pasado, presente y futuro de los ferrocarriles mexicanos

5/12/2018 Pasado, Presente y Futuro de Los Ferrocarriles Mexicanos - slidepdf.com

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Xf}fnc + xti}io~i q jy~ytc

ni kc}

Jittcmfttaki} Ei|amfoc}



XTAEITC/ Kf xtaeitf mcomi}aýo xftf mco}~tyat yof zåf játtif ioEá|amc+ }i c~ctbý io 6<=2/ Namlf zåf+ ~ionanf nik Xyit~c ni Zitfmtyw f kfMaynfn ni Eá|amc+ jyi aofybytfnf }ckieoieio~i io ik föc ni 6<2=/

]a io i}i föc ik ~c~fk ni zåf} jittczaftaf} mco}~tyanf} io ik xfå} }yefdf924 àkýei~tc}+ io kc} föc} }abyaio~i} ik mtimaeaio~c ni kf tin jittcmfttaki%tf jyi zit~abaoc}c7 6<<=7 9 eak >=: àkýei~tc}0 6<1=7 68 eak :>4 àkýei~tc}0618=7 6: eak 66= akýei~tc} q 6168+ föc io vyi }i aoamaý kf Tizckymaýo Ei|a%mfof7 61 eak 2>< àkýei~tc}/

Nc} föc} fo~i}+ io 618<+ jyi mco}~a~yanf xct ik tábaeio ni Xctsttac NåfwJittcmfttaki} Ofmacofki} ni Eá|amc+ ]/ F/+ mcec yof iexti}f ea|~f mco yofxft~amaxfmaýo fmmacoftaf nik 96) xct xft~i nik I}~fnc ei|amfoc/

Ik Xti}anio~i Kæwftc Mætniof} ofmacofkawý f Jittcmfttaki} Ofmacofki} niEá|amc ,JOE! ik 4= ni gyoac ni 61=2+ xf}fonc f }it xtcxainfn i|mky}azf nikI}~fnc ei|amfoc/

Kcmcec~ctf Ikám~tamf ni JOE/Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



]i aoamaý io~comi} yo kftbc q xioc}c xtcmi}c xftf ao~itmcoim~ft f ~cnc}kc} jittcmfttaki} i|a}~io~i}+ ofmacofkawftkc} q mco}ckanftkc} io yo }ckc ctbf%oa}ec+ vyi mykeaoý ik 2 ni oczaiedti ni 61<:+ fk jy}acoft f JOE kf} ÷k~a%ef} iexti}f} jittczaftaf} kkfefnf} nik Xfmå stmc+ ]coctf”Dfgf Mfkajctoaf+

Mlalyflyf fk Xfmå stmc q ]itzamac ni Mcmli} Nctea~ctac+ einafo~iNimti~c nik Xti}anio~i Eabyik ni kf Efntan/

Ik ea}ec Ni kf Efntan iozaý fk Mcobti}c ni kf Yoaýo yof aoamaf~azf xftfecnastmft ik ft~åmykc 4< mco}~a~ymacofk mco ik sto ni mco}anitft f kf aony}~tafjittczaftaf mcec i}~tf~ábamf xftf ik ni}fttckkc ofmacofk q xct mco}abyaio~iti}itzfnf ni efoitf i|mky}azf ik I}~fnc ei|amfoc/

Oc cd}~fo~i kc fo~itact+io ik }i|ioac }abyaio~i }iaoamaý ik xtcmi}c aozit}c nini}efo~ikfeaio~c q xtazf%~awfmaýo+ fyo zackio~fonckf Mco}~a~ymaýo/ Jaofkeio~iItoi}~c Winakkc+ aoeinaf~f%eio~i ni}xyá} ni ~ceftxc}i}aýo mcec Xti}anio~ini kf Tix÷dkamf iozaý yof

aoamaf~azf xftf tijcteft ikxættfjc myft~c nik ft~åmykc4< mco}~a~ymacofk+ mco ik stoni xc}adaka~ft kf xtazf~awf%maýo ni kf aony}~taf jittczaf%taf einafo~i yo tábaeio nimcomi}acoi} q xitea}c} q ik4 ni eftwc ni 6119 ik Naf%tac Cstmafk ni kf Jinitfmaýoxydkamý ik Nimti~c mctti}%xconaio~i einafo~i ik myfkkf aony}~taf jittczaftaf xf}ýni }it i}~tf~ábamf q ti}it%zfnf fk I}~fnc ei|amfoc+ f}it xtacta~ftaf kc vyi xc}adaka%~ý }y xtazf~awfmaýo/ I}~fmaýo ni Eátanf Qymf~æo/

Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



]IBYONC/ Io 61>> kc} cdtitc} jittcmfttakitc} ei|amfoc} nik~fkkit ni Fmfedftc+ Byfofgyf~c+ mco}~tyqitco åo~ibtfeio~i nc} kcmcec~c%tf} ni zfxct+ niec}~tfonc mco ikkc ik btfnc ni ni}fttckkc ~imockýbamc fkmfo%

wfnc/Nc} föc} fo~i} lfdåfo kkibfnc f Eá|amc+ xftf niec}~tfmaýo+ kf} xtaei%tf} kcmcec~ctf} oct~ifeitamfof} nai}ik%ikám~tamf}/ Xtima}feio~i io 61>>}i mcextftco kf} xtaeitf} ni ikkf} q xftf 6192 ni yof fflc~f ni eak 4=<kcmcec~ctf}+ ><1 itfo nai}ik”ikám~tamf}/ Io 61:<+ 4> föc} ni}xyá} ni aoa%mafnf+ }i mco}yeý kf ‛nai}ikawfmaýo― ni kf jyitwf ~tfm~azf ni kc} jittcmfttaki}ei|amfoc}/ Kcmcec~ctf} ni zfxct vyi ~ioåfo yof zanf ÷~ak aexct~fo~i jyitcoiozafnf} f kf mlf~fttf/

]a daio kf kcmcec~ctf nai}ik%ikám~tamf ~aioi kf zio~fgf ni kf ikaeaofmaýo nikf} e÷k~axki} xftfnf} vyi nidåf tifkawft yof kcmcec~ctf ni zfxct xftf ti%mftbft ni fbyf }y mfknitf+ io mfedac kf kcmcec~ctf nai}ik ~aioi yof zanf ÷~akni eioc} ni kf ea~fn ni yof ni zfxct/ Fnieæ}+ }aionc kf} tijfmmacoi} nikec~ct nai}ik ni fmitc} i}ximafki} xf}fec} f yof }a~yfmaýo ni nixioniomaffd}cky~f vyi nytf lf}~f oyi}~tc} nåf}/

]cknfonc taik io ^DE/Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



Namlf xckå~amf vyi }i foyomaý mcec ‛ecnitoawfnctf―+ fnieæ} ni }yeat%oc} io kf nixioniomaf ~imockýbamf ti}xim~c ni kf} iexti}f} oct~ifeitamf%of} Bioitfk Ec~ct} q Bioitfk Ikim~tam jfdtamfo~i} ni kcmcec~ctf} nai}ik”ikám~tamf}+ }aboastmý yo ni}xakjfttc aofmix~fdki io yo xfå} }ydni}fttckkfnc qnixionaio~i+ oc }ýkc xct ik ni}~aoc vyi }i nac f kf jyitwf ~tfm~azf ni zfxct+}aoc xct ik ni}xitnamac ni kf mfxfmanfn ao}~fkfnf kcbtfnf io oyi}~tc} ~fkkiti}q }cdti ~cnc ni kf efoc ni cdtf mfkastmfnf jctefnf f kc kftbc ni eymlc}föc} io~ti kc} ecnika}~f}+ jyonancti}+ jctgfncti}+ mfknititc}+ i~m/

Ecnitoawft oc vyaiti nimat fncx~ft ~cnf ~imockcbåf ni xyo~f vyi }i bioi%ti io ik i|~tfogitc+ }aoc f}aeakft i}c} fzfomi} ~imockýbamc} q xtceczit yof~imockcbåf xtcxaf+ mco ik sto ni kcbtft yo ni}fttckkc fy~c}c}~ioanc/

Fnieæ} kf nima}aýo ni ‛nai}ikawft― oyi}~tc} jittcmfttaki}+ }aboastmý ik fncx%~ft ik ecnikc ni jittcmfttak oct~ifeitamfoc vyi xtaomaxfkeio~i y~akawf i}f

jctef ni jyitwf ~tfm~azf+ eaio~tf} vyi io Iytcxf q io F}af }i y~akawfo xtaoma%xfkeio~i kcmcec~ctf} ikám~tamf}+ f~ionaionc kf} zio~fgf} vyi tixti}io~fo+xyi} fyo myfonc kf aozit}aýo aoamafk io aojtfi}~tym~ytf i} ikizfnf+ ikkc }imcexio}f mco mtimi} mco kc} flcttc} io kf cxitfmaýo q efo~ioaeaio~c nikf} kcmcec~ctf} ikám~tamf} q kf imcoceåf io mcedy}~adki+ fnieæ} ni i|a}~atyof nixioniomaf eymlc eioct io kf mcextf ni tijfmmacoi}/

Kcmcec~ctfikám~tamf xftfik xtcqim~c

‛Ncdki Zåf fVyitá~ftc―Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



Io Eá|amc+ io~ti kc} föc} ni 614=”4:+ ik mco}ctmac aobká} xtcxai~ftac nikJittcmfttak Ei|amfoc ikim~tastmý kf kåoif io~ti I}xitfowf q Ctawfdf q xc}%~itacteio~i kf fexkaý lf}~f Xf}c nik Efmlc+ mco ik xtcxý}a~c ni vyi kf}kcmcec~ctf} ikám~tamf} fqynftfo f kc} ~tioi} f ziomit kf} xionaio~i} f}mio%

nio~i} eæ} xtcoyomafnf}/ Io kf námfnf ni kc} }i~io~f} }i }y}~a~yqitco kf}kcmcec~ctf} ikám~tamf} xct nai}ik%ikám~tamf}+ }cei~aáoncoc} ni oyizf myio%~f fk ecnikc oct~ifeitamfoc/

Xc}~itacteio~i lydc yo aexct~fo~i xtcqim~c xftf yo mcttinct jittczaftacni ncdki zåf ikim~tastmfnf ni kf maynfn ni Eá|amc f Byfnfkfgftf+ Gfka}mc+ mcoik sto ni kcbtft ik ~tf}kfnc i|xina~c ni kf xtcnymmaýo fbtåmckf ni kf tibaýoxfmastmc oct~i fk eitmfnc eæ} aexct~fo~i ni kf Tix÷dkamf/

^fk xtcqim~c }i ni}fttckkftåf io ~ti} i~fxf}/ Kf xtaeitf ni 4>9 `akýei~tc}ni ncdki zåf ni kf maynfn ni Eá|amc f Vyitá~ftc+ }i mcomkyqý io 61<: qni aoeinaf~c }i aoamaftco kc} ~tfdfgc} ni ikim~tastmfmaýo/ Kf zåf ikim~tastmfnf}i xy}c io }itzamac ni efoitf xftmafk io 611>+ xftf kc myfk }i mco~ý mco=1 kcmcec~ctf} ikám~tamf} BI ni :888 LX ,kf} nai}ik”ikám~tamf} ni efqctxc~iomaf }co ni =988 LX! q f xft~at ni eftwc ni 6119 kf zåf xitefoimaýioitbawfnf kf} 4> lctf} nik nåf/

Kf} nc} i~fxf} ti}~fo~i} Vyitá~ftc%Atfxyf~c%Byfnfkfgftf oyomf }i mco}%~tyqitco q kf ncdki zåf f Vyitá~ftc }i mcomi}acoý f kf iexti}f xtazfnf^tfo}xct~fmaýo Jittczaftaf Ei|amfof ,^JE! io gyoac ni 6112/

Fonáo i}~fmaýo Vyitá~ftc/Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



Ik ~å~ykc ni mcomi}aýo ,N/C/J/ 8=”84”12! i}~fdkimaý mco ~cnf mkftanfn io}y Mfxå~ykc AA+ Xti}~fmaýo ni ]itzamac} Jittczaftac}7

‛4/9 Cdtf}/// io ik io~ionanc ni vyi oc }i nigftæ jyitf ni cxitfmaýo kf mf%~ioftaf mctti}xconaio~i f kf ncdki zåf ikim~tastmfnf Dyiofza}~f%Vyitá~ftc/―

]ao aexct~ft kc fo~itact+ yof }iefof ni}xyá} ni timadat kf} ao}~fkfmacoi}+^JE ni}ioitbawý kf ncdki zåf+ nigý jyitf ni cxitfmaýo kf mf~ioftaf q ni}%imlý kf} kcmcec~ctf} ikám~tamf} mco ik ftbyeio~c ni vyi kf mf~ioftaf i}~ct%dfdf }y} ~tioi} ni ncdki i}~adf/

Kf ]imti~ftåf ni Mceyoamfmacoi} q ^tfo}xct~i}+ io kybft ni cdkabft f^JE f myexkat mco kc i}~fdkimanc io ik ~å~ykc ni mcomi}aýo+ io eftwc nik4886 ecnastmý i}~i io kc} }abyaio~i} ~áteaoc}7

VYAO^F7 ]i ecnastmf ik foi|c }ai~i nik ~å~ykc ni mcomi}aýo+ f ijim~c ni ikaea%

oft ~cnf tijitiomaf f kf cdkabfmaýo ni mco}itzft q efo~ioit kf mf~ioftaf ni kfncdki zåf ikim~tastmfnf io ik ~tfec Lyilyi~cmf”Vyitá~ftc/

]I\^F7 Ik mcomi}acoftac xcntæ ti~atft kf mf~ioftaf+ io ik ~tfec Lyilyi~cmf%Vyitá~ftc///― ,N/C/J/ 48%8=%86!/―

Vyawæ xct ikkc ik Nt/ Fftýo Nqml~it+ }yd}imti~ftac ni ^tfo}xct~i ni kf]M^+ ik xf}fnc 44 ni gykac ki} nagc f kc} Naxy~fnc} ni kf Mcea}aýo ni Mceyoa%mfmacoi}7 ‛///liec} kcbtfnc jct~fkimit kf yoanfn tim~ctf nik I}~fnc+ xitc oc~fo~c mcec vya}aátfec}///―/

Nytfo~i kf xtazf~awfmaýo ni kc} jittcmfttaki} ei|amfoc}+ ik bcdaitoc ni Wi%

nakkc f}cmaý i}~i xtcmi}c f kf anif ni ecnitoawfmaýo/ ]ao iedftbc+ kc mait~ci} vyi xf}ý kc ea}ec vyi mco kf ‛nai}ikawfmaýo―/

I}~fmaýo ni xf}fgitc} Dyiofza}~f/Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



Lcq kc} xtaomaxfki} ~fkkiti} ni JOE+ vyi mco~fdfo mco kf efoc ni cdtfeæ} mfkastmfnf jctefnf nytfo~i eymlc} föc}+ jyitco mfomikfnc} c na}eaoya%

nc} f }y eåoaef i|xti}aýo/ Kc} aexct~fo~å}aec} ~fkkiti} ni Fbyf}mfkaio~i}+Iexfkei+ Ef~åf} Tceitc+ io~ti c~tc}+ jyitco mfomikfnc} q kc} ni ]fo Kya}Xc~c}å+ Zfkki ni Eá|amc jyitco tinymanc} f }y eåoaef i|xti}aýo/

Xftfkikfeio~i+ io ]fo Xintc ni kc} Xaoc}+ kf iexti}f xftfi}~f~fk Jyona%macoi} ni Laittc q Fmitc jyi xtazf~awfnf q ni}fxftimaý/ Itf kf ÷oamf iexti}fofmacofk vyi jyonåf tyinf} xftf kcmcec~ctf q mfttc} ni jittcmfttak/ Lcq io}y kybft i|a}~i yo mcogyo~c lfda~fmacofk Ni Ei~/

Q vyá nimat ni kf Mco}~tym~ctf Ofmacofk ni Mfttc} ni Jittcmfttak ni May%nfn ]flfb÷o+ Lanfkbc+ vyi jyi xtazf~awfnf q mcextfnf xct kf mfofnaio}iDcedftnait mco ik ÷oamc sto ni }fmftkf nik eitmfnc+ xyi} flctf }ýkc jfdtamfmfttc} nik ei~tc q ÷k~aefeio~i io}fedkf kcmcec~ctf}+ kc vyi lfmåf xit}c%ofk ni JOE io ik ~fkkit ni Fbyf}mfkaio~i}/

I}~i föc ik Xti}anio~i Zamio~i Jc|+ ni za}a~f io Maynfn ]flfb÷o fstteývyi flctf i}~f iexti}f jfdtamf kcmcec~ctf} ni ÷k~aef bioitfmaýo/ Ik Xti%}anio~i ni kf Tix÷dkamf+ xct kc za}~c oc mcocmi kf na}~fomaf vyi lfq io~tijfdtamft q io}fedkft yof kcmcec~ctf/

Kcmcec~ctf ni zfxct Oafbftf+ Mio~tc ni mcomio~tfmaýo ni mlf~fttf+ Lyilyi~cmf Eá|amc/Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



^ITMITC/ Fk }it ik jittcmfttak ik ecnc ni ~tfo}xct~i ~itti}~ti nieioct mc}~c+ gybý yo xfxik jyonfeio~fk xftf ik ni}fttckkc ofmacofk f xft~atni kf timco}~tymmaýo xc}~%tizckymacoftaf/ Ik ~tfo}xct~i ni mftbf jittczaftac

}atzaý xftf nft yo aexct~fo~i fxcqc f kf fbtamyk~ytf+ fk mceitmac q f kf ao%ny}~taf+ ao~ibtfonc aexct~fo~i} tibacoi} nik xfå} fk eitmfnc ao~itoc/ Ni}nikyibc+ ~fedaáo }atzaý xftf aexyk}ft ik mceitmac i|~itact/

Io kc }cmafk+ ik }itzamac ni xf}fgitc}+ xct }y imcoceåf+ lawc xc}adki vyieymlc} ei|amfoc} xynaitfo zafgft xftf mcocmit c~tf} io~anfni} c ~tfdfgf%tfo ~iexctfkeio~i io c~tf} tibacoi} nik xfå}+ mco~tadyqionc f yof efqctmcli}aýo }cmafk/

^fedaáo nytfo~i ik xtcmi}c tizckymacoftac ik jittcmfttak gybc yo xfxik ae%xct~fo~å}aec io kf mco~aionf eaka~ft xftf eczakawft ~tcxf} q ft~akkitåf/ Jyiy~akawfnc xct ~cnc} kc} dfonc}+ xitc eyq i}ximafkeio~i xct kf Naza}aýo nikOct~i nik Bioitfk Jtfoma}mc Zakkf+ myqc dtfwc nitimlc+ ik Bioitfk TcnckjcJaittc jyi jittcmfttakitc/

]ao iedftbc+ f xi}ft ni kf aexct~fomaf nik jittcmfttak+ f xft~at ni kc} föc}myftio~f}+ mco ik sto ni nidaka~ft fk }aonamf~c jittcmfttakitc mco}~a~yanc io 61==q xftf jfzctimit f kf} iexti}f} jfdtamfo~i} ni fy~cec~cti}+ f kc} iexti}f%tac} nik ~tfo}xct~i vyi }i jyitco fnyiöfonc nik eitmfnc q f kc} xckå~amc} vyijyitco iotavyimaáonc}i mco kf mco}~tymmaýo ni mftti~itf}+ }i nac yo aexyk}cni}einanc fk fy~c~tfo}xct~i/

]immaýo ni tixftfncti} ni zåf+ Iexfkei ]coctf/Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



F}å xct igiexkc eaio~tf} kf tin jittczaftaf xf}ý ni 61 eak 2>< àkýei~tc}io 6168 f 4: eak >>9 akýei~tc} io 611=+ i} nimat vyi io <= föc} }ýkc ~yzcyo mtimaeaio~c ni ==)+ kf tin mftti~itf+ vyi io 61=8 mco~fdf mco eak >4:àkýei~tc}+ ~yzc yo mtimaeaio~c ni}iojtiofnc7 io 61>87 1 eak 1410 61987 44

eak >990 61:87 >> eak <140 61287 26 eak 9480 61<87 464 eak :4:0 61187 4=1 eak4=9 q 61117 =41 eak 9=4 àkýei~tc}+ i} nimat vyi io :1 föc} kf tin mftti~itfmtimaý eæ} ni 4=+888)/

Q eaio~tf} kc} mfeaoc} f}jfk~fnc} mtimio q mtimio+ f tfåw ni kf xtazf~awf%maýo oyi}~tf tin jittczaftaf }i mco~tfgc+ xyi} io kf} iexti}f} f mcomi}acoft+}i aomkyqitco ÷oamfeio~i kf} zåf} eæ} tio~fdki} vyi ao~iti}ftco fk mfxa~fki|~tfogitc/

Mcomi}acoi}7

JJM Xfmå stmc Oct~i ,Jittcei|! 2+6:> akýei~tc}

JM nik ]yti}~i ,Jittc}yt! 6+>21 akýei~tc}

JM q iteaofk Zfkki ni Eá|amc ,J^ZE! 412 akýei~tc}

Ofmcwfta ,Jittcei|! =48 akýei~tc}

Cgaofbf”^cxckcdfexc ,Jittcei|! 1>= akýei~tc}

JM Mlafxf} Efqfd ,Bioi}ii * Rqceaob! 6+998 akýei~tc}

JM Mcflyakf Nytfobc ,BFO”Xiöcki}! 12> akýei~tc}

F}abofmacoi}7

âgyfof imf~i 26 akýei~tc}

JM nik A}~ec ni ilyfo~ixim ,JA^! 482 akýei~tc}

^c~fk7 6: 1>4 akýei~tc}

I}~fonc xionaio~i ni mcomi}acoft ,³c ni}efo~ikft3! ik kkfefnc jittcmf%ttak Cf|fmf q ]yt vyi mcextioni yof tin ni 912 àkýei~tc} ni zåf} ni kc}I}~fnc} ni Cf|fmf+ Xyidkf+ Ectikc} q Eá|amc/ Kc nieæ} jyi mfomikfnc qyof btfo xft~i ni}efo~ikfnc/

Ik ÷oamc xtcqim~c oyizc i} ik ni yof zåf io~ti ik Xyit~c ni Io}iofnf qîmf~i vyi cdinimi eæ} fk ao~itá} oct~ifeitamfoc vyi fk oyi}~tc/



MYFT^C/ Io Iytcxf kf xcdkfmaýo }i ~tfo}xct~f xtijitio~ieio~iio jittcmfttak+ }imyonftafeio~i io fzaýo q xct ÷k~aec io ~tfo}xct~i mftti~itc/Xct i}f tfwýo kf} maynfni} eæ} aexct~fo~i} iytcxif} myio~fo mco zftaf}

~iteaofki} jittczaftaf}/Io I}~fnc} Yoanc} ni Feátamf kf bio~i }i ~tfo}xct~f xtaomaxfkeio~i iofzaýo+ }imyonftafeio~i xct ~tfo}xct~i mftti~itc q eftbaofkeio~i xct jittc%mfttak/ Xct i}c io kf} maynfni} oct~ifeitamfof} eæ} aexct~fo~i} i|a}~iozftac} fitcxyit~c}+ io Rf}laob~co lfq myf~tc+ xct igiexkc/

Io mfedac io Eá|amc+ kf xcdkfmaýo zafgf jyonfeio~fkeio~i io ~tfo}xct~imftti~itc ,xct i}c io kf maynfn ni Eá|amc i|a}~io myf~tc ~iteaofki} ni fy%~cdy}i} jctæoic}!+ }imyonftafeio~i zafgfo io fzaýo q i} i}xfo~c}feio~itanåmykc ik xctmio~fgi vyi }i ~tfo}xct~f io jittcmfttak+ xctvyi xtæm~amfeio~iqf oc lfq ~tioi} ni xf}fgitc}/

Nytfo~i eæ} ni maio föc} oyi}~tc} jittcmfttaki} xti}~ftco ik }itzamac nixf}fgitc}+ fyo io kf} mconamacoi} eæ} fnzit}f}/ Oa nytfo~i kf TizckymaýoEi|amfof }i }y}xionaý ik }itzamac/

]ao iedftbc+ ik Kam/ Kya} Fo~coac ni Xfdkc ]itof+ Natim~ct Bioitfk ni JOE nytfo~i ~cnc ik xtcmi}c ni xtazf~awfmaýo+ }i yjfoý io nimkftft tixi~anfeio%~i vyi io oyi}~tc xfå}+ }ib÷o i}~ynac} tifkawfnc} vyaáo }fdi xct vyaáo+ }ilfdåf ni}mydait~c vyi oyi}~tc} jittcmfttaki} ~ioåfo kf i|~tföf zcmfmaýo xftf~tfo}xct~ft ÷oamfeio~i mftbf/

Kc mait~c i} vyi }i mcxaý oyizfeio~i ik ecnikc i}~fncyoanio}i+ nconikf} iexti}f} jittczaftaf} xtazfnf} oc xti}~fo ik }itzamac ni xf}fgitc}+ }aockf iexti}f i}~f~fk FE^TF@/ Xct ikkc io kc} ~å~ykc} ni mcomi}aýo c~ctbfnc}}i ki} i|aeaý ni xti}~ft i}i q c~tc} }itzamac} vyi dtaonfdf JOE/

Xfykf~aofeio~i+ xtizac f kf xtazf~awfmaýo+ ik }itzamac ni xf}fgitc} }i jyi}yxtaeaionc ni kf efoitf eioc} tyanc}f xc}adki+ xftf iza~ft kf} ecki}~f}xtc~i}~f} ni kc} y}yftac}/ Mfnf ziw vyi }i mfomikfdf yof mcttanf+ kf iexti%}f }a~yfdf mfeacoi} io kf i}~fmaýo ni Dyiofza}~f xftf ~tfo}xct~ft btf~ya~f%eio~i f kc} zafgitc} f kf mio~tfk mfeacoitf vyi ki} mctti}xconaitf/

Föc} Xf}fgitc} ,eaki}! Föc} Xf}fgitc} ,eaki}!

61:1 =1+888 611> 2+6<1

61<1 69+<1< 6119 :+:2<

6118 62+6>1 611: :+242

6116 6>+184 6112 9+814



Föc} Xf}fgitc} ,eaki}! Föc} Xf}fgitc} ,eaki}!

6114 6>+2>8 611< 6+92:

611= 68+<2< 6111 <86

488> 498

Io kf mcexftimiomaf ma~fnf nik Nt/ Fftýo Nqml~it fo~i kf Mcea}aýo niMceyoamfmacoi} ni kf Mæeftf ni Naxy~fnc}+ tisttaý vyi nytfo~i 488=+ }i~tfo}xct~ftco =9/9 eakkcoi} ni xf}fgitc}/ Vyi ni ~cnc} i}~c} ik 1<) kc lawcio fy~cd÷}0 ik 6/=) io fzaýo q ik ti}~c+ i} nimat 8/82) io c~tc} einac} ni~tfo}xct~i/

I} nimat+ ik 1<) ni kc} ei|amfoc} lcq xftf ~tfo}xct~ft}i y~akawf ik einacni ~tfo}xct~i eæ} mftc+ eæ} ao}ibytc+ eæ} mco~feaofo~i+ eæ} }yd}anafnc

q eæ} aomýecnc/ Xyo~c/

VYAO^C/ Io 6114 }i foyomaý xct ik bcdaitoc vyi }i xcontåf ioxtæm~amf io JOE+ yo kkfefnc ‛Xtcbtfef ni Mfedac I}~tym~ytfk― xf~tcmaofncxct ik Dfomc Eyonafk+ myqc cdgi~azc dæ}amc itf ‛fzfowft io ik xtcxý}a~c nimcozit~at fk Ctbfoa}ec io yof iexti}f istmaio~i+ tio~fdki q mceitmafkeio~imcexi~a~azf+ vyi }y}~io~i }y ni}fttckkc f kftbc xkfwc+ }cdti df}i} }fof} i

aonixionaio~i}―/ I}c nimåfo/Mco df}i io namlc xtcbtfef q fkibfonc kf ‛xti}iomaf io ik eitmfnc ni

iexti}f} i}ximafkawfnf} io ik eczaeaio~c ni xfvyi~itåf q zfkcti}―+ i}iea}ec föc kf ]M^ fy~ctawý kf mfomikfmaýo nik }itzamac jittczaftac mcocmancmcec ‛i|xti}}―+ vyi itf yo }itzamac ni xfvyi~itåf q mftbf io xivyiöc zcky%eio+ ~tfo}xct~fnc io mfttc} i}ximafki} fbtibfnc} io ~tioi} ni xf}fgitc}/

Aoeinaf~feio~i kf ]M^ fy~ctawý ~fedaáo kf mfomikfmaýo nik }itzamac ni‛eioc} ni mfttc io~itc―+ vyi xitea~åf vyi yo y}yftac xynaitf ~tfo}xct~ftmftbf vyi cmyxf}i 6#4+ 6#>+ 6#<+ 6#6: c 6#=4 ni jytbýo+ vyi itfo tieckmf%

nc} io ~tioi} ea|~c} c ni kc} kkfefnc} ‛xckkitc}―/Mco i}~f} mfomikfmacoi}+ maio~c} ni i}~fmacoi} jyitco }yxtaeanf}+ xyi}}i vyinftco }ao ef~itaf ni ~tfdfgc+ qf vyi ~cnc} }y} y}yftac} y~akawfdfo ÷oa%mfeio~i i}~c} nc} }itzamac}/

Fm~yfkeio~i io Eá|amc i|a}~io fktininct ni 4 eakkcoi} ni iexti}f}+ 11)ni kf} myfki} }co xivyiöc} c einafoc} oibcmac} vyi nfo iexkic f 28) nikc} ~tfdfgfncti} ei|amfoc}/



Mco kf xtazf~awfmaýo i}~c} fbtamyk~cti}+ mceitmafo~i} i aony}~tafki} }i vyi%nftco }ao kc} }itzamac} jittczaftac} vyi y~akawfdfo q vyi ki} xitea~åfo ~tfo}%xct~ft }y} eitmfomåf} f yo dfgc mc}~c/

Ikkc ni}fm~azý kf imcoceåf ni eymlf} tibacoi}+ mco~tadyqý f kf ni}ao%~ibtfmaýo nik eitmfnc ao~itoc q }cei~aý f yo efqct fa}kfeaio~c f eymlf}mceyoanfni} xit~ioimaio~i} f kf} Io~anfni} jinitf~azf} eæ} xcdti} q mcoeioct ni}fttckkc/

Lcq ik jittcmfttak i}~æ fk }itzamac i|mky}azc ni kf} btfoni} iexti}f}/ KfJctn+ kf Mltq}kit q kf Bioitfk Ec~ct} i}~æo }f~a}jimlf} mco kf xtazf~awfmaýo/Naftac xft~i ni Mlamfbc yo ~tio mco fy~cxft~i} ni kf Mltq}kit xftf }it io%}fedkfnf} io }y xkfo~f io ckymf q naftac xft~i ni ckymf tyedc f Mlamfbc

yo ~tio mco kc} fy~c} fflfefo~i} timaáo ftefnc}/ cnc ikkc jyomacofonc mcectikcg }yawc+ mco ik }a}~ief ni ‛gy}~c f ~aiexc―/

Q ~cnc ikkc i} xc}adki xctvyi i}c} ecki}~c} ~tioi} kkfefnc} ‛xckkitc}― qni xf}fgitc}+ qf oc ‛cd}~tyqio― kf tin jittczaftaf+ vyi mco}~f io yo 19) niyof }ckf zåf+ mco kadtfeaio~c} mfnf mait~c ~tfec xftf ik ‛iomyio~tc― ni kc}~tioi} vyi matmykfo io }io~anc mco~tftac/

^fovyi ikizfnc ni fbyf+ i}~fmaýo Myitofzfmf/Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



]Á\^C/ Kf xtazf~awfmaýo ni aony}~taf} i}~tf~ábamf} mcec kc} jittc%mfttaki} mconymi attieinafdkieio~i+ io xfå}i} mcec ik oyi}~tc q io kf} fm%~yfki} mconamacoi}+ f }y i|~tfogitawfmaýo q f kf mcojctefmaýo ni ecocxckac}

xtazfnc}/ Mcec }iöfký f~aofnfeio~i ik ]iofnct Gc}á Fobik Mcomlikkc7 ‛xta%zf~awft i} ni}ofmacofkawft c timckcoawft―/

Io io~tiza}~f tifkawfnf xct Kf Gctofnf ,82#A\#1:!+ ik natim~ct ni JOE+ Kya}ni Xfdkc+ fk aoamac ni kf} mcomi}acoi} jittczaftaf}+ fstteý7 ‛Ki} i|abaec} fvyaioi} xft~amaxftæo nc} mc}f}7 vyi }iöfkio dfgc xtc~i}~f ni nimat zitnfnvyi ~aioio yo stofomafeaio~c tibykft q vyi oc zionfo io yo kfx}c eyq mct%~c///―/

Ik Jittcmfttak Xfmå stmc Oct~i ,<+>42 akýei~tc}+ aomkyqionc kf kåoif Cgaof%bf”^cxckcdfexc q ik Tfefk ni Ofmcwfta! jyi mcomi}acofnc io jidtitc ni611< f kf }cmainfn Jittcmfttak Ei|amfoc ,Jittcei|! mcojctefnf xct BtyxcEá|amc+ Aobioaitc} Mazaki} F}cmafnc} ,AMF! q ik babfo~i jittczaftac YoacoXfmastm ,YX!/

Yo xcmc fo~i}+ io 611:+ YX fnvyataý ik jittcmfttak ]cy~lito Xfmastm q mcoikkc kcbtý }yeft yof tin jittczaftaf ni >4+<<1/9 àkýei~tc}0 ik 4=/9) ni kftin oct~ifeitamfof ni 6<4+=>< àkýei~tc} q ecocxckawý ~cnc} kc} mtymi}jtco~itawc} jittczaftac} io~ti Eá|amc q IYF7 Ei|amfka+ Ocbfki}+ Ofmc+ FbyfXtai~f+ Maynfn Gyætiw+ Xaintf} Oibtf}+ Oyizc Kftinc q Ef~fectc}/

Kf tin jittczaftaf ni YX q kf ni Jittcei|+ oc} nf yo ~c~fk ni 96+=6:/9àkýei~tc}+ vyi ivyazfkio fk =84) ni kf tin jittczaftaf fm~yfk io }itzamac io

oyi}~tc xfå}/

Kcmcec~ctf ni zfxct io bkctai~f ni ^ckymf+ Eá|amc/Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



Ctabaofkeio~i YX mco~fdf io Jittcei| mco yo 6=) ni kf} fmmacoi} ni kf}cmainfn+ eaio~tf} Btyxc Eá|amc 2>) i AMF ik 6=) ti}~fo~i/

Xct kc xtco~c YX nyxkamý }y xft~amaxfmaýo fk mcextft ik xfvyi~i fmmacoftacni AMF q qf lydc yo xtaeit ao~io~c ni jy}acoft}i mco Jittc}yt+ xti~io}aýo ocfy~ctawfnf xct kf Mcea}aýo Jinitfk ni Mcexi~iomaf io efqc nik 4884/

YX }i lf mcozit~anc io yo babfo~i jittczaftac+ vyi fnieæ} myio~f io }yGyo~f ni Bcdaitoc mco ik i| xti}anio~i Itoi}~c Winakkc+ kc vyi ki nf zio~fgfxct kf aojctefmaýo xtazakibafnf ni vyi na}xcoi q ni}xait~f xct kc eioc} }y}%xamfmaf} }cdti kf ~tfo}xftiomaf ni namlf kama~fmaýo q }cdti kf kifk~fn nik i|xti}anio~i f kf Ofmaýo ei|amfof nytfo~i q ni}xyá} ni }y efonf~c/

]co xticmyxfo~i}+ fnieæ}+ kc} xtcdkief} stofomaitc} nik }cmac ei|amf%oc+ iomfdiwfnc xct ik iexti}ftac Gctbi Kfttif+ dioistmafnc fexkafeio~imco kf} xtazf~awfmacoi} eaoitf} ,Ofmcwfta q Mfofoif!+ nidanc xtaomaxfkeio%

~i f kf dfgf io ik xtimac ni kf xkf~f/Xct kc vyi }i tistiti fk Jittcmfttak

nik Octi}~i ,>+4<= `akýei~tc}!+ mco%mi}acofnc f ^tfo}xct~fmaýo Jittczaf%taf Ei|amfof ,^JE! io gyoac ni 6112+i}~f myio~f mco nc} }cmac}7 ^tfo}xct%~fmaýo Eftå~aef Ei|amfof q @fo}f}Ma~q ]cy~lito Aony}~tai}/

I}~i jittcmfttak i} ik eæ} mcnamafnc

xct mco~ft mco kf zåf eæ} mct~f io~tikf mfxa~fk ni kf Tix÷dkamf q kf jtco~itfmco kc} IYF+ io kf maynfn ni Kftinc+^|/ I}~f iexti}f efoigf ik >8) ni kfmftbf eczanf xct jittcmfttak q ik <8)nik mceitmac jittczaftac mco IYF/

Io kf kama~fmaýo nik <8) ni kf} fm%macoi} ni namlf iexti}f+ ^JEcjtimaý .66+826‑188+888/88 mco~tf

.>+424‑=48+888/88 nik }ibyonc xc}%~ct/

^EE ~yzc xtcdkief} xftf ijim~yftik xfbc aoamafk f vyi }i mcextcei~aý qik bcdaitoc ~yzc vyi fxtcdft yof fe%xkafmaýo nik xkfwc lf}~f ik =6 ni ioitcni 611</

Wfxf~f} i}~adfnf} io kf i}~fmaýo Ef~åf} Tceitc/Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



Fyo f}å ik mcomi}acoftac oc xync myexkat q ik bcdaitoc kc ~yzc vyi fy|akaftfnvyataionc ik 4>/:) ni kf} fmmacoi}+ fnamacofk fk 48) oc kama~fnc/

Xftf fkazaft }y }a~yfmaýo stofomaitf+ ^JE niefoný ni kf ]imti~ftåf niLfmaionf kf nizckymaýo nik AZF xfbfnc xct kf mcomi}aýo+ aoamafonc yo kftbcka~abac vyi f÷o oc mcomkyqi/

ÊE }i zac cdkabfnf f zionit ik 98) ni kf} fmmacoi} ni kf ofzaitf f M/ X/]lax}+ stkafk ni Mfofnafo Xfmastm Kaea~in q ~yzc vyi iofgioft }y} stkafki}7 Jkc~fEitmfo~i Btfomckcedaof+ imceit q Mcexföåf tf}f~kæo~amf I}xföckf/

Io cm~ydti ni 4888+ mco ik sto ni bftfo~awft ik fxtcza}acofeaio~c ni kcmc%ec~ctf}+ zionaý =/=: fmmacoi} io 48 eakkcoi} ni nýkfti} f Bioitfk Ec~ct}/

Io gykac nik 4884 ^JE mcextý ik 4>/:) ni fmmacoi} ti~ioanf} xct ik Bc%daitoc jinitfk io 499 enn+ xftf kc myfk ~yzc vyi xinat xti}~fnc yof ziweæ}/

Io namaiedti ni i}i föc kf niynf ni ÊE f}mionåf f eak 1>8 enn/

Fbcdafnf xct kc} mtána~c}+ io fdtak ni 488= @fo}f} Ma~q foyomaý kf ‛jy}aýo―ni @M] Tfakrfq+ ik î|f} Ei|amfo Tfakrfq q ^JE xftf mtift yof oyizf ie%xti}f Ofj~f Tfak+ vyi f}ibytftåf ik xtinceaoac nik mfxa~fk i|~tfogitc/

I}~fmaýo ni Fmfedftc+ Byfofgyf~c/ Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



Io efqc nik 488= ÊE nidaý xfbft yo dcoc xct 622 enn/ Xftf ikynat~iexctfkeio~i ik mcextcea}c+ ÊE cd~yzc einafo~i yo }cdctoc yof ti%}ckymaýo ni yo Gyiw vyi fxtcdý kf }y}xio}aýo nik xfbc+ }ýkc vyi ik gyiwti}yk~ý aomcexi~io~i xct ~tf~ft}i ni yo f}yo~c jinitfk/

Io i}~f} mconamacoi} ik ea}ec ei} ÊE tief~ý io 648 enn }y xft~ama%xfmaýo efqcta~ftaf io myf~tc xyit~c} mcomi}acofnc} ,Efowfoakkc+ Mcwyeik+Zitfmtyw q Xtcbti}c! f }y }cmac oct~ifeitamfoc ]~izinctaob ]itzami} cjFeitamf/

Ik 42 ni gyoac kf Mcea}aýo Jinitfk ni Mcexi~iomaf fxtcdý kf ‛jy}aýo―foyomafnf/

Ik ^tadyofk ]yxitact ni Gy}~amaf Ja}mfk jfkký ik 6= ni fbc}~c f jfzct ni ni%zckzit f ^JE kf mfo~anfn fm~yfkawfnf ni 198 enn xct mcomix~c ni AZF/ Ikkcxtczcmý vyi ik 6< ni fbc}~c }abyaio~i kf f}fedkif ni fmmacoa}~f} ni ÊE

timlfwftf kf zio~f fmmacoftaf ni ^JE q nik î| Ei|/]ao iedftbc+ mcec lf}~f kf jimlf ÊE oc lf kcbtfnc kf nizckymaýo nik

AZF+ vyi ziontåf f }it yo ti}mf~i na}jtfwfnc ni kf iexti}f+ io fbc}~c nik488> ÊE ~yzc vyi zionit ik 96) ni kf} fmmacoi} nik î| Ei| ,494 àký%ei~tc} ni Kftinc+ ^|/ f Mctxy} Mltq}~a+ ^|/!+ mco ik fmyitnc fnamacofk nizionit ik >1) ti}~fo~i io cm~ydti ni 4889/ Ik î| Ei| mcoim~f f ^JE mcokf tin jittczaftaf nik @M]T/

Ik > ni cm~ydti nik 488> kf MJM xtcttcbý xct 6<8 nåf} kf fy~ctawfmaýo nikf ‛jy}aýo― q ik 2 }abyaio~i kf MOAI ~fedaáo fxtcdý kf }ckama~yn limlf xct ik

@M]T+ mco zfkaniw lf}~f ik 9 ni cm~ydti nik 4889/Jaofkeio~i ik 69 ni namaiedti ÊE q @M]T foyomaftco lfdit kkibfnc ni

oyizf myio~f fk fmyitnc ni ‛jy}acoft}i― q io ioitc kf f}fedkif ni fmmac%oa}~f} ni ÊE fxtcdý kf zio~f ni fmmacoi} fk @M]T+ mco kc myfk kf iexti}fjittczaftaf eæ} aexct~fo~i ni Eá|amc xf}ftæ f mco~tck fd}cky~c nik mfxa~fkoct~ifeitamfoc/

Ik Jittcmfttak Mcflyakf”Nytfobc }i mcomi}acoý io fdtak ni 611< f yof}cmainfn ni kc} btyxc} iexti}ftafki} Aony}~taf} Xiöcki} q Btyxc Fmititcnik Oct~i ,BFO!/

Ik iexti}ftac eæ} ni}~fmfnc ni i}~i btyxc i} ik Xti}anio~i ni BFO+\fzait Ni}anitac Fy~tiq Efwf+ vyaio jyi fexkafeio~i jfzctimanc mco kf} xta%zf~awfmacoi}+ }aionc fmmacoa}~f xtaomaxfk ni yof ziao~iof ni iexti}f}7 Fk~c}Lctoc} ni Eá|amc ,FLE]F!+ Mcexföåf Eaoitf Tifk nik Eco~i q Xfmlymf+]f~áka~i} Ei|amfoc} ,]f~ei|!+ io~ti c~tc}/

Ik fm~azc eæ} aexct~fo~i ni Fy~tiq i} }ao nynf FLE]F+ vyi ~yzc aobti}c}



io 488> xct < eak 496 enx q myio~f mco 6> eak ~tfdfgfncti}/

Nidanc f yof dfgf io ik xtimac nik fmitc+ FLE]F }i nimkftý io }y}xio%}aýo ni xfbc} ni}ni 6111+ dy}mfonc tioibcmaft }y niynf ni eak <98 enn+}aionc }y} xtaomaxfki} fmtiincti} Ma~adfo`”Dfofei| q DDZF”Dfomceit/

Ni}ni efqc ni 488= kf ]imti~ftåf ni Lfmaionf niefoný f kc} natim~azc}ni FLE]F \fzait Fy~tiq q Fkco}c Fomatf+ fmy}æonckc} ni izf}aýo st}mfk ni4> enx/ Ik fniync jyi timcocmanc q xfbfnc+ xitc ik gyamac mco~aoyý/ F xft~atni eftwc nik 488> }i ki} mco}anitý xtýjybc} ni kf gy}~amaf xct lfdit}i batf%

nc ctnio ni fxtilio}aýo io }y mco~tf/Ik 64 ni gykac nik ea}ec föc jyitco ni~ioanc} io kf A}kf ni Eioctmf+

I}xföf ik iexti}ftac Fy~tiq q ik i| zcmfk q i| mco}igitc ni FLE]F GyfoMftkc} Mfttinfoc Xátiw q fm~yfkeio~i }i iomyio~tfo timkyanc} io yof xta%}aýo efntakiöf }ygi~c} f gyamac ni i|~tfnamaýo/

Ik xf}fnc 1 ni ioitc kf Mcexföåf Tifk ni Eco~i q Xfmlymf foyomaý ik

Mcdit~awc mco jc}f ni ao}ximmaýo/ Abyfkf+ Byittitc/ Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



maitti ni }y} nc} xtaomaxfki} eaof}+ ]fo Gyfo Xfmlymf q Kf Tamf+ nidanc fkf mfånf io ik xtimac ni kf xkf~f q fk fkwf ni fkbyoc} ao}yec} dæ}amc}/ ]itæokavyanfnc} 6<9 ~tfdfgfncti} q }ýkc mco~aoyftæo 649 cdtitc} io kf xkfo~f niKcti~c ni yof Mcexföåf vyi io~ti 6129 q 61<8 nac iexkic f 68 eak eaoi%

tc}/F}aea}ec ]f~áka~i} Ei|amfoc} ,]f~ei|! ~aioi niynf} xct =88 eakkcoi} ni

nýkfti}+ i}~æ aomyexkaionc }co }y niynf q ~aioi btfzi} xtcdkief} ni cxi%

tfmaýo mco }y} }f~áka~i}/

Fy~tiq q kc} natim~azc} niFLE]F lfo nioyomafnc }itzåm~aef} ni yof xit}imy%maýo xct xft~i nik Bcdaitoc

ni Jc| xftf jfzctimit kf}ao~iomacoi} ni kc} fmtii%ncti} ni fxtcxaft}i ni }y}iexti}f}/

Kf mcomi}aýo nik Jittcmf%ttak nik ]yti}~i ,Jittc}yt! jyi yof jft}f/ Oc cd}~fo~ivyi kf} df}i} ni kf kama~fmaýoi}~fdkimåfo vyi ik xft~ama%xfo~i nidåf niec}~tft jilf%

maio~ieio~i }y mfxfmanfnkibfk+ ~ámoamf+ fneaoa}~tf~azfq stofomaitf+ kf mcomi}aýo }ic~ctbý ik 6> ni namaiedti ni611< f kf mco}~tym~ctf ^ta~y%tfnc} Df}æk~amc} ,^tadf}f!+vyi io i}c} eceio~c} itfyof ni kf} iexti}f} dioi%stmafnf} xct ik xtcbtfef by%

ditofeio~fk ni ti}mf~i mf%tti~itc/

Io 6111 fkibfonc xtc%dkief} stofomaitc}+ ^tadf}fzionaý yo xfvyi~i fmmacof%tac ni ==/2) f kf ]cmainfnni Aozit}aýo ni Mfxa~fki}

^fovyi ikizfnc nik ftioitc/ Fmfedftc+ Byfofgyf~c/ Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



,]AOMF! nik Btyxc Jaofomaitc Aodyt}f q xc}~itacteio~i+ nytfo~i ik ea}ecföc+ iofgioý ik ti}~fo~i ::/=) f Iexti}f} Jta}mc+ stkafk nik Btyxc Mft}c/

F}å+ io eioc} ni yo föc+ Mftkc} ]kae xct einac ni i}~f dytnf efoacdtf+}i mcozat~aý io ik nyiöc nik 688) ni kf} fmmacoi} ni i}~i aexct~fo~i jittcmf%ttak+ }ao lfdit xft~amaxfnc io kf kama~fmaýo nik ea}ec/

¦Vyá dyioc vyi }i ki cmyttaý f Kya} ni Xfdkc vyi kc} xft~amaxfo~i} }iöf%kftfo dfgc xtc~i}~f ni nimat zitnfn vyi ~ioåfo stofomafeaio~c }ibytc q vyioc zionitåfo io yo kfx}c eyq mct~c&

Kf ao~itziomaýo nik I}~fnc io kf fm~azanfn jittczaftaf io 61=2 fk }it of%macofkawfnf JOE+ }i gy}~astmý f~ionaionc7 6/ }y xfxik i}~tf~ábamc io ik ni%}fttckkc nik xfå} q 4/ nfnf kf aomfxfmanfn ni kf aoamaf~azf xtazfnf+ mftio%~i ni kc} timyt}c} stofomaitc} q ~imockýbamc} oimi}ftac}/ I}~f }a~yfmaýooc lf mfedafnc/ Ik jittcmfttak }abyi }aionc i}~tf~ábamc io myfkvyait xtc%

qim~c ni ni}fttckkc ofmacofk q kc} iexti}ftac} ei|amfoc} }abyio }aio%nc aomfxfmi} ni lfmit}i mftbc+ xct }å ea}ec}+ ni ~fo aexct~fo~i }im~ct/

]ÁX^AEC/ Fo~i} nik aoamac ni kf xtazf~awfmaýo jittczaftaf+ ik ]imti%~ftac Mftkc} Tyaw ]fmta}~æo foyomaý vyi io~ti kc} xtcqim~c} f mcomi}acofti}~fdf ik mcttinct jittczaftac ~tfo}å}~eamc vyi zf ni Mcf~wfmcfkmc} f ]fkaofMtyw+ mco ik cdgi~c ni i}~fdkimit yof zåf ao~itcmiæoamf fk~itof fo~i kf xtc|a%eanfn ni kf io~tibf nik Mfofk ni Xfofeæ ik =6 ni namaiedti ni 6111+ }ib÷o

ik fmyitnc ^cttagc}”Mft~it/ ,I|mik}act + 9 ni fdtak ni 6119!/Xct fm~a~yni} mcec i}f+ Mckcedaf }yjtaý kf }ixftfmaýo ni kf Xtczaomaf ni

Xfofeæ+ fy}xamafnf xct i}~fnc} Yoanc} ni Feátamf ,IYF! q ~yzaitco vyixf}ft 12 föc} xftf vyi kc} xfofeiöc} timyxitftfo kf }cditfoåf }cdti ik~itta~ctac nik Mfofk ni Xfofeæ q kf} ~tcxf} oct~ifeitamfof} fdfoncoftfo kfdf}i eaka~ft vyi kc} fobkcfeitamfoc} itabaitco io kf wcof xftf xtc~ibit }y}ao~iti}i}/

Xct fm~a~yni} mcec i}f+ Eá|amc }yjtaý kf }ixftfmaýo ni i|f} q }y foi|aýof IYF q io 6<>2 ik ni}xcgc ni eæ} ni kf ea~fn ni }y ~itta~ctac/

Io nazit}c} eceio~c} ni oyi}~tf la}~ctaf IYF lf dy}mfnc fnvyatat niti%mlc}+ aomky}c f xitxi~yanfn+ }cdti ik A}~ec ni ^ilyfo~ixim7 io kf tinfmmaýonik ~tf~fnc ni xfw kkfefnc ni Byfnfkyxi”Lanfkbc0 io ik ^tf~fnc ni kf Ei}akkfni 6<9=0 mco ik ~ta}~ieio~i mikidti ~tf~fnc EmKfoi”Cmfexc }y}mta~c xct ikBcdaitoc nik Xti}anio~i Gyætiw+ vyi oyomf io~tý io zabct xct oc lfdit }anctf~astmfnc xct ik ]iofnc oct~ifeitamfoc q kf} ioctei} xti}acoi} q feiof%wf} f vyi i}~yzc }ygi~c ik Bcdaitoc nik Bioitfk Fta}~f/



Ni}ni kyibc lfq ei|amfoc} vyi mtiio vyi i}f} }co mc}f} nik xf}fnc/

Xitc kc mait~c i} vyi kc} xcnitc}c} btyxc} stofomaitc} oct~ifeitamfoc}}abyio xio}fonc i|fm~feio~i abyfk q i} dyioc timctnft vyi }aiexti lfofedamacofnc i}f mcnamafnf mao~yta~f ni oyi}~tc mco~aoio~i+ ni ~fo }ýkc =88àkýei~tc} q mf}a }ao cd}~æmykc} ctcbtæstmc}+ nconi }i xyinio cxitft yo mc%ttinct jittczaftac q#c yo mfofk fflyzafk ~tfo}å}~eamc}/

Xct }a i}~c jyitf xcmc+ io kf wcof }i mcomio~tf ik >8 xct maio~c ni kf dac%nazit}anfn nik xkfoi~f+ lfq yof btfo na}xcoadakanfn ni fbyf nykmi+ flå }imcomio~tf ik 18 xct maio~c ni oyi}~tc} timyt}c} xi~tckitc} q myio~f mco yobtfo xc~iomafk xi}vyitc+ jcti}~fk+ fbtåmckf q ximyftac/

^cefonc io myio~f ~cnc kc fo~itact+ ik ]iofnc ni kf Tix÷dkamf q kf Mæ%eftf ni Naxy~fnc}+ timceionftco fk Bcdaitoc ni Itoi}~c Winakkc vyi io kfzåf nik A}~ec ni ilyfo~ixim+ }i bftfo~awftf io ~cnc eceio~c kf }cditfoåf

q kf }ibytanfn ofmacofki}+ q xftf ~fk ijim~c namlf zåf oc }i mcomi}acoftæ qjyitf cxitfnf xct yof iexti}f xftfi}~f~fk/

Ik 1 ni namaiedti ni 6111+ Winakkc iozaý fk ]iofnc kf aoamaf~azf ni ‛Nimti~cxct ik vyi }i i|~aobyi ik Ctbfoa}ec X÷dkamc ni}mio~tfkawfnc Jittcmfttaki}Ofmacofki} ni Eá|amc q }i fdtcbf }y Kiq Ctbæoamf―/

Io namlc ~i|~c }i f}aio~f7 ‛I} aexct~fo~i ni}~fmft vyi+ ti}xim~c ni kf zåfjáttif io~ti ]fkaof Mtyw+ Cf|fmf q Einaf} Fbyf}+ Zitfmtyw/// }i mco}~a~yqýyof iexti}f xftfi}~f~fk vyi }itæ mco}itzfnf xct ik I}~fnc q f kf vyi }iki c~ctbftæ kf f}abofmaýo xftf fneaoa}~tft namlf zåf játtif+ f~ionaionc f kf}

timceionfmacoi} i|xti}fnf} xct i}f ]cditfoåf///― ,}ydtfqfnc} oyi}~tc}!/Kc mait~c i} vyi Itoi}~c Winakkc }i dytký ni ~fki} timceionfmacoi} q xy}c

io btfzi tai}bc kf }cditfoåf q }ibytanfn ofmacofki}+ f}å mcec kf ao~ibtanfn~itta~ctafk ni kf Tix÷dkamf/

6/ Kf zåf ~tfo}å}~aemf mco}~f ni =88/>8> àkýei~tc} vyi mcttio ni}niMcf~wfmcfkmc}+ Zitfmtyw f ]fkaof Mtyw+ Cf|fmf/ Ik Bcdaitoc ni Winakkc mco%mi}acoý aonidanfeio~i f kf iexti}f xtazfnf Jittc}yt 16/461 àkýei~tc} ninamlf zåf vyi zfo ni Mcf~wfmcfkmc} f Einaf} Fbyf}+ Zitfmtyw/

4/ Xct kc fo~itact+ f kf }yxyi}~f iexti}f xftfi}~f~fk Jittcmfttak nik A}~ecni îlyfo~ixim ,JA^! }i ki mcominaitco ÷oamfeio~i nitimlc} ni xf}c niEinaf} Fbyf} f Mcf~wfmcfkmc}+ myfonc nidaý }it f kf aozit}f/

=/ JA^ oc i} yof iexti}f xftfi}~f~fk+ }aoc yof }cmainfn foýoaef ni mf%xa~fk zftafdki+ vyi xitea~i mfxa~fk xtazfnc ofmacofk c i|~tfogitc+ mco kf ÷oamfkaea~fmaýo ni vyi ‛kf aozit}aýo i|~tfogitf io ik mfxa~fk }cmafk oc xcntæ i|mi%



nit natim~f c aonatim~feio~i ni >1)― ,Naftac Cstmafk ni kf Jinitfmaýo+ 4 niefqc ni 4888!/

>/ Kf iexti}f JA^ }ýkc fneaoa}~tf kc} 481+6<9 àkýei~tc} ni zåf f}abof%nc}+ xitc oc kc} cxitf+ xyi} ik ~å~ykc ni f}abofmaýo i}~fdkimi vyi JA^ xcntæmco~tf~ft mco ~itmitc} ‛///kc} }itzamac} ni ~ikimceyoamfmacoi} q }a}~ief} oi%mi}ftac}/// xftf ik mco~tck ni ~tæstmc―0 ‛xftf/// kf cxitfmaýo q i|xkc~fmaýo ni kfzåf játtif q kf xti}~fmaýo ni kc} }itzamac} jittczaftac}+ f}å mcec ni kc} }itza%mac} fy|akafti}///― q xftf ‛kf tifkawfmaýo ni cdtf}+ f}å mcec kf mco}itzfmaýo qefo~ioaeaio~c ni kf zåf játtif q ni kc} daioi}―/ I} nimat JA^ i} yof iexti}fni xfxik+ vyi oc myio~f mco tixftfncti} ni zåf+ oa ~fkkita}~f}+ oa efvyaoa}%~f}+ oa ni}xfmlfncti} ni ~tioi}/ JA^ i} yof dytkf fk Mcobti}c ni kf Yoaýo qf ~cnc} kc} ei|amfoc}/

Q }a JA^ }ýkc ‛fneaoa}~tf―+ io~comi} ³vyaáo cxitf kf zåf f}abofnf3

Myfonc }i kama~ý kf mcomi}aýo ni Jittc}yt+ }i }aeyký cjtimit ni efoitfcxmacofk kf zåf vyi mctti nik xyit~c ni Mcf~wfmcfkmc} lf}~f Eátanf+ Qymf%~æo/ Ni}ni kyibc ^tadf}f tioyomaý f kf zåf cxmacofk/

Q io~comi} kf ]M^ kkizý f mfdc kf ÷k~aef kama~fmaýo jittczaftaf+ aoy}yfkeio%~i }ao xydkamanfn fkbyof7 ik Jittcmfttak Mlafxf}”Efqfd+ vyi myio~f mcoeak 18 àkýei~tc} ni zåf}+ :=6 àkýei~tc} ni Mcf~wfmcfkmc} f Eátanf q >91àkýei~tc} ni A|~ixim+ Cf|fmf f Maynfn Lanfkbc+ Mlafxf}/

^cnf} kf} iexti}f} mcomi}acoftaf}+ i|mix~c i}~f+ ~aioio }y tin jittczaftafao~itmcoim~fnf/

Io mfedac ik Mlafxf}”Efqfd myio~f mco nc} ~tcomfki} vyi oc }i mcoim~foio~ti }å mco zåf} ni }y xtcxaf mcomi}aýo+ }aoc vyi }i mcoim~fo ÷oamfeio~i

Efomyitof} io kf ^DE/ Jc~cbtfjåf7 ]fkzfnct Wftmc



f ~tfzá} ni kf zåf ~tfo}å}~eamf q io mco}imyiomaf ti}yk~f ik cxitfnct of~ytfknik JA^/

Ik Mlafxf}”Efqfd jyi mcomi}acofnc io }ix~aiedti ni 6111 f kf iexti}f

oct~ifeitamfof Bioi}}i * Rqceaob Aom/ Q kf Mcea}aýo Ofmacofk ni Aozit}ac%oi} I|~tfogitf} ki fy~ctawý xc}iit ik 11/11) nik mfxa~fk }cmafk ni kf iexti}f/

Ik Natim~ct nik JA^ By}~fzc Dfmf+ io efqc nik 4888+ stteý yo mco~tf~cmco ik Mlafxf}”Efqfd xftf xitea~at ik ~tæo}a~c ni }y} ~tioi} ~tfo}xct~foncmco~ioincti} ,Tijctef+ fbc}~c 4> ni 4888!/

F dctnc ni kc} ~tioi} nik Mlafxf}”Efqfd zafgfo eaki} ni eabtfo~i} mio%~tcfeitamfoc} q fm~÷fo mco ~cnf aexyoanfn kf} dfonf} ni kf Eftf ]fkzf~ty%mlf+ f ~fk xyo~c vyi io fbc}~c nik i}~i föc }i ao~ibtý yof mcea}aýo i}~f~fk”

jinitfk xftf ikfdctft yo nafboý}~amc ni kf iexti}f Mlafxf}”Efqfd q zfkctftkf zabiomaf ni kf mcomi}aýo/

I}~f iexti}f cxitf kf kåoif @ vyi f~tfzai}f ik I}~fnc ni Mlafxf}/ Ioi}~f io~anfn jinitf~azf+ mcec }fdiec}+ i|a}~i yo mcofflam~c ftefnc ni}niik 6· ni ioitc ni 611> io vyi attyexaý ik Igitma~c Wfxf~a}~f ni KaditfmaýoOfmacofk ,IWKO!/

Yof zåf ni jittcmfttak }abyi }aionc lcq io nåf ~fo zykoitfdki eaka~fteio~imcec kc jyi io kf Tizckymaýo Ei|amfof/

Io kf xtaeitf vyaomiof ni ioitc nik 4888+ }i }y}ma~ý yo fmmanio~i io kf

kåoif @ fk ni}mfttakft}i zftac} mfttc}”~fovyi mftbfnc} ni mcedy}~adki/ Kc}xita~c} ni kf Bioi}}i ni efoitf xtimaxa~fnf mfkastmftco ik }ymi}c mcec‛}fdc~fgi―/

³Vyaáo oc} f}ibytf vyi io ik jy~ytc kf ea}ef iexti}f i|~tfogitf oc}i xtczcvyi f }å ea}ef fmmanio~i} y~akawfonc f eitmioftac} ni kf Eftf3³Vyaáo oc} bftfo~awf vyi ni}xyá} oc kc} mfkastvyi mcec fm~c} ‛~ittcta}~f}―q ti}xco}fdakami fk IWKO ni }it fy~ct ni kc} ea}ec}3

Oc nidiec} ckzanft+ fnieæ}+ vyi ~fo~c io ik I}~fnc ni Qymf~æo mcec iokf tibaýo mlafxfoimf nik ]cmcoy}mc i|a}~io btyxc} mfmavyaki} mco ~ionio%

maf} }ixftf~a}~f} ni oyi}~tf Tix÷dkamf/Oc mfdi nynf vyi Itoi}~c Winakkc q }y Bcdaitoc fm~yftco mco i|~tief

atti}xco}fdakanfn fk xtazf~awft kf aony}~taf jittczaftaf q eyq xft~amykfteio~i kftin jittcmfttakitf nik }yti}~i ni Eá|amc/



CM^FZC/ Kf ni}fxftamaýo ni JOE i} xft~i nik xtcmi}c ni ni}%efo~ikfeaio~c ni yo xtcqim~c ni Ofmaýo vyi nizaioi ni kf Tizckymaýo ni6168 q vyi i}~æ mco~ioanc io kf Mco}~a~ymaýo ni 6162/

Kc vyi cmytti mco kf aony}~taf jittcmfttakitf oc i} xtazf~azc ni namlf fm~a%zanfn/ Kc ea}ec i}~æ cmyttaionc io ik mfexc+ io kf aony}~taf ikám~tamf+ iokf xi~tckitf+ io kf inymfmaýo+ io kf }ibytanfn }cmafk+ io ik xf~taecoac myk~y%tfk///

Xyboft xct yof aony}~taf jittcmfttakitf vyi tifkeio~i }atzf fk ni}fttckkcofmacofk+ i} nijionit i}i xtcqim~c ni Ofmaýo mco~ioanc io kf Mft~f Efboffxtcdfnf xct ik Mco}~a~yqio~i io 6162/

Yo xtcbtfef fk~itof~azc nidi oimi}ftafeio~i mco~iexkft ik ti}mf~ini kf aony}~taf jittcmfttakitf+ f jao ni vyi io efoc} ni yo I}~fnc ei|a%

mfoc vyi }å tixti}io~i kc} ao~iti}i} ofmacofki}+ }atzf xftf aexyk}ft ikeitmfnc ao~itoc q yo ni}fttckkc ofmacofk fy~c}c}~ioanc+ }cditfoc i ao%nixionaio~i/

Yof aony}~taf jittcmfttakitf vyi ti}~fdkiwmf q fexkåi kc} }itzamac} ni xf}f% gitc} q f kc} einafoc} q xivyiöc} iexti}ftac}0 vyi fxcqi ik ni}fttckkc nikeitmfnc ao~itoc }ao ni}myanft ik mceitmac i|~itact/ Yof xckå~amf vyi aexyk}iik mtimaeaio~c ni kf tin jittczaftaf ,mco zåf} ncdki} c mýec }i tivyaitf }i%b÷o kf nio}anfn nik ~tæstmc! q jtioi ik mtimaeaio~c ni}einanc ni mftti~itf}0vyi aexyk}i kf y~akawfmaýo ni kcmcec~ctf} ikám~tamf} q ik ni}fttckkc ni yofaony}~taf ofmacofk xtcnym~ctf ni mfttc}+ mcmli} q kcmcec~ctf}/

Ik ecnikc oickaditfk vyi oc} lf }anc aexyi}~c+ bioitf xcdtiwf+ nixio%niomaf+ nixtinfmaýo ni oyi}~tc} timyt}c}+ efqct ni}abyfknfn+ ni}iexkic+eabtfmaýo+ aboctfomaf+ ao}ibytanfn+ fy~cta~fta}ec q yo jy~ytc }ao jy~ytc xftfkf} oyizf} bioitfmacoi}/

I}~fec} mcoziomanc} vyi c~tc ecnikc ni ni}fttckkc i} xc}adki/ Zckzfec}kc} cgc} fk Mco}~a~yqio~i ni 6162 q eatiec} fk jy~ytc/ Yofec} oyi}~tc} i}%jyitwc} q ik ~tayojc }itæ oyi}~tc/

]FKZFNCT WFTMCVyitá~ftc+ Vtc/+

Ioitc 9 nik 4889/

pasado, presente y futuro de los ferrocarriles mexicanos

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