m%Ndlrka Tyq f.a iSh,d"

ndmam,d yd uiaiskd,d

k,ska o is,ajd

Ñka;k m¾Io m%ldYkhls'

m%:u uqøKh ( 1995 foieïn¾ fojeks uqøKh ( 1996 ud¾;= ;=ka jeks uqøKh ( 2000 cQks 30

uqøKh ( ,laud ms%kag¾ia wekaâ mí,sY¾ia m%hsjÜ ,sñgâ

talSh ,xldjla fjkqfjka Ôú; mQcd l< yd Èú mrÿjg ;nd igka lrk

ùr fin¿kag fuu lD;sh ms<s.ekafjhs'

;+kajk uqøKfha fmrjok m%Ndlrka Tyq f.a iSh,d ndmam,d iy uiaiskd,d lD;sfhys ;=kajk uqøKh;a ksl=;a flfrkafka wdKavqj fldá ixúOdkh mrdch l< hq;= njg ;SrKhla f.k we;s wjia:djl h' foaYfm%añ NslaIQ fmruqK" Ñka;k m¾Ioh jeks ixúOdk fï nj mjikafka ±kg jir oyhlg;a wêl ld,hl isg h' ta i|yd rfÜ "hqoaO ;;a;ajhla" m%ldY lrk f,i ta ixúOdk tl, isg u b,a,d we;' tod "hqoaOh" .ek ,shQ ,smsj,g" l;=jelsj,g úreoaO jQ we;eï mqj;am;a ysñhka o" "hqoaOh" Okm;s hqoaOhla hehs y÷kajñka thg úreoaOj fmdaiagr .eiQ wh o wo wjia:djd§ j fyda hqoaOhg mlaI ùu ffojfha irouls' tfy;a ;ju;a wdKavqjg fyda úmlaIhg fyda fou< cd;sjdoh ms<sn| ksjerÈ jegySula ke;' wdKavqj fldá meroùu .ek l;d l< o ;j u;a foaYmd,k fhdackdj,sh .ek úmlaIh iu. idlÉPd lrhs' fmdÿ fmruqK "m%Yakhg" "úi÷u" f,i l,dm iNd fhdackd lrk w;r tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha "úi÷u" jkqfha wiuñ;sl j n,h mejÍu h' tkï iyikaëh rdcHhla msysgqùu h' iyikaëh rdcHhla B<ula njg m;a lsÍug m%Ndlrkag wjYH jkafka tla m%ldYhla muKls' m<d;a iNd" m<d;a tl;= lsÍï" l,dm iNd" rg iNd iyikaëh rdcH wdÈh fhdackd flfrkafka fou< ckhd f.a Bkshd widOdrKlï ke;s lsÍug h' tjeks widOdrKlï fkdue;s nj wms mqk mqkd lshd we;af;uq' tfy;a th ;ju;a furg "kdhlhka f.a" is;a ;=<g f.dia we;s njla fkdfmfkhs' tneúka meflac" wka;¾ ld,Sk uKav, wdÈh fhdackd flf¾' wfma "kdhlfhda" bx.sßiska úiska bx.sßis wOHdmkhla u.ska ìys lrkq ,enQfjda fj;s' merKs rc oji furg idïm%odhsl kdhl;ajhla ;sìKs' 1917 - 18 ksoyia igkska miq fï kdhl;ajh bx.sßiska úiska iuQ,>d;kh lrk ,§' ta iïm%odfhys wjidk kdhlhd jQfha lemafmáfmd< Èidj h' fï >d;kfhka miq isxy,hkag idïm%odhsl kdhlhka ke;s úKs' l=xl=kdfõ ysñhka f.a "wfka l+ökafka f;dmg;a rfcla bkafka" wd§ jYfhka lú ,shejqfKa fï jljdkqfõ § h' th kdhlhka ke;s ùu ksid ,shk ,oaols' fï wvqmdvqj hï muKlg fyda msßuiskq ,enQfha mqrka wmamq" f.dx.df,af.dv nKavd wd§ka úisks' th idïm%odhsl kdhlhska fjkqjg we;s lrkq ,enQ ;djld,sl kdhl;ajhla úh' tfy;a th id¾:l;ajhla kqÿgqfõ h' bka miq isxy,hka úiska we;s lrkq ,enQ kdhlhd jQfha O¾umd, ;=ud h' O¾umd, ;=ud f.a iufha o" bkamiq o isxy,hkag kdhlhka fokq ,enQfha bx.sßiSka úisks' Tjqyq bx.sßiska úiska jrm%ido" bvï" wOHdmkh wdÈh ,nd § we;s lrkq ,enQ kdhlfhda jQ y' tfy;a Tjqka fmkS isáfha yd isákafka isxy,hka f.a kdhlhka f,i h' fï kdhlfhda ,kafoaiSka yd bx.sßiSka úiska we;s lrk ,o "m%N+" mjq,aj,g wh;a jQ y' Tjqyq ye¢hdfjka u idudkH isxy,hka f.ka fjkia jQ y' Tjqka is;kafka m;kafka bx.sßiska fuks' Tjqyq bx.sßiska f.a jro fkdols;s' wm fndfyda wjia:dj, lshd we;s wdldrhg furg fou< ckhdg fou< ùu ksid u we;s m%Yakhla ke;' fou< ckhd f.a m%Yakh l=ula o hkakg ms<s;=rla §ug iuf;la ke;' tl, widOdrK f,i fmka jQ isxy, NdIdj muKla rdcH NdIdj lsÍu" kef.kysr m<df;a isxy,hka mÈxÑ lsÍu" m%ñ;slrKh wdÈh ñ:Hdjka nj fy<sorjq ù we;' tmuKla fkdfõ" fï ñ:Hdjka msgqmi we;af;a wNs,dIhka nj wms ±ka oksuq' ta wNs,dIh wka lsisjla fkdj furg isxy,;ajhg ysñ ;ek wysñ lsÍu h' tkï isxy, cd;shg" isxy, NdIdjg" isxy, ixialD;shg yd isxy, b;sydihg ysñ ;ek wysñ lsÍu h' isxy,;ajhg furg ysñ ;ek ,nd§u fou< ckhdg lrk widOdrKhla f,i fmkajkq ,eìKs' WodyrKhla f,i .;fyd;a wjqreÿ oyia .Kkla furg rdcH NdIdj jQ o lu,sld mSßia uy;añh fmkajd § we;s whqßka ck.ykfhka 82] lg jvd f;areï .ekSug yels jQ o isxy,h muKla rdcH NdIdj lsÍu isxy,;ajhg ysñ ;ek ,nd §ula úh' tfy;a th fou<

ckhdg flfrk widOdrKhla f,i fmkajd fokq ,eìKs' bkaÈhdfõ fyda fou< rdcH NdIdjla fkdjk nj fou< cd;sjd§yq wu;l l< y' fou< NdIdjg ksis ;ek fok mk;la furg l%shd;aul ù we;s nj o fouf<ka Wiia wOHdmkh ,nd .; yels nj o fuys ,d wjOdrKh l< hq;= h' fï fou< wNs,dIh we;s lrkq ,enQfha lreKq folla úisks' m<uq j ìß;dkSka úiska bx.sßis W.;a fou< ckhdg fok ,o jrm%ido úh' ìß;dkSka úiska isxy, yd fou< furg m%Odk ck j¾. fol f,i ye¢kaúKs' tjlg wjqreÿ fooyia ;=ka ishhlg jeä isxy, b;sydih wjqreÿ foishhl fou< b;sydihg iudk flßKs' 75] l isxy, ck.ykh 12] l fou< ck.ykhg iu flßKs' 1833 § jHjia:dodhl iNdjg isxy,hka yd fou< ckhd fjkqfjka uka;%Ska tla flkd ne.ska m;a flßKs' fuys § bx.sßis W.;a isxy, "kdhlfhda" isxy,hkg jQ widOdrKh .ek lïmd fkdjQy' fou< ckhd i|yd tla uka;%Sjrhl= m;a l< úg wvq u ;rñka isxy,hka fjkqfjka uka;%Ska 6 fokl= b,a,d isàug Tjqkg fkdyels úh' ta Tjqka bx.sßiSka úiska ;kkq ,enQ bx.sßiska f.a jro kqÿgq kdhlhka ùu ksid h' ìß;dkSyq isxy,;ajhg ysñ ;ek wysñ lsÍug uq, isg u fou< cd;sjdoh fhdod .;a y' jHjia:dodhl uKav,hg isxy," fou< ckhd fjkqfjka tla ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjrhl= ne.ska m;a lsÍu nyqjd¾.sl ixl,amfha yd fou< cd;sjdofha wdrïNh úh' f,dalfha ish¨ u rgj,a mdfya nyq jd¾.sl fjhs' nyq jd¾.sl hkafkka rgl tla ck j¾.hlg jvd isák nj lshefjhs' tfy;a tjeks rgj, ixialD;Ska tllg jvd ;snqK o tka ixialD;shlg úfYaI;ajhla ysñ fjhs' WodyrKhla f,i tx.,ka;fha wex.af,da ielaika l%sia;shdks ixialD;shg o" bkaÈhdfõ yskaÿ ixialD;shg o idudkHfhka hqfrdamSh rgj, l%sia;shdks ixialD;shg o úfYaI;ajhla ysñ fjhs' bkaÈhdfõ yskaÿ;ajh yd hqfrdamfha l%sia;=;ajh f,i wms fuh y÷kajuq' bkaÈhdfõ" hqfrdamfha yd fjk;a rgj, l%shd;aul jkafka ÿn, nyq jd¾.sl;ajhhs' ke;akï nyq jd¾.sl ixl,amfha ÿn, iajrEmhhs' tys § ixialD;Ska tllg jvd ;snqK o tla ixialD;shlg úfYaI;ajhla ysñ fjhs' ngysr foaYmd,k{hka yd nqoaêu;=ka fuka u furg isák wkqldrlhka o ,xldfõ ms<s.ekaùug fjr orkafka m%n, nyq jd¾.sl;ajh hs' tkï nyqjd¾.sl ixl,amfha m%n, iajrEmhhs' tys § rfgys lsisÿ ixialD;shlg úfYaI;ajhla fkd,efnhs' ,xldfõ isxy, ixialD;shg" isxy,;ajhg ysñ ;ek wysñ lsÍula bka isÿ fjhs' bx.sßiSyq isxy, cd;shg ysñ ;ek wysñ lsÍula bka isÿ fjhs' bx.sßiSyq isxy, cd;shg ysñ ;ek wysñ lrñka isxy, yd fou< furg m%Odk ck j¾. fol f,i ye¢kajQ y' furg b;sydih ls;= jiska oy;=ka jk ishji f;la isxy,hka f.a b;sydih nj uydpd¾h ld¾;sf.aiq bkaømd,ka uy;d ;u wpd¾h Wmdê ksnkaOkfhys fmkajd § we;' furg isxy, ixialD;shg úfYaI;ajhla ysñ jk nj wuq;=fjka lsj hq;= fkdfjhs' ngysr foaYmd,ka{hkag yd nqoaêu;=kag ta nj ngysßka furgg meñfKk ixpdrlhka f.kau ±k .ekSug yels h' fï ixpdrlhka ,xldjg tkafka tlaflda iajNdúl fi!kao¾hh wdiajdo lsÍug h' ke;fyd;a isxy, ixialD;sfha jeõ yd od.eí keröug h' fldaú,a ne,Su i|yd ,xldjg tk ixpdrlhka ke;' bkaÈhdfõ uqia,sï ixialD;shg wh;a ;dÊ uy,a wd§ WodyrK ;sìh §;a tys yskaÿ;ajhg úfYaI;djla ysñ fjhs' ,xldfõ fou< ixialD;shg wh;a tjeks ;eka ke;s j o isxy,;ajhg ysñ ;ek §u m%;slafIam lsÍug jEhï flfrhs' fou< cd;sjdohg mK fmjQ fojeks lreK jQfha jHdc b;sydihhs' furg wjqreÿ ;=ka oyilg tyd fou< b;sydihla .ek Tjqyq lS y' thg iudka;r j bkaÈhdfõ wjqreÿ mka oyilg jeä øúv b;sydihla .ek l;d l< y' fudfykacodfrda yrmamd iNH;ajh øúvhka f.a ks¾udKhla hehs Tjqyq lS y' fï ish,a, ±ka fndre ù we;' øúvhka ol=Kq

bkaÈhdjg meñKsfha wjqreÿ fooyia mkaishlg muK fmr nj;a ta jk úg o tys muKla fkdj ,xldfõ o ^ffjÈl& rdcOdks yd ixialD;shla ;snQ nj;a wms oksuq' ud fuys § ffjÈl ixialD;sh hehs lshkafka w¾hh yd wkd¾hh ixialD;Ska ñY% ù ;ekqKq ixialD;shg h' wkd¾h ckhd hkq wd¾hh ixialD;sh meñfKk úg Ndr;fha yd ,xldfõ isá ckhd h' bka øúv hkak fkdye¢kafjhs' øúvhka meñKsfha wd¾hhkag o miq j h' fudfykacodfrda yrmamd hkq wkd¾hh ñi øúv iNH;ajhla fkdfõ' ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ mdKavH fÉr rdcOdks o uq, § wd¾h ^ffjÈl& úh' tajd øúv jQfha úch rcq fufyishla f.k tafuka o miq j h' úch rcq f.a fufyish wh;a jQfha ffjÈl ixialD;shg h' ^weh lskï ixialD;shlg wh;a o hkak jeo.;a m%Yakhla fkdfõ' újdyfhka miq orejka ,eìKs kï orejka úch rcq f.a ffjÈl ixialD;shg wh;a ùug ;sìKs'& wdpd¾h kS,LKaG Ydia;%S uy;d wd§ b;sydi{hka f.a fmd;a m;a lshùfuka by; i|yka ks.ukj,g meñKsh yels h' ,xldfõ fou< b;sydihg t;rï jhila ke;' furg fou< NdIdj bkaÈhdfõ fou< NdIdfjka t;rï fjkia fkdjk nj tla f,aLlfhla bßod Èjhsfkka fmkajd ÈKs' tfuka u furg fou< ckhd ;j u;a l;d lrkafka ix.ï hq.h" fpda, wêrdcH hq.h .ek h' tajd ;uka f.a foa f,i is;;s' ta .ek wdvïnr fj;s' tys f;areu furg fou< ckhd bkaÈhdj iu. uE;la jk ;=re u iïnkaO ù isá nj h' furg wjqreÿ ;=ka oyil b;sydihla .ek l;d l< o Tjqkag ;uka f.a b;sydih f,i fmkajd §ug" wdvïnr ùug we;af;a ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih h' mD;=.SiSkag hg;a ùfuka miq hdmfka ;snQ wd¾hh pl%j¾;S rdcHh ì| jegqKs' fï wd¾h pl%j¾;S rdcHh iajdëk rdcHhla fkdù h' th isxy, rcq f.a hg;a rdcHhla f,i mej;=Ks' flfia fyda hqfrdamShhkag hg;a ùfuka miq hdmkfha ckhd hqfrdamShhkag tfrys j igka lr ke;' isxy,fhda tfia fkdjQ y' udhdÿkafka rcqf.a isg mqrka wmamq" f.dka.df,af.dv nKavd hq.h olajd u úys§ we;af;a tl u igka ud,djls' th bÈßhg f.k .sfha wk.dßl O¾umd, ;=ud h' mD;=.Sis ld,fhka miq fou< ckhd isxy,hka fuka hg;a úð;jd§kag úreoaO j igka fkdlsÍug fya;=j l=ula o @ ta Tjqkg hdmkh iu. ft;sydisl iïnkaOhla fkd;sîu h' 1619 § mD;=.SiSkag hg;a ùfuka miq hdmkfha ixúê; fou< ck;djla fkdù h' bka miq j hdmkhg ckhd f.kajkq ,enQfha ,kafoaiSka úisks' ;u ÿïfld< j.djg bkaÈhdfõ u,ndrfhka f.kajQ fï ckhdg hdmkh iu. iïnkaOhla fkdù h' Tjqyq ÿïfld< wiajekak fk<d .ekSfuka miq wdmiq u,ndrhg .sh y' fudjqkag iaÒr jdiia:dk we;s lsÍu i|yd ,kafoaiSyq u,ndrfha uqia,sïjreka f.a kS;shla jQ f;aij,dfuhs kS;sh 18 jeks ishji uq, § ix.%y l< y' th hdmkfha fou< ckhd f.a kS;shla njg m;a jQfha tf,isks' wo hdmkfha fjfik fou< ckhd f.ka jeä msßi ,kafoaiSka úiska u,ndrfhka f.kajkq ,enQjka f.ka mej; tkafkda fj;s' bx.sßis md,k ld,fha § o hdmkh jeishka y÷kajk ,enQfha uq, § u,ndr ixl%uKslhka jYfhks' miq j u,ndr jeishka hk ku Tjqkg ,enqKs' fou< ckhdg wo;a wdvïnr ùug ,xldfõ b;sydihla ke;' Tjqyq ix.ï hq.h" fpda, wêrdcHh wd§" ol=Kq bka§h b;sydih .ek ;ju;a l;d lr;s' isxy,fhda tfia fkdfj;s' Tjqkg nqÿ oyu yd ffjÈl ixialD;sfha we;eï wx. bkaÈhdfjka ,enqK o Tjqkaf.a b;sydih jkafka ,xldfõ Tjqka úiska f.dv k.k ,o ixialD;sfha b;sydihhs' isxy,fhda bkaÈhdfõ b;sydih ;u b;sydih f,i fkdi,l;s' fuys f;areu ,xldj iu. isxy,hka f.a we;s iïnkaOhhs' isxy,hka ;ukag ,xldj yefrkakg fjk;a rgla ke;s nj i,lkafka tneúks' fou< ckhd ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ b;sydihg Wreulï lSu ;=< u ,xldjg we;s iïnkaOh jHdchla nj ;uka fkd±kqj;a j lsh;s' lg fndre lsjQj o Èj fndre fkdlshkafka hehs lshkafka fujeks foa iïnkaOfhks' fou< ckhdg wE;g Èj hk wLKav b;sydihla ke;s jqj o bx.sßiska úiska we;s lrk ,o m%n, nyq jd¾.sl ixl,amh ;=< Tjqyq ,xldfõ m%Odk ck j¾. foflka tlla njg m;a lrk ,o y' bx.sßiska úiska we;s lrk ,o fou< cd;sjdohg ;u wNs,dIh jQ isxy,;ajhg" tkï isxy, cd;shg" isxy, NdIdjg" isxy, ixialD;shg yd isxy,

b;sydihg ysñ ;ek wysñ lsÍu uqÿkam;a lr.ekSfuys ,d ndOd jQ lreKq folla úh' tlla isxy,hka furg w;s uy;a nyq;rh ùu h' wfkl isxy,hka úiska furg f.dv k.k ,o wkkH ixialD;sfha b;sydih h' fou< cd;sjd§yq fï lreKq fol u m%;slafIam lr;s' jHjia:dodhlfha fou< uka;%S ixLHdj isxy, uka;%S ixLHdjg iudk l< hq;= h hk b,a,Su msgqmi we;af;a isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSug we;s wleue;a; h' fjk;a lsis u rgl fujeks b,a,Sula l< fkdyels h' fida,anß idñg mjd mkyg mky b,aÆ fou< cd;sjd§kg lSug isÿ jQfha jHjia:d Wmdudre u.ska nyq;rhla iq¿;rhla njg m;a l< fkdyels h hkak h' fojeks lreK jQ isxy, b;sydih m%;slafIam lsÍu i|yd fou< cd;sjd§yq uydjxY NS;sldjla f.dv ke.+ y' uydjxYh ñ:Hdjla nj fou< cd;sjd§yq" Bkshd b;sydi uydpd¾hjre mqk mqkd lS y' tfy;a wdpd¾h Ysrdka ±rKsh., uy;d f.a m%Odk;ajfhka wkqrdOmqrfha § lrk ,o leKSï j,ska ;yjqre ù we;af;a" jxYl;dlrejka furgg ffjÈl ^wd¾h& ixialD;sh meñKs ld,h ms<sn| j" wvq u ;rñka wjqreÿ ;=ka ishhlska j;a miq Èkhla i|yka lr we;s nj h' ±rKsh., uy;df.a leKSïj,g wkqj ffjÈl ixialD;sh furgg meñK we;af;a l%sia;= mQ¾j 9 jeks ishjfia § h' fou< cd;sjd§ka isxy, b;sydih m%;slafIam lsÍug jEhï lrk úg tu b;sydih fmrg;a jvd Yla;su;a j fou< cd;sjdoh wNshi fmkS isàu b;sydifha u irouls' wo l< hq;= j we;af;a fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,ksl j yd yuqod fufyhqïj,ska mrdch lsÍu h' fou< cd;sjdoh kHdhd;aul j mrdch flÍ ;rula l,a .; ù we;' fou< cd;sjdoh hkq ixlS¾K l%shdoduhls' fï fmdf;ys olajd we;s wdldrhg fldá ixúOdkh hkq fou< cd;sjdofha úldYfha tla wjia:djls' fldá ixúOdkh hkq fou< cd;sjdofha wdhqO ikakoaO wxYh fjhs' fldá ixúOdkh yuqod fufyhqïj,ska mrdch lsÍu muKla fkdiEfya' fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,kslj o mrdch l< hq;= h' we;eïyq *eisiaÜ fldá ixúOdkh yuqod fufyhqïj,ska mrdch lsÍug muKla l;d lr;s' ta Tjqka f.a Ôú; .,jd .ekSu i|yd muKla h' Tjqyq fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,ksl j mrdch lsÍug úreoaO fj;s' Tjqyq ;ju;a Bkshd widOdrKlï .ek l;d lr;s' fou< cd;sjdofha wkq.%dylhka jQ Tjqkaf.a nig wm /jáh hq;= fkdfõ' fldá mrdch lsÍug b,aÆ muKska Tjqyq cd;s ysff;ISyQ fkdfj;s' fldá ixúOdkh ìys jQfha fou< cd;sjdoh ksid h' fldá ixúOdkh yuqod fufyhqïj,ska mrdch lsÍfuka muKla iEySulg m;a jqjfyd;a fou< cd;sjdoh úiska ;j;a fldá ixúOdkhla ìys lrkq ,eîug bv we;' tneúka fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,ksl j o mrdch lsÍug wm bgd .; hq;= h' wms wo m%Yakh f;areï f.k isáuq' tneúka úi÷u o meyeÈ,s h' m%Yakh fou< cd;sjdohhs' ngysßka fmdaIKh jk fou< cd;sjdoh isxy,;ajhg ysñ ;ek wysñ lsÍug jEhï lrhs' fï ngysr jHdmD;sfha tla fldgila muKls' ngysr jHdmD;sh hkq uq¿ f,dalhg u ;u ixialD;sh" foaYmd,kh yd wd¾Ólh ysñ lr §u h' tys § wfkla ixialD;s" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k l%u ke;s lsÍug jEhï flf¾' isxy,;ajh ke;s lsÍug fou< cd;sjdoh fhdod.kakd ngysrhka fou< yskaÿ ixialD;sh o ke;s lsÍug lghq;= lrkq we;' wm fï jHdmD;sh mrdch l< hq;= h' wo f.da,ShlrKh kñka l%shd;aul jkafka ngysr jHdmD;sfha kj;u wjêh nj wu;l fkdl< hq;= h' tys uq,a wjê fol jQfha hg;a úð;lrKh yd wêrdcHlrKhhs' fuu ;=ka jk uqøKh ksl=;a lsÍfï § wdOdr l< wh fndfyda fj;s' fuu fmd; bx.sßishg mßj¾;kh l< uy;añh ;=ka jk uqøKfha úhoï mshùu i|yd remsh,a oyodyla mß;Hd. l<d h' ;s<sK l¿fmreu uy;d fidaÿ m;a lshù h' tßla .dñKS" ixÔj úfÊisxy hk uy;ajre fï iïnkaOfhka ud Wkkaÿ l< y' ,,s;a úl%ur;ak uy;d we;=¿

,laud ld¾h uKav,h fuu ;=ka jk uqøKh t<s ±lajQ y' ta ish,a,kag uf.a ia;+;sh msßkefuhs'

k,ska o is,ajd 2544 fmdfidka $ 2000 cqks 30 uyr.u § h'

fojk uqøKfha fmrjok b;d fldá ld,hla ;=< fuu lD;sfhys fojk uqøKhla ksl=;a lsÍug isÿùfuka u ck;djg m%Ndlrka" Tyq f.a iSh,d" ndmam,d yd uiaiskd,d .ek ±k .ekSug we;s wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s fjhs' j¾;udkfhys we;af;a ckjd¾.sl m%Yakhla hehs lshñka úi÷ï bÈßm;a lsÍug leiljkafkda yd Tjqka f.a foaYSh yd úfoaYSh mqfrdays;fhda ck;dj uq<d lsÍug W;aidy or;s' tu W;aidyh rfÜ;a cd;Sfha;a kdufhka mrdch l< hq;= h' wo idlÉPdjg n÷ka ù we;s fhdacs; wdkavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh fou< cd;sjdofha úldYkh ;=< wmg ±lsh yels ;SrKd;aul ikaêia:dkhla fjhs' tys ;SrKd;aul nj ck;dj úiska wjfndaO lr.kq ,en ;sîu fya;=fjka ck;dj ta ms<sn| hï wjÈhlska miqfjhs' tfy;a wmg fhdað; wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka isÿfjk ydksh muKla idlÉPd lsÍfuka iEySulg m;a úh fkdyels h' fhdacs; rg fnok jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh wm wjfndaO lr .; hq;af;a tys mq¿,a miqìu ;=< h' tkï fou< cd;sjdofha úldYkh ;=< h' tfia fkdue;s j jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg bÈßm;a flfrk úfrdaO;d muKla u.ska wjidkfha § jHjia:d ixfYdaOlhkag wjYH jQ m%;sM, w;a lr fokq we;' fou< cd;sjdofha úldYkh wjfndaO lr.;a úg fhdað; wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh uq¿ukska u m%;slafIam l< hq;= nj muKla fkdj oy;=ka jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh yd m<d;a iNd o wfydais l< hq;= nj jegfykq we;' m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI fol úiska u rjgkq ,en we;s ck;djg fmdÿ ck tlai;a fmruqfKa l,dm iNd ^fmvr,a m%dka; iNd& m%;slafIam lr" tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha m<d;a iNd wfydais l< yelafla cd;sl jHdmdrhla ;=<ska muKls' j¾;udkfhys we;s ù ;sfnk msì§u ksis u.g fhduq lrúh yels cd;sl jHdmdrhl l,, rEmhla ±kgu;a ±lsh yels w;r th fmdaIKh lr j¾Okh lr .ekSu cd;s ysff;ISka f.a j.lSu yd hq;=lu fjhs'

k,ska o is,ajd 2539 ueÈka $ 1996 fmnrjdß 25 jk Èk uyr.u § h'

fmrjok fou< cd;sjdoh we;sjQfha 1956 ka miq j h hkak wo iudcfha ;yjqre lr we;s u;hls' th wo ±kqula njg m;a ù we;' ±kqu n,h fõ h hkak fílka f.a ld,fha isg u iú{dksl j ngysr n,mj;akd u;hls' th o ±kquls' oyih jeks ishjfia isg f,dalh hg;a lr .ekSfï § ngysrg fï ±kqu o n,hla úh' ngysr iudc úoHdjka hkq ngysr fN!;sl úoHdj miqmi ÿjkakg ;e;a lrk wx. úl, wjcd;l w.=gqñÜgl= jqj o ta nj ngysßka lsisúfgl m%ldY fkdfjhs' mYapd;a kQ;kjdoh hkqfjka wo t<s olskafka o fï wx.úl, Ndjh u h; fï w.=gqñá Ndjh u h' fï wÕ=gqñá Ndjh - wx.úl, Ndjh udlaiajdohg o Wreu ù ;snqKq nj o udlaiajdofhka o th u m%ldY jk nj o" udlaiajdoh ms<sn| ngysßka bÈßm;a flfrk ks¾oh u úfõpkhl j;a fkdlshefjkafka uq¿ uy;a ngysr iudchSh úoHdj u ta fn,ySk;ajfhka fmf<k neúks' fn,ySk;ajh jika flÍu ;=< o n,hla WmÈk nj fudjqka fkdokakjd úh fkdyels h' furg rdcH fkdjk wdh;kj, fuka u úYajúoHd, yd fjk;a wdh;kj, o fiajh lrk Bkshd iudc úoHd{fhda ^lsis u Èfkl ;uka f.a u;hla bÈßm;a lr fkdue;s fudjqka úoHd{hka" nqoaêu;=ka jkafka flfia o hkak m%Yakhls'& mdßNdIsl jpk oud .eiSu u.ska ngysr iudc úoHdfõ n,h u; mokï fjñka wm iudcfha wdêm;Hh m;=rej;s' fudjqka f.a —±kqu˜ n,hla fkdjk nj o wm ±k .; hq;= h' nrj ll=f,a Yla;shla we;ehs wm is;kafka th nrj ll=,la nj fkdokakd neúks' ngysr iudc úoHdjka hkq nrj ll=,lg jvd fohla fkdfõ' ngysr iudc úoHd{fhda iuia;hla f,i .;a l, mdßNdIsl jpkj,g uqjd ù n,hla w;am;a lr.kafkda fj;s' fudjqka f.ka we;eul=g fmrÈ. o¾Yk yryd hï hï idfmalaI;djd§ woyia ,eî we;s nj ienE h' tfy;a fmrÈ. o¾Yk ms<sn|" úfYaIfhka u fn!oaO o¾Ykh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug Tjqka wiu;a ù we;s nj meyeÈ,s h' tneúka u Tjqka f.a idfmalaI;djd§ m%jdo úlD;" wjj¾ê; ;;a;ajhl mj;S' fou< cd;sjdoh hq. folla miq lr wo ;=kajeks hq.hl wjidkh olsñka isáhs' fuu ;=ka jeks hq.h jika jkq we;af;a tlafld fmvr,a rdcHhla we;s ù ^fmvr,a rdcHhla hkq fmvr,a jHjia:djla we;s rdcHhla nj wuq;=fjka lSug wjYH fkdjk uq;a furg isák Bkshd foaYmd,k úoHd{hkag ngysr ;u iajdñjreka f.a u. fmkaùula fkdue;s j" tkï Tjqka f.a ks¾jpkhla fkdue;s j" tjekakla j;a f;areï .ekSug fkdyels ù we;'& fou< cd;sjdoh y;r jeks hq.hg tkï l÷lrh o we;=<;a jQ ;ñ,a B<ula Èkd.ekSfï ud¾.hg weo jeà fkdkj;sk foaY iSud wr.,hla we/öfuks' ke;fyd;a wm ish,a,g u talSh rdcHhla ;=<" isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.efkk" rfÜ b;sydihg msgq fkdmdk" isxy, fn!oaO ixialD;sh m%Odk ixrplh jQ fmdÿ ixialD;shla we;s Toj;a f;oj;a cd;shl fldgialrejka ùug u. mdoñks' m<uq l%shd ud¾.h wjika jkq we;af;a wjidkfha § isxy, wkkH;dj fuka u fou< wkkH;dj o ke;s lr .ekSfuks' fojk l%shdud¾.h wkq.ukh l<fyd;a fmdÿ ixialD;sh ;=< fou< wkkH;dj o /flkq we;¦ m<uq l%shdud¾.hg ta ta rgj, cd;sl wkkH;djka ke;s flÍug lghq;= lrk c.;a wêrdcHjdofhka mQ¾K wkq.%yh ,efnhs' cd;sl wkkH;dj .ek m%Yak lrk tjekakla ke;ehs lshk furg wkqldrl W.;a;= ;u mqoa.,sl wkkH;dj /lf.k mqoa.,sl m%;srEm f.dvk.d .ekSug uy;a W;aidyhla or;s' ngysr m%p,s; ù we;s u; ;u wdpd¾h Wmdêh iu." u;h ks¾udKh ù wjqreÿ úismylg miq j ,xldjg f.kú;a m%;srEm f.dvk.d .ekSug W;aidy lrk fudjqka wvq u ;rñka m%;sm;a;shla f,i ish¨ wkkH;djkag úreoaO fkdjkafka ukao hkak m%Yak l< hq;= j we;' Tjqka f.a l=yl;ajh yd Tjqka fiajh lrkafka ldg o hkak muKla Tjqka f.a l%shdud¾.fhka fy<sorjq fjhs'

fou< ckhdg fou< ùu ksid u isÿù we;s widOdrKhka ljf¾ ±hs weiSu ;rï mejiSu myiq fkdjk nj uE;l§ fudjqka f.ka tla whl= m%ldY lr ;snqKs' tu widOdrKhka ljf¾ ±hs hkak mejiSu myiq fkdjkjd fkdfõ' th l< fkdyels fohla" thg fya;=j tjeks widOdrK fkdue;s ùuhs' fou< cd;sjdoh we;sjQfha fou< ckhdg jQ widOdrKhla ksid fkdjk nj fuu fmd;a msxfpka ;j;a meyeÈ,s jkq we;ehs wfmalaId lrñ' widOdrKhla ù we;af;a isxy,hkag h' isxy,hka isxy,hka ùu ksid Tjqkag merKs reyqKq rfgka yd msysá rfgka fldgila" tkï j;auka W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a wysñ ù we;' lsis u ft;sydisl idOlhla fkdue;s kscN+ñ ixl,amh;a iu. fÊ' wd¾' - rðõ .súiqu m%;slafIam flÍu i|yd Bkshd m%nqoaOhka yefrkakg wfkla ish¨ isxy,hka tl;= úh hq;= ld,h meñK we;' Bkshd m%nqoaOfhda ;u ;uka úiska u iudch ;=< —m%nqoaO;ajhg˜ m;a lrf.k —lS¾;shg˜ m;a ùfuka yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yryd fou< cd;sjdohg fiajh lrñka rgg fødayS fj;s' fuu wkqldrl W.;=ka k.k tla ;¾lhla ù we;af;a fou< ckhdg we;s widOdrKhka ljf¾ ±hs lsj yelafla fou< fkdjkakkag fkdj fou< ck;djg nj h' fou< ckhd ;ukag idfmalaI j widOdrKhla we;ehs mjikafka kï ta nj wm ms<s.; hq;= hehs fudjqyq Bkshd idfmalaI;djdohl kdufhka mji;s' fudjqka f.a idfmalaI;djdoh ngysr wj¾ê; úlD;s idfmalaI;djdoh u fõ' fou< ck;dj ;ukag widOdrKhla ù we;ehs mjik úg idfmalaIl ±kqula ksid wm th ms<s.; hq;= hehs wkqldrl W.;a;= lsh;s' tfuka u isxy,hkag m%Yakh fmfkk wdldrh h:d¾:hla f,i fou< ck;dj u; nf,ka megùu idfmalaI;djd§ {dk úNd.hlg .e<fmkafk flfia ±hs Tjqyq m%Yak lr;s' fudjqkag fndfyda oE fuka u ks¾udKd;aul idfmalaI;djd§ {dk úNd.h o wjfndaO lr .; fkdyels h' ks¾udKd;aul idfmalaI;djdoh w÷rg idfmalaI j t<sh we;ehs lshk j¾.fha idfmalaI;djdohlg jvd jeä fohls' tys mokfï we;af;a ±kqu bkaøsh moaO;shg ukig yd ixialD;shg idfmalaI j ks¾udKh flfrkakla nj;a" wúÊcd mÉphd ixLdr" tkï ±kqu hkq wúoHdj fyj;a fkd±kSu ksid ixialrKh flfrkakla" ks¾udKh flfrkakla nj;a" jdia;úl h:d¾:hla fkdue;s nj;a h' tfy;a fuhska lshefjkafka ´kE u whl=g ´kE u fohla" th ;ukag idfmalaIl hehs lshñka bÈßm;a l< yels nj fkdfõ' hï u;hla" m%jdohla bÈßm;a lrk úg th idOl iu. ix.; j bÈßm;a l< hq;= h' idOl o wjidk ú.%yfha § m%jdoh u; /f|kafka hehs lshd idOl o m%jdohg idfmalaIl hehs flfkl=g lsj yels h' tfy;a idOl yd m%jdo w;r we;af;a tlla wfkl u; r|d mj;sk wfkHdakH iïnkaOhls' idOl m%jdofhka neyer lsÍug fkdyels nj ienE h' tfukau m%jdo o idOlj,ska neyer l< fkdyels h' fuys § jeo.;a jkafka m%jdo idOl we;=¿ iuia; moaO;sfha u hï ix.; njla ;sìh hq;= h hkak h' fou< cd;sjdohg idfmalaIl hhs lshñka wE; w;S;fha isg u furg mej;sfha fou< rdcHhla nj;a isxy,hka fodf<dia jeks ishjfika miq j furg meñKs msßila nj;a lSug fkdyels h' we;eï b;sydi uydpd¾hjreka tjeks u;hla ks¾udKh lrñka isákafka o hkak o úNd. lr,sh hq;a;ls' ixialD;sl ;%sfldaKfha jev lghq;=j, uQ,sl wruqK b;sydih isxy, - úfYaIfhka u isxy, fn!oaO - fkdjk wdldrhlska m%;sks¾udKh lsÍu o hkak o tf,iska u fidhd ne,sh hq;= h' b;sydi{hka úiska b;sydih ks¾udKh flÍfuys § iïmQ¾Kfhka u j¾;udkfhka fkd.e<fjk nj jdia;úl h:d¾:hla .ek l;d fkdlrk ks¾udKd;aul idfmalaI;djd§yq ms<s.ks;s' tfy;a ks¾udKd;aul idfmalaI;djdoh hkq ´kE u whl=g ´kE u fohla lSug § we;s n,m;%hla fkdfõ' l,ska i|yka lr we;s mßÈ bÈßm;a flfrk b;sydih wod< ±kqï moaO;sh iu. ix.; úh hq;= h'

hï m%Yakhla ms<sn| j ix.; fyda wix.; u; lsysmhla bÈßm;a jQ úg ta m%Yakh ksrdlrKh lr .; yels tla u.la kï idlÉPd meje;aùuhs' tfy;a idlÉPdjg mokï úh hq;af;a" tkï idlÉPdjg iyNd.S jk ish¨ fokd f.a u wdrïNl tlÕ;ajh we;s úh hq;af;a" l=ula iïnkaO j o hk m%Yakh o ta iu. mek k.S' fou< cd;sjd§ka úiska wo bÈßm;a flfrk u;h lreKq ;=kla u; mokï fõ' fou< ckhd fjk u cd;shla nj" fou< cd;shg iajhx ks¾K whs;sh we;s nj" W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a fou< cd;sfha kscN+ñ nj tu lreKq ;=khs' tu lreKq idlÉPdjg hg;a fkdjk nj o fou< cd;sjd§yq mji;s' fuhska lshefjkafka ta lreKq idlÉPdjg .; fkdyels nj;a" tajd ish¨ fokd úiska ms<s.; hq;= nj;a" idlÉPd werôh hq;af;a tajd mokï lrf.k nj;a h' idfmalaIl ±kqï moaO;s folla we;s úgl tla lKavdhulg wfkla lKavdhfï moaO;sfha we;s úixjdo fmkajd §ug wjia:djla ,nd §u idlÉPdfõ tla wruqKls' we;eï úfgl tfia úixjdo fmkajkq ,enQ úg" ;u m%jdo idOl moaO;sh ix.; fkdjk nj fmkajkq ,enQ úg" hï lKavdhula ;u woyia fjkia lr .ekSug iQodkï j isákjd úh yels h' tjeks wjia:dj, idlÉPd M,odhS úh yels h' tfia fkdjk wjia:dj, l< yelafla l=ula o @ ;uka f.a moaO;sfha úixjdo fmkajQ úfgl tu úixjdoj,ska f;dr j moaO;shla f.dvk.d .ekSug neß jQ úfgl ^fou< ck;djg fou< ùu ksid u widOdrKhla ù we;s nj fmkajd §ug fkdyels jQ úg& hï lKavdhula ;u moaO;sfhys t,a,S isákafka kï idlÉPdj t;ekska u ksu fõ' tfuka u wfkla mlaIhg idlÉPd flÍug wjYH u jQ lreKq idlÉPdjg Ndck l< fkdyels hehs lKavdhula lshkafka kï tjeks wjia:djl § idlÉPdjla wdrïN flÍula j;a fkdisÿ fõ' tjka wjia:dj, idlÉPd fkdjk l%shdud¾.j,g hEug isÿ fõ' fldá ixúOdkh iy wfkla fou< cd;sjd§ mlaI b;d u jeo.;a lreKq ;=kla idlÉPdjg Ndck l< fkdyels hhs lshhs' ta w;r fldá ixúOdkh fjk u rdcHhla Èkd.ekSu i|yd igka je§ isáhs' fujeks wjia:djl wm hqoaOhg fl;rï wleue;s jqj;a hqoaO fkdlr neß h' ñksiqka ñh hEu hqoaO fkdlsÍug fya;=jla f,i olajkakka tfia lrkafka fou< cd;sjdohg isxy,hka hg flÍug h' idlÉPd fkdjk l%shdud¾. fuu wkqldrl W.;a;= o fjk;a wjia:dj, § wkq.ukh lr;s' jD;a;Sh iñ;s l%shdud¾. .ekSu hkafkka lshefjkafka idlÉPd u.ska m%Yak ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug fkdyels nj h' m%Yakh idfmalaIl hhs lSfuka wfkla md¾Yajfha woyia ms<s.ekSug tjeks wjia:dj, § Tjqyq wleue;s fj;s' úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjre o jD;a;Sh iñ;s l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh l< y' Tjqka ±ka tfia fkdlrkafka kï" thg fya;=j Bkshd idfmalaI;d o¾Ykhla wjfndaO lr.ekSu fkdjk nj kï b÷rd u lsj hq;= h' hul= úiska ks¾udKh lrk ±kqu iudchg ta;a;= .ekaùfï § ±kqu iudcfha m%p,s; lsÍfï § fhdod .efkkafka ;¾lh u muKla fkdjk nj ngysr úoHdfõ mshd f,i ie,flk .e,S,sfhdaf.a l%shd l,dmfhka u meyeÈ,s fjhs' ks¾udKd;aul idfmalaI;djdofhys uQ,sl j f;areï .ekSug W;aidy flfrkafka ±kqu ks¾udKh flfrk wdldrh h' ±kqu iudcfha m%p,s; flÍu" ;yjqre flÍu wdÈh isÿ jkafka flfia o hkak o thg wod< lreKq h' u;jdo m%p,s; flÍfï § n,mdk tl u idOlh wod< ±kqï moaO;sfha ix.; ùu fkdjk nj o ks¾udkd;aul idfmalaI;djd§yq oks;s' tfy;a Tjqyq idlÉPdfõ kdufhka ±kqï moaO;shl ix.; nj wjOdrKh lr;s' Tjqka hïlsis m%Yakhl § hqoaO jeks idlÉPd fkdjk l%shdud¾. wkqu; lrkafka fjk;a u.la fkdue;s úgl § h' ´kE u whl=g ´kE u fohla bÈßm;a flÍug ksoyi we;ehs hk wdldrfhka idfmalaI;djd§ {dk úNd.h jrojd f;areï f.k fyda jrojd f;areï lr fok wh wjidk jYfhka hqoaOh fjkqfjka u fmkS isá;s' hqoaOhg úreoaO hehs lshñka idlÉPd l< hq;= nj mejiqj o Tjqka idlÉPd l< hq;= hehs lshkafka fou< cd;sjdofha u;h ms<s.ksñka neúka Tjqka wjidk jYfhka lshd isákafka fou< cd;sjdofha u;h wfkla ish¨ fokd u ms<s.; hq;= nj h'

wo isÿjkafka isxy,hka ;u u;h fou< ck;dj u; nf,ka megùu W;aidy flÍula fkdj fou< cd;sjd§ka b;d u úixjd§" b;sydi úfrdaë woyia isxy, ck;dj u; nf,ka megùuls' fou< cd;sjdofha m<uq hq. foflys § Tjqyq ;u u;h tfia nf,ka megùu .sks wú fkdue;s j tfy;a ue;sjrK j¾ck" Bkshd i;Hd.%y wd§ wdhqO u.ska flÍug W;aidy l< y' wo Tjqyq tys § .sks wú o fhdod .ks;s' hqoaOhg m%Odk fya;=j th fjhs' fou< cd;sjdofha mqfrdays;hka wmg lshkafka tjeks wjia:djl § fou< cd;sjdofha u;h ms<sf.k ksyv úh hq;= h hkak h' Tjqka f.a Bkshd hqO úfrdaOh hkq isxy,hka fou< cd;sjdoh bÈßfha oK .eiaiSu i|yd fhdod.;a Wml%uhla muKls' rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk u.ska fufyhfjk úYajúoHd, yd úYajúoHd, fkdjk Bkshd W.;=ka f.a nrj ll=,g fyda Tjqka f.a iajdñjreka f.a wÕ=gqñgq iudc úoHdjg fuka u uqo,aj,g o wms hg fkdúh hq;af;uq' fou< cd;sjdoh yd th miqmi we;s ish¨ n,fõ. f;areï .ekSfuka muKla wmg cd;sl wkkH;dj /l .; yels jkq we;' wo m%Yakfhys wdrïNfhys we;af;a ìß;dkska f.ka ck wkqmd;hg fkdiß,k wdldrhlska ;uka ,;a jrm%ido yd n,h /l .ekSug W;aidy l< W.;a fou< ckhd h' Tjqyq ;u jrm%ido yd n,h /l .ekSu i|yd u rfÜ nyq;rh isxy,hka nj yoj;ska u ms<s.ekSug wlue;s jQ y' jeä l,la fkdf.dia u rfÜ b;sydih hkq isxy, b;sydih nj ms<s.ekSug o Tjqyq wleue;s jQ y' tod isg wo olajd fou< cd;sjdoh úldYh isÿ ù we;s whqre fï fmd;a msxfpys fláfhka úia;r fjhs' wo jk úg nyq;rh isxy,hka nj fkdms<s.ekSu Bkshd nyqcd;sl ixl,amh olajd j¾Okh flÍ we;s w;r we;eï b;sydi uydpd¾hjre yd ixialD;sl ;%sfldaK wOHlaIljre isxy, b;sydih uld ±óug lghq;= lr;s' fou< cd;sjdoh mrdch l< hq;af;a yuqod l%shdud¾.hlska muKla fkdfõ' th foaYmd,k yd kHdhd;aul ;,j, o mrdch l< hq;= h' kHdhd;aul ;,fhys ±kg u;a miq nd we;s fou< cd;sjdoh uq¿ukska u mrdch flÍfuys ,d fï fmd;a msxp iq¿ jYfhka fyda odhl jkq we;ehs hkak uf.a me;=u fjhs' fmd;a msxp uqøKh l< úisÿkq uqøKd,fhys ld¾h uKav,hg;a" msgljrh ks¾udKh l< pkaok chj¾Ok uy;dg;a uf.a ia;+;sh ysñ fjhs'

k,ska o is,ajd 2539 b,a$1995 fkdjeïn¾ ui 15 jk Èk uyr.u § h'

m%Ndlrka f.a iSh,d ♦ we;euqka lshkafka W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, we;s m%Yakhg fya;=j fou< ckhdg

isÿ ù ;sfnk widOdrKh njhs' th ienEjla fkdfõo @ fï widOdrKlï fudkjd ± hs Tng lsj yels o @ ♦ isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj lsÍu" m%ñ;slrKh" ckmolrKh wdÈh' fï ish,a, isÿ jQfha 1950 g miqjhs' tfy;a jjqkshdfõ ysgmq uka;%Sjrhl= jQ iS' iqkaor,sx.ï uy;d B<ula .ek l;d flf<a y;,sia .Kkaj, uq,hs' fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d f.a m%Odk;ajfhka b,xflhs ;ñ,a wriq lÉÑ fyj;a fou< rdcH mlaIh mgka .;af;a 1949 hs' th isxyf,ka yd bx.sßisfhka fmvr,a lshd ye¢kajQfha wmj /jàughs¦ fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d f.a nEKd jk uydpd¾h ta' fÊ' ú,aika ta mlaIhg wjYH jQ úfgl fou< rdcHhla fjkqfjka fmkS isáh yels nj mjid ;sfnkjd' ♦ tfyu kï m%Yakfha wdrïNh ljod o @ 1940 o @ fou< kdhlhka B<ula b,a,Sug

fm,UqfKa wehs @ m%Yakfha wdrïNh yqÕla wE;g hkjd' miq.sh ishjfia ñIkdÍ wOHdmkh ksid rfÜ we;eï fldgiaj,g úfYaI jrm%ido ,enqKd' wêrdcHjd§ka fï fldgia jqjukdfjka u f;dard .;a;d hehs lshkak mq¿jka' hdmkfha fou< ck;dj tl fldgila' hdmkfha mdi,a mgka .;af;a weußlka ñIkdßjreka' Tjqka bx.sßiska f.a ielhg Ndck jqKq tl;a we;a;' tfy;a bx.sßiska f.ka hdmkfha mdi,a we;s lsÍug Tjqkag ndOdjla jqfKa keye' hdmkfha fou< ck;djg jf.a u lf;da,sl yd úfYaIfhka u l%sia;shdks ck;djg;a jrm%ido ,enqKd' ♦ Tn lshkafka hdmkfha ish¨ fou< ck;djg jrm%ido ,enqKq nj o @ keye' jrm%ido ,enqfKa ál fofkl=ghs' tfy;a m%;sY;hla f,i .;a l, hdmkfha ck;dj f.ka iEfyk fldgilg wdKavqfõ /lshd ;k;=re wdÈh ,enqKd' kS;s{" ffjoH jdf.a jD;a;Skaj,;a fï ;;a;ajh ;snqKd' hdmkfha Èia;%slalfha ck wkqmd;h ishhg myla yhla muK jqj;a fï jD;a;Ska yd /lshdj, fhÿKq wh ta wkqmd;h jf.a y;a wg .=Khla jqKd' ♦ l%sia;shdks lf;da,sl wh iïnkaOfhkq;a th tfia u o @ Tõ" ta;a bka lshefjkafka keye ish¨ l%sia;shdkSkag yd lf;da,slhkag /lshd ,enqKd lsh,d' Tjqka w;r;a b;d u ÿ.S ÿmam;a wh isáhd' ta jqK;a m%;sY;hla yeáhg .;a;d u fn!oaOhkag jvd jrm%ido ;snqKd' bx.sßis wdKavqj isxy,hkag" úfYaIfhka u fn!oaOhkag" bkq;a Wvrg fmfoiaj, isáhjqkag fjkialï l<d' ♦ Tjqka tfia lf<a wehs @ thg m%Odku fya;=j ;uhs 1817 - 18 yd 1848 we;sjqKq ksoyia wr.," Wvrg fmfoiaj, isxy, fn!oaOhka ;ukag ;¾ckhla f,i bx.sßis md,lhka ÿgqjd' W!j fj,a,iafika isxy,hka ke;s lsÍug mshjr .;a;d' oreKq iuQ, >d;khla isÿ l<d' wjqreÿ 14 g jeä msßñ <uhska urd ±ïud' ta m<d;aj, isxy,hka f.a yrldndk mjd úkdY l<d' f;kakfldaka úu,dkkao uy;auhd ;uka f. fmd;aj, fï lreKq úia;r lr, ;sfhkjd' ♦ isxy, fn!oaOhkag jvd wfkla ck fldgia úfYaIfhka u hdmkfha fou< ckhd

jrm%ido N=la;s ú£u B<dï b,a,Sug fya;=jla jkafka flfia o @

th tl úg u we;s jQ fohla fkfjhs' thg wjqreÿ ishhla muK ld,hla .; jqKd' fï b;sydih wms yßhg ±k .; hq;=hs' ♦ b;sydifhka wog we;s m%fhdackh fudlla o @ wo m%Yakhg ms<s;=re wo Èh hq;=hs'

b;sydifha weglgq f.dv odkafk wehs @ lreKq folla ksid' m<uqjekak j¾;udkh lshkafka b;sydifha m%;sM,hla ksid yd

wkd.;h ;efkkafka j¾;udkfha wm lrk lshk fohska neúka' fojekak b;sydih uq,ska u weo .;af;a fou< cd;sjd§ka' Tjqka ;uqka f.a jdishg b;sydih úlD;s lr we;s ksid th ksjerÈ lrkak isÿ ù ;sfnkjd' ♦ ta jqK;a b;sydih tla tlaflkd olskafka ;ukag wjYH úêhg fkdfõ o @ ksjerÈ

b;sydih wm f;dard .kafka fldfydu o @ we;a;' b;sydih;a ñksid úiska lshk l;djla' th tl tlaflkd tl tl wdldrhg lshkjd' j¾;udkh o b;sydih ks¾udKfha § n,mdkjd' ta jqK;a fïjdhska mriamr ke;s" tfyu;a ke;akï mriamrj,ska wvq l;djla f;dard.kak mq¿jka' ,shfj,d ;sfhk ,sms f,aLk" jd¾;d" úfoaYslhka ÿgq oE" fi,a,sms" mqrdúoHd;aul f.dvke.s,s yd NdKav wd§ foaj,a tlal ix.; fjk mriamrj,ska wvq b;sydih fudlla o lsh, ±k.kak mq¿jka' ♦ fyd|hs" miq.sh ishjfia isg fou< kdhlhka B<dï lrd wdfõ fldfydu o @ jrm%ido

/l.ekSug wjYH jQfha wehs @ jrm%ido ,;a fndfyda wh l,amkd lrkafka tu jrm%ido /l .ekSughs' tfy;a iuyrekag l,a .; jk úg f;afrkjd th rfÜ b;sydihg yd mj;sk ;;a;ajhg mgyeks ùula nj' ta wh b;sydih yd mj;akd ;;a;ajh iu. noaO fjkjd' iuyre tfia fkdfldg b;sydihg msgqmdkak yokjd' ♦ th t;rï meyeÈ,s keye' b;sydihg noaO fjkjd" msgqmdkjd lshkafka l=ula o @ fï rfÜ ,sÅ; b;sydih isxy,hka f.a b;sydihhs¦ úfYaIfhka u fn!oaOhka f.a b;sydihhs' ,sÅ; b;sydifhka lshefjk ld,fh;a wo;a rfÜ nyq;rh isxy, fn!oaOhka' th ms<s.; hq;a;la' fï ldrKh f;areï f.k ta nj ms<sf.k rfÜ Ôj;aùu b;sydih iu. noaO ùula f,i y÷kajkak mq¿jka' ta ldrKh fkdms<s.ekSu rfÜ b;sydihg msgqmEula' wo fndfyda l%sia;shdkska yd lf;da,slhka rfÜ b;sydih ms<s.kakjd' ♦ Tn lshkafka l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,slhka b;sydih;a iu. noaO jQ nj o @ l%sia;shdkskag yd lf;da,slhkag ;uka fn!oaOhkag jvd jeäfhka ú|mq jrm%ido w;ayeÍug iEfyk ld,hla .shd' ta jqK;a fï jk úg l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl ne;su;=ka f.ka úYd, nyq;rhla ta ;;a;ajh ms<sf.k ;sfnkjd' fn!oaOhka fï rfÜ nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSu Tjqkag wo lsisfia;a u m%Yakhla fkdfjhs' Tjqka f.a by< ;,j, jecfUk we;eï mQcljreka yd m%N+ka tf,i ms<s.ekSug úreoaO j jev l<;a ls;=Kq lf;da,sl nyq;rhg wo th m%Yakhla ù keye' fn!oaOhka nyq;rh f,i ms<s.ekSu ;u wd.u weoySug ndOdjla fkdjk nj Tjqka ±ka okakjd' fmdÿ isxy, ixialD;sh ;=< Tjqka flfuka ls|d nyskjd' ta w;r ;u ls;=Kq lf;da,sl wkkH;dj;a /l.kakjd' /lshdj,g jD;a;Skag m;a ùfï § fn!oaOhka ;u wkqmd;hg iß,k whqßka tajdg m;a ùu wo ls;=Kqjka f.ka yd lf;da,slhka f.ka nyq;rhlg m%Yakhla fkdfjhs'

♦ th fn!oaO nyq;rfha wdêm;Hh ms<s.ekSula o @ keye' th nyq;rfha wdêm;Hh ms<s.ekSula fkdfjhs' th b;sydih yd j¾;udkh f;areï f.k th ms<s.ekSuhs' isxy, ixialD;sh ;=< u meyeÈ,s wkkH;djla we;s j ls;=kqjka yd lf;da,slhka f,i Ôj;a ùug;a ;u ck.yk wkqmd;hg fkdiß,k f,i /lshd wdÈh n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdùug;a Tjqka bf.k f.k ;sfnkjd' th miq .sh jir mkyl muK ld,h ;=< furg olskakg ,enqKq w.kd u iudchSh M,hka f.ka tlla' n,j;a msßil f.a wl=,a fy<Su ueo wjqreÿ mkyl muK flá ld,hlska fumuK ÿrla taug yels ùu ish¨ isxy,hka f.a u ch.%yKhla' ♦ Tn lshkafka fou< ckhd iïnkaOfhka th tfia isÿ fkdjQ nj o @ thg fya;=j l=ula

o @ Tõ' wjdikdjlg fou< ckhdg th lr.ekSug fkdyels jqKd' wfma rfÜ ;sfnk f,dl= u m%Yakh;a thhs' wo wm l;d lrkafka;a hqoaO lrkafka;a fou< ckhd th fkdl< yd fkdlrk neúka' thg m%Odk jrolre jkafka W.;a fou< ck;djhs' tys wdrïNfha u fmdkakïn,ï ifydaorhka isákjd' ♦ th ms<s.kak neye' fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka yd fmdkakïn,ï wrekdp,ï hk

uy;ajre fï rfÜ ksoyi fjkqfjka jev flf<a keoao @ Tjqka isxy,hka fjkqfjka l;d flf<a keoao@

we;a;' rdukdoka uy;auhd isxy, uqia,sï flda,dy,fha § wêrdcHjd§ka f.ka isxy,hkag isÿ jQ ;dvk mSvk u¾ok wdÈhg úreoaO j l;d l<d' ta jf.a u bx.sßis wdKavqfjka fkdfhl=;a wdKavq l%u m%;sixialrK ,nd .ekSug;a Tjqka lghq;= l<d' kuq;a wm fuys § tlla wu;l fkdl< hq;=hs' Tjqka isxy,hka fjkqfjka l;d flf<a wêrdcHjd§kag tfrys j' tfy;a rg we;=f<a m%Yakj, § isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSug Tjqka iQodkï jQfha keye' isxy,hka f.a NdIdj" ixialD;sh yd b;sydih .ek Tjqka l;d l<;a tu b;sydih iu. noaO ùug Tjqkag wjYH jQfha keye' thg fya;=j jQfha jrm%ido /l .ekSuhs' rfÜ b;sydih iu. noaO ù isxy,hka nyq;rh f,i ms<s.;fyd;a ;u ck wkqmd;h jvd ;uka ,ndf.k we;s jrm%ido /l.ekSug Tjqkag fkdyels jk nj Tjqka jgyd .;a;d' ♦ fou< kdhlhka isxy,hka nyq;rh f,i fkdms<s.;af;a h hkak ug ;j u;a

jefgfykafka keye' isxy,hka nyq;rh nj meyeÈ,s fka o @ th fkdms<sf.k isákafka flfia o @ Tn lshkafka Tjqka isxy,hka f.a wdêm;Hh fkdms<s.;a nj fkdfõ o @

isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ixLHd .ek ±kqula we;s l=vd <uhl=g jqj;a jefgfykakla" th ta <uhd mjd ms<s.kak nj;a we;a;' fuys § ms<s.;af;a h hkafkka woyia jkafka th ú| ord .ekSug we;s iu;aluhs' ixLHdfjka jeä nj f;areï .;a;;a th yoj;ska ú|.kakg neye' we;eï mlaI ue;sjrKj,ska merÿK;a th yoj;ska ms<s.kafka keye' tneúka Tjqka ue;sjrK m%;sM, ú.%y lr ;uka mer§ ke;s nj fmkajkjd' th ;rula ÿrg wr ;;a;ajhg iudkhs' isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSu hkq isxy, wdêm;Hhla ms<s.ekSula fkdfjhs' isxy,hka f.a wdêm;Hhla fuys keye' isxy, ixialD;sfha wdêm;Hhla ms<s.ekSu ms<sn| m%Yakhla fu;ek fldfydu j;a mek k.skafka keye' isxy,hka lsis úfgl fou< NdIdj ke;s flÍug j;a ;uka f.a ixialD;sh fou< ckhd u; n,y;aldrfhka megùug j;a W;aidy lr keye' fou< ckhd hï msßila fyda Ôj;a jk m%foaYj,;a fldaú,a ;kdf.k ;sfnkjd' fld<U" ud;f,a iy ;j;a m%foaYj, fõ,a W;aij meje;afjkjd' b;d u iq¿ fohla f,i ye.=K;a fmdÜgq ;nd .ekSfuka k<f,a w¿ .Efuka ;u wkkH;dj m%o¾Ykh flÍug fou< yskaÿ Nla;slhkag ndOdjla ù keye'

♦ ta;a 1958 § 1983 § jf.a fou< lv leãug" fldaú,a leãug isxy,hka fm<UqfKa keoao @ hdmkh mqia;ld,h msÉùu wdÈh .ek lshkafka l=ula o @

ta isoaOsj,g fjk;a fya;= ;snqKd' hdmkh mqia;ld,h msÉÖu jeks foaj,a

foaYmd,k{hka f.a jev' 1958" 1977 wd§ wjqreÿj, fome;af;ka u tjeks mSvd olskakg ,enqKd' W;=f¾ isxy,hka urKhg m;a flrejd' hdmkh úYajúoHd,fha isxy, isiqka t<jd oukq ,enQjd" 1977 isoaêj,g wñ¾;,sx.ï uy;d we;=¿ fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqfKa kdhlhka j.lsj hq;= nj ikafidaks fldñifï jd¾;dfjka fmkakqï lrkjd' isxy, yd fou< hï hï Woúh tajdg j.lsj hq;=hs' ta;a fï ish¨ isoaêj,g wjidk jYfhka j.lsj hq;af;a fou< kdhlhkqhs' Tjqka isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.ekSu ksid u fï ish¨ m%Yak we;s jQjd' fou< ckhdj l=ms; lr yeÕSï wjqiaid mdrg f.kdfõ fou< kdhlhkqhs' ♦ fou< kdhlhka isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.ekSu ms<sn| j we;s idlaIs fudkjdo @ l,ska i|yka l< wdldrhg fou< kdhlhkag isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.ekSug m%Odk u fya;=j jQfha Tjqkaf.a jrm%ido /l .ekSuhs' isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.;fyd;a ck wkqmd;hg jvd /lshd yd jD;a;Skays ;uka fh§ isàu .eg¨jla jk nj Tjqka ÿgqjd' ta jf.a u Tjqka f.a fjk;a n,;,;a ke;s jk nj Tjqkag fmkS .shd' 1885 § tjlg ;snQ jHjia:dodhl iNdjg uqia,sï ksfhdað;hl= m;a flÍu ms<sn| m%Yakh mek ke.=Kd' tys § fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d lshd isáfha uqia,sïjreka ck j¾.hla f,i .;a l, fou< nj;a" fou< ckhd ksfhdackh flÍu i|yd ;uka isák nj;a tneúka uqia,sï ksfhdað;hl= wkjYH nj;a h' Tyq f.a ;¾lh jQfha fou< ckj¾.h wd.u f,i .;a l, fou< yskaÿ" fou< l%sia;shdks" fou< uqia,sï jYfhka fn§ isáh;a ta ish,a, u ckjd¾.sl j fou< njhs' rdclSh wdishd;sl ix.ufha iÕrdjlg rdukdoka uy;d ,shQ ,smshl;a Tyq ta ;¾lh u;= l<d' tfy;a tl,;a uqia,sï kdhlhka rdukdoka uy;d f.a ta ;¾lhg úreoaO jqKd' isoaê f,ífí uy;d;a Ethnography of the Muslims of Ceylon uefhka ,smshla m< l< tï' whs' wíÿ,a wiSia uy;d;a tys § úfYaIfhka i|yka lrkak mq¿jka' Tjqka lshd isáfha ,xldfj uqia,sïjrekag fjk u wkkH;djla we;s njhs' wjqreÿ 100lg miq j;a fï m%Yakh mjd yßyeá ksrdlrKh ù keye' wo kef.kysr m<df;a uqia,sïjreka f.a m%Yakh fuu wkkH;dj ms<sn| m%Yakhla' ♦ kuq;a fou< kdhlhka isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.;a njla thska lshefjkjd o @ bka uQ,sl jYfhka u lshefjkafka fou< wdêm;Hhla uqia,sï ck;dj u; megùuhs' tfy;a tys thg jvd ;j;a fohla ;snqKd' fou< kdhlhkag fou< f.dv jeä lr.ekSug;a wjYH jqKd' wo mjd fou< l;d lrk ck;dj hkqfjka Tjqka j¾.SlrKhla lrkjd' fï fou< f.dv hï m%udKhlska fyda jeä lr.ekSu u.ska isxy, nyq;rfha ixLHd;aul w.h ta m%udKfhka fyda wvqlr .ekSug ±rE W;aidyhl=;a tys ;snqKd' ;uka yd isxy,hka w;r we;s ixLHd;aul fjki wvq lr .ekSu ;=< isxy,hka nyq;rh nj yoj;ska ú£ug ;snQ wleue;a; nqoaêfhkq;a ;rula fyda hqla;s hqla; lr.; yelshs' ♦ ta;a Th ld,fha fou< kdhlhka yd isxy, kdhlhka tlg jev l<d fkdfõ o @ Tõ' ìß;dkska f.ka hï hï m%;sixialrK ,nd .ekSfï § Tjqka tlg jev l<d' ta;a m%Yakh jQfha fou< ckhd f.a jrm%ido /l.ekSfï §" fï jrm%ido;a tlal n,h ms<sn| m%Yakh;a wE÷Kd' th jHjia:dodhl iNdj ;=<ska wd fohla' 1885 § rdukdoka uy;d uqia,sï ksfhdackhlg úreoaO jqKd' 1912 § jHjia:dodhl iNdjg m<uq jrg ks, fkd,;a uka;%Ska Pkaofhka f;dard.kq ,enQjd' tys § W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka f;dard hejqfKa rdukdoka uy;dhs' fï ld,fha Pkao n,h ;snqfKa bx.sßis hï m%udKhlg W.;a whg" foam< ysñhkag yd jHdmdßlhkaghs' ta iSñ; Pkao n,h ;snQ ld,fha isg fou< W.;=ka isxy, nyq;rh nj ms<s.;af;a keye' n,h ms<sn| m%Yakh újD; j u lr<shg wdfõ 1918 muK ld,fha § hs'

♦ Th ld,fha ,xld cd;sl fldka.%ih msysgqjdf.k ;snqKd fka o @ tys isxy," fou<" uqia,sï" n¾.¾ ish¨ fokd u ysáhd fka o@

uq, § tfyu tlg ysáh nj we;a;' ,xld cd;sl fldka.%ih msysgqjQfha 1917 §hs' tys m<uq iNdm;s jQfha rdukdoka uy;d f.a u,a,s jQ fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï uy;dhs' m%Yakh uq,ska u u;= flf<a hdmk ix.uh úiskqhs' jHjia:dodhl iNdjg ckj¾. mokula u; uka;%Sjreka f;aÍug Tjqkag wjYH jqKd' cd;sl fldka.%ih 1918 § ;SrKh flf<a N+ñh u; mokï ù uka;%Sjreka f;dard.ekSughs' hdmk ix.uh ,xld cd;sl fldka.%ihg we;=¿ ùfï § fldka.%ifhys kdhlhka fofofkl= jQ fÊïia mSßia yd B' fÊ' iurúl%u uy;ajre hdmk ix.uhg fmdfrdkaÿjla foñka fldka.%ifhys m%;sm;a;shg wkql+, j hdmk ix.ufhys b,a,Sïj,g bv Èh yels nj mjid ;sfnkjd' tfy;a 1920 jk úg hdmk ix.uh lshd we;af;a fÊïia mSßia yd B' fÊ' iurúl%u uy;ajreka ckj¾.h u; uka;%Ska f;aÍug tlÕ jQ njhs' fï jk úg fou< kdhlhka fld<U Èia;%slalfha W.;a fou< ckhd i|yd fjk u uka;%S OQrhla b,a,d isáhd' fldka.%ifha ;SrKh N+ñh u; uka;%Ska f;dard .; hq;= h hkak neúka isxy, kdhlhka thg úreoaO jqKd' fï ;;a;ajh Wv 1921 § wreKdp,ï uy;d fldka.%ifhka wia ù ;ñ,a uyck ifnhs fyj;a fou< uyck iNdj msysfgõjd' th ;uhs ,xldfõ msysgqjkq ,enq m%:u cd;sjd§ ixúOdkh' ♦ fÊïia mSßia yd iurúl%u hk uy;ajre ;uka ÿka fmdfrdkaÿjla levqfõ keoao @ keye' fmdfrdkaÿ ;snqfKa fldka.%ifha m%;sm;a;shg wkql+, j hdmk ix.ufha b,a,Sïj,g tlÕ jk njhs' fldka.%ia m%;sm;a;sh jQfha N+ñh u; uka;%Sjreka f;dard .; hq;= njhs' ♦ ta uy;ajre tjeks fmdfrdkaÿjla fyda ÿkafka fou< kdhlhka f.a b,a,Sfuys hïlsis

idOdrKlula ;snQ ksid fkdfõ o@ keye' we;a;g u wo jk ;=re l%shd;aul ù ;sfnk fou< cd;sjd§ foaYmd,kfhys îc wjia:djla fuys ;sfnkjd' hdmk ix.uh b,a,d isáfha ckj¾.h u; uka;%Sjreka f;dark f,ihs' ìß;dkska f.ka hï hï m%;sixialrK ,nd.ekSu i|yd n,j;a fldka.%ihla ;sîu wjYH hehs l,amkd l< isxy, kdhlhka ta ix.uh fldka.%ihg we;=<;a lr.ekSu i|yd Tjqkag hïlsis iykhla ie,iqjd' W.;a fou< ckhd bka miq l%shd lf<a tu iykh u; mokï fjñkqhs' fldka.%ifha m%;sm;a;shg wkql+, j hdmk ix.ufha b,a,Sïj,g tlÕúh hq;= h hkak fou< kdhlhka újrKh flf<a wfkla fmfoiaj, N+ñh u; mokï j uka;%Ska f;dark w;r fld<U Èia;%slalfha W.;a fou< ckhd i|yd uka;%S wdikhla ,nd Èh hq;= f,ihs' ♦ Tn lshkafka fou< ckhdf.a b,a,Sfï idOdrK njla ke;s h lshd o @ tys lsis u idOdrK njla keye' ta b,a,Sfï tl u wruqK jQfha ;uka tf;la ±rE uka;%S ixLHdfjys wkqmd;h flfia fyda mj;ajdf.k hEuhs' jrm%ido /l.ekSu" ta i|yd jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ n,h ck wkqmd;hg lsisfia;a u fkdiß,k whqrlska mj;ajd.; hq;= h hkak yd tys § isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.ekSu wdÈh ta b,a,Sfuys wvx.= jqKd'

♦ jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ n,h ck wkqmd;hg fkdiß,k wdldrhlska mj;ajd.ekSu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula o @

jHjia:dodhl iNdj msysgqjQfha 1833 § hs' uq, § tys ks, ,;a uka;%Sjreka 10 fofkl= yd ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjreka 6 fofkl= isáhd' ks,,;a uka;%Sjre 10 fokd f.ka yh fofkla úOdhl iNdfõ idudðlfhda" wks;a y;r fokd wdKavqldrhd úiska m;a lrmq ks,OdÍka" ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjreka m;a flrefj;a wdKavqldrhd hs' ta yh fokdf.ka ;=ka fofkla hqfrdamSh' tla flfkla isxy, ' tla flfkla fou<' wfkla ;eke;a;d n¾.¾' fï m<uq

jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ isxy, fou< wkqmd;h 1 ( 1 hs' fuh bx.sßiska úiska jqjukdfjka u lrmq fohla' hqfrdamShhka ;=kafokd yd n¾.¾ uka;%Sjrhd m;a flÍu ys;d.kak mq¿jka' th wêrdcHjd§ka ;uka f.a j¾.hg yd iqÿ yug ie,l+ wdldrhhs' isxy,hka yd fou< wkqmd;h idudkHfhka 6 ( 1 wkqmd;fhka ;snqK;a uka;%Sjreka m;a flf<a 1 ( 1 wkqmd;h wkqjhs' fï jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ mk;a bÈßm;a flÍfï n,h ;snqfKa wdKavqldrhdghs' ta jqK;a tys idudðlhka ùu ksid u hï lsis foaYmd,k n,hla uka;%Sjrekag ;snqKd' 1833 § ta n,h isxy, yd fou< w;r fn§ .sfha 1 ( 1 wkqmd;hghs' 1 ( 1 yd jeä u jqjfyd;a 2 ( 1 n,h fnod yod.ekSfï wkqmd;hla f,i tod muKla fkdj miq j;a fou< ckhd l,amkd l<d' n,hg yjq,a ùu n,h fnod .ekSu hkqfjka fou< ckhd l,amkd flf<a thhs' ♦ wdKavqldrhd fuhg wu;r j l%sia;shdks" fn!oaO" yskaÿ wd§ jYfhka uka;%Sjreka m;a

flf<a keoao @ keye' jdikdjlg th tfia isÿjQfha keye' tfyu jqKd kï wr ud l,ska lsjq foh tkï ls;=kqjkag yd lf;da,slhkag rfÜ b;sydih iu. noaO ùug ;snQ yelshdj ke;sfjkak;a ;snqKd' /lshd yd jD;a;Skaj, ;snQ jrm%idoj,g;a jvd tla w;lska .;a l, foaYmd,k n,h ms<sn| j bx.sßiska úiska fou< ck;dj f.a ys;aj,g ouk ,o wkqmd;h fuys § m%Odk jYfhka n,md ;sfnk njla fmakjd' fou< kdhlhkag fï udkisl;ajfhka ;ju;a f.dv taug yels ù keye' ♦ fï jHjia:dodhl iNdjg wKmk;a bÈßm;a flÍug fkdyels jQjd kï thg ;snQ

n,;, fudkjd o @ wKmk;a bÈßm;a flÍug fkdyels jqj;a idlÉPdj,g iyNd.Sùfuka mK;a iïu; ùfï § hï n,mEula flÍug mq¿jka jqKd' ta jf.a u 1870 § uqo,a lghq;= ms<sn| idlÉPd flÍug jHjia:dodhl iNdjg n,;, ÿkakd' ♦ jHjia:dodhl iNdjg uqia,sï uka;%Sjrhl= m;a flÍula .ek Tn l,ska i|yka l<d'

th bgq jqKd o @ Tõ' rdukdoka uy;d f.a úreoaO;ajh Wv jqj;a 1889 § jHjia:dodhl iNdjg uqia,sïjreka fjkqfjka uka;%Sjrhl= m;a l<d' ta iu. tys ixhq;sh;a fjkia jqKd' ks, fkd,;a uka;%S ixLHdj 8 la olajd jeä jqKd' wdKavqldrhd hqfrdamShka 3 fokl= my;rg isxy," Wvrg isxy," fou<" n¾.¾" uqia,sï tlaflkd ne.skq;a jHjia:dodhl iNdjg m;a l<d' 1889 § isxy, fou< wkqmd;h 2(1 jQjd' ♦ Wvrg isxy,hka fjkqfjka uka;%Sjrhl= m;a flÍu ksid isxy,hka fn§ .shd o @ fuh bx.sßiSka f.a md,kfha ;j;a Wml%uhla' isxy,hkaj fnokakg Tjqka W;aidy l<d' my;rg isxy,hkag jeä jrm%ido ,eîu fya;= fldg f.k Wvrg isxy,hkag idOdrKhla bgqflÍu f,ihs th fmfkkak ie,eiaiqfõ' miq ld,fhl Wvrg m%foaYj,g fjk u fmvr,a m%dka;hla b,a,Sug isxy,hka hehs y÷kajkq ,enQ msßi fhduq jQfha bx.sßiska f.a tjeks m%;sm;a;s ksidhs' 1926 jk úg nKavdrkdhl uy;d o Wvrg isxy,hka fjk u fldgila f,i ±lald' rg ms<sn| bx.sßiska we;s l< ta ;;a;ajh jerÈ nj jgyd.ekSug nKavdrkdhl uy;dg fuka u fmdÿfõ isxy,hkag o jeä l,a fkdf.dia u mq¿jka jqKd'

♦ 1889 È;a ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjreka o m;a flrefõ wdKavqldrhd úiskqhs' isxy, fou< wkqmd;h l=ula jqj;a tys t;rï jeo.;alula kE fka o @ Pkaofhka uka;%Sjreka m;a lr .;af;a ljod o @

fuys § jeo.;a jkafka n,h ms<sn| woyihs' n,h fnod yod .ekSfï § fou< kdhlhkag ;uka f.a jákdlu ms<sn| woyila ìß;dkSka úiska § ;snqKd' 1912 § ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjreka y;r fokl= Pkaofhka m;a lr.ekSug bv ie,eiaiqjd' bka tla whl= muKla W.;a ,dxlslhka fjkqfjka m;alr .ekSug yels jQjd' fuys § Pkao n,h ysñ jQfha iSñ; msßilg nj u;l ;nd .; hq;=hs' 1920 m%;sixialrKh;a iu. ks, fkd,;a uka;%S ixLHdj ks, ,;a uka;%S ixLHdjg jvd jeä jqKd' ks, ,;a 14 fokdg ks, fkd,;a 23 fokl= m;a lr .;a;d' ta 23 fokd f.ka 16 fokl= Pkaofhka m;a jQjd' wks;a 7 fokd wdKavqldrhd m;a l<d' ♦ fï wh m;a jqfKa ckj¾. mokulska o @ th ñY% j isÿ jQjla" ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjreka 16 fofkl= iSñ; Pkaofhka m;a flreKd' bka 11 fofkl= Pkao fldÜGdi ke;akï N+ñh u; mokï j f;dard .ekqKd' hqfrdamShkag fofokl=;a n¾.¾jrekag tla whl=;a fj<| uKav,hg tla whl=;a my; rg ksIamdolhka f.a ix.uhg tla whl=;a f;dard .; yels jqKd' niakdysr m<df;a W.;a fou< wh i|yd uka;%Sjrhl= m;a lr.ekSug fou< kdhlhka b,aÆ kuq;a th ,enqfKa keye' b;sß ks, fkd,;a uka;%Sjre 7 fokd wdKavqldrhd úiska m;a flreKd' ta wh m;a lrkq ,enQfha Wvrg isxy,hka i|yd fofokl= bka§h fou< ckhd i|yd tla whl=" uqia,sï ckhd i|yd tla whl= yd fjk;a ksfhdackh fkdjQ wh fjkqfjka ;=ka fokl= hk wdldrhghs' ♦ tys § ,dxlsl fou< ckhd i|yd tla whl= j;a ,enqfKa keye fkdfõ o @ th fou<

ckhdg l< widOdrKhla fkdfõ o @ fou< ckhd i|yd fjk u uka;%Sjrhl= Pkaofhka f;dard .ekSula fyda wdKavqldrhd m;a flÍula fyda fkdl< nj we;a;' isxy,hka fjkqfjka o Pkaofhka uka;%Sjrhl= f;dard.ekSulg bv i,id ;snqfKa keye' tfy;a Pkao fldÜGdij,ska isxy, yd fou< wh f;aÍ m;a jqKd' Pkaofhka f;dard m;a lr .ekSu iïnkaOfhka bka lshefjkafka isxy, yd fou< ck fldgia w;r wiudk;ajhla fkd;snQ njhs' wdKavqldrhd fou< ckhd fjkqfjka lsisfjl= m;a fkdlr Wvrg isxy,hka fjkqfjka fofokl= m;a flÍu widOdrKhla lsh, ldg yß lshkak mq¿jka nj we;a;' tfy;a tys wruqK jQfha Pkao fldÜGdij,ska Wvrg isxy,hka f.ka uka;%Sjreka Pkaofhka f;aÍug we;s yelshdj wvq neúka Tjqka fjkqfjka fofofkl= wdKavqldrhd úiska m;a flÍuhs' bka§h fou< ckhd fjkqfjka o uka;%Sjrhl= m;a flrefKa ta mokñkqhs' tys § Wvrg isxy,hka ixikaokh jkafka bka§h fou< ckhdghs' bka§h fou< ckhd fjkqfjka tla uka;%Sjrhl= m;a lrk úg Wvrg isxy,hka fjkqfjka uka;%Sjre fofokl= m;a flreKd' iuia;hla f,i .;a l, ,dxlsl fou< yd isxy, ckhd ck wkqmd;h l=ula jqj;a iudk ;;a;ajhl ,d ie,l=Kd' ♦ fou< kdhlhka jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ uka;%S wdik isxy, yd fou< wkqmd; 3 ( 2

jYfhka úh hq;= hehs b,a,d isáfha fï ld,fha o @ Tõ' th È.ska È.g u lrf.k .shd' 1921 § fou< uyck iNdj msysgqùfuka miq wkqmd; m%Yakh ;j ;j;a wjOdrKh flreKd' ♦ B<Õ m%;sixialrK j,ska ;;a;ajh fjkila jqKd o @

kej; m%;sixialrKhla jQfha 1924 jif¾ §hs' tys § ks, ,;a uka;%S ixLHdj 12 olajd wvq jqKq w;r ks, fkd,;a uka;%S ixLHdj 37 olajd jeä jqKd' tu 37 fokd f.ka 34 fokl= u Pkaofhka f;dard m;a lr .; hq;= j ;snqKd' wdKavqldrhd m;a l< hq;= j ;snqfKa 3 fokl= muKhs' tfy;a Pkaofhka f;dard.ekSug isá 34 fokd f.ka Pkaofhka f;dard m;a lr.ekqfKa 29 fofkl= muKhs' b;sß mia fokd Pkaofhka m;alr .ekSug wjia:dj ,efnk ;dla wdKavqldrhd m;a l<d' bka ;=ka fokl= uqia,sï ckhd fjkqfjka yd fofokl= bka§h fou< ckhd fjkqfjka m;a flreKd' fujr Wvrg isxy,hka fjkqfjka lsisjl= m;a flrefK;a keye' Tjqka ;j ÿrg;a uE;l § j;=j, jevg f.kd bka§h fou< ckhd iu. ikaikaokh flrefKa keye' ♦ wjidkfha § Pkaofhka f;dard .;a lr.ekqKq 29 fokd ckj¾. mokula u; f;dard

.ekqKd o @ th ñY% j isÿjQjla' bka 23 fofkl=f;dard .ekqfKa N+ñh u; mokï jQ Pkao fldÜGdi u;' th fn§ .sfha fï wdldrhghs' niakdysr 5" W;=r 5" ol=K 3" kef.kysr" uOHu" jhU" inr.uqj fjkqfjka fofokd ne.ska W;=r ueo yd W!j fjkqfjka tlaflkd ne.ska' fuys niakdysr yd W;=r tl iudk uÜgulska .ekqKq nj ie,lsh hq;=hs' b;sß 6 fokd f;dard .ekqfKa hqfrdamShhka i|yd ;=ka fofkl=" n¾.¾jreka i|yd fofofkl= yd niakdysr m<df;a ,dxlsl fou< i|yd tla wfhl= jYfhkq;a' fuu o;a; whs' ã' tia' ùrj¾Ok" t,a' fÊ' tï' l=f¾ uy;ajreka f.a lD;sj, yd fida,anß fldñifï jd¾;dfõ olajd ;sfnkjd' ♦ ta lshkafka niakdysr m<df;a ,dxlsl fou< W.;a wh i|yd uka;%S OQrhla ,enqKq njhs

@ Tõ' 1920 § neß jQ foa 1924 § ,nd .;a;d' th úfYaIs; wdikhla" 1920 § Wvrg isxy,hka i|yd ÿka wdik fol;a iu. th ikaikaokh lrkak neye' Wvrg isxy,hkag wdik ÿkafka bka§h fou< ckhdg ÿka wdldrhgh' niakdysr m<df;a fou< wh i|yd wdikhla ,efnkafka ta mokñka fkdj úfYaIs; jQ jrm%ido ,;a fldgila i|yd wiqkla Èh hq;= h hk mokñka' niakdysr m<df;a fou< wh ixikaokh jQfha hqfrdamShhka yd n¾.¾jreka iu.hs' wo jf.a u to;a fou< cd;sjd§ kdhlhka ;ukag ,nd .ekSug wjYH jQ foh l,a miq ù fyda ,nd .;a;d' 1920 § neß jQ foa 1924 § ,nd .;a;d' wjqreÿ ishhla muK ld,hla fou< kdhlhka l%shd lr we;af;a tl u rgdjla ;=<hs' fï ish¨ b,a,Sïj,g mokï jQfha ;u jrm%ido /l.ekSug yd n,h fnod yod.ekSug fou< kdhlhka isxy, ck;dj nyq;rhla nj ms<s.ekSug ;snQ wleue;a;hs' jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ Pkao ixLHdj jYfhka .;a l, isxy, uka;%Sjreka f.a ixLHdj isxy, fkdjkakka f.a ixLHdjg jvd wvq jqKd' ♦ 1918 isg 1929 olajd fou< kdhlhka lghq;= flf<a isxy,hkag jHjia:dodhl iNdj

;=< jeä n,hla fkd§ug o @ fï ld,h ;=< fou< kdhlhka W;aidy flf<a jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ jeä Pkao n,hla isxy,hkag fkd§ug;a" isxy, yd fou< uka;%S wkqmd;h 3(2 fyda wvq;rñka 2(1 jYfhka ;nd .ekSug;a h' fuys f;areu uka;%Ska 100 fofkl= isáhfyd;a isxy, uka;%S ixLHdj 50 g wvq úh hq;= nj;a fou< uka;%S ixLHdj wvq u ;rñka 25 g jeä úh hq;= nj;a h' b;sß uka;%Sjreka fou< yd wfkla ckj¾.j,g wh;a úh hq;= jqKd' fï fou< uka;%Sjreka f,i Tjqka fndfyda úg ie,l=fõ hdmk w¾Ooaùmfhka meñKs uka;%Sjrekq hs' ck.ykh jYfhka .;a l, kï isxy, yd hdmk w¾Ooaùmfha fou< wkqmd;h 12'1 muK f,i .; yelshs' isxy, yd uq¿ ,dxlsl fou< ck.ykh wkqmd;h jqj o 6(1 muK jqKd'

fou< kdhlhka tod jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ n,h fnod yod.ekSug lghq;= flf<a ta whqßkqhs' ♦ kuq;a Tjqka ljodj;a uka;%S ixLHdj 1(1 wkqmd;fhka úh hq;= hehs lSfõ keye fka o @ isxy, yd ,dxlsl fou< uka;%S wkqmd;h 1(1 f,i ;sìh hq;= njg Tjqka uq,ska woyia l<d' Tjqka f.a woyi ;sia .Kkaj,ska miq j we;s jQ mkyg mkfya m%;sm;a;sfhka o meyeÈ,s fjkjd' mkyg mky hkqfjka Tjqka b,a¨fõ ´kE u ckj¾.hlska f;aÍ m;ajk uka;%Sjreka ixLHdj 50] g wvq úh hq;=hs lshdhs' ta wdldrfhka u tla ck j¾.hlska 50] g jvd jeä weu;sjreka ixLHdjla m;a fkdlr .; hq;= h lshd;a b,a¨jd' tu m%;sm;a;sh wkqj isxy,hka idudkHfhka 70] g jeä h isáh;a Tjqkag ,efnk uka;%S ixLHdj yd wud;H ixLHdj 50] g wvq úh hq;=hs' fuhska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha isxy,hka nyq;rhla ùu je<elaùug hs' fjk;a jpkj,ska lshkafka kï fou< kdhlhka isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.;a njhs' th ixLHd;aul j m%ldY lsÍug mkyg mkfya iQ;%hla fhdod .;a;d' isxy, fkdjk uka;%Sjreka f.ka b;d jeä msßi fou< úh hq;= hehs Tjqka lshd isáhd' fï uQ,O¾uh tlaoyia kjish oywfgka miq fou< kdhlhka l< b,a,Sïj,ska meyeÈ,s fjkjd' isxy," ,dxlsl fou< uka;%S wkqmd;h 3(2 hkqfjka ;nd.ekSug Tjqka W;aidy l<d' tys moku jqfKa 1918 olajd isxy, ,dxlsl fou< uka;%S wkqmd;h 1(1 fyda 3(2 uÜgñka ;sîuhs' th tfia isÿ jQfha ìß;dkska uka;%Sjreka m;a flf<a ta wdldrhg ksid nj Tjqka wu;l l<d' ta jf.a u 1912 § yd 1917 § Pkaofhka m;a jQ fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d ish¨ u W.;a ,dxlslhka ksfhdackh l< nj;a Tjqka wu;l l<d' Tjqka rdukdoka uy;d fou< uka;%Sjrhl= f,i i,lñka uka;%S wkqmd;h .Kkh l<d' ìß;dkska we;s l< uQ,O¾uh wo o l%shd;aul fjkjd' wdKavqj úiska uE;l § bÈßm;a lrk ,o rg fn§fï fhdackdj,sfha fmdÿ fiajd fldñiu wdÈhg idudðlhka m;a lrkafka isxy, fou< uqia,sï tla whl= ne.ska' isxy,hka f.a 74] kslï u 33] la njg m;a lrkjd' ♦ tfy;a fï tllskaj;a fmvr,a l%uhla fyda rg fn§ula b,a¨fõ kE fka o @ we;a;' rg fn§u wdfõ miafi' uq,a ld,fha § Tjqka isxy, nyq;rhlg úreoaO jqKd' 1928 § ;u jd¾;dj bÈßm;a l< fvdkfuda¾ fldñifuka" fou< kdhlhka N+ñh u; fjkqjg ckj¾.h u; uka;%Ska f;dark f,i b,a¨jd' kuq;a th fldñifuka m%;slafIam jqKd' t;ek § fou< kdhlhka talg m%;spdr ±lajqfha 1931 § fvdkfuda¾ fldñifuka we;s l< rdcH uka;%K iNdjg uka;%Ska f;dark ue;sjrKh j¾ckh flÍfukq hs' fldñifuka ;ukag wjYH oE bgq fkdjqKq úg Tjqka ue;sjrKh j¾ckh l<d' 1918 isg ;sia.Kka olajd lrmq b,a,Sïj, miqìu jQfha jHjia:dodhl uKav,fha fyda rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ fyda ixLHd;aul j jeä n,hla isxy,hkag fkd§uhs' ta lshkafka ìß;dkska f.ka iSñ; j fyda ,enqKq jHjia:dodhl n,h nyq;rh isxy,hka jQ uOHhlg ,nd §ug Tjqka wleue;s jqKd' uOHfhys u n,h ;uka hï wdldrhlg yeisrúh hq;= h hkak fou< kdhlhka f.a u;h jqKd' fvdkfuda¾ fldñifï fhdackd wkqj 1931 jf.a u 1936 ue;sjrKj, §;a ck;djg i¾jck Pkaoh ,eî ;snqKd' ta jf.a u N+ñh u; mokï ù uka;%Sjreka f;dard.ekSu fou< kdhlhkag úYd, m%Yakhla jqKd' Tjqka f.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= bgq fkdjk ;;a;ajhla we;s jqKd' i¾jck Pkaoh ,efnkakg fmr fldfydu jqK;a fou< kdhlhkag" úfYaIfhka u hdmkfha kdhlhkag jdishla ;snqKd' thg fya;=j tl, Pkao n,h ;snQ wh f.ka úYd, wkqmd;hla fou< ùuhs' ta Tjqka ,;a wOHdmkh yd fjk;a jrm%ido ksidhs' WodyrKhla yeáhg 1921 § uOHu m<df;a ck.ykh 7"17"739 la jqK;a Pkao n,h ;snqfKa 2"427 fokdghs' fï uq¿ ck.ykfhka 3"16"142 la muKhs isxy,hka isáfha' fld<U k.rfha ck.ykh 2"44"163 hs' tys isxy, ck.ykh 1"10"470 hs' Pkao n,h ysñ ixLHdj 4"325' fï ixLHd f,aLk W;=re m<d; iu. ikaikaokh l<du úIu;dj fyd¢ka jegfykjd' tys uq¿ ck.ykh 3"74"829 hs' ,xld fou< ck.ykh 3"52"322 Pkao n,h ysñ ixLHdj

13"937 tkï fld<U jf.a ;=ka .=Khlg;a jeä hs' wfkla w;g kef.kysr m<df;a 1"92"823 fofkl= f.ka Pkao n,h ;snqfKa 806 fofkl=g muKhs' jrm%ido ,;a fou< wh W;=re m<df;a" úfYaIfhka u hdmk w¾Ooaùmfha jeishka' tu ue;sjrKfha § W;=r ueo m<df;a Pkao ixLHdj 385 hs' ta wdikhg m;a jQ uka;%Sjrhd fou<' fou< kdhlhka tjeks jQ 1921 l%uhg úreoaO jhs isáfha" i¾jck Pkaoh;a iu. ;uka f.a n,h tkï jHjia:dodhl n,h isxy,hka nyq;rhla isák wdh;khlg mejfrk nj fou< kdhlhka ±k isáhd' iuyr fou< kdhlhka fvdkfuda¾ fldñiu bÈßfha i¾jck Pkaohg úreoaO j idlaIs ÿkakd' fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d o bka tla wfhla' we;eï isxy, kdhlhka o i¾j ck Pkaohg úreoaO jqKq nj we;a;' Tjqka úreoaO jqfKa idudkH ckhdg Pkao n,h ,efnkjdghs' fou< kdhlhka úreoaO jqfKa n,h isxy,hka w;g hdù h lshdhs' ♦ 1931 § rdcH uka;%K iNd ue;sjrKh j¾ckh flf<a tu jHjia:dfjka mQ¾K ksoyi

fkd,enqKq ksid fka o @ ta jf.a u 1936 § iïmQ¾K wud;H uKav,h isxy,hka ùu fmvr,a b,a,Sug fya;=jla jqfKa keoao @

hdmkfha tla fldgila 1931 ue;sjrKh j¾ckh flf<a fvdkfuda¾ jHjia:dfjka mQ¾K ksoyi fkd,eîu ksid h lshk tl we;a;' ta hdmkfha ;reK fldka.%ihhs' th fld<U ;reK fldka.%ih;a iu. hï iïnkaO;djla we;s lrf.k ysáhd' Tjqka isáfha ál fokl= muKhs' hdmkfha mej;s ta jHdmdrh b;d u flá ld,hlg iSud jqKd' tfy;a fou< kdhlhka b;d jeä fofkl= 1931 hdmk w¾Ooaùmfha ue;sjrKh j¾ckh flf<a mQ¾K ksoyi fkd,enqKq ksid fkdfjhs' Tjqka th j¾ckh flf<a Tjqkag wjYH jQ wdldrhg ckj¾.h u; mokï ù uka;%Sjreka f;dard .ekSug wjia:djla fkd,enqKq ksihs' Tjqkag wjYH ù ;snqfKa isxy,hka nyq;rh jk uOHia:dkhla we;sjk ue;sjrKh j¾ckh flÍuhs' 1931 ue;sjrKfhka miq wfkla m<d;aj,ska m;a jQ fou< uka;%Sjreka o iu.ska wud;H uKav,hla msysgqjd .;a;d' fï wud;H uKav,h 1947 ka miq we;s jQ leìkÜ wud;H uKav,hg jvd fjkia' 1931 § rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ uka;%Sjreka lñgqj,g fnÿKd' ta lñgqj, iNdm;sjreka ;uhs wud;Hjreka f,i l%shd flf<a' wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK b,a,Sfï § 1931 m;a jQ wud;Hjreka f.a uKav,hg fndfyda úg iduqysl ;SrKj,g t<fUkak neß jqKd' fou< wud;Hjreka yd isxy, wud;Hjreka f,i fndfyda úg fjkia u; m%ldY l<d' fou< wud;Hjrekag wjYH jQfha wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK ;=<ska nyq;rh isxy,hka jQ uOHia:dkhla we;sùu je<elaùughs' ìß;dks wêrdcHjd§ka fï ;;a;ajh fyd¢ka m%fhdackhg .;a;d' m%;sixialrK b,aÆ úg Tjqka lSfõ wud;H uKav,h m<uq j tlÕ úh hq;= h lshd h' 1936 ue;sjrKfhka miq isxy, wud;H uKav,hla m;a lr.ekSug m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha ta tlÕ;dj we;s lr .ekSug bka bvla ,eîuhs' wfkla lreK jQfha fou< uka;%Sjreka fvdkfuda¾ l%uh ;=< fou< weu;sjreka we;sùu fkdje<laúh yels fohlehs jrojd f;areï .ksñka leìkÜ l%uhla jeks fjk;a l%uhla m%;slafIam flÍuhs' mQ¾K ksoyi ,eîfuka fjk;a l%uhla we;sjqj fyd;a nyq;rh ;j ;j;a isxy, úh yels hhs Tjqka ks.ukh l<d' tneúka mQ¾K ksoyi fkd,nd fvdkfuda¾ l%uh ;nd .ekSug Tjqkag úfYaI jqjukdjla we;s jqKd' 1936 isxy, wud;H uKav,hla we;s jk whqßka uka;%Sjreka lñgqj,g fnod fou< uka;%Sjrekag fvdkfuda¾ l%uhlg ;snQ úfYaI leue;a; ke;s flÍu isxy, wud;H uKav,hla we;s flÍfï § n, mE fojeks idOlh jqKd' ♦ tlaoyia kjish ;sia .Kkaj, fou< kdhlhkag nyq;rh isxy,hka jQ rdcH uka;%K

iNdjla we;s ùu je<elaùug fkdyels ùu ksid o Tjqka fmvr,a b,a,Sula lrd .sfha @ m<uqfjka u lsj hq;af;a Tjqka fmvr,a b,a,Sula lrd fkd.sh njhs' Tjqka f.a b,a,Su jQfha fjk u rdcHhla we;s flÍuhs' rdcH uka;%K iNdj jeks nyq;rh isxy,hka jQ

uOHhla we;s ùu je<elaùug i¾jck Pkaoh;a iu. fkdyels nj fou< kdhlhkag f;areï .shd' ta w;r bkaÈhdfõ fou< ckhd f.a fnÿïjd§ jHdmdr werUqKd' 1928 § ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ uÿrdis m%dka;fha ciaáia mlaIh ìys jqKd' miq lf,l øúv uqkafka;% l,dyï jHdmdrh njg m;ajqfKa ta mlaIhhs' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha fou< rdcHhla Èkd.ekSughs' Tjqka fou< ckhd ie,l=fõ rdcHhla ke;s cd;shla f,ihs' y;,sia .Kkaj, § fuu jHdmdrfha wdNdih ,xldjg ±fkkakg jqKd' iS' iqkaor,sx.ï uy;d B<dï ixl,amh f.kdfõ fï jljdkqfjhs' W;=r yd kef.kysr m<d;a o we;=¿ j B<dï rdcHhla we;s lsÍfï woyi l%ufhka fou< kdhlhka w;rg .shd' uOHfhys isxy, nyq;rhla we;sùu je<elaúh fkdyels ksid ;u jrm%ido wysñ jk neúka yd n,h wvqjk neúka jrm%ido /l .ekSug yd n,h ,nd .ekSug ;ukag nyq;rhla úh yels m%foaYhla fjk u rdcHhla f,i fjka lr.ekSu B<dï rdcHhg miqìï jQ o¾Ykhhs' ♦ ñka lshefjkafka n,fha fldgialrejka ùug fkdyels ùu ksid fjk u rdcHhla lrd

;,a¨ ùu o @ keye' n,fha fldgialrejka ùfuka muKla iEySulg m;a ùug fou< kdhlhkag wjYH;djla ;snqfKa keye' ;uka f.a ck wkqmd;h wkqj n,fha fldgialrejka" yjq,alrejka ùfuka muKla iEySulg m;aùug Tjqkag fkdyels jqKd' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha isxy,hka nyq;rh ùu je<elaùughs' tu.ska ck wkqmd;hg jeä wkqmd;hlska ;uka ú¢ jrm%ido yd n,h wdrlaId lr .ekSuhs' wud;H uKav,fha wud;H OQr lsysmhlska muKla Tjqkag iEySulg m;a ùug fkdyels jqKd' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha wud;H OQrj,ska 50] lg wvq m%udKhla muKla isxy,hkag ,nd§ughs' th l< fkdyels jQ úg bkaÈhdfõ fnÿïjd§ jHdmdrfha wdNdih ,nd Tjqka fjk u rdcHhla b,a¨jd' uOHfhys n,fha yjq,alrejka" fldgialrejka ùu muKla fou< kdhlhkag uÈ jqKd' fldáka u uOHfha n,h fnod.ekSu Tjqkag ms<s.; fkdyels jqKd' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha uOHfhys nyq;rh isxy,hka ùu je<elaùughs' th neß jQ úg Tjqka fjk u rdcHhla b,a,Sug mgka .;a;d' ♦ th meyeÈ,s uÈ" fuhska lshefjkafka isxy, wdêm;Hh ms<s.ekSug Tjqka ±lajQ

wleue;a; ñi n,fha yjq,alrejka ùug Tjqka ±lajQ wleue;a; ñi n,fha yjq,alrejka ùug Tjqka ±lajQ wleue;a; fkdjk nj fka o @

isxy, wdêm;Hh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula o @ wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd isxy, ùu o @ fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d ;u ksfhdað;hd f,i m;a lr.;a isxy,hkag wud;H uKav,hl m%Odkshd ljqo hkak jeo.;a fkdùug bv ;snqKd' fld<U k.r iNdfõ mqrm;s f,i wisxy,hka m;alr .kakd úg" l,a hEfï § wisxy,hl= wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd f,i m;alr .ekSug bv ;snqKd' th jroaod .;af;a fou< kdhlhkqhs' Tjqkag wud;H uKav,fha isxy, idudðl;ajh 50] g wvqfjka ;nd .ekSu jqjukd jqKd' th n,fha yjq,alrejka ùu fkdj isxy,hka f.a ksfhdack;ajh ySk flÍula' uOHfhys isxy, ksfhdack;ajh jeä jQ ksid u isxy, ixialD;sfhys wdêm;Hhla we;s fjkafka keye' fou< kdhlhka ta nj fkd±k isáhd fkdfõ' isxy, ksfhdack;ajh nd, flÍug Tjqkag wjYH jQfha tu.ska ck wkqmd;hg jvd ;uka N=la;s ú¢ jrm%ido yd n,h wdrlaId lr .ekSuhs' Tjqka th f,dalhg fmkajQfha isxy, wdêm;Hfhka .e<ùug l%shd flÍula f,ihs' tfy;a Tjqka ;u ck wkqmd;hg iß,k fia uOHfhys n,fha yjq,alrejka ùug W;aidy lr ke;s nj b;d meyeÈ,shs' ♦ 1949 § we;s flf<a fmvr,a mlaIhla" tys wruqK jQfha fou< rdcHh;a we;s flÍu

fkdj fmvr,a l%uhla ke;akï fmvr,a jHjia:djla we;s lr.ekSu fkdfõ o @

fmvr,a mlaIfhys fou< ku b,xflhs ;ñ,a wriq lÉÑ' tkï ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIhhs' tys wruqK jQfha fou< rdcHhla ìys flÍuhs' 1951 wm%sfh,a udifha fou< rdcH mlaIh ;u m<uq iïfï,kh meje;ajQjd' tys§ iïu; flreKq fhdackd wkqj fou< ckhd fjk u cd;shla f,i;a fou< cd;sfha iajhxks¾K whs;sh;a" W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a we;=¿ N+ñhla fou< kscN+ñ f,i;a ms<s.;a;d' fï fhdackd fou< rdcHhla i|yd lrk ,o fhdackd'

Tjqka ;u mlaIh fmvr,a kñka ye¢kajQfha isxy, ck;dj /jàuhs' Tjqka

isxy,hkag lshd isáfha ;uka fmvr,a rdcHhla tkï fmvr,a jHjia:djla i|yd lghq;= lrk njhs' tfy;a we;a; jqjukdj fjk;a tlla'

♦ ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh fyj;a fmvr,a mlaIh ìys ùug fida,anß jHjia:dj n,

fkdmEfõ o @ fida,anß jHjia:dj n,mEfõ keye' fida,anß jHjia:dfjka meyeÈ,s j u lsis u

ckj¾.hlg fyda wd.ulg fyda jdis f.k fok whqßka wKmk;a mekùug fkdyels jk wkaoug j.ka;shla" 29 jeks j.ka;sh" we;a;g u b;sydi úfrdaë j" we;=<;a lr ;sfnkjd' tfia kï fida,anß jHjia:djg úreoaO ùug fya;=jla keye'

fou< kdhlhka fida,anß fldñiu bÈßhg f.dia kej; jrla nyq;rh isxy,hka

jQ jHjia:dodhl n,h iys; wdh;khla" md¾,sfïka;=jla" we;sflÍu je<elaùug lghq;= l< nj kï we;a;' iuyr fou< kdhlhka ,xldjg mQ¾K ksoyi ,efnkjdg;a úreoaOj idlaIs ÿkakd' tfia lf<a nyq;rh isxy,hka jQ md¾,sfïka;=jla we;s ùu je<elaùug' Tjqka lshd isáfha mQ¾K ksoyig jvd fvdkfuda¾ fldñiug;a fmr ;snQ jHjia:dodhl iNd ;;a;ajh ;ukag jvd fyd| h lshdhs' tkï ck wkqmd;hg fkdiß,k jrm%ido yd n,h wdrlaId lr.ekSug mQ¾K ksoyi;a i¾jck Pkaoh;a Tjqka m%;slafIam l<d' jHjia:dodhl l%uh ;=< isxy,hka nyq;rh njg m;a ùu je<elaúh yels j ;snqK neúka Tjqka tu l%uhg jeä leue;a;la ±lajQjd'

tmuKla fkdfjhs' Ô' Ô' fmdkakïn,ï uy;d mkyg mky jHdmdrh w;ayer oud

;snqfKa keye' tfuka u 1947 § fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d md¾,sfïka;=fõ m%ldYhla lrñka ,xldfõ fou< ckhdg fjkaù iajdëk ol=Kq bkaÈhdj;a iu. tl;= ùug whs;shla we;ehs lshd ;sfnkjd' fï woyi úfÊj¾Ok uy;d f.a —fndauev úma,jh˜ lD;shg tfrys jQ nd,iqn%udkshï uy;d jeks we;eï fou< W.;=ka f.ka o m%ldY jqKd' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha uÿrdis m%dka;h iu. tla ùughs' Tjqka ,xldjg jvd we,aula ±lajQfha ol=Kq bkaÈhdjghs' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka Tjqka f.a wjidk n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs'

fmvr,a kñka fmkS isg fmvr,a rdcHhla" tkï fmvr,a jHjia:djla we;s rdcHhla

ìys lr" miq j fjk u rdcHhla ù uÿrdis m%dka;h fjka ù ks¾udKh lrk fou< rdcHhlg tl;= ù Tjqka f.a wNs,dIhla ù ;snqKd' wjidk fou< wNs,dIh wka lsisjla fkdj merKs fpda, wêrdcH ixl,amfhka .,d tk fuu wNs,dIhhs' ♦ 1949 § j;= lïlrejka f.a Pkao n,h wysñ flÍu fou< rdcH mlaIfha fyj;a

fmvr,a mlaIfha ìys ùug n,mEfõ keoao @ fp,ajkdh.ï uy;auhd fou< rdcH mlaIh weröug wdikak fya;=j yeáhg ±lajQfha j;= lïlrejka f.a Pkao n,h wysñ flÍu nj we;a;' tfyu jqK;a ta uy;auhd 1947 §;a l,ska i|yka lrmq wdldrhg ol=Kq bkaÈhdj;a tlal tl;= fjkak mq¿jka nj lsh, ;snqKd' wks;a ldrKh j;= lïlrejka f.a Pkao n,h wysñ l< tlg úi÷u W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a tl;= lr fou< ksc N+ñhla yd rdcHhla we;s flÍu fjkafk keye' fï to;a wo;a fou< kdhlhka l%shdlrk wdldrhhs' tkï ;uka f.a wruqK bgqlr .ekSu i|yd mj;sk foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;ukag wjYH jQ b,a,Sï bÈßm;a flÍuhs'

fp,ajkdh.ï uy;auhd ;uka idudðl;ajh ±rE fou< fldka.%ifhka wia jqfKa Ô' Ô' fmdkakïn,ï uy;auhd fjk u rdcHhla lrd hEug tl, lghq;= fkdl< neúkqhs' ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIfha wdrïNh øúv uqkafka;% l,dyï jHdmdrfha wdrïNh;a iu. iu.dó fjkjd' th wmg wu;l lrkak neye' fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d ÿgq wdldrhg fmdkakïn,ï uy;d f.a mkyg mky jHdmdrh tys wjidk wjêhg f.dia ;snqKd'

♦ Tn thska woyia lrkafka mkyg mky jHdmdrh ueÍ hñka ;snqK nj o @ Ô' Ô' fmdkakïn,ï uy;d f.a fou< fldka.%ih;a mkyg mky jHdmdrh;a 1885 fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d werUQ uOHfhys isxy,hka nyq;rhla ùu je<elaùfï jHdmdrfhys wjidk cjksldjhs' th fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï uy;d 1921 § werUQ fou< uyck iNdfõ wjika wkqm%dma;slhdhs' fuu jHdmdrh úiska isxy,hka nyq;rh f,i ms<s.ekqfKa keye' Tjqkag rfÜ b;sydih;a iu. noaO ùug fkdyels jqKd' Tjqka È.ska È.g W;aidy flf<a uOHfhys tkï jHjia:dodhl iNdfjys" miq j rdcH uka;%K iNdfjys yd wjika jYfhka fida,anß fldñifï m%;sM,hla f,i we;sjqKq fvdókshka md¾,sfïka;=fjys isxy,hka nyq;rhla ùu je<elaùuhs' 1931 ka miq j th ;j ÿrg;a l< fkdyels nj Tjqka l%ufhka f;areï .ksñka isáhd' rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ ixhq;sh jQfha Pkaofhka m;a jk uka;%Sjreka 50" m;a l< uka;%Sjreka 8" ks, n,fhka m;ajk ks,OdÍka 3' 1931 § Pkaofhka f;arefKa uka;%Sjreka 46 fofkl= muKhs' thg fya;=j fou< kdhlhka ue;sjrKh j¾ckh flÍu ksid hdmk Èia;%slalfha uka;%Sjreka y;r fofkl= f;dard.ekSug fkdyels ùuhs' ta fjkqjg wdKavqldrhd uka;%Sjreka 4 fofkl= m;a l<d' f;aÍ m;a jQ uka;%Sjre 46 fokd f.ka 38 fofkl= isxy, o" ;=kafofkl= ,dxlsl fou< o" fofofkl= bka§h fou< o" fofofkl= hqfrdamSh o" tla wfhl= uqia,sï o jQjd' m;a l< uka;%Sjreka 8 fokd w;r hqfrdamShhka 4 fofkl=" n¾.¾ 2 fofkl=" bka§h fou< tla wfhl= o" uqia,sï tla wfhl= o isáhd' ta wkqj ks,OdÍka ;=kafokd yereKq úg" uka;%Sjre 58 la jQ uka;%K iNdfõ isxy,hka 38 fofkl= isáhd' 1936 ue;sjrKfhka isxy, uka;%Sjre 39 fofkl= m;ajqKd' th ishhg yegy;la muK jQjd' fï m%jK;dj fou< fldka.%ihg m%Yakhla jQjd' y;,sfya oYlh jk úg fou< cd;sjd§ jHdmdrfha .=Kd;aul fjkila isÿ jqKd' rfÜ b;sydihg msgqmEu;a" isxy,hka nyq;rh f,i fkdms<s.ekSu;a" ;u jrm%ido yd uOHfhys n,h wdrlaId lr.ekSug ;snQ jqjukdj;a úiska Tjqka tf;la fufyhjqfKa uOHfhys tkï jHjia:dodhl iNdfjys isxy,hka nyq;rh ùu je<elaùughs' th n,h ms<sn| m%Yakhla' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha n,h fnod yod .ekSula fkdj isxy,hka f.a n,h ySk flrSu;a ;u ck wkqmd;hg lsisfia;a u fkdiß,k wdldrhlska n,h ;uka w;g .ekSu;a h' mkyg mky igka mdGh th ixfla;j;a l<d' y;,sfya oYlfha § by; lS jHdmdrh idlaId;a lr .; fkdyels fohla nj fou< cd;sjdohg f;areKd' bka§h fnÿïjd§ jHdmdrfha wdNdih;a iu. furg fou< cd;sjdoh o fnÿïjd§ jHdmdrhla wdrïN l<d' Tjqka f.a wjOdkh uOHfhka m%dka;hg .shd' W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, rdcHhla msysgqjdf.k tys n,hg taug fou< cd;sjdoh ;SrKh l<d' iqkaor,sx.ï uy;d y;,sfya oYlfha § B<ula .ek l;d l<d' fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d 1947 § ol=Kq bkaÈhdj iu. fou< rdcHh tla ùu .ek l;d l<d' 1949 § isÿ jQfha fou< cd;sjd§ jHdmdrfha we;s jQ fuu .=Kd;aul fjki ixfla;d;aul j m%ldY ùuhs' ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh fou< cd;sjdofha kj m%jK;djfha m%ldYlhd f,i u;= jqKd'

m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d ♦ 1931 ka miq j fou< ckhdg úreoaO j isxy, nyq;rh úiska widOdrKlï isÿ flf<a

o @

Tn fudk widOdrKhla .ek wikjd ±hs okafka keye' 1936 m;a jQ mQ¾K isxy, wud;H uKav,hg fya;= jQ oE ud l,ska i|yka lr we;s' fï j;dfõ § fou< cd;sjdoh b;d u;a idyisl wkaoug isxy,hkag úreoaO j idudkH fou< ck;dj f.a yeÕSï weúiaiSug kï l%shd l<d' kdj,msáh wd§ m<d;aj, isxy, úfrdaë /iaùï mj;ajd ;sfnkjd' ♦ Tn mjikafka 1931 ka miq fou< kdhlhka isxy, úfrdaë Woaf>daIKsl l%shd isÿ l<

nj o@ fï ld,h ;=< isxy,hkag jdis i,ik wKmk;a iïu; lr .;af;a keoao @ isxy,hkag jdis i,ik wKmk;a iïu; ùula isÿ jQfha keye' we;a; jYfhka u isÿ jQfha b;sydih ms<sf.k we;eï mk;a bÈßm;a flÍuhs' fï mk;aj,ska isxy, fn!oaOhkag úfYaIhla flfrk nj;a wfkla ck fldgiaj,g widOdrKhla jk nj;a olajñka fou< kdhlhka ta mk;aj,g úreoaO jqKd' WodyrKhla f,i 1942 bÈßm;a lrk ,o wkqrdOmqr ixrlaIK mk; .ksuq' fuu mkf;ys wruqK jQfha wkqrdOmqr Y=oaO N+ñh fy<s fmfy<s lr ixrlaIK flÍuhs' tys we;s jro l=ula o @ wjqreÿ oyilg jvd w.kqjr j mej;shd jQ o Y%S uyd fndaêh we;=¿ wguia:dkh msysáhd jQ o m%foaYh merKs Y%S úN+;sh úoyd olajk whqßka ixrlaIKh flÍu fjk;a ck j¾.hlg lrk widOdrKhla jkafka flfia o @ tfy;a fou< kdhlhka tu mk;g úreoaO jQfha wkqrdOmqr ixrlaIKfhka ft;sydisl k.rfhys jdih l< fou< yd uqia,sï ckhdg widOdrKhla jkafka h hk mokñkqhs' 1931 § bÈßm;a lrk ,o fn!oaO isoaOia:dk ms<sn| mk; isxy, fn!oaOhkag úfYaIhla lrkakla f,i i,ld fou< kdhlhka Bg úreoaO jqKd' iq¿ cd;Skag widOdrKhla jkafka hhs lshñka wKmk;a j,g úreoaO ùu fl;rï ÿr È. .sfha o lsjfyd;a 1942 wxl 47 ork nia fiajd n,m;% mk;g yd 1940 wxl 24 ork ëjr mk;g úreoaO jQfha hqfrdamShkag yd bka§h iq¿ cd;slhkag bka widOdrKhla jkafka h hk mokñkqhs' fláfhka lsjfyd;a b;sydih ms<s.ksñka rfÜ ixialD;shg tlÕ j wKmk;a bÈßm;a flÍu isxy,hkag mlaI j iq¿ cd;Skag úreoaO j flfrk oE f,i fmkajkjd' wo ;sfnkafk;a ta ;;a;ajh uhs' fjkilg we;af;a 1960 muK isg l%shd;aul jk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, fufyhùu hgf;a isxy, fn!oaOhka hehs lshd .kakjqka f.ka we;eï msßila o b;sydihg msgqmd l%shd flÍuhs' ♦ 1949 § fou< rdcH mlaIh ìys ùu;a iu. fou< cd;sjdoh fojeks hq.hlg msúiqKq

nj lSjd' ud l,ska o weiQ m%Yakhg Tn ;ju;a ms<s;=rla ÿkafka keye' fuu fojeks hq.h weröug j;= lïlrejka f.a Pkao n,h wysñ flÍu fya;= jQfha keoao @

ud kej;;a lshkjd 1949 § isÿ jqfha miq.sh ish jif¾ isg isÿ fjñka mej;s

l%shdoduhla w¨;a hq.hlg msúi we;s jQ l=¿.ekaùula ñi fjk;a fohla fkdjk nj" fuu l%shdoduh y;<sfya oYlfha w¨;a udj;lg msúishd' fjk u rdcHhla i|yd igk mgka .;af;a fuu oYlfha § h' fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d 1947 § l< m%ldYh;a iqkaor,sx.ï uy;d B<dï ixl,amh y÷kajd §u;a .ek ud l,ska i|yka l<d' ♦ tfy;a Pkao n,h wysñ flÍu m%Odk idOlhla jQfha keoao @ keye' fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d fmdkakïn,ï uy;d f.a fou< fldka.%ifhka leãug th wdikak fya;=jla lr .;a;d muKs' fï m%Yakfha wdrïNh ;rula wE;g Èj hkjd' 1931 § i¾jck Pkaoh ,enqKq wjia:dfõ § furg mqrjeishka hkq ljqreka ±hs ksYaÑ;j i|yka jQfha keye' tjlg ì%;dkHfha hg;a jeishka j isá whg hï hï

fldkafoaisj,g hg;a j ,xldfõ Pkao n,h ysñ jqKd' rfÜ mqrjeis Ndjh ms<sn| m%Yakh tys § u;= jQfha keye' 19 jeks ishjfia w.Nd.fha § jHjia:dodhl iNd ue;sjrKj, § Pkao n,h ysñ jQfha hqfrdamShhkag muKhs' 1910 § W.;a ,dxlslhkag Pkao n,h ysñ jqKd' tys § ,dxlslhka hkq ljqreka ±hs ks¾jpkh jQfha keye' tfy;a ,dxlslhka hk f.dvg hqfrdamShka yd bkaÈhdkqjka wh;a jQfha keye' 1931 §;a ,dxlsl lshk jpkh ks¾jpkh jQfha keye' 1931 § Pkao n,h fldgia ;=klg ysñjqKd hehs lsj yelshs' idudkHfhka iïu; wdldrhg ,dxlsl hehs lshjqKq msßig Pkao n,h ,enqfKa mrïmrdj mÈxÑ ù isá neúkqhs' bka§h iïNjhla we;s <Õl § meñKs ì%;dkH hg;a jeishkag Pkao n,h ,enqfKa iaÒr mÈxÑ iy;slh ;snqKs kï muKs' ì%;dkH hg;a jeishka f.ka hqfrdamSh jQ j¾.hg Pkao n,h ,enqfKa tla;rd W.;alula yd foam< we;s j isáfha kï h' 1931 § mqrjeishka ms<sn| m%Yakh u. yßkq ,enQj o bka§h iïNjhla we;s msßi f.a foaYmd,k whs;sh ms<sn| m%Yakh mek ke.=Kd' fvdkfuda¾ fldñifï woyi jQfha Pkao n,h i|yd wjqreÿ 5 la ,xldfõ mÈxÑh wjYH njhs' jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ u;h jQfha mÈxÑh ;yjqre flÍu i|yd Tjqka idlaIs bÈßm;a l< hq;= njhs' 1946 § fida,anß jHjia:dj ilia flÍfï §;a mqrjeis m%Yakh úi|d ;snqfKa keye' 1948 § fvdñkshka ;;a;ajh ,efnk úg fï m%Yakhg w; ;eîug ,xldKavqj wjia:djla lr .;a;d' 1948 mqrjeis mk; wkqj mrïmrdfjka yd ,shdmÈxÑ ùfuka mqrjeis nj ysñ jqKd' fouõmshka f.a yd iSh,d wdÉÑ,d f.a mÈxÑ ùu wkqj mrïmrdfjka mqrjeislu ,enqKd' ,shdmÈxÑfhka mqrjeislu ,enqfKa hï hï fldkafoais imqrd¨fjd;a muKhs' fuu fldkafoais 1949 bka§h yd mlsia:dkq ^mqrjeis& mk; wkqj bka§h yd mlsia:dkq iïNjhla we;s msßia iïnkaOfhka ;j;a <sys,a jqKd' 1949 mk;g Ô' Ô' fmdkakïn,ï uy;d t' cd' m' wdKavqfõ weu;sjrhl= f,i;a ta uy;d f.a kdhl;ajfhka ;snQ fou< fldka.%ih wdKavqfõ fldgialrejl= f,i;a mlaI jqKd' bka miq o ta uy;d leìkÜ uKav,fha lghq;= l<d' 1948 mqrjeis mk; yd 1949 bka§h yd mlsia:dkq ^mqrjeis& mk; iïu; ùfuka miq 1949 wxl 48 ork md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK mk; u.ska mqrjeishkag muKla Pkao n,h ysñlr ÿkakd' fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d we;=¿ msßi úreoaO;ajh m< lr fou< fldka.%ifhka wia jQfha ta wjia:dfõ § h' fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d fï m%Yakh Wv wia jQfha kï Tyq tfia l< hq;= j ;snqfKa 1948 § hs' tfy;a 1949 § ;ñ,a wriq lÉÑh msysgqjQfha ;ñ,akdvq jHdmdrfha wNdifhka øúv uqkafka;% l,dyï jHdmdrh msysgqùu;a iu.hs' 1949 ue;sjrK mk; fya;= fldgf.k bka§h yd mlsia:dkq iïNjhla we;s hï msßilg Pkao n,h wysñ jQfha ;djld,sl jhs' thg fya;=j hï hï fldkafoais imqrd,Sfuka miq Tjqkag o Pkao n,h l,a .; ù fyda ysñ ùu ksid h' fï mk;;a iu. ,xldfõ tjlg mÈxÑ j isá ish¨ u hqfrdamShhkag Pkao n,h iodld,sl j u wysñ jQ nj;a wm wu;l fkdl< hq;=hs' ♦ flfia fyda 1948 mqrjeis mk;" 1949 bkaÈhdkq yd mlsia:dkq ^mqrjeis& mk;" 1949

md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK mk; u.ska isÿ jQfha furg wd¾Ólfhys jeo.;a ld¾h .Kkdjla bgq l< j;= lïlrejka f.a mqrjeis nj;a" Pkao n,h;a wysñ flÍuhs' th m%cd;ka;%Sh fkdjk l%shdjla yd wudkqIsl l%shdjla fkdjkafka o@ Tjqka furgg f.kajQfha furg Okm;shka f.a jqjukdjg fkdfõ o @

wêrdcHjd§ka f.ka rgla ksoyi ,nk úg tu rfÜ mqrjeishka ljqo hkq ;SrKh

flÍu tu rfÜ whs;shla' wêrdcHjd§ka f.a iufha furgg j;= lïlrejka f.kajQfha ìß;dkska f.a fuka u furg Okm;s jHdmdßlhka f.a jqjukdjg nj we;a;hs' tfy;a fudjqka ksoyi ,nk úg;a ,xldfõ ks;H mÈxÑlrejka jqfKa keye' tlaoyia kjish ;sia .Kkaj,;a Tjqka furg isáfha ixl%uKsl ;djld,sl mÈxÑlrejka f,ihs' iEu jirl u

hï msßila furgg meñKs w;r ;j;a msßila wdmiq bkaÈhdjg .shd' ixLHd f,aLkj,ska fmkakqï flfrkafka 1921 - 1951 w;r ld,h ;=< ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka 19"96"026 fofkl= meñK we;s w;r 17"85"135 fofkl= wdmiq ol=Kq bkaÈhdjg f.dia we;s njhs' wdmiq .sh msßi w;r ks;H mÈxÑlrejka f,i ìß;dkSka úiska i,lkq ,enQ wh o isáhd'

fï msßi ,xldjg meñKsfha hï fldkafoais hgf;a' rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha §

Pkao n,h ysñ lr .;af;a Tjqka ìß;dks hg;a jeishka jQ ksihs' ìß;dks wêrdcHh ;=< úiq ish¨ fokd u ìß;dks hg;a jeishka jQfhka Tjqkaj wêrdcHfha tla rgl isg ;j;a rglg f.k hd yels jqKd' ìß;dkskag fudjqka l=uk rgl mqrjeishka o hkak m%Yakhla jqfKa keye'

ksoyi ,eîu;a iu. fudjqka ms<sn| ;SrKhla .; hq;= j ;snqKd' ta iïnkaOfhka

.; yels j ;snQ úiªï jQfha Tjqka bkaÈhdjg hjkjd o" ,xldfõ mqrjeishka njg m;a lrkjd o" tfia ke;akï ìß;dkshg hjkjd o" hkakhs' 1948 § msysgjkq ,enQ wdKavqj Tjqka ìß;dkshg heùug l,amkd flf<a keye' wjYH kï Tjqka ìß;dkshg wdmiq f.k hk f,i wêrdcHjd§ka f.ka b,a,Sug ;snqKd' tfy;a tjlg ;snQ wdKavqj tfia flf<a keye'

wêrdcHjd§ iuh ;=< we;eï wm%sldkq rgj,g f.dia isá bkaÈhdkqjka ta rgj,

iïu; lr.;a kS;sÍ;s fya;= fldgf.k ìß;dkshg f.kajd.ekSug ìß;dks wdKavqjg isÿ jQjd' tu rgj,g bkaÈhdkqjka .sfha fndfyda úg iafjÉPdfjka' ,xldjg bkaÈhdkq j;= lïlrejka f.kajQfha wêrdcHjd§ka úiska uhs' tneúka Tjqka ms<sn| j.lSu wm%sldkq rgj, §g;a jvd ,xldfõ § ìß;dkskag mejreKd' tfy;a ,xldKavqj 1948 § Tjqka ìß;dkshg f.k hk f,i wêrdcHjd§ka f.ka b,a¨fõ keye' tfia fkdb,a¨fõ furg md,lhka wêrdcHjd§ka f.a iqjp lSlre fiajlhka ùu ksid fjkak mq¨jka' flfia fj;;a tf,i fkdb,a,Su wudkqIsl .=Khla jkafka keye'

fuu j;=lïlrejka iïnkaOfhka .; yels wfkla mshjr jQfha Tjqka bkaÈhdjg

heùuhs' fï m%Yakh ms<sn| bkaÈhdj iu. úúO idlÉPd yd .súiqï we;s ù ;sfnkjd' tu idlÉPd yd úi÷ï j, m%;sM, f,i j;=lïlrejka f.ka úYd, msßila wdmiq bkaÈhdjg f.kajd .ekSug bka§h wdKavqj tlÕ jQjd' bka meyeÈ,s jkafka bka§h iïNjhla we;s j;= lïlrejka bkaÈhdfõ mqrjeishka f,i ms<s.ekSug bkaÈhdj tlÕ jQ njhs'

fï m%Yakh myiqfjka u úi|d .ekSug ;snqfKa 1947 - 1948 jljdkqfõ uhs' tl,

bkaÈhdj;a iu. idlÉPd flf<a kï úYd, msßila bkaÈhdjg heùug ;snqKd' flfia fj;;a 1950 ckjdßfha § fkare - fld;,dj, .súiqu hgf;a fï ms<sn| hï tlÕ;ajhlg meñKshd' ♦ tfy;a fï j;= lïlrejka furg wd¾Ólh k.d isgqùug odhl jqfKa keoao @ ta ksid

Tjqkag mqrjeislu;a Pkao n,h;a Èh hq;= fkdfõ o @ hï msßila rgl wd¾Ólh f.dv ke.Sug odhl jQ muKska ta msßig mqrjeislu ,efnkafka keye' WodyrKhla f,i ueo fmrÈ. /lshdj,g ,xldj we;=¿ wdishd;sl rgj,ska hk wh ta rgj, wd¾Ólh k.disgqùu i|yd úYd, ld¾hhla lrkjd' tfy;a ta ksid u Tjqkag ueo fmrÈ. rgj, mqrjeislï ,efnkafka keye' ♦ flfia fj;;a fï msßi 1931" 1936" 1947 ue;sjrKj, § Pkaoh § ;snqKd fkao @

tneúka Tjqka f.a Pkao n,h wfydais lsÍu widOdrK keoao @ uE;la jk ;=re u ìß;dksh" ´ifÜ%,shdj wd§ fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh rgj,g ,xldj" bkaÈhdj jf.a rgj,ska .sh whg Pkao n,h ;snqKd' ta Tjqka ish,a, u ìß;dks hg;a jeishka jQ ksid' ±ka tf,i Pkao n,h ,efnkafka keye' ±ka Pkao n,h ,eîug m<uq j mqrjeishl= úh hq;=hs' ta ta rgj,a ta ta ld,j, § tfia Pkao n,h ysñ wh ms<sn| úúO

;SrK f.k ;sfnkjd' 1931" 1936 yd 1947 § j;= lïlrejkag Pkao n,h ,enqfKa Tjqka o wfkla wh iu.ska ìß;dks hg;a jeishka ùu ksid' 1948 ka miq fï ;;a;ajh fjkia jqKd' ♦ fkare - fld;,dj, .súiqfuka isÿ jQfha l=ula o @ ta .súiqu we;s jQfha fï j;= lïlrejka ms<sn| jhs' tys § ;SrKh jQfha 1966 jk ;=re Tjqka fjk u Pkao ,ehsia;=j, ,shdmÈxÑ lrùug;a Tjqka f.ka uka;%Sjre msßila f;dard .ekSug;a h' md¾,sfïka;=fõ iïu; jQ mk;la wkqj fï uka;%Sjre ixLHdj 4 f,i ;SrKh flreKd' ta Pkao ,ehsia;=j, ,shdmÈxÑ fkdjk wh bkaÈhdfõ mqrjeishka f,i ndr .ekSug bkaÈhdj tlÕ jqKd' tfuka u Pkao ,ehsia;=j, ,shdmosxÑ jQ wh mjd" Tjqkag bkaÈhdjg hEug wjYH jqKs kï" bkaÈhdj ;u mqrjeishka f,i ,shdmÈxÑ lrùug tlÕ jQjd' fuu .súiqfï jeo.;a u uQ,O¾uh jQfha 1954 § mjd ta j;= lïlrejka ish¨ fokd u jqj;a bka§h mqrjeishka f,i ndr.ekSug bkaÈhdj tlÕ ùuhs' j;= lïlrejka ish¨ fokdg u bkaÈhdjg hEug wjYH jqKs kï Tjqka ;u mqrjeishka f,i ndr .ekSug bkaÈhdj tlÕ ù isáhd' thska ;yjqre jkafka 1948 § Tjqkag ,xldfõ mqrjeisNdjh §ug tlÕ fkdùu widOdrKhla fkdjk njhs' we;af;ka u fï m%Yakh 1948 § u bkaÈhdj iu. idlÉPd l<d kï myiqfjka u úi|d.kak ;snqKd' 1948 § j;= lïlrejka ish¨ fokdg u jqj;a mqrjeislu ,nd§ug leu;s jQ bkaÈhdj 1964 isßud - Ydia;%S .súiqfï § ish,a,kag u mqrjeislï §ug tlÕ jqfKa keye' ♦ isßud - Ydia;%S .súiqfuka mqrjeislï m%Yakh úi÷fKa flfia o @ fkare - fld;,dj, .súiqu yßyeá l%shd;aul fkdùu ksid j;=lïlrejka f.a m%Yakh 1964 jk úg;a ;snqKd' 1964 isßud - Ydia;%S .súiqug wkqj bkaÈhdj j;= lïlrejka 6"00"000 lg yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakkag mqrjeislï fokakg;a ,xldj b;sß 3"75"000 g yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakkag;a mqrjeislï fokakg;a tlÕ jqKd' bkaÈhdjg hEu i|yd b,a¨ï m;a lef|õjd' tys § f;dkavuka uy;d f.a j;= lïlrejka ix.uh jQ ,xld lïlre fldka.%ih j;= lïlrejka tfia bkaÈhdjg wdmiq hEug b,a¨ï flÍu je<elaùug W;aidy .;a;d' tjeks W;aidyhlska miq j;a 5"06"000 la bkaÈhdjg hEug b,a¨ï l<d' tfy;a 1964 ka miq j f;dkavuka uy;d f.a fldka.%ifha n,mEu fya;= fldg f.k bkaÈhdjg hjd we;af;a 2"65"444 fokl= muKhs' ♦ b;sß whg isÿ jQfha l=ulao @ Tjqkag ,xldfõ mqrjeislu ,enqKdæ 1986 § f;dkavuka uy;d bkaÈhdjg hEug bÈßm;a fkdjQ 94"000 fokdg yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakkag ,xldfõ mqrjeislï ,ndÈh hq;= hehs fhdackd l<d' ta w;r bkaÈhdjg hEug b,a¨ï lr fkd.sh 2"40"556 yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakka o kslï u mqrjeislu ,nd .;a;d' f;dkavuka uy;d f.a .súiqï wkqj Èjqreï fm;aiula ÿka muKska ,xldfõ mqrjeislu .ekSug mq¿jka jqKd' bka isÿ jQfha bkaÈhdfõ mqrjeislu ,eîug isá 3"34"556 fokl= yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakka ,xldfõ mqrjeislu ,nd .ekSuhs' fkare - fld;,dj, yd isßud - Ydia;%s .súiqïj, m%Odk ,laIKh jQfha j;= lïlrejka bka§h mqrjeishka f,i ndr .ekSug bkaÈhdj tlÕ ùuhs' thska meyeÈ,s jkafka Tjqka bka§h mqrjeishka njg bkaÈhdfõ ielhla fkd;snQ njhs' ♦ j;= lïlrejkag Pkao n,h wysñ flf<a Tjqka jdudxYsl mlaIj,g Pkaoh ÿka ksid o

@ Tjqka jdudxYsl mlaIj,g Pkaoh ÿkakd hehs lSu jerÈhs' Tjqka f.a jD;a;Sh iñ;s kdhlhka w;r jdudxYslhka o isá nj we;a;hs' tfy;a tu j;= lïlrejka jdudxYslhka jQfha keye' wjYH kï Tjqka f.a Pkaoh t' cd' mlaIhg ,nd .ekSug ;snqKd' l< hq;=j ;snqfKa t' cd' mlaIhg ys;j;a jD;a;Sh iñ;s kdhl;ajhla ;nd .ekSu muKhs' fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d .dñKS Èidkdhl uy;d ,jd th flÍug W;aidy l<d' tfy;a ta jk úg

f;dkavuka uy;d jD;a;Sh iñ;sj, uq¿ukska u jdf.a n,Odßhd ù ;snqKd' f;dkavuka uy;d 1947 md¾,sfïka;=fõ;a uka;%Sjrhl= f,i m;a j isá nj wu;l fkdl< hq;=hs' ♦ Tn lshkafka 1949 § fou< rdcH mlaIh fyj;a fmvr,a mlaIh msysgqùug j;= lïlre

m%Yakh n,mEfõ ke;ehs hkak o @ Tjqka mlaIh msysgqùfï § th wdikak fya;=jla f,i ±lajQ nj we;a;' tfy;a fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d jeks wh cd;sjd§ jQfha thg fndfyda l,ska' 1947 § Tyq l< m%ldYhla ud l,ska i|yka lr we;s' yer;a fuys § m%Odk m%Yakh jQfha mqrjeis mk;hs' th iïu; jQfha 1948 Èhs' mqrjeis fkdjkakkag Pkao n,h ,efnkafka keye' tneúka fï m%Yakh Wv mlaIh msysgq ù kï fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d th l< hq;=j ;snqfKa 1948 § ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh msysgqjQfha W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a o we;=¿ jQ fldgil fjk u rdcHhla ìys flÍughs' fuys § fudk úÈhg ;¾l l<;a fou< rdcH mlaIfha wruqK jika lrkak neye' Tjqkag wjYH W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, fou< ckhdg we;ehs lshk m%Yak úi£ug kï Wvrg j;= lïlrejka f.a m%Yakhla thg we|d .kak neye' ta jf.a u j;= lïlrejkaf.a m%Yakhg úi÷u yeáhg bÈßm;a lrkafka W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, fjk u rdcHhla we;s flÍu kï thska j;= lïlrejka f.a Pkao n,h ms<sn| m%Yakh úi|kak neß nj meyeÈ,shs' fldfydug;a wo jk úg ish¨ u j;= lïlrejkag yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakkag mqrjeislu;a Pkao n,h;a ,eî ;sfnkjd' wjidkfha § fkare - fld;,dj, .súiqu j;a isßud - Ydia;%S .súiqu j;a l%shd;aul jqfKa keye' wo jk úg ish¨ u j;= lïlrejkag yd Tjqka f.ka mej; tkakkag mqrjeislu yd Pkao n,h ysñj ;sìh §;a rg fn§fï jHdmdrh l%shd;aul fjkjd' bka meyeÈ,s jkafka;a ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh;a tys wkqm%dma;slhd jQ fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK;a fjk;a wruqKq we;s j msysgqjd .;a mlaI njhs' ♦ 1949 ka miq m%Yakh ;j;a W.% jQjd fkdfõ o @ fou< ckhdg bka miq fkdfhl=;a

widOdrKlï isÿ jQjd fkdfõ o @ cd;sl fldäh" rdcH NdIdj" ckmolrKh" m%ñ;slrKh wdÈh yryd fou< ckhd fojeks mka;sfha mqrjeishka njg m;a jQfha keoao @

fïjd ujd mE widOdrKlï nj ±ka ikd: ù wjidkhs' fï Bkshd widOdrKlï .ek lms, mSßia uy;d —ld,h˜ iÕrdfõ ;=ka jeks fj¿fï l,dm lsysmhl ,sms m< lr ;sfnkjd' tneúka tajd .ek ;j ÿrg;a i|yka lrkak wjYH keye' Tn w¨f;ka i|yka lrkafka cd;sl fldäh ms<sn| m%Yakhhs' ±ka ;sfnk cd;sl fldäh f;dard .;af;a ta i|yd m;a lrk ,o lñgqjla u.skqhs' fou< cd;sjd§ka lshkafka fldäfha isxyhd i,l=Kq lsÍu jerÈ h lshdhs' ;j;a iuyr fofkl= lshkafka ;Sre tl;= lsÍu jerÈ h lshdhs' cd;sl fldähl ta rfÜ b;sydih yd j¾;udkh ksrEmKh úh hq;=hs' bkaÈhdj ksoyi ,nd .ekSfuka miq tys ixfla;h f,i f;dard .;af;a wfYdal l=¿fKa ,dxPkh hs' Ndr; b;sydifha my< jQ jeo.;a u rcq yeáhg wfYdal rcq ms<s.efkkjd' ìß;dksfha cd;sl fldäh hQkshka cela' bka ksrEmKh jkafka úúO ro<jreka tl;= ù b;sydifha ìß;dks cd;sl;ajh f.dvke.=Kq wdldrhhs' weußld tlai;a ckmofha fldäfha ;Srej,ska uq,a ckmo ixfla;j;a fjkjd' wfkla ckmo ixfla;j;a jkafka ;rej,ska' Tjqka ;Sre b,a,d isákafka keye' ,xldfõ jeishkaf.ka 74] la isxy, ,xldfõ wLKav ,sÅ; b;sydih hkq isxy,hka f.a b;sydihhs' tjeks b;sydihla yd j¾;udkhla ksrEmKh flfrkakla f,i isxy ,l=K f;dard .ekSu b;d u idOdrKhs' fuys § isxy ,l=Kg úreoaO jkafka kej;;a isxy,hka

nyq;rh f,i ms<s.ekSug we;s wleue;a; fya;=fjkqhs' fou< cd;sjd§kag ieu od u;a m%Yakh jQfha" isxy,hka nyq;rh ùu ksid" ;uka bx.sßiska hgf;a N=la;s ú¢ jrm%ido yd n,h ke;s ù hEuhs' cd;sl fldäfha ;Sre tl;= ùu u.ska fou< yd uqia,sï ck;dj ksfhdackh fjkjd' ♦ isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj ùu ksid fou< ckhdg widOdrKhla ù ke;s nj —ld,h˜

iÕrdfõ 1995 Tlaf;dan¾ l,dmfhka lshefjkjd' tfy;a fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d m%uqL msßi i;H.%yhla werUqfha wehs @ tfuka u nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu w;aika flÍu u.ska nKavdrkdhl uy;d isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj lsÍu jerÈ nj ms<s.;a;d fkdfõ o @

,xld fou< rdcH mlaIfha i;H.%yh isxy,h rdcH NdIdj flÍug tfrys j we;s

l< tlla nj wmg lshkjd' tfy;a tys jQfha thg jvd ÿr È. hk fohla nKavdrkdhl -fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqfï i|yka jkafka NdIdj .ek muKla fkdfjhs' bvï wOHdmkh wdoS foa .ek;a tys i|yka fjkjd' fláfhka lsjfyd;a fmvr,a rdcHhla we;s flÍfï ÈYdjg nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu u.ska fou< cd;sjdoh .uka lr ;sfnkjd'

nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqfuka b;d fyd¢ka u fmkajkafka mj;akd

foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh ;u wruqKq bgq lr.ekSu i|yd fou< cd;sjdoh úiska fhdod.efkkafka flfia o hkakhs' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha bvï yd fjk;a n,;,¦ NdId m%Yakhg tajdys we;s iïnkaOhla keye' rdcH NdId m%Yakh ms<sn| i;H.%yhla keje;aùug bvï .ek l;d l< hq;af;a wehs @

nKavdrkdhl uy;d b;d meyeÈ,s j u .súiqfï mQ¾úldfõ i|yka lrk lreKq

folla ;sfnkjd' tlla isxy, rdcH NdId mk; fjkia lsÍu .ek idlÉPd flÍug j;a ;uka tlÕ fkdjk nj' fojekak fmvr,a l%uhla .ek;a idlÉPd flÍugj;a ;uka tlÕ fkdjk nj' fuhska b;d meyeÈ,shs nKavdrkdhl uy;d f.a woyia fudkjd o hkak' wo we;euqka ta uy;d f.a 1926 m%ldYhla w,a,df.k ta uy;d fmvr,a l%uhla fjkqfjka fmkS isá mqoa.,hl= f,i yqjd ±laùu lK.dgqjg lreKla'

wfkla w;ska mQ¾úldfõ u ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh lshd isáfha ;uka f.a wruqKq

fjkia lr fkd f.k idlÉPdj,g tl;= jqKq njhs' Tjqka f.a m%ldYs; wruqK jQfha fmvr,a rdcHhla ,nd .ekSu¦ wm%ldYs; wruqK jQfha fou< rdcHhla Èkd .ekSu¦ nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu w;aika flf<a fmvr,a rdcHhla Èkd.ekSfï ÈYdjg .uka flÍug nj b;d meyeÈ,shs' ♦ nKavdrkdhl uy;d .súiqu wj,x.= flÍu u.ska isxy, cd;sjdohg hg jqfKa keoao @ keye" hg ùug isxy, cd;sjdoh;a to;a ;snqfKa keye' ta .súiqfï rg iNd msysgqùula .ek ;snqKd' ta wkqj W;=re m<d;g .súiqfï rg iNdjla" kef.kysr m<d;g rg iNd folla fyda ;=kla we;s flÍug mq¿jkalula ;snqKd' tfuka u rg iNd follg fyda jeä .Kklg wjYH kï tla ùug bv ;snqKd' uyd ix>hd jykafia m%uqL isxy, ck;dj bvï yd fjk;a n,;, rg iNdj,g mejÍug;a" rg iNdj,g tl;= ùug bv yeßhd kï W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a fou< cd;sjd§kag wjYH wdldrhg tla flÍug bv ,efnkak ;snqKd' wo;a fou< cd;sjd§kag wjYH ta lreKhs' W;=re yd kef.kysr tla lr fmvr,a ,nd.ekSu Tjqka f.a m%Odk u b,a,Sula' th 1957 §;a ;snqKd' NslaIQka jykafia,d m%uqL isxy, ck;dj nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqug úreoaO úh hq;= j ;snqKd' jro tfia fkdl<d kï muKhs' fldfydug;a nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu wj,x.= flrefKa fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d ksid uhs' .súiqu w;aika flÍfuka miq ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh W;=f¾ Y%S úfrdaë jHdmdrh werUqjd' Tjqkag wjYH jQfha nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu u; mokï fjñka ta u.ska ,nd .;a foa wdrlaId lr.ksñka ;j ;j;a foa ,nd .ekSuhs' fou<

cd;sjdofha Wml%uh thhs' tkï mj;akd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ;uka tf;la ,ndf.k we;s ±hska Tíng hEug W;aidy flÍuhs' nKavdrkdhl uy;d ta .eghg yiq jqfKa keye' tmuKla fkdfjhs' nKavdrkdhl uy;d lshd ysáhd Y%S úfrdaë jHdmdrh weröu u.ska ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu wj,x.= lr we;s nj" .súiqu wj,x.= flrefõ fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d njg nKavdrkdhl uy;d md¾,sfïka;=fõ § m%ldYhla lr ;sfnkjd' uyd ix>hd jykafia .súiqug úreoaO jQjdg .súiqu wj,x.= flrefKa Wkajykafia,d f.a úreoaO;ajh ksid u fkdfjhs' .súiqu wj,x.= flrefõ NslaIQka jykafia,d fkdjk nj;a th isÿ flf<a fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d nj;a nKavdrkdhl uy;d md¾,sfïka;=fõ § m%ldY lr ;sfnkjd' ♦ fou< NdIdj rdcH NdIdjla fkdlr thg Bkshd ksis ;ekla §u u.ska nKavdrkdhl

uy;d m%Yakh wjq,a fkdflf<a o @ fï rfÜ wjqreÿ oyia .Kkdjla ;=< rdcH NdIdj jQfha isxy,hs' ljqre yß W.f;l= tod rdcH NdIdj lshk ixl,amh ;snqfKa ke;s hehs lshdú' ixl,amhla ;snqK;a ke;;a rcfha jev lghq;= flrefKa isxy, NdIdfjkqhs' hdmkfha isg fojqkaor olajd rg mqrd u úisÍ ;sfnk fi,a ,smsj,ska lshefjkafka ta ldrKhhs' msg/áhka iu. .súiqu we;slrf.k ;sfnkafka mD;=.Sis wd§ Tjqka f.a niska yd isxy,fhkqhs' 1619 § hdmkh rdcOdksh mD;=.SiSkag hg;a jk úg w;aika lrk ,o .súiqu mjd we;af;a mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka yd isxy, NdIdfjka' tod o fou< NdIdjg ksis ;ek § we;s nj;a ta iu. meyeÈ,s h' fi,a,smsj,ska w;s úYd, nyq;rh isxy,fhka ;sîfukq;a w;ßka m;r fou< fi,a ,sms lsysmhla ;sîfukq;a th meyeÈ,s fjkjd' fou< fjf<kaokag" wd.ïmä yuqodjg wd§ jYfhka fouf<ka fi,a ,sms ;sfnkafka ta ksis ;ek ta Èkj,;a § ;snqKq neúkqhs' isxy,hg rdcH NdId ;;a;ajh ke;s jQfha wêrdcHjd§ iufha § hs' tneúka ksoyi ,eîfuka miq kej;;a isxy,h rcfha ni njg m;a flÍu fï rfÜ b;sydihg tlÕ jQ l%shdjla' isxy,hka f.a b,a,Su jQfha isxy, NdIdjg b;sydifha ysñ úh hq;= j ;snQ tfy;a wêrdcHjdoh ksid wysñ jQ rdcH NdId ;;a;ajh ,nd.ekSuhs' tu b,a,Sug úreoaO ùu b;sydi úfrdaëhs' nKavdrkdhl uy;d l%shd lr we;af;a b;sydihg tlÕ jhs' rcfha jev lghq;= isxyf,ka flÍug rdcH NdId mk;;a" fou< ckhdg wdKavqj iu. .Kqfokq flÍug wjYH fr.=,dis iïmdokh flÍu i|yd fou< NdIdjg ksis ;ek fok mk; iïu; lrf.k ;sfnkjd' ♦ 1815 Wvrg .súiqfï isxy, kdhlhka fouf<ka w;aika lr ;sfnkjd fkao @ tfuka u

merKs fmd;aj, fou<" ixialD; yd md,s wd§ NdId fkdo;a wh kQ.;=ka f,i y÷kajd § ;sfnkjd fka o @

ta lreKq yd isxy,h rdcH NdIdj ùu w;r iïnkaOhla keye' Wvrg .súiqu

hkqfjka y÷kajk .súiqfï we;eï isxy, kdhlhka fouf<ka w;aika lr we;s nj we;a;hs' tl, rc jQfha jvq. rc flfkl=hs' tfuka u jvq. f.da;%hg wh;a msßi fnfyúka rcjdi, yd wjg jdih l<d' wo fuka u tod o wkqldrlhka isxy,hka w;r isáhd' we;eï wh fouf<ka w;aika flÍu mqÿuhg lreKla fkdfjhs'

fou<" ixialD; yd md,s NdId fkdo;a wh kQ.;=ka f,i we;euqka y÷kajd §

;sfnkjd' th ta wh f.a u;hhs' w;s uy;a isxy, nyq;rh kQ.;=ka f,i ie,lSug to;a we;eï mKaä;hka mqreÿ ù isáhd' jE;a;Efõ ysñhka" ùod.u ffu;%sh ysñhka wd§ka tjeks W.;=kag ms<s;=re § ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,shs'

♦ uykqjr rcjreka jvq. ùfuka fmkakqï lrkafka ta rdcHh fou< nj fkdfõ o @ keye' jvq. rcqka bkaÈhdfõ wdkaø m%foaYfha isg ol=Kq bkaÈhdjg meñKs mrïmrdjlska mej; tkakka' Tjqkaf.a ni fou< fkdfjhs' Tjqka l;d lr we;af;a f;<sÕ= nihs' flfia fj;;a Tjqka uÿrd mqrfha § fou< l;d lrkakg;a ta ixialD;shg yqre ùug;a mqreÿ ù ;sfnkjd' fudjqka ,xldjg meñKs miq nqÿ iiqk rlsk njg fmdfrdkaÿ ù rclug m;a jqKd' Tjqka iuyr úg kEoEhka iu. fouf<ka l;d l<;a rcfha jev lghq;= flf<a isxyf,kqhs' Tjqkag fn!oaOhka fkdù isxy, ixialD;sh fkdms<sf.k fï rfÜ rc ùug neye' furgg meñKs miq jvq. wh isxy, ixialD;shg yqre jQfha Tjqka wdkaø m%foaYfhka uÿrd mqrhg meñKs miq fou< ixialD;shg yqre jQjdg jvd ks, rdcldÍ uÜgulskqhs' uykqjr rdcH isxy, rdcHhla ñi jvq. rdcHhla fkdfjhs' rdcHh l=ula ±hs ;SrKh jkafka isxydikfha isák mqoa.,hd u; fkdfjhs' tx.,ka;fha rcjre c¾uksfhka yd fjk;a m<d;aj,ska meñKs wh' tfy;a Tjqka bx.sßis rcjreka ñi c¾uka rcjreka jQfha keye' jvq. rcjreka isxy,fha rcjreka njg m;a jQjd ñi isxy,hd jvq. rcqkag hg;a jQfha keye' jvq. rcjreka isxy,fha rcqka njg m;a jQfha isxy, ixialD;sh yd Ôjk rgdj ms<s.ekSfuka miqjhs' ♦ flfia fj;;a nKavdrkdhl uy;d nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu wj,x.=

flÍu u.ska m%Yakh úi£ug ;snQ wjia:djla u. yeßhd fkdfõ o @

fï úi£ug ;snQ m%Yakh l=ula o @ kej; kej;;a wikakg we;s m%Yakh kï fï úi£ug we;s m%Yakh l=ula o hkakhs' fou< ckhdg we;ehs lshk widOdrK ñ:Hd nj fmkajd § we;s nj ud lSjd' fou< ckhdg we;ehs lshk m%Yakhla W;=rg yd kef.kysrg rg iNd §fuka úi|kak neye' thg fya;=j fou< ckhd f.ka 50] lg wdikak m%udKhla Ôj;a jkafka W;=f¾ yd kef.kysf¾ fkdjk neúka'

ud l,ska lS whqßka u fou< ckhdg ;snqfKa ì%;dkHhka hgf;a ;uka ,;a jrm%ido

yd n,h /l.ekSfï m%Yakhhs' thg isxy,hka nyq;rhla ùu;a rfÜ b;sydih;a yria jqKd' Tjqka miq .sh ishjfia w. isg tlaoyia kjish y;,sia .Kka olajd isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.ksñka uOHfhys n,h ,nd .ekSug lghq;= l<d' y;,sia .Kkaj,ska miq j" úfYaIfhka u 1949 § ;ñ,a wriq lÉÑh msysgqùfuka miq ;ukag ,nd.; fkdyels jQ uOHfhys n,h ySk lr tu n,h W;=rg yd kef.kysrg ,ndf.k fjk u rdcHhla msysgqùug lghq;= flrejd' nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu Tjqka f.a tu wruqK bgq lr.ekSu i|yd .;a jeo.;a mshjrla jQjd' th l%shd;aul jQjd kï fmvr,a rdcHhla we;s fjkafka óg fndfyda l,lg fmrhs' ta .súiqu mokï lr.ksñka fou< cd;sjdoh bÈßhg mshjr lsysmhla f.k ;u wruqK idlaId;a lr.kakd ÈYdjg hEug kshñ; j ;snqKd' tneúka nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu wj,x.= flÍfuka nKavdrkdhl uy;d lr we;af;a rgg hym;a l%shdjla tu.ska fou< cd;sjdoh ;djld,sl j fyda mrdchla ,enqjd' Tjqka f.a fmvr,a igk;a B<dï igk;a tu.ska miq nEjd' ♦ vâ,s - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu;a Tn olskafka ta wdldrhg o @ fndfyda ÿrg ta whqßka uhs' fou< cd;sjdoh 1949 isg l%shd;aul jkafka iSñ; Wml%uhl msysgdhs' Tjqkag fou< rdcHhla msysgqjd .ekSug wjYHhs' thg fya;= ud l,ska meyeÈ,s lr we;s' Tjqka f.a wruqK fou< rdcHhla' n,h fnod yod.ekSu hkqfjka Tjqka y;,sia .Kkaj,g fmr lSfõ ;u ck wkqmd;hg fkdiß,k wdldrhlska" isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.ksñka" rfÜ b;sydihg msgqmdñka uOHfhys n,h ;uka w;g .ekSuhs' y;,sia .Kkaj,ska miq Tjqka n,h fnod yod .ekSu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka uOHfhys n,h ySk lr tu n,h W;=rg yd kef.kysrg f.k fmvr,a rdcHhla ìys lr miq j B<ula we;s flÍuhs' fou< cd;sjdoSka mj;akd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Wmfhda.S lrf.k fuu

wruqK lrd <Õdùu i|yd mshjr .kakjd' fou< cd;sjdofhys uQ,sl Wml%uh thhs' nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu u.ska NdId m%Yakh yryd ;u wruqKg <Õdùug Tjqka W;aidy l<d' vâ,s - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqfï § isÿ jQfha wdKavqfõ wia:djr;ajh Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;u wruqK lrd hEug vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d fldkafoais lsysmhlg tlÕ lrjd.ekSuhs' ♦ wdKavqfõ wia:djr;ajh m%fhdackhg .ekSu hkq l=ula o @ 1965 ue;sjrKfha § vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;dg wdKavqjla msysgqùug ;rï wdik ixLHdjla ,enqfKa keye' tneúka yjq,a wdKavqjla msysgqùug fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d f.a o wdOdrh Tyq me;=jd' t;ek § wdKavqjg iyfhda.h §ug fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d fldkafoais bÈßm;a l<d' vâ,s - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu u.ska ;yjqre flrefKa fï fldkafoaishs' ta fldkafoais w;r Èia;%sla iNd we;s flÍu ;snqKd' ta jf.a u bvï m%Yakhla ;snqKd' ta ta m%foaYfha rcfha bvïj, whs;sh Èia;%sla iNdj,g mejßug;a W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, Èia;%sla iNdj,g mejfrk ta bvï fnod §fï § m<uq j Èia;%slalfha whg;a fojkq j m<df;a jeishkag;a ;=ka jkq j tu m<d;aj,ska msg isák fou< ckhdg;a m%uqL;ajh ,efnk fia lghq;= l< hq;= njg j.ka;shla vâ,s - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqfï i|yka fjkjd' b;d meyeÈ,s j u W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a fou< ckhd f.a kscN+ñ hk ixl,amh u; mokï ù ta j.ka;sh ilia lr ;sfnkjd' vâ,s - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu;a W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, fmvr,a m%dka;hla we;s flÍug yd miq j B<ula ìys flÍug .;a mshjrla jQ nj meyeÈ,s h' vâ,s - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu fï rfÜ b;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:djla ksrEmKh lrkjd' wdKavq msysgqùfï § fou< cd;sjdoh ;u fldkafoais bÈßm;a l< m%:u wjia:dj thhs' ta fldkafoais l%shd;aul fkdjQ neúka th id¾:l jQfha keye' tfy;a bka miq j" 1977 yd bka miq j meje;ajQ ue;sjrKj, § Tjqka wdKavq msysgqùug iydh §u u.ska Tjqka f.a wruqKg <Õd ùu i|yd mshjr rdYshla f.k ;sfnkjd' j¾;udk rg fn§fï fhdackdj,sh tys b;d u jeo.;a mshjrla' ♦ nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu fuka u vâ,s - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu o wid¾:l

jQ ksid;a fmvr,a mlaIfha iduldó úfrdaO;d rdcH yia;h ,jd u¾okh l< ksid;a fou< ;reKhka wdhqO .;a;d fka o @ 1977 ka miq fou< ck;dj hï hï foa Èkd .;af;a Tjqka ta jk úg ikakoaO j isá ksid fkdfõ o @

nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu;a vâ,s - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu;a wid¾:l

jQfha isxy,hka f.a Pkaoj,g tl, jákdlula ;snQ ksihs' ta .ssúiqï fol u ud l,ska lS wdldrhg uOHfha n,h ySk lr m<uq j fmvr,a rdcHhla yd miq j W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a we;=¿ jQ fou< rdcHhla ìys flÍu i|yd .kakd ,o mshjr' ta fol u wid¾:l jQfha rfÜ nyq;rh isxy, nj fkdms<s.kakd fou< cd;sjdohg isxy, nyq;rh yuqfõ ;u u;h ms<s.ekaùug fkdyels jQ ksid'

vâ,s - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqug Y%S' ,' ks' m' muKla fkdj iuiudc mlaIh yd

fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh o úreoaO jqKd' fï rfÜ isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fkdms<s.kakd úi÷ï l%shd;aul flÍug isxy, nyq;rfha leue;a; ,nd.; fkdyelshs' .súiqï wid¾:l jQfha tneúkqhs' flfia fj;;a ta .súiqï wid¾:l ùu ksid ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh fjk u rdcHhla msysgqùu i|yd f.k .sh wr.,h w;ayeßfha keye' Tjqka uq, isg u fou< ;reKhka Wis.ekajQjd' rfÜ b;sydih fkdms<sf.k úlD;s b;sydihla ujd mdñka ;ukag tl, wh;a jQ fou< rdcHh isxy,hka f.ka ksoyia lr.; hq;= nj;a Tjqka lSjd' fou< ;reKhka we;s±ä jQfha fï úlD;s b;sydifhka fmdaIKh fjñka' t;rï úYd, m%Yakhla ;sìh §;a ;u rg" tkï ;ñ,a B<ï" ksoyia lr .ekSu i|yd fou< kdhlhka t;rï hula fkdlrkafka hehs is;+ fou< ;reKhka wdhqO w;g .;a;d' ♦ fmvr,a mlaIfha iduldó úfrdaO;d rdcH ;ka;%h fhdod u¾okh l<d fka o @

fmvr,a mlaIh kñka ye¢kafjkafka ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh fyj;a b,xflhs ;ñ,a wriq lÉÑ hkakhs' ta mlaIh isxy, NdId mk;g tfrys j hï hï WoafidaIKh l<d' Tjqka jrla i;H.%y l<d' fuu jHdmdr iduldó j f.k .shd hehs lSu fndrejla" fïjd .dkaê;=ud wkq.ukh lrk nj lshñka t;=ud f.a jHdmdrhg iïmQ¾Kfhka u mgyeks j l< l%shdjkqhs' fuu Bkshd iduldó i;H.%yj,ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha kS;sh lvd fou< ck;dj f.a yeÕSï wjqiaid Tjqka m%fldam flÍuhs' fuu jHdmdr msgqmi cd;Hka;r n,fõ. yd úcd;sl n,fõ. isáhd' fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d yskaÿ fkdfõ' fï jk úg l%sia;shdks lf;da,sl m%Odk mQcljreka yd m%N+jreka fï jHdmdrh msgqmi isáhd' Tjqkag jqjukd jQfha isxy, - fn!oaO cd;sl;ajh kid ±óuhs' fou< rdcH mlaIfha kdhlhka isú,a kS;s levqfõ .dkaê;=ud wkq.ukh lrñka fkdfjhs' .dkaê;=ud isú,a kS;s levqfõ tu kS;s leãu kS;sh bÈßfha jrola nj ms<s.ksñka' t;=ud tf,i kS;s leãfuka miq Widúhg f.dia kS;s{hka we;s j fyda ke;s j fyda ;uka ksjerÈlre hehs lSug W;aidy lf<a keye' t;=ud jrog ysf¾ hEug ov f.ùug wd§ jYfhka ovqjï ú£ug iQodkñka isáhd' kS;sh levqfõ wOHd;añl wúhla f,ihs' th ck;dj m%fldam flÍug fhdod .;af;a keye' tfy;a fou< rdcH mlaIfha kdhlhka isú,a kS;s levqfõ kS;sfhkq;a fíÍ kS;s{hka f.a ud¾.fhka Widú f.dia ovqjï fkd,nd yqfola ck;dj m%fldam lsÍughs' Tjqka th wOHd;añl wúhla f,i i,lk njla u;= msáka m%ldY l<;a wNHka;rfhka thg úreoaO l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh l<d' kS;s lvkakd kS;sfhka jrolre ùug iQodkï fkdùu ;=< u wOHd;añl jxpdjla ;sfnkjd' fou< rdcH mlaIh úfrdaO;dj,g tfrys j rdcH ;ka;%h fhdod we;s nj we;a;la' tfy;a th fou< rdcH mlaIh iïnkaOfhka muKla .;a l%shd ud¾.hla fkdfjhs' wdKavqj me;af;ka neÆ l, fou< rdcH mlaIh rdcH úfrdaë l%shdjl fhÿKd' túg rch ;u rdcH ;ka;%h fhdod kdhlhka w,a,d kS;sfhka jrolrejka njg m;a flÍug W;aidy .kakjd' th wdKavqj, idudkH m%;sm;a;shhs' yß fyda jerÈ fyd fõjd ta m%;sm;a;sh wdKavq úiska fjk;a jHdmdr iïnkaOfhka o wkq.ukh lr ;sfnkjd' ♦ flfia fj;;a fï u¾okhka ;=<ska ck;dj wdhqO ikakoaO wr.,hkag .shd fkdfõ o @ keye' Th lshk u¾okhla tys § isÿjqfKa keye' wdKavqfõ u¾okh jdudxYslhkag kï t,a, ù ;sfnkjd' tfy;a fou< kdhlhkag tjeks u¾okhla ;snqfKa keye' fou< ;reKhka wdhqO w;g .;af; Th lshk u¾okhka fya;= fldg f.k fkdfjhs' Tjqka wdhqO w;g .;af;a ;ukag lshd ÿka úlD;s b;sydih wkqj f.dia fou< rdcHh isxy,hka f.ka tla wÈhrlska u ksoyia lr .ekSughs' wfkla w;g fou< ;reKhka ysxid l%shdldrlï j,g fmd<Ujkq ,enQfha fou< kdhlhka úiskqhs' m<uq fou< ;reK ixúOdkh jQ fou< úuqla;s ixúOdkh ^TLO& msysgq jkq ,enQfha 1969 Èhs' 1974 jk úg fldá ixúOdkh we;=¿j wdhqO .;a ;reK ixúOdk rdYshla ìys ù ;snqKd' 1977 isoaê iïnkaOfhka m;a lrk ,o ikafidaks fldñifï jd¾;dfjka fou< kdhlhka úiska fou< ;reKhka Wis.kajkq ,enQ wdldrh lshefjkjd' kd.kdoka - wñ¾;,sx.ï uy;ajreka f.a yd wñ¾;,sx.ï uy;añh f.a l;d fï w;r jeo.;a fjkjd' fou< rdcHhla Èkd .ekSu i|yd f,a j.=rejk nj kd.kdoka uy;d lshd we;af;a 1964 ;rï wE; jljdkqjl È hs' fou< ;reKhka wdhqO w;g .;af;a u¾okhla fya;= fldgf.k fkfjhs' Tjqka is;+ wdldrhg" Tjqkag lshd ÿka b;sydih wkqj fou< rdcHh Èkd .ekSug fou< kdhlhka lsisjla fkdl< neúka ;reKhka wdhqO w;g .;a;d' f,a .e,Sula .ek kdhlhka l;d l<d' fou< ;reKhka th l%shd;aul lsÍug wdhqO w;g .;a;d' fou< ;reKhka w;ska uq,ska u uereï lEfõ fou< kdhlhka ùfuka th ;j;a meyeÈ,s fjkjd' Tjqka úiska yuqodfjys yd

fmd,Sisfhys o m<uqfjka >d;kh lrkq ,enQfha fou< ks,OdÍka' isxy, ks,OdÍka yd isxy, jeishka >d;kh flÍu werUqfKa bka miq jhs' fuhska lshefjkafka fou< ;reKhka úiska fou< kdhlhka yd yuqod yd fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fødaySka f,i y÷kajkq ,enQ njhs' tfia fødaySka jQfha Tjqka úiska lsisjla fkdflfrkq ksid;a fou< rdcHh Èkd .ekSug Tjqka ndOlhla hehs fou< ;reKhka is;+ ksid;a h' u¾okh ksid wdhqO w;g .;af;a kï fou< ;reKhka úiska m<uqfjka >d;kh lrkq ,eìh hq;af;a isxy,hkqhs'

fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka

1885 ;rï wE; ld,hl § isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSug ;snQ wlue;a; fya;=fjka fou< f.dv f,dl= lr .ekSu i|yd uqia,sïjreka o ckjd¾.sl jYfhka fou< hehs lSfõ h'

fmdkakïn,ï wreKdp,ï

ckjd¾.sl moku u; jHjia:dodhl iNdjg uka;%Ska m;a lr .; hq;= h hk fhdackdj ,xld cd;sl fldka.%ih u.ska m%;alafIam lrkq ,eîfuka miq 1921 § tu fldka.%ifha iNdm;s OQrfhka yd idudðl;ajfhka wia ù furg m<uq cd;sjd§ ixúOdkh jQ fou< uyck iNdj msysgqù h'

Ô' Ô' fmdkakïn,ï

isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSug ;snq wleue;a; ;j ÿrg;a bÈßhg f.k hñka 1931 § msysgqjk ,o rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ lsis u ckj¾.hlska m;aflfrk weu;sjreka yd uka;%Sjreka f.a ixLHdj ishhg mky fkdblauúh hq;= hehs fhdackd flf<a h' fï fhdackdj mkyg mky kñka m%isoaO úh'

tia' fÊ' ú' fp,ajkdh.ï

fou< kscN+ñh u; mokï ù fjk u rdcHhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd 1949 § b,xflhs ;ñ,a wriq lÉÑ fyj;a ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh kñka fnÿïjd§ cd;sjd§ mlaIh wdrïN flf<a h' isxy,hka /jàu i|yd fï mlaIh isxyf,ka yd bx.sßisfhka y÷kajkq ,enQfha fmvr,a mlaIh kñka h'

ta' wñ¾;,sx.ï

fp,ajkdh.ï f.a foaYmd,kh bosßhg f.k hñka fjk;a fou< cd;sjd§ mlaIh iu. tl;= ù fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK msysgqù h' ;reKhka fkdu. hjñka yeÕSï wjqiaiñka B<ula Èkd .ekSu i|yd wú .; hq;= hehs lshd isáfha h' 1976 jvqlafldfvhs ^jvqf.dv& iïfï,kh úiska iïu; lrk ,o fnÿïjd§ fhdackdj iïu; lr .ekSfï § kdhl;ajh iemhsKs'

Wud ufyaIajrka

fou< fldá ixúOdkfha wdrïNlhd h' m%Ndlrka l,la Tyq f.a ixúOdkfha idudðlfhl= j isg we;s jQ u; fNao fya;= fldgf.k bka leã fjka ù .sh miq Tyq maf,dÜ ixúOdkh msysgqjd .;af;a h'

kS,ka ;srefp,ajï

vâ,s fiakdkdhl wdKavqfõ weu;sjrhl= jQ ;srefp,apï uy;d f.a mq;%hd h' fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqfKa j;auka kHdhdpd¾hjrhd f,i ie,lsh yels h' fudyq Ô' t,a' mSßia uy;d Ys%','ks'm' hg n|jd .ekSfï § fuka u wf.daia;= fhdackdj,sh yd wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh flgqïm;a flÍfï § b;d úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgq lf<a h'

v.a,ia foajdkkao

B' mS' wd¾' t,a' t*a' ixúOdkfha ysgmq idudðlfhls' B' mS' ã' mS' ixúOdkh fufyhjhs' wdKavqfõ yuqod ,jd fldá ixúOdkh mrojd ;ukag W;=re yd kef.kysr fmvr,a m%dka;h Èkd .ekSfï Wmdhla wkq.ukh lrhs'

m%Ndlrka yd Tyq f.a uiaiskd,d ♦ 1977 ka miqj fou< ck;dj Èkd.;a foa ikakoaO ùu ksid u ,nd.;a foa fkdfõ o @ 1977 fï rfÜ fou< cd;sjdoh ;=kajeks hq.hla weröu ixfla;j;a l<d' tu hq.h mgka .;af;a ye;a;Efõ oYlfha" fou< cd;sjdofha fojeks hq.h y;,sia .Kkaj, werô 1949 fou< rdcH mlaIh msysgqùu;a iu. l=¨.ekajqKd' ta jf.a u ;=kajeks hq.h ye;a;E .Kkaj, werö 1977 § l=¿.ekaù m%ldYhg m;a jqKd' ye;a;E .Kkaj, isÿ jQ m%Odk u fjki jQfha wdhqO ikakoaO msßila we;s ùu fkdfjhs' wdhqO ikakoaO msßila mrdch flÍu fkdl< yels fohl=;a fkdfjhs' ud l,ska i|yka l< mßÈ 1969 § m<uq ;reK lKavdhu ìys jQjd' 1972 muK jk úg fldá ixúOdkh;a ìys jQjd' ta lKavdhï ìys jQfha u fou< kdhlhka" tkï ;reKhka f.a fouõmshka yd ndmam,d wjYH mßÈ fou< rdcH ,nd .ekSug lghq;= fkdlrkafka h hk mokñka' fï ;reKhka f.a iSh,d jQfha miq.sh ishjir isg y;,sfya oYlh olajd uOHfhys n,h ,nd .ekSug lghq;= l< msßi' ;reKhka" tkï m%Ndlrka yd Tyq f.a uiaiskd,d ixúOdkh jkq ÿgq Tjqka f.a ndmam,d o kej;;a ixúOdkh jQjd' 1974 § fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK ìys jQfha tfia kej; ixúOdkh ùfukqhs' wñ¾;,sx.ï uy;d fuka u l=ud¾ fmdkakïn,ï uy;d o f;dkavuka uy;d o tys tla ù isáhd' 1949 § msysgqjQ ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIfhys m%;sm;a;s Tjqka kej; jrla 1976 § meje;a jQ jvqf.dv ^jvqlafldfvhs& iïfï,kfha§ m%ldY l<d' tkï fou< ckhd fjk u cd;shla f,i ie,lSu" fou< cd;sfha iajhx ks¾K whs;sh ms<s.ekSu yd fou< kscN+ñh ms<s.ekSuhs' thg wu;r j j;=lrfha ish¨ fou< jeishkag mqrjeislu yd Pkao n,h ,nd Èh hq;= njg o fhdackdjla iïu; flreKd' fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK 1977 ue;sjrKhg ;rÕ flf<a fjk u rdcHhla msysgqùug jrula ,nd.ekSu i|ydhs' ♦ Tn lshkafka ye;a;Ej oYlfhka miq fou< cd;sjdoh l|jqre foll l%shd;aul jQ nj

o @ Tjqkag hï hï foa Èkd.ekSug ,enqfKa ta ksid o @ y;<sfya oYlfha § fou< cd;sjdoh m<uq jeks hq.fha isg fojeks hq.hg udre jqKd' t;ek § m%Ndlrka f.a iSh,d f.a foaYmd,kh wjika ù Tyq f.a ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh werUqKd' tfy;a ye;a;Ej oYlfha § isÿ jQfha fjk;a fohla' m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh wjika jqfKa keye' m%Ndlrka yd Tyq f.a we;eï uiaiskd,d f.a foaYmd,kh ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh iu. iu.dó j mej;=Kd' ta jf.a u ;j;a iuyr uiaiskd,d ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh u bÈßhg f.k .shd' ♦ ta lshkafka ye;a;Efõ oYlfha § fou< cd;sjd§ foaYmd,kfha w¨;a hq.hla werUqfKa

ke;ehs lshk tl o@ tys f;areu fïlhs' fou< cd;sjdofha m<uq hq.fha wruqK jQfha ;u ck wkqmd;hg fkdiß,k wdldrhlska uOHfhys n,h ,nd .ekSuhs' fojeks hq.fhys wruqK jQfha uOHfhys n,h ySklr m<uq j W;=f¾ yd kef.kysr fmvr,a m%dka;hla msysgqjd fojkq j fou< rdcHhla ìys flÍuhs' tys § Tjqka f.a Wml%uh jQfha mj;sk foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;u wruqK lrd mshjfrka mshjr bÈßhg hEuhs' m%Ndlrka yd Tyq f.a we;eï uiaiskd,d f.a foaYmd,kh thg fjkia jqKd' ikakoaO l%shd ud¾.hlska B<ula Èkd .ekSu Tjqka f.a wruqK jqKd' tla w;lska .;a l, fmvr,a rdcHhl hkak Tjqka úiska mkakkq ,enqjd' m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d B<u Èkd.ekSug W;aidy flf<a wÈhr follska' tfy;a m%Ndlrka yd Tyq f.a we;eï uiaiskd,d th tl u wÈhrlska Èkd .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqKd' ndmam,d f.a yd mq;d,d f.a foaYmd,kfhys fjki thhs'

m%Ndlrka wdhqO .;af;a fou< rdcHh tl wÈhrlska Èkd.ekSu i|yd' Tjqka ÿgq wdldrhg ndmam,d fou< rdcHhla Èkd.ekSug lghq;= flf<a keye' fou< cd;sjdofha ;=kajeks hq.fha § m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh;a uiaiskd,d f.a foaYmd,kh;a iu.dó j l%shd;aul jqK ksid u fï foaYmd,k l%shdud¾. w;r udre ùug m%Ndlrka f.a uiaiskd,dg yelshdj ,enqKd' ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,khg wj;S¾K jQ uiaiskd,d;a ysáhd' mrïmrd jYfhka ie,l=j;a m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d f,i fp,ajkdh.ï" kd.,sx.ï" wñ;¾;,sx.ï fuka u isjisoïnrï wd§ka ye¢kaúh yelshs' uiaiskd,d f,i kS,ka ;srefp,ajï fuka u j¾Ordcd fmreud,a" fm%aupkaøka" Wud ufyaIajrka" v.a,ia foajdkkao" isoaOd¾:ka wd§ka ye¢kaúh yels h' fuhska kS,ka ;srefp,ajï fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqfKa idudðlfhla' Tyq f.ka ixfla;j;a jkafka ndmam,d f.a foaYmd,kh bÈßhg f.k hk m%Ndlrka f.a uiaiskdjrekqhs' wfkla uiaiskd,d uq, § m%Ndlrka fuka u tla wÈhrlska B<ï Èkd.kak lghq;= l< whhs' tfy;a Tjqka f.ka we;eul= miqj wÈhr follska B<u Èkd .ekSug lghq;= lrkq fmfkkag ;sfnkjd' fou< cd;sjdofha ;=ka jeks hq.fha foaYmd,k l%shdud¾. folla iu.dó j l%shd;aul jk neúka m%Ndlrkaf.a uiaiskd,g tla l%shdud¾.hl isg wfkla l%shdud¾.hg wj;S¾Kùfï yelshdj ,eî ;sfnkjd' wo jk úg mrïmrd jYfhka .;fyd;a m%Ndlrka f.a ndmamd flkl= f,i ie,lsh yelafla isjisoïnrï uy;d muKhs' ks,ka ;srefp,ajï uy;d we;=¿ fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqfKa wfkla wh ish,a,ka u mdfya m%Ndlrka f.a uiaiskd,hs' ♦ fou< cd;sjdofha ;=kajeks hq.h hkqfjka Tn y÷kajk hq.fha § fou< kdhlhka hï

hï foa Èkd.;af;a flfia ±hs Tn ;ju;a f;areï lr ÿkafka keye' fou< cd;sjdofha ;=kajeks hq.h ixlS¾K hq.hla' ta hq.fha ud l,ska lS foaYmd,k l%shdud¾. fol iu.dó j l%shd;aul jqKd muKla fkdfjhs' tajd tlsfklg wkqmQrl j l%shd;aul jqKd' tajd w;r úreoaO;djla mj;sk w;r u tlla wfkflka fmdaIKh ,enQ w;r tajd tlsfkl u; hï m%udKhlg r|d mej;=Kd' l%shdud¾. fol w;r ;snQ fjkialï yd úfrdaO;d ueo jqj o tlla wfkfla l%shd;aul ùu u; r|d mej;=Kd' tfuka u fï hq.fhys ;j;a jeo.;a fohla isÿ jqKd' fou< cd;sjdofhys fojeks hq.fhys 1965 § b;d u ;djld,sl j iq¿fjka isÿ jQ l%shdjla uyd mßudKfhka isÿ ùug mgka .;a;d' ta ;uhs wdKavq msysgqùug fou< cd;sjd§ mlaIj, Wmldrh ,nd.ekSug isÿùu' isxy,hka f.a Pkao t' cd' mlaIhg yd Y%s' ,' ks' mlaIhg fn§ .sh úg wdKavqjla msysgqùu i|yd fou< cd;sjd§ mlaIj, iydh me;Sug ta mlaIj,g isÿ jQjd' tys § ;u wruqK bgq lr.ekSu i|yd fkdfhl=;a fldkafoais mkjd" ta u; muKla wdKavqjg iyfhda.h §ug fou< cd;sjd§ mlaI tkï ndmam,d yd Tjqka f.a foaYmd,khg wj;S¾K jQ uiaiskd,d bÈßhg wdjd' ♦ Tn lshkafka 1977 ka miqj fou< kdhlhka hï hï foa Èkd.;af;a fï l%shdud¾.h u;

mokï ù lshd o @ Tõ' uQ,sl jYfhka wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.h thhs' 1977 ue;sjrKhg fmr f;dkavuka uy;d fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d iu. .súiqulg t<UqKd' tu .súiqu wkqj fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d ms<s.;a;d fou< ckhdg widOdrKhla ù we;s nj;a tajdg hï hï ms<shï Èh hq;= nj;a' ta wkqjhs Tyq úYajúoHd, j,g we;=<;a flÍfï § m%ñ;slrKh ke;s lsÍu" isßud - Ydia;%S .súiqfuka bkaÈhdjg heùug kshñ; j isá j;= lïlrejkag o mqrjeislu yd Pkao n,h ,nd §u wdÈh flf<a' W;=r yd kef.kysr fou< kscN+ñh f,i ms<s.ekSu" oy;=ka jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh we;s flÍu" m<d;a iNd we;s flÍu" fou< rdcH NdIdjla njg m;a flÍu wdÈh isÿ flf<a bkaÈhdfõ n,mEu u; ta l%shdj,sh È.g f.khEfuka' tfy;a fou< cd;sjd§ka widOdrK hehs lS tlla j;a widOdrK fkdjk nj ud l,ska lshQ ,sms f,aLkj, fmkajd § ;sfnkjd'

1977 § isÿ jQfha wdKavqjla msysgqùug f;dkavuka uy;d f.a Pkao;a wfkla fou< Pkao;a ,nd.ekSug fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d fou< cd;sjd§kag lmamï ,nd §u muKhs' fou< cd;sjd§ka t' cd' mlaIhg;a Y%S' ,' ks' mlaIhg;a ;u Pkao fjkafoaisfha oukjd¦ ;ukag jeä u jdis i,ik mlaIhg Pkao ,nd fokjd' ♦ fou< kdhlhka ta ta oE Èkd.ekSfï § m%Ndlrka f.a wdOdrh ,enqfKa keoa o @ m%Ndlrka f.a wdOdrh ke;s j ta b,a,Sï Èkd .ekSu wudrehs' l,ska lSjd fï hq.fha fou< cd;sjdofha l%shdud¾. folla iu.dó j yd wkqmQrl j l%shd l< nj' fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK jeks mlaI iEu úg u flf<a m%Ndlrka yd wka ;reKhka f.a wdhqO Yla;sh fmkajd ;uka uOHia: u;OdÍka f,i y÷kajd .ksñka m%Ndlrkag n,h fkd§ug kï ;uka f.a b,a,Sï Èh hq;= nj lSuhs' m%Ndlrka yd wfkla wh f.a wdhqO Yla;sh fkdue;s j ta b,a,Sï Èkd.ekSug neye' ta jf.a u fou< ;reKhkag muKla ta b,a,Sï Èkd.ekSug;a yelshdjla ;snqfKa keye' b,a,Sï ,nd.;af;a wdhqO ikakoaO l%shdud¾. fkdj Bkshd m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%shdud¾.hlska' tkï Pkao fjkafoaisfhka wdKavq msysgqùug Wmldr flÍfuka' ♦ Tn lshkafka fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK yd fou< ;reKhka w;r wruqKq w;ska

fjkila fkd;snQ nj o@ Tjqka w;r uQ,sl wruqK w;ska lsis u fjkila ;snqfKa keye' Tjqka ish¨ fokdg u wjYH jQfha fou< rdcHhla Èkd .ekSughs' wdhqO ikakoaO lKavdhï th tla jr u wdhqO wdOdrfhka Èkd.ekSug W;aidy l<d' wfkla lKavdhu wÈhr follska m<uq j fmvr,a Èkd bka miq j fou< rdcH Èkd .ekSug W;aidy l<d' 1985 ;sïmq idlÉPdfõ § fuh fyd¢ka u fmkS .shd' tys § fï iEu mlaIhla u fou< ckhd fjk u cd;shla nj" W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a fou< kscN+ñ nj" fou< cd;sfha iajhx ks¾K whs;sh ,xldKavqj úiska ms<s.; hq;= nj lshd isáhd' fldá ixúOdkh yefrkakg wfkla mlaI yd ixúOdk ;uka ish¨ fokd fou< ck;dj ksfhdackh lrk nj lshd isáhd' fldá ixúOdkh ;uka muKla fou< ckhd ksfhdackh lrk nj lshd isáhd' fldá ixúOdkh yd wfkla wh w;r jQ fjki tmuKhs' uOHia: fou< mlaI lshd j¾.hla keye' ish¨ fokd u wjidk ú.%yfha § B<dïjd§ka" wka;jd§ka' ♦ fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d fou< ckhdg widOdrK ù we;s nj ms<s.;af;a tjeks

widOdrKhka ;sfnk ksid fkdfõ o @ keye' tjeks widOdrKhla keye' chj¾Ok uy;d jdish i|yd th ms<s.;a;d' we;euqka fjk;a wruqKq we;s j th ms<s.kajkak W;aidy l<d' fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d fou< ckhdg widOdrKhla ù we;s nj ms<s.;af;a fou< Pkao Èkd.ekSu i|yd hs' Tyq ;uhs m<uqfjka u foaYmd,kfha fou< Pkaoj, jákdlu ÿgqfõ' isxy, Pkao fn§ .sh úg ta Pkaoj, jákdlï ìxÿj jk nj;a" fou< Pkaoj, jákdlu by< hk nj;a Tyq ÿgqjd' tneúka ta jákdlu wêl jQ Pkao ,nd .ekSug Tyq fkdfhl=;a foa ms<s.ekSug iQodkï j isáhd' 1965 § vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d wdKavqj msysgqùug fp,ajkdh.ï uy;d f.a wdOdrh ,nd.;a;;a Tyq fou< Pkaoj, jákdlu fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d fuka ÿgqfõ keye' fï w;r fou< cd;sjdoh úiska m%ldY flreKq Bkshd widOdrKlï ;yjqre flÍug ;j;a fldgila tlaoyia kjish yeg .Kkaj, muK isg lghq;= l<d' ta ;uhs rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" we;eï l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQcljre yd m%N+jreka yd cd;Hka;r ixúOdk' fudjqka úiska fkdfhla wdldrfha wdh;k" flakaø" ixúOdk msysgqjkq ,enqjd' fkdfhl=;a wOHhk" m¾fhaIK yd iólaIK flreKd' tys m%Odk wruqK jQfha isxy, cku;h l%shd lrk wdldrh f;areï .ekSu;a" isxy,hd ;=< isxy,hka ùu ms<sn| úfYaIfhka fn!oaOhka ùu ms<sn| ,eÊcdjla we;s flÍu;a'

fou< cd;sjd§ka —widOdrKh˜ .ek lshoa§ úlD;s b;sydihla ;u ;reKhkag lshoa§ isxy,hka w;r l%shd;aul jQ fï ixúOdk isxy,hka widOdrK j lghq;= lr we;s nj lSug mgka .;a;d' isxy,h rdcH NdIdj flÍu wdÈh Tjqka úiska o jerÈ l%shd f,i fmkajkq ,enqjd' 1958 flda,dy,j, jro isxy,hkag msg mgjkq ,enqjd' miq j 1977" 1983 wdÈh o tf,i u ú.%y flreKd' fï ish,af,ka isxy,hka ;=< úfYaIfhka u Bkshd m%nqoaOhka ;=< isxy,hka jrola flf<a h hk udkisl ;;a;ajh we;s l<d' wiQj oYlfha yd bka miq j wdrïN l< iÕrd" úl,am mqj;am;a wdÈfhka o fï ld¾hh È.ska È.g u flreKd' fn!oaOhkag ysxilhka úh yels o hk m%Yakh lsis u ikao¾Nhlska f;dr j wikakg mgka .;a;d' thska fudjqka lSfõ wfkla wd.ñlhkag ysxilhka ùug tu wd.ïj,ska bv § we;ehs hkak ±hs wmg wikakg isÿ ù ;sfnkjd' isxy, fn!oaOhka" úfYaIfhka NslaIQka jykafia isxy, cd;sh /l .ekSug f.dia nqÿ oyu mdjd § we;s nj Tjqka lSjd' fï w;r we;eï wh isxy, kñka cd;shla fkd;snQ nj lSjd' isxy, cd;sh we;s jQfha fodf<dia jeks ishjfika miq j hehs we;eul= lSjd' t<dr rcq wdl%uKshl= fkdjk nj weÕfjk whqßka b;sydih újrKh l<d' fï ,ehsia;=j b;d §¾> tlla' tajd tlska tl wrf.k lSug neye' fï ish,af,ka flf<a isxy,hd udkisl j ÿ¾j, lr isxy, cd;sl;ajh fudg lr isxy,hd úfYaIfhka u isxy, fn!oaOhd wmlS¾;shg yd ,eÊcdjg m;a flÍuhs' fï w;r we;eï l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQclrejka NslaIQka jykafia,d iu. iïnkaOlï we;s lrf.k m%.;sYS,S fjila .;a;d' tys tl u f;areu jQfha fï rfÜ nqÿ oyug we;s m%uqLia:dkh ke;slr NslaIQka jykafia f.a ;;a;ajh my; fy<Suhs' wd.ñl iu.s ixúOdk" meúÈ ixúOdk wdÈh u.ska we;eï l%sia;shdks lf;da,sl mQcljre NslaIQka jykafia,d wNsnjd bÈßhg meñKshd' ixúOdk Yla;sfhka yd uqo,a Yla;sfhka ta mQclrejka NslaIQka jykafia,dg jvd .õ .Kkla bÈßfhka isá neúka we;eï NslaIQka jykafia,d fufyhùug;a Tjqkag mq¿jkalu ,enqKd' fudjqka f.a fï l%shdud¾.h wfÕa b|ka lK lEula f,i ye¢kaúh yelshs' ;siai nd,iQßh" fhdydka foajdkkao wd§ka fuys kdhlhka' c.;a wêrdcHjdoh o fuys § ;u ld¾hh bgq l<d' Tjqkag wjYH jkafka ta ta rgj, cd;sl;ajh keiSuhs' ,xldfõ cd;sl;ajh keiSu hkq m<uq j isxy, cd;sl;ajh" úfYaIfhka isxy, - fn!oaO cd;sl;ajh ke;s flÍuhs' ta i|yd by; lS foaYmd,k mlaIj,g fuka u by; lS ixúOdk" flakaø" wdh;kj,g o Tjqka f.a fkduiqre wdOdrh ,enqKd' fuys § udlaiajdoh o fï úcd;sl n,fõ.j, wdOdrhg meñKshd' úcd;sl n,fõ. hkafkka ud woyia lrkafka úfoaYSh n,fõ. fkdfjhs' fï rfÜ cd;sl;ajhg tfrys jQ ish¨ n,fõ. úcd;sl n,fõ.hs' udlaiajdoh wo jk úg iïmQ¾Kfhka u nxfldf,d;a ±kqï moaO;shla nj ;yjqre ù wjidkhs' udlaiajd§kag wo ;u meje;au hqla;s hqla; lr.; yelafla cd;sl;ajhg myr .eiSfuka muKhs' Tjqka f.a wd¾Ól wdlD;s ish,a, foord hoa§ ;u merKs nqoaêh hfYdardjh r|jd .ekSug yelafla cd;sl;ajhg tfrys j cd;Hka;rjdohla .ek l;d flÍfuka muKhs' udlaiajd§ka yd ,snr,ajd§ka w;r wo meyeÈ,s fjkila olakg keye' wd¾Ól" cd;sl wd§ iEu m%;sm;a;shl § u Tjqka ish,a,ka u Bkshd f,dal .ïudkfha iïudkkSh mqrjeishka f,i Ôj;aùug W;aidyd lrkjd' wo c.;a wêrdcHjdofha iqjp fiajlhl= njg udlaiajdoh m;aù ;sfnkjd' c.;a wêrdcHjdofha ,snr,ajd§ka wo udlaiajdoh tla tla whqßka lshúh yels njla fmkajñka th ;u wjYH;d i|yd fhdod .kakjd' uq,a l=Kq ù .sh udlaiajdoh fudk whqßka lsfhõj;a me;sfrkafk ÿÕ|la muKhs' fï ish,af,ys m%;sM,h jYfhka isxy,hka w;r u úfYaIfhka u isxy, - fn!oaOhka w;r u ;uka jerÈldrhd h hk yeÕSu me;sfrkak mgka .;a;d' úfYaIfhka u jdudxYsl foaYmd,khg fhduq jk ;reKhka w;r fï yeÕSu me;sreKd' tfuka u isxy, fn!oaOhkag .erySu —m%nqoaO;ajhg˜ m;a ùfï myiq u u.la flreKd'

♦ Tn l,ska lsõfõ isxy, l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl ne;su;=ka fn!oaOhka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ksñka isxy, cd;sl;ajh ;=< ;u l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl wkkH;djka /l.ksñka Ôj;a ùug mqreÿ ù we;s njhs' ±ka Tn lshkafka l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQcljreka isxy, - fn!oaO cd;sl;ajh úkdY flÍug lghq;= l< njhs' fuys mriamrhla keoao @

fuys § uf.a úfõpkh t,a, jkafka l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQcljre yd m%N+jre fm<eka;shlg ñi ish¨ fokdg u fkdfjhs' m%.;sYS,s fjia uqyqKla ne|f.k c.;a wêrdcHjdoh iu. tlaù isxy, cd;sl;ajh keiSug lghq;= lrkafka ál fokl=hs' fudjqka fï jHdmdrh werUQfha 1956 ka miqjhs' 1956 iÕ" fjo" .=re" f.dú" lïlre ke.sàu ÿgq Tjqka thg úreoaO j talrdYS jkak mgka .;a;d' 1962 mdi,a rchg .;a wjia:dfõ § Tjqka iDcq j u wdKavqjg úreoaO j yuqod yd fmd,sia ks,OdÍka u.ska l=uka;%Khla Èh;a l<d' miqj Tjqka f.ka iuyrl= tys wid¾:l Ndjh f;areï f.k iDcq j u isxy, - fn!oaO cd;sl;ajhg úreoaO fkdù wf.a b|ka lk lEfï m%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh l<d' fn!oaOhka iu. tl;= ù jev flÍug mgka .;af;a m%Odk jYfhka u fï msßihs' Tjqka w;r wjxl lsysm fokl= o isákakg we;s' tfy;a jeä msßi wfÕa b|ka lk lEjqka' tfy;a fudjqkag ndysr j l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl ne;su;=ka f.a nyq;rh isxy, - fn!oaOhka iu. iyÔjkfhka lghq;= flÍug bf.k .;a;d' isxy, - fn!oaOhkag iDcqj fyda jl% j úreoaO jQjka miqmi fkdf.dia ;u wd.ñl wkkH;dj /l.ksñka isxy, cd;sl;ajh ;=< ls|d neiSug;a Tjqka bf.k .;a;d' jdikdjlg l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl ne;su;=ka f.ka w;s úYd, nyq;rh jkafka fudjqka' fn!oaOhka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSu hkq fn!oaO wdêm;Hhla ms<s.ekSula fkdjk nj Tjqka jgyd f.k ;sfnkjd' fou< ckhd;a wo l< hq;af;a fï l%sia;shdks lf;da,sl ne;su;=ka wkq.ukh lrñka ;u cd;sjd§ kdhlhka bj; od isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ksñka fmdÿ ixialD;shla ;=< ;u wkkH;dj /l.ekSug lghq;= flÍuhs' ♦ isxy,hka f.ka widOdrKhla isÿ ù fkdue;s kï fou< ;reKhka ;u Èú mrÿjg

;nd igka lrkafka wehs @ nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï .súiqu wdÈh we;s jqfKa m%Yakhla ;snQ ksid fkdfõ o @

ud l,skq;a fï .ek l;d l<d' fou< ;reKhka Èú mrÿjg ;nd igka lrkafka

B<dï rdcHh Èkd.ekSughs' Tjqkag is;kakg mqreÿ lr we;af;a ud l,ska i|yka l< úlD;s b;sydihg tlÕ jhs' ;ukag ;sìKs hehs is;k rdcHhla fjkqfjka igka flÍu mqÿuhla fkdfjhs' woyiaj,ska ñksiqka u;a lr igkg .kak tl t;rï wudre fohla fkdfjhs' fkd;snQ rdcHhla fjkqfjka igka flÍu tla w;lska ljodj;a we;s fkdjk lïlre rdcHhla fjkqfjka igka flÍug we;euqkaj heùug iudkhs' lsis Èfkl we;s fkdjk lïlre rdcHh kue;s wìx .s,a,jd ñksiqka ta fjkqfjka igka flÍug weo ±óug udlaiajdoh iu;a jQjd' udlaiajdohg jvd wìx ;j;a f,dalfha ;sî keye' fou< rdcHh ms<sn| isyskh;a wìx lEfuka we;sjQjla jekshs'

nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï wd§ .súiqï we;s lr.;af;a fou< cd;sjdofha

Wml%uhg wkqjhs' ;u wruqK bgqlr .ekSu i|yd mj;akd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu ta Wml%uhhs' ud l,skq;a lshd we;s Th we;ehs lshk widOdrKhg W;=re yd kef.kysr rg iNd we;s flÍu ms<shula fkdjk nj' ♦ fou< cd;sjdofha ;=kajeks hq.h .ek Tn lreKq rdYshla lsõjd' tajd idrdxY lr lsj

yels o @ fï hq.fha wdrïNh ye;a;Efõ oYlfha olskakg mq¿jka' th l=¨.ekajQfha 1977 ue;sjrKh;a iu. we;s jQ Pkao fjkafoaisfhkqhs' fï hq.fha fou< cd;sjdoh l%shdud¾. folla .kakjd' tlla tla wÈhrlska B<dï Èkd.ekSug lrk wdhqO ikakoaO wr.,h' wfkl fmvr,a yryd wÈhr follska B<dï Èkd.ekSug uOHfhys lrk wr.,h' fï l%shdud¾. fol tlsfklg wkqmQrl j mj;skjd' tlla ke;s j wfklg meje;aula keye' wÈhr fofla l%shdud¾.h wkq.ukh lrkafka uOHfhys tkï md¾,sfïka;=fjys ;u Pkao

n,hg b;d jeä jákdlula ,ndf.k wdhqO ikakoaO jHdmdrfha ì,a,d fmkajñka uOHia: iajrEmhla wdrEV lr .ksñka" ;u wruqK lrd hEug mj;akd foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka Wmfhda.S lr .kakjd' fï l%shdud¾. folg msgqmiska rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" úl,am mqj;am;a" iÕrd" flakaø" wdh;k we;eï l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQcljreka yd m%N+jrhka" c.;a wêrdcHjdoh yd cd;Hka;r ixúOdk l%shd;aul fjkjd' fou< cd;sjdofha mqfrdays;hka jQ fudjqka o m%Ndlrka f.a uiaiskd,d msßila" isxy,hka jerÈlrejka lrñka" isxy,hka ùu ,eÊcdjg lreKla njg m;a lrñka" isxy, cd;sl;ajh ke;s flÍu i|yd udlaiajdoh o Wmfhda.S lr .kakjd' fï miq j lS ixúOdk" flakaø" wdh;k wdÈfhys wdrïNh fou< cd;sjdofhys fojeks hq.h lrd Èj hkjd' c.;a wêrdcHjdoh iïnkaOfhka .;a l, tys mQ¾j.dñhd jQ ìß;dks wêrdcHjdoh fou< cd;sjdofha m<uq jeks hq.fha §;a th msgqmi isáhd' ♦ wñ¾;,sx.ï,d yd m%Ndlrka,d wkqmQrl ixúOdk hehs lshkafk flfia o @ fldá

ixúOdkh wñ¾;,sx.ï,d we;=¿ fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqfKa kdhlhka urd ±uQfõ keoao @

we;a;' kuq;a fldá ixúOdkh úiska urd oukq ,enqfõ wñ¾;,sx.ï muKla fkdfõ'

j¾Ordcd fmreud,a" Wud ufyaIajrka wd§ka iu. o Tjqka .egqKd' th fldá ixúOdkh ms<sfj;hs' Tjqka is;kafka Tjqka fou< ck;dj f.a tl u ksfhdað;hka njhs' Tjqka wfkla ixúOdk ish,a, ke;s flÍug W;aidy .kakjd' tfy;a hï fyhlska ta ish¨ ixúOdk ke;s l<fyd;a fldá ixúOdkhg o meje;aula keye' m%Ndlrka th ±k.;a;;a ke;;a" Tyq l=uk ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh l<;a wfkla ixúOdk fkdue;s j Tyqg meje;aula keye' wfkla ixúOdk fkdue;s kï fldá ixúOdkh yuqod l%shdud¾.hlska mrdch flÍu b;du;a myiqhs' fldá ixúOdk iïmQ¾Kfhka u mrdch flÍug hk úg wfkla ixúOdk úreoaO fjkjd' fï ixúOdk fkdjkak fldá ixúOdkh iïmQ¾Kfhka u mrdch flÍu myiq lghq;a;la fjkjd' fldá ixúOdkfha meje;aug wfkla ixúOdk o wjYH hs' ♦ tfy;a m%Ndlrka f.ka fou< ck;dj Èkd.; yelafla wfkla ixúOdkj,g fkdfõ o @

wfkla ixúOdk l%shd lrkafka fldá ixúOdkfha meje;aug tfrys j fkdfõ o @ wo jk úg fldá ixúOdkh yefrkakg wfkla fndfyda ixúOdk kdñl j fyda fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqfKa foaYmd,k l%shdud¾.hg wj;S¾K fj,d ;sfnkjd' v.a,ia foajdkkao mjd uOHfhys tkï md¾,sfïka;=fjys n,h yiqrkjd' fudjqka f.a jEhu W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a ;u ;ukag Èkd .ekSug' tkï m<uq wÈhr tys fmvr,a m%dka;hka we;slr .ekSug' fudjqka fldá ixúOdkhg úreoaO nj;a we;a;' fldá ixúOdkfhka fou< ckhd Èkd.ekSu hkq wka lsisjla fkdj m<uq wÈhf¾ u B<dï msysgqùu fjkqjg m<uq wÈhf¾ fmvr,a ,ndf.k fojeks wÈhf¾ B<dï msysgqùug ck;dj Èkd.ekSuhs' fï ixúOdk j,g fou< ck;dj Èkd.ekSu hkq fmvr,a § fldá ixúOdkh meroùuhs' tkï fjk;a ixúOdkhlg fyda ixúOdkj,g fmvr,a§ug yuqodj Èúmqod fldá ixúOdkh mrdch flÍuhs' wfkla w;g fï ixúOdkj,g uOHfhys n,h fï whqßka yeisrùug yels ù we;af;a isxy, Pkaoj, jákdlu ìxÿj ùu ksid fuka u fldá ixúOdkh l%shd;aul ùu o ksidhs' fldá ixúOdkh ke;s jqjfyd;a wfkla fou< cd;sjd§ mlaIj, Bkshd uOHia: nj;a Yla;sh;a ke;s ù hkjd' túg fmvr,a Èkd.ekSug neye' fï ixúOdk ta nj fkdokakjd fkdfõ' Tjqka lsisjl=;a fmvr,a Èkd.ekSug fmr fldá ixúOdkh yuqod l%shdud¾.hlska iïmQ¾Kfhka u mrdch lrkq olskakg wleue;s tneúkqhs' tfuka u fmvr,a Èkdf.k fldá ixúOdkh mrdch fkdl<fyd;a Tjqka fldá ixúOdkh w;ska úkdY ù hkjd' fldá ixúOdkh hkq fou< cd;sjdohg we;s j;a neß ke;s j;a neß idOlhla' ♦ wfkla fou< mlaI fldá ixúOdkh iïmQ¾Kfhka mrdch flÍug wleue;s kï

hqoaOh mQ¾K ch.%yKhlska ksu flÍu olajd Tjqka wdKavqjg iydh foaú o @

wo wdKavqfõ meje;au r|d mj;skafka fou< mlaI u;hs' tneúka ta mlaI lshk

fohg weyqïlka §ug wdKavqjg isoaO fjkjd' ta ksid hqoaOh mQ¾K ch.%yKhlska tkï fldá ixúOdkh iïmQ¾Kfhka u mrdch lr ksu flÍug wdKavqjg we;s yelshdj b;d wvqhs' tfy;a yuqodj fuys§ flfia l%shd lrkafka o hkak m%Yakhla' hqoaOh mQ¾K ch.%yKhlska fl<jr l< yelslula ;sìh §" úfYaIfhka u yuqod Nghka oyia .Kkla ñh f.dia we;s úgl hqoaOh ch.%yKfhka f;dr j k;r flÍu yuqodjg m%Yakhla fjkjd' ♦ pkaøsld l=udr;=x. uy;añh lshd we;af;a fldá ixúOdkh mrdch lr foaYmd,k

fhdackdj,sh iïu; lrk nj fkdfõ o @ fldá ixúOdkh mrdch lr fmvr,a Èh fkdyels hehs Tn lshkafka flfia o @

pkaøsld l=udr;=x. uy;añh u;jd§ j fmvr,a §ug wemlem ù isákjd' fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;d fuka fkdj weh u;jd§ j fou< ckhdg widOdrKhla isÿ ù we;s nj ms<s.kakjd' 1994 ckdêm;s wfmalaIsldj f,i úcd;sl n,fõ. úiska weh bÈßm;a lf<a;a tneúkqhs' isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl ue;sksh mfilg ,d weh t;ekg f.kdfõ úl,am mqj;am;a" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" cd;Hka;r ixúOdk we;eï l%sia;shdks yd lf;da,sl mQcljre wd§ úcd;sl n,fõ. úiskqhs' u;jd§ j fou< cd;sjdoh me;af;a isák m%:u cd;sl kdhlhd fyda kdhsldj wehhs' we;=,;auqo,s yd fm%auodi uy;=ka ;nd .dñKS Èidkdhl uy;dj;a u;jd§ j tjeks ia:djrhl isáfha keye' Tjqka f.a >d;kj,g;a th n,mdkakg we;ehs is;sh yelshs'

pkaøsld l=udr;=x. uy;añh fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqfKa foaYmd,kh iu. wehs

fyd|hslï mj;ajkjd' wehg wo wjYH m<uq wÈhf¾ u B<dï Èkd .ekSug igka lrk fldá mrojd m<uq wÈhf¾ fmvr,a i|yd lghq;= lrk kS,ka ;srefp,ajï we;=¿ m%Ndlrka f.a uiaiskd,d fldgig fmvr,a ,nd§ughs' weh uq, § is;d isáfha fldá iu. idlÉPd lr fldá ixúOdkhg fmvr,a ,nd § miq j Pkaofhka fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, n,hg m;a flÍughs'

uf.a ;lafiarej fldá ixúOdkh iïmQ¾Kfhka u mrdch lr wehg wjYH foa l<

fkdyels njhs' Èú mqod igka lr fldá mrojd fjk;a whl=g fmvr,a §ug hEfï § yuqodj flfia l%shd lrdú o @ tfuka u tfia fmvr,a §ug kï isxy, cku;h b;d oreKq f,i u¾okh flÍug wehg isoaO fõú' iqÿ fk¿ï jHdmdrh msysgqjd we;af;a ta i|ydhs' th fldf;la id¾:l fjhs o hkak wkd.;fha § n,d.; yelshs'

fldá ixúOdkh iïmQ¾Kfhka u mrdch lr fmvr,a úi÷ula fok ;eklg isxy,

cku;h ilia lrkak b;d wudrehs' th l< yelafla u¾okhlska muKhs' we;a;g u pkaøsld l=udr;=x. uy;añh ckdêm;s wfmalaIsldj njg m;a lsÍfï §

úcd;sl n,fõ. tla;rd ;lafiarejl isáhd' fmvr,a rdcHhla ,nd.; yelafla t' cd' m' rchlska fkdj Y%S' ,' ks' m' rchlska nj Tjqka f.a woyi jQjd' Y%S' ,' ks' m' rchla fmvr,a §fï § isxy, cku;h úfYaIfhka u fn!oaO cku;h thg úreoaO j fkdhdúh hk ;lafiarej Tjqka ;=< ;snqKd' tfy;a th ksjerÈ fkdjk nj ±ka fmkS f.dia ;sfnkjd' lsysm kula yereKq úg" NslaIQka jykafia,d fmvr,a fhdackdj,shg úreoaOhs' wdKavqjg Wka jykafia,d mlaI lrjd .ekSug ;ekska ;ek hEug isÿù ;sfnkjd'

isxy, cku;h fï úYaf,aIK lsisjla fkdue;s j f;areï .kakd fohla ;uhs

fmvr,a hkq B<fï m<uq wÈhr nj' ta nj Tjqka jgyd .kafka bfjka' 1949 § ìys jQ ;uka okakd fmvr,a mlaIh fouf<ka ,xld fou< rdcH mlaIh hk kñka ye¢kajqKq nj okafka Tjqka f.ka iq¿ msßila úh yelshs' tfy;a ,xldfõ § fmvr,a hkq B<ug ;j;a kula nj isxy,hka f.ka w;s úYd, nyq;rh okakjd' isxy,hka B<ug mlaI jkafka keye' ♦ Tn lshkafka pkaøsld l=udr;=x. uy;añh ckdêm;s wfmalaIsldj f,i m;a lr .;af;a

fmvr,a §u i|yd nj o @

Tõ ck;dj wehg Pkaoh ÿkafka fmvr,a §u i|yd fkdfjhs' tfy;a weh ckdêm;s wfmalaIsldj jQfha úcd;sl n,fõ.j, wjYH;dj mßÈhs' Tjqka f.a ;lafiarej jQfha fmvr,a ,nd.; yelafla Y%S' ,' ks' m' m%uqL wdKavqjlska nj;a tys § wdKavqfõ kdhl;ajh u;jd§ j Tjqka iu. tlg isá pkaøsld l=udr;=x. uy;añhg ysñ úh hq;= nj;a h' wehg úcd;sl n,fõ. úiska ysñlr § we;s tl u ld¾hNdrh fmvr,a ,nd §u muKhs' fmvr,a ,nd §ug fkdyels jqjfyd;a Tjqka weh ckdêm;s OQrfha t;rï l,a ;nd .kak tlla keye' wfkla w;g hï úêhlska fmvr,a ,nd ÿkafkd;a bka miq j úcd;sl n,fõ. j,g wef.ka jevla keye' tneúka fmvr,a ,nd ÿkak;a weh bj;a flÍug úcd;sl n,fõ. bÈßm;a fõú' ♦ bÈßm;a lr we;s foaYmd,k fhdackdj,sh fï m%Yakhg úi÷ula fkdfõ o @ Tn fï m%Yakh hkqfjka y÷kajkafka l=ula o @ ♦ W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, we;s ù ;sfnk m%Yakh' m%Yakh ta m%Yakh l=ula ±hs jgyd .ekSuhs' fuys § ud úia;r flf<a miq.sh ishjfia w. isg fou< cd;sjdoh úldYkh ù we;s whqrehs' wm ms<s;=re fiúh hq;af;a ta m%Yakhghs' fou< cd;sjdoh úiska fmkajk Bkshd widOdrKj,g fkdfjhs' thg fya;=j fou< ckhdg fou< ùu ksid u muKla isÿ ù we;s widOdrKhla fkdue;s neúka' fou< cd;sjdoh ±ka fhdackdj,shla wdKavqj ,jd bÈßm;a lr ;sfnkjd' fï fhdackd fndfyda lreKqj,ska 1985 § fou< tlai;a úuqla;s fmruqK rdÔõ .dkaê uy;dg bÈßm;a l< fhdackdj,g iudkhs' we;eï lreKqj, § bka tydg o f.dia ;sfnkjd' ;ukag we;ehs lshk widOdrKhg ms<shï f,ihs fï fhdackd bÈßm;a lr we;af;a' wo jk úg fou< ckhdf.ka 50] lg jvd Ôj;a jkafka W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;aj,ska msg' Th lshk widOdrKlï ;sfí kï tajd wfkla m<d;aj, isák fou< ckhdg;a ;sìh hq;=hs' tfy;a bÈßm;a lr we;s Bkshd úi÷ïj,ska tu m<d;aj, fou< ckhd f.a we;ehs lshk m%Yakj,g úi÷ï ,efnkafka keye' bka meyeÈ,s jkafka tjeks widOdrKhla fkdue;s nj;a Tjqka úi÷ula bÈßm;a lr we;af;a fjk;a m%Yakhlg nj;a h' ta fjk;a m%Yakh wka lsisjla fkdj fjk u fou< rdcHhla we;s lr.ekSfï wjYH;djhs' fjk u fou< rdcHhlg wÈhr follska hEug W;aidy lrk m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d f.a yd wo jk úg fndfyda uiaiskd,d f.a foaYmd,kh fmvr,a rdcHhla b,a,d ;sfnkjd' wm th uq¿ukska u m%;slafIam l< hq;=hs' ♦ ta foaYmd,k fhdackdj,sh ixfYdaOkh flÍug Tn tlÕ fkdjkafka uka o @ Tng

iduh wkjYH o @ ug iduh wjYHhs' ud fuhg úreoaO ùug tla m%Odk fya;=jla jkafka;a ug iduh wjYH ùuhs' fï úi÷ï l%shd;aul l<d hhs is;uq' túg iduh we;s jkjd o @ keye' thg fya;=j fou< cd;sjdoh fï úi÷fuka iEySulg m;a fkdjk ksid' Tjqkag wjYH fou< rdcHhla" ;ñ,a B<ula' fï úi÷fuka ;ñ,a B<ug mdr lefmkq ñi ;ñ,a B<u tljr u ,efnkafka keye' fldá ixúOdkh fuhg úreoaO tneúkqhs' fldá ixúOdkh hï fyhlska hqoaOfhka mrdch jqj;a n,hg m;afjk fjk;a lKavdhula jqj;a fmvr,a rdcHhlska iEySulg m;a jkafka keye' Tjqk bka miq fojk wÈhr wdrïN lrdú' wmg fou< cd;sjdoh úldYkh ù we;s wdldrfhka meyeÈ,s jkafka thhs' ta fojk wÈhf¾ § we;s jk hqoaOh fuhg jvd oreKq jk nj wuq;=fjka lshkak ´kE fohla fkfjhs' fojkq j fou< cd;sjdoh ;u kscN+ñh;a" ;ñ,a B<u;a f,i i,lkafka W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a muKla fkdfjhs' th y,dj; isg l=Uqlalka Th olajd Èfjk m%foaYhla' fou< cd;sjd§ka 1799 § ,xldjg meñKs yshq laf,.afydaka kue;s ìß;dks hg;a úð; f,alïjrhd f.a jd¾;djla je/Èhg f.k wE; w;S;fha isg fï m%foaYfha fou< rdcHhla

;snQ nj lshkjd' laf,.afydaka jd¾;dj mokï jQfha ,kafoais mßmd,k yd wêlrK m%foaY u;' ,kafoaiSka uqyqÿnv m<d;a mßmd,kh i|yd l,dm yhlg;a" wêlrK lghq;= i|yd l,dm ;=klg;a fnÿjd' wêlrK lghq;= i|yd fnok ,o tla l,dmhla y,dj; isg l=Uqlalka Th olajd úys§ .shd' th wvq u ;rñka mßmd,kh i|yd j;a l< fn§ula fkdfjhs' fou< cd;sjd§ka t,a,S we;af;a fuu tla wêlrK l,dmhlhs' Tjqka ta ,kafoais wêlrK l,dmh fou< rdcOdksh f,i y÷kajkjd' Tjqka f.a Bkshd kscN+ñh thhs' fï kscN+ñ ñ:Hdj fy<sorõ lrñka wêkS;s{ .dñKS Bßhf.d,a, uy;d b;d jeo.;a ,sms lsysmhla u ,shd ;sfnkjd' ta jf.a u merKs b;sydih .ek;a ta uy;d ,shd ;sfnkjd' thg wu;rj kscN+ñ ixl,amh .ek fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fha uydpd¾hh Ô' tÉ' mSßia uy;d;a b;sydih ms<sn|j uydpd¾h úu, úfÊiQßh" uydpd¾h ux., b,x.isxy" uydpd¾h fla' tka' ´' O¾uodi" uydpd¾h wNh wdßhisxy" tÉ' Ô' pd,aia wd§ uy;=kq;a lreKq bÈßm;a lr ;sfnkjd' kscN+ñh ñ:Hdjla jqj;a fou< cd;sjd§ka ;ukag wjYH m%foaYh ;ñ,a B<u njg m;a lr.kakd f;la igk wjika lrkafka keye' u;l ;nd.kak' fuh Bkshd widOdrKlï ms<sn| j lrk igkla fkdj ;u jrm%ido iy n,h wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSug yd b;sydih ms<s.ekSug ;snQ wleue;a;lska mek ke.s igkla nj' fou< cd;sjd§ka th fl<jr lrkq we;af;a ud l,ska lS m%foaY muKla fkdj lkao Wvrg o ;ñ,a B<ug wh;a lr .ekSfuka' fou< cd;sjdofha mqfrdays;hka m<d;a iNd iu. iduh we;sjk nj lSjd' tfy;a we;s jQ iduhla keye' fujr;a tfia uhs' f;dkavuka uy;d m%Ndlrka f.a .=K .hkafka;a m%Ndlrkag wjqreÿ 5 lg j;a W;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a md,kh NdrÈh hq;= hhs lshkafka;a fyd|lg fkdfjhs' f;dkavuka uy;d miq .sh wjqreÿ 18 l muK ld,h ;=< weu;sjrhl= jYfhka isáñka lr we;s foa yd lrk foa .ek wu;l lrkak tmd' fou< cd;sjdoh fï ish¨ m<d;a tl;= lr ;ñ,a B<ula msysgqjk f;la igk w;ayßkafka keye' Tjqka f.a b;sydifha úldYkh wkqj Tjqkag fjk wruqKla keye' m<d;a iNdj,ska Tjqka iEySug m;a jQfha keye' fmvr,a úi÷fukq;a Tjqka iEySug m;a jkafk keye' Tjqka Bkshd widOdrKlï .ek l;d lrkafka fï wruqK jika flÍughs' tfia kï foaYmd,k fhdackdj,sh l%shd;aul flÍfuka iduhla we;s fkdjk nj meyeÈ,shs' iduh fjkqjg ;j ;j;a hqoaO we;s fõú' fou< cd;sjdofha wjidk wruqK bgqlr .kakd f;la u wm ch fkd.;fyd;a wmg hqoaO flÍug isÿfjkjd' fuh fl<jr l< yelafla fldá ixúOdkh yuqod l%shdud¾.hlska mrdch flÍfuka muKla fkdj iuia; fou< cd;sjdoh u kHdhd;aul j yd foaYmd,ksl j mrdch flÍfuka muKs' ♦ fï fhdackdj,sh ixfYdaOkh flÍug Tn tlÕ fkdjkafka fuhska iduh we;s fkdjk

neúka muKla o @ keye' iduh we;s fkdjkjd muKla fkdfjhs' fuh widOdrK úi÷ula' fou< cd;sjdohg wjYH jkafka fou< rdcHhla¦ ;ñ,a B<ula' fï fhdackdj,sfhka wdKavqj thg Woõ fjkjd' th mksk ß<jqkag bksux ne£ula' fï fhdackd ixfYdaOkh flÍu hkq bKsuf.a ysKsfm;a;la folla lvd ±óu muKhs' thska bKsu. whska flfrkafka keye' m%Ndlrka f.a ndmam,d yd uiaiskd,d yeuodu;a l%shd l< l%uhla ;sfnkjd' Tjqka ;u wruqK" tkï fmvr,a rdcHh yd ;ñ,a B<u ,nd .kakd f;la ta ta wjia:dfõ § foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkjd' bkamiq thg isxy, nyq;rh úreoaO jQ úg Tjqka th ixfYdaOkh lrkjd' isxy,hka o bka iEySulg m;a fjkjd' B<Õ jgfha § fou< cd;sjd§ka b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lrkafka Tjqka l,ska jgfha § kej;=Kq ;ekska' tkï l,ska j;dfõ § ixfYdaOkh lr we;s lr.;a tlÕ;djla mokï lr .ksñka w¨;a jgfha b,a,Sï bosßm;a lr miq j tajd ixfYdaOkh lr B<Õ jgh i|yd mokula oud .kakjd' Tjqka lsis úfgl;a B<u;a" tys m<uq wÈhr jQ fmvr,a rdcHh;a wu;l lrkafka keye'

wdKavqfõ fhdackdj,sh fudk w¾:fhka ú.%y l<;a fmvr,a rdcHhla i|yd jQ fhdackd l%uhla' th B<ula i|yd ;,a¨ lrk fhdackd l%uhla' fuu fhdackd ixfYdaOkh flÍu hkq B<u yd fmvr,a wyl ±óula fkdfjhs' th ;yjqre flÍula muKhs' ixfYdaOkh lr iïu; flfrk fhdackdj,sh B<Õ jgfha § wÈhr fofla fou< cd;sjd§kag ysKs fm;a;la fjkjd' Tjqka B<Õ jgh mgka .kakjd we;af;a t;ekskqhs' fï fhdackdj,sh f.k tk iuia; rduqj u je/Èhs' wdKavqfõ úi÷u fmvr,a yd ;ñ,a B<dï b,lal lrf.k f.fkk fhdackdj,shla' th iïmQ¾Kfhka u m%;slafIam l< hq;=hs' wfkla w;g fï fhdackdj,sh mokï ù we;af;a miq.sh jgfha fou< cd;sjd§ka Èkd.;a b,a,Sï u;hs' miq.sh jgfha Tjqka bka§h n,mEï o we;sj oy;=ka jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh yd m<d;a iNd Èkd.;a;d' fï fhdackdj,sh bka Tíng hkjd' fï fhdackdj,sh wkqu; flÍu fyda ixfYdaOkh flÍu hkq oy;=ka jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh yd m<d;a iNd wkqu; flÍula' th tfia fkdfõ hehs lSug lsisjl=g;a neye' ug f;areï .kak neß oy;=ka jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg yd m<d;a iNdj,g úreoaO jQ Y%S' ,' ks' mlaIfha uka;%Sjreka fuu fhdackdj,shg leu;s jkafka flfia o hkakhs' oy;=ka jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg yd m<d;a iNdj,g úreoaO jQ lsisu NslaIQka jykafia kulg fyda .syshl=g fuu fhdackdj,sfha we,ms,a,lgj;a tlÕ jkak neye' ♦ Y%S' ,' ks' m' ;u m%;sm;a;s fjkia lr keoao @ keye' ud Y%S' ,' ks' mlaI uka;%Sjreka f.ka yd idudðlhka f.ka wykjd tu mlaIh m<d;a iNd yd oy;=kajeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh ms<sn| mlaIfha m%;sm;a;s fjkia flf<a ljod o lshd' ta i|yd iïfï,khla meje;ajQjd o @ Y%S' ,' ks' m' m<uq m<d;a iNd ue;sjrKh j¾ckh l<d' fujr;a Tjqka m<d;a iNd ue;sjrKhg bÈßm;a jQfha m<d;a iNd wfydais flÍfï mokñkqhs' Tjqka lshd isáfha m<d;a iNd wfydais flÍu i|yd ;ukag Pkaoh fok f,ihs' Y%S' ,' ks' mlaIfha m%;sm;a;sh fjkia flf<a pkaøsld l=udr;=x. uy;añhhs' weh b;du;a taldêm;s wdldrhlska mlaIfha m%;sm;a;s fjkia lr ;sfnkjd' weh kï to;a wo;a m<d;a iNdj,g mlaIhs' isÿ ù we;af;a pkaøsld l=udr;=x. uy;añh f.a m%;sm;a;shg Y%S' ,' ks' mlaIh tlÕ ù we;s njla l=uka;%KldÍ j fmkaùuhs' fuys § pkaøsld l=udr;=x. uy;añh msgqmi úl,am mqj;am;a" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" úfoaYSh wdh;k we;=¿ il,úO úcd;sl n,fõ. fm< .eiS isákjd' ♦ Tn fhdackdj,shg úl,amhla bÈßm;a lrkafka o @ úl,amhla bÈßm;a l< hq;af;a m%Yakhlg § we;s úi÷u je/È hhs is;kafka kï muKhs' tfy;a fuys § m%Yakh jkqfha" m%Yakh u je/È ùuhs' fou< ckhdg fou< ùu ksid u widOdrKhla isÿ ù keye' tneúka fu;ek wdKavqj lshk wdldrfha m%Yakhla keye' wdKavqj lshk wdldrfha m%Yakhla ke;akï úl,amhla ;nd lsis u úi÷ula wjYH jkafka keye' tneúka úl,am úi÷ï bÈßm;a flÍfï wjYH;djhla flfia j;a mek k.skafka kE' wdKavqj lsis u úfgl;a iuia; m%Yakh ixhqla; j bÈßm;a lr fï úi÷u ksid fï fï fldgia ixhqla; j fufia úif|kafka hehs meyeÈ,s lr § keye' wdKavqj úiska m%:ufhka l< hq;af;a Th lshk widOdrKlï fudkjd ±hs meyeÈ,s j" ixhqla; j" tlska tl úia;r flÍuhs' bkamiq ta ta widOdrKh fï fï wdldrfhka úif|k nj fhdackdj,sh wdY%fhka fmkajd §uhs' tfy;a wdKavqj tfia lrkafka keye' wdKavqj ;nd Tjqka jfÜ isák mKaä;hkaj;a th lrkafka keye' thg fya;=j Tjqkag tfia l< fkdyels ùuhs' tfia l< fkdyelafla tjeks m%Yakhla fkdue;s ùu ksihs' ♦ fyd|hs" Tn olsk wdldrhg widOdrKlï ke;s jqj;a fjk;a m%Yakhla ;sfnkjd' ta rg

fn§fï m%Yakhhs' thgj;a úi÷ula bÈßm;a lrkafka keoao @

rg fn§fï m%Yakh ud fmkakqï flf<a fou< cd;sjdoh ksid we;sjQjla nj' th miq .sh ishjfia isg wo olajd úldYh ù we;s whqre tkï m%Ndlrka f.a iSh,d f.a isg ndmam,d yryd uiaiskd,d olajd úldYh ù we;s wdldrh ud l,ska lshd we;s' thg úi÷ula ;sfnkjd' m<uq j m%Ndlrka f.a fldá ixúOdkh fldkafoais úrys; j yuqod l%shdud¾.hlska uq¿ukska u mrdch l< hq;=hs' ta i|yd yuqodjg wjYH foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh ,nd Èh hq;=hs' fojkq j fou< cd;sjdoh kHdhd;aul j yd foaYmd,ksl j mrdch l< hq;=hs' ud ys;kafka kHdhd;aulj fou< cd;sjdoh ±ka miq nei ;sfnkjd' th hï;ñka fyda mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nkafka rdcH fkdjk wdh;k yrydhs' jeä l,a fkdf.dia ta álla ke;sfõú' foaYmd,ksl j fou< cd;sjdoh mrdch flÍug isxy,hka tlai;a úh hq;=hs' t' cd' mlaIhg fyda j;auka Y%S' ,' ks' mlaIhg fyda th l< yels fohla fkdfjhs' cd;sl jHdmdrhla f.dv ke.Su u.ska isxy,hkag fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,ksl j mrdch l< yelshs' fou< cd;sjdohg ;sfnk m%Yakh jrm%ido yd n,h /l.ekSu i|yd isxy,hka nyq;rh nj yd b;sydih ms<s.ekSug we;s wlue;a; hs' isxy,hka fn§ isák ;dla yd isxy,hka wd¾Ól j ÿ¾j, ù isák ;dla isxy,hka nyq;rh nj fou< cd;sjd§ka ms<s.kafka keye' tneúka wd¾Ól jYfhka Yla;su;a ù tlai;a ù fou< cd;sjdoh foaYmd,ksl j mrdch l< hq;=hs' ♦ wo wdKavqfõ fou< ck;djg n,hla we;af;a keye' Tjqka f.ka m;a jQ tl u

weu;sjrhl=j;a wdKavqfõ keye fka o @ wo wdKavqfõ Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a jQ W;=re yd kef.kysr fou< weu;sjreka ke;s tl we;a;' thg fya;=j mlaI foaYmd,kh;a" fou< kdhlhka cd;sjd§ f,i mlaI ìys flÍu;a" fou< ckhd cd;sjd§ j uka;%Ska f;dard .ekSu;a' fou< cd;sjd§ka f.a m%pdr fya;= fldgf.k" úlD;s b;sydih b.ekaùu wdÈh ksid fou< ckhd f.a ukia ¥IKh fj,d' wo jk úg Tjqka t' cd' mlaIfhka fyda Y%S' ,' ks' mlaIfhka uka;%Sjreka f;dard tjkafka keye' Tjqka uka;%Sjreka f;darkafka fou< cd;sjd§ mlaIj,ska muKhs' fou< cd;sjd§ mlaI ;u uka;%Sjreka f.a Pkao md¾,sfïka;=fõ §;a fou< ckhd f.a Pkao md¾,sfïka;=fjka msg; §;a fjkafoaisfha oukjd' Tjqka wdKavqjg fl,ska u tl;= jkafka keye' wdKavqfõ W;=frka yd kef.kysßka f;aÍ m;a jQ weu;sjreka ke;af;a tneúkqhs' tfy;a weu;sjreka ke;s jqKdg fou< cd;sjd§ mlaI wo b;d u n,j;a' fou< cd;sjdofha ;=ka jeks hq.fha § Tjqka m<uq jeks hq.hg;a jvd n,iïmkak hhs lshkak mq¿jka' ud l,ska lS wdldrhg isxy, Pkao fn§ hEfuka tys jákdlu ìxÿj ù we;s úg fou< cd;sjd§ mlaI ;u Pkaoj,g úYd, jákdlula ,ndf.k wdKavq msysgqjk ;Srl n,fõ. njg m;a ù isákjd' Tjqka wo b,a,Sï bgq lr.kafka fldá ixúOdk ì,a,d fmkajñka tfia uOHfhys n,h yeisrùfukqhs' kS,ka ;srefp,ajï uy;d fuka u v.a,ia foajdkkao uy;d o wo wdKavqfõ úYd, n,hla orkjd' tfuka u lÈr.du¾ uy;d o úfoaY weu;s f,i fkdfhl=;a wjia:dj, fldá ixúOdkh yd fou< cd;sjdoh fjkqfjka úfoaYj, § l:dlr ;sfnkjd' fï w;r f;dkavuka uy;d o wdKavqfõ weu;sjrhl= f,i isák nj wu;l lrkak tmd' ♦ hqoaOfhka ñksiqka ñh hkjd' .eyeKq yd <uhska wkd: fjkjd' hqoaOfhka fldá

ixúOdkh mrdch l< hq;= hhs Tn lshk úg ta foa isÿjkafka keoao @

hqoaOfhka ñksiqka ñh hk nj;a .eyeKqka" <uhska wkd: jk nj;a we;a;' th lsisfia;a u hym;a ;;a;ajhla fkdfjhs' tfy;a ta ksid wú.;a fldá ixúOdkh mrdch flÍug hqoaO fkdlr bkak neye' isxy,hka yeu úg u b;sydifha hqoaO lr we;af;a rg /lSug ñi wdl%uKldÍ j fkdfõ' fou< cd;sjdofha wdhqO .;a fldgiska rg /lSug hqoaO lr tu fldgi mrdch l< hq;=hs' wo wdKavqj;a hqoaO lrkjd' ßú/i" bÈßmsïu fufyhqï l=uk wruqKla i|yd l<;a hqoaO fufyhqï ñi YS, jHdmdr fkdfjhs' hqoaOhg wo fl,ska u úhqla; wdldrhlska úreoaO jkafka nxfldf,d;a udlaiajd§ka yd ,snr,ajd§ka lsysm fokl= muKhs' fudjqka wo hqoaOhg úreoaO ùu u.ska m%Ndlrka fjkqfjka jl% j fyda fmkS isákjd' ñksiqka ñh hk nj lshñka ysÜ,¾g úreoaOj hqoaO fkdlr isáhd kï fï jk úg uq¿ f,dalh u meisiaÜ jOld.drhla njg m;ajkak ;snqKd' tod iageka,ska jeks fldñhqksiaÜ kdhlfhd;a ysÜ,¾g úreoaO j hqoaO l<d muKla fkdfjhs¦ Tjqka tys § Tjqkag y;=re jQ p¾Ñ,a jekakka iu.;a tl;= jQjd' ♦ furg iuiudc kdhlhka to;a hqoaOhg úreoaO jqKd fka o @ Tõ' fg%dÜials f.a T,fudÜg, kHdh lrmskakd .;a fg%dÜialsjd§ka hqoaOhg úreoaO jqKd' fojeks f,dal hqoaOh wêrdcHjd§ hqoaOhla f,i ye¢kajQjd' jdikdjlg f,dalfha wfkla lsisjl= fg%dÜialsjd§kag ijka ÿkafka keye' Tjqka lS foa wid hqoaO fkdl<d kï ysÜ,¾ uq¿ f,dalh u w;am;a lr.kakjd' tfia w;am;a lr.;a;d kï ysÜ,¾ fg%dÜialsjd§kaj;a >d;kh lrkjdg lsis u ielhla keye' wfkla wh fg%dÜialsjd§ka lS foa fkdms<s.ekSu fg%dÜialsjd§ka f.a u jdikdjla' m%Ndlrka n,hg m;a jqjfyd;a wo hqoaOh tmd h lshk nxfldf,d;a udlaiajd§kaj;a ^Tjqka ysgmq udlaiajd§ka ±hs meyeÈ,s keye& >d;kh lrkjd' todg;a Tjqka hqoaOhg úmlaI fõú o @ fudjqka hqoaOhg úreoaO jkafka b;d u úhqla; j' Tjqka f.a Ôú;j,g rg cd;sh t;rï jeo.;a fkdjk neúka' tfy;a Tjqka f.a Ôú;j,g ydks meñfKk njla ±kqkfyd;a Tjqka hqoaOhg mlaI fjkjd' wmg u;lhs fï nxfldf,d;a udlaiajd§ka ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfKa ;¾ckh yuqfõ wdKavqfõ" Tõ Okm;s t' cd' m' wdKavqfõ" ms<sirK m;ñka wdKavqj yd tlg tla ù wdhqO ,nd.ksñka igka l< yeá' tod Tjqka hqoaOhg úreoaO jqfKa keye' ♦ fï rg nyqcd;sl rgla' tjeks rgl isxy,hka uy cd;sh ùu ksid fou< ckhdg

isÿjk widOrKh je<elaúh yelafla flfia o @

fï rg nyqcd;sl hkqfjka Tn lshk foa meyeÈ,s keye' thska Tn lshkafka fou< ckhd fjk u cd;shla f,i ms<s.ekSu o @ th iïmQ¾Kfhka u b;sydi úfrdaë" j¾;udk iudc úfrdaë m%;sm;a;shla' fou< ckhd cd;shla ùu fjkqfjka meyeÈ,s j u imqrd,sh hq;= fldkafoais Tjqka úiska imqrd,kafka keye' fï rfÜ fou< ckhd w;S;fha § cd;shla jqfKa keye' ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka meñKs fou< ckhd mrïmrdjl § isxy, ixialD;shg we;=¿ jQjd' hïlsis wdldrhlg fjka ùula isÿ jQfha oy;=ka jeks ishjig miq jhs' tfy;a hdmkh rdcHhla fjku iajdëk rdcHhla f,i mej;s,d keye' fï iïnkaOfhka wêkS;s{ .dñKS Bßhf.d,a, uy;d jeks wh ,sms ,shd ;sfnkjd'

flfia fj;;a 1619 § hdmk rdcHh mD;=.SiSkag wh;a ùfuka miq tys b;sydih

wjika fjkjd' hdmkfha jeishka wêrdcHjd§kag úreoaO j l< wr.,hla bka miq j olskakg neye' we;af;ka u hdmkfha jeishka iuia;hla f,i ks;H mÈxÑlrejka f,i bka miq j isá njlaj;a lshefjkafka keye' ,kafoais hq.fha § u,nd¾ m%foaYfhka tkï ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ flar< fjr<ska fï rgg f.ka jQ jy¨ka hdmkfha mÈxÑ lrkq ,enQjd' tu jy¨ka f.a lghq;= flreKq kS;s moaO;sh f;aij,dfï hkqfjka miq j tla;eka lrkq ,enQjd' f;aij,dfï kS;sh hkq ;ñ,akdvqfõ ck;dj f.a kS;shla fkfjhs' th u,nd¾ uqia,sï

jeishka f.a kS;shls' tu kS;sh hdmkfha jeishka w;r m%p,s; ùfuka lshkafka ,kafoais hq.fha § tys n,nd¾ jy¨ka f.a me;sÍula'

ìß;dkska úiska o fï f;aij,dfï kS;sh hdmkfha ;yjqre flreKd' flda,anDla

fldñiu ;u idlaIs úNd.h i|yd hdmkhg .sh úg tys wdodhï tl;= lrk ks,Odßhd fldñiug lshd isáfha hdmkfha ks;H mÈxÑlrejkag jvd idxl%uKsl jeishka we;s njhs' idxl%uKsl jeishka iD;=fjka iD;=jg bkaÈhdjg hñka tñka isáhd' f;aij,dfï kS;sh ;jÿrg;a ;yjqre flÍfuka hdmkfha iaÒr mÈxÑlrejka we;s flÍug wä;d,ula ±uqKd' wo hdmkfha isákafka t<dr f.ka fyda ud> f.ka fyda mej; tkakka fkdfjhs' Tjqka b;sydifha §¾> ld,hla ;=< mdrïmßl wLKav ixialD;shg ysñlï lshkakka fkdfjhs' fudjqka lsisfia;a u fjk u cd;shla f,i ie,lSug neye'

iuyr úg Tn lshkjd we;af;a ,xldj nyqjd¾.sl rgla njhs' th ,xldjg

muKla iSud jQ fohla fkdfjhs' f,dalfha yeu rgla u mdfya nyqjd¾.sl rgj,a' tfia kï ,xldjg muKla nyqjd¾.sl rgla hehs lshkak wjYH;djla keye'

j;auka fou< jd¾.hd f.a meje;au wm ms<s.kakjd' tys lsis u .eg¨jla keye'

ìß;dksfha" bkaÈhdfjka .sh jeishka" isxy,hka" wm%sldkqjka wd§ fkdfhl=;a j¾.j, ck;dj Ôj;a fjkjd' tf,i u ,xldfõ fou< j¾.hd Ôj;afjkjd' ìß;dksfha fmdÿ ixialD;sh wex.af,da -ielaika l%sia;shdks ixialD;shhs' tys wkkH;dj thhs' ljqrej;a ìß;dkSkag tu wkkH;dj ke;s lr.kak lshkafka keye' fï rfÜ isxy, - fn!oaO ixialD;shg fu;rï úreoaO jkakka f.a iajdñjreka ìß;dksfha bx.sßis l%sia;shdks ixialD;sfha wkkH;dj /l.kakjd' tys Ôj;a jk wfkla jeishka ;u wkkH;dj /l .ksñka wr fmdÿ ixialD;sh ;=< Ôj;a fjkjd'

,xldfõ fou< ckhd f.a m%Yakh ù we;af;a Tjqka th flÍug olajk wleue;a;

ñi isxy,hka uy cd;sh ùu ksid isÿ jk widOdrKhla fkdfjhs' Tjqkag fmdÿ ixialD;shla ;=< Ôj;a ù ;u wkkH;dj /l.ekSug wjYH keye' Tjqkag wjYH jkafka fjk u cd;shla f,i Ôj;a ùughs' ta ìß;dkska f.ka ;uka ,;a jrm%ido yd n,h fya;= fldg f.k we;s jQjla' fou< cd;sjdofha úldYkh ud fuys § úia;r lr we;s'

isxy,hka nyq;rh nj yd rfÜ b;sydih fou< ckhd ms<s.; hq;=hs' th

ms<s.ekSfuka miq j uOHfhys n,h fnod yod .ekSula .ek l;d l< hq;=hs' Tjqka tfia fkdlf<a ;u ck wkqmd;hg fkdiß,k wdldrfhka uOHfhys n,h yeisrùughs' wo Tjqka uOHfhys n,h ySklr Tjqka f.a Bkshd ksc N+ñhg n,h ,nd .ekSug W;aidy lrkjd' ♦ wdÈ ld,fha ;snQ .ïiNdj,ska n,h úuOH.; lr fkd;sìKs o @ tfia kï n,h

úuOH.; flÍfï jro l=ulao @ ÿgq.euqKq rcq úiska we;s lrk ,o tlafiai;a rdcHfhys .ïiNd ;snqKd' tu .ïiNd mKavqldNh hq.fha;a ;snQ nj uydjxYh lshkjd' fï .ïiNd hkq fmvr,a m%dka; fkfjhs' .ïiNdj,g jHjia:dodhl n,hla ;snqfKa kE' tajd md,kh jQfha wkqrdOmqrfhka fyda fmdf,dkakrefjka fyda fjk;a w.kqjrlska' rfÜ kS;sh ieliqfKa ta uOHia:dkfhka muKhs' reyqKq" uhd" msysá f,i rg fnod ;snqfka fmvr,a l%uhlg fkdfjhs' reyqKq" udhd rgj, isá wEmd" udmd wd§ka rcq f.a ksfhdað;hka jqKd' Tjqka ta ta rg lrjQfha rcq fjkqfjka' rfÜ kS;sh wEmd" udmd wd§ka yryd l%shd;aul ùfï § .ïjeishkag n,mdk tÈfkod m%Yakj, § .ïiNd jeo.;a jqKd' .ïiNd ckiïu;jd§ wdldrhlska l%shd;aul jQ wdh;k' tfy;a tu wdh;kj,g kS;s ieliSfï n,hla ;snqfKa keye' wo kS;sm;s f.a ;k;=r jeks ;k;=rla fyn jQ isß;af,ak,d .ñka .ug ysáfha kE' uE; hq.fha § ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jQ iïiNd merKs .ïiNdj,;a ìß;dks m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,;a ixl,khla f,i i,lkak mq¿jka' tfy;a ta wdh;kj, ìß;dks n,mEu fnfyúka jeä nj wu;l fkdl< hq;=hs'

rg fn§fï fhdackdj,sfhka flrkafka n,h úuOH.; flÍula fkdfjhs' uOHfhys we;s n,h ke;s lrf.k fmvr,a m%dka;j,g mejÍula bka isÿfjkjd' jro we;af;a t;ekhs' wo úuOH.; flÍu hk ta jpkh jeros úêhg mdúÉÑ flfrkjd' jHjia:dodhl n,h úuOH.; lrkak neye' ♦ hqoaOh yefrkakg ixhqla; j Tn bÈßm;a lrk foaYmd,k jev ms<sfj,la ;sfí o @ rfÜ ck;dj f.a m%Yak ;sfnkjd' isxy," fou<" uqia,sï ish¨ fokdg n,mdk m%Yak" ;reKhka f.a m%Yak ;sfnkjd' fï fkdfhl=;a m%Yak úi£fuys ,d mßmd,kh yels ;dla úuOH.; flÍu l< hq;= fohla' úuOH.; flÍu hkq n,h mejÍula fkdjk nj wjOdrKh l< hq;=hs' ta w;r m<d;a md,k wdh;k" m<d;a iNd fkdfjhs" ;j ;j;a Yla;su;a l< hq;=hs' .ïiNd" iq¿ k.r iNd" k.r iNd wdÈh Yla;su;a wdldrhlska mqkre;a:dmkh l< hq;=hs' tys § ft;sydisl .ïiNdj,ska .; yels mdvï yels;dla ÿrg ,nd .; hq;=hs' tfy;a thska lshefjkafka jHjia:dodhl n,h ta wdh;kj,g mejßh hq;= h hkak fkdfjhs' kS;s mekùfï whs;sh uOHfhys msysá tla wdh;khlg muKla ysñ úh hq;=hs' tu wdh;kh md¾,sfïka;=j" uka;%K iNdj fyda fjk;a kulska ye¢kajqj o jHjia:dodhl n,h ;sìh hq;af;a tu wdh;khg muKhs' úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uhlg fuys bvla keye' tu wdh;kfhys n,h fnod yod .ekSula ;sìh hq;=hs' wo fuka tla foaYmd,k mlaIhlg ish¨ n,;, ysñ jk l%uhla fkd;sìh hq;=hs' wo rcfha wdh;kj, ysñlu wdKavq mlaIhg muKhs' WodyrKhla f,i .;fyd;a fï rg fn§fï fhdackdj,sh ms<sn| j rcfha úoHq;a udOH b;d u;a mlaI.%dyS j fhdod .efkkjd' th tla WodyrKhla muKhs' Bkshd n,h fnod yeÍfï fhdackd .ek l;d flÍfï § j;a n,h" fuys § ld,h" fnod .kafka keye' tys §;a n,h tla mlaIhlg muKhs' n,h fnod .ekSula .ek l;d lrk fou< cd;sjdofha mqfrdays;hkaj;a lsis u Èfkl rg fn§fï fhdackdj,shg úreoaO jQjkag rcfha úoHq;a udOH ,nd§ug lghq;= lrkafka keye' mlaI foaYmd,kh ;=< n,h fnod yod .ekSfï m%Yakhg ms<s;=rla ,efnkafka keye' wm rfÜ mlaI foaYmd,kh úldYh ù we;af;a hqfrdamfha fuka fkdfjhs' th fï rgg wd.ka;=l j n,y;aldrfhka we;s l< fohla' n,h" jHjia:dodhl" úOdhl" wêlrK yd mßmd,k wd§ f,i j¾. lrkak mq¿jka' ud fuys § jeämqr u l:d lrkafka jHjia:dodhl n,h ms<sn|hs' jHjia:dodhl n,h uOHfhys muKla ;sìh hq;=hs' tfy;a uOHfhys § ta n,h fnod yod .; hq;=hs' ;reKhka jeäysáhka w;r tu n,h fn§ hd hq;=hs' isxy," fou<" uqia,sï ck fldgia w;r fuka u fkdfhl=;a jD;a;Ska w;r" úfYaIfhka fï rfÜ b;d jeä msßila jk f.dúhka w;r" ta n,h fn§ hd hq;=hs' tfy;a jHjia:dodhl n,h uOHfhys fnod yod .ekSfï § rfÜ b;sydihg msgq fkdmE hq;=hs' isxy,hka nyq;rh nj yd rfÜ b;sydih ms<s.ekSug we;s wlue;a; fou< ckhd úiska w;a y< hq;=hs' thska lshefjkafka isxy, wdêm;Hhlg hg;a ùula fkdfjhs' fou< wkkH;djh /l.; yelafla;a fmdÿ ixialD;shla we;s rgl isxy,hka nyq;rh nj ms<s.ekSfuka hehs Tjqka f;areï .; hq;=hs' jHjiaOdhl iNdfjka" rdcH uka;%K iNdfjka yd b;sydifhka mdvï bf.k uOHfhys jHjia:dodhl n,h fnod yod .ekSu ms<sn| ckiïu;jd§ jHqyhla wmg ìys lr.; yelshs' fou< ckhd tla lreKla ±k.; hq;=hs' c.;a wêrdcHjdoh wo Tjqkag wdOdr lrkafka isxy, cd;sl;ajh keiSughs' tfy;a hïlsis Èfkl isxy, cd;sl;ajh ke;s l<fyd;a c.;a wêrdcHjdoh bka miq lrkq we;af;a fou< cd;sl;ajh;a ke;s flÍuhs' fï rfÜ fou< wkkH;djla /l.; yelafla isxy,hka nyq;rh nj;a rfÜ b;sydih;a ms<s.;fyd;a muKhs' tfia fkdjqKfyd;a wjidkfha § fou< wkkH;dj o ke;s ù hkq we;' wjidk jYfhka lsj hq;af;a wo wjYH ù ;sfnkafka fojeks mKavqldNhlrKhla' mKavqldNh rcq oji hlaI" kd." foaj" isxy wd§ f.da;% tla ù isxy, cd;sh f.dv ke.=Kd'

ta isxy, ixialD;sfhys m%Odk ixrplh jQfha foaYSh jdmS ixialD;shhs' isxy f.da;%slhka taug fmr fï rfÜ jeõ ;snQ njg idlaIs ;sfnkjd' mKavqldNhlrKhla wo ta whqßka u lrkakg neß úh yelshs' tfy;a f.dv kef.k fmdÿ ixialD;sfha m%Odk ixrplh isxy, fn!oaO ùu b;sydihg tlÕhs' fï fmdÿ ixialD;sh ;=< fou< ckhdg;a ;u wkkH;dj /l.; yelshs' m%Yakj,g úi÷ï fiùfï § m<uq j m%Yakh ksjerÈ j y÷kd.; hq;= h' tys § l%shd;aul jk úcd;sl n,fõ." c.;a wêrdcHjdoh wdÈh .ek wmg ukd wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= h' wm rfÜ m%Yakj,g wm fiúh hq;af;a mQ¾K jHjia:dodhl n,h iys; Yla;su;a uOHhla we;a;d jQ o fou<" uqia,sï wd§ jd¾.slhkg ;u wkkH;dj /l.ksñka isxy, cd;sh iu. tl;= ù Toj;a fo;j;a cd;shla f.dvk.d .ekSug u. mdokakd jQ o" flakaø wNsidÍ ixl,kd;aul úi÷ï ñi" weußlka rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=fõ yd wfkla wêrdcHjd§ wdh;kj, wkq.%yh ,nk uOHh ÿ¾j, lr fmvr,a m%dka; we;s lr rg fnokakd jQ o" f.dakshlg fmd,a tl;= lrkakdla fuka úúO ckj¾. tl;= flÍfï uqjdfjka cd;sh úiqrejd yer fn,ySk lrkakd jQ o flakaø wmidÍ wjl,kd;aul úi÷ï fkdfõ'