presentation biomass namibia 07-11-13

8/11/2019 Presentation Biomass Namibia 07-11-13

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FEASIBILITY STUDY ON BIOMASS TREATMENTFOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN NAMIBIA

Presentation Windhoek

7th November 2013


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2

Many Thanksto

Acknowledgment

This study has been suppor ted through a Private Public Partnership fund (PPP) viathe Namibian Employers Federation (NEF)and Global Compact Network Namibia (GCNN)

that isfinanced through the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit

and supported by the German Government.


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3

Overview

Introduction

Current Power Supply Situation

Current Biomass Situation

Concept Development

1.) Decentralized Biomass Power Stations

2.) Decentralized Hybrid Power Stations (Biomass + Solar)

3.) Production of Biomass based FuelsSummary / Recommendations


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Transworld Cargo -Profile

Market leader in logistics in Namibia, and beyond in the region

Successful market presence since 1986 for > 25 years

ISO 9001 certif ied since 1992

Medium sized company, 110 qualif ied employees

Extensive regional network and facilities


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Transworld CargoScope of Services

International Air Freight

International Sea Freight

Road Freight

Project logist ics with a focus on energy projects, incl. renewableenergy

All in one concept

Scope of Services

Warehousing & Logistics

Customs Clearance

Courier Services


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STEAG Energy Services Group

Plant ServicesEnergy TechnologiesNuclear Technologies System Technologies

Decommissioning and dismantling

of nuclear plants, safety, radiation

protection and realization of final

disposal sites

Design, site supervision and

commissioning of power plants

Operation & Maintenance, Control-

and Acceptance Measurements,

catalyst management and

regeneration, Staff services and

training

Energy Management Systems

Operation Management Systems

Communication Technologies

Site IT

STEAG Energy Services

Revenue 141.2 million

(consolidated)

Employees 1,542

data 2012


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Overview of STEAGEnergy Services Group

STEAG Energy Servicesdo Brasil Ltda.Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Revenue: 10.6 million

Employees: 37

STEAG Energy Services LLCKings Mountain, USA


Employees: 64

STEAG Energy Services GmbHEssen, Herne, Gelsenkirchen, Zwingenberg

Revenue: 87 million

Employees: 329

OPUS Personaldienstleistungen GmbHEssen


Employees: 98

Subsidiary company

Side or branch office

Headquarters

STEAG Ensida Energy Services Ltd.Ankara, Turkey

not consolidated

STEAG Energy Services (India) Pvt. Ltd.Noida, India


Employees: 1,014

Santiago de Chile

STEAG Powitec GmbHEssen

acquired September 1, 2012

STEAG Energy ServicesSchweiz GmbHZurich, Switzerland

not consolidated

STEAG Energy Services SolarSevilla, Spain

founded 2012

Constanta, Romania

STEAG Energy Services iiGJohannesburg, South Africa

Sales (consolidated): 141.2 mill ion

Employees: 1,542


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Overview

Introduction



Concept Development





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Current and Future PowerSupply Situation

-> 60 % power imports

-annual growth rate of 4.25 %-power supply contracts not secured(from 2016)

-danger of power demand gap

Innovative Policy andStrategic Measures

are required!

NamPower

(Namibia)

Eskom(South Africa)

Zesa(Zimbabwe)

Zesco

(Zambia)

energy demand

gap


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EstimatedLevelized Costs of Electricity

Decentralized BiomassPower Stations:

- competitively viable

-base load capable

-independent on fuelimports

-renewable energy

-independent onwhether conditions

Ruacana

Van Eck

ParatusAnixas

Basic Objective:cost-efficient andcompetitively viablepower generation

Al l data wi thout consideration of taxes/duties and grid use costs !


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Overview

Introduction



Concept Development





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Massive Bush Encroachment

- 26-30 mill ion ha is affected

- 8-20 t/ha biomass amount

Decrease of AgricultureProductivity

-loss of grazing land for cattle

-reduction of live-stock capacity

-economic losses of 1.6 bill ion N$/a


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13

Biomass as PerspectiveFuel Source in Namibia

Energetic Utilization of Biomass-availability of great unused biomassamounts

-cheap national energy source

-renewable energy source (CO2-neutral)

-securing of natural conservation

-increase of agricultural productivi ty

-new job creation

-development of new economic value

chains

-improvement of national energy supplybase

reduction of power imports

potential to bridge a demand gap

3,0%

Potential: 23.4 Mil t/a

3.0%

3,0%

Potential: 23.4 Mil t/a

3.0%

Cement Industry

Schwek Cement

Biomass Power Plant

CBENDBiomass Fuel Production

Ecolog (OBI)

Bushblok (CCF)

Biocoal (Green Coal)

Charcoal

Firewood

Total: 601,000 t/a

Cement Industry

Biomass Power Plant

Biomass Fuel Production

85,000 t/a

272,000 t/a

4,000 t/a

10,000 t/a

10,000 t/a

200,000 t/a

20,000 t/a

Cement Industry

Schwek Cement

Biomass Power Plant

CBENDBiomass Fuel Production

Ecolog (OBI)

Bushblok (CCF)

Biocoal (Green Coal)

Charcoal

Firewood

Total: 601,000 t/a

Cement Industry

Biomass Power Plant

Biomass Fuel Production

85,000 t/a

272,000 t/a

4,000 t/a

10,000 t/a

10,000 t/a

200,000 t/a

20,000 t/a

Potential: 23.4 Mil. t/a


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14

Overview

Introduction



Concept Development





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Decentralized BiomassPower Plants

-low levelized costs of electricity

-low biomass supply costs with goodfuel properties / combustion behavior

-no additional pre-treatment steps

-locations in proximity to supply anddemand areas

- minimal transportation costs

- minimal energy transmission losses

-capacities in accommodation with

- energy demand profi les of mediumsized towns

- regulatory authorization requirements

Decentralized Biomass Power Plantswith 5 MW Capacities on the Base of Biomass Chips


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Site Selection

Pilot Plant: Okahandja (Otjozondjupa Region)

-part of heavily bush encroached area

-small municipality with industrial cluster(e.g. food industries)

-direct access to national transport infrastructure

(good connectivity to local / international markets)-combination possibility of local strategies withregional/international strategies

GobabisOkahandja

Otjiwarongo

100 km

SwakopmundWalvis Bay

Aran dis

Usakos

Omaruru

Grootfontein

Tsumeb

Outjo

Windhoek

Karibib

Otavi

Oshivela

OmuthiyaOndangwa

Oshikango

Bush Density:

Low 8-12 t/ha

Medium 12-16 t/ha

High 16-20 t/ha

GobabisOkahandja

Otjiwarongo

100 km100 km

SwakopmundWalvis Bay

Aran dis

Usakos

Omaruru

Grootfontein

Tsumeb

Outjo

Windhoek

Karibib

Otavi

Oshivela

OmuthiyaOndangwa

Oshikango

Bush Density:

Low 8-12 t/ha

Medium 12-16 t/ha

High 16-20 t/ha

Bush Density:

Low 8-12 t/ha

Medium 12-16 t/ha

High 16-20 t/haLocations for Expansion Opportunities:

Otjiwarongo, Grootfontein, Tsumeb,Otavi, Gobabis


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Biomass to Energy Plant(STEAG plant BMK Lnen)

STEAG Group operates 11 decentralizedBiomass Power Stations in Germany:

Power Output: 1 - 20 MWel

District Heating Output: 0 - 18 MWth


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Resource Supply Situation

Power Output [MW]

Population [-]

Theoretical Power Demand [MW]

Biomass Demand (undried) [ t /a]

Bush Density [t/ha] 10 - 15 15 - 20

Average Bush Density [t/ha]

Harvesting Amount [%]

Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100

Harvest Area [ha/a] 7,000 - 14,000 5,000 - 10,000

Average Harvest Area [ha/a]

Total Harvest Area for10-Year-Harvest-Cycle

[ha]

Harvest Radius [km] 15.4 - 21.4 12.8 - 18.1

50 50

10,500 7,500

105,000 75,000

12.5 17.5

45,000 45,000

Okahandja Otjiwarongo

5 5

Location

28,000

5.4 6.7

22,500

Assumptions

-Operating Hours: 7,500 h/a-Electrical Efficiency: 25 %

-Water Content (before Drying): 40 %

-Calorif ic Value (before Drying): 12.5 MJ/kg

-Water Content (after Drying): 10 %

-Calorif ic Value (after Drying): 18 MJ/kg

-Harvesting Cycle: 10 a-Harvest Rate per Hectare: 50 %


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Parameter Unit Range No. Scenario 1 No. Scenario 2 No. Scenario 3 No. Scenario 4

Harvesting Amount [t/a] - - 30.000 - 30.000 - 30.000 - 30.000

Biomass Price [N$/t] 0 - 50 - 0 - 0 - 50 - 50

Availabil ity Factor [%] 50 - 100% - 100% - 50% - 100% - 50%

Excavator [N$] 1.500.000 4 6.000.000 4 6.000.000 4 6.000.000 4 6.000.000

Mobile Chipper [N$] 2.000.000 4 8.000.000 4 8.000.000 4 8.000.000 4 8.000.000

Tractor (with Gripper Arm) [N$] 1.000.000 4 4.000.000 4 4.000.000 4 4.000.000 4 4.000.000

Trailer [N$] 500.000 4 2.000.000 6 3.000.000 4 2.000.000 6 3.000.000

Truck [N$] 1.000.000 4 4.000.000 6 6.000.000 4 4.000.000 6 6.000.000

Investment Costs [N$] - 24.000.000 27.000.000 24.000.000 27.000.000

Service Lifetime [a] 10 - 10 - 10 - 10 - 10

Maintenance Costs [N$] 2 % of Inv. / a - 480.000 - 540.000 - 480.000 - 540.000

Personnel Costs [N$/a] - 41 1.175.000 45 1.275.000 41 1.175.000 45 1.275.000

Fuel Costs [N$/a] - - 3.254.400 - 3.384.000 - 3.254.400 - 3.384.000

Biomass Supply Costs [N$/t] - - 275,0 - 298,0 - 325,0 - 348,0

Biomass Plant [N$] 240.000.000 1 240.000.000 1 240.000.000 1 240.000.000 1 240.000.000

Skip Loader [N$] 1.000.000 2 2.000.000 2 2.000.000 2 2.000.000 2 2.000.000

Maintenance Costs [N$/a] 3 % of Inv. / a - 7.260.000 - 7.260.000 - 7.260.000 - 7.260.000

Personnel Costs [N$/a] - 30 1.300.000 30 1.300.000 30 1.300.000 30 1.300.000

LCOE [N$/kWh] - - 1,027 - 1,046 - 1,067 - 1,086

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Economic Analysis

Rough estimated Levelized Costs of Electricity between 1.0 and 1.1 N$/kWhCompetitiveness of Biomass based Power Generation

Recommendation: Realization of a 5 MW Pilot Plant in Okahandja


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Overview

Introduction



Concept Development





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Decentralized HybridPower Plants

Decentralized Hybrid Power Plants (combined Biomass Solar Plants)with 5 MW Capacities on the Base of Biomass Chips

-low levelized costs of electricity

-innovation

-sustainability

-diversification of supply

-utilization of high i rradiation conditions

-good adjustment to energy demand profiles

-biomass for base load power generation-solar for peak load power generation

Recommendation:

Feasibili ty Study in a Namibian Context


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Decentralized HybridPower Plants

Film?Hybrid Power Plant


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Concentrated Solar Power Plant(STEAG plant Arenales/Spain)

Solar Field

Capacity: 50 MW (170 GWh/a)

Total Area: 295 ha

Parabolic Trough: 156 loops (510,000 m2)

Thermal Molten Salt Storage

Capacity: 7 h full load operationduring nighttime

Commissioning

October / November 2013


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Overview

Introduction



Concept Development





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Production of BiomassBased Fuels

Biomass Chips

Biomass Pellets

BiomassBriquettes/Logs

Torrefied Biomass/Biocoal Pellets

Pelletizing

BriquettingDrying

TorrefactionFine

GrindingPelletizing

Fine

Grinding

F

ine

Grinding

CoarseGrinding

Pelletizing

BriquettingDrying

TorrefactionFine

GrindingPelletizing

Fine

Grinding

F

ine

Grinding

CoarseGrinding

Raw Biomass(Invader Bush)


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Biomass Based Fuels- Chips -

Typical Material Properties

Calor ific Value: 9-12 MJ/kgMoisture Content: 30-45 wt.-%

Volatile Matter: 70-75 wt.-%

Ash Content: 0-2 wt.-%

Bulk Density: 150-250 kg/m3

Energy Density: 2-3 GJ/m3

Hydrophobic: No

Grindabili ty in Coal Mills: No

Production Costs: Low

Transportation Costs: High

Fields of Application

wide biomass power plants,industr ial furnaces

Potential Evaluation National Consumption

great potential low production costs,good combustion behavior

Potential Evaluation Export

no potential missing competitiveness

(low bulk/energy density,high transportation costs)

particle size:0 100 mm


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Biomass Based Fuels- White Pellets -






Energy Density: 7.5-11 GJ/m3

Hydrophobic: No


Production Costs: High

Transportation Costs: Medium


great coal-fired power plants, industr ialfurnaces, households


great potential high bulk/energy density,medium transportation costs


great potential high biomass demand (industrial pellets

in Europe), high bulk/energy density,medium transportation costs


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[26] - IEA bioenergy - Global wood pellet industry market and trade study

12,000,000

10,000,000

8,000,000

6,000,000

4,000,000

2,000,000

0

20152014201320122011

Sweden

Denmark

UK

Belgium

NL

Woodpelletdemandmetrictonnes

Source: IEA Bioenergy

High Biomass Demand in Countr ies with Financial Support System for Co-firingin existing Coal-fired Power Plants (Increasing Demand in Future)

High Biomass Import Rates due to limited Biomass Resources in Europe


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Biomass Based Fuels- Black / Bio-Coal Pellets -


Calorif ic Value: 20-25 MJ/kgMoisture Content : 1-5 wt.-%


Ash Content: 0-2 wt .-%


Energy Density: 22-24 GJ/m3

Hydrophobic: Yes

Grindability in Coal Mills : Yes

Product ion Costs: Very High

Transportation Costs: Low

Source: Andritz


great coal-fired power plants,industrial furnaces


great potential if bio-coal market will established(e.g. Van Eck PP / NamPower)


great potential if bio-coal market will be established

(better material properties incomparison to white pellets)


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Biomass Based Fuels- Concept Development -

Biomass Based Fuel Production in Combinationwith Decentralized Biomass or Hybrid Power Plants

-utilization of synergy effects

- logistic / harvesting structures

- heat and power demand from

decentralized power plant- personal stuf f

- increase of product quality(separation of fine and coarse particles,combust ion in biomass power plant)

-pi lot plant capacity of 50,000-100,000 t/aat Okahandja (Otjozondjupa Region)

-potential markets:

- Windhoek (NamPower, Meatco, Namibia Breweries, )

- Erongo Region (Mining Sector, Gecko Vision Industr ial Park, )

- Europe (Coal-fired Power Plants in UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, )


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Economic Analysis

32

Parameter Unit ChipsWhite

Pellets

Bio-Coal

Pellets

Harvesting Amount [t/a] 145,000 145,000 210,000

Biomass Price [N$/t] 0 - 50 0 - 50 0 - 50

Availability Factor [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100 50 - 100

Service Lifetime [a] 10 10 10

Harvesting Costs [N$/t] 287 - 375 287 - 375 287 - 375

Investment Costs per Plant [N$] - 96,000,000 300,000,000

Pellet Production Costs [N$/t] - 572 - 660 905 - 1,030

Transport Costs (< 250 km) [N$/t] 100 - 325 32 - 85 28 - 58

Supply Costs per Tonne [N$/t] 356 - 444 640 - 724 973 - 1,098

Su pply Co st s p er Energy [N$/GJ ] 19.7 - 24.6 35.5 - 40.5 44.2 - 49.9

Transport Costs (< 600 km) [N$/t] 380 - 730 100 - 230 80 - 150

Supply Costs per Tonne [N$/t] 757 - 845 710 - 794 1,023 - 1,148

Su pply Co st s p er Energy [N$/GJ ] 42.0 - 46.9 39.4 - 44.1 46.5 - 52.2

Transport Costs (ARA) [N$/t] 1,300 630 580

Supply Costs per Tonne [N$/t] 2,057 - 2,145 1,340 - 1,424 1,583 - 1,708

Su pp ly Co st s per Energy [N$/GJ ] 114 - 119 74.4 - 79.1 71.2 - 77.6

Process

Harvesting

E

urope

ErongoRegion

Windhoek

Transpor tation Distancedefines the

Biomass based Product

with the lowestSupply Costs per Energy!

Lowest Supply Costs:

Windhoek Chips

Erongo Region White Pellets

Europe Black Pellets


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Economic Analysis

Discussion:

Chips vs. Bio-coal as Fuel Supply for Van Eck

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Chips

Pellets

Torrefied

Biomass

Chips

Pellets

Torrefied

Biomass

Chips

Pellets

Torrefied

Biomass

Windhoek Erongo Region Europe

BiomassSupplyCost

[N$/GJ]


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Overview

Introduction



Concept Development





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Summary / Recommendations

Recommendation Concept Decentralized Biomass Power Plants:

Realization of a 5 MW Pilot Plant in Okahandja

Recommendation Concept Decentralized (CSP / Biomass) Hybrid Power Plants:

Feasibili ty Study in a Namibian Context

Discussion Concept Production Biomass based Fuels:

Chips vs. Bio-coal as Fuel Supply for Van Eck


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C t P S l


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Current Power SupplySituation

National Power Generation (2012)

500 MW capacity 1,500 GWh/a generation

National Power Demand (2012)

550 MW demand 4,000 GWh/a demand

gap between power generation and power demand

Power Station Energy Source Power Capacity Commissioning Operation Mode

Ruacana(Kunene River)

Water249 MW (till 2012)

332 MW1972

(2012 upgraded)Base Load

Van Eck(Windhoek)

Coal120 MW

(4 x 30 MW)1972 Peak Load

Paratus

(Walvis Bay)Heavy Fuel Oil

24 MW

(4 x 6 MW)1976 Peak Load

Anixas(Walvis Bay)

Heavy Fuel Oil 22,5 MW 2011 Peak Load


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Plant Description and Typical Plant Site

Fuel Storage

-delivery via truck

-open/canopied fuel storage(capacity: appr. 500 t for 4-5 days)

-bunker system with push floors(capacity: appr. 100 t for 1 day)

-intermediate bunker at combustor(capacity: appr. 8 t for 1-2 hours)

Combustor

-grate furnace with primary/secondaryair staging system for combustion control

Boiler System-economizer, evaporator and super heater

(typical steam parameters: 60 bar; 430 C)

Flue Gas Cleaning System

-baghouse filter or E-filter, stack

Steam Turbine/Generator

Grate Type


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Grate TypeBiomass to Energy Plant

intermediate fuel bunker

fuel through put

travel gratefurnace

superheater

evaporator

economizer

primary / secondary air

wet ash extractorflue gas cleaning


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Harvesting Options

40

manual harvesting mechanical harvestingwith s kid-steer loader

mechanical harvestingwith excavator

mechanical harvestingwith vehicle type

kangaroo

-different harvesting methods are appl ied in Namibia

-every mechanical harvesting method has a capacityof appr. 100.000 tons per year and vehicle

slight advantages of mechanical harvesting with excavator

evaluationmatrix

Plant Description and


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Plant Description andTypical Plant Site

1 Boiler House2 Biomass Combustor3 Boiler

4 Cyclones5 Baghouse Filter or E-Filter6 ID Fan7 Stack8 Residue Silo9 Air-cooled Condenser

10 Open Biomass Fuel Storage11 Storage Boxes12 Push Floor (canopied)13 Fuel Oil Tanks14 Turbine Room

15 Control Room16 Water Treatment17 Pipe Rack18 Trafo Boxes19 Unit Transformer20 Pipe Rack21 Solar Field22 Absorber

Possible Size for Solar Field with Absorber

1 Boiler House2 Biomass Combustor3 Boiler

4 Cyclones5 Baghouse Filter or E-Filter6 ID Fan7 Stack8 Residue Silo9 Air-cooled Condenser

10 Open Biomass Fuel Storage11 Storage Boxes12 Push Floor (canopied)13 Fuel Oil Tanks14 Turbine Room

15 Control Room16 Water Treatment17 Pipe Rack18 Trafo Boxes19 Unit Transformer20 Pipe Rack21 Solar Field22 Absorber

Possible Size for Solar Field with Absorber

Single axistracking

Direct steam generation

Fixed receiver

Combination via joint Water-Steam-Cycle

with one Turbine / GeneratorBiomass Combustion Plant

Design and function corresponds todecentralized biomass pp concept

Solar Thermal Plant

Technology: Fresnel reflectors

Heat Transfer Medium: saturated steam(typical parameters: 55 bar / 270 C)

pre-heating / vaporizing of feed water forthe biomass combustion boi ler


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Power Output [MW]

Population [-]

Theoretical Power Demand [MW]





Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100

Harvest Area [ha/a] 7,000 - 14,000 5,000 - 10,000



[ha]


50 50

10,500 7,500

105,000 75,000

12.5 17.5

45,000 45,000

Okahandja Otjiwarongo

5 5

Location

28,000

5.4 6.7

22,500

Assumptions






-Harvesting Cycle: 10 a-Harvest Rate per Hectare: 50 %


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Economic Analysis

At the Moment no Economic Analysis possible due to limited Dataconcerning the Development of Plant Design

Important Parameters:

-solar share due to energy demand fluctuations during the whole day(daytime / nighttime demand)

-solar i rradiation conditions (DNI Index Direct Normal Irradiation)

(e.g. appr. 0.5 t/h saturated steam per 1,000 m2land areaat 800 W/m2corrected DNI)

-implementation point for saturated steam f rom solar field

(EBSILON calculation)

Recommendation:

Further Detail Study in due Consideration of Namibian Conditions

Biomass Based Fuels


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limited households, small-scale industr ialapplications


low potential limited demand andexisting supply


low potential limited demand andexisting supply

Biomass Based Fuels- Briquettes/Logs -






Energy Density: 5.2-7.4 GJ/m3Hydrophobic: No


Production Costs: Medium

Transportation Costs: Medium

Briquette

Biomass Dust

Screw Feeder

Cooling Zone

Fly Wheel

Piston

Eccentric Tappet

Feed Duct

Shape Duct(Variable)

Pressed Biomass

Briquette

Biomass Dust

Screw Feeder

Cooling Zone

Fly Wheel

Piston

Eccentric Tappet

Feed Duct

Shape Duct(Variable)

Pressed Biomass

particle size:20 x 6 x 6 cm

Biomass Based Fuels


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Biomass Based Fuels- Briquettes/Logs -

Diameter mm

Length mm

Moisture Content %

Ash Content %

Net Calor if ic Value MJ/kg

Particle Density g/cm3

Add it ives wt%

S %

N %

Cl %

As mg/kg

Cd mg/kg

Cr mg/kg

Cu mg/kg

Pb mg/kg

Hg mg/kg

Zn mg/kg

Unit

0.03

0.04 - 0.11

15.5 15.9 - 18.2

0.3 0.51 - 0.65

0.05 - 0.07

PhysicalParameter

Parameter

Elementary

Composition

< 0.43

< 2.13

Traceelements

10.0

0.5

< 10.7

< 0.27

< 5.33

< 3.73

10.0

0.1

100

< 1.81

n.a.

n.a.

1.7 - 6.6

4.3 - 10.2

n.a.

n.a.

Invader Bush"ENplus"

Briquetts

variable

variablevariable

DIN EN 14961-3

100

0.1

10.0

10.0

"DINplus"

variable

Briquetts

1.0

1.0

0.02

0.7

12 15

1.5

15.3

1.0

0.03

0.5

< 2 % Biomass Only

0.02

1.0

0.5

10.0

10.0

Quality Standards existent, but not required for Marketing Opportunities in Europe

Biomass Based Fuels


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" DINplus" " ENplus A1" " ENplus A2" Class B

Pellets Pellets Pellets Pellets

Diameter mm 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 8 n.a.

Length mm 3.15 - 40 3.15 - 40 3.15 - 40 3.15 - 40 n.a.

Moisture Content % 10 10 10 10 4.3 - 10.2

Ash Content % 0.7 0.7 1.5 3.0 1,7 - 6,6

Bulk Density kg/m 600 600 600 600 n.a.

Net Calorific Value MJ/kg 16.5 - 19.0 16.5 - 19.0 16.3 - 19.0 16.0 - 19.0 15.9 - 18.2

Ash Melt ing Behavi or C 1,200 1,200 1,100 n.a. n.a.

Fines < 3,15mm 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 n.a.

Addit ives wt% n.a.

S % 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.05 - 0.07

N % 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.51 - 0.65

Cl % 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 - 0.11

As mg/kg 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 < 2.13

Cd mg/kg 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 < 0.43Cr mg/kg 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 < 1.81

Cu mg/kg 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 < 3.73

Pb mg/kg 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 < 5.33

Hg mg/kg 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 < 0.27

Zn mg/kg 100 100 100 100 < 10.7

< 2 % Biomass Only

PhysicalParameter

TraceElements

Elementary

Composition

Invader Bush

DIN EN 14961-2

UnitParameter

Quality Standards in Europe existent, but only required for Marketing Opportunities

of h igh Quality Pellets (certif icated DINplus/ENplus Pellets)

Biomass Based Fuels


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Multiple Heat Furnace

Rotary Kiln Reactor

Torbed Reactor

Screw Conveyor ReactorMoving Bed ReactorOscillating Belt Reactor

Multiple Heat Furnace

Rotary Kiln Reactor

Torbed Reactor

Screw Conveyor ReactorMoving Bed ReactorOscillating Belt Reactor

Source: ECN


Biomass Based Fuels


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Gas Loop linked toBurner (low O2)

Gas Loop withExchanger (no O2)

Torrefaction

Indirect heating Direct heating

- Stramproy Green (Netherlands)Oscillating Belt Reactor

- 4Energy Invest (Belgium)Oscillating Belt Reactor

- ECN (Netherlands)Moving Bed Reactor

- Rotawave (United Kingdom)(Micro Wave Reactor)

- Thermya/Areva (France)Moving Bed Reactor

- Topell Energy (Netherlands)Torbed Reactor

- ThyssenKrupp Polysius (Germany)Multiple Hearth Furnace

-Andr itz (Denmark)Multiple Hearth Furnace

-Andr itz (Austria)

Rotary Kiln Reactor- TorrCoal (Netherlands)

Rotary Kiln Reactor

- Fox Coal (Netherlands)Screw Conveyor Reactor

- BioLake (Netherlands)

Screw Conveyor Reactor

Gas Loop linked toBurner (low O2)

Gas Loop withExchanger (no O2)

Torrefaction

Indirect heating Direct heating

- Stramproy Green (Netherlands)Oscillating Belt Reactor

- 4Energy Invest (Belgium)Oscillating Belt Reactor

- ECN (Netherlands)Moving Bed Reactor

- Rotawave (United Kingdom)(Micro Wave Reactor)

- Thermya/Areva (France)Moving Bed Reactor

- Topell Energy (Netherlands)Torbed Reactor

- ThyssenKrupp Polysius (Germany)Multiple Hearth Furnace

-Andr itz (Denmark)Multiple Hearth Furnace

-Andr itz (Austria)

Rotary Kiln Reactor- TorrCoal (Netherlands)

Rotary Kiln Reactor

- Fox Coal (Netherlands)Screw Conveyor Reactor

- BioLake (Netherlands)

Screw Conveyor Reactor


Biomass Based Fuels


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49

[N$/t] - - 400 - 650

[N$/GJ] - - 31 - 50

[N$/t] 1,000 - 1,500 1,500 - 2,600 2,000 - 3,000

[N$/GJ] 56 - 83 83 - 144 111 - 167

[N$/t] - - 3,000 - 3,250

[N$/GJ] - - 167 - 181

[N$/t] - 2,000 - 2,500 1,650 - 1,850

[N$/GJ] - 111 - 139 89 - 103

[N$/t] - - 1,950 - 2,350

[N$/GJ] - - 89 - 103

Namibia South Africa Europa

Chips*

Briquetts**

DinPlus

Industrial

White Pellets**

Black Pellets***

* calorific Value: 12 - 13 MJ/kg

** calorific value: 17 - 18 MJ/kg

*** calorific value: 22 - 25 MJ/kg

Biomass Based Fuels- Price Comparison -

Plant Description


50/60

50

Plant Description- White / Black Pellets -

TorrefactionReactor

Air or WaterCooling System

Hot Steam/Hot Water

PelletizationScrew Feeder

Air Cool ingSystem

Dosage,Pressing

Add it ives

ConveyorBelt

TransportSystem

HammerMill

Heat Exchange(Indirect Supply)

Conditioning

Loading or Storage Silo

Storage withChipped Raw

Material

Only forTorrefaction

TorrefactionReactor

Air or WaterCooling System

Hot Steam/Hot Water

PelletizationScrew Feeder

Air Cool ingSystem

Dosage,Pressing

Add it ives

ConveyorBelt

TransportSystem

HammerMill

Heat Exchange(Indirect Supply)

Conditioning

Loading or Storage Silo

Storage withChipped Raw

Material

Only forTorrefaction



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51

Gobabis

Otjiwarongo

100 km

Swakopmund

Walvis Bay

Arandis

Usakos

Omaruru

Grootfontein

Tsumeb

Outjo

Windhoek

Karibib

Otavi

Oshivela

Omuthiya

Ondangwa

Oshikango

Bush Density:

Low 8-12 t/ha

Medium 12-16 t/ha

High 16-20 t/ha

Addi tionalDemand forBiomass PelletProduction

MaxBiomassDemand forDecentralizedPower Plant

Max

OkahandjaGobabis

Otjiwarongo

100 km100 km

Swakopmund

Walvis Bay

Arandis

Usakos

Omaruru

Grootfontein

Tsumeb

Outjo

Windhoek

Karibib

Otavi

Oshivela

Omuthiya

Ondangwa

Oshikango

Bush Density:

Low 8-12 t/ha

Medium 12-16 t/ha

High 16-20 t/ha

Addi tionalDemand forBiomass PelletProduction


Max

Okahandja

Power Output [MW]

Pellet Output [t/a]





Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100

Harvest Area [ha/a] 23,000 - 46,000 17,000 - 34,000



[ha]


350,000 255,000

12.5

35,000

145,000

17.5

25,500

50 50

Location Okahandja Otjiwarongo

5

100,000

5

100,000

145,000

Assumptions






-Harvesting Cycle: 10 a

-Harvest Rate per Hectare: 50 %

Resource Supply Situation- White Pellets -



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52

Gobabis

Otjiwarongo

100 km

Swakopmund

Walvis Bay

Arandis

Usakos

Omaruru

Grootfontein

Tsumeb

Outjo

Windhoek

Karibib

Otavi

Oshivela

Omuthiya

Ondangwa

Oshikango

Bush Density:

Low 8-12 t/ha

Medium 12-16 t/ha

High 16-20 t/ha

Addi tionalDemand forBio-coal PelletProduction


Max

Okahandja Gobabis

Otjiwarongo

100 km100 km

Swakopmund

Walvis Bay

Arandis

Usakos

Omaruru

Grootfontein

Tsumeb

Outjo

Windhoek

Karibib

Otavi

Oshivela

Omuthiya

Ondangwa

Oshikango

Bush Density:

Low 8-12 t/ha

Medium 12-16 t/ha

High 16-20 t/ha

Addi tionalDemand forBio-coal PelletProduction


Max

Okahandja

Power Output [MW]

Torrefied Pellet Output [t/a]





Availability [%] 50 - 100 50 - 100

Harvest Area [ha/a] 34,000 - 68,000 24,000 - 48,000



[ha]


50 50

Otjiwarongo

5

Location Okahandja

5

100,000 100,000

210,000

12.5

210,000

17.5

51,000

510,000 360,000

36,000

Assumptions

-Operating Hours: 7,500 h/a

-Electrical Efficiency: 25 %





-Harvesting Cycle: 10 a

-Harvest Rate per Hectare: 50 %

Resource Supply Situation- Black Pellets -


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5353

[N$/t] 400 - 650 1,650 - 1,850 1,950 - 2,350

[N$/GJ] 31 - 50 89 - 103 89 - 103

[N$/t] 2,057 - 2,145 1,340 - 1,424 1,583 - 1,708

[N$/GJ] 114 - 119 74.4 - 79.1 71.2 - 77.6

* calorific Value: 12 - 13 MJ/kg

** calorific value: 17 - 18 MJ/kg

*** calorific value: 22 - 25 MJ/kg

Chips* White Pellets** Black Pellets***

Current Market Prices (ARA)

Biomass Supply Costs (ARA)

Economic Analysis


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Supply Chain Costs

Supply Chain cost crit ical for the viability of biomass uti lisation projects due tits impact on generation costs

< 30 % for local destinations

50 % for international destinations

Pref. on local consumption model vs. export

Namibia transport


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Namibia transportinfrastructure

(1) Defined linear network with N-S and W-E extension

(2) Large distances between population/economic hubs

(3) Defined transport /trade patterns and corresponding trade flows

These patterns

Favour harvesting areas along these transport network lines

Dis-favour areas that are de-linked from these networks (prohibit ive

additional costs) for equipment mobilisation and transportation)


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Supply Chain Steps

Three Supply Chain Steps Local level: from Farm (harvesting) to Site (processing) Regional level: f rom Site (supply) to local/regional Markets (demand) International level: from Site supply) to International Port Destination (demand)


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(1) Local level: farm to site

Core parameters

Transport costs

Specialised equipment: to cater for low bulk density product

Distance: Harvesting radius of current biomass utilisation programs

vary between 25 75 km (supported by recent Nampower study)

20 N$ per running km

Additional costs

Storage. Handling and packing

+/- 60 N$


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(2) Regional level: plant to site

Core parameters Distance between Processing site and Market (12.5 N$ p. running km)

Alignment of biomass transport with existing trade patterns

One way versus return rates for on-/off areas (+ 100% transport costs)

Varying modal ton/km transport rates (differ by a factor of 2.5)

Absolute variation between 0.2 N$ and 1 N$ per t/km (factor 5)

Destination Distance [km] Rail [N$/t] Road [N$/t]

Walvis Bay 353 141 138Windhoek 70 77 28

Tsumeb 530 213 208

Oshakati 810 388 319Keetmanshoop 580 230 228Johannesburg 1500 n.a. 303

(3 International level: plant to


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(3 International level: plant toint. port destinations

Include inland transport, port charges, ocean freight Break bulk transport preferable due to available transport

infrastructure and (sea freight) services

Impact of economy of scales


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Conclusions

Supply chain costs impact on viability of biomass util ization projects, due to

its relative share of generation costs

More specifically: transport economics are a critical component for

locational options

Decision on biomass processing projects need to analyse the underlying

transport economics on a case by case mode

presentation biomass namibia 07-11-13

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