water vapour, a gas , is found in the atmosphere.

    The water cycle

    The water cycle is the constant circulation of water between the sea, the atmosphere and land.

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    A) Liquid water in the sea, rivers and lakes evaporates because of heat from the Sun. Itbecause water vapour.

    B) Water vapour rises and condenses into dropsof water. The water drops form clouds.

    C) Water falls from clouds as rain: precipitation .If it is very cold, water solidifies and falls assnow.

    D) Water flows over the land and filters into it.It forms rivers and lakes. Some water returnsto the sea or evaporates .

    The water cycle starts again

    The geosphere

    The geosphere is made up of three layers:

    The crust is the Earths outer layer. It is made up ofsolid materials.

    The mantle is the Earths middle layer. It is extremely

    hot. In some parts, there is magma (red-hot liquidrock).

    The core is the Earths inner layer. It is alsoextremely hot. It is divided into the liquid outer coreand the solid inner core.

    EarthquakesEarthquakes are strongmovements of the Earths crust caused by the sudden

    release of energy from beneath the surface.. Whenearthquakes occur under the seabed,they are calledseaquakes. They produce gigantic waves called tsunamis,.

    Volcanoes VolcanoesVolcanoes are openings in the Earths crust where magmacomes to the surface. Magma is liquid rock found deepinside the Earth. When magma comes to the surface, it iscalled lava. Magma goes up through a vent called a volcanicchimney, and rises through a circular opening called a

    crater. Volcanoes also expel gases, ash and rock fragments which form the volcanic cone

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    Equipo de Bilingismo Andrs Egea

    UNIT 4: THE EARTHACTIVITIES

    1. Complete the chart

    2. Which layer of the Earth does each thing belong to?

    The water in a river.

    The rocks in a mountain.

    The air we breathe.

    3.- Fill in the blanks: The water cycle.

    The water cycle is the of water between the sea, theatmosphere and land.

    1. Liquid water in the sea, rivers and lakes because of heat from the

    Sun. It because water vapour.

    2. Water vapour rises and into drops of water. The water dropsform clouds.

    3. Water falls from clouds as rain: . If it is very cold, water solidifies and falls as snow.

    4. Water the land and into it. It forms rivers andlakes. Some water returns to the sea or evaporates .

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    4. Name the two main gases of the atmosphere

    5. What is the atmosphere ? Explain.

    6. Match the soil components to what they are made up of.

    7. Label the layers of the atmosphere.

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    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUNIT 5: THE UN IVERSE

    The Solar System The Solar System consists of the Sun, eight Planets and their moons, comets and asteroids.They are all called celestial bodies . Everything In the Solar System orbits the Sun.

    The Sun The Sun is the largest celestial body. It is much Bigger than any planet. It is at the centre ofthe Solar System. The Sun is an enormous yellow Star which provides the light and heatnecessary For life on Earth. The Sun rotates on its own Invisible axis.

    Planets and satellites

    There are eight large celestial bodies called planets. Each planet rotates on its own invisibleaxis. Each planet also orbits the Sun. The planets can be Classified into two groups: terrestrialor inner planets and gas giants or outer planets .

    * Mercury, Venus, the Earth and Mars are terrestrial Planets. They are small, and mainlymade up of rock.

    * Jupiter, Saturn Uranus and Neptune are called gas giants because they are large and madeup of gases.

    Natural satellites are smaller celestial bodies, such as moons, which orbit their planets.

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    AsteroidsIn the Solar System, there are thousands of tiny, Rocky celestial bodies called asteroids . Theyhave different shapes

    CometsComets are small celestial bodies made up of ice, Dust and rock. They have bright tails whichpoint away from the Sun. We can only see the tail of a comet when it is close to the Sun.

    THE EARTH

    1. The movement of the Earth

    The Earth revolves around the Sun. Its orbit is an elongated circle, called an ellipse . The Earthtakes exactly 365 days and six hours to complete its orbit. Our normal calendar years areonly 365 days long.

    2. The rotation of the Earth

    The Earth is a sphere. It rotates on its own invisible axis, which passes through the North andSouth Poles. It takes twenty-four hours to complete this rotation. At any time, one half of the

    Earth is facing the Sun. In thathalf, it is day. The other half isfacing away from the Sun. It doesnot receive sunlight. In that half, itis day. The other half is facing awayfrom the Sun. It does not receivesunlight. In that other half, it isnight.

    The Earth always rotates in thesame direction. Consequently, the Sun alwaysrises in the east and sets in the west.

    3. The seasonsThe Earths axis is slightly tilted towardsthe Sun, and receives more light and heat.It is summer in this hemisphere. The otherHemisphere is tilted away from the Sun. Itreceives less light and heat. It is winter inthat hemisphere

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    Equipo de Bilingismo Andrs Egea

    UNIT 5: THE SOLAR SYSTEMACTIVITIES

    1. Write the letters next to the names of the planets..

    Earth Neptune Jupiter Uranus

    Mars Saturn Venus Mercury

    2. Write inner planets , outer planets or satellites .

    a. These planets have a rocky surface. .

    b. These are small celestial bodies that orbit planets. .

    c. These planets are mainly composed of gases. .

    3. Read the definitions and write the names of the celestial bodies.

    a. Spherical bodies that orbit the Sun. They are smaller than planets. .

    b. Small, rocky objects that orbit the Sun. Some are found in the Kuiper belt.

    c. Giant balls of ice that orbit the Sun in a long, elliptical path. .

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    4. Label the celestial bodies. Then, circle the odd one out.

    5. Match the sentence halves.

    6. Look at the pictures. Why cant you always see the same constellations at night?Complete the text.

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    5 t h GRA DE. MINIM UM CON TEN TSUN IT 6: MATTER AND IT CHANG ES

    Matter The properties of matter Matter is everything that forms the universe and occupies space. It has both general andspecific properties.

    * General properties are common to all types of matter. They are mass and volume . Massis the amount of matter in an object. Mass is measured in grams or kilograms. Volume isthe amount of space an object occupies. It is usually measured in millilitres or litres.* Specific properties permit us to differentiate between different types of matter. Twoexamples are colour and density . Density is the relationship between the mass and thevolume of an object

    Changes in matter

    Matter can change. There are two types of changes: physical changes and chemicalchanges.

    Chemical changes

    Chemical changes or chemical reactions happen when two or moresubstances are combined. They reactto each other and they produce newsubstances, called products . Two typesof chemical reactions are:

    * Oxidation : One substance changes into another when it reacts withoxygen. For example, iron changes intorust.

    *Combustion : when an object or substance is burned, it changes into another substance. Forexample, when wood burns, it changes into ashes and gases.

    Physical changes

    * Movement: The object changes position, but the matter remains the same.

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    Andrs Egea Equipo de Bilingismo

    *Expansion: when the temperature of an object increases, it gets bigger. If the temperaturerises, mercury expands in a thermometer.* Contraction: When the temperature of an object decreases, it gets smaller. If a balloonfilled with air is put in a refrigerator, the air contracts: the balloon gets smaller. Pure substances and mixtures

    Pure substances are formed of only one type of matter.

    Mixtures are formed of different types of matter . There are two types ofmixtures:

    Heterogeneous mixtures. In these mixtures, you can see the different components.Examples of these are rocks and fish soup.Homogeneous mixtures, or solutions. In these mixtures, you cannot see the differentcomponents. Examples of these are seawater, which consists of salt and water, and air,which consists of a mixture of several gases .

    Solutions are mixtures in which we cannot distinguish the different components.

    Types of changes in state A change in temperature can cause a change of state in matter. These are changes of State:

    Melting: A solid changes into a liquid.For example, snow melts when itis warm. Solidification: A liquid changesinto a solid.For example, water changes into ice when it is very cold. Evaporation - Boiling: A liquidchanges into a gas. Reverse sublimation

    For example, water boils when it is very hot: one hundred degrees centigrade (100C). Or water in a pond evaporates. Condensation: A gas changesinto a liquid.For example, water vapour in the air forms condensation on car windowswhen it is very cold. Sublimation: A solid changes into a gas.

    For example, solid air fresheners change into a gas when they mix with air Reverse sublimation. This is when a gas becomes a solid, without first becoming a liquid.For example, when air saturated with water vapour is cooled, it forms frost.

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    Andrs Egea Equipo de Bilingismo

    UNIT 6: MATTER AND IT CHANGESACTIVITIES

    1.- Match the photographs to the words and then to the definitions.

    2.- What type of mixtures are they? Write heterogeneous or homogeneous.

    3.- Tick the pure substances .

    4.- Read the sentences and circle the correct words.

    a. Density / Hardness is the relationship between the mass and the volume of an object.

    b. Density tells us how concentrated the mass / volume is in a specific volume.

    c. We measure density in grams per cubic centimetre / litres.

    d. Liquids generally have a higher density than solids / gases .

    e. Solids generally have a higher / lower density that liquids and gases.

    f. When the density of an object is lower than the density of a liquid it floats / sinks.

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    5.- Read the definitions of different properties of matter. Write general or specific.

    a. These properties are common to all matter. .

    b. These properties vary from one substance to another. .

    c. Examples of these properties are colour, hardness and density. .

    d. Examples of these properties are mass, volume and temperature. .

    6.- Complete the definitions. Follow the example . 6

    a. Melting: when a solid becomes a liquid .

    b. Solidification: when a

    c. Vaporization: when a

    d. Condensation: when a

    e. Sublimation: when a

    f. Reverse sublimation: when a

    7.- Complete the diagram about changes of states of matter

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    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUNIT 7: FORCES AND MOVEMENT

    ForcesForces are actions which make objects move, stop, orchange shape. They can be a push or a pull.When you throw a ball, it moves. The movement iscaused by the force you applied to the ball.

    Types of forces

    * Gravity: this force makes objects fall to the ground. If we throw an object into the air,gravity pulls it to the ground.* Electric force: This force is found between electrically charged objects. Electric forcecan attract or repel.* Magnetic force: This force affects magnets and somemetallic objects. Magnetic force can attract or repel.* Friction: When an object touches another object, itexperiences a frictional force. This force acts in thedirections opposite to the direction of movement. It slowsor stops moving objects. For example, friction between aball and the ground stops the ball rolling after a fewmeters.

    MachinesMachines are devices which use the action of a force or convert one type of energy intoanother. For example, a bicycle is a machine which transforms human energy into mechanical

    energy. Machines save us time and physical effort.

    Types of machinesSome machines, such as pulleys, are very simple because they have very few components.Other machines, such as computers, are complex because they have many components.

    Machines can be classified depending on their energy source. There are machines which workwith: Human energy , such as a bicycle or a hammer Water or wind, such as a watermill or a windmill Fuel, such as a car or a gas stove Electricity , such as a washing machine or a mobile phone

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    Simple machinesThere are four types of simple machines: the wheel, the pulley, the inclined plane and the lever. Thesemachines modify the action of forces.

    The wheelThe wheel is a simple machine, but it can be used as a component ofcomplex machines. It consists of a round part which turns on an axle.Wheels are used on the majority of vehicles which move on land. Wheelsare useful because they reduce friction with the ground. Therefore, theymake it easier to move objects along the ground.

    The pulleyThe pulley is a kind of wheel. It has two raised edges so a rope can runaround the wheel without falling off. A pulley is used to lift heavyobjects. A pulley changes the direction needed to apply force. Look atthe picture. Instead of pulling directly upwards (A), the pulley enables

    you to pull downwards and lift the object more easily (B).The inclined plane

    An inclined plane is a slope or a ramp. It makes it easier to move heavyobjects. It requires less force than if you raise an object vertically.Instead of lifting the object straight up, you can push it a greaterdistance using less force. The picture shows that the force requiredto lift an object with a pulley is greater than the force required tomove the object up an inclined plane. The smaller the angle betweenthe plane and the ground, the smaller the force required, and the

    longer the distance.The leverA lever is basically a long stick that you push or pull against afulcrum or pivot point to make something move. A lever makes iteasier to move heavy objects. Look at the picture. When you applyforce to a lever, the long end of the lever moves a greater distancethan the short end. The short end of the lever applies a muchgreater force on the object than the force you apply to the longend.Types of leversThere are three types of levers:

    First-class levers . The fulcrum is between the load and theenergy moving the force. Crowbars, pliers and scissors areexamples of first-class levers (A).Second-class levers . The fulcrum is at one end and the loadis between the fulcrum and the force. Guillotines,wheelbarrows and nutcrackers are examples of second-classlevers (B).Third-class levers . The force is applied between the

    fulcrum and the load. Your arm and some types of cranes areexamples of third-class levers. In your arm, the fulcrum is your elbow. The force is applied by your muscle (C).

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    Equipo de Bilingismo Andrs Egea

    UNIT 7: FORCESACTIVITIES

    1.- Use the words to complete the text .

    A still body does not move unless a acts

    upon it. The hockey ball will not move unless the player hits it.

    However, if a body is in , it will continue tomove in a line, until a force makes it stop

    or change . When the girl hits the

    hockey ball, it will continue to move until the goalkeeper

    stops it with her hockey stick, applying force in the

    direction.

    The same thing happens when you travel in a car. If you are not

    wearing a seatbelt and the car suddenly, your

    body keeps moving in the direction, because

    there is no force to stop it. This is why you should always wear a seatbelt.

    2.- Write T (true) or F (false). Correct the false sentences .

    Friction slows down moving objects.

    Friction is not acting when a moving body is slowed down by air or water.

    The direction of the force of friction is always in the opposite direction to the

    movement of a body.

    In outer space there is no air, so there is a lot of friction.

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    3.- Circle the correct picture. Then, read the text and circle the correct words.

    Megan uses force to hit the tennis ball. This force pulls / pushes the ball forwards and applies

    speed to it. At the same time, the force of gravity makes it move downwards at a constantspeed / faster and faster . The result of these two movements (forwards and downwards)

    makes the ball move in a curved / straight direction.

    4.- Circle the fulcrum on each picture

    5.- Look at the levers. Write FC (first-class), SC (second-class) or TC (third-class).

    Circle the fulcrum on each one.

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    Spanish coasts

    Spain has more than 6,000 kilometres of coastline in the peninsula. There are five types ofcoast. The Cantabrian coast has rocky cliffs, estuaries and gulfs. The Atlantic coast is very varied. In the northwest, it is high and rocky. There are manyestuaries. In the south, it is low-lying and sandy. The Mediterranean coast is low-lying and sandy. There are many long beaches. The coastline in the Canary Islands varies greatly. In the Balearic Islands , high coasts alternate with long beaches .

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    UNIT 8: RELIEF OF SPAINACTIVITIES

    1.- Draw and colour the map as follow:

    * Inner Plateau: Green * Mountains on the Plateau: Blue

    * Mountains surrounding the Plateau: dark brown * River basins: Green

    * Mountains beyond the Plateau: Red * Archipelagos: Yellow

    2.- Complete the map with the names of the relief features .

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    3.- Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

    The average height of the land on the Inner Plateau is 6,000 metres above sea level.

    The Duero, the Tagus and the Mio are the main rivers that cross the Inner Plateau.There is more than one type of flat land on the Inner Plateau.

    The Paramo Leones and La Alcarria are fertile flood plains on the Inner Plateau.

    Farmland dominates the Inner Plateau.

    The largest towns are located near the main rivers.

    4.- Match the mountain ranges to their highest peaks.

    5.- Solve the riddles. Write Galician coast, Andalusian coast or Canary Islands.

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    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUN IT 9: CLIMA TES OF SPAIN

    What is climate?If we observe and record the weather in a specific place over a period of years, we know theclimate. Climate is the characteristic state of the atmosphere in a place: the temperature,precipitation and winds over a number of years. Thus, climates can be warm or cold, dry orhumid.Factors which affect climateCertain factors affect climate and these explain why climates differ from one region toanother. These factors are:

    Distance from the sea . Water heats upand cools down more slowly than land. As

    a result, temperatures on the coast aremilder. Consequently, in inland areas,summers are much hotter and wintersare much colder than on the coast.

    Altitude . The climate of a mountainregion is colder than on the plains. This isbecause temperatures fall as altitudeincreases. Mountain climates are alsomore humid because clouds collide with the mountains and it rains or snows.

    Proximity to the Equator . Not all the Earth receives an equal amount of heat from theSun. Regions near the Equator receive more heat, while the Poles receive less. This isbecause of the tilt of the Earths axis. The regions between these hot and cold areas arecalled temperate zones. Spain is located in the temperate zone in the NorthernHemisphere.

    Atlantic Climate

    On the Cantabrian coast and in Galicia, summers are cool and winters are mild. Rainfall isabundant all year round.These areas have abundant flora, with many forests and meadows. Foxes, wolves, wild boarand deer are the most common fauna.

    Subtropical climate

    In the Canary Islands, temperatures are mild all year.Rainfall is low and occurs mainly in winter. The flora

    includes dragon trees and tabaiba spurge.The flora includes dragon trees and tabaiba spurge.The fauna includes giant lizards and canaries.

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    Mediterranean climate

    There are three types of

    Mediterranean climate.

    Continental : on the CentralPlateau, in the Ebro valley and inpart of Andalusia. The summersare hot and the winters arecold. Rainfall is light. Dry : in the southeast ofmainland Spain. Temperaturesare mild all year round. Rainfall islight, especially in summer. Typical : in coastal areas.Temperatures are mild in winterand hot in summer. Rainfall isirregular, with most rain inautumn.Holm oaks, pines and shrubs grow in these climates. Lynx, partridges and rabbits are the

    most common fauna.

    Mountain climate

    In the highest mountain areas, winters are very cold, but summers are mild. It rains andsnows a lot.There are meadows and forests with fir trees. The fauna includes vultures and goats

    Mountain ClimateCharts of temperatures and precipitation

    Typical Mediterranean ClimateCharts of temperatures and precipitation

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    UNIT 9: CLIMATES OF SPAINACTIVITIES

    1.- Use the words to complete the text.

    The climate of an area is affected by how far it is from the . Temperatures on

    the coast are than temperatures inland. This is because water cools down and

    heats up more than land. In inland areas, summers are much and

    winters are much than on the coast. Climate is also affected by .

    Temperatures fall as altitude . Mountain regions are than

    areas on the plains. The climate in mountain regions is also more because clouds

    collide with the mountains, causing rain or snow.

    2.- What is climate?

    3.- Cross out the plants that are not typical of Mediterranean forests.

    4.- Complete the chart.

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    5.- What is the climate? Use the key and colour.

    Red: Mediterranean climate Yellow: Continental Mediterranean climateGreen: Oceanic climate Blue: Mountain climate

    Orange : Subtropical climate

    6.- Label the temperature and precipitation charts. Write Oceanic, Subtropical or

    Mountain.

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    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUN IT 10: RIVERS OF SPAIN

    Features of rivers

    Rivers are bodies of flowing water which start in the mountains when rain accumulatesor snow melts. The ground over which ariver flows is called a riverbed.Rivers have these features:

    The course . This is the route of theriver from its source to its mouth. Atthe mouth, the river can form anestuary. This is where seawater fromthe sea flows into the river. A river canalso form a delta. This is wherematerials carried by the river aredeposited at the mouth, forming atriangular-shaped piece of land.

    The flow. This is the amount of waterthe river carries.

    The flow regime. This is the variationin the flow of a river throughout the

    year. A river has a regular flow regimewhen it carries a similar amount of water all year round. A river has an irregular flow regime when it carries a lot of water at some times of the year and little water atother times.

    Watersheds There are three watersheds in Spain:

    * The Atlantic watershed carries water from rivers which flow into the Atlantic Ocean. The Galician rivers are short with high flows due to the abundant rain. The plateau rivers are longwith high flows too. However, the flows are lower in the summer when there is little rainfall.Atlantic rivers in Andalusia are long with irregular flows.

    * The Cantabrian watershed carries water from the rivers which flow into the Cantabrian Sea.It has short rivers. Their flow is abundant and regular because they go through areas withample rainfall.

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    * The Mediterranean watershed carries water from the rivers which flowinto the Mediterranean Sea. It occupies a third of Spain. It does not have many rivers.They are short with low, irregular flows

    Rivers and lakes

    Most rivers in Spain are short with relatively low flows because there is little precipitation.The longest rivers are the Ebro and the Tagus .There are no rivers on the Balearic and Canary Islands. However, torrents form there afterheavy rain. There are many reservoirs , lagoons and lakes in Spain, such as Lake Sanabria in theLeon Mountains.

    Atlantic Watersheed Cantabrian Watersheed Mediterranean Watersheed

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    UNIT 10: RIVERS OF SPAINACTIVITIES

    1. Label the diagram of the course of a river.

    2. Read the text and circle the correct words.

    The Ebro is one of the longest rivers in the Mediterranean / Cantabrian watershed. It has a

    very light / abundant flow because it receives water from many smaller / larger rivers. These

    rivers include the Aragon and the Gallego which rise in the Pyrenees / Cantabrian Mountains ,

    and the Jalon and the Huerva which rise in the Iberian Mountain Chain / the Pyrenees .

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    3. Match the sentence halves about the rivers in the Atlantic watershed.

    4. Label the watersheds and the rivers.

    5. Match the sentence halves.

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    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUNIT 11: POPULATION AND ECONOMY IN SPAIN

    Population The population of a place changes continually because of the birth rate, the death rate,emigration and inmigration. The birth rate is the number of people born in a place every year. The death rate is thenumber of people who die in a place every year.The natural growth rate is the difference between the birth and death rates. It can bepositive or negative. We obtain the real growth rate by adding and subtracting immigration and emigration to thenatural growth rate. The population of Spain

    The population of Spain has increased a lot because of a decrease in the death rate and anincrease in the rate of immigration. Population density in Spain Population density tells us if a territory has a lot of inhabitants or a few. We calculate it bydividing the number of inhabitants of the territory by the surface area of the territory.Spain has a population density of 91 inhabitants per square kilometre

    Population and jobs Population can be divided into two groups related to work: active and inactive.

    Active population. This includes people who are of legal working age (between 16 and 67) andare healthy and able to work. The active population can be employed or unemployed . People who

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    are employed are working and earn money in exchange. People who are unemployed are lookingfor work.

    Inactive population. This includes people who are not of legal working age (children under 16and retired people) and people who do not receive a salary (students, people who are ill, etc.).The active population works in three economic sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary.

    The active populationThe total active population in Spain is approximately 20million people. The active population can be classified byeconomic sector:*Less than 5%, about one million people, work in the

    primary sector . (agriculture, livestock farming, miningandfishing)

    *About 30%, around 6 million people, work in the secondarysector . This sector includes industry and construction. Thethree most important types of industry are:

    Primary industries transform raw materials intoother materials.

    Equipment and machinery industries produce toolsand machinery which other industries need Consumer industries manufacture products to sell

    directly to consumers.

    * About 60%, around 12 million people, work in thetertiary sector. The tertiary sector is also called theservice sector . The tertiary sector does not provideus with material goods. Instead, it includes activities

    which provide services such as educational, health,financial, administrative, trade, tourism, transportand communications services.

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    UNIT 11: THE POPULATION AND THE ECONOMY OF SPAINACTIVITIES

    1.- Use the words to complete the text.

    The population of Spain today is over . At the beginning of the 20th century, the

    population was only around . The population has due to positive

    natural growth and . At the beginning of the 20th century, many babies

    were . However, the population only grew slowly because the death rate

    was also . Over time, the death rate slowed down because

    the developed, nutrition improved and advances were made. This

    meant that the population increased.

    2.- Write international emigration, international immigration or internal migration.

    a. Martin moved from Jaen to the Community of Madrid because the work was better paid.

    b. Irenes grandfather left Spain and went to live in Germany.

    c. Claudia came to Spain with her family from Columbia to find work.

    3.- Are these people part of the active or the inactive population? Write.

    a. John is 32. He is a lawyer.

    b. Peter is 10. He goes to primary school.

    c. Alice is 70. She used to be a teacher, but she is now retired.

    d. Jane is 42. She is currently unemployed and looking for a job.

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    4.- Label the pie chart of Spain in 2008. Write Primary sector, Secondary sector orTertiary sector.

    5.- Match the columns.

    6.- Match the columns.

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    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUN IT 12: THE INSTITUTION S OF SPAIN

    Spanish bordersSpain is located in the nothern hemisphere in south-west Europe . It borders:

    France, Andorra and the Bay of Biscay in the north . The Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in the south . The Mediterranean Sea in the East . Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean in the West .

    Spanish territorySpanish territory includes most of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, the CanaryIslands and the cities of Ceuta and Melilla in North Africa.The Iberian Peninsula is connected to the European continent by the Pyrenees. It is separated

    from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar The Autonomous Communities

    In 1978, Spain was divided into seventeen Autonomous Communities and two AutonomousCities , Ceuta and Melilla.

    Each community has a Statute of Autonomy, and its own government and parliament.Autonomous communities consist of one or more provinces . Each province is divided intomunicipalities .

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    Political institutions

    Spanish Constitution

    The Constitution is the most important law in Spain .TheConstitution establishes the form of government and basicinstitutions, and it defines the rights and duties ofcitizens. All laws must follow the Constitution.

    A constitutional monarchy

    Spain is a constitutional monarchy . The monarch is the

    Head of State, but cannot make political decisions. TheSpanish monarchy is hereditary : it is transmitted fromparent to child.

    Parliament

    Las Cortes is the name of the Spanish parliament. Itcreates and approves laws and controls governmentactions. The members of parliament are elected in generalelections. These are held up to four years after the

    previous elections.Parliament consist of two houses: the Congress ofDeputies , with 350 deputies, and the Senate , with avariable number of senators.

    The governmentThe government is responsible for governing the country inaccordance with the laws approved by parliament. Thegovernment is made up of the President and his ministers:

    The Courts of Justice

    The Courts of Justice are responsible for ensuring that lawsare obeyed and for judging anyone accused of committing acrime. They are made up of judges and magistrates.The Supreme Court is the highest court in Spain. It hasauthority to accept or reject laws passed in the lower courts.

    The Constitutional Court decides if laws passed by Parliament or the Autonomous Parliamentsare in accordance with the Constitution

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    UNIT 12: INSTITUTIONS OF SPAINACTIVITIES

    1.- Use the words to complete the text.

    Spain is located in the Hemisphere, in Europe. Spains

    territories include the majority of the Iberian Peninsula, the Islands,

    the Islands, and the cities of Ceuta and . The Iberian Peninsula

    starts of the Pyrenees, and is surrounded by . There

    are main islands in the Canary Islands, which are located in

    the Ocean, off the coast of Africa. The Balearic Islands are situated in

    the Sea. There are main islands in the archipelago. The

    cities of Ceuta and Melilla are located in Africa, on the Mediterranean coast..

    2.- Look at the map. Write Spains borders for each compass point.

    North:

    East:

    West:

    South

    3.- Find and circle the mistakes in the sentences. Write correct sentences.a. The most important law in Spain is called the Statutes of Autonomy .

    b. The Constitution was approved by the Spanish citizens in 1798 .

    c. Autonomous Community laws do not need to be in accordance with the Constitution.

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    4.- Use the words to complete the text .

    The main of Spain are the Parliament, the , the Courts

    of and the Head of State. Spains Head of State is King Juan Carlos I. He

    is the Commander-in-Chief of the Spanish , and he represents Spain internationally.

    However, the King does not make decisions or establish ; he

    must accept the decisions made by . This is because Spain is a

    Parliamentary . The Spanish Monarchy is and the heir to

    the throne is the Prince of , Felipe de Borbon.

    5.- Write T (true) or F (false). Correct the false sentences.

    Parliament is responsible for making and approving laws.

    Members of parliament are elected every two years.

    Anyone aged 16 and over can vote.

    Members of parliament represent all Spanish citizens.

    The Congress of Deputies has 250 deputies.

    The Senate has 259 senators.

    6.- Match the sentence halves. Then, write complete sentences.

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    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUN IT 13: PREHISTORY

    Prehistory

    Prehistory is the first period in history and also the longest. On the Iberian Peninsula, it startswith the appearance of human beings, about a million years ago, and ends with the appearanceof writing, about 3,000 years ago.

    Prehistory is divided into three periods: the Palaeolithic Age, the Neolithic Age and the MetalAges. The Paleolithic period

    About a million years ago, Spain was inhabited by hominids,or early human beings. Modern people appeared in Spainabout 35.000 years ago. They were nomads, and moved fromplace to place. They lived in caves or huts . They obtainedtheir food by hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants.People lived in family groups, called clans. They lived shortlives, and many babies died at birth.

    The Neolithic period

    Later the population of the peninsula and the BalearicIslands became sedentary.They built the first settlements .People lived in tribes , which were larger than clans. Eachtribe member had a specific job, such as cultivating theland, looking after the animals or making tools andweapons.

    The Metal Ages

    About six thousand years ago, people learned to use metals . First, they usedcopper and, later, bronze and iron, which were moreresistant.Settlement became villages , which were surrounded by

    walls for protection. Every village was run by a chieftain .New inventions

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    In the Metal Ages, three very important things were invented: the wheel, the sail and theplough. The wheel enabled people to transport heavier goods by cart. The sail enabled boats tomove using wind energy. In time, boats became larger and could transport more people andgoods. The plough was pulled by animals. Therefore, people could plough larger areas of landmuch faster.

    Prehistoric heritage Prehistoric people were the first to:* Use fires to cook their food and protect themselves form the cold.* Make clay pots .* Use animal hair and looms to make cloth .* Create art forms, such as cave paintings.

    Megalithicmonuments

    The people who livedduring this periodbuilt monumentswith huge stonescalled megaliths. Forthis reason, theyare called megalithicmonuments. Manypeople were neededto build thesemonuments. Theenormous stones were rolled on tree trunks by people pulling on ropes.

    Paleolithic Painting Neolithic Painting

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    UNIT 13: PREHISTORYACTIVITIES

    1.- Are the sentences true or false? Write T (true) or F (false).

    a. Prehistory is the long period before the invention of the wheel.

    b. The Stone Age began about fi ve million years ago.

    c. In the Palaeolithic period, people moved from place to place.

    d. In the Neolithic period, people made pots and cloth.

    e. In the Neolithic period, people built the fi rst cities.

    f. The Metal Ages began about ten thousand years ago.

    g. The wheel and the plough were invented during the Metal Ages.

    h. During the Metal Ages, craftsmen made weapons and jewellery.

    2.- Match

    3.- Use the words to complete the text.

    During the

    Neolithic Age, people learned to stone. Polished stone tools were more

    than the roughly-made stone tools used during the Palaeolithic Age. Because of this, tools

    became more . Neolithic people invented to turn the soil

    , to cut grain and hand to grind it. Another important development during the

    Neolithic Age was the making of . Cloth was made from the of

    animals and was woven on machines called .

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    4.- Write Palaeolithic, Neolithic or Metal Ages.

    People lived in towns.

    People lived in villages.

    People lived in caves.

    People hunted and gathered fruit.

    People farmed and kept animals.

    People became soldiers and traders.

    People built megalithic monuments.

    People painted human figures on cave walls.

    People painted animals on cave walls.

    They made tools from polished stone

    They made tools from metal.

    They made simple tools from stone.

    5.- Write T (true) or F (false).

    The Metal Ages began around 3,000 years ago . The first metal objects were made using copper. People later used bronze and iron. People made objects including weapons, tools and ornaments. Metal objects were less resistant than objects made of stone. 6.- Name the metal objects in the photographs.

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    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUNIT 14 : ANCIENT HISTORY

    The Iberians and the Celts

    In pre-Roman times, two main groups of tribesinhabited the peninsula:

    The Iberians lived in the east and south ofSpain. They were warriors, herders,farmers, craftsmen, merchants and slaves.

    The Celts entered Spain from the north,

    and generally settled in the north andcentre of Spain. Their tribes were dividedinto family clans. They were herders andfarmers. They were also expertmetalworkers, who made jewellery,weapons and tools.

    The Celts mixed with the Iberians to form the Celtiberians. .

    Early colonists

    The Phoenicians were traders from Asia. They settled on the south coast. In 1100 B.C. theyfounded Gades (now Cdiz), the oldest city in Western Europe. They became important tradingpartners of the Tartessians.

    The Greeks settled on the Mediterraneancoast. They came to trade ceramic objectsfor metals. They founded the cities ofDenia and Ampurias.

    The Carthaginians came from NorthAfrica to trade metals and cloth. They alsosettled on the Mediterranean coast andfounded the city of Cartagena.These colonising civilisations lived andtraded with the Celtiberians for centuries.They left cultural legacies, such as the

    alphabet and metal coins.

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    Roman Hispania

    In 218 B.C. the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in a war for the control of the

    Mediterranean Sea. However, the Romans did not complete their conquest of the IberianPeninsula until 19 B.C. because of resistance from peoples in the interior, north and west.

    The peninsula became part of the Roman Empire andwas now called Hispania.Its inhabitants gradually adopted Roman customs, andthey were ruled by Roman law.They spoke Latin, the language of the Romans. Later,they became Christians.

    The governor of Hispania was a Roman. He wasresponsible for keeping order and collecting taxes.Iberian leaders joined the Roman aristocratic class,and participated in government .

    Hispano-Roman society

    There were two groups of people in Hispano-Romansociety: free people and slaves .

    Free people were very rich men and women, such asimportant merchants, landowners and families fromRome, and other more humble people, such ascraftsmen and small merchants and farmers. Freepeople had rights and could take part in government.Slaves were owned by another person. They workedon the land, in domestic service or as gladiators atthe circus. Slaves had no rights.

    Roman art

    The Romans were excellent builders. They used twonew materials for building: cement and concrete, which is a mixture of stones, cement andsand. They built bridges, as well as aqueducts to carry water to the cities. To decorate floorsand walls, the Roman used paintings or made mosaics with tiles made of stone or coloured glass.

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    UNIT 14: ANCIENTE HISTORYACTIVITIES

    1.- Unscramble the letters and write the words.

    There were two groups of people living on the Iberian Peninsula in the first millennium B.C.; the

    and the . Then, the first colonists arrived from the Mediterranean Sea: the

    , the , and the .

    2.- Read the sentences and circle the correct words.

    a. The Iberians lived in the south and east / north and west of the Iberian Peninsula.

    b. They lived in hill forts, which were fortified villages built in high places / by the sea .

    c. Their houses were rectangular / round and organised in streets.

    d. The Iberians lived in tribes / alone .

    e. Many of the tribes were governed by a chieftain / a king .

    f. Most of the population worked in farming and stockbreeding / fishing .

    g. The Iberians were expert craftsmen / sailors .

    3.- Write Iberian village or Celtic village.

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    4.- Complete the chart.

    5.- Write free person or slave.

    6.- Use the words to complete the text.

    Once they had conquered , the Romans made it part of the Roman Empire.

    They divided Hispania into . At first, there were three provinces: ,

    and . Later, in the 3rd century A.D., there were two more

    provinces and . . Each province was ruled by a .

    The Romans introduced the of the Roman Empire throughout Hispania. Many oftodays laws are based on these.

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    5 th GRADE. MINIMUM CON TENTSUNIT 15: THE MIDDLE AGES

    The Visigothic kingdom

    Initially, the peninsula was controlled by both theVisigoths and the Suevi, who inhabited the north-west.The Visigothic kingdom was ruled by a king. One of themost important Visigothic kings, Leovigild, made Toledothe capital of the kingdom and conquered the Suevi. TheVisigothic kingdom lasted until 711 A.D. when Roderic, thelast Visigothic king, was defeated by the Muslims .

    The Muslim invasion

    Muslims from northern Africa invaded Visigothic Spain in711 A.D. It only took them a few years to defeat theVisigoths. They occupied most of the peninsula and theBalearic Islands. This territory was called Al Andalus, andits capital was Cordoba.

    Al Andalus became a province of the Muslim Empire andwas governed by the caliph of Damascus in Asia.

    The end of Al Andalus

    The taifas fought among themselves and this helped theChristians kingdoms to gain territory. New groups of Muslims came from Africa to reunite thetaifas. However, in 1212 the Christians defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Las Navas de

    Tolosa. In 1492 the Catholic Monarchs conquered the only remaining Muslim kingdom, theKingdom of Granada.

    The Christians kingdoms

    The long period of expansion of the Christian kingdoms started only eleven years after theMuslim invasion. It is called the Reconquest.By around 1230, there were four large kingdoms in the Christian territory:*The Kingdom of Portugal , which declared its independence from the kingdom of Leon.*The Kingdom of Navarre , which included Navarre and part of La Rioja.

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    * The Crown of Aragon , which was formed by the Catalonian Counties, the Kingdom of Aragon,Valencia and Majorca.* The Crown of Castile , which included the Kingdomof Castile and the kingdom of Leon. It later includedpart of Andalusia.In 1479, Isabella I of Castile married Ferdinand IIof Aragon, and the Crowns of Castile and Aragonwere united. In 1492, the Catholic Monarchsconquered Granada, the last Muslim Kingdom on thepeninsula.

    Society in Al-Andalus

    After conquering the Peninsula, the Moors weretolerant towards Christians and Jews and allowed them tocontinue to practise their religions and customs. As a result,many Christians stayed in Al-Andalus. Only a few left andwent to the north of the Peninsula.Al-Andalus society was very diverse. It was made up of peoplefrom different religions.The Moorish conquerors were the most powerful group. They

    occupied government posts and owned the best lands.The Muladi were Christians who accepted the Muslim religion.Some of them converted so they would not have to pay taxes.The Mozarabs were Christians who continued to practisetheir religion.The Jews were a minority. They lived in districts separated from the other inhabitants.

    Society in the Christians KingdomsThere were two large groups of people in the Christian kingdoms: the privileged and the non-privileged.

    Privileged people were the noblemen and the clergy. Thesegroups did not pay taxes. Noblemen lived in castles, ownedgreat properties and were very rich. The clergy were themonks and nuns who lived in monasteries, and the priestsand bishops who looked after the churches.The non-privileged had to pay taxes. This group was madeup of peasants, craftsmen and merchants. The peasantsformed the largest group. They lived in villages near thecastles. The majority of them cultivated the noblemensland. The craftsmen and the merchants lived in the cities.

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    Equipo de bilingismo Andrs Egea

    UNIT 15: THE MIDDLE AGESACTIVITIES

    1.- Circle the correct answer. Then, write the sentence.

    The Visigoths were a. Muslims. b. a Germanic tribe.

    The capital of the Visigoth kingdom was a. Toledo. b. Cordoba.

    2.- Match the people to the descriptions .

    3.- Look at the map of the Iberian Peninsula around 1200. Write the numbers next tothe places .

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    4. Circle the correct option.

    a. The highest authority of the Muslims was the king / caliph.

    b. The religion of the Muslims was Latin / Islam.c. The Christians lived in the countryside / cities in the north of the peninsula.

    d. The Muslims built mosques / churches to practise their religion.

    e. The first Christian kingdom was in Navarre / Asturias.

    f. After the year 1000, Al Andalus broke up into small caliphs / taifas.

    g. The Christian kingdoms prospered / weakened.

    h. The Catholic Monarch conquered Crdoba / Granada in 1492.

    5.- Match the sentence halves about life in Al-Andalus.

    6.- Write T (true) or F (false).