maier - limites formales para la averiguacion de la verdad

8/18/2019 Maier - Limites Formales Para La Averiguacion de La Verdad

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G. LÍMITES FORMALES PARA LA AVERIGUACIÓN DE LA VERDAD

1. Concepto

Según y !e"o# e$p%e#&o' e( p%oce&)")ento pen( ct*(' en ( +e%#),n -*e' p%o

+en)ente &e ( %e/o%" p%oce#( pen( &e( #)g(o 0I0 en E*%op cont)nent(' ((eg, no

#ot%o# po% %ecepc),n' %e#)&e en *n co"p%o")#o -*e p%eten&e "ntene% (# #e# &e ( In

-*)#)c),n 2pe%#ec*c),n pen( e#tt( y +e%)g*c),n &e ( +e%&& !)#t,%)c co"o "et

&e( p%oce&)")ento3' "o&)/)c&# po% *n #e%)e &e (4")te# %e/e%)&o# ( &)gn)&& &e(#e% !*"no -*e )"p)&en ((e+% co e( p%oce&)")ento p()cn&o /o%"# c%*e(e# y con

t%%)# ( %e#peto po% e( !o"%e )n&)+)&*(' t4p)c# &e ( In-*)#)c),n.

No e$)#te *n ejem plo más di rec to &e e#te co"p%o")#o -*e (o# (4")te# %e/e%)&o#

la ac ti vi dad pro ba to ria. P%o+en)ente &e( %5g)"en )n-*)#)t)+o' ( +e%)g*c),n &e (

+e%&& !)#t,%)c e# *n &e (# "et# (# -*e e#t6 &e#t)n&o e( p%oce&)")ento pen('

)nco"p%en#)(e c*(t*%("ente #)n %e/e%enc) e#e #)#te"7 tnto e# #4 -*e e(( /*e

p%op*e#t co"o *no &e (o# /)ne# &e ( /*nc),n 8*&)c)( &e( E#t&o en "te%) pen(9::'

( p*nto &e e%)g)%#e ;con c)e%t# ()")tc)one#; en /c*(t& o &ee% &e (o# 8*ece# 2in-

vestigación judicial autónoma39: e+)t% -*e ( "et &e +e%)g*% (

+e%&& (o &e#e-*)()%e' ( #e% c*"p()& *n co#t &e( #e% !*"no )n&)+)&*( y &e

c)e%to 6")to &e p%)+c)&& -*e (e g%nt)= e( E#t&o &e De%ec!o.

L #4nte#)# &e( /*nc)on")ento &e e#t co()#),n &e p%)nc)p)o# e# o+) #) #e #)

g*e ( e$p()cc),n gene%(> ( +e%)g*c),n &e ( +e%&&' co"o #e p% ( &")n)#t%

c),n &e 8*#t)c) pen(' con#t)t*ye *n "et gene%( &e( p%oce&)")ento' pe%o e(( ce&e'

!#t to(e%% ( e+ent*( )ne/)cc) &e( p%oce&)")ento p% (cn=%(' /%ente c)e%

to# %e#g*%&o# p% ( #eg*%)&& )n&)+)&*( -*e )"p)&en %%)% ( +e%&& po% (g*no#

c")no# po#)(e#' %e?)&o# con e( concepto &e( E#t&o &e De%ec!o. Según #e &+)e%te' #e

t%t &e con+e%t)% *n p%)nc)p)o #o(*to en *no %e(t)+o' p*e# %econoce p%)nc)p)o# #*

pe%)o%e# -*e' en oc#)one#' !#t (o n*(n' +. g%.' c*n&o' en e( c#o' ent%n en con

/()cto o co()#)onn con -*5(. Intent%e"o#' cont)n*c),n' /)8% e#o# (4")te#.

@. E( )"p*t&o co"o ,%gno &e p%*e

Ce e#pe%% -*e ( pe%#on -*)en #e pe%#)g*e pen("ente #e *n &e -*5((#

-*e "6# conoce #o%e e( contec)")ento -*e #e )n+e#t)g' o8eto &e( p%oce&)")ento. En

e( p%oce&)")ento pen(' #e t%t #)e"p%e &e ( )"p*tc),n &e *n co"po%t")ento !*"no'

p%op)o &e( )"p*t&o' ce%c &e( c*( n&)e "e8o% -*e 5( conoce #) ( /)%"c),n e#c)e%t o )nc)e%t. Po% (o &e"6#' #) ( )"p*tc),n e# c)e%t' ( "eno# p%c)("ente' 5(

e# e( "e8o% "e&)o &e )n/o%"c),n con -*e #e c*ent' y' #) e# e%%,ne' n&)e "e8o% -*e

5( p% &e#%t%(.

' #)n e"%go' no e# po#)(e obligarlo a brindar información #o%e (o -*e cono

ce7 &epen&e"o# &e #* +o(*nt&' e$p%e#& ()%e"ente y #)n cocc),n9:B. E((o e# (o -*e

e$p%e#' "*y c(%"ente' ( g%nt4 -*e %e=> N&)e p*e&e #e% o()g&o &ec(%%

cont% #4 ")#"o 2CN' 13 2nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare3.

( Declaración de Virginia 21@B1B3 "n& -*e n&)e po&%6 #e% o()g&o

&% te#t)"on)o cont% #4 ")#"o 2Secc),n 3.

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Lo# pcto# )nte%nc)on(e# #o%e &e%ec!o# !*"no# !n %econoc)&o e#t g%nt4.

En p%t)c*(%' e( Pacto de San José de Costa Rica 2Convención americana sobre derechos

humanos3' %t. ' nH @' g > g3 &e%ec!o no #e% o()g&o &ec(%% cont% #4 ")#"o n)

&ec(%%#e c*(p(e7 e( Pacto internacional de derechos civiles pol!ticos' %t.

1:' nH 9> D*%nte e( p%oce#o' to& pe%#on c*#& &e *n &e()to ten&%6 &e%ec!o (#

#)g*)ente# g%nt4# "4n)"#> g3 no #e% o()g& &ec(%% cont% #4 ")#" n) con

/e#%#e c*(p(e. Se &ee t")5n g%eg% ( nte"t)=c),n )nte%nc)on( &e ( to%t*% y (o# "(o# t%to#' o8eto &e *n con+enc),n e#pec4/)c' -*e t")5n &e#c()/)c

e#o# "5to&o# &e )n+e#t)gc),n. To&# e#t# con+enc)one# no #,(o /*e%on %t)/)c&# po%

n*e#t%o p4# #)no -*e' &e"6#' !oy !n #)&o )nco%po%&# ( Con#t)t*c),n nc)on(

2 Ct"%c' @J7 C,%&o' :K7 Co%%)en

te#' 117 C!co' 1' III7 C!**t' @7 Fo%"o#' 17 *8*y' @97 L R)o8' @B' II7 Men&o='

@B7 Ne*-*5n' 9 N&)e #e%6 co"pe()&o en *n c#o c%)")n( &e(t%#e #4

")#"o. E( te$to ct*( &e ( Con#t)t*c),n Nc)on( p%o+)ene &)%ect"ente &e( Proecto

de Constitución &e ALERDI 21


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II. Voluntariedad &e ( &ec(%c),n &e( )"p*t&o' -*e no p*e&e #e% e()")n& o

"eno#c& po% "e&)o (g*no -*e ( e$c(*y 2&")n)#t%c),n &e p#)co/6%"co# #*e%o#

&e ( +e%&& o !)pno#)#3. Lo# )n#t%*"ento# -*e %eg)#t%n %ecc)one# )ncon#c)ente# o

%e/(e8o# con&)c)on&o# 2&etecto%e# &e "ent)%# o po(4g%/o#3 )nteg%n no%"("ente e(

ct6(ogo &e (o# "5to&o# p%o!))&o# p% e( )nte%%ogto%)o> #)n e"%go' e((o# no #*p%)

"en ( +o(*nt%)e&& &e( cto #)no -*e /ectn ( ()e%t& &e &ec)&)% -*e((o -*e #e

)n/o%".III. "ibertad &e &ec)#),n &e( )"p*t&o &*%nte #* &ec(%c),n -*e no p*e&e #e%

co%t& po% n)ngún cto o #)t*c),n &e cocc),n' /4#)c o "o%( 2to%t*% o to%"ento'

"en=' 8*%"ento' cn#nc)o' p5%&)& &e ( #e%en)&&' c%go# o %econ+enc)one#' %e#

p*e#t# )n#t&# pe%ento%)"ente ten&)ente# otene% (g*n con/e#),n3' po% ( p%o"e#

)(eg4t)" &e *n +ent8 o po% e( eng?o 2p%eg*nt# cpc)o## o #*ge#t)+#3' #(+o -*e

( cocc),n e#t5 p%e+)#t e#pec4/)c"ente en ( (ey 2po% e8.' p%)+c),n &e ()e%t&

p%e+ent)+' CN' 13 y t( (ey #e +6()& con#t)t*c)on("ente 2CPP Nc),n' @JB y @JJ7

CPP C,%&o' @ te#t)go#3 y' co"o con#ec*enc)'

( &ec)#),n e# /+o%(e 5( 2#o(*c),n3 ( +(o%c),n en e#e #ent)&o e# )no8et(e'

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c*(-*)e% -*e #e ( con#ec*enc) 8*%4&)c p()c(e -*)en *t)()=, e( "e&)o p%o!))

&o p% o()g%(o &ec(%% o p% -*e (o !g en *n #ent)&o &ete%")n&o. En +e%&&'

#,(o #t ( &ec)#),n /+o%(e' p*e# nin gú na ga ran tía ope ra en per jui cio del pro pio

por ta dor. An6(og"ente #e &ee &ec)&)% c*n&o' p%ec)#"ente po% e( &e/ecto' e( 8*e= no

+(o% e( cto pe%8*&)c)( en ( &ec)#),n' #)e"p%e -*e e( )"p*t&o !y ten)&o' p%6ct)

c"ente' ( opo%t*n)&& &e #e% o4&o ;po% e8.' &*%nte e( &ete;' -*e p%e#*pone e( &e

%ec!o &e #tene%#e' ( +o(*nt& &e &ec(%% y ( ()e%t& &e &ec)#),n &*%nte e( cto9 Qp*e&e ( po()c4 to"% &ec(%c),n ( )"p*t

&o' y' #) p*e&e ((e+% co e#e cto' Qcon -*5 e$)genc)# y p%e#*p*e#to#7 en #* c

#o' Q-*5 +(o% t)ene o c,"o &ee #e% +(o%& e# &ec(%c),n #) e# &e#/+o%(e p%

e( )"p*t&o 2e+ent*( con/e#),n37 y' #) /*e% ot%o e( c#o' Q#e p*e&e )nt%o&*c)% e#

&ec(%c),n ( p%oce&)")ento t%+5# &e( te#t)"on)o &e (o# po()c4# -*e )nte%+)n)e%on

L !)#to%) =)g=g*ente &e (# %e#p*e#t# e#to# )nte%%ognte# /*e o8eto &e *n 6#pe

%o &ete' -*e ún pe%&*%' en ( p%o+)nc) &e C,%&o' c*yo t%)*n( &e c#c),n /)%

", o neg, (# p%eg*nt# c4c()c"ente' to"n&o #4 po#)c),n #o%e ( nece#)&& &e e$t%e

"% (o# %ec*&o# /o%"(e# p% g%nt)=% ( ()e%t& &e &ec)#),n &e( )"p*t&o &*%nte

#* &ec(%c),n9


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( CN' 1' p*e# &e 5( &e%)+ ( nece#)&& &e #eg*%% po% "e&)o# p%6ct)co# e( &e%ec!o

no *to)nc%)")n%#e. E( +oto &e &o# &e (o# 8*ece# &e ( Co%te' En%)-*e S. PETRACCI y

o%ge A. ACUW' + ún "6# ((6' p*e# )n&)c ; obiter dictum o ( e/ecto &ocente; ( ne

ce#)&& &e ( p%e#enc) &e( &e/en#o% en ( &ec(%c),n &e( )"p*t&o o' ( "eno#' (

p%*e /e!c)ente po% p%te &e ( c*#c),n &e ( +o(*nt& ()%e &e( )"p*t&o &e p%e#

t%( #egún #* conten)&o' en *#enc) &e( &e/en#o%' c*n&o e#o# e$t%e"o# !n #)&o neg

&o# &*%nte e( 8*)c)o po% e( )"p*t&o.P% no#ot%o#' &e#&e e( p*nto &e +)#t p%6ct)co' ( e$)genc) &ec)#)+ p% #e

g*%% -*e e( cto &e ( &ec(%c),n &e( )"p*t&o #e ((e+ co #egún (# con&)c)one#

e#t*&)&#' %e#)&e en ( p%e#enc) &e( &e/en#o% y en ( po#))()&& &e -*e 5( p*e&

con/e%enc)% p%e+)"ente con #* &e/en&)&o9


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-*e( -*e' e%%,ne"ente' t%t e( p%o(e" en /o%" gen5%)c' )&ent)/)cn&o (o# c#o#

en (o# c*(e# e( "5to&o #e *t)()= p% ( diagnosis &e( pe%)to 2po% e8.' !)pno#)# o

n%co&)gno#)# p% )n&g% #o%e *n po#)(e (te%c),n "ent( -*e &e"*e#t%e ( )n)"

p*t)()&& o *n g%+e &)#")n*c),n &e ( cpc)&& &e c*(p)()&&3 con -*e((o# en

(o# c*(e# #,(o #e t%t &e -*e e( )"p*t&o t%n#")t (o -*e conoce 2!)pno#)# o n%co

n6()#)# p% ( &ec(%c),n 8*&)c)(37 ((4 #e con/*n&e ( )"p*t&o co"o ,%gno &e

p%*e y co"o o8eto p%oto%)o' o' &)c!o &e ot% "ne%' #e con/*n&e ( #*8eto 2p%oce#(3 &e &e%ec!o# y /c*(t&e# con e( )"p*t&o co"o o8eto &e )n+e#t)gc),n. De#&e e#te

p*nto &e +)#t' c*n&o #e p%o(e"t)= ce%c &e ( %e(e+nc) -*e &-*)e%e e( "5to&o

p% e( p%)nc)p)o 8*%4&)co -*e e#t*&)"o#' (o p%)"e%o -*e &ee"o# co(oc% *n co#t&o

e# ( e/ect)+)&& &e( "5to&o p% (og%% e( /)n p%op*e#to' t%e p%op) &e( e$pe%to

c)ent4/)co' p*e# e# c(%o -*e' #) e( "5to&o e# c()/)c&o co"o )ne/)c= p% /)%"%'

con (gún g%&o &e ce%te=' ( +e%&& &e *n p%opo#)c),n' e( "e&)o &e p%*e e# )nút)(

y' po% tnto' )n&")#)(e. De t( "ne%' #*pon)en&o' co"o p%e#*p*e#to' -*e e#to# "5to

&o# #en e/)cce# o' po% (o "eno#' -*e /*t*%o# &e#c*%)")ento# o n*e+# t5cn)c# c)en

t4/)c# (o# to%nen e/)cce# ; e((o# o ot%o# "5to&o#9 (# g%nt4# no

p*e&en #e% *t)()=&# en pe%8*)c)o &e( )"p*t&o. %*#c"ente' c*n&o #e t%t &e n()

=% e( c#o &e( *#o con#ent)&o &e( n%con6()#)# po% -*)en #*/%e #* p()cc),n' en su

beneficio9


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p%o, ( (eg)t)")&& &e( *#o c*n&o con /)ne# no(e# y po% "5to&o# pe%/ect"ente co

%%ecto# y cont%o(&o# con !one#t)&& #e t%t &e !ce% *n )en' co"o c*n&o #e t%t

&e )"pe&)% ( con&en &e( )nocente' ( co")#),n &e )%%ep%(e# e%%o%e# 8*&)c)(e#.

e -*4 #)t*&o e( ún)co p*nto -*e )nte%e# &et)%> #*pon)en&o ( e/)cc) &e( "5to&o

p% (cn=% ( +e%&&' #) e( )"p*t&o p)&e #* p()cc),n e$p%e#"ente' co"o ún)co "o

&o &e &e/en&e%#e &e *n )"p*tc),n c*yo# #)gno# e$te%)o%e# no p*e&e cont%%%e#t% &e

ot%o "o&o' Q#e p%o%6 e#t "ne% &e p%oce&e% o #e%6 %ec!=& S*p,ng#e *n "n5#)coencont%&o ( (&o &e *n c&6+e%' o8eto c(%o &e *n !o")c)&)o. E( ")#"o IMWNE DE ASXA

%e(t *n c#o &e %e+)#),n &e *n #entenc) con&ento%) &e)&o ( p()cc),n &e *no

&e e#to# "5to&o# ( )nte%%ogto%)o &e ( con&en&9BK.

E( p*nto &e con/()cto' entonce#' #e *)c' p%ec)#"ente' en e( consentimiento &e(

)"p*t&o ;-*)=6# en #* pe&)&o e$p%e#o; p% *t)()=% *n "5to&o con #e c)ent4/)c' o%

&)n%)"ente pe%")t)&o y *t)()=&o po% ( p%6ct)c c)ent4/)c p% (og%% /)ne# +()o

#o#. N*e#t% #o(*c),n' #)nt5t)c"ente e$p*e#t' &")te ( *t)()=c),n &e e#to# "5to&o#'

#)e"p%e -*e (o %e-*)e% e( p%op)o )"p*t&o' con )n/o%"c),n #*/)c)ente #o%e #*# &e%e

c!o# y #)#tenc) t5cn)c p%e+) o()gto%) 2&e()e%c),n con #* &e/en#o%3' y -*e e(

"5to&o #e *to%)=&o c)ent4/)c"ente y o%&)n%)"ente *t)()=&o en e( t%6/)co #oc)(

2pe%")t)&o3' en c#o# e$t%e"o#' en (o# c*(e# %e#*(te p%6ct)c"ente )"po#)(e otene%

( )n/o%"c),n po% ot%o "e&)o7 e( cto' #*8eto *to%)=c),n 8*&)c)(' &ee pe%#eg*)%

co"o ún)co /)n to%n% +)(e ( &e/en# &e( )"p*t&o 2( &e"o#t%c),n &e #* )nocenc) o

&e *n c)%c*n#tnc) /+o%(e 5(3' -*e #e /%*#t%%4 &e e+)t%#e ( p()cc),n &e

e# t5cn)c' y' po% e((o' #,(o con#)ente co"o %e#*(t&o *n +(o%c),n ún)c a favor

del imputado' p%e#c)n&)en&o &e ( -*e (e #e &e#/+o%(e. To&o e((o )"p()c *n %eg*

(c),n p%oce#( ")n*c)o# y co"p()c&' #o%e to&o p% )"pe&)% -*e ( )n/o%"c),n &e#

/+o%(e ((eg*e ( 8*e= -*e &ee +(o%% e( cto en *n &ec)#),n e )n/(*y p#)co(,g)

c"ente en 5(. Po% e#o po#t*("o#' co"o en e( c#o &e ( pe%t*% &e co%%e#pon&enc) o

en #* #)")(% &e ( )nte%ceptc),n &e co"*n)cc)one#' ( +(o%c),n p%e+) &e( 8*e= -*e

*to%)=, ( "e&)&' -*)en &ec)&)%6 ce%c &e #) ( )n/o%"c),n oten)& )ng%e# ( p%o

ce&)")ento o #e p%e#c)n&e &e e(( 2en e#te c#o' con#)gnn&o #,(o -*e no #e ot*+o %e

#*(t&o (g*no3 y no )nte%+en&%6 "6# en e( p%oce&)")cnto o no )nteg%%6 e( t%)*n(

(("&o &ec)&)% #o%e e( c#o. De to&o# "o&o#' co"o #e t%t &e ( *t)()=c),n &e "5

to&o# t5cn)co# o c)ent4/)co# y' po% en&e' &e ( )nte%p%etc),n &e #*# %e#*(t&o#' e(

cto #e &ee c()/)c% co"o *n pe%)tc),n y no %eúne (# c%cte%4#t)c# &e ( &ec(%c),n &e( )"p*t&o 2/(t &e conc)enc)' &e +o(*nt& o *t)()=c),n &e #* )ncon#c)en

te39B1. Me8o% ún #e %eg*(%4 ( )nco%po%c),n &e (o# %e#*(t&o# &e ( pe%)tc),n (

p%oce&)")ento #)' oten)&o# e#o# %e#*(t&o#' #on p%e#ent&o# ( )"p*t&o y #* &e/en#o%'

-*)ene# &ec)&en ce%c &e #* )nco%po%c),n y' en c#o &e &ec)#),n negt)+' e( pe%)to

con#)gn% -*e no /*e%on oten)&o# %e#*(t&o# +()o#o#' #)n (*#),n ( &ec)#),n &e

/en#)+.

Ce &+e%t)% -*e e( Pacto intemacional de derechos civiles pol!ticos 2!o%

)nco%po%&o ( CN'


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#* conten)&o p%)nc)p( #e %e/)e%e ( p%o!))c),n &e ( to%t*% y (o# t%to# c%*e(e# o

&eg%&nte#.

L# &*&# #o%e ( p()c)()&& &e ( %eg( &e g%nt4 -*e p%o!4e ( cocc),n

p% o()g% &ec(%% cont% #4 ")#"o p%ecen' p%ec)#"ente' /*e% &e( p%oce&)")ento

pen(' c*n&o #e t%t &e e$ten&e% #* ope%t)+)&& #)t*c)one# -*e no )"p()cn (

pe%#ec*c),n pen( y p%o"o+)& o e( pe()g%o &e +e%#e pe%#eg*)&o pen("ente. L# &*&#

!n #*%g)&o' c*n&o' po% e8e"p(o' #e t%t &e ( &ec(%c),n &e *n p%te en *n p%oce&)")ento &)#t)nto &e( pen( ;c)+)(' co"e%c)(' (o%(' contenc)o#o&")n)#t%t)+o;' &e

( &ec(%c),n &e (g*)en -*e no ! #)&o )"p*t&o' -*e e# p%eg*nt&o en *n p%oce&)")en

to pen( o &)#t)nto &e( pen( #o%e *n #pecto -*e co"p%o"ete #* po#)(e pe%#ec*c),n

pen(' o' t")5n' c*n&o' #)n co%%e% e( %)e#go %e/e%ente *n pe%#ec*c),n pen(' #4

(o co%%e %e#pecto &e ot%o )nte%5# -*e #e +e pe%8*&)c&o o #e p*e&e +e% pe%8*&)c&o 9B@.

L Co%te S*p%e" #)e"p%e ! &)c!o -*e ( g%nt4 con#t)t*c)on( &e no #e% o()

g&o &ec(%% cont% #4 ")#"o #,(o %)ge en "te%) pen( 2'allos CS& ' t. @9' p.

:1B7 t. @:K' p. :1B7 t. @


9/38

#o pen(' y "eno# ún %e/e%)& ( )"p*t&o 2co"o' te$t*("ente' (o &ec4 e( CPC%)". n

c)on( 1J' :K3' p*e# (o# )nte%e#e# -*e +ent)(&o# en e#e p%oce#o no #on' %eg*(%

"ente' &)#pon)(e# 2e( )"p*t&o no p*e&e *tocon&en%#e o &ete%")n% #* p%op)o c#t)go

po% ceptc),n' tot( o p%c)(' &e ( )"p*tc),n3.

Según #e ! po&)&o o#e%+%' n&)e &)#c*te -*e e( 6")to p%)nc)p( &e ope%t)+)

&& &e( p%)nc)p)o e# e( p%oce&)")ento pen( y' e#pec4/)c"ente' ( &ec(%c),n &e( )"

p*t&o en 5(. De ((4 -*e #e &e#)gne ( )"p*t&o ;*n-*e' #) #e o#e%+ )en' )nco%%ect"ente; co"o #*8eto )ncoe%c)(e &e( p%oce#o pen(9B9. S)n e"%go' #e ! +)#to t")5n'

con/o%"e ( "*(t)p()c)&& &e #)t*c)one# po#)(e#' -*e *n co%%ect )nte()genc) &e(

p%)nc)p)o no p*e&e ()")t% #* p()cc),n ( 6")to &e *n p%oce&)")ento pen( y p%o"o

+)&o' n) ( #)t*c),n p%oce#( &e !e% #)&o )n&)c&o en 5( co"o p%t4c)pe en e( !e

c!o p*n)(e o8eto &e( p%oce&)")ento.

Se &ee c(%%' po% /)n' -*e ( g%nt4 #,(o "p% *n pe%#on co"o #*8eto *

,%gno &e p%*e' e#to e#' co"o -*)en' con #* %e(to' )nco%po% ( p%oce&)")ento *n co

noc)")ento c)e%to o p%o(e #o%e *n o8eto &e p%*e. No ( "p%' en c")o' c*n&o

e(( ")#" e# o8eto &e p%*e' e#to e#' c*n&o e# o8eto )n+e#t)g&o' co"o c*n&o' po%

e8e"p(o' #e e$t%e *n "*e#t% &e #ng%e o &e p)e(' o #e (o #o"ete *n %econoc)")ento

po% ot% pe%#on9B:' cto# -*e no con#)#ten en p%opo%c)on% )n/o%"c),n po% e( %e(to &e

!ec!o#' c)%c*n#tnc)# o contec)")ento#' y p% (o# c*(e# no e# nece#%)o e( con#en

t)")ento &e ( pe%#on /ect&' -*e p*e&e #e% /o%=&' en p%)nc)p)o' ( e$"en. L#

()")tc)one# &e ( /*e%= e"p(e%' p% to%n% po#)(e e( e$"en' e"e%gen &e ot%o#

p%)nc)p)o# 2p%o!))c),n &e pone% en pe()g%o ( +)& o ( #(*&3 o &e ( ")#" nt*%(e

= &e( cto 2)"po#))()&& &e otene% *n te$to e#c%)to &e( )"p*t&o con /)ne# &e cote8o

en *n pe%)tc),n' #)n #* p%t)c)pc),n +o(*nt%)3.

9. S*p%e#),n &e (o# to%"ento#

L tortura o e( tormento /*e%on' &*%nte e( %e)n&o &e ( In-*)#)c),n' "5to&o#

!)t*(e# y (eg4t)"o# &e )n&gc),n y p%*e en e( p%oce&)")ento pen(9B


10/38

"en= &e #*/%)% to%"ento# y #e (o ((e+ co "e&)nte ( e$!))c),n &e (o# ins-

trumentos 2p%to# &e to%t*%3 -*e #e e"p(e%4n9B.

En (o -*e no# )nte%e# p%)"o%&)("ente' ( to%t*% o e( to%"ento no #on "6# -*e

*n &e (# /o%"# &e cocc),n p% o()g% *n pe%#on &ec(%% cont% #4 ")#".

Po% e((o' #e con/*n&e con ( g%nt4 nte# e#t*&)&7 e"pe%o' #e &ee tene% en c*ent

-*e t"poco e# po#)(e p()c% to%"ento# p%' #)"p(e"ente' o()g% &ec(%%' *n-*e

e( conten)&o &e ( &ec(%c),n no pe%8*&)-*e -*)en t%n#")te #* conoc)")ento. E# #4-*e no #e p*e&e to%"ent% ot% pe%#on ;#e e(( )"p*t&o' pe%)to o te#t)go; p%

-*e t%n#")t *n conoc)")ento -*e (e e# /+o%(e o )n&)/e%ente p% #* #)t*c),n7 #)

#e #t)ene &e &ec(%% o no %e#pon&e (g*n p%eg*nt' (o #*"o #e !%6 c%ee&o%

(# #nc)one# p%oce#(e# o pen(e#' &e (# c*(e# e#t6 e$c(*)&o' po% #*p*e#to' e( )"p*

t&o o -*)en #e p*e& pe%8*&)c% #4 ")#"o con ( &ec(%c),n.

L (eg)#(c),n )nte%nc)on( nte"t)= ( to%t*%. E$)#te *n Convención contra

la tortura otros tratos o penas crueles' inhumanos o degradantes' !oy )nco%po%& (

te$to con#t)t*c)on( 2%t. Declaración universal de derechos

humanos' %t. B7 Pacto internacional de derechos civiles pol!ticos' %t. 7 Declara-

ción americana de los derechos deberes del hombre' %t. @


11/38

L p()cc),n &e to%"ento# o ( to%t*% con#t)t*ye !oy' p% n*e#t% (ey pen('

*no &e (o# &e()to# "6# #e+e%"ente pen&o# 2CP' 1:: te%ce%o y 1:: c*%to3' -*e )nc(*ye

(o# #*/%)")ento# p#4-*)co# g%+e# 2CP' 1:: te%ce%o' )nc. 93 y -*e &")te ( /o%" c*(

po# 2CP' 1:: -*)nto3.

En conc(*#),n>

I. No #,(o %ep%e#entn to%t*% o *t)()=c),n &e to%"ento# (o# p%e")o# &e c*(

-*)e% /o%" o con c*(-*)e% )n#t%*"ento' )nc(*#o po% o")#),n 2po% e8e"p(o> o")t)% #*")n)#t%% *n c("nte -*e e+)t e( &o(o%3' -*e p%o+ocn en ( +4ct)" *n #*/%)")ento /4

#)co' #)no t")5n (o# "5to&o# -*e c*&en ( #*/%)")ento p#4-*)co g%+e' p% otene%

#* /)n 2Convención contra la tortura' %t. 1 y CP' 1::' te%ce%o' )nc. 937 y no #,(o (o

e# -*5(( p()c& #o%e ( pe%#on &e #* &e#t)nt%)o &)%ecto' #)no' &e"6#' ( -*e

%ece #o%e *n te%ce%o' con e( /)n &e #*%t)% e/ecto# #o%e ot% pe%#on 2po% e8.' +)o

(% *n c,ny*ge p% -*e e( ot%o con/)e#e3.

II. )#t,%)c"ente' e( to%"ento o ( to%t*% %ep%e#entn ( c(6#)c cc),n &e

cocc)on% (g*)en p% otene% #* con/e#),n o )n/o%"c),n #o%e e( !ec!o' en e( p%o

ce&)")ento pen(. S)n e"%go' ( to%t*% t")5n #e *t)()=, o%&)n%)"ente p% c#t)

go &e %eo# o p% otene% &e !e%e8e# ( %et%ctc),n &e #*# !ec!o#' )&e# * op)n)one#.

Act*("ente' ( )nc(*#),n en e( concepto &e to%t*% &e ot%o# /)ne# &)#t)nto# ( &e o

tene% )n/o%"c),n p% ( pe%#ec*c),n pen( no #e &)#c*te 2Convención contra la tortu-

ra' %t. 13' pe%o #* e#t*&)o no co%%e#pon&e ( o8eto &e e#te ()%o.

III. L *t)()=c),n &e e#te "e&)o p% +e%)g*% ( +e%&& en e( p%oce&)")ento

+)c) e( cto y ( )n/o%"c),n -*e con/o%" #* conten)&o &e *n "o&o )n#*#n(e' &e

"ne% t( -*e no e# po#)(e ( con+()&c),n y' po% tnto' no #e p*e&e /*n&% &ec)#),n

(g*n' cont%%) ( )"p*t&o' en *n cto )nco%po%&o ( p%oce&)")ento con e#e &e/ecto7

po% e((o' con#t)t*ye *n "ot)+o #o(*to &e c#c),n.

E#' en c")o' co%%ect ( *t)()=c),n /+o% &e( )"p*t&o &e *n cto con e#e

&e/ecto 2po% e8.' ( #o(*c),n' po% no #e% nt)8*%4&)c ( cc),n &e "t% -*e con/e#,

e( )"p*t&o 8o to%"ento' g%egn&o -*e !4 #)&o o8eto &e *n g%e#),n po% p%te &e

( +4ct)" y c)tn&o (o# te#t)go# -*e o#e%+%on e( !ec!o3' #)n pe%8*)c)o &e ( e+en

t*( pe%#ec*c),n pen( &e -*)en p%t)c)p, en e( to%"ento.

IV. L *t)()=c),n &e to%"ento# o ( to%t*% no e# tn #o(o e( co"ponente &e *n

cc),n -*e ( c()/)c co"o )n+6()& p% c*"p()% e( /)n p%op*e#to p% otene% ( con

#ec*enc) 8*%4&)c -*e #e pe%#)g*e o ( c*( e( cto e#t6 &e#t)n&o 2n*()&&3' #)no'&e"6# y po% #4 ")#"' con#t)t*ye *n cc),n p%o!))& y p*n)(e' /ct)(e &e co"ete%#e

po% o")#),n y p%e+)#t en #* /o%" c*(po# 2CP' %t#. 1:: te%ce%o y #)g*)ente#3.

En ( 8*%)#p%*&enc) %gent)n' #o%e to&o en #* !)#to%) "o&e%n' e( /((o &e (

Co%te S*p%e" en (o# *to# Monteneg%o' L*c)no e%n%&)no' #%oo con %"#' &)ct&o

e( 1K &e &)c)e"%e &e 1J19BJ' %ep%e#ent *n !)to #o%e ( c*e#t),n ( &ec)&)% ( #o

(*t )"po#))()&& &e +(o%% *n con/e#),n 8o to%t*%. A#o"%' #)n e"%go' -*e !

y"o# &e)&o e#pe%% c#) *n #)g(o y "e&)o e#t &oct%)n 8*%)#p%*&enc)(9K. Se c%)t)c

&e( /((o' #)n e"%go' -*e no !y )ng%e#&o ( e#t*&)o &e (# con#ec*enc)# *(te%)o

%e# &e)&# ( conoc)")ento oten)&o en ( con/e#),n 8o to%t*%91.

:. P%otecc),n &e( &o")c)()o' (# co"*n)cc)one# y (o# ppe(e# p%)+&o#

11


12/38

3 Antece&ente#

Ot% &e (# t%# -*e #opo%t ( +e%)g*c),n ()%e &e ( +e%&& !)#t,%)c' en

+)%t*& &e ()")tc)one# con#t)t*c)on(e# e$p%e##' &e%)+ &e( derecho a la intimidad '

%econoc)&o &e#&e ( %e+o(*c),n ()e%( co"o ot%o &e (o# #t)one# &e ( &)gn)&& !*"

n. Ante 5( %et%oce&e' ( "eno# %e(t)+"ente' ( )n+e#t)gc),n &e ( +e%&& co"o "et

&e( p%oce&)")ento. N*e#t% Con#t)t*c),n' en e( p*nto' %e=> E( &o")c)()o e# )n+)o(

(e' co"o t")5n ( co%%e#pon&enc) ep)#to(% y (o# ppe(e# p%)+&o#7 y *n (ey &ete%")n%6 en -*5 c#o# y con -*5 8*#t)/)ct)+o# po&%6 p%oce&e%#e #* ((n")ento y oc*

pc),n 2%t. 13.

L /*ente !)#t,%)c %e"ot &e( p%)nc)p)o con#t)t*c)on( p%ece p%o+en)% &e (

Constitución de los )stados $nidos &e A"5%)c' 21J(39@' En")en& IV> E( &e%ec!o

&e( p*e(o &e e#t% #eg*%o en #*# pe%#on#' c##' ppe(e# y e/ecto# cont% )n-*)#)c)o

ne#' o po&e%")ento# )n8*#to#' no #e +)o(%67 y no #e &%6n ,%&ene# #)no en c*##

p%o(e# #o#ten)&# po% *n 8*%"ento' y #e?(n&o p%t)c*(%"ente e( (*g% -*e !y &e

)n-*)%)%#e7 y (o# e/ecto# -*e &en to"%#e. E#te te$to t)ene #* ntece&ente )n"e&)to

en ( Declaración de derechos de Virginia 21@B1B3' #ecc),n 1K> *e (o# "n&")en

to# gene%(e# po% (o# -*e #e o%&ene *n o/)c)( o &e(eg&o ( %eg)#t%o &e !og%e# #o#

pec!o#o# #)n p%*e# &e !e%#e co"et)&o *n !ec!o' o p%en&e% (g*n pe%#on o pe%#o

n# #)n con#)gn% (o# no"%e#' o c*yo &e()to no e#t5 &e#c%)pto p%t)c*(%"ente y #o#te

n)&o con p%*e#' #on g%+o#o# y op%e#o%e# y no &een #e% conce&)&o#. Se &+e%t)%6 in-

fra' -*e e#to# te$to#' en e#pec)( e( &e ( Constitución de los )stados $nidos' %ep

%ecen' con pe-*e?# "o&)/)cc)one#' en ( p%op*e#t %t)g*)#t p% ( A#"(e &e( A?o

0III.

En e( De%ec!o pt%)o' ( g%nt4 #e conoce &e#&e e( co")en=o &e n*e#t% +)& )n

&epen&)ente. Ap%ece po% p%)"e% +e= e#pec)/)c& en e( Decreto de seguridad indivi-

dual' %t. :' )nc(*)&o en e( )statuto provisional &e 111> L c# &e *n c)*&&no e#

*n #g%&o' c*y +)o(c),n e# *n c%)"en7 #,(o en e( c#o &e %e#)#t)%#e e( %eo' %e/*g)

&o ( con+occ),n &e( 8*e=' po&%6 ((n%#e> #* ((n")ento #e !%6 con ( "o&e%

c),n &e)&' y pe%#on("ente po% e( 8*e= &e ( c*#. S) (gún "ot)+o *%gente )"p)&e #*

#)#tenc)' &%6 ( &e(eg&o *n o%&en po% e#c%)to' y con ( e#pec)/)cc),n -*e cont)e

ne e( ntece&ente %t4c*(o7 &n&o cop) &e e((o ( p%en&)&o' y ( &*e?o &e ( c# #)

( p)&e. E( Proecto de Constitución de car#cter federal para las Provincias $nidas de

%mérica del Sud 99

%e=' en #* %t. :> E( &e%ec!o &e( P*e(o p% 23 #e% #eg*%&oen #*# pe%#on#' c##' ppe(e# y e/ecto#' ()%e &e pe#-*)=#' y #o%p%e##' no po&%6

#e% +)o(&o7 y n)ng*n o%&en &e %%e#to #e e$pe&)%6' #)no con c*# p%o(e y poy&

po% *%"ento' o /)%"c),n' y &e#c%))en&o p%t)c*(%"ente e( (*g% -*e !6 &e #e% pe#

-*)=&o' y (# pe%#on# -*e #e !6n &e #o%p%2!3en&e%. E#te e# e( te$to &)%ect"ente )n

/(*)&o po% ( Declaración de Derechos de Virginia y po% ( Constitución de los )stados

$nidos' c)t&o# supra. E( Proecto de Constitución de la Sociedad Patriótica-"iteraria

2?o 1193 p%oteg4 tnto ( co%%e#pon&enc) ep)#to(% 2%t. 1J3' (o# ppe(e# y e/ec

to# p%)+&o# 2%t. @KK3 y e( &o")c)()o 2%t. @K


13/38

+(o% t")5n (o# ppe(e# p%)+&o# y e#t(ece *n p%oce&)")ento &e g%nt4 p% #*

#ec*e#t%o y pe#-*)#. L ")#" g%nt4 #e %ep)te en e( )statuto provisional &e ( *n

t &e O#e%+c),n -*e p%o, e( Cong%e#o &e T*c*"6n e( @@1111B' %ec!=&o po% e( D)

%ecto% S*p%e"o 2Secc. :Z' Cp. 9H' %t#. 1J @@7 Secc. Z' Cp. 1H' %t#. < y J3. L

Constitución de las Provincias $nidas de Sud %mérica 2@@:11J3 %ep)te e( te$to g%n

t)=&o% &e( &o")c)()o nte# t%n#c%)pto 2%t#. C0I0 y C003 y' en c*nto (o# ppe(e#

p%)+&o# y ( co%%e#pon&enc)' %%) te$to# )en p%,$)"o# (o# ct*(e#> C0V. To&oc)*&&no &ee e#t% #eg*%o cont% (# %e-*)#)c)one# %)t%%)# y po&e%")ento )n8*#

to &e #*# ppe(e# y co%%e#pon&enc). L (ey &ete%")n%6 en -*5 c#o# y con -*5 8*#t)/)

cc),n p*e& p%oce&e%#e oc*p%(o#. E#t# &)#po#)c)one#' #* +e=' %ep%ecen' y &e

/)n)t)+"ente' en ( Constitución de +,. 2@:1@1@B3' #nc)on& po% e( Cong%e#o Ge

ne%( Con#t)t*yente 21@:1@3' %t#. 1BB' 1@ y 19. E( Proecto de Constitución &e

ALERDI 21


14/38

to &e ( Con#t)t*c),n' ( (ey co"ún &ee %eg("ent% ( g%nt4' y' p% e((o' e#t

(ece%> -*)5n e# ( *to%)&& co"petente p% o%&en% e( ((n")ento o ( oc*pc),n'

en -*5 c#o# y con -*5 8*#t)/)ct)+o# p*e&e !ce%(o y' &e"6#' ( /o%" #egún ( c*(

&ee &e#%%o((%#e e( cto' &e "ne% &e con#e%+% ( g%nt4 co"o t(' e# &ec)%' co"

p%en&)5n&o( co"o #eg*%)&& p% e( )n&)+)&*o y %eg*(6n&o( %c)on("ente p% -*e no

p)e%& e#e #ent)&o9 !ec!o p*n)(e )n+e#t)g&o3' *n c)e%to g%&o &e conoc)

")ento #o%e 5(' ( p%o)()&& &e -*e no# !((e"o# /%ente *n !ec!o p*n)(e' y (

nece#)&& &e ( "e&)& p% )"pe&)% #* %e#*(t&o' #* p%o+ec!")ento o (# con#ec*en

c)# *(te%)o%e#' o p% #eg*%% e(e"ento# &e p%*e #o%e ( )n/%cc),n' ( pe%#on

&e( *to% o &e( p%t4c)pe en 5(. E# co"o con#ec*enc) &e e((o -*e ( &ec)#),n &e e")t)%

( o%&en &ee #e% /*n&& 2en e( #ent)&o &e e#t(ece% e( !ec!o p*n)(e p%o(e -*e #e

t%t &e p%e+en)% o +e%)/)c%3 y -*e ( o%&en ")#" &ee &ete%")n% conc%et"ente #*

/)n()&& &e "o&o p%ec)#o' con#tn&o en e((' po% e8e"p(o' e( (*g% -*e &ee #e% ((

n&o' (o# ppe(e# o (# co## #ec*e#t%%' (# co"*n)cc)one# )nte%cept%' etc5te%.

14


15/38

N*e#t% Con#t)t*c),n n& e$p%e# #o%e (# /o%"# &e ((e+% co ( "e&)& o%

&en&. Pe%o &e #*# ntece&ente# ce conc(*)% -*e ( )n8e%enc) #e #t)#/ce con e(

(og%o &e( /)n &ete%")n&o en e( "n&")ento' &e ( "ne% "6# "o&e%& po#)(e' e#to

e#' #)n )n/()g)% -*)en ( #opo%t ot%o# &?o# cce#o%)o# y e+)t(e#. S)e"p%e ! #)&o

*n "e&)& &e e#t "o&e%c),n ;y no #,(o ent%e no#ot%o#' #)no *n)+e%#("ente9B ;' po%

e8e"p(o' e+)t% (o# ((n")ento# noct*%no#' #,(o po#)(e# c*n&o #on *to%)=&o# e$

p%e#"ente o en #)t*c)one# &e nece#)&&.L (ey %eg("ent%) -*e #e %e/)e%e ( Con#t)t*c),n e#' o%&)n%)"ente' ( -*e

%eg*( e( p%oce&)")ento pen(' p*e# e(( e# ( -*e' )nte%e#& po% e( c#o pen( con

c%eto y po% ( /o%" &e +e%)g*%(o' )n#t%*"ent (o# "e&)o# &e p%*e y (# /o%"#

coct)+# *$)()%e# p% !ce%(o# e/ect)+o# 2((n")ento' #ec*e#t%o' )nte%ceptc),n

&e ( co%%e#pon&enc) o &e (# co"*n)cc)one#3. Po% (o tnto' ( co%%e#pon&e% ( (eg)#

(c),n p%oce#( (o# p%("ento# (oc(e# ;#egún ( &oct%)n p%e&o")nnte;' ( %eg(

"entc),n &e ( g%nt4 t")5n e# &e c%6cte% /e&e%(' en e( #ent)&o &e -*e c& p%o

+)nc) ;y ( Nc),n p% (o# c#o# &e co"petenc) /e&e%(; e#t(ece%6' *t,no""ente'

pe%o con c*)&&o &e no (te%% ( g%nt4 conce&)&' ( *to%)&& co"petente' ( 8*#

t)/)cc),n nece#%) y ( /o%" &e )ng%e#%' (eg4t)""ente' ( 6")to p%)+&o -*e #e

%e#g*%&.

To&o# (o# c,&)go# &e p%oce&)")ento %eg("entn ( g%nt4. Re#pecto &e( %eg)#t%o

&e *n (*g% o &e( ((n")ento &e *n "o%& e$)gen ( &ec)#),n &e( 8*e=' -*e *to%)=

e( cto y #* o%&en e#c%)t c*n&o /c*(t ot%o /*nc)on%)o p% ((e+% co e( cto

2CPP Nc),n' @@:7 CPP C,%&o' @K97 CPP Men&o=' @@7 CPP S(t' @@7 CPP' L R)o8'

@:J y @


16/38

E( CP' 1


17/38

L (ey pen( p%ece 8*g% t")5n *n ppe( -*e /)%" e#t %eg(. En e/ecto'

c*n&o p%o!4e ( +)o(c),n &e &o")c)()o 2CP' 1 ( facultad de e/-

clusión &e (# pe%#on# -*e e( po%t&o%' +o(*nt%)"ente' )n&)-*e. E#te &e%ec!o' -*e

e$)#te 2&e ((4 -*e e( CP' 1


18/38

(# /o%"()&&e# 8o (# c*(e# #e &ee p%oce&e%. En c*"p()")ento &e e#t ú(t)" ")

#),n ( (ey e$)ge' %=on(e"ente' #egún y !e"o# +)#to' *n &ec)#),n 8*&)c)( /*n&&

y' &e"6#' ( o%&en e#c%)t &e conten)&o &ete%")n&o c*n&o #e &e(eg ( e8ec*c),n'

e$cepc),n &e (o# c#o# &e nece#)&& -*e e(( ")#" e#t(ece. De e#t "ne%' ( (ey

c(% -*e e( con#ent)")ento c%ece &e +(o% (eg)t)"nte' -*e no e# c*e#t),n &e pe&)%(e

pe%")#o ( )nte%e#&o p% e(*&)% ( &ec)#),n y ( o%&en 8*&)c)(' #)no' po% e( cont%

%)o' &e %ec% p%e+)"ente ( *to%)=c),n &e *n 8*e=' co"o %eg(' nte# &e +)#)t% o"o(e#t% (o# p%t)c*(%e#.

Rec)ente# "o+)")ento# en ( 8*%)#p%*&enc) !n cot&o e( te". L CCCF &e *eno#

A)%e#9K e$p%e#,' po% *n &e #*# #(#' -*e e( ((n")ento -*e "enc)on e( te$to con#

t)t*c)on(' #)gn)/)c ent%% po% ( /*e%= *n c# 8en o cont% ( +o(*nt& &e #*

&*e?o. Po% con#)g*)ente' #) e$)#te +o(*nt& &e pe%")t)% e( )ng%e#o' no !y ((n")ento

n) nece#)&& &e o%&en -*e (o &)#pong. E( con#ent)")ento &e( )nte%e#&o y e( ((n

")ento #e%4n entonce# (# &o# c%# &e *n ")#" "one&> e( )ng%e#o *n "o%& 8e

n' -*e p*e&e %e()=%#e o po% ( +o(*nt& &e( t)t*(% o cont% e(( 2((n")ento3.

S)n e"%go' e( /((o co"p(et, ( )&e' "*y c(%"ente' ( e$)g)% -*e e( con#ent)")en

to +6()&o p% e$c(*)% ( !)p,te#)# &e( ((n")ento &ee #e% p%e#t&o &e "o&o e$p%e#o

2no !y con/e#)one# c%)")n(e# t6c)t#3 po% ( pe%#on -*e teng &e%ec!o e$c(*)% *n

te%ce%o &e( &o")c)()o y -*e' &e"6#' p*e&e +e%#e pe%8*&)c&o po% e( %eg)#t%o -*e %e()

ce e( ,%gno &e p%e+enc),n.

En ( ")#" 5poc' e( ")#"o t%)*n(' po% ot% &e #*# #(#91' c(%,> E## ")#

"# )&e# !n )n#p)%&o #e %e/)e%e' p%ec)#"ente' ( con#ent)")ento ") 8*)c)o e(

#)#te" -*e &opt n*e#t%o C,&)go &e p%oce&)")ento# en "te%) pen(. P% ent%% *n

&o")c)()o p%)+&o e( con#ent)")ento sólo sirve al jue0' !)()t6n&o(o &)#pone%' en (

oc#),n &e( %t. :K:' -*e *n %e-*)# #e %e()ce /*e% &e (# !o%# &)*%n#' *n c*n&o

no conc*%%n (# &e"6# c)%c*n#tnc)# &e( %t. :9K7 #)n &*&' ( op)n),n cont%%)

( nte%)o%.

Un "e# y "e&)o &e#p*5# ( Co%te S*p%e" &)ct, #entenc) en e( y c5(e%e c#o

F)o%ent)no9@. E( +oto "yo%)t%)o -*)t, c#) to&o #* +(o% ( con#ent)")ento' *n #)n

e$p%e#%(o con c(%)&&> neg, e/ecto ( *to%)=c),n &e *n pe%#on p%e!en&)& o &e

ten)& po% *n co")#),n po()c)(' "6# ún c*n&o &e (# c)%c*n#tnc)# &e( c#o #e &e#

p%en&e ( )ne$pe%)enc) &e( )"p*t&o en t%nce# &e e#e t)po 2e#to e#' e( e%%o% o (

&*& #o%e ( /c*(t& &e e$c(*#),n3' y ( #*e%te &e consentimiento presunto -*e &")ten (o# 8*ece# nte ( /%#e *%oc%6t)c -*e )n/o%" ce%c &e -*e e( )nte%e#&o no

op*#o %ep%o#' p*e#' /%ente ( g%e#),n po()c)(' ( %e#)#tenc) con#t)t*ye *n

po#t*% no e$)g)(e con %%eg(o ( con&*ct o%&)n%) &e (# pe%#on#. E( +oto ")no

%)t%)o &e( 8*e= PETRACCI e# "6# &)%ecto7 con#)&e% 8*#t& ( g%nt4 ( %eg("en

tc),n &e( ((n")ento -*e cont)ene e( CPC%)". nc)on( 21J3 y' #4' e$p%e#> no

p%ece -*e e( C,&)go &e p%oce&)")ento# en "te%) pen( p% (o# t%)*n(e# nc)on(e#

/c*(te p%e#c)n&)% &e t( o%&en e#c%)t &e ((n")ento' /*e% &e (o# c#o# &e e#t&o

&e nece#)&& conte"p(&o# en e( %t. 1J &e e#e c*e%po (eg(' y -*e oto%g*e ( con#en

t)")ento *n (cnce "yo% -*e e( p%e+)#to en e( %t. :K9' )nc. :' o #e' e( #)gn%(e

18


19/38

+(o% (o# /)ne# &e -*e e( ((n")ento debidamente autori0ado #e %e()ce &e noc!e'

c*n&o e((o po% %eg( e#t6 p%o!))&o.

E#to# /((o#' c*yo &)#c*%#o %eg%e# ( tono p%)nc)p)#t y ( )n&gc),n !)#t,

%)co)&eo(,g)c -*e &ee p%e#)&)% ( )nte%p%etc),n &e n*e#t% Con#t)t*c),n 2#egún e(

%e#*(t&o ( -*e %%)n> e$c(*#),n &e( e(e"ento &e p%*e oten)&o )(eg4t)""ente3 p

% no /(#)/)c%(' t*+)e%on %epe%c*#),n )n"e&)t en ( 8*%)#p%*&enc) co"ún99' #o%e

to&o' po% #*p*e#to' e( &e ( Co%te S*p%e". S)n e"%go' ( "yo%4 &e #*# /)%"c)one##on' ( "eno# p%c)("ente' obiter dictum' p*e# ( #e /6ct)c #o%e ( c*( #e &ec)

&4' #(+o %o= 2CCCF &e *eno# A)%e#' S( II3' no #opo%t ( )&e -*e %e/(e8

e( consentimiento> #e t%t, &e c#o# &e *#enc) &e con#ent)")ento' en (o# c*(e# (o#

t)t*(%e# &e( &e%ec!o &e e$c(*#),n !4n o")t)&o to& e$p%e#),n &e #* +o(*nt&' #opo%

tn&o (o# e/ecto# &e *n )n8e%enc) )(eg4t)" &e ( *to%)&& po()c)(' #)n o%&en 8*&)

c)(' o' ( "eno#' !4n #)&o /o%=&o# #opo%t% e# )n8e%enc). E( (("&o consenti-

miento t#cito 2en +e%&&' consentimiento presunto3 #*pone' en +e%&&' ( *#enc) &e

*n +o(*nt& %e( &e( /ect&o' -*e pe%")t conoce% #* &ec)#),n7 5( e#' en +e%&&' *n

ficción' con#t%*)& #o%e ( #e &e ( )"po#))()&& &e %ec*%%)%' en e( "o"ento en e(

c*( e$)#te ( nece#)&& &e o%%' ( +o(*nt& %e( &e -*)en &ee &ec)&)%' y &e (

&ete%")nc),n %=on(e &e (o -*e !*)e% &ec)&)&o e( /ect&o' con/o%"e *n co"po%t

")ento #oc)( &ec*&o9:. E# po% e((o -*e (o# c#o# -*4 t%t&o# %e#*(tn %)&4c*(o# #)

#e (o# enc#)(( co"o e8e"p(o# &e con#ent)")ento p%e#*nto ;)nte%p%etn&o #4 ( /%#e

*%oc%6t)c no op*#o %ep%o (g*no;' p*e# #e t%t &e c#o# en (o# c*(e#' po% e#

t% ((4 e( /ect&o' ( pe(c),n ( /)cc),n &e+)ene )"po#)(e7 #on' en %e()&&'

c#o# &e *#enc) &e con#ent)")ento o &e pe%")#o' #)n po#))()&& &e %ec*%%)% ( /)

g*% &e( con#ent)")ento p%e#*nto 2-*e((o -*e !*)e% !ec!o e( /ect&o en ( oc#),n'

#egún e( co"po%t")ento #oc)( &ec*&o' ten)en&o en c*ent (# c)%c*n#tnc)# &e( c

#o3. E#' en c")o' *n c#o p%op)o &e con#ent)")ento p%e#*nto' ( *to%)=c),n p%

((n% #)n o%&en 8*&)c)( &e( CPP Nc),n' @@' )nc. @> &en*nc) &e -*e pe%#on# #e )n

t%o&*cen *n c# p% #(t%( o co"ete% (gún &e()to.

L# ")#"# %=one# (cn=n p% po#t*(%' &e lege ferenda' -*e e( con#ent)")ento

2e$p%e#o3 no &ee !)()t% p% p%e#c)n&)% &e ( o%&en 8*&)c)(' #(+o (o# c#o# &e

nece#)&& p%e+)#to# en ( ")#" (ey 2pe&)&o &e *$)()o' en +e%&& *n c#o &e con#ent)

")ento e$p%e#o' y pe%#ec*c),n )n")nente &e( p%,/*go3. No #e o#e%+ ( nece#)&& ;#) e#

-*e no #e #p)% con+()&% po% +4 o()c* ((n")ento# )(eg4t)"o#; &e p%e+e% e/ecto# *to%)=nte# p% e( con#ent)")ento' p*e# (o# c#o# &e *%genc) no p%ec)#n' #egún

( ")#" %eg("entc),n' &e ( o%&en 8*&)c)( p%e+)7 en (o# &e"6# c#o#' "o(e#t%#e

%e-*e%)% ( o%&en #)gn)/)c conc(*)% en *n "4n)"o #c%)/)c)o' #)n con#ec*enc)# pe%n)

c)o## p% ( pe%#ec*c),n pen(' en %# &e ( g%nt4 )n&)+)&*(. P)5n#e#e' t")5n'

en ( c(6*#*( gene%( &e *to%)=c),n -*e p%o+)ene &e( estado de necesidad 2CP' 9:'

)nc. 93.

E# po% e((o -*e no p%t)c)p"o#' co"o po(4t)c &ec*&' &e (o /)%"&o' obiter

dictum' po% e( +oto ")no%)t%)o &e( 8*e= PETRACCI en e( /((o &e ( Co%te S*p%e" F)o

%ent)no> Pe%o' ( &ete%")n% e( )nt5%p%ete (# con&)c)one# "4n)"# -*e #e &e#p%en&en

&e ( p%op) c(6*#*( con#t)t*c)on(' #e !((%6 -*e e( con#ent)")ento %e+e#t)&o &e #*

19


20/38

/)c)ente# g%nt4# &e *tent)c)&& no e# )nco"pt)(e po% &e/)n)c),n con e( "p%o &e

( )n+)o()()&& &e ( "o%&. Ag%eg (*ego> E# &ec)%' -*e e( (eg)#(&o% nc)on( o

p%o+)nc)( e#t6 *to%)=&o' &e lege ferenda' &% e/ecto# ( con#ent)")ento en e#t

"te%)' #)en&o ")#),n &e ( 8*%)#p%*&enc) con#t)t*c)on( e#t(ece% (o# %e-*)#)to# y

(cnce# -*e &ee %e*n)% (o# /)ne# &e no #o%ep#% (o# (4")te# )"p*e#to# po% e( %t.

1 2con#)&e%n&o H3.

Meno# ún co"p%t)"o# ( op)n),n &e ( CCCF' S( I' en Mont)ce(() &e P%o=)((o>Lo &)c!o con&*ce' #egún ent)en&o' e$)g)% -*e e( con#ent)")ento +6()&o p% e$c(*)%

( !)p,te#)# &e( ((n")ento &ee #e% p%e#t&o &e "o&o e$p%e#o 2no !y con/e#)one#

c%)")n(e# t6c)t#3 po% ( pe%#on -*e teng &e%ec!o e$c(*)% *n te%ce%o &e( &o")c)

()o y -*e' &e"6#' p*e&e +e%#e pe%8*&)c&o po% e( %eg)#t%o -*e %e()ce e( ,%gno &e

p%e+enc),n 2+oto &e( 8*e= GIL LAVEDRA' VI37 e# o+)o -*e e( con#ent)")ento &e( )nte%e

#&o p% -*e e( /*nc)on%)o po()c)( penet%e en #* &o")c)()o &ee #e% p%e#t&o +o(*n

t%)"ente y e#t% e$ento &e c*(-*)e% c(#e &e cocc),n 2+oto &e( 8*e= T ORLASCO' II3.

*)=6 ( )n*t)()&& &e oto%g% e/ecto# ( con#ent)")ento' y e( pe()g%o -*e &e e#

&ec)#),n #e &e#p%en&e' #e +en %e/(e8&o# p%c)("ente po% ( /%#e &e( 8*e= D\ALESSIO'

( +ot% en %o=> Un +e= "6#' no%"# ((en# &e #ent)&o y %%)g&# en ( )nte

()gente p%eoc*pc),n po% !ce% %e()&& ( +)genc) &e (# g%nt4# con#t)t*c)on(e#

/*e%on -*e&n&o #ep*(t&# con ( %*t)n%) %epet)c),n &e *#o# y co#t*"%e# *%oc%6t)

co# -*e' en ( "te%) -*e t%to' #e !n t%&*c)&o en ( con#g%c),n &e ( /%#e ]

-*)en no op*#o %ep%o#\' co"o )n/()(e #n(oto&o &e (o# +)c)o# en -*e p*e& )nc*%%)%

#e ( %e()=% e( ((n")ento.

A-*e((o -*e #e &ee e+)t% e# e( )ntento &e e()")n% e( cont%o( 8*&)c)( #o%e (

p%oce&enc) &e( ((n")ento' e#con&)&o t%# ( ceptc),n &e( con#ent)")ento p% *

to%)=% ( )n8e%enc). E( cont%o( #e &ee %e()=% t")5n /%ente (o# ((n")ento#

*%gente# o nece#%)o#' pe%")t)&o# #)n o%&en 8*&)c)(. E( 8*e= &ee &ec)&)% #o%e #* (e

g)t)")&&' y p% e((o #e &ee co(oc% en e( (*g% y en e( "o"ento en (o# c*(e# o%,

e( /*nc)on%)o -*e o%&en, o *to%)=, e( p%oce&)")ento. Mú(t)p(e# ((n")ento# -*e !oy

#e ((e+n co c%ece%4n &e #ent)&o' co"o -*e((o# /*n&&o# #,(o en )n/o%"c)one#

con/)&enc)(e# o en &en*nc)# n,n)"# 2&e(c)one#3' con&)c)one# 8o (# c*(e# *n

8*e= no p*e&e *to%)=% e( )ng%e#o *n &o")c)()o. S) e( ((n")ento e8ec*t&o #)n o%

&en 8*&)c)( e# %ep*t&o )n&")#)(e po% e( 8*)c)o po#te%)o%' p)e%&en to& +)%t*()&&

p%oto%) (o# %e#*(t&o# -*e con 5( #e !y oten)&o.Se &ee #e?(%' #)n e"%go' -*e ( te#)# -*e con#)&e% ( con#ent)")ento &e(

/ect&o ;"6# ún' &e pe%#on# &)#t)nt#> c,ny*ge' /")()%e# p%,$)"o#; co"o %e"e&)o

/%ente ( )nc*"p()")ento &e (# /o%"()&&e# p%e#c%)pt# po% ( (ey p%oce#(' t)?e to&

( 8*%)#p%*&enc) &e ( CSN po#te%)o% F)o%ent)no' no o#tnte -*e en +%)o# &e &)

c!o# /((o# #e )ntente ()")t% e( concepto' p% p()c% ( c(6*#*( &e e$c(*#),n' /*n

&"ent("ente' en (o# c#o# &e cocc),n9


21/38

& &e( t)t*(% &e( con#*(&o -*e !4 #)&o p%e+)"ente &eten)& e )nco"*n)c&9. E(

c,n#*( !)=o ent%eg' en e( &o")c)()o con#*(%' &e *n &ete%")n& cnt)&& &e #*#tn

c)# cont%o(&# 2&e tenenc) y co"e%c)()=c),n p%o!))&# #egún ( (ey nH @K.13'

pe&)&o &e ( pe%#on po% 5( conoc)& y en p%e#enc) &e( /*nc)on%)o po()c)( enc*)e%to

8o ( p%)enc) &e #e% ")go &e #* conoc)&o. L CSN &+)e%te ( )%%eg*(%)&& &e(

)ng%e#o po()c)( ( &o")c)()o con#*(%' p*e# e( c#o no %ep%e#ent n)ng*n &e (# e$

cepc)one# p%e+)#t# en ( (ey p%oce#( y' t")5n' ( +)o(c),n &e( p%oce&)")ento p%e+)#to en ( Con+enc),n &e V)en #o%e %e(c)one# con#*(%e#' 91 2%t)/)c& po% ( (ey

nH 1.K13. In"e&)t"ente &e#p*5#' p# n()=% e( +(o% &e( con#ent)")ento ;en

+e%&&' p% e( c#o' *#enc) &e opo#)c),n; p%e#t&o po% e( t)t*(% &e( &e%ec!o &e e$

c(*#),n 2e( c,n#*(3> po% *n p#e &e "g) &e#c%t ( e$)#tenc) &e eng?o o /%*&e

&e#p(eg&o po% ( po()c4 p% )ng%e#% en ( #e&e con#*(%' pe#% &e &")t)% -*e

e$)#t), *n p%oce&)")ento po()c)( enc*)e%to 2po()c4 -*e #e !ce p#% po% ")go &e *n

conoc)&o &e( c,n#*(' -*e y #e encont% &eten)&o' e#to e#' cocto3' %g*"ento -*e

+( ( conc(*#),n &e -*e e( con#ent)")ento &e( ((n&o 2Q3 no e#t +)c)&o.

Ag%eg e((o ( /(t &e ct)+)&& &e( /*nc)on%)o po()c)( 2Q3' &&o -*e (o# e#t*pe

/c)ente# /*e%on ent%eg&o# +o(*nt%)"ente 2Q3 po% e( c,n#*(. Según e#t p%t)c*(%

+)#),n &e ( %e()&&' e( !ec!o &e -*e ( po()c4 e$c%ce(e *n &eten)&o' co"*n)

-*e con ot%# pe%#on# *n )nco"*n)c&o' (o con&*=c !c) *n #e&e con#*(%' (e )"

pong pe&)% ( #*#tnc) p%o!))& -*)en ( ten4' )ng%e#e ( #e&e con#*(% 8o e(

t4t*(o &e ")go #)n &% conoce% e( "ot)+o &e ( +)#)t n) #* c()&& &e /*nc)on%)o

&e ( pe%#ec*c),n pen(' o#e%+e e( contec)")ento p% te#t)"on)% &e#p*5# #o%e 5('

#ec*e#t%e ( #*#tnc) y !#t con&*=c ( c,n#*( /*e% &e( &o")c)()o y (o &eteng' %e

p%e#ent )nct)+)&& po()c)(. En %e()&&' en to&o e( /((o c"pe ( )n+e%#),n co

noc)& &e (# %eg(# &e( E#t&o &e De%ec!o> ( e/)c)enc) &e ( pe%#ec*c),n pen( y &e

( ct*c),n &e( De%ec!o pen( en *n c#o p%t)c*(% p%e+(ece #o%e e( #)#te" &e g

%nt4# )n&)+)&*(e#' c)%c*n#tnc) -*e %eto%n e( &ete ( #)t*c),n po(4t)c -*e

#e p(nte, en e( #)g(o 0VIII' y &ec)&)& po% n*e#t%o con#t)t*yente en /o%" c(% y en

#ent)&o )n+e%#o.

No e# 5#te e( (*g% ;n) e# nece#%)o; p% e( n6()#)# po%"eno%)=&o &e( *n)+e%#o

&e p%o(e"# -*e p(nte e( /((o 2)nc(*)& ( e+ent*( %e#pon#)()&& &e (o# /*nc)o

n%)o# po()c)(e# ;QCP' @@1;3' -*e &ee%4 %c%' nece#%)"ente' *n e#t*&)o &e (

co"pt))()&& &e (# pr#cticas policiales de provocación 2"oc1spit0elpra/is' en (RFA7 undercover agents' en (o# EE.UU.3 con e( #)#te" &e g%nt4# t%&)c)on( &e( E#

t&o &e De%ec!o9. T"poco e# po#)(e ;-*)=6# po% /(t &e e#pc)o; en*"e%% to&# (#

)%%eg*(%)&&e# %e#pecto &e( E#t&o &e De%ec!o #opo%t&# y' !o% #4' consentidas po%

cc),n y o")#),n en e#te /((o. #te con #e?(% -*e (# ")#"# c%4t)c# &)%)g)&#' en

/o%" gene%(' cont% e( con#ent)")ento &e( /ect&o co"o "o&o &e #*#n% ( )n8e%en

c) po()c)( )(eg4t)" #on *to"6t)c"ente p()c(e# ;con "yo% c(%)&& *n; en e(

c#o' e#t +e%#),n g)gnt& &e( consentimiento presunto. L g%nt4 con#t)t*c)on(

con#g% *n 6")to &e p%)+c)&& p%oteg)&o' /*n&"ent("ente' cont% )n8e%enc)# e#t

t(e# )%%=on(e# o %)t%%)#. L %eg("entc),n p%oce#( &e ( g%nt4 ;y #,(o

e((; e# ( enc%g& &e &e()")t% (o# c#o# en (o# c*(e# ( p%otecc),n ce&e /%ente (

21


22/38

&e#%%o((o &e ( pe%#ec*c),n pen( y (# /o%"# #egún (# c*(e# ( )n8e%enc) e# to(e

%(e. E( con#ent)")ento &e( /ect&o' )gno%nte &e -*e (e e#t6 /%n-*en&o ( p*e%t

&e #* "o%& ( E#t&o 2pe%#ec*to% pen(3' no 8*eg ;n) p*e&e 8*g%;' ( "eno# en e#t

#)t*c),n' ppe( (g*no9J.

A#o"% +e% c,"o e#to# p%o(e"# #on p(nte&o# en e( De%ec!o %gent)no' #o%e

to&o #) #e t)ene en c*ent -*e n*e#t%o# 8*ece#' c*n&o #e t%t &e ( -*e8 &e *n pe%

#on )n&)+)&*(' #on #o(*t"ente %e")#o# p%t%#e &e (# %eg(# &e De%ec!o po#)t)+o &e &*&o# con#t)t*c)on()&& o c(%"ente cont%%)# ( Con#t)t*c),n9JK. En e( c

#o' e( De%ec!o p%oce#( pen( po#)t)+o %e#*(t )%%ep%oc!(e p% e( "nten)")ento &e(

E#t&o &e De%ec!o' p*e# #,(o conce&e ( con#ent)")ento &e( /ect&o *n (*g% ")nú#c*(o>

e#e con#ent)")ento pe%")te &e8% &e (&o e( !o%%)o &)*%no no e#pec)/)c&o en ( o%&en

8*&)c)( &e ((n")ento7 &e t( "ne%' e( con#ent)")ento e$p%e#o y' "*c!o "6#' e(

p%e#*nto' #egún e( te$to &e ( (ey p%oce#(' no 8*egn ppe( (g*no pe%")#)+o &e( ((

n")ento po% ( *to%)&& &e )n+e#t)gc),n -*e no po#ee *n o%&en 8*&)c)( en /o%".

Son' #egún #e o#e%+' (o# 8*ece#' #)n *to%)=c),n (g*n &e( De%ec!o po#)t)+o' -*)e

ne#' p% co!one#t% p%oce&)")ento# po()c)(e# )%%eg*(%e#' !n p(nte&o ( teo%4 &e(

con#ent)")ento y' "6# ((6' ( &e( (("&o con#ent)")ento t6c)to 2/(t &e opo#)c),n

nte ( /*e%= pú()c3. A( "eno#' *n &eco(o%n&o ( g%nt4 con#t)t*c)on( &e)e%on

!e% pen#&o -*e c*n&o ( (ey conce&e "6# -*e ( p%op) g%nt4 ;e#to e#' ( Con#t)

t*c),n &")t)%4 e( con#ent)")ento co"o 8*#t)/)c&o% &e *n ((n")ento #)n o%&en' pe%o

( (ey' en /+o% &e( "p%&o' no (o &")te; e(( no e# )n+6()&9J1. E#te &e#conoc)")en

to &e ( g%nt4 "no# &e( )nte%5# e#tt( po% ( pe%#ec*c),n &e (o# &e()to# y po%

( +e%)g*c),n &e ( +e%&& co"o "et &e( p%oce&)")ento pen(' #egún (o e$p%e# e(

ún)co %g*"ento #e%)o' pe%o e-*)+oc&o' &e( /((o &e ( CSN' no e# c#*(> #) #e *ne

e#t #o(*c),n con ( c)t& en e#te ")#"o p%6g%/o 2D' 1' III' not nH 1


23/38

E( consentimiento e/preso' en e( #ent)&o &e ( )nco%po%c),n &e ( co%%e#pon&en

c) ( p%oce&)")ento po% e( )"p*t&o o #* &e/en#o%' !)()t' -*4' #* +(o%c),n co"o

e(e"ento &e p%*e.

Un )nte%p%etc),n p%og%e#)+ &e ( Con#t)t*c),n e# pe%/ect"ente &")#)(e y %

=on(e 2CN' 993. E(( e# nece#%) p% #*pe%% ( &)/)c*(t& t5cn)c -*e p%e#ent (

%e/e%enc) ( co%%e#pon&enc) ep)#to(%. Lo# "e&)o# t5cn)co# -*e %e+o(*c)onn !oy

(# co"*n)cc)one# 2)n(6"%)c#' po% te(5/ono' po% te(et)po' po% %&)o' po% /c#4")('etc.3 -*e&n #4 co"p%en&)&o# en e( &e%ec!o ( )nt)")&& y en ( g%nt4 e#t*&)&.

Con/o%"e e((o' c*(-*)e% t)po &e co"*n)cc)one# go= &e (# ")#"# g%nt4# -*e (

co%%e#pon&enc) ep)#to(% y ( )n8e%enc) %e(t)+ (g*no &e e#o# "e&)o#' en p%)nc)

p)o )n&")#)(e' #,(o #e p*e&e p%ct)c% +6()&"ente #egún (# con&)c)one# p%e+)#t#

p% ( oc*pc),n &e ( co%%e#pon&enc) ep)#to(%. A#4 e#t6 p%e+)#to en to&# (# (e

g)#(c)one#> CPP Nc),n' @9B7 CPP C,%&o' @1B7 CPP T*c*"6n' @1B7 CPP Co#t R)c' @@1.

C*%)o# e# ( /c*(t&' conce&)& ( 8*e=' &e )"pe&)% ( co"*n)cc),n. Co"o e(

p%oce&)")ento pen( %ep%e#ent #)e"p%e conoc)")ento &e -*e((o -*e ! #*ce&)&o' ( *

to%)=c),n p% )"pe&)% ( co"*n)cc),n #,(o #e p*e&e co"p%en&e% en cone$),n con e( e#

t&o &e nece#)&& -*e %ep%e#ent )"pe&)% ( con#*"c),n' ( p%o(ongc),n &e e# con#*

"c),n en c#o &e &e()to pe%"nente' o e( got")ento &e( &e()to y' "6# ((6 &e e((o'

pe%o /*e% &e( p%oce&)")ento' p% )"pe&)% ( con#*"c),n &e c*(-*)e% ot%o &e()to -*e

no %ep%e#ente e( o8eto &e( p%oce&)")ento' #)e"p%e -*e e( &?o )n/e%)&o en e#te c#o

-*)en )ntent co"*n)c%#e #e pon&e%&o "eno% -*e e( )en 8*%4&)co -*e #e p%eten&e #(

+% 2CP' 9:' )nc. 93. S(+o e( c#o "*y ()")t&o &e ( )nco"*n)cc),n' #*p*e#t co"o

(eg4t)"' y &ent%o &e #*# ")#"o# (4")te#' #e%4 )"po#)(e )nte%p%et% ( %eg( en e(

#ent)&o &e -*e ( *to%)=c),n p% )"pe&)% ( co"*n)cc),n p*e&e no e#t% +)nc*(&

p%op,#)to conc%eto (g*no.

Po% (o &e"6#' (# (eye# p%oce#(e# pen(e# cont)enen' o%&)n%)"ente' p%ecepto#

-*e &ec(%n )n&")#)(e' &e "ne% #o(*t' ( )nte%ceptc),n &e (# co"*n)cc)one#

e#c%)t# * o%(e# ent%e e( )"p*t&o y #* &e/en#o% o e( #ec*e#t%o &e (o# e#c%)to# -*e

(# cont)enen 2CPP Nc),n' @97 CPP C,%&o' @1@7 CPP Snt)go &e( E#te%o' 1@7 CPP L

R)o8' @B17 CPP Men&o=' @:17 CPP S(t' @:17 CPP L P"p' @@17 CPP Co%%)ente#' @97

CPP Ent%e R4o#' @97 CPP *8*y' @


24/38

( )n8e%enc) #)no 8o c)e%t# /o%"# y *to%)=c)one#' no p%o+oc% ( )n&")#))()

&& &e )nco%po%% ( p%oce&)")ento (o# e(e"ento# &e p%*e ;&e#/+o%(e# p% e( )"p*

t&o; oten)&o# )(eg4t)""ente o' #) y /*e%on )nco%po%&o#' ( e$p*(#),n &e #* #eno.

E( te"' -*e ent%e no#ot%o# ! co"en=&o n()=%#e %ec)ente"ente9J:' #e conoce t"

)5n' en e( De%ec!o cont)nent( e*%opeo' 8o e( ep4g%/e &e prohibiciones de valora-

ción probatoria9J


25/38

!))c)one# p%oto%)# ^ 2e3eisverbote7 #4' ELING3 y' po% /)n' (g*n# &e#)gnc)one#

t)enen en ")%# e( e/ecto e#pec4/)co -*e #e &e#e t%)*)% ( )no#e%+nc) &e (#

%eg(# -*e e#t(ecen (o# (4")te# &e e# ct)+)&& 2e/clusionar rule' supression doc-

trine o fruit of the poisonous tree3.

E( p%o(e" gene%( &e (# ()")tc)one# 2p%o!))c)one#3 p%oto%)#' #)n e"%go'

no ! #)&o &e#conoc)&o co"o t( po% ( &oct%)n %gent)n "6# c%cte%)=&9J. E(('

#)g*)en&o E*gen)o FLORI_N9JJ

' co")en= po% /)%"% e( principio de libertad de la prue-ba' p% &)#t)ng*)%' po% ( %eg( #e &e( #)#te"' ( p%*e en "te%) pen( &e (

p%*e en (o# p%oce&)")ento# %e(t)+o# ( De%ec!o p%)+&o 2po#)c),n &)#c*t)(e3. A#4'

en*nc)> en el proceso penal todo objeto de prueba puede ser probado por cual4uier

medio de prueba' (# e$cepc)one# ( p%)nc)p)o e#t6n con#t)t*)&# po% (# limitaciones o

prohibiciones absolutas' %e/e%)&# ( o8eto &e ( p%*e o te" #o%e e( -*e +e%# (

p%*e' y po% (# limitaciones o prohibiciones relativas' -*e )"p)&en ( +e%)/)cc),n

&e *n o8eto &e p%*e po% c)e%to# "e&)o# &e p%*e' o %e#t%)ngen ( po#))()&& &e

p%o%(o &ete%")n&o# "e&)o# &e p%*e. En ( p%)"e% e$cepc),n 2 prohibición absolu-

ta3' #e t%t &e o8eto# &e p%*e 2!ec!o#' c)%c*n#tnc)#' c()&&e# pe%#on(e#' %e(

c)one#' etc.3 -*e ( (ey no pe%")te -*e #en +e%)/)c&o#' %=,n po% ( c*( %e#*(t 8*

%4&)c"ente )"po#)(e #* &e"o#t%c),n en *n p%oce&)")ento 8*&)c)(7 #on' en +e%&&' !e

c!o#' c()&&e#' %e(c)one#' -*e' po% (gún "ot)+o po(4t)co' e( De%ec!o e()")n &e(

p%oce&)")ento y ( %g*"entc),n 8*&)c)( y' "6# ((6 ún' &e c*(-*)e% e/ecto 8*%4&)co

-*e p*&)e%n p%o&*c)%. E8e"p(o# &e e((o #on ( )n&")#))()&& &e ( p%*e &e ( +e%

&& &e ( )"p*tc),n )n8*%)o#' co"o %eg( 2#(+o (o# c#o# e#pec4/)co# en (o# c*(e#

( (ey pe%")te e# p%*e7 CP' 1113' y' ( )"po#))()&& &e )n&g% ce%c &e ( /)()

c),n &*(te%)n 2CC' 9:1 &e%og&o po% ( (ey nH @9.@B:3 o &e ( "te%n)&& e$t%"

t%)"on)( &e *n "*8e% c#& 2CC' 9@B &e%og&o po% ( (ey nH @9.@B:' y (ey nH

1:.9B' 93:KK. L #eg*n& e$cepc),n' en c")o' no #e %e/)e%e ( o8eto &e ( p%*e'

-*e' p%ec)#"ente' e# #*#cept)(e &e #e% +e%)/)c&o' #)no (o# "e&)o# &e p%*e -*e (

(ey &")te p% &e"o#t%%(o7 en (g*no# c#o# ( (ey )n&)c -*5 "e&)o o "e&)o# &e p%*e

#on (o# ún)co# &")#)(e# p% +e%)/)c% *n !ec!o' c)%c*n#tnc) o c()&& 2po% e8.'

p%*e &e( "t%)"on)o po% e( ct &e ce(e%c),n o #* te#t)"on)o' CC' 1J7 p%*e &e(

nc)")ento po% ce%t)/)c&o &e( %eg)#t%o pú()co' CC' K' co"o %eg(37 en ot%o#' ( (ey

p%)+ &e e/ecto# p%oto%)o# &ete%")n&o# "e&)o# &e p%*e' en p%t)c*(% p% (

p%*e &e (o# cont%to#' CC' 11: y 11<:K1

o en gene%( 2po% e8.' p%o!))c),n &e +(o%% e( te#t)"on)o &e c)e%to# p%)ente# y e( c,ny*ge en cont% &e( )"p*t&o' CPC%)". n

c)on( 1J' @ y #)g*)ente#3.

P%ec)#"ente' con e#t ú(t)" ctego%4 #e +)nc*(n (# ()")tc)one# p%oto%)#

&e o%)gen con#t)t*c)on(' e#to e#' c*y /*ente %e#)&e en ( p%otecc),n -*e #e oto%g

(# pe%#on# en *n E#t&o &e De%ec!o' po% %=,n &e #* p%op) &)gn)&& 2&e%ec!o# !*"

no#3. E# e#te #pecto &e( p%o(e" e( -*e no ! "e%ec)&o' &e p%te &e ( &oct%)n 8*%4

&)c %gent)n' *n e(o%c),n concept*( n(4t)c' p%o&*cto &e *n )n+e#t)gc),n

p%o/*n&:K@' pe#% &e -*e #*# p%)"e%o# p#o# !n co"en=&o' #egún #e &+)%t),7 ( con

/e#),n e$t%8*&)c)( y ( coct' #* +(o% p%oto%)o' e( ((n")ento #)n o%&en 8*&)

25


26/38

c)( y e( +(o% &e (o# e(e"ento# &e p%*e )nco%po%&o# po% 5( !n &&o p)e ( p%o

(e"t)=c),n )n)c)(:K9.

#)&o ( &oct%)n 8*&)c)( ( -*e' co#t &e n*"e%o#o# t%#p)5#' con#)g*),

oc*p%#e &e( te" en (g*no# c#o# conc%eto# p*e#to# 8o #* conoc)")ento y &e8, e$

p*e#t# c)e%t# (4ne# -*e !o% e$")n%e"o#. S)n e"%go' no #e &ee con/*n&)% n)

e$ge%% e( +(o% &e ( con#t%*cc),n 8*&)c)( -*e pon&%e"o# &e "n)/)e#to> #e t%t' en

to&o c#o' &e *n (4ne 8*%)#p%*&enc)( "6# -*e e#c#' -*e con#t en /((o# e(eg)&o#'p)one%o# en ( &e/en# &e e#t# g%nt4#7 en n*"e%o## opo%t*n)&&e# #e "eno#p%ec), (

g%nt4' )en po% )nte%"e&)o &e /((o# &e )n#tnc)# o%&)n%)# -*e' *n con e*/e")#

"o# y (%+&"ente' co%&%on +(o% e(e"ento# &e p%*e oten)&o# )(eg4t)""ente :K:' o

-*e' /%ente )n&)c)o# c(%o# &e +)o(c),n &e ( g%nt4' p*#)e%on c%go &e( t)t*(%

&e e(( ( p%*e /e!c)ente &e e# )no#e%+nc) po% p%te &e( ,%gno &e( E#t&o' )en

po% /((o# &e )n#tnc)# e$t%o%&)n%)# -*e c*&)e%on /o%"()#"o# p% e(*&)% e(

p%o(e":K


27/38

"ento# &e p%*e &e#/+o%(e# p% 5(3 no &ee #e% +(o%&o en #* cont% p% conc(*)%

en *n &ec)#),n 8*&)c)( -*e (o pe%8*&)-*e:KB.

A e#t p%o(e"6t)c #e !n %e/e%)&o (o# /((o# 8*&)c)(e# p)one%o#. Con#t)t*ye #*

ntece&ente %e"oto e( /((o &e ( Co%te S*p%e" -*e #e %eg)#t% en 'allos CS& ' t. :B'

p. 9B' -*e /*(")n ( )nco%po%c),n ( 8*)c)o pen( &e c)e%to# ppe(e# p%)+&o#' p*e#

e((o# no p*e&en #e%+)% &e #e ( p%oce&)")ento n) &e /*n&"ento ( 8*)c)o> po%-*e

#)en&o e( %e#*(t&o &e *n #*#t%cc),n y &e *n p%oce&)")ento )n8*#t)/)c&o y con&en&opo% ( (ey' *n-*e #e !y ((e+&o co con e( p%op,#)to &e &e#c*%)% y pe%#eg*)% *n

&e()to o &e *n pe#-*)# &e#*to%)=& y cont%%) &e%ec!o' ( (ey' en e( )nte%5# &e

( "o%( y &e ( #eg*%)&& y #ec%eto &e (# %e(c)one# #oc)(e#' (o# &ec(% )n&")#)

(e#. A*n-*e #e t%te &e *n /((o )#(&o y %e"oto 21J13' c*y (4ne &e pen#")ento

no /*e #eg*)& po#te%)o%"ente' -*e )nc(*#o #e %e/)e%e ( nte"t)=c),n &e( %e#*(t

&o &e *n cto &)%ect"ente %e?)&o con ( g%nt4 con#t)t*c)on(' (g*no# /((o# %e

c)ente# !n %eto"&o e#e ntece&ente' y e( /*n&"ento -*e (o )n#p)%' p% e$c(*)% %e

#*(t&o# p%oto%)o# -*e p%o+)enen &e *n cto )n&")#)(e' en e( #ent)&o )n&)c&o.

E( )(*#t%&o /((o Mont)ce(() &e P%o=)((o' y c)t&o' no #,(o (o "enc)on co"o

ntece&ente' #)no -*e' ( c*&)% ( %c)on()=c),n &e ( g%nt4 en ( 8*%)#p%*&en

c) &e ( Co%te S*p%e" &e (o# E#t&o# Un)&o# &e A"5%)c' )n&)c (o# /*n&"ento# e#en

c)(e# p% &e#c%t% co"o +(o%(e# p%o&*cto# p%oto%)o#' &e#/+o%(e# ( )"p*t&o'

-*e p%o+)enen "e&)t' pe%o nece#%)"ente' &e ( +)o(c),n &e *n g%nt4 con#t)t*

c)on(> ético' p*e# ( &")n)#t%c),n &e 8*#t)c) no p*e&e p%o+ec!% o #e% ene/)c)

%) &e *n cto -*e e( ")#"o E#t&o' po% #* (ey' &ec(% )(eg4t)"o' y utilitario' docen-

te o ejemplari0ador ' po% %=one# &)#*#)+#' p% &e#(ent% (o# ,%gno# &e pe%#ec*

c),n pen( en e( e"p(eo &e p%6ct)c# )(eg4t)"#:K.

Ve%' t")5n' (o# &e"6# /((o# "enc)on&o# en ( not nH :K:. N*e+"ente &+)e%to

-*e /%ente e#to# /((o# p)one%o# e$)#ten t")5n /((o# &e ( CSN -*e #*p%)"en' p%6c

t)c"ente' ( g%nt4 2+e%' po% e8.' e( co"ent&o 8o ( (et% c' R)+# G%?3.

E( p%o(e" #e c(% #) #e o#e%+ -*e (o# c#o# +e%&&e%"ente &)#c*t)&o# con

t)enen &o# co"ponente#> *n cto %eg*(% po% e( c*( #e )nco%po% *n e(e"ento &e p%*e

&ec)#)+o' &e#/+o%(e p% e( t)t*(% &e ( g%nt4' y ot%o nte%)o%' )%%eg*(%' -*e

/ect ( g%nt4 y to%n po#)(e' po% #* %e#*(t&o 2e( conoc)")ento &-*)%)&o "e&)n

te 5(3' ( p%6ct)c &e( #)g*)ente. A((4 %e#)&e ( c*e#t),n' en ( p%eg*nt ce%c &e #)

e( cto %eg*(%' con /*ente en *no nte%)o% +)c)&o' p*e&e #e% +(o%&o en pe%8*)c)o&e( )"p*t&o. ( conte#tc),n e# p%eg*nt &ee #e%' o%&)n%)"ente' *n negc),n.

E((o e# #4 po%-*e ( %eg*(%)&& /o%"( &e *n cto #,(o con#t)t*ye' en e( p%oce&)")en

to' *n )n&)c)o &e ( (eg)t)")&& &e ( )nco%po%c),n ( p%oce#o &e #* conten)&o "te

%)(7 #)' co"o #e p%e#*pone en e#to# c#o#' e( cto %eg*(% no !*)e% e$)#t)&o #)n (

)no#e%+nc) nte%)o% &e *n %eg( e#enc)( p% ( )nco%po%c),n +6()& &e *n e(e"en

to &e p%*e 2conoc)")ento3 ( p%oce#o' e( conoc)")ento &-*)%)&o "e&)t"ente' t%

+5# &e( cto p%ente"ente %eg*(%' e#to e# co"o fruto ; directo necesario ; de lo

irregular o prohibido 2fruit of the poisonous tree3' t")5n -*e& +e&&o:K. E( "5to&o

-*e #e p()c e# e( &e ( supresión mental hipotética' #e #*p%)"e e( cto +)c)&o y #e

27


28/38

+e%)/)c !)pot5t)c"ente #)' #)n 5(' %c)on("ente #e !*)e% %%)&o ( cto %eg*(%

y' po% tnto' ( conoc)")ento &e/)n)t)+"ente &-*)%)&o &e "o&o "e&)to.

No #)e"p%e e# po#)(e %%)% e#te %e#*(t&o c*n&o #e con#tt ( )%%eg*(%)

&& /o%"( &e (gún cto' +)nc*(&o ot%o -*e )nco%po% *n e(e"ento &e p%*e &ec)#)

+o' &e#/+o%(e p% e( t)t*(% &e ( g%nt4. S) #*p%)")& ( )%%eg*(%)&&' e# %

=on(e pen#% -*e' &e !e%#e o%&o co%%ect"ente' #e !*)e% %%)&o t")5n ( co

noc)")ento -*e #e c*e#t)on' e( e(e"ento &e p%*e oten)&o #e p*e&e +(o%%' )nc(*#oen &)#/+o% &e( t)t*(% &e ( g%nt4:KJ. Se &ee ope%% conc)enc) &e -*e e( "5to&o

&e ( #*p%e#),n "ent( !)pot5t)c con#)#te' co"o #* p%op)o no"%e (o )n&)c' en *n hi-

pótesis' e#to e#' en )"g)n% -*e((o -*e !*)e% #*ce&)&o' %=on(e"ente' #) &e#c%

t"o# "ent("ente (go -*e %e("ente #*ce&),7 po% (o tnto' no con#)#te en ( &e#c%)p

c),n &e *n %e()&& ;-*e y ope%, &e &ete%")n& "ne%;' #)no' po% e( cont%%)o' en

*n /)cc),n' en ( p%e&)cc),n %c)on( &e (o -*e !*)e% oc*%%)&o ;y -*e no oc*%%)%6

8"6#;' #) *no &e (o# e(e"ento# %e(e# !*)e% /(t&o. E( *en #ent)&o co"ún y (# %e

g(# &e e$pe%)enc) #on' po% e((o' e#enc)(e#7 t")5n (o e# e( p%)nc)p)o &e -*e ( &*

& /+o%ece ( %eo 2in dubio pro reo3.

E#t /)cc),n ! /*n&&o *n &e (# e$cepc)one# p%)nc)p(e# %e(t)+# ( &oct%)

n &e( /%*to &e( 6%o( en+enen&o:1K' ( "eno# ( -*e "yo% cnt)&& &e c#o# &e e$cep

c),n p*e&e %c% y ( "6# #enc)(( &e /(#)/)c% con/o%"e ( #ent)&o &e ( g%nt4'

en #* p()cc),n p%6ct)c' p% )ntent% #* n)-*)(c),n:11. Se co%%e e( %)e#go &e e#

t(ece% *n #*e%te &e in dubio pro prueba -*e pe%")t ( &")#),n &e e(e"ento# -*e' &e

ot%o "o&o' !*)e%n #)&o #eg*%"ente %ec!=&o# po% #e% cont%%)o# (# g%nt4# p%o

teg)&# po% ( %eg( &e e$c(*#),n:1@. E((o "e con&*ce /)%"% -*e e( *#o &e e#t /)c

c),n to(e% #,(o c#o# e$cepc)on(4#)"o#' "*y #enc)((o#' en (o# c*(e# ( e$c(*#),n &e(

e(e"ento &e p%*e p%e=c' #)n &*& (g*n' co"o #*%&o.

Po% e8e"p(o' #) *n po()c4' -*e %eg)#t% *n &o")c)()o "*n)&o &e ( o%&en 8*&)c)(

p% ((n%(o' c*&e' (go p*%&o' ( cocc),n cont% e( )"p*t&o p% conoce% %6

p)&"ente e( (*g% &on&e #e !(( ( co# #ec*e#t%% ;-*e en %e()&& e#t en *n

(*g% #o(*t"ente +)#)(e #)"p(e +)#t;' con e( /)n &e e+)t%#e *n %eg)#t%o peno#o'

%%)n&o ( #ec*e#t%o &e ( co# po% e# +4' c*n&o' &e "ne% e+)&ente' !*)e% (o

g%&o (o ")#"o p%oce&)en&o co%%ect"ente> e( e(e"ento &e p%*e #4 oten)&o e# +(o%

(e' *n en cont% &e( t)t*(% &e ( g%nt4 2n&)e p*e&e #e% o()g&o &ec(%% con

t% #4 ")#"o3. S*p,ng#e -*e ( co# #ec*e#t%& en e( e8e"p(o e# e( %"' g*%&& #o%e ( "e# &e (*=' en ( !)tc),n &e( )"p*t&o' y' "6# ((6 ún' -*e (*ego #e +e%)

/)c &,n&e /*e co"p%& po% e( %eo y' pe%)c)("ente' -*e &e e(( p%t)e%on (o# &)#p%o#

"o%t(e# p% ( +4ct)" 2(o# p%oyect)(e# e$t%4&o# &e( c*e%po &e ( +4ct)" /*e%on

&)#p%&o# con e#e %e+,(+e%3.

E((o #e p)e%&e &e +)#t c*n&o #e p%oc*% %e&*c)% ( /)n()&& &e ( %eg( &e e$

c(*#),n &e#(ent% ct)+)&&e# po()c)(e# )%%eg*(%e# 2/)n preventivo3' y #e &")te

( p%*e )(4c)t"ente %eco(ect& c*n&o e( /*nc)on%)o po()c)( c%ey, ;e%%,ne"ente;

o%% con/o%"e &e%ec!o 2( (("& e$cepc),n &e *en /e good faith e/ception3'

+6()& p% 8*=g% ( /*nc)on%)o po()c)( co"o )nc*(p(e o co"o )nocente' po% e(

e%%o%' pe%o -*e n& &)ce &e#&e e( p*nto &e +)#t &e( p%oteg)&o po% ( g%nt4' p*e#

28


29/38

e((' *n po% e%%o%' /*e conc*(c&7 o c*n&o #e p%eten&e e#c)n&)%' &ent%o &e (# /o%

"# 8*&)c)(e#' ent%e %eg(# -*e /ectn &)%ect"ente *n &e%ec!o &e( )"p*t&o ;c*y

+*(ne%c),n con&*ce *n p%o!))c),n &e +(o%c),n &e ( p%*e )%%eg*(%; y "e%#

&)#po#)c)one# &e o%&en 2teo%4 &e( 6")to &e &e%ec!o# &e ( Co%te S*p%e" (e"n

Rechts1reistheorie3' c*y +)o(c),n no c%%e con#ec*enc) p%oce#( (g*n:19.

L %=,n &e #e% &e e#t %eg( &e e$c(*#),n p%ece e+)&ente> &e#&e -*e #e %e/o%",

e( p%oce&)")ento )n-*)#)t)+o y #e cept, po(4t)c"ente' -*e pe#% &e -*e e( p%oce&)")ento pen( #)%+e' p%)nc)p("ente' ( "et &e +e%)g*% ( +e%&& o8et)+ #o%e *n

#*ce#o !)#t,%)co' 5( con#t)t*ye *n "5to&o %eg*(&o ;no ()%e; p% %%)% e#e /)n'

con (o -*e /*e%on e$c(*)&#' #o(*t o %e(t)+"ente' (g*n# /o%"# &e )n+e#t)g% (

+e%&&' &e)&o p%)nc)p)o# #*pe%)o%e# -*e p%otegen ( &)gn)&& e#enc)( &e( !o"%e' e(

fin &e %%)% ( +e%&& !)#t,%)c p% (og%% ( co%%ect ct*c),n &e ( (ey pen('

*n en pe%8*)c)o &e( )"p*t&o' no justifica la utili0ación de medios prohibidos &e )n

+e#t)gc),n. L 8*#t)/)cc),n &e (o# "5to&o# p% %%)% ( +e%&& &epen&e &e ( o

#e%+nc) &e (# %eg(# 8*%4&)c# -*e %eg*(n c,"o #e )nco%po% +6()&"ente e( conoc)

")ento ( p%oce#o' &e "ne% t( -*e no to&o# (o# "5to&o# e#t6n pe%")t)&o# y -*e (o#

*to%)=&o# #e (o# &ee p%ct)c% #egún (o# &)#c)p()n ( (ey p%oce#(. Po% e((o #e p*

&o &ec)% -*e (# /o%"# 8*&)c)(e# no #on' #o("ente' *n categor!a formal' #)no -*e'

en tnto #)%+en &)%ect"ente ( p%otecc),n &e ( &)gn)&& !*"n' #e co"po%tn co"o

*n categor!a material' #*p%o%&)n6n&o#e ( "et -*e' p% e( p%oce&)")ento pen('

con#t)t*ye ( co%%ecc),n "te%)( &e ( &ec)#),n 8*&)c)( 2#entenc)3:1:. L %=,n 5t)c

;e( E#t&o no #e p*e&e p%o+ec!% &e (o -*e 5( ")#"o ! p%o!))&o; y ( *t)()t%) o

co%%ect)+ ;&e#(ent% ( *t)()=c),n &e "5to&o# )(eg(e# &e )n+e#t)gc),n' /*(")n6n&o

(o# co"o )ne/)cce# p%oce#("ente;' -*e po#t*(n (o# t%)*n(e# p% 8*#t)/)c% ( %e

g( &e e$c(*#),n' #egún #e o#e%+, nte%)o%"ente' #,(o %ep%e#entn con#ec*enc)# ene

/)c)o## &e e#te "o&o &e p%oce&e%.

L 8*%)#p%*&enc) %ec)ente &e ( CSN' (e8o# &e con#o()&% ( +)genc) &e ( %e

g(' )"p()c *n +)o(ento %et%oce#o en ( "te%). P%t)c*(%"ente #*%&o' en e#te #

pecto' e# e( /((o R)+# G%? o Fe%n6n&e=' y co"ent&o' en e#pec)( #* obiter

dictum &e( con#)&e%n&o 1:> A e#te %e#pecto' ! &e %eco%&%#e -*e (o# 8*ece# t)enen e(

&ee% &e %e#g*%&%' &ent%o &e( "%co con#t)t*c)on( e#t%)cto Q ]( %=,n &e 8*#t)

c) -*e e$)ge -*e e( &e()to co"p%o&o no %)n& ene/)c)o#\ 2C#o ]T)o(t' o#5\' ]F

((o#\' @


30/38

&& )n&)+)&*(' en ú(t)"o t5%")no7 o' &)c!o &e ot% "ne%' en %e(c),n ( %ngo' (

p%otecc),n &e ( #eg*%)&& )n&)+)&*(' t%e %econoc)& po% teo%4 po(4t)c (o# 8*e

ce#' #e #*pe&)t ( !ec!o &e -*e e#t p%otecc),n no co()& con e( #g%&o &ee% &e

e((o# ")#"o# &e %e#g*%&% ( %=,n &e 8*#t)c) -*e e$)ge -*e e( &e()to co"p%o&o no

%)n& ene/)c)o# y e( )nte%5# pú()co -*e %ec(" ( &ete%")nc),n &e ( +e%&& en e(

8*)c)o' y -*e -*5( &e), &ec)% ]5(\ no e# #)no e( "e&)o p% (cn=% (o# +(o%e#

"6# (to#> ( +e%&& y ( 8*#t)c)' #entenc) en ( c*( e#t ú(t)"' ( 8*#t)c)' no%c (o# )nte%e#e# )n&)+)&*(e# n) ( &)gn)&& pe%#on(' #)no tn #,(o ( %=,n &e

E#t&o. E((o #)gn)/)c' &e"6#' #*p%)")% &e *n p(*"=o e( e/ecto &e ( %eg( &e e$c(*

#),n -*e #e e$t)en&e (o# e(e"ento# p%oto%)o# &e%)+&o# en /o%" "e&)t &e ( p%*e

)(4c)t o p%o!))&' y %e&*c)% eno%"e"ente' po% (o tnto' (# con#ec*enc)# p%6ct)

c# &e ( %eg(:1B. A p%t)% &e e#t &ec)#),n' #e &ee p%/%#e% *n c%4t)c &e ( ()

te%t*% (e"n ;*n-*e &)%)g)& ot%o p%o(e";> y -*e no #t 2po% )n+()&e=3 con

to%t*%% ( )"p*t&o !#t -*e con/)e#e' #)"p(e"ente !y -*e cont)n*% con ( to%t*%

!#t -*e "enc)one te#t)go# &e( !ec!o' o %e+e(e &,n&e e#con&), e( ot4n :1. E((o e# (o

-*e p%opone' e(4pt)c"ente' e( %ec)ente /((o &e ( CSN.

Se de be, en ton ces, afir mar fi nal men te ue a la ver dad s! lo se de be arri bar por

los me dios " en la for ma ue la le" per mi te# ue, de ha ber se in cor po ra do al pro ce di $

mien to un ele men to de prue ba me dian te un ac to irre gu lar o me dian te un ac to re gu lar, cu $

"a po si bi li dad de rea li %a ci!n pro ven ga ne ce sa ria " di rec ta men te del co no ci mien to ad ui $

ri do por un ac to irre gu lar, &l es in va lo ra ble pa ra fun dar una de ci si!n ju di cial, en

per jui cio del im pu ta do.

E((o 8*#t)/)c -*e (o# con#t)t*c)on()#t# co%&oe#e# !yn )nco%po%&o *n no%"

e$p%e# -*e cont)ene ( %eg( &e e$c(*#),n y #* e$ten#),n ( n*e+ Con#t)t*c),n &e (

p%o+)nc)' %t. :1' #eg*%"ente #e&o%e# &e ( /(#)/)cc),n ( -*e con&*cen' &e *n

o &e ot% "ne%' (o# /((o# 8*&)c)(e# -*e no p%ten &e( #ent)&o po(4t)co e !)#t,%)co

gene%( -*e p%o+ee &e conten)&o to& ( Con#t)t*c),n. E( n*e+o CPP C,%&o 21JJ13'

1J:' %ep)te' 8o e( t4t*(o )/clusiones probatorias ( ")#" %eg( en e( De%ec!o p%o

ce#( pen( po#)t)+o &e e# p%o+)nc)> #e %eco")en& #* )nc(*#),n en to&o# (o# c,&)go#.

9:: C/. VWLE MARICONDE' Derecho procesal penal' t. II' p#. J' y 1@@ y ##.7 _VALOS'

Derecho procesal penal' t. I' cp. V' IV' nH @' p#. @: y ##.' con#)&e% e( &e#c*%)

")ento &e ( +e%&& co"o *n p%)nc)p)o -*e e"n &e ( Con#t)t*c),n nc)on(> no e# e(c#o -*4 &e oc*p%"e &e e# op)n),n' -*e con#)&e%o e$ge%&' #egún ( /o%"*(c),n ge

ne%( -*e p%e#ent e( *to%7 #t &+e%t)%' p% e((o' -*e &e#p%ec)&o e( p%)nc)p)o

in dubio pro reo e#t e-*)p%c),n ent%e 8*#t)c) y +e%&& p)e%&e' ( "eno#' #* c%6c

te% &e g%nt4 )n&)+)&*(' y -*e *n /o%"*(c),n gen5%)c co"o ( &e( *to% no# con&*

c)%4 /)%"% -*e' )%%e"e&)(e"ente' -*)en co"ete *n )(4c)to pen( c*(p(e"ente'

&ee nece#%)"ente #*/%)% ( pen.

9:


31/38

%%% c)e%t# c%cte%4#t)c# &e ( t%e &e( t%)*n( 8*&)c)(' )"p%e#c)n&)(e# p%

#o#tene% #* imparcialidad 2/(t &e )nte%5# en ( &ec)#),n &e( c#o3 y #* %%)o (

&ec)#),n con ( "eno% cnt)&& &e p%e8*)c)o#7 po% (o &e"6#' e# e$ge%c),n #e +)nc*(

con e( &e#p%ec)o #o(*to po% e( +(o% "te%)( &e ( +o(*nt& &e (o# p%otgon)#t# &e(

c#o. T( e$ge%c),n #e +)nc*( con *n p*nto &e p%t)& )ngen*o> (o# 8*ece#. /*nc)on

%)o# e#tt(e# p% &")n)#t%% 8*#t)c)' po% (g*n %=,n oc*(t' -*e &e#conoce"o#'

#on (# pe%#on# "6# pt#' "6# )&,ne# y "6# o8et)+# 2"6# 8*#t#3 p% &ec)&)% e(c#o' ( p*nto &e -*e #*# )nte%+enc)one# "te%)(e#' ( o/%ece% o )nco%po%% p%*e de

oficio' )nte%%og% (o# ,%gno# &e p%*e o &ec)&)% c*e#t)one# p%e+)# )nc)&ent("ente

no %e+e(n p%c)()&& (g*n' n) #)-*)e% c*n&o en ( #entenc) +(o%n e#o# e(e"en

to# /+o% &e *n * ot% &e (# p%te# en con/()cto.

9:B C/. ESTRADA' Derecho constitucional' @Z e&.' t. I' p. 1


32/38

LA RXA> ((4 #e con/%ont%on "# te#)#' )nc(*#o &e ( "no &e ( 8*%)#p%*&enc) con

t%&)cto%) 2C*&e%no# &e (o# In#t)t*to#' C,%&o A%g.' 1JB9' nH


33/38

p%e" -*e "6# &e(nte c)t"o#' pe%o ()")t e$ge%&"ente e( p%)nc)p)o ( &% ( %=,n

&e e((> p*e# &)c! g%nt4 #,(o t)en&e p%otege% ( )"p*t&o en e( p%oce#o pe

n(7 po% e((o' n& )"g)n c*n&o' "6# &e(nte' e$")n ( po#))()&& &e #tene%#e

&e &ec(%% en ot%o# ,%gno# &e p%*e 2nH :9' b' p. C/. SPOLANS' &adie est# obligado a declarar contra s! mis-mo' falso testimonio culpabilidad 7 SPINA' "a e/ención de declarar contra s! mismo

la capacidad para ser testigo. Po% (o &e"6#' 5#te no p%ece #e% *n p%o(e" p%t)c*(%

&e n*e#t%o De%ec!o' p*e# #e &)#c*te en ot%o# ,%&ene# 8*%4&)co# #o%e e( (cnce &e(

p%)nc)p)o7 co"o e8e"p(o' c/. DENCER' Ver3ertungsverbote im Strafpro0e>' p. 1.

9B9 C/. CLARI_ OLMEDO' 5ratado' t. I' nH 9K@ y ##.' p#. :J y ##. En +e%&&' #o%e

e( )"p*t&o #e p*e&e e8e%ce%' (eg4t)""ente' (# "e&)&# &e coe%c),n -*e pe%")ten (

(ey y ( Con#t)t*c),n 2%t. 13 ;+. g%.' (# p%)+t)+# &e ()e%t&;' pe%o n)ng*n &e

e## "e&)&# p*e&e tene% co"o /)n()&& e( o()g%(o &ec(%%' n)' po% tnto' #e p*e

&e *t)()=% con e#e #ent)&o 2c/. DE LA RXA' Proceso justicia' b 1' VI' @' p#. @B< y

#)g*)ente3. De ((4 -*e ( )nco"*n)cc),n' -*e &")ten (# (eye# p%oce#(e#' no #e p*e

& /*n&% en ( nece#)&& &e otene% *n +e%#),n +e%4&)c po% p%te &e( )"p*t&o7 c/.

( %e#pecto' Con#t)t*c),n &e Ne*-*5n' %t. 9 ( Co%te

#e ! neg&o' con/o%"e ( nt*%(e= &e( %ec*%#o nte e((' )ng%e#% c*e#t)one#

33


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&e !ec!o y ( p%*e en c#c),n' y' t")5n' #ent% &oct%)n en c*e#t)one# %e(t)

+# ( )nte%p%etc),n &e ( (ey p%oce#(7 n*nc #e !4 cont&o con *n /((o #*%

&o' )nc(*#)+e &e#&e e( p*nto &e +)#t c*(t*%(' -*e /)%"% co"o c)e%to y p%o&o e(

to%"ento p()c&o %*t("ente ( )"p*t&o p% (og%% #* con/e#),n y' pe#e e((o' +

(o%&o e# con/e#),n y e( %e"nente &e e((' e( !((=go &e ( co# #*#t%4&' co"o

e(e"ento# /*n&nte# &e *n con&en' c)%c*n#tnc)# to&# conten)&# en ( #entenc) &e(

t%)*n( &e "5%)to -*e #opo%t, e( %ec*%#o nte ( Co%te. C/. D\ALESSIO' )l primer fallode la Corte sobre la tortura.

91 DE LA RXA' $n fallo sobre la confesión la tortura' -*)en %e/*t D\ALESSIO

po% enten&e% -*e no e% nece#%)o p% ( conc(*#),n ( -*e ((eg, ( Co%te 2n*()&&

&e ( #entenc)3 y #,(o !*)e% %ep%e#ent&o *n obiter dictum. T)ene %=,n DE LA RXA>

#egún e( ")#"o co"ent%)o &e D\ALESSIO' e( /((o &e "5%)to con&en #o%e ( #e &e (

+(o%c),n &e ( con/e#),n y &e( #ec*e#t%o' en e( &o")c)()o &e( )"p*t&o' &e ( co#

#*#t%4&7 #) e( %ec*%#o' co"o p%ece' %c tnto ( -*e8 po% ( con/e#),n )n+6()

&' co"o ( -*e8 po% e( #ec*e#t%o oten)&o #o%e ( #e &e e# con/e#),n' e# #o(*

t"ente c(%o -*e ( Co%te &e), p%on*nc)%#e #o%e "o# #pecto# y %ec!=% t")5n

( +(o%c),n &e( #ec*e#t%o oten)&o co"o con#ec*enc) &e *n con/e#),n (og%& po% "e

&)o &e to%"ento# 2fruit of the poisonous tree3. Tnto e# #4 -*e ( n*e+ #entenc) &e

"5%)to' *n +e= c#& ( nte%)o%' &e), oc*p%#e &e /*n&% ( e/clusión &e "o# e(e

"ento# &e p%*e 2D\ALESSIO' p. @J3' p% conc(*)% en #o(*c),n.

9@ F*e t%&*c)& p% ( 2P%)"e%3 *nt P%o+)#o%) &e Go)e%no y ( t%&*cc),n'

co"o (g*n# #*p%e#)one# y not#' t%)*)&# M%)no MORENO' po%-*e e( &oc*"ento e#t6

e#c%)to &e p*?o y (et% po% 5(' o A(e$n&e% MACINNON' co"e%c)nte )ng(5# e )n/o%"nte

&e( 'oreign 6ffice' po% enc%go &e -*5(> C/. SAMPA' "as constituciones de la %rgenti-

na' p. J. E#te e# e( te$to -*e no#ot%o# c)t"o#.

99 C/. SAMPA' "as constituciones de la %rgentina' p#. 1K y ##.7 t%)*)&o Fe

()pe Snt)go CARDOO y (# )n#t%*cc)one# %ec))&# co"o &)p*t&o ( A#"(e &e(

?o 0III po% ( n& O%)ent(' &)p*t&o %t)g*)#t -*e no ((eg, )nco%po%%#e (

A#"(e' p*e# (o# &)p(o"# &e (o# %ep%e#entnte# o%)ent(e# /*e%on %ec!=&o#.

9: C/. GON_LE' 9anual' nH JK y J1' p#. 11K y #)g*)ente.

9


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9J A#4 %e#*(t' &e#&e (o# (o%e# &e n*e#t% )nteg%c),n nc)on(' &e (o# te$to#

con#t)t*c)on(e# -*e /*e%on ntece&ente y #)%+)e%on co"o /*ente &e n*e#t% Con#t)t*c),n

nc)on(> Constitución de los )stados $nidos 2+e% not nH 9@3' En")en& IV y Declara-

ción de derechos de Virginia' #ecc. 1K7 Decreto de seguridad individual' %t. : y )sta-

tuto provisional de +,++7 Proecto de Constitución federal para las Provincias $nidas

de %mérica del Sud ' %t. :7 )statuto provisional de +,+A' &&o po% ( *nt &e O#e%

+c),n' %t. 0V' cp. I' #ecc. Z7 )statuto provisional p%o&o po% e( Cong%e#o &e T*c*"6n e( @@1111B' #ecc. :Z' cp. 9H' %t#. 1J @@ y #ecc. Z' cp. 1H' %t#. < y J7

Constitución de las Provincias $nidas de Sudamérica 21J1J3' %t#. C0I0 y C007 Constitu-

ción de +,. ' %t#. 1BB' 1@ y 19 2+e% %e/e%enc)# en e( te$to' c' I3.

Po% (o &e"6#' c*n&o ( CN' 1' "enc)on *to%)&& co"petente ;po% e8e"p(o' p

% *to%)=% e( %%e#to po% *n o%&en e#c%)t; no #e %e/)e%e' p%ec)#"ente' ( *to

%)&& -*e &e#)gne ( (ey en e( /*t*%o' #)no' nte# )en' ( *to%)&& co"petente #e

gún ( ")#" Con#t)t*c),n ;po% e8e"p(o' e( p%e#)&ente &e ( Nc),n p% e( c#o p%e+)#

to en e( %t. @9' CN' o (o# 8*ece# en e( c#o &e( p%oce&)")ento pen(;' o' &)c!o &e

ot% "ne%' ( *to%)&& co"petente -*e &e#)gne ( (ey &ent%o &e( "%co &e co"peten

c)# &e 2en con#onnc) con3 ( Con#t)t*c),n nc)on(.

9K S( I' 1K1J:' Mont)ce(() &e P%o=)((o' Te%e# .' en Doct%)n Pen('

1J


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nH @9.9 2(ey nH @:.:@: &e( 1@1JJ:3 -*e &optn ( /)g*% &e( gente enc*)e%to' en

/o%" po% &e"6# c*e#t)on(e ;no e$)#te %eg*(c),n (g*n &e #* ct)+)&&' y #e )nco%

po% *n e$c*# #o(*to%) "p(4#)"' po% (o c*( e( gente enc*)e%to e# ()%e p%

co"ete% *n eno%"e ct6(ogo &e &e()to#;' c%e%6n' #)n &*&' n*e+o# y g%+e# p%o(e"#.

E((o #e &ee -*e ;"6# ((6 &e (o# %ep%o# 5t)co# -*e e#t# /o%"# &e )n+e#t)gc),n

p*e&n "e%ece%; e( (eg)#(&o% %gent)no no ! ten)&o c*)&&o (g*no po% n()=% (

co"pt))()&& &e (# no%"# #nc)on&# con (# %eg(# conten)&# en e( CPP Nc),n't( co"o %e#*(t e+)&ente' po% e8e"p(o' en e( te" !o% e#t*&)&o. D)#t)nt e# ( #)

t*c),n ;*n-*e t"poco e$ent &e p%o(e"#; en ( OPP &e ( RFA' en &on&e #e e$)ge (

con/o%")&& &e( 8*e= &e( p%oce&)")ento p%e()")n% p% e( )ng%e#o enc*)e%to +)

+)en&# p%)+&# 2OPP' bb 11K y 11Kc3 y' #)n e"%go' *n &e e#t "ne%' ( %eg(

pe%")#)+ e# c%)t)c(e /%ente ( E#t&o &e De%ec!o.

9JK Po% e8e"p(o' c*n&o #e ! p(nte&o -*e -*)en 8*=g no p*e&e #e% e( ")#"o 8*e=

-*e )n+e#t)g*e e( contec)")ento' %eg( *n)+e%#( 6#)c p% p%ec)% ( )"p%c)()&&

&e( t%)*n( 8*=g&o%' (o# 8*ece#' pe#% &e %econoce% e( e#t&o *n)+e%#( &e ( c*e#

t),n' #e !n neg&o p()c% %e"e&)o# #enc)((o#' -*e co%%)8n ( %eg( #)n &e%og%(

2)nte%p%et6n&o( /+o% &e ( g%nt43' 8o e( ún)co %g*"ento &e -*e' ("ent(e

"ente' e( De%ec!o p%oce#( pen( po#)t)+o "n& en #ent)&o cont%%)o 2)nte%p%etc),n

e%%,ne3. A(go p%ec)&o #*ce&e con e( )"pe%t)+o &e( 8*)c)o po% 8*%&o# y #*ce&),' &*

%nte "6# &e c)en ?o#' con ( nece#)&& &e *n 8*)c)o pú()co y o%(.

9J1 En e#te #ent)&o' e( +oto &e( ")n)#t%o &e ( CSN' D%. PETRACCI' en F)o%ent)no'

en Doct%)n Pen(' 1J


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9J ELING' Die 2e3eisverbote als @ren0en der Eahrheitserforschung im Strafpro0e>.

9J C/. CLARI_ OLMEDO' 5ratado' t. I' nH 991 y 99@' p#. :: y ##.' y t. V' nH 11J'

p#. 1J y #.' y nH 11B' p#. 9@ y ##.7 CAFFERATA NORES' "a prueba' nH 1@' p#. @: y ##.7

"o# )n/(*enc)&o# po% ( /o%" &e t%t% e( te"' #egún E*gen)o FLORI_N' en ( c6te&%

&e De%ec!o p%oce#( pen( &e ( Un)+e%#)&& &e C,%&o' &e#&e (# (ecc)one# &e A(/%e&o

VWLE MARICONDE' -*)en #,(o (*&), ( te" "4n)""ente en #* ()%o Derecho procesal pe-

nal' t. II' p. 1J.9JJ C/. FLORI_N' De las pruebas penales' t. I' b J' p#. 1:B y ##.' y b 1@' p#. @@9

y ##.7 )lementos de Derecho procesal penal' b K' p#. 91: y #)g*)ente#.

:KK C/. CAFFERATA NORES' "a prueba' nH 1@' b' @' p. @


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no e# pc4/)c. C/. po% to&o#' DENCER' Ver3ertungsverbot im Strafpro0e>' p#. B y #)

g*)ente#.

:K A( p%ece%' ( 8*%)#p%*&enc) -*e &e#%%o((, e#te te" en e( De%ec!o &e (o#

EE.UU. ! %ec))&o e( +( &e ( )n+e#t)gc),n e"p4%)c' -*e ! co"p%o&o *n )n/(*en

c) ene/)c)o# &e ( regla de e/clusión o &e ( doctrina de la supresión en ( (o%

-*e c*"p(en (o# ,%gno# &e pe%#ec*c),n pen( &e( E#t&o. C/. dALER' Sense and &onsense

%bout Crime' @Z e&.' cp. ' p. 1@9.:K C/. DE LA RXA' $n fallo sobre la confesión la tortura' VIII' p#. @:J y #)

g*)ente. En ( 8*%)#p%*&enc) %gent)n' )nt%o&*ce e#t &oct%)n e( /((o Ry/o%&'

'allos CS& ' t. 9K' p. 99> So%e e#te /((o' e"n&o &)%ect"ente &e ( 8*%)#p%*&enc)

&e ( Co%te S*p%e" &e (o# EE.UU.' c/. CARRIÓ' A. D.' @arant!as constitucionales en el

proceso penal' 9Z e&.' p#. 1BJ y #)g*)ente#.

:KJ C/. DE LA RXA' $n fallo sobre la confesión la tortura' VIII' p. @ Con/o%"e e((' *n

p%*e oten)& po% "e&)o# p%o!))&o# p*e&e #e% &")t)& y +(o%& #) e(( !*)e% #)

&o )ne+)t(e"ente &e#c*)e%t' en e( c#o conc%eto' po% "e&)o# (4c)to# 2GUARIGLIA' "as

prohibiciones probatorias' p. @13. N,te#e -*e ( &oct%)n -*e /*n& ( e$cepc),n no #,

(o %e&*ce' en ( p%6ct)c' ( p()cc),n &e( p%)nc)p)o' #)no -*e' &e"6#' &e8 &e (&o

*no &e (o# %g*"ento# e#pec*(t)+o# -*e (o /*n&,> e( %g*"ento 5t)co %e(t)+o -*e e(

E#t&o no p*e&e p%o+ec!%#e &e *n cto )(4c)to p%o&*c)&o po% (o# ,%gno# &epen&)ente#

&e 5(' e#t(ec)&o# p% c*"p()%(o' pe%o' &e"6#' %e&*ce t")5n #en#)(e"ente e( ot%o

%g*"ento' preventivo o docente.

:11 L e$cepc),n &e ( /*ente )n&epen&)ente 2independent source3 2GUARIGLIA' "as

prohibiciones probatorias' p#. @K y #.3' -*e /o%"*(, ( Co%te S*p%e" e#t&o*n)&en#e'

no t)ene e# )"po%tnc) te,%)c' po%-*e' en +e%&&' &e#c*)e%t *n /*ente )n&epen

&)ente &e conoc)")ento (4c)t' -*e con&*ce ( otenc),n &e( e(e"ento &e p%*e ote

n)&o en #4 po% +4 t")5n (4c)t' ( &oct%)n &e( /%*to &e( 6%o( en+enen

maier - limites formales para la averiguacion de la verdad

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