Este Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (INEGEI) presenta información de las emisiones de las seis fuentes y sumideros y los seis gases de efecto invernadero incluidos en el Anexo A del Protocolo de Kioto. En esta edición se estiman por primera vez las emisiones de los gases fluorados (halocarbonos y hexafluoruro de azufre) de la categoría de emisión de procesos industriales y las emisiones de la categoría

de solventes, lo que lo convierte en el reporte más completo preparado a la fecha.Este inventario se estimó en concordancia con las Directrices del Panel Intergubernamental de

Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (PICC) en su versión revisada de 1996 y con la Orientación del PICC sobre las Buenas Prácticas y la Gestión de la Incertidumbre en los inventarios nacionales de GEI publicada en el 2000.

La preparación del INEGEI es un esfuerzo por cumplir con los compromisos adquiridos al firmar (1992) y posteriormente ratificar (1993) la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, misma que entró en vigor para nuestro país el 21 de marzo de 1994.

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Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos NaturalesInstituto Nacional de Ecología

Consulte las publicaciones del INE en: www.ine.gob.mx

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

1990-2002Report of Mexico

Executive Summary

José Luis Luege Tamargo Secretary of the Environment and Natural Resources Dr. Adrián Fernández Bremauntz President of the National Institute of Ecology Julia Martínez Fernández Coordinator of the Climate Change Program Luis Conde Alvarez Head of the Department of Mitigation Methods and Studies in the Area of the Preparation of Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Periférico Sur 5000, 5° piso, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Del. Coyoacán, Mexico City, C.P. 04530 Tel.: 54-24-64-18 and 19, Fax: 54-24-54-85 http://www.ine.gob.mx http://cambio_climatico.ine.gob.mx

This publication presents the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGHGI) for the period 1990-2002. Mexico's emissions in carbon dioxide equivalents were 643,183 Gg in 2002, (with a preliminary figure of Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, LULUCF). The 2002 NGHGI reports on emissions of the 6 sources and sinks and the 6 green-house gases included in the Appendix A of the Kyoto Protocol. In this edition, fluorated gas (halocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride) emissions are estimated for the first time in the category of Industrial Process emis-sions and emissions in the Solvents cate-gory, which makes it the most complete In-ventory prepared by Mexico to date. The Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from 1990 to 1998 that were reported in the First and Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Conven-tion on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were recalculated in the present inventory, taking into consideration more up-to-date informa-tion than was used at that time, and apply-ing emission factors that are more appropri-ate for the national situation. Thus the 2002 NGHGI figures are meant to replace the previously calculated values.

This inventory was estimated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories, published in the year 2000. The preparation of the NGHGI is an effort by Mexico to fulfill its commitments ac-quired by signing (1992) and later ratifying (1993) the United Nations Framework Con-vention on Climate Change, which went into effect on March 21, 1994. Keywords: 2002 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory NGHGI

Summary

iii

The National Institute of Ecology, as the government office responsible for drawing up the 2002 National Greenhouse Gas In-ventory, extends its deepest gratitude to the organizations and individuals who contrib-uted to the preparation and revision of this document. The work of compiling data was facilitated thanks to the collaboration of the Federal Electrical Commission (CFE), the National Water Commission (CNA), the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), the Na-tional Institute of Statistics, Geography and Computing (INEGI), Mexican Petroleum (PEMEX), the Department of Social Devel-opment (SEDESOL), the Department of the Economy (SE), the Department of Energy (SENER), the Department of the Environ-ment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), the companies Arkema, Du-Pont, and Quimobásicos, as well as of the Mexican Automobile Association (AMIA), the National Chamber of Cement (CANACEM), the National Chamber of In-dustry of Transformation (CANACINTRA), the National Chamber of the Sugar and Al-cohol Industries (CNIAA), and the National Auto Parts Industry (INA). The emissions estimates and later inclusion of reports on each emissions category was possible thanks to the dedicated work of specialists at the Center for Ecosystems Research (CIECO-UNAM), the National Center for Research and Technological De-velopment (CENIDET), Southern Frontier College (ECOSUR), School of Postgradu-ates (COLPOS), Institute of Engineering (UNAM), the Institute of Electrical Research (IIE), Mexican Petroleum Institute (IMP), National Forest, Agricultural and Stock-raising Research Institute (INIFAP) and the National Institute of Ecology (INE).

The revision and preparation of the final version of each section of the document was enriched by the timely, objective col-laboration of the Department of Agriculture, Stock Raising, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), Department of Communica-tions and Transports (SCT), Department of Social Development (SEDESOL), Depart-ment of the Economy (SE), Department of Energy (SENER), and the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT). The 2002 NGHGI was prepared with the economic support of the United States En-vironmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), and of the Global Environment Fund (GEF), through the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), as well as with funds from the National Institute of Ecology (INE). The National Institute of Ecology would es-pecially like to thank Juan Carlos Arre-dondo and Dick Cuatecontzi for their contri-butions and help in drawing up this docu-ment. We would be grateful for your valuable comments on this document.

Acknowledgments

iv

Summary...................................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................... iv

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................v

List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. vi

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... vii

Glossary..................................................................................................................................... viii

Definitions ................................................................................................................................... ix

RE.1. Executive Summary .....................................................................................................1

RE.1.1. Background of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Climate Change ........................................................................................................................................1

RE.1.2. Summary of national tendencies with respect to emissions and sinks .....2

RE.1.3. Overview of source and sink category emission estimates and trends.....5

RE.1.3.1. Overview of source and sink category emission .................................................5

RE.1.3.2. Energy [1] ..................................................................................................................7

RE.1.3.3. Industrial Processes [2] .........................................................................................12

RE.1.3.4. Solvents [3]..............................................................................................................14

RE.1.3.5. Agriculture [4] ..........................................................................................................15

RE.1.3.6. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry [5] (LULUCF) (Preliminary) .......16

RE.1.3.7. Waste [6]..................................................................................................................17

Table of Contents

v

Table RE.1 IPCC emissions categories............................................................................... 1 Table RE.2 Global Warming Potential of greenhouse gases............................................... 2 Table RE.3 Emissions in Gg of CO2 equivalent for the period 1990-2002........................... 2 Table RE.4 Subcategories of Energy................................................................................... 7 Table RE.5 GHG emissions in the Energy category (Gg).................................................... 7 Table RE.6 GHG emissions in the Energy category by type of gas .................................... 7 Table RE.7 Subcategories of Industrial Processes............................................................ 13 Table RE.8 GHG emissions by gas in the Industrial Processes category for the period

1990 – 2002, Gg.......................................................................................................... 14 Table RE.9 GHG emissions by gas in the Industrial Processes category for the period

1990 – 2002, Gg of CO2 equivalent............................................................................. 14 Table RE.10 MDVOC emissions by sector in the Solvents category for the period

1990-2002, Gg ............................................................................................................ 15 Table RE.11 Subcategories of Agriculture......................................................................... 15 Table RE.12 Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in the Agriculture

category, Gg of CO2 equivalent................................................................................... 16 TableRE.13 Subcategories of LULUCF ............................................................................. 16 Table RE.14 Subcategories of Waste................................................................................ 17

List of Tables

vi

List of Figures Figure RE.1 Contribution by emissions category for the period 1990-2002 .........................4 Figure RE.2 Emissions by type of gas for the period 1990-2002 .........................................4 Figure RE.3 Diagram of GHG emissions for Mexico ............................................................6 Figure RE.4 GHG emissions in the Energy category by type of gas ....................................8 Figure RE.5 Change in annual percentage of GHG emissions in the Energy category with

respect to the previous year................ ..........................................................................8 Figure RE.6 Absolute annual change in GHG emissions in the Energy category with re-

spect to 1990................................................................................................................9 Figure RE.7 Mexico’s energy intensity for the period 1990-2002 .......................................10 Figure RE.8 Mexico’s emissions intensity for the period 1990-2002 ..................................10 Figure RE.9 Emissions in the Energy category by type of fuel consumed in this country in

subcategories 1A1, 1A2 y 1A4. ........................................................................11 Figure RE.10 Percent of contribution by sector to GHG emissions in the Energy category

for 1990 and 2002 ........................................................................11 Figure RE.11 Percent of contribution by sector to CO2 emissions in the Industrial Proc-

esses category for 1990 and 2002 ........................................................................13 Figure RE.12 Waste emissions from 1990 to 2002 ............................................................17

vi

ANFACAL - Asociación Nacional de Fabri-cantes de Cal, A.C.

ANIQ - Asociación Nacional de la Industria Química [National Association of the Chemical Industry]

BIE – Banco de Información Electrónica [Bank of Electronic Information]

CANACEM - Cámara Nacional del Cemento [National Centre for Cement]

CANACINTRA – Cámara Nacional de la Indus-tria de la Trasformación [National Centre for the Processing Industry]

CINASA - Compañía Nacional de Abrasivos, S.A. de C.V.

CFE – Comisión Federal de Electricidad [Federal Electrical Commission]

CICC – Comisión Intersecretarial de Cambio Climático [Interdepartmental Commission on Climate Change] CNA – Comisión Nacional del Agua [National Water Commission]

CONAFOR – Comisión Nacional Forestal [National Forestry Commission]

COREMI - Consejo de Recursos Minerales [Mineral Resources Council]

GDP – Gross Domestic Product GHG – Greenhouse gas

HL – hectolitres (100 litres)

IMC - Industrial Minera Comercial, S.A. de C.V.

INEGI – Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática [National Statistics, Geography and Computing Institute]

IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

MMTCE – Millions of metric tons of carbon equivalent

NMVOC –Non-methane volatile organic com-pound

QA/QC – Quality Assurance/Quality Control, activities proposed to ensure quality and its control, consisting in the reviewing and com-parison of emission factors, methodologies and information on the activities

SEDESOL – Secretaría de Desarrollo Social [Department of Social Development]

SEMARNAT – Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales [Department of the Envi-ronment and Natural Resources] SENER – Secretaría de Energía [Department of Energy]

SIAVI – Sistema de Información Arancelaria Vía Internet [System of Tariff Information Via Internet]

UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Con-vention on Climatic Change

USGS – United States Geological Survey

USW – Urban solid waste

Glossary

viii

Activity Data – Numerical value or magnitude of a socioeconomic activity (production, con-sumption, processing, etc.) with which a possi-ble greenhouse gas emission is associated

Anthropogenic – Generated by human activi-ties

Clinker – Basic component of cement

Decision Tree – Flow Chart proposed by the Good Practice Guidance as a first step in deter-mining the methodology to be applied in esti-mating greenhouse gas emissions

Emission Factor – This corresponds to the conversion unit for estimating emissions based on activity data; the emission factor is ex-pressed in units of quantity of emissions per unit mass of the activity or source that gener-ates greenhouse gases.

Emissions Category – This refers to that group of sectors or economic activities (set of emissions sources), of the same type, in which some greenhouse gas is released into the at-mosphere. According to IPCC classification, the emissions categories are: Energy; Industrial Processes; Solvents, Agriculture; Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry; and Waste.

Emissions Source – Process or mechanism that releases some greenhouse gas

Gg – Unit of measurement of mass equivalent to 109 grams, used for GHG emissions. One gigagram is equal to 1000 metric tons.

Good Practice Guidance – This refers to the manual of the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories published in 2002.

Global Warming Potential (GWP) - This is a relative scale used to compare the impact on global warming of the emission of one kilo of a greenhouse gas compared with the emission of a kilo of carbon dioxide. The values of the index

take into consideration the radiative efficiency of each gas as well as its decay rate in the at-mosphere.

Greenhouse Gas – This refers to any gaseous component of the atmosphere that has the ca-pacity to absorb and re-emit infrared radiation. These gases can be classified as either natu-rally generated or emitted as a result of human socio-economic activities.

Hazardous wastes – Any waste in any physi-cal state that, due to its corrosive, reactive, ex-plosive, toxic, inflammable or biologically infec-tious (CRETIB) characteristics, represents a hazard to the ecological equilibrium or the at-mosphere. All containers, recipients, and pack-aging that have been in contact with this waste are included.

Industrial Wastewater – Water that is contami-nated through its use in industrial processes, or in energy generation

IPCC Guidelines – This refers to the manuals of the Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change, 1996 revised ver-sion, which are: the work manual, the reference manual and the instructions for the inventory report.

IPCC Software – Calculation program in Excel provided by the IPCC to systematize and facili-tate the estimating of emissions for each emis-sions category during the preparation of GHG inventories

Definitions

ix

Municipal Solid Waste – Mixed solid waste from human activities in a home, in public places and services, demolitions, construc-tions, commercial and service establishments.

Municipal Wastewater – Water that is con-taminated through its use in human settle-ments, centres of population or, in general, in homes, businesses and urban services.

Sink – Process or mechanism that absorbs and/or retains greenhouse gases

Trona – Mineral base for obtaining sodium carbonate by the natural process

Abbreviations of chemical compounds

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

CH4 Methane

N2O Nitrous Oxide

CO Carbon Monoxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compound

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide

HFC Hydrofluorocarbons

PFC Perfluorocarbons

SF6 Sulfur Hexafluoride

CF4 Perfluoromethane

C2F6 Perfluoroethane

x

RE.1.1 Background of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Climate Change The present National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory (NGHGI) comprises the estimates of emissions according to source and sink for the period from 1990 to 2002.

It was drawn up according to the indications in articles 4 and 12 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the National Communica-tion Guidelines for Non-Annex I Parties of the UNFCCC adopted in decision 17/CP.8, which indicate that Non-Annex I Parties should include information of a national in-ventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and anthropogenic absorption by sinks of all greenhouse gases not con-trolled by the Montreal Protocol, as far as possible, prepared using the comparable methodologies promoted and approved by the Conference of the Parties1.

national inventory of anthropogenic emis-sions by sources and anthropogenic ab-sorption by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, as far as possible, prepared using the compa-rable methodologies promoted and ap-proved by the Conference of the Parties, there are only preliminary estimates for the year 2002 for Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry [5] (LULUCF) emissions, so that their figures are only considered in the section of the General Panorama of the Ex-ecutive Summary of this document; LU-LUCF emissions are not included in the

analyses or comparison with other emis-sions categories in this document.

Table RE.1 IPCC emissions categories

In accordance with IPCC Guidelines, NGHGI estimates were made using level 1 methodologies, by default, and wherever possible, level 2 methodologies were used. Calculations were made using data for spe-cific activities in the country, gathered with the support of the corresponding organiza-tions in each emissions category; similarly, emissions factors were used by default, ex-cept for the subcategory of transport emis-sions, where an emission factor was ob-tained that was appropriate for national cir-cumstances.

Estimates of anthropogenic emissions are reported in itemized form by gas and emis-sions categories. For the report on aggre-gated emissions, CO2 equivalent units are given, using the global warming potentials provided by the IPCC in its Second Assess-ment Report, based on the GHG effects over a 100-year time horizon (see Table RE.2).

Executive Summary

1. UNFCCC. (2004). “UNFCCCReporting on Climate Change. User manual for the guidelines on national com-munications from Non-Annex I Parties”. Climate Change Secretariat, Germany, p. 1.

1 Energy

1A Consumption of fossil fuels

1B Fugitive methane emissions

2 Industrial Processes

3 Solvents

4 Agriculture

5 Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry

6 Waste

1

RE. 1.2 Summary of national tendencies with re-spect to emissions and sinks

The total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2002 (without LULUCF) were 553,329 Gg in CO2 equivalent, which represents an increase of 30% with respect to 1990.

These emissions include the six main greenhouse gases contemplated by the Kyoto Protocol (CO2, CH2, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6) in the four emissions cate-gories shown in Table RE.3.

Table RE.2 Global Warming Potential of greenhouse gases2

Type Chemical Formula Global Warming Potential

Carbon Dioxide CO2 1

Methane CH4 21

Nitrous Oxide N2O 310

HFC-23 CHF3 11,700

HFC-32 CH2F2 650

HFC-125 C2HF5 2,800

HFC-134 C2H2F4 1,000

HFC-134a CH2FCF3 1,300

HFC-152a C2H4F2 140

HFC-143a C2H3F3 3,800

Sulfur Hexafluoride SF6 23,900

Perfluoromethane CF4 6,500

Perfluoroethane C2F6 9,200 *Includes only those greenhouse gases whose emissions were estimated in 2002 NGHGI

Table RE.3 Emissions in Gg CO2 equivalent for the period 1990-2002 Emissions Category 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 1 Energy 312,027.2 321,835.9 342,899.6 349,430.6 394,128.8 398,627.3 389,496.7 1A Consumption of Fossil Fuels 279,863.7 291,045.5 308,931.8 311,197.1 351,760.2 356,796.3 350,414.3 1B Fugitive Emissions 32,163.5 30,790.4 33,967.8 38,233.4 42,368.7 41,831.0 39,082.3 2 Industrial Processes 32,456.4 32,878.3 39,247.8 42,744.0 50,973.1 55,851.2 52,102.2 4 Agriculture 47,427.5 46,049.6 45,503.9 44,076.6 45,444.9 45,527.0 46,146.2 6 Waste 33,357.2 36,935.4 46,862.6 52,894.9 62,655.9 63,219.8 65,584.4 Total 425,268.2 437,699.1 474,513.8 489,146.1 553,202.8 563,225.2 553,329.4

2. Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report, p. 26.

2

The greatest contribution to total emissions comes from the Energy category [1], which contributes an average of 72% of the total emissions annually for the period between 1990 and 2002; in particular, in this emis-sions category, the consumption of fossil fuels is the main source of GHG emissions in this country since it contributes an aver-age of 64% of total emissions every year.

The relative importance of each category with respect to total emissions varied be-tween 1990 and 2002; towards 2002, a greater participation is observed in the emissions in the Waste [6] and Industrial Processes [2] categories, while the contri-bution to the total tends to fall in the Energy [1] and Agriculture categories [4]. The con-tribution of fugitive emissions [1B] within the energy category remains stable, with an average of 7.4% of total emissions every year.

In terms of their contribution to the total (Figure RE.1), the most marked change is shown in the category of Waste, whose emissions increased 97% between 1990 and 2002 as a result of the increase in the disposal of solid waste in sanitary landfill and because of the impetus given over the last decade to the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater. A large part of this increase occurred between 1990 and 1996, when emissions rose by 59%; in the years following, from 1996 to 2002, the rate of growth fell and tended to become stable, showing an annual increase of between 1 and 4%.

Another significant change occurred in the category of Industrial Processes [2], since it shows an increase of 60% in its GHG emis-sions to 2002 with respect to 1990; the in-crease in emissions is due to a greater use of limestone and dolomite, mainly caused by the growth of the construction industry during this last decade and by a greater production of raw materials, products and derivatives of iron and steel.

Although its contribution with respect to the total diminished by 4% during this period, the Energy category [1] increased its emis-sions by 25% between 1990 and 2002, due mainly to a greater consumption of fossil fuels in this country; this situation can be explained by the natural growth of the country's economy during those years, which generated an increase in energy de-mand, and by the small variation in the type of fossil fuels used in this country, both for transport and for generating electrical power. In spite of the increase in emissions, the lower contribution by the Energy cate-gory to the total is explained by an improve-ment in the country's energy intensity, and by the greater relative participation in the categories of Waste and Industrial Proc-esses.

With regard to the Agriculture category [4], it showed a decrease of 3% to 2002 with respect to 1990, attributable to a possible stagnation in the stock-raising sector, as well as an increase in imports and a lower national production of basic grains such as rice.

With regard to the gases considered, the main GHG is CO2, which showed an in-crease of 28% with respect to 1990, due mainly to the consumption of fuels in the sectors of transport and the electricity-generating industry; followed by CH4, which underwent a 34% increase with respect to 1990, with fugitive emissions from petro-leum and natural gas, enteric fermentation, sanitary landfill and wastewater being those that contributed to the emissions of this gas; finally, N2O showed a 16% increase with respect to 1990, with the main contri-bution for this gas being emissions from farmlands.

3

Figure RE.1 Contribution by emissions category for the period 1990-2002

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

En- Industrial Processes Agriculture Waste

Figure RE.2 Emissions by type of gas for the period 1990-2002

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CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs PFCs SF

Regarding HFCs, PFCs, and SF6, these have a participation of 1% in the GHG in-ventory. The potential emissions of these gases altogether have increased by a fac-tor of 16 with respect to 1992, due mainly

to an increase in the consumption of HFCs in refrigeration and air conditioning equip-ment; however, PFCs showed a decrease of 42% from 1990 to 2002 as a result of the decrease in aluminum production in this country.

4

RE. 1.3. Overview of source and sink category emission estimates and trends

In the present report, an inventory is re-ported for the first time on the estimates of emissions in the Solvents category as well as the emissions of fluorated gases in the category of Industrial Processes.

Similarly, emissions for the categories of Industrial Processes, Solvents and Waste were calculated for the period 1990 to 1998, based on new information available. Fixed-source and area emissions were also re-calculated, and emissions for automotive transport because there were more appro-priate emissions factors that took into ac-count technological aspects considered to be the most representative ones for Mex-ico. In addition, for emissions estimates in Agriculture, emissions factors were applied by default, corrected, and published by the IPCC in 2001.

This work is the result of the collaboration between academe and the public sector, as was the NGHGI presented previously. Unlike previous inventories, a work system was developed on this occasion that would guide and facilitate the preparation of the NGHGI and at the same time make it possi-ble to record the experience acquired in its preparation.

As part of this process, a computing system funded by tax funds was developed in 2005, taking the work sheets of the IPCC guidelines as a model, in order to facilitate the capture of information and to resolve some problems presented with IPCC soft-ware.

RE.1.3.1. Overview of source and sink category emission

GHG emissions for 2002 in CO2 equivalent units, and with preliminary figures for the category Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF), were estimated at 643,183 Gg, taking into account the six gases stated in Annex A of the Kyoto Proto-col. The diagram in Figure RE.3 summarizes the contribution by emissions category (left side) and by gas (right side). The contribution of GHG emissions in dif-ferent categories in terms of CO2 equivalent in 2002 is the following: the Energy cate-gory represented 61% of the emissions with 389,497 Gg; next are the LULUCF catego-ries with 14% of the total emissions (89,854 Gg), Waste with 10% (65,584 Gg), Indus-trial Processes with 8% (52,102 Gg) and Agriculture with 7% (46,146 Gg).

In particular, the sectors of the Energy cate-gory, as a main source of emissions, con-tributed in the following way: energy gen-eration represented 24% of the country's total emissions, transport contributed with 18%, the consumption of fossil fuels in manufacturing and the construction industry contributed 8%, and their consumption in the residential, commercial and agricultural sectors was 5%, while fugitive methane emissions contributed with 6% of total emissions. On the whole, fixed-source and area emissions (which include energy gen-eration, the manufacturing industry and construction and other energy sectors, not counting transport) represented 37% of the total inventory.

GHG emissions by gas are the following: 480,409 Gg (74%) correspond to CO2, 145,586 Gg (23%) to CH4, 12,343 Gg (2%) correspond to N2O, and the remaining 1% is made up of 4,425 Gg of HFCs, 405 Gg of PFCs and 15 Gg of SF6.

5

Figure RE.3 Diagram illustrating GHG emissions for Mexico

3. Information on Mexico based on the diagram designed by the World Resources Institute, WRI. WRI. (2005). “Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse gases and international climate change agreements”, p. 4.

6

RE.1.3.2. Energy [1]

The Energy category is one of the main emitters of GHG in the national inventories of greenhouse gases. This category is sub-divided into consumption of fossil fuels and in fugitive emissions of methane. (See Ta-ble RE.4).

Greenhouse gas emissions expressed in CO2 equivalent units, in the Energy cate-gory showed an increase of 25% to 2002, with respect to the base year (1990), rising from 312,027 Gg to 389,497 Gg; however, their contribution to the total volume of emissions fell by 4% over the same period (see Table RE.5).

Greenhouse gas emissions expressed in CO2 equivalent units, in the Energy cate-gory showed an increase of 25% to 2002, with respect to the base year (1990), rising from 312,027 Gg to 389,497 Gg; however, their contribution to the total volume of emissions fell by 4% over the same period (see Table RE.5).

By type of gas, in 2002, CO2 contributed with 89%, CH4 with 10% and N2O with the remaining 1% of greenhouse gas emissions in the Energy category (see Table RE.6 and Figure RE.4).

Table RE.4 Subcategories of energy

1A Consumption of fossil fuels 1A1 Generation of energy 1A2 Manufacturing and the construction industry 1A3 Transport 1A4 Others (Commercial, residential and agricultural)

1B Fugitive methane emissions 1B1 From coal mining and management 1B2 From petroleum and natural gas activities

Table RE.5 GHG emissions in the Energy category (Gg)

Category and subcategories 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 1 Energy 312,027 321,836 342,900 349,431 394,129 398,627 389,497 1A Consumption of fossil fuels 279,864 291,045 308,932 311,197 351,760 356,796 350,414 1B Fugitive emissions of fuels 32,163 30,790 33,968 38,233 42,369 41,831 39,082

Table RE.6 GHG emissions in the Energy category by type of gas

Gas 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 CO2 276,490 287,518 305,152 307,889 349,233 353,868 346,361 CH4 34,371 33,086 36,280 39,964 43,005 42,605 40,634 N2O 1,166 1,232 1,467 1,578 1891.20607 2,155 2,501 TOTAL 312,027 321,836 342,900 349,431 394,129 398,627 389,497

7

Figure RE.4 GHG emissions in the Energy category by type of gas

Figures RE.5 and RE.6 illustrate the annual percent change of greenhouse gas emissions in the Energy category, and the absolute change in emissions with respect to 1990, re-spectively.

Figure RE.5 Annual percent change in GHG emissions in the Energy category with respect to the pre-vious year

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Gg

CO

2 Eq.

CO2 CH4 N2O

2.76%

0.38%

-0.42%

7.00%

-5.16%

7.45%

5.52%

6.90%

-3.59%

4.91%

-1.52%-0.78%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

8

Greenhouse gas emissions in this category present an average annual growth rate of 2% between 1990 and 2002, which is less than the average annual growth rate of the GDP, which was 3.1% in the same period. Figures RE.7 and RE.8 show the behaviour of energy intensity (consumption of fossil fuels per unit of the gross domestic product at constant prices in 1993) and emissions intensity (greenhouse gas emissions per consumption of fossil fuels per unit of the GDP at constant prices in 1993) for the pe-riod from 1990 to 2002. In these graphs one can observe a tendency toward im-provement in both intensities, in terms of a lower consumption of fossil fuels and a smaller quantity of GHG emissions per unit of gross domestic product generated in this country. The only change in the tendency toward improvement of the energy intensity is ob-served in the period from 1996 to 1998, which shows a setback due to an increase in the consumption of fossil fuels, in an at-tempt for the economy to recover its growth after the crisis of 1995. Related to this, the tendency toward improvement in the emis-

sions intensity is also affected; in that same period a change takes place in the selec-tion of fossil fuels burned in the country, as shown in Figure RE.9; the change meant an increase in emissions due to the con-sumption of diesel, non-associated natural gas and fuel oil; the intensity of emissions improves from 1999 onward, this being the year in which the consumption of fuel oil decreases, and the consumption of non-associated gas and diesel is established.

Within the Energy subcategories, emissions produced in 2002 from the burning of fossil fuels in fixed and area sources (energy generation [1A1], manufacturing and con-struction industry [1A2], other sectors [1A4]) are equal to 61% of the emissions in this category (236,028 Gg) while emissions for the transport sector [1A3] represented only 29% (114,385 Gg), and fugitive emis-sions 10% (39,082 Gg).

Figure RE.6 Absolute annual change in GHG emissions in the Energy category with respect to 1990

8,600 9,809 8,453

30,872

13,163

37,403

56,676

82,102

67,947

86,600

80,53177,469

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Gg

CO

2 Eq.

9

Figure RE.7 Mexico’s energy intensity in the period 1990-2002

Source: Own preparation using data from the National Energy Balance 2005.

Figure RE.8 Mexico’s emissions intensity for the period 1990-2002

3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

MJ/

$pro

duce

d

0.23 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

kgG

EI/p

eso

prod

uced

Emissions in the subcategory of consump-tion of fossil fuels show a variation in their contribution with respect to 1990. For exam-ple, the contribution of the energy generat-ing industry increases from 34% to 40%, while the participation of the emissions from manufacturing and the construction industry and that of other sectors decreases (Figure RE.10).

Greenhouse gas emissions from the con-sumption of fossil fuels show an increase to 350,414 Gg of CO2 equivalent in 2002, 25% higher than that registered for the base year 1990.

10

Figure RE.9 Emissions in the Energy category by type of fuel consumed in this country in subcategories 1A1, 1A2 y 1A4.

0

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

35,00

40,00

45,00

199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200

Gg

of C

O 2

Natural gas Fuel Diesel Liquefied gas Unassociated dry gas

Die-

Liquefied

Fuel

Unassociated dry

period of change in of fuel

Natural

Figure RE.10 Percentage contribution by sector to GHG emissions in the Energy category for 1990 and 2002

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1990 2002

Energy-generating industry Manufacturing and construction industry Transport Other sectors Fugitive emissions

11

In 2002, the contribution of the different sectors that form part of the subcategory of consumption of fossil fuels [1A], with re-spect to fixed and area sources, is as fol-lows:

• 65% of the total greenhouse gas emissions generated by fixed sources of combustion belong to the energy industries [1A1].

• 22% is generated by the sectors of

manufacturing and construction in-dustry [1A2], and

• the remaining 14% is produced by

the residential, commercial and farm-ing sectors [1A4].

In that same year, the total emissions of greenhouse gases in CO2 equivalent units from the transport sector [1A3] were 114,385 Gg and are broken down in the fol-lowing way: automobile transport [1A3b] contributed with 91%, air transport [1A3a] with 6%, maritime transport [1A3d] with 2%, and rail transport [1A3c] with the remaining 1%.

Fugitive methane emissions [1B] for 2002 in CO2 equivalent came to 39,082 Gg, 96% of which was comprised of emissions from the production of petroleum and natural gas [1B2] in this category and the remaining 4% from the coal mining and management process [1B1a].

RE.1.3.3. Industrial Proc-esses [2]

The Industrial Processes category consid-ers the emissions generated in the produc-tion and use of minerals, the production of metals, the chemical industry, some proc-esses such as the production of paper, foods and drinks, and, finally, in the produc-tion and consumption of halocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride (see Table RE.7).

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ni-trous oxide (N2O), halocarbons (HFC, PFC) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are the GHGs estimated within this category. In addition, other secondary gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitro-gen oxides (NOx), and non-methane vola-tile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are con-sidered.

In general terms, the main gas emitted in the category of Industrial Processes is CO2, which represented 90% of emissions in this category in 2002 with 47,069 Gg.. CO2 emissions increased 51% with respect to the base year 1990 due to greater cement production, a greater use of limestone and dolomite, and to an increase in the produc-tion of raw materials, products and deriva-tives of steel and iron in this country. Fluorated gas emissions show a substantial increase in the period from 1992 to 2002, representing 1% of the total inventory when taken all together; this increase mainly re-flects a greater use of HFCs in refrigerators and air conditioners in industry, homes and automobiles; this family of gases has re-placed some of the chlorofluorocarbons controlled by the Montreal Protocol whose use is restricted all over the world. SF6 emissions, although they represent a smaller portion than HFCs within the fluorated gas emissions, increased by a factor of five between 1990 and 2002. How-ever, the data obtained for the estimate of SF6 emissions show only the acquisitions of electrical equipment by the Federal Electri-cal Commission for the period 1990-2002, but fail to take into account the equipment that was acquired before 1990, and do not specify the units that are retired from the system every year.

12

Table RE.7 Subcategories of Industrial Processes

2A Mineral products 2A1 Cement production 2A2 Production of calcium oxide and hydroxide 2A3 Use of limestone and dolomite 2A4 Production and use of sodium carbonate 2A5 Bituminous waterproofing 2A6 Asphalt paving 2A7 Glass

2B Chemical industry 2B1 Production of ammonium 2B2 Production of nitric acid 2B3 Production of adipic acid 2B4 Production of carbides 2B5 Others

2C Production of metals 2C1 Production of iron and steel 2C2 Production of iron alloys 2C3 Production of aluminum 2C4 Use of SF6 in aluminum and magnesium foun-dries

2D Other industrial processes 2D1 Pulp and paper 2D2 Food and beverages

2E Production of halocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride 2E1 Emissions as waste or by-products 2E2 Fugitive emissions

2F Consumption of halocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride

2F1 Refrigeration and air conditioning equipment 2F2 Foams 2F3 Extinguishers 2F4 Aerosols 2F5 Solvents 2F6 Electric equipment and automatic switches

Figure RE.11 Percent contribution by sector to CO2 emissions in the Industrial Processes category in 1990 and 2002

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1990 2002

Cement Production of lime Use of limestone and dolomite Production and use of sodium carbonate Production of ammonia Production of carbides Production of iron and steel Production of iron alloys Production of aluminum

13

In addition, the data correspond to the equipment acquired for the electric distribu-tion system, but fail to include the nearly 3,700 units acquired for the transmission system, or other units for the electrical gen-eration system, since the annual break-down for the period involved is not avail-able. SF6 estimates neglect to consider the possible destruction of the gas, leaks in the equipment or its reuse in other equipment, since these data are unknown. On the other hand, PFCs show a decrease of 42% from 1990 to 2002, due mainly to the decrease in the production of aluminum in this country.

RE.1.3.4. Solvents [3]

The Solvents category contemplates the emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) generated in the use of the solvents in paints, printer inks,

adhesives, varnishes, shellacs, and other chemical products. NMVOCs play an im-portant part in the troposphere as precur-sors in the formation of ozone, which is an indirect greenhouse gas.

Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) generated by the use of solvents were considered for the years 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 and 2002. Since the 1996 revised IPCC Guidelines neglect to offer an estimate methodology, the methodologies proposed in the reports of United States and three other countries were followed.

The total NMVOC emissions for 2002 came to 220.5 Gg, where the main source corre-sponds to solvents; NMVOC emissions showed an increase of 84% in 2002 with respect to 1990.

Table RE.8 GHG emissions by gas in the Industrial Processes category for the period 1990 – 2002, Gg

Table RE.9 GHG emissions by gas in the Industrial Processes category for the period 1990 – 2002, Gg CO2 equivalents

GHG 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

CO2 31,142.88 32,168.76 38,001.77 39,519.71 44,016.44 50,442.14 47,069.14

COVDM 406.92 447.12 566.96 383.80 407.61 611.94 525.27

SO2 92.05 81.74 71.56 87.02 99.32 104.28 102.70

CO 67.23 43.84 32.24 67.36 63.57 56.55 42.13

CH4 5.13 4.68 4.40 4.79 4.70 4.61 3.62

NOx 5.10 3.93 2.81 10.24 8.49 5.50 4.17

N2O 1.62 1.00 0.14 3.26 2.29 0.82 0.36

GHG 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

CO2 31,142.88 32,168.76 38,001.77 39,519.71 44,016.44 50,442.14 47,069.14

CH4 107.7 98.3 92.4 100.59 98.7 96.8 76

N2O 502.2 310 43.4 1010.6 709.9 254.2 111.6

HFC - 40.4 463.6 1469.8 2770.6 4414 4425.2

PFC 701.2 257.5 642.6 638.1 642.6 635.9 405.1

SF6 2.4 3.4 3.9 5.2 6.1 8.1 15.2

Total 32,456.38 32,878.36 39,247.67 42,744.00 48,244.34 55,851.14 52,102.24

14

The main emissions in 2002 in the Solvents category come from solvents, with 29%; enamels, with 21%; printer inks, with 11%; and adhesives, with 10%. The rest of the emissions come from chemical products such as lacquers, varnishes, waterproofing, sealants and paints.

RE.1.3.5. Agriculture [4]

The Agriculture category mainly comprises emissions from farming (crops and soil management) and stock-raising activities (enteric fermentation and manure manage-ment). The main gases are methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).

This category was estimated taking into ac-count an updating in the values of emission factors and of activity data or census data for the headings included under agricultural and stock-raising activities in Mexico. One can observe that, for the period from 1990 to 2002, the average methane (CH4) emissions represent 84% of the category and those of nitrous oxide (N2O) the re-maining 16% (Table RE.10). A decrease can also be appreciated in emissions in this sector from 47,427 to 46,146 Gg, possibly deriving from the importing of basic grains such as rice and the stagnation of the live-stock sector.

Table RE.10 NMVOC emissions by sector in the Solvents category for the period 1990-2002, Gg

Product Years

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Enamels 29.6 33.4 42.1 37.5 42.7 50.9 45.4 Shellacs 4.9 5.9 7.0 6.6 7.3 10.3 10.5 Water soluble paints (mineral-free)

3.2 3.6 3.5 3.2 4.8 5.6 5.3

Varnishes 3.5 4.4 6.3 5.1 5.6 7.3 6.6 Water soluble paints (with minerals)

ND ND 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.7 2.2

Paints with solvents 6.4 7.9 13.7 13.2 17.4 21.5 17.5 Sealants 3.0 3.9 6.4 5.3 6.4 7.1 6.5 Adhesives 7.1 7.6 12.9 16.7 23.6 29.3 23.3 Waterproofing 8.9 8.7 9.2 18.3 17.8 17.1 14.1 Printer inks ND ND 10 14.7 20.4 20.2 24.7 Solvents 52.8 51.7 67.8 57.5 61.6 73.8 64.4

Total, Gg 119.4 127.1 181.4 180.3 210.3 245.8 220.5

Table RE.11 Subcategories of Agriculture

4A Enteric fermentation Subdivided into 10 different types of animals 4B Manure management Subdivided into 10 different types of animals 4C Rice growing 4C1 Irrigated crops

4C2 Rain-fed crops 4C3 Swamp crops

4D Farmlands

4E Programmed burning of lands

4F In situ burning of agricultural waste

15

RE.1.3.6. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry [5] (LULUCF) (Preliminary)

The category of LULUCF considers the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) gener-ated by the subcategories mentioned be-low, as well as methane (CH4) and nitrous

oxide (N2O) emissions generated by land use change [5B]. IPCC subcategories are shown in the following table:

Table RE.12 Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in the Agriculture category, Gg of CO2 equivalent

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

CH4 40,312.76 39,403.39 38,698.77 37,155.64 37,988.29 37,712.00 38,681.60

85% 86% 85% 84% 84% 83% 84%

N2O 7,114.81 6,646.09 6,805.10 6,921.06 7,456.43 7,814.76 7,464.49

15% 14% 15% 16% 16% 17% 16% Total 47,427.57 46,049.48 45,503.87 44,076.70 45,444.72 45,526.76 46,146.09

Table RE.13 Subcategories of LULUCF

5A Changes in the existence (inventory) of forests and other woody biomass

5A1 Tropical rainforests 5A2 Temperate forests 5A3 Northern forests 5A4 Pastures, tropical savannas and tundra 5A5 Others

5B Land Use Change 5B1 Tropical rainforests 5B2 Temperate forests 5B3 Northern forests 5B4 Pastures, tropical savannas and tundra 5B5 Others

5C Capture due to the abandoning of lands 5C1 Tropical rainforests 5C2 Temperate forests 5C3 Northern forests 5C4 Pastures, tropical savannas and tundra 5C5 Others

5D Emissions and capture of CO2 from the soil

GHG emissions for 2002, measured in CO2 equivalent units, came to 89,854 Gg. Emis-sions in this sector in terms of CO2 were the following: The LULUCF category contributes a total in emissions of 86,877 Gg CO2. These emis-sions are the result of the balance between 64,484 Gg CO2 from the combustion and

decomposition of air biomass associated with the processes of the conversion of for-ests to other uses, 30,344 Gg CO2 for emis-sions derived from mineral lands and agri-cultural areas, 4,932 Gg CO2 from emis-sions in managed forests and a capture of 12,883 Gg CO2 on abandoned lands. The capture of CO2 is discounted from total emissions in this category.

16

RE.1.3.7. Waste [6]

The category of waste contemplates the methane emissions (CH4) generated from municipal solid waste and municipal and industrial wastewater, as well as the emis-sions of nitrous oxide (N2O) emitted by the municipal wastewater, and the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) generated by the incineration of dan-gerous waste.

GHG emissions for 2002, measured in CO2 equivalent units, came to 65,584 Gg, com-pared with the 33,357Gg emitted in 1990.

GHG emissions due to waste, measured in CO2 equivalent, underwent an increase of 96% from 1990 to 2002 as a result of the increase in the disposal of solid waste in sanitary landfill and the impetus given over the last decade to the treatment of indus-trial and municipal wastewater; within this percentage is also included the change re-corded in the emissions by incineration of toxic waste whose value increased by a factor of 30 between 1990 and 2002, but whose contribution to the total in this last year was less than 0.5%. Waste incinera-tion is a relatively new activity in this coun-try.

Table RE.14 Subcategories of Waste

6A Disposal of solid waste in ground 6A1 Disposal of solid waste in sanitary landfills 6A2 Disposal of solid waste in open-air dumps 6A3 Others

6B Wastewater management and treatment 6B1 Industrial wastewater 6B2 Domestic and municipal wastewater 6B3 Others

6C Waste incineration

Figure RE.12 Waste emissions from 1990 to 2002

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Emis

sion

s 2

eq

(Gg)

Disposal of solid Wastewater management and treat-Incineration of

17

Greenhouse gases that are naturally pre-sent in the atmosphere are a key element in maintaining the earth's temperature by holding in part of the energy from the Sun; these include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Their presence and concentration remained stable for cen-turies until the 19th century, at which time the Industrial Revolution took place. Since that date, human activities have generated greenhouse gases, thus causing an in-crease in their concentrations in the atmos-phere. As a result, the temperature of the planet tends to increase, thereby causing variations in the climate. According to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001), three quarters of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmos-phere are due to the burning of fossil fuels. For this reason, the United Nations Frame-work Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in which 189 countries of the planet are represented, aims at stabilizing the concentrations of greenhouse gases in

the atmosphere at a level that would pre-vent dangerous levels of anthropogenic in-terference in the climate system. This level should be achieved in a timeframe that would allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, in order to ensure that food production is not threatened, and to allow economic development to remain sustainable. For this reason, the Mexican Government reiterates its commitment to the UNFCCC by presenting, with figures to the year 2002, its third national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The result of this inven-tory will make it possible to ascertain our country's contribution as a greenhouse gas emitter in the world context, identify those categories that contribute in different meas-ures to these emissions, and establish na-tional priorities regarding the mitigation of climate change.