libro acueducto tembleque, patrimonio mundial 2015

7/25/2019 Libro Acueducto Tembleque, Patrimonio Mundial 2015

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IGTD@TGPH @DC ^I@RD PDOBCDYTD, OË] GH



I G T D @ T G P H @ D C ^ I @ R D P D O B C D Y T D , O Ë ] K G H

2

\ksti iërdi d ci irgi`i oiyhr de ci birriegi d Pdpdyimuicgh.




7

IGTD@TGPH @DC I@RDPDOBCDYTD,OË]

D s t i ` h s T e k ` h s O d x k g i e h s

Kestktuth Eigkheic `d Ietrhphchjïi d Mksthrki@krdggk÷e Jdedric `d Wktkhs y Oheuodeths / GHEIGTCPI

Jhbkdreh `dc Dsti`h `d Mk`icjh / Jhbkdreh `dc Dsti`h `d Oëxkg

De Oëxkgh, iùh 2>94

@r. Cuks Kjeigkh J÷odz IrrkhciKevdstkjigk÷e mkst÷rkgi, tdxths y d`kgk÷e

GH

D s t i ` h s T e k ` h s O d x k g i e h s

h




0

Dsti`hs Tek`hs O dxkgiehs

Ckg. Derkqud ^dùi Ekdth^rdsk`detd Ghestktugkheic Ckg. Dokckh Gmuiylldt GmdohrWdgrdtirkh `d Dùgigk÷e ^öbckgi Ckg. Rilidc Phvir y `d Pdrdsi^rdsk`detd `dc Ghesdfh Eigkheic piri ci Gucturi y cis Irtds, GHEIGTC Ckg. Oirïi Pdrdsi Lriegh@krdgthri Jdedric `dc Kestktuth Eigkheic `d Ietrhphchjïi d Mksthrki, GH @r. Gdsir OhmdehWdgrdtirkh Pëgekgh `dc Kestktuth Eigkheic `d Ietrhphchjïi d Mksthrki @r. Lriegksgh Fivkdr C÷pdz Ohricds@krdgthr `d îtrkohekh Oue`kic `dc Kestktuth Eigkheic `d IetrhphchjïiCkg. Lriegksgh \kìrjisWub`krdgthr `d îtrkohekh Oue`kic, KEIM / ûeth Lhgic, Gdetrh `dc î Oue`kic, TEDWGH Irq. Irturh Bicie`rieh GiophsGhhr`kei`hr Eigkheic `d Oheuodeths Mkst÷rkghs, KEIM Irq. Riöc @dcji`h Ciois@krdgthr Jdedric `d Wktkhs y Oheuodeths `dc îtrkohekh Gucturic, GH

Jhbkdreh `d c Ds ti`h `d Mkì cjh

Ckg. Fhsë Lriegksgh Hcvdri RukzJhbdrei`hr `dc Dsti`h `d Mkìcjh ^rhl. Rhbdrth ^d`rizi OirtïedzWdgrdtirkh `d Gucturi y Purksoh Ckg. Gdsir Icìoi Ougkùh@krdgthr `d Purksoh Gucturic

Jhbkdreh `dc Dsti`h `d Oëxkgh

@r. Druvkdc Évkci \kccdjisJhbdrei`hr `dc Dsti`h `d Oëxkgh O. de @.L. Rhsickeì Dckzibdtm Bdeïtdz JhezécdzWdgrdtirki d Purksoh Ckg. Lchrdegki Vdkvy RhfisGhoksk÷e piri dc @dsirrhcch Purïstkgh `dc \iccd `d Pdhtkmuigée, GH\I

Dxpd`kdetd d hstucigk÷e gudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud

Kevdstkjigk÷e mkst÷rkgi, tdxths y d`kgk÷e piri dstd ckbrh6 © @r. Cuks Kjeigkh J÷odz Irrkhci2>94ejirrkhciNmhtoikc.gho

Dsti`hs Tek`hs Odxkgiehs

I

IGTCPI

Mksthrki

rkohekh

IGTCPI

Jhbkdreh `d c Ds ti`h `d Mkì cjh

Jhbkdreh `dc Dsti`h `d Oëxkgh

gudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud




4

Ïe`kgd

^rd sde tigk ÷e ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . :

Ketr h` ug gk÷ e ....... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ;

gudù gth `dc î`rd Pdo bcdqud, O ëxkgh . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 97

Gh o ph ed etd s `d c sktkh ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Vhei Eögcdh6 Ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh dc Igudùgth dc i`rd Psktkhs ishgki`hs .........................................................................................

Chs oieietkicds `d Chs Hfkths .............................................................

Rioic i Vdophici ...................................................................................

Rioic i Htuobi......................................................................................

Ci irgiì oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicgh.....................................................Vhei `d iohrtkjuiokdeth6 ...................................................................

T e igud ù gth rdeig detksti de o ërkgi .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 0:

Ci mk`réuckgi rdeigdetksti de Ioërkgi .............................................

Ci ghetiokeigk÷e `d chs fijódyds phr dc jiei`h dspiùhc............

Chs igudr`hs piri ci vdeti `dc ijui detrd Vdophici y Htuobi

Lriy Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud, dc lrikcd qud ccdv÷ dc ijui i Htu

Dc jrie dsludrzh ghouektirkh piri ccdvir dc ijui i Vdophici y

Ci kevdegk÷e `d uei tëgekgi ghestrugtkvi odstkzi.........................

Dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh de dc tkdoph.................................................

Dc igu dù gth gh o h pi trko he kh g ucturi c. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. <;

Ci rdgupdrigk÷e `dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh............................................

Rdstiurigk÷e de ci Irqudrïi Oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicgh..................

Ci ehokeigk÷e i ci cksti `dc pitrkohekh oue`kic..........................

Ci iu tdetkgkì` d ketdj rkì` ` dc gho pcdfh mk`réuckgh . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . =7

Ketdjrkì`..................................................................................................

Ci iutdetkgkì` `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh y su dethreh.................

Ïe`kgd

^rd sde tigk ÷e ....... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. :

Ket rh` ug gk÷ e ....... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ;

gud ù gth `dc î` rd Pdo bcdqu d, O ëxkgh .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . 97

Gh o ph ede tds `d c sktkh ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 29

dobcdqud y ..................22

..................27

..................24

..................7>

..................70 ..................02

T e igu dù gth rdeig detksti de o ërkgi .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . 0:

..................0=

..................4>

..................42

bi..........44

Htuobi..4:

..................4:

..................<9

Dc igu dù gth g ho h pi trko hek h g ucturic . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . <;

..................:9

..................:<

..................:=

Ci iutdetkgkì` d ketdjrkì` `dc gho pcdfh mk`réuckgh . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . =7

..................=0

..................;2




<

Dc dxtrihr`keirkh vi chr guc turi c `dc igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud . .. ;4

Grktdrkh K. ..................................................................................................

Grktdrkh KK6.................................................................................................

Grktdrkh K\. ...............................................................................................

^rhtdggk÷e y oiedfh dc sktkh ..............................................................

Gh o de tirk h lke ic ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 927

Bkbckhjrilïi ...............................................................................................

Grë`kths6 ....................................................................................................

Dc dxtrihr`keirkh vi chr guc turi c `dc igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud . .. ;4

..................;<

............... 9>2

............... 99>

............... 929

Gh o det irkh lke ic ...... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 927

............... 924

............... 92;




:

^ R D W D E P I G K × E

i prdsdegki `dc Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdsk`h pdroiedetd de ci odohrki mkst÷rkgiDsti`h `d Mkìcjh. Dc ghopcdfh ghestruk`h i od`ki`hs dc skjch ]\K, mi o

k`detkì` d ci rdjk÷e `d Vdophici y mi bdedlkgki`h ghi cis ghouekì`ds `d Viguici, Pciqukcpi, Vdophicilivhrdgkde`h ci gickì` `d vkì detrd sus mibktietds.

@ds`d dc iùh 2>92 dc Jhbkdreh `dc Dsti`h `d Mkìcjhsu Wdgrdtirïi `d Purksoh y Gucturi mi iphyi`h`dgk`kì ci dcibhrigk÷e `dc Dxpd`kdetd `d ^hstucigk÷eue dqukph ketdr ksgkpckeirkh ghhr`kei`h phr dc @

Irrkhci qud mi prhlue`kzi`h de ci mksthrki `dc skstdoi y mi prdpiri`h uei `dticciì `dsgrkpgk÷e irquktdluegkheic qud ligkckt÷ qud Oëxkgh, ghoh Dsti`h ^TEDWGH, prdsdetiri de dedrh `d 2>90 ci gie`k ituskejucir igudùgth rdeigdetksti ghestruk h de Ioërkgi`dc itrkohekh Oue`kic.

Dc mdgmh d qud dc rioic i Vdophici triesphrtd iöe i

ipietcds `ds`d dc gdrrh `dc Pdgifdtd misti dc gde phbcigk÷e, phr dspigkh d oés d 04> iùhs d qud dc igughegcuk`h, ds icjh suoiodetd dxgdpgkheic de dc ghetdigudùgths mkst÷rkghs de dc oue`h, guyhs skstdois `d g `d ijuis mie sk`h oh`drekzi`hs iìptée`hsd itdgehchjïis. De dc gish d Igudùgth Pdobcdqud, ci pi ghouektirki y dc ush `d tëgekgis ghestrugtkvis tri`kgksk`h dsdegkicds piri su oietdekokdeth y ghesdrvigk÷e.

Ckg. Fhsë Lriegksgh HJhbdrei`hr `dc Dsti`

bcdqud mi `dc igtuic

k`réuckgh, h`dci`h ci

sus ijuis Htuobi,

trivës `d d oiedri

lhroie`h . J÷odz

mk`réuckgh gt÷ekgi y

rtd `d ci i `d dstd

i ci Cksti

ui phr sus

trh `d ci ùgth lud xth `d chs eùggk÷e

is eudvis tkgkpigk÷e eicds mie

vdri Rukz `d Mkìcjh




=

c Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud lud ckejdekdrïi mk réuckgi oés kophrtietd `dc skdc ghetkedetd iodrkgieh. Ic ghobkeir

irquktdgt÷ekghs `d `hs phrtdethsis g prdmkspéekgi odshiodrkgiei y ci od ktdrréedi durhpdi,`dc odstkzifd. Wu giugd, d oés d 0= akc÷odtrhs ghe ue tirghs, chjrie ghestktukrch ghoh bicuirtd y vdr i drh hOëxkgh. Wu ghestruggk÷e rdsuct÷ lueìodetic piri k`dsirrhcch ghouektirkh `d ci rdjk÷e `dc ictkpcieh gdetricGhe 04> iùhs `d ietkjódì`, ds ueh `d chs oheuodeth

oés skjeklkgitkvhs piri chs mibktietds `dc Dsti h `d Oqud de su tdrrkthrkh sd chgickzi uei pirtd dc rioic i Htu

Dc `dstkeh `dc Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud `qukdeds iprdgkiohs su vichr. ^hr dcch, dc iphyh `d ciketdreigkheic ds ue ligthr trisgde`detic piri dtdrokei`dc oheuodeth. De dstd sdetk`h, ds dfdopch dxgdpgkmk réuckgi iodrkgiei y odrdgd ue rdghehgkokdeth sk

htrhs igudùgths mkst÷rkghs yi kesgrkths de ci Cksti `dcOue`kic `d ci Hrjiekzigk÷e `d cis Eigkheds TekDùgigk÷e, ci Gkdegki y ci Gucturi (TEDWGH), vickophrtiegki mkst÷rkgi y gucturic, yi qud, ghe dcch, dstirïidxgdpgkheic tdshrh i cis luturis jdedrigkheds.

Wke ùì, dc vichr `d dstd dxgdpgkheic skstdoighoprhodtd i kvdrshs igthrds i tribifir d oiedri ghh

Jhbkdreh `dc Dsti h `d Oëxkgh y i cis iuthrkì`ds oueEhpictdpdg, Ixipusgh y Htuobi, ghrrdsphe`d dstibcdg pöbckgis y dstritdjkis `d `dsirrhcch rdjkheic qud pdrdmibkcktigk÷e. Dc rdspic`h `dc Jhbkdreh Ld`dric, iKestktuth Eigkheic `d Ietrhphchjïi d Mksthrki (KEIM),ue ligthr lueìodetic piri chjrir eudstrh hbfdtkvh.ietdrkhr, ci ipckgigk÷e `dc ^cie `d Oiedfh qud sd prdghopcdodeth ic Dxpd`kdetd d ^hstucigk÷e rdsucti dsde

prdsdrvigk÷e y pudsti de vichr.

@r. Druvkdc ÉvkJhbdrei`hr `dc Dsti`

hbri `d ch ]\K de

hs dstkchs

cturis6 ci

ds sïobhch tic `d 97:

jucch piri pucsir dc

odxkgieh. mkst÷rkghs

kgh, ì`h bi.

pde`d `d houekì`

dc `dstkeh eic `d ci

kcir ic `d

itrkohekh s piri ci rie`h su djie`h ue

mk`réuckgh `keiì. Ic

kgkpicds `d r phcïtkgis roktie su

trivës `dc rdprdsdeti

^hr ch ir÷ ghoh

kic piri su

i \kccdjis `d Oëxkgh




;

K E P R H @ T G G K × E

c Igudùgth d`klkgi`h bifh ci tutdciLriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud detrd 9444dfdopch shbrdsickdetd `dc `dsirrhcch `d ch`d giptigk÷e `d ijui de dc Eudvh

Ghestruk`h i phghs iùhs `d ci Ghequksti `d ci Eudds rdcdvietd piri ci mksthrki `dc irtd y ci irquktdgturi

I ch cirjh `d virkis `ëgiìs, dc Kestktuth EiIetrhphchjïi d Mksthrki mi vdci`h phr su prdprhohvkde`h iggkheds piri su rdsgitd y rdgupdrigk÷epiri su rdghehgkokdeth ghoh ue dfdopch skjeklkgimk`réuckgi ehvhmkspiei `dc skjch ]\K de tdrrkthrkh i

De dc trisgursh `d chs iùhs, dc KEIM mi rdickzi`h tk`detklkgigk÷e `d sus dcdodeths, rdjkstrh `d sus girikevdstkjigk÷e mkst÷rkgi y cdvietiokdeths irquktdgt÷ek`kvdrshs ghophedetds, qud mie sk`h derrdgkdetdodetd ghe ue cdvietiokdeth 7@ `d eubdcisdr `d öctkoi jdedrigk÷e, pdroktkde`h ghetir de cighe ue kophrtietd igdrvh `hguodetic shbrd dc sktkh.

^hr su icth vichr mkst÷rkgh y gucturic, dc KEIM kopdc iùh 2>>9 su kegcusk÷e de ci Cksti Ke`kgitkvi `d Odc Gdetrh `dc îtrkohekh Oue`kic `d ci TEDWGH.ghetkeukì` i dsti kekgkitkvi, de 2>92 sd kekgk÷ ci k`dc Dxpd kdetd Pëgekgh `d Ehokeigk÷e i ciîtrkohekh Oue`kic, ghe ci pirtkgkpigk÷e `d chs jhbDsti`h `d Mkìcjh y `dc Dsti`h `d Oëxkgh, dcIgudùgth Pdobcdqud I. G. y chs iyuetiokdeths `d c

Dc Dxpd`kdetd `d phstucigk÷e lud `dsirrhcci`h phrouctk`ksgkpckeirkh, lhroi`h phr dxpdrths de poue`kic, igi`ëokghs y dspdgkickstis tëgekghs, rdickzprhlueì kevdstkjigk÷e y sdcdggkheie`h chs dcdod

dc pi`rd 94:2 ds

s skstdois Oue`h.

i Dspiùi, dxkgiei.

kheic `d sdrvigk÷e isï ghoh

kvh `d ci drkgieh.

ibifhs `d tdrïstkgis,

hs de sus kqudgk`hs

d pueths gtuickì`

cs÷ `ds`d xkgh ietd îri ìr

tdjrigk÷e ksti `dc

drehs `dc

îtrheith rdjk÷e.

e dqukph trkohekh

ie`h uei eths oés




9>

rdprdsdetitkvhs `d cis `kldrdetds ligdtis `d dstd sktkhuei jrie dsgici tdrrkthrkic.

Ghoh ghopcdodeth `d ci gie`kìturi sd rdickz÷ u Oiedfh `d icgiegd rdjkheic piri dc sktkh, dcibhri`h`dc prhpkh KEIM y `d ci @krdggk÷e Jdedric `dOheuodeths `dc îtrkohekh Gucturic `dc Ghesdfhpiri ci Gucturi y cis Irtds. Dc hbfdtkvh prkohr`kic dschs ckediokdeths piri prdsdrvir chs vichrds gucturicdsTekvdrsic Dxgdpgkheic (\TD) `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckg`d ci ipckgigk÷e `d prhjriois y prhydgths sustdet

prhohvdr ue dqukckbrkh detrd dc pitrkohekh d`kod`kh eituric y dc od`kh urbieh.

Rdsucti`h phsktkvh `d ci ehokeigk÷e she cisghegdrtiìs ghe cis iuthrkì`ds rdjkheicds, cis ghchgicds y ci shgkdì` gkvkc, piri ci rdgupdrigk÷dcdodeths qud lhroie dc Igudùgth. Ghe ci isupdrvksk÷e `dc Kestktuth sd mie rdickzi`h cibhrds `d

`d dcdodeths ijrdji`hs, `dsizhcvd `d irdei de chsgifis `d ijui, ckopkdzi `dc dethreh keod`kith, oiety rdstiurigk÷e `d ipietcds, gifis `d ijui, icfkbds y irdghefueth mk`réuckgh, utkckzie`h skstdois ghetri`kgkheicds y oieh `d hbri chgic. îri prdvdekr yrkdsjhs phtdegkicds prhùgk`hs phr dc kopigth `d tdrvkdeth, sd mie rdickzi`h kophrtietds iggkheds `d ghe

`d jrkdtis, rdstrugturigk÷e y rdstiurigk÷e `d chs irghs`d ci irqudrïi `d Pdpdyimuicgh i trivës `d GHEMhy ghoh iydr, ci pirtkgkpigk÷e ghouektirki mi sk`de su oietdekokdeth y igtuic rdgupdrigk÷e.

^dsd ic ketdesh gmhqud gucturic prhvhgi`h phr ci Gheci odohrki ghcdgtkvi `d chs mibktietds `d cighetkeuibi vkjdetd ùrietd ci sdjueì okti` `dc skj

pisi`h prdmkspéekgh. Cis gucturis ke`ïjdeis `dcgdetric odxkgieh oietdeïie vkvis sus iùdfis tri`kk`khoi, ci ghsohjheïi rdckjkhsi y chs g÷`kjhs d rdjkst`d chs tcigukchs h dsgrkbis.

ud ibirgi

^cie `d he iphyh Wktkhs y

Eigkheic stibcdgdr

dc \ichr , i trivës

bcds piri

kgi`h, dc

iggkheds uekì`ds

`d chs sdshrïi y

kbdrigk÷e

gieicds y ekokdeth

edrhs `dc strugtkvhs

ktkjir chs dohths h hckìgk÷e

gdetricds GTCPI. dsdegkic

quksti, de ghoirgi,

ch ]\K dc

ictkpcieh kheds, dc rh dsgrkth




99

Chs ghehgkokdeths iegdstricds rdsjuirì`hs de ci zhrdghjk`hs phr chs lrikcds lriegksgiehs, y sd`krdgtiodetd ghe dc eigkokdeth `d cis gkdegkis dteietrhphc÷jkgi de Ioërkgi, pirtkgucirodetd i pirrdìggk÷e `d chs ^rkodrhs Odohrkicds , qud skrvkdiprhxkoigk÷e kekgkic i ci Mksthrki jdedric `d cis gEudvi Dspiùi h G÷`kgd Lchrdetkeh , hbri cktdrirki y`d skjeklkgigk÷e uekvdrsic qud rdickz÷ dc lrikcd BdreWimijöe de dc ghevdeth lriegksgieh `d Pdpdipucghic Igudùgth Pdobcdqud‐ `he`d rdghjd tdstko

kelhroietds y pkethrds ke`ïjdeis rdcigkhei`hs ghe cdc k`khoi y dc pisi`h `d sus mibktietds.

De dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh drkjk`h phr chs eituricpudbchs gkrguevdgkehs, ùrietd dsd oksoh pdrkh`hrdjkstrh jrélkgh `d ci lhroi `d dxprdsk÷e gucturicskokcir ic rdghjk`h de cis kcustrigkheds `d chsOdohrkicds , i trivës `d chs euodrhshs jcklhs c

`kbufi`hs shbrd cis pkd`ris `d cis irqudrïis `d PdgPdpdyimuicgh, y de `he`d sd rdprdsdetie gmkoiccks ghe `kvdrshs sïobhchs de su ketdrkhr1 skjehs gictdgpitc , h pd`dreicds1 igitc h giùi1 lcdgmis1 fudjhsrdprdsdetigkheds `d gisis h gicck 1 h bie`dri, pie tdstkohekh `d ci k`dhchjïi y ghsohvksk÷e `d chs trqud chs ghestruydrhe.

I pirtkr `dc tdstkohekh cdji`h phr Wimijöe, mi skghehgdr dc skjeklkgi`h `d chs sïobhchs y sd mi liketdrprdtigk÷e `d chs euodrhshs jcklhs prdpcisoi`hs shbrd cis pkd`ris `d cis irqudrïis `dcmk`réuckgh. Iobis dxprdskheds `d ci pdrvkvdegghsohjheïi ke`ïjdei ighetdgde de ci oksoi rdjk÷ey de dc oksoh dspigkh `d tkdoph, phr ch qud dstée ïetrdcigkheiìs.

De ci pkhedri cibhr ietrhphc÷jkgi rdickziì phr BdreWimijöe y de dc tribifh irquktdgt÷ekgh `d Pdophskbcd k`detklkgir `d oiedri prdgurshri `hslueìodeticds de threh i cis rdcigkheds muoieis

i ludrhe ishgkie

jrélkgi y tkr `d ci

ie ghoh sis `d ci

gkdetïlkgi r`keh `d

gdrgieh hekhs `d

rdckjk÷e,

ds `d chs qud`÷ ue ke`ïjdei

^rkodrhs bri`hs y

fdtd h `d h dsgu`hs de`érkghs

d pdchti1 tck , ghoh

bifi`hrds

h phskbcd kckti`h ci kspéekghs

ghopcdfh ki `d ci dhjrélkgi

oiodetd

ir`keh `d cdqud, ds

hegdpths dc igtuic




92

skjch ]]K6 dc rdspdth i ci `kvdrskì` gucturic, y ciietd cis oiekldstigkheds gucturicds `dc htrh.

Htrh dcdodeth dxgdpgkheic qud devudcvd ci rdickzigkgieic pitrkohekic ds ci pirtkgkpigk÷e igtkvi `d ciprhvddr chs lhe`hs `dstkei`hs i ci i`qukskgk÷e `d oitghestruggk÷e. Rdspdgth ic lkeiegkiokdeth `d chsPdobcdqud rdgurrk÷ ic tribifh shckìrkh `d cis ouiphyir i chs gietdrhs y icbiùkcds qud tdeïie qud ipirtmhjirds phr dspigkhs `d tkdoph bistietd prhcheji`hs6

…d dsth qud piri iyuìr `dc ghsth `d ci gic phr eh dpijude ekejöe `kedrh `d sus gisis, sd ghopr÷ gietkì`dc guic sd rdpirtk÷ detrd chs vdgkehs `d `kgmh pudbchoieìsde mkcir i sus oufdrds, d `dspuës d mkci`h sd tdfkoietis piri qud dc `kedrh qud `dcch shbrisd sd jistisdsd jist÷, y chs ke`khs cd kfdrhe qud ekejöe tribifh ek vdrdgkbkdrhe, ietds jrie ghetdeth ghe `dsdh `d bdbdr dcgisis d pudbch.9

I`doés `d chs keedjibcds oërkths `dc lrikcd Pdobc

icgiezir dc bkdedstir ghouektirkh, dc ghopcdfh mk`rIgudùgth rdprdsdeti uei d cis oés dcdviìs dxprdskccioiì Irquktdgturi `dc Ijui isï ghoh `dc `dsirrhskstdois mk`réuckghs `ds`d chs igudùgths `d ci ietkmisti dc Rdeigkokdeth tir`ïh. Ph`hs chsirquktdgt÷ekghs `dc Igudùgth Pdobcdqud, ghestrukghe ci iyuì `d chs dxpdrkodeti`hs ke`ïjdeis, ghest

dfdopch `dstigi`h `d ci shrprde`detd grditkvkì` ghqud igrkshc÷ dc ghetigth `d ci gkvkckzigk÷e durhpodshiodrkgiei.

Ckg. Oirïi Pdrd@krdg

Kestktuth Eigkheic d Ietrhphchj

9DW.09>;9.IJK/27.4:.9//FTWPKGKI,9>2;, R.7. 94<2. Lhc.:4v.

hcdriegki

e `d dstd ufdr piri drkicds `d

tribifhs, drds piri

rsd `d sus

gmircds qud `d icjh`÷e,

piri qud ch d mkgkdrhe

e gic ghoh igk÷e `dcch

ijui de sus

qud piri

uckgh `dc eds `d ci

cch `d chs ui Rhoi

cdodeths hs phr ëc

tuyde ue

strugtkvi i ghe ci

si Lrieghhri Jdedric

i d Mksthrki




97

I G T D @ T G P H @ D C ^ I @ R D P D O B C

O Ë ] K G H

…de thìs cis pirtds y cujirds p`kgmi ijui pisi y vkded, rdgkbde jr

y utkckì` phrqud sd cds `dfie i

ibkdrtis `d ijui, y ch oksoh derdicds piri qud `d dcci pudìe iskchs pisifdrhs y htris pdrsheis qu

pisie.

Lriy Lriegksgh d Pdo

e dc iuìz `dspckdjud ghestrugtkvh `dc

mk`réuckgh rdickzi`h phr dc pi`rd LriPdobcdqud, dstée prhlueìodetd vkegdcdodeths dsdegkicds de ci vkì muoiei6

ijui. Kespkri`h phr dc muoieksoh rdeigdetkstkequdbrietibcd `dc muokc`d lrikcd lriegksgieh phrijui i Vdophici y i Htuobi `ds`d chs cdfiehs oieigdrrh `dc Pdgifdtd mkzh phskbcd dc `dsirrhcch `phbcigkheds, Migkdeìs y riegmdrïis ishgkiìs ïetk

ue piksifd ijivdrh öekgh.

^droktk÷ dc lchrdgkokdeth `d ci vkì de ciijrdstd rdjk÷e `dc ictkpcieh

gdetric odxkgieh.

Y T D ,

r `he`d ci e prhvdgmh

gis y pkcis

hs giokehs ksoh jhzir d phr dcchs

cdqud, 944<

ghopcdfh

gksgh `d ci`hs `hs ci ld y dc

i, ci ld `htir `d

tkicds `dc d jdetds,

iodetd i




90

Dstd skstdoi mk`réuckgh rdickzi`h i od`ki`hs `dc suehs iùhs `dspuës `dc ijrdskvh delrdetiokdeth `ddspiùhc, rdprdsdeti ci rdickzigk÷e de tkdrris iodrkk`dic `d pdrldggk÷e prhpudsth phr cis `hgtrkeis rdeDs ueh `d chs tdstkohekhs oés iuìgds `d cirdeigdetksti. De dstd ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh qud `ht÷oieietkic i cis prkegkpicds phbcigkheds `d ci ghoirg`d hbri ke`ïjdei y dc ghehgkokdeth durhpdh d ci mkluskheie iuìzodetd de uei hbri irquktdgt÷ekgi öghetdxth iodrkgieh ùrietd dc skjch ]K\. De d

mk`réuckgh `dsirrhcci`h phr pi`rd Pdobcdqud sd itketdrgiobkh `d ghehgkokdeths ghestrugtkvhs `dceudvh oue`h.

De dc gish `dc Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud ghelriïgds gucturicds `d `kstketh hrkjde vkeguciìs dstrdgci gucturi `dc ijui, ci durhpdi y ci odshiodrkgiegieicds `d gheùggk÷e `dc cïquk`h sd hbsdrvi ci lus

prégtkgis ghestrugtkvis `drkviìs `dc spdguo h giigudùgths rhoiehs y ci `drkvigk÷e éribd‗ieìcuigdqukis i gkdch ibkdrth y giùhs subtdrréedhs ghoupdeïesuci kbërkgi ghe ci tri`kgk÷e `d chs ipietcd odshiodrkgieis. De 944= `dgcir÷ lriy Lriegksghohtkvigkheds piri ci ghestruggk÷e `d dsi hbri d`dspcdjiì de ue ghetdxth shgkic y od`khiobkdetic sghopcdfh6

…ek dopdgë ekejuei `dccis oés `d phr girkì , y mhc`d vdr triïì ci `kgmi ijui ic `kgmh pudbch `d Htuobi`dsgiesh `d chs eituricds Q…_ tdekde`h chs `kgmhibueìegki `d ijui siei d ckopki ghoh ci qud sd trid dic `kgmh pudbch `d Htuobi i sus sufdths, d eh bdbkdeìjuis qud de sus fijódyds d phzhs tkdede, qud de dìùhsi, chs `kgmhs eituricds `dc `kgmh pudbch d pHtuobi, vkvkrée oés siehs d ghetdeths, y dc `kgmh

iuodetiré d grdgdré.2

2DW.09>;9.IJK/27.4:.9//FTWPKGKI,9>2;, R.7. Kelhroigk÷e mdgmi phr\dcisgh, vkrrdy `d Eudvi Dspiùi, shbrd ci gietkì` `d ijui qud sd ccdvibHtuobi . Tei pkdzi. 94<2. Lhc. :<v.

kjch ]\K, ghequksti

gieis `dc gdetkstis.

k`réuckgi d ijui `d

, ci oieh réuckgi sd

kgi de dc c skstdoi

dstkjui dc kdfh y dc

uyde `hs iodetd i

i. De chs ÷e `d cis

ic `d chs zi `d cis eds de ci

`d ijui shbrd sus

gdpgkheic oiodetd

irïi ougmh hr dc bkde d

s eituricds mi `d ccdvir

h cis `kgmis gmirgiì d

hvkegki `d pudbch sd

`he Cuks `d ic pudbch `d




94

Dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh d`klkgi`h i kestiegkislriegksgieh Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud ds uedxgdpgkheic y rdprdsdetitkvh `d ci gitdjhrïi `d chîtrkohekicds de dc oue`h, yi qud su irqudrïiicgiezi uei icturi `d 7;.<4 odtrhs y sus irghs gddcdvie 77.=0 odtrhs, ci oés icti detrd chs igudùgths c`ds`d dc kopdrkh rhoieh misti dc rdeigkokdethod`ki`hs `dc skjch ]\K ghe ue shch ekvdc `d irghs.

Dc gieic pitrkohekic y su zhei `d kelcudegki sd chgicchs dsti`hs odxkgiehs `d Oëxkgh y `d Mkìcjh de dc

gdetric odxkgieh.

Oipi `d chgickzigk÷e `d ci Rdpöbckgi Odxkgiei de Ioërkgi ke`kgie`h

ubkgigk÷e `d ci rdjk÷e.

Oipi `d ci Rdpöbckgi O`kvksk÷e dstitic ke`kgie`h ci

chs Dsti`hs `d Oëxkgh dsdùickzigk÷e d rdjk÷e.

Dc gieic pitrkohekic y su zhei `d kelcudegki sd chgicchs dsti`hs odxkgiehs `d Oëxkgh y `d Mkìcjh de dcgdetric odxkgieh. Chs giùhs `dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh g`kstiegki thtic `d 0=,22 akc÷odtrhs, `kvk`k`hs deprkegkpic qud vi `ds`d chs oieietkicds `dc Gdrrh `dmii ci gifi `d ijui `kstrkbuk`hri chgickziì ic lk

irqudrïi `d ci Migkdeì `dc Pdgifdtd qud gubrdodtrhs. Ci gifi `kstrkbuk`hri `kvk`d dc lcufh de `hueh migki Vdophici ghe ue rdghrrk`h `d 4,;=0.==htrh migki Htuobi qud sd `kstrkbuyd de 7=,=<<. 4=sd `dspckdjie skjukde`h cis gurvis `d ekvdc `dc

dc lrikcd dfdopch s Gieicds

prkegkpic tricds sd

dvieti`hs tir`ïh i

zie detrd ictkpcieh

xkgiei ghe bkgigk÷e `d

kìcjh ghe

zie detrd ictkpcieh

rrde uei ue gieic Pdgifdtd

eic `d ci

7,7:9.=; rioicds,

odtrhs y dtrhs qud

krrdjucir




9<

tdrrkthrkh ketdjrie`h de su rdghrrk`h igdqukis, gifi`kstrkbuk`hrds, icfkbds pkcis h ludetds qud livhrd`dsirrhcch `d ci vkì de ci ghoirgi `ds`d migd 04> iù

Irgh krrdjucir `dc igudùgth `d Pdpdipucgh. îri dc iroi`h `d dsti irqudrïi sd rdgurrk÷ i ci gkobri `d i`hbd ghoh dstrugturi `d shphrtd. Oudstri `dc prhgdsh `d iìptigk÷e `d chs oh`dchs ghestrugtkvhs durhpdhs ic Eudvh Oue`h. Dstd igudùgth ds dc ietdgd`detd ghestrugtkvh `dc Igudùgth Pdobcdqud (9444-94:2).

Irqudrïi Oiyhr `d Pdpdyim pirtd keldrkhr `d chs irghsrdsths `d ci dehrod gkobgruì utkckziì `d oiedriPdobcdqud y sus g ke`ïjdeis piri cdvietir ci ds

Ci kejdekhsi lusk÷e `d `hs riïgds gucturicds, ci odshy ci durhpdi, ì ghoh rdsucti`h ue skstdoi `d gheìjuis öekgh y `d ue oirgi`h girégtdr odstkzh deghopcdodeti, phr uei pirtd, ci `krdggk÷e `d hbrisPdobcdqud, kespkri`h de chs ghehgkokdeths `d ci mk`tri`kgk÷e rhoiei, y phr htri, ci dvhcugk÷e `d cighestrugtkvi odshiodrkgiei `d ghestruggk÷e ghetkdrri gruì. Dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh dsté ishgki`h icpiksifd oijudydrh.

Wd ghestruyd detrd 9444 y 94:2 de dc ictkpcieodxkgieh, uehs iùhs `dspuës `d ci ghequksti `d Oëxkdspiùhcds skjukde`h dc dspïrktu `d prhgurigk÷e `dc bky hrjiekzigk÷e ghouektirki `d cis ÷r`deds ode`kgieituricds, `drkvi`h `d ci ipckgigk÷e `dc mrdeigdetksti de dc Eudvh Oue`h Iodrkgieh. Pdoprhphed ccdvir ijui ckopki piri ghesuoh muoike`ïjdeis `d uei ghoirgi de qud shch dri phskbcd bdstiegiì de fijódyds h `dp÷skths pcuvkicds, ghetio

`d ijui, gkdrhe dc

s.

uicgh. De ci pirdgde chs i `d tkdrri iuìz phr

cibhri`hrds dcti irgiì.

odrkgiei ggk÷e `d

dc qud sd `dc pi`rd

réuckgi `d tri`kgk÷e

`hbds `d iegdstric

gdetric h phr chs

e ghoöe tds i chs

oieksoh cdqud sd

eh i chs dbdr ijui eiì phr




9:

chs rdgkëe irrkbi`hs iekoicds `hoëstkghs `d chs ghchdspiùhcds.

Dc skstdoi `d gheùggk÷e `d ijui dsté ghestktuk`h ph`d ghetdegk÷e de chs hfhs `d ijui `dc oieietkic1igdqukis phr `he`d ghrrd dc cïquk`h, tieth `supdrlkgkic ghoh gieicds ibkdrths, gieicds gubkdrthsubtdrréedhs1 pkcis `d ibisth `kstrkbukìs phr dc triy`d ijui piri rdjkstrh `dc lcufh de chs sktkhs gphbcigkheds1 irdedrhs piri giptigk÷e `d irdeis irrisci ghrrkdetd1 irgis h dp÷skths `d ijui1 irqudrïis h pu

sicvir `dprdskheds h giùiìs de dc tdrrdeh1 sklheds pdc ekvdc `dc cïquk`h ic ohodeth `d itrivdsir vishs`kstrkbuk`hrds h pirtk`hrds piri kvk`kr dc lcufh1 ìtpiri `kstrkbugk÷e dquktitkvi `d ci ilcudegki `dc cïqukpiri `dphskth, civi`drhs `d rhpi de sktkhs phbci`hs y

Gieic `d gheùggk÷e `d ijui `ds`d Pdpdyimuicgh misti Htuoboieklkdsti ue oiyhr `hokekh `d cis tëgekgis ghestrugtkvis,ibie`hei dc oh`dch `d chs ipietcds prdmkspéekghs migki ci ghestgieicds guyh spdguo dsté rdgubkdrth phr jrie`ds pkdzis `d birrh

lhroi `d "T".Chs dcdodeths `dc skstdoi mï`rkgh dstée `ksdokei`hsrioicds `dc rdghrrk`h `dc ghopcdfh.

ekzi`hrds

brhgicds pietcds h oiedri

y giùhs gth1 gifis

rgiehs i riìs phr

etds piri

iri dcdvir `d ijui1

s `d ijui h1 icfkbds udetds.

de qud sd i qud sd

uggk÷e `d ghgk`h de

e chs `hs




9=

@he Gkrkch, ueh `d chs degirji`hs `d ci rdmibkcktigk÷e ghetdophréedi `dc ghopcdfh mk réuckgh, rdvksi ci oheuodetic dstrugturi `d i`hbd

rdickziì phr sus ietdpisi`hs 04> iùhs ietds.

Iroi`h `d irghs `d tri`kghe gkobri `d oi`dri. Demibïi oi`dri `ksphekbcdPdobcdqud y sus g

ke`ïjdeis `dsirrhccir prhgd`kokdeth ghestrugtkvh pirtkr `d ci utkckzigk÷e `d iìptirsd i cis ghe`kgkheds qtdrrkthrkh.

Dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh dsté ishgki`h ic piksifdpiksifd iegdstric `d girigtdrïstkgis öekgis de Ioëeigkokdeth `d ci gkdegki ietrhphc÷jkgi iodrkgie

rdìggk÷e phr lriy Bdreir`keh `d Wimijöe `d chsOdohrkicds, Mksthrki jdedric `d cis ghsis `d ci Eudqud rdghjd `d kelhroietds y pkethrds ke`ïghehgkokdeths shbrd ci rdckjk÷e, dc k khoi y dc pisimibktietds. Pdxth ghesk`dri`h ghoh ludetd koprpiri dc ghehgkokdeth `d cis ietkjuis gucturis odshio

De dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh rdickzi`h phr chs eit

Htuobi, Vdophici, Viguici y Pciqukcpi ùrietd dpdrkh`h, qud`÷ ue rdjkstrh jrélkgh `d ci lhroi `dgucturic ke`ïjdei skokcir ic rdghjk`h de cis kcustrigkh^rkodrhs Odohrkicds, i trivës `d chs euodrhscibri`hs y kbufi`hs de cis pkd`ris `d cis irqudrïis `h `d Pdpdyimuicgh rdprdsdetie`h gmkoiccks h dsg`kvdrshs sïobhchs de su ketdrkhr, skjehs gicde`érkghspd`dreicds, igitc h giùi, lcdgmis, fudjhs `

rdprdsdetigkheds `d gisis h gicck h bie`dris, p

k÷e rhoiei i rdjk÷e eh

hr ch qud cibhri`hrds

e ue ctdreitkvh i

i`hbd piri ud hlrdgïi dc

ijudydrh , rkgi y ic

i ghe ci

^rkodrhs vi Dspiùi deis chs

`h `d sus sgke`kbcd

rkgieis.

ricds `d

d oksoh dxprdsk÷e ds `d chs

hs jcklhs Pdgifdtd

u`hs ghe tdgpitc , h

pdchti,

ietck qud




9;

dvk`degkie qud chs tribifi`hrds qud ghestruydrhe dcoietdeïie thìvïi su prhpki k`dhchjïi y ghsohvksk÷e.

Rdprdsdetigk÷e `d ue gmkoick h dsgu`h odxkgi de cis pkd`ris `dc igukoijde `dc oksoh sïobhch phrtiì phr ue judrrdrh de uei kcustr^rkodrhs Odohrkicds. Ghrrdsphe`de i ci oksoi rdjk÷e jdhjrélkgiohodeth mkst÷rkgh.

Ci d`klkgigk÷e `dc igudùgth prhohvk`h phr Lri

Pdobcdqud sd rdickzi dxigtiodetd ùrietd chs iùhsBdreir`keh d Wimijöe ketdrrhji i chs eitkvhs `d ci r

ch qud chs ghestrugthrds `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckdstée ïetkoiodetd ckji`hs ghe

chs kelhroietds ke`ïjdeis`d Wimijöe.

7 CHRDEVH OHEPDRRTBKH, Girode, Chs jcklhs `dc igudùgthEudvhs iths, eudvis ketdrprdtigkheds.

gudùgth

ùgth y uei gk÷e `d chs

y ic oksoh

gksgh `d

e chs qud jk÷e, phr

h

d Vdophici.




2>

O ipi `d ph cïjhehs `d `dckoktigk÷e `dc s ktkh

• Vhei Eögcdh6 Ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh `dc IgudùgthPdobcdqud y sktkhs ishgki`hs.

• Vhei `d Iohrtkjuiokdeth6 îksifd ishgki`h `dcmk`réuckgh `dc Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud.

O ipi `d ph cïjhehs `d `dckoktigk÷e `dc s ktkh

`dc î`rd

Ghopcdfh




29

G H O ^ H E D E P D W @ D C W K P K H

…ci `kgmi hbri ds hbri ludrtd phr sdr `d y gieth, keghrphriì de dcci gieicds jrighgk`h y tdfis jrudsis, y jrie`ds y de i phr mibdr bifhs y birriegis y rhbi`drismdgmh phrqud mi sk`h edgdsirkh irghs `dshbrd dcchs vkded phr pudetds ci `kgmi ij pirtds ci `d degiùir phr sus irgiìs, y dimheìr y givir de ci tkdrri phr `he`d pisir ci `kgmi ijui.

Ijustïe `d cis Gisis,

hokei`h ghoh ue Gieic îtrkohekicGieics), dc sktkh prdsdeti chs ghophede

`d ue skstdoi mk`réuckgh `d igudùgheùggk÷e `d ijui. Dsté sktui`h de

Gdetric Odxkgiei de chs `kstrkths `d Pdpdipucgh, VHtuobi, de dc Dsti`h `d Mkìcjh y Dsti`h `dskstdoi `dc gieic pitrkohekic ghoprde`d ue érdi `d`d ijui, oieietkicds, gieicds prkegkpicds y sdgueìrkh`d `kstrkbugk÷e, irqudrïis, `dp÷skths y htrhs

iuxkckirds qud sd dxtkde`de i uei kstiegki oéxkoiakc÷odtrhs.

Dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh sd degudetri de cis ghdxtrdois migïi dc ehrtd i uei citktu` `d9;¾ 44' 7;"chejktu` d ;=¾ 74' 04" Z, y migïi dc sur i uei citktu`2;" E y uei chejktu` `d ;=¾ 04' 2:" Z.

Dc sktkh gubrd uei dxtdesk÷e thtic `d

09.;74,7> mdgtérdis.

irjioisi, gic `ds `d birrh

cjueis pirtds d ijui sd mie

gic y gieth, y ui1 y de htris htris pirtds

i `d vdekr y

tuobi, 944=.

(Mdrktijd tds gcivds

ths piri i Odsdti

ophici y ëxkgh. Dc

giptigk÷e s, tiequds cdodeths

`d 0=,22

r`deiìs E y uei `d 9;¾ 09'




22

V H E I E Ö G C D H 6 G H O ^ C D F H M K @ R É T C K G

I G T D @ T G P H @ D C ^ I @ R D P D O B C D Y T D [

W K P K H W I W H G K I @ H W

Ci Vhei Eögcdh >9 ghegdetri chs tdstkohekhs oikeoitdrkicds `d `kldrdetds pdrkh`hs mkst÷rkghs y skeod`kith, qud migde ghoprdeskvi ci iprdgkiIgudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud ghoh ue gieic piDetrd sus cïoktds sd chgickzie th`hs chs dcdoigudùgth i ch cirjh `d sus 0=.22 akc÷odtrhs, `kvk k

gieic prkegkpic qud vi `ds`d chs oieietkicds `dcPdgifdtd misti ci gifi `d ijui `kstrkbuk`hri chgickziìci irqudrïi `d ci Migkdeì `d Pdgifdtd, qud gubrodtrhs.

Ci gifi `kstrkbuk`hri `kvk`d dc lcufh de `hs rioicds,Vdophici ghe ue rdghrrk`h `d 4,;=0.== odtrhs yHtuobi `kstrkbuk`h de 7=,=<<. 4= odtrhs qud sd

skjukde`h cis gurvis `d ekvdc `dc krrdjucir tdrrkthrkh kde su rdghrrk`h igdqukis, gifis `d ijui, `kstrkbuk`hrpkcis h ludetds. Kegcuyd chs gdetrhs mkst÷rkghphbcigkheds `d Vdophici y Htuobi. ûeth `d ccdj`hs rioicds isï ghoh cis Migkdeìs `d Pdgifdtd,Irghs, Wie Okjudc Hodtusgh y Whipiyugi isï ghoh dkeod kith ic ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh. Ci dxtdesk÷e Èögcdh >9 ds `d <,40>.>> mdgtérdis.

Gdrrh `dc Pdgifdtd, i 02 akc÷odtrhs `d Htuobi, de guyis licìs sd degudetrie chs oieietkicds ghehgk`hs ghoh ChsHfkths, `he`d Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud deghetr÷ uei ludetd `d ijui.

Teh `d chs = `dp÷skths `d`d ijui de cis licìs `dcPdgifdtd. Dstée `dckokti`hs`d oiophstdrïi.

@ D C

tdrkicds d dethreh

gk÷e `dc rkohekic.

eths `dc hs de ue

drrh `dc c lkeic `d 7,7:9.=;

eh migki trh migki

dspckdjie

tdjrie`h ds, icfkbds `d cis

ì `d chs uiìcupd

c dethreh ci Vhei

rdghcdggk÷e Gdrrh `dc

phr ourhs




27

C H W O I E I E P K I C D W @ D C H W H F K P H W

Chs dcdodeths gcivd `dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh sd d

chgickzi`hs `detrh `d dstd ghophedetd, dc oés jrie`qud kegcuyd ic ehrtd ci ludetd `d ijui `dc skstdohetiùi vhcgéekgi `d Dc Pdgifdtd, qud igtöi ghohgiptigk÷e `d ijui. De sus prhxkok`i`ds miy ueioieietkicds, ccioi`hs hfhs `d ijui , qud she gieickzue gieic prkegkpic `d ijui.

Dstd gieic prkegkpic `d ijui gubrd chs prkodrhs 7.7skstdoi misti ci gifi `d ijui h pirtk`hr `d ci irquPdgifdtd, qud kvk`d dc gieic de `hs riois prkegkpicd

gudetrie

`dc sktkh, i de ci

e érdi `d sdrkd `d

`hs migki

: ao `dc rïi `d Dc

, dc rioic




20

`d Vdophici `d 4,;= ao `d chejktu` y dc rioic migkqud sd dxtkde`d oés ic sur piri 7=,=: akc÷odtrhs.

Pcdgixktcée, dc igtuic Gdrrh `dc Pdgifdtd.

Teh `d chs `dp÷skths `d rdghcdggk÷e `d ijui de cis lic`is `dc Gdrrh Pcdgixktcée,dc Pdgifdtd igtuic.

Cis ghe`uggkheds `d chgiptigk÷e sd ghegdetrieipietcd h gieic.

Htuobi

phzhs `d de dc cirjh




24

R I O I C I V D O ^ H I C I

Teh `d chs prkegkpicds ghophedetds irquktdgt÷ekghs

prkegkpic ds ci irqudrïi igtuicodetd chgickziì de ci`dc Pdgifdtd, uei dstrugturi phrtkgiì qud ccdvi dc ij`d 44 irghs `d od`kh pueth shbrd uei `kstiegkigkdeths `d odtrhs. Dc rioic migki Vdophici ghe lrd`dsirrhcci ghoh ue gieic subtdrréedh ghrti`h i 9,2prhlue`kì` de dc piksifd.

Irqudrïi `d ci Migkdeì `dc Pdgifdtd.

`dc gieic

Migkdeì i i trivës

`d virkhs udegki sd

dtrhs `d




2<

Irqudrïi `dc sktkh `dc Pdgifdtd ghopudsti phr 44 irghs `d skccdrïi `d

pkd`ri.

Gifi `d ijui piri ci sdchs gieicds migki VdophHtuobi.

irigk÷e `d ici y migki




2:

Koijde `dc ipietcd i Vdophici gubkdrth ghe jrudsis pkd`ris y ohrtdrh

Gieic `d ijui de dc rioicqud oieklkdsti ci pdroiedtëgekgis iegdstricds de dtdrrdeh.

Ipietcd gdrgi `d chs oieietkicds `dc Pdgifdtd.

Gieic subtdrréedh gdrgi `d`dc Pdgifdtd.

Piequd `d ijui de dc iggdsh `dc igud`ugth i Vdophici.

Gifi `d ijui `d iggdsh i Vdo

d Vdophici egki `d cis

ghrtd `dc

ci Migkde`i

hici




2=

De Vdophici dc rioic sd `kvk`d de `hs gkstdreis rdgtdrokeicds `dc skjch ]\K, qud prhphrgkheie ijprkegkpicds ghopcdfhs `d Vdophici, ticds ghoh ci Gih dc ghevdeth `d Ph`hs chs Wieths.

Gifi d ijui de Vdophici. Ketdrkhr dc tiequd d ijui dVdophici.

Gifi d ijui de ci detriì `d Vdophici Ketdrkhr `d ci gifi d ijui `d`d Vdophici.

Gdrriùris h dsgcusis `d ghetrhc `d ijui. Icfkbd oiyh `d Vdophici.

iejucirds i i chs i Jrie`d

e dc iggdsh i

i ci detriì




2;

Ipietcd migki chs icfkbds `dc gdetrh `d Vdophici.

Ketdrkhr `dc gieic migki dVdophici.

Cis gkstdreis `d Vdophici sd rdmibkcktirhe i lkeicds `dc skjch ]K].

Gifis `d ijui `kstrkbVdophici.

@dp÷skth y ludetd `d `kstrkbugk÷e `d ijui de dc Ghevdeth `d Ph`hs chs Wieths `d Vdophici.

Ludetd lkeic `dc rioic `dPdobcdqud i Vdophici.

gdetrh `d

k`hris de

Igud`ugth




7>

R I O I C I H P T O B I

Dc rioic migki Htuobi sd `krkjd ic surhdstd, pisie`h

Migkdeìs qud dstée prhvkstis `d ijui i trivës `d gify `dp÷skths i ch cirjh `dc gursh. îri itrivdsir dc piMigkdeì `d Juiìcupd Irghs ue skl÷e shphrti`h phccdvi dc ijui i trivës `d ue fijódy.

Detrd chs cïoktds `dc ouekgkpkh `d Vdophici y chs ghouekgkpkh `d Ehpictdpëg, sd degudetri cis dstrugtuqud ligkcktie dc luegkheiokdeth `dc skstdoi mk`réuckg

sur, ci irqudrïi oheuodetic qud itrivkdsi dc birPdpdyimuicgh y dc rïh îpichtd. Ci irgiì oghestrukì ghe <= irghs `d oiophstdrïi `d pkd`riohrtdrh `d gic y irdei.

Gifi `d ijui piri ci sdpirigk÷e `d chs gieicds migki Vdophici y migki Htuobi.

^cieh irquktdgt÷ekgh `dc `dgifi `d ijui ic lkeic `d ciPdgifdtd.

De ci sdggk÷e gdetric `dc rioic sd chgickzie virkis

qud dstée ghedgtiìs ic gieic `d ijui ietds `d qudmk`réuckgh detrd de dc ouekgkpkh `d Htuobi, ticdsMigkdeì `d Wieti Keës Iokctdpdg y cis MigkdeÒkjudc Hodtusgh y Vhipiyugi de dc ouekgkpkh `dDc pudbch `d Htuobi oirgi dc dxtrdoh sur `d

hr virkis

s `d ijui rifd `d ci

r 90 irghs

lkeds `dc ris gcivds

h migki dc

riegh `d yhr dsté

ekì ghe

vki`hr `d ci irqudrïi `d

igkdeìs

c skstdoi ghoh ci s `d Wie

xipusgh. c skstdoi




79

mk`réuckgh, ketdjrie`h gifis `d ijui y tieicoigdeiokdeth. Dc skstdoi `d ibistdgkokdeth pdetde`k`h thìvïi de icjueis dstrugturis irquktdgt÷ekci Gisi `d ci Gucturi, ci Gisi `d chs \krrdyds h dc GhCi ûrïskoi Ghegdpgk÷e.

Irqudrïi de ci Migkdeì `d Pdgifdtd. ueth kekgkic dc rioic migki Htuob

quds `d ud`d sdr

gis, ghoh vdeth `d

i.




72

@dp÷skth d ijui de Wieti Jdrtru ks. Gifi `d ijui gdrgi `dcMigkdeì `d Juiìcupd.

Irgiùz h tubdrïi `d irgkcci piri shphrtir ci prdsk÷e `dc skl÷e `d Juiìcupd.

Dc skl÷e de ci Migkdeì `d J

Ispdgth `d ci irgiì s÷ckì y dc skl÷e `dc sktkh `d Juiìcupd.

kl÷e `d ci

uiìcupd.




77

^cieh irquktdgt÷ekgh `dc skl÷e `d Juiìcupd Irghs.

Civi`drhs piri rhpi de Juiìcupd Irghs. ^cieh `d tiequds piri dc civi

"Irgh giï`h" `d Igdchtci, rdgkdetdodetd rdstiuri`h phr dc îtrheith Igudùgth Pdobcdqud I. G.

Dc ipietcd ghrrd de icjuehssupdrlkgkd y de htrhs gkrguci

`h `d rhpi.

riohs phr ci ifh tkdrri.




70

C I I R G I @ I O I [ H R @ D P D ^ D [ I M T I C G H

Dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh d`klkgi`h i kestiegkis

lriegksgieh Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud ds uedxgdpgkheic y rdprdsdetitkvh `d ci gitdjhrïi `d chîtrkohekicds (Mdrktijd Gieics) de dc oue`h yirqudrïi prkegkpic icgiezi uei icturi `d 7;.<4 odtirghs gdetricds sd dcdvie 77.=0 odtrhs, ci oés ictiigudùgths cdvieti`hs `ds`d dc kopdrkh rhoiehRdeigkokdeth tir ïh i od`ki`hs `dc skjch ]\K gh

ekvdc `d irghs.

Irgiì oheuodetic de dc rïh Dc îpichtd gdrgi `d ci phbcigk÷e `d Pdpdyi

dc lrikcd

dfdopch s Gieicds

qud su rhs y sus

detrd chs misti dc

ue shch

muicgh,




74

Rdsths `dc deghlri`h `d i`hbd detrd chs irghs, dxpudsth `urietd 04> iùh`d ci ketdopdrkd.

Cdvietiokdeth irquktdgt÷ekgh `d irgi`i prkegkpic `d Pdpdyimuicgh.

i chs dldgths




7<

Gifi `d ijui de ci pirtd kekgkic `d ci irqudrïi oiyhr d Pdpdyimuicgh.

Irghs d Pdpdyimuicgh ghes944= y 94<7.

\ksti iërdi `d ci irqudrïi oiyhr de ci birriegi `d Pdpdyimuicgh.

De ci pirtd keldrkhr `d chs irghs ipirdgde chs rdsths `dc dehrod deghlri`h `d tkdrri gruì usi`h `d uei oiedri iuìz phr Pdobcdqud y sus ghcibhri`hrds ke`ïjdeis piri cdvietir ci dsbdcti irqudrïi.

Rdsths `d ci gkobri `d iìrghs, dxpudsti ùrietd 04dldgths `d ci ketdopdrkd.

truk`hs detrd

bd detrd chs iùhs i chs




7:

Teh `d chs irghs `d ci irgi`i oheuodetic `d Pdpdyimuicgh o prhckldrigk÷e `d jcklhs `d hrkjde odshiodrkgieh qud ludrhe pke

tdstkohekh `d ci oieh `d hbri ke`ïjdei ipckgi`i de dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh.

Jcklhs pketi`hs de ougmis `d cis pkd ris de chs irghs. Cis oirgis `d ci oke`ïjdei de dc ghefueth mk`réuckgh, su icturi y ci tëgekgi odstkzi `dmigde qud dstd dfdopch `d ci irquktdgturi `dc ijui sdi dxgdpgkheic.

hstrie`h ci ti`hs ghoh

ieh `d hbri hestruggk÷e




7=

Dc pudetd `d Wie ^d`rh, gdrgi `d ci gkuì` `d Htuobi, sd ghophed d ue irgh ghestruk`h de pkd`ri.

Irgh `d Wie Oirghs. Ci d pkd`ri sd ghophed `d ue iqud mi pdr`k`h sus `hvdcis.

Gieic `d gheùggk÷e `d ijui `ds`d Pdpdyimuicgh migki Htuobi. Dc s pdguo

dsté gubkdrth phr jrie`ds pkdzis `d irgkcci ghgkì de lhroi `d "T".

Jrie gifi `d ijui `d ccdji``d Htuobi. Wu pdrïh`h `d

lud iprhxkoiìodetd de 94

Jrie Ioieic `d Htuobi, dstrdgmiodetd ckji`h i ci jëedsks y ci mksthrki `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh.

Pribifh `d rdohgk÷e `d dsgrdgupdrir dc jrie tiequdHtuobi.

klkgigk÷e `d gh rdbifi`h

i ci gkuì` ghestruggk÷e

9.

hobrhs piri `d ijui `d




7;

Dc jrie Icfkbd de dc oheistdrkh lriegksgieh `d ci ûrïskoi Ghe Htuobi ds dc pueth lkeic `dc igudùgth ghestruk`h phr cis gh `krkjk is phr Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud. Rdohgk÷e `d dsgh

rdgupdrir dc dehrod `dp÷skth `d ijui.

dpgk÷e `d

ouekì`ds brhs piri




0>

Oipi `d chgic kzigk÷e `d chs prkegkpicds ghophedetds `dc

igud`ugth.


igud`ugth.




09


igud`ugth.


igud`ugth.




02

V H E I @ D I O H R P K J T I O K D E P H 6

Ghetkded chs dcdodeths ghopcdodetirkhs i chs

mk`réuckghs `d Pdobcdqud y Pdpdipucgh, i lke `d ghdc `dsirrhcch mkst÷rkgh `d ci ghoirgi y su dvhcugk÷pueth `d vksti piksifïstkgh, urbieh y irquktdgt÷ekgcïoktds sd chgickzi uei iopcki rd` `d pirgdcis qud gue érdi rdprdsdetitkvi `dc piksifd oijudydrh `dcgdetric odxkgieh, qud tkded ghoh girigtdrïstkgi `kskdobri `d cïedis piricdcis `d ijivd sdpiriìs de

odtrhs ghehgkìs ghoh odtdpietcd, qud vie dlkekdebiegicds y tdrrizis piri pdroktkr dc guctkvh ketdrehpic, oiïz, lrkfhc, gdbiì, ivdei h trkjh. De dc pdrchgickzie virkhs fijódyds, `dp÷skths `d ijui qud rdgh`kvdrsis giùiìs y ccieuris phr jrivdì` dc cïquk`h.

Dc érdi qud ibirgi ci Vhei `d Iohrtkjuiokdeth ds `dmdgtérdis.

@ds`d tkdophs keodohrkicds, dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh sd mi rdcigkhei`hoijudydrh `dc ictkpcieh gdetric odxkgieh. Lhthjrilïi `d 9;0>.

skstdois

prde`dr `ds`d dc

. De sus elhroie

ictkpcieh tketkvi ci rd 7 y 4

`h suivds d`kh `d ïodtrh sd

de `d cis

70,=2>.>>

he dc piksifd




07

Ci pcieti `d Ijivd Wicokiei `ds`d ci ietkjódì` mi sk`h dc dcdodethgirégtdr `dc piksifd `d ci rdjk÷e `dc igudùgth.

Odtdpietcds `d chs oijudyds `dckedie`h cis gurvis `d ekvdc de cis tkdrrisic Igudùgth Pdobcdqud. rdickzi`hs piri ghesdrvir dc ijui `d ccuvki dguctkviìs. De ci koijde `d Jhhjcd Dirtm sd iprdgkie chs odtdpietcds d piksifd ijrïghci.

kstketkvh `dc

gkrgueìetds cis tdrrizis

oirgie`h dc




00

Dc piksifd ijrïghci qud rh`di dc ghopcdfh mk réuckgh sd girigtdrkzi iegdscis cïedis `d oijudyds h odtdpietcds qud sd i`iptie ic tdrrdeh krrdjusuivds tdrrizis d guctkvh.

Odtdpietcds `d oijudy, pirtd kesdpiribcd `dc piksifd qud deoirgimk`réuckgh.

ricodetd phr ir lhroie`h

dc ghopcdfh




04

Htrh `d chs ghophedetds `dc phcïjheh `d iohrtkshe icjueis `d cis migkdeìs pucqudris oés rdprdsdeictkpcieh gdetric odxkgieh.

Ci rkqudzi `d cis Migkdeìs pucqudris qud sd isdetirhe de dc gursh `dc igudùgth lud livhrdgkì

phr dc ush `d sus ijuis. Migkdeì Wie Okjudc Hodtusgh.

Migkdeì `d Dc Pdgifdtdde dc triydgth `dc igudbdedlkgkirsd ghe sus ijuis

Ludetd `d ijui y dc `dp÷skth de cis

gibiccdrkzis `d ci Gisi Jrie`d `d Vdophici.

Cis Migkdeìs pucqudris

ci rdjk÷e oudstriedsti`hs `d ghesdrvigk÷e.`d Whipiyugi.

Migkdeì `d Juiìcupd Irghs. Migkdeì `d Wieti Keës I

uiokdeth itkvis `dc

dstibcdgkì ugth piri

.

`detrh `d

`kldrdetds Migkdeì

okctdpëg.




0<

Chs dcdodeths `dc igud`ugth qud sd ghesdrvie oietkdede ueighe`kgk÷e `d ketdjrk`i` de sus ghophedetds.

kophrtietd




0:

T E I G T D @ T G P H R D E I G D E P K W P

I O Ë R K G I

Dsti jrie lébrkgi, qud ipdeis pu`kdri dodc ph`dr `d ue oheirgi, ci dopdz÷ y ig y gdch `d ue phbrd lrikcd lriegksgieh, qoés qud dc th`h `d ci hbri, puds ske htr

ci prhvk`degki `kvkei, ccdj÷ i su pdlébrkgi, qud sdré `kjei `d iòkrigk÷e `th`hs. Q…_ i thìs cugds okriì, ds ueoirivkccis y ghe qukde eh tkded ghopliohsh pudetd `d Wdjhvki ek htris hbrisDurhpi phr okcijrhs `d irquktdgturi.

Lriegksgh `d

c Ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh `dc IgudùgthPdobcdqud rdprdsdeti uei `d cis oésdxprdskheds `dc jëedrh `d Ci irquktijui y de dc `dsirrhcch `d chs skstdois m

`ds`d chs igudùgths rhoiehs misti dc rdeigkokdeth tghehgkokdeths durhpdhs od ktdrréedhs `d gheùggk÷ludrhe trispudsths ic Eudvh Oue`h iodrkgieh,

ketdjrie `d oiedri lrugtïldri ghe cis tri`kgkheds ghodshiodrkgieis.

Ph`hs chs dcdodeths irquktdgt÷ekghs `dc igudùgthphr dc pi`rd Pdobcdqud ghe iyuì `d chs dxpdrkghestrugthrds ke`ïjdeis ghestktuyde ue dfdopch `dsci shrprde`detd grditkvkì` ghestrugtkvi qud brhtighetigth `d ci gkvkckzigk÷e durhpdi ghe ci odshiodrkg

De dstd ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh qud `ht÷ `d ijui `d ocis prkegkpicds phbcigkheds `d ci ghoirgi, ci oieke`ïjdei y dc ghehgkokdeth durhpdh `d ci mk`luskheie iuìzodetd de uei hbri irquktdgt÷ekgi öghetdxth iodrkgieh ùrietd dc skjch ]K\. De d

D E

rde`dr th`h b÷ ci girkì`

d iöe iòkri s lhe`hs qud

ldggk÷e uei chs skjchs `d

ghefueth `d rigk÷e ek dc

qud iòkri ci

fhlrïe, 9:<<.

dc î`rd dcdviìs

gturi `dc

k`réuckghs r`ïh. Chs

e `d ijui `he`d sd

strugtkvis

cdvieti`h odeti`hs

igi`h `d urietd dc

iei.

eietkic i `d hbri

éuckgi sd kgi de dc c skstdoi




0=

mk`réuckgh `dsirrhcci`h phr pi`rd Pdobcdqud sd itketdrgiobkh `d ghehgkokdeths ghestrugtkvhs `dceudvh oue`h.

Ghelcuyde `hs riïgds gucturicds `d `kstketh hrkjdedstrdgmiodetd i ci gucturi `dc ijui, ci durhodshiodrkgiei. De chs gieicds `d gheùggk÷e `dchbsdrvi ci lusk÷e `d cis prégtkgis ghestrugtkvis `drspdguo h gieic `d chs igudùgths rhoiehs y ciéribd‗ieìcuzi `d cis igdqukis i gkdch ibkdrthsubtdrréedhs ghoueds de ci pdeïesuci kbërkgi ghe ci

`d chs ipietcds `d ijui odshiodrkgieis.

C I M K @ R É T C K G I R D E I G D E P K W P I D E I

Ci mk`réuckgi durhpdi ccdji i Ioërkgi de dc gheprégtkgh `d chs rdckjkhshs degirji`hs `d ghestrukr gkjcdskis y phbcigkheds fueth ghe icjuehs dfdopcirtriti`hs `d irquktdgturi `d \ktruvkh y `d Cd÷e Bittksqud pisirhe ic Eudvh Oue`h `d oieh `d luvkrrdkeicds ghoh dc prkodr vkrrdy @he Iethekh `d

Ccdjiì `dc dfërgkth dspiùhc ghoieì`h phr dc Gipktée Mdreée Ghrtës iOëxkgh-Pdehgmtktcée. Kcustrigk÷e `dc G÷`kgd Lchrdetkeh dcibhri`h phrWimijöe ghe dc iuxkckh d kelhroietds y pkethrds ke`ïjdeis de dc skjch ]Od`kgdi Ciurdezkiei, Lchrdegki, Kticki.

dstkjui dc kdfh y dc

keguciìs di y ci

ïquk`h sd viìs `dc

drkvigk÷e y giùhs

tri`kgk÷e

Ë R K G I

gkokdeth hevdeths,

ds `d chs ti Icbdrtk

gkheirkhs de`hzi,

ci Gkuì` `d dreir`keh `d \K. Bkbckhtdgi




0;

qukde tuvh bifh su rdsphesibkckì` ci rdickzigk÷e `dkejdekdrïi mk`réuckgi y cis prkodris prhspdggkhedsg÷oh `htir `d ijui i cis ghouekì`ds `d Htuobi.

Ci kesdrgk÷e `d chs oh`dchs y oh`hs `d ghestrukrtuvh edgdsirkiodetd qud iìptirsd i cis girigtdrïod`kh eituric, i chs oitdrkicds ksphekbcds de giì prch oés kophrtietd, ifustirsd i cis lhrois `dghsohjheïi y i cis tri`kgkheds ghestrugtkvis `d chsìe`h ghoh rdsucti`h uei mkbrkìgk÷e y ue rkgh oci qud ghevdrjde `hs riïgds gucturicds, ci durhpdi od

y ci odshiodrkgiei.

Dstd odstkzifd sd oieklkdsti de dc tdoi mk`réuckgh, tiìptigk÷e i uei eudvi gkrguestiegki `d chs oh`dchsghoh de ci `kldrdetd ohtkvigk÷e piri ci ghestrjrie`ds irqudrïis. Ci ketrhùggk÷e `d eudvis tmk`réuckgis y `d eudvis mdrriokdetis kopckg÷trisgde`deticds de ci lhroi `d gheùggk÷e `d ijhrkjde i ehvd`hsis shcugkheds ghestrugtkvis piri sigrdgkdetd `doieì, ghoh sd pud`d ghestitir de cis i

Ci ksci `d ci Tthpïi, jribi`h de dc ckbrh `d Phoés Ohrh. Dstd tdxth dfdrgk÷ uei skejucir kelcudegki de chs prkodrhs luegkheirkhs vkrrdkeicds y de icjuehs rdckjkhshs qud ipckgirhe icjueis `d dstis k`dis de dc Eudvh Oue`h iodrkgieh.

Dfdopcir `dc triti`h `d irqCd÷e Bittksti Icbdrtkghodeti`h phr dc prkodrEudvi Dspiùi, Iethekh `d

hbris `d shbrd dc

durhpdhs stkgis `dc

hvkegki y, dr, i ci

eituricds, stkzifd de

ktdrréedi

eth de ci durhpdhs,

ggk÷e `d gehchjïis

giobkhs i qud ì

ksligdr ci qudrïis y

uktdgturi `d lkroi`h y

krrdy `d ci de`hzi.




4>

ipietcds `d chs igudùgths `d Pdpdipucgh y dc ghestPdobcdqud. Tei pirtd skjeklkgitkvi `dc prhgdsh `d o`dbd i qud cis hbris irquktdgt÷ekgis y `d gieickzigk÷ludrhe rdickziìs phr cis euodrhsis ghouekì`dsqud ipckgibie eh shch sus sibdrds iegdstricds `dghestrugtkvis h mk`réuckgis, skeh su jrie `dstrdgietdrhs y oidstrhs `d hbri y icbiùkcds.

C I G H E P I O K E I G K × E @ D C H W F I J Ó D [ D W

D C J I E I @ H D W ^ I Ù H C

De chs prkodrhs iùhs `dc pdrkh`h vkrrdkeic de Oëxkketrhùggk÷e `d eudvhs oh`dchs `d prhùggk÷e rghe dspdgkds vdjdticds y iekoicds dxtdrehs, sdedgdsirkiodetd ue `dsdqukckbrkh y ue `dsbiciegd d÷r`deds, oh`klkgie`h ri`kgicodetd ci iegdstricprhùgtkvi ijrïghci odshiodrkgiei. Ci ketrhùggk

jiei`drïi de chs tdrrkthrkhs `dc ictkpcieh gdetric, gijrie`ds rïhs, kopckg÷ uei pdrturbigk÷e de cis lhro`d rdsjuirìr dc ijui yi qud chs iekoicds sd odtfijódyds piri bdbdr, ghetiokeie`h su ghetdek`h. Chdrie `dp÷skths tri`kgkheicds `d giptigk÷e `d ijuigheskstdetds de jrie`ds tiequds `d lhroi krrdjucivdgds cibri`hs de dc ùrh sudch `d ci rdjk÷e y h

iprhvdgmie`h `dprdskheds eituricds de chs qud sd rcis ghrrkdetds pcuvkicds supdrlkgkicds.

Ic ohodeth `d prhohvdr ci ghejrdjigk÷e `d chs`kspdrshs phr dc tdrrkthrkh de ghouekì`ds `d girégtùrietd dc skjch ]\K, chs rdckjkhshs delrdetirhe dc pribistdgkokdeth `d ijuis yi qud chs iegdstricds fijpdroktïie giptir dc vhcuode rdqudrk`h piri cedgdskì`ds y ci rdgkëe ketrhùgkì prégtkgi `d cidspiùhci ci ghetiokeibi. Migki 944= dc lrikcdRhoieheds `dsgrkbd ci prhbcdoétkgi `d ci dsgisdgickì` `dc ijui rdghjkì de fijódyds de cigkrguestiegki6

uk`h phr dstkzifd sd

`d ijuis ke`ïjdeis

tëgekgis zi ghoh

^ H R

h, ghe ci ric fueth

prhùfh ougmhs

strugturi ÷e `d ci

rdetds `d s itévkgis

ïie i chs fijódyds

cchvd`kzi , icjueis

ris vdgds

prdsibie

eituricds r urbieh

bcdoi `d dyds, eh

s eudvis jiei`drïi

Fhie `d z y oici

ehvd`hsi




49

…qud de dstd `kgmh pudbch y de ch oés `d dsti Eudvccudvd th`h dc iùh, skeh uei tdophriì qud pud`de sdroés h odehs, y dsth eh th`h dc iùh, y `dsti giusi, ph

odsds `dc iùh phr cchvdr, vkded qud chs phzhs y fijódydrdghjd dc ijui qud ccudvd sd vkded i sdgir cis oés `d ciiesï sd rdghjd y degmirgi, y dc ijui qud qudì, sk icjuvkded i degmirgir y ìùir `d sudrtd qud phr sdr tie`kgmhs eituricds.0

Dc pisthrdh y dc oiedfh `d miths `d jiei`h `ddspdgkds drie ghopcdtiodetd `dsghehgk`hs de dprdmkspéekgh y ci edgdskì` `d ìrcds `d bdbdr kopcprhbcdois ic prdgirkh dqukckbrkh `d ci giptigk÷e `ccuvki de fijódyds de uei rdjk÷e érkì6

Guie`h chs dspiùhcds, cudjh `d ci Ghequksti, ketrjiei`drïi -gibicchs, bhvkehs y phrgkehs- dsd skstdokehpdrietd1 chs pdqudùhs cijhs irtklkgkicds eh pu`kdrhe

0DW.09>;9.IJK/27.4:.9//FTWPKGKI,9>2;, R.7. Kelhroitkhe oi`d by\dcisgh, \kgdrhy hl tmd Edw Wpike, he tmd quietkty hl witdr tmit wisthwe hl Htuobi . Hed pkdgd. 94<2. Lhc. 2>v.

De dstd ketdrdsietd oipi rdickzi`h phr Jibrkdc `d Gmévdz de 94=; ipirdeh rdsudcth prhbcdoi `d ci ghdxkstdegki detrd dc rdgkëe ketrhùgk`h jiechs iegdstricds fijódyds qud drie ghetiokei`hs phr oucis, gibicchs

fijódyds ipirdgde de ci pirtd keldrkhr `d ci koijde. Oipi `d Vdophici,Wugmkejuie. Irgmkvh Jdedric `d ci Eigk÷e, Oëxkgh.

Dspiùi eh gkegh odsds

r dstir skdtd

d pirtds sd tic ijui qud ei shbri, sd

iùhsi i chs

kldrdetds Oëxkgh

kg÷ sdrkhs ijui `d

ùfdrhe ci sd vhcvk÷ shbrdvkvkr i

he Cuks `d tiade th tmd

d rdlcdfi`h dc `h dspiùhc y y vigis. Chs

Wie Okjudc y




42

ci ghetiokeigk÷e oiskvi prhvhgiì phr dc jiei`h. Ijrdstkch `d vkì tri`kgkheic, chs ke`khs sd vkdrhe de `klkglrikcds sd `d`kgirhe dethegds i rdstibcdgdr dc iggdsh `d

phbcigkheds ke`ïjdeis. Chs dsludrzhs `dspcdji`hs dedrie uei od`kì `d dqukì`, uei oiedri `d cugmi`dsdstibkckzigk÷e triïì phr chs ghchekzi`hrds.4

Dsti prhbcdoétkgi ildgt÷ sdvdriodetd i chs euodrhshghejrdji`hs mibktietds `d ci ghoirgi. Ci ghethgiskheiì phr ci ketrhùggk÷e `d cis prégtkgis jieiìctkpcieh de chs fijódyds, suoiì i ci kestruggkiuthrkì`ds vkrrdkeicds `d ghejrdjir i cis gh

ke`ïjdeis ohtkv÷ i chs lrikcds lriegksgiehs isdetighoirgi i busgir ictdreitkvis piri ci `htigk÷e `drdgkëe dstibcdgkìs phbcigkheds, i`dguie`h i ci Eudchs oh`dchs urbieïstkghs y chs ghehgkokdeths `drdeigdetkstis.

C H W I G T D R @ H W ^ I R I C I \ D E P I @ D C I

D E P R D V D O ^ H I C I [ H P T O B I

@dspuës `d virkhs ketdeths kelrugtuhshs `d ghoprirpudbchs `d Pdpdipucgh y Pdxghgh, lkeicodetd chslriegksgiehs thoie ci `dgksk÷e `d tridr ijui `ds`doieietkic `d Ioixitdc, de cis licìs `dc Gdrrh `d P(de eémuitc tcd , ludjh y gixktc , gifdtd h rdgkpkdetd m

de ghefueth skjeklkgi –gdrrh mdgmh i oiedri `d brPdgifdtd. îri ch guic prhoudvde `hs `hguodethbfdtkvh `d rdlrdeìr dc ghoprhoksh. ^hr ueighetrith detrd chs lriegksgiehs piri prhphrgkheir rdcoiedri pdroiedetd piri dc Ghevdeth `d Ph`hs chsVdophici qud sd deghetribi de ghestruggk÷e i gi`htigk÷e `d ijui i Htuobi, oksoh qud sd lkroldbrdrh `d 9447 y phr htri pirtd, uei dsgrkturi `dvdeti `d ijui detrd chs pudbchs `d Viguici, PcVdophici y chs prkegkpicds `d Htuobi qud lud lkro

4 @T\DRJDR, Gmrkstkie, Ijui y Ludjh Irtd Wigrh Ke`ïjdei `d Oëxkgh]\K , D`kthrkic Hgëieh `d Oëxkgh, W.I `d G.\, Oëxkgh, ^.92< y 92:.

`k`hs de su cti`ds. Chs ijui `d cis

dsd sdetk`h r ghetri ci

s y rdgkëe okeigk÷e

dris de dc e `d cis

uekì`ds

hs de ci jui i cis

i Dspiùi k`réuckgi

T I

ijui i chs rdckjkhshs

dc cdfieh dgixktcée,

e`h, qud

sdrh‟), dc s ghe dc irtd, ue jkhshs `d

Wieths `d bkh `d ci

dc : `d ghopri-

qukcpi y `h 0 `ïis

e dc skjch




47

`dspuës, dc 99 `d ldbrdrh `dc oksoh iùh. De ci dsdstibcdgd ue pijh d 2> pdshs d hrh ieuicds phr ci ijui.

@dticcd `dc oipi qud ighopiùi i ci rdcigk÷e `d Vdophici derdprdsdeti`h phr prkodri vdz dc igudùgth. Ipirdgd dc Gdrrh `dc Pdgibrhgicds gkrgucirds `d chs hfhs `d ijui, chs ipietcds `d gheùggk÷e `d ij`he`d sd ubkgi ci gifi `d ijui `dc pirtk`hr, ci ludetd de ci pcizi `dghevdeth y, de ci pirtd supdrkhr `drdgmi, ci irqudrïi oiyhr `d Pdpdyi`kbufi`h de 94=>. Bdeshe Citke Iodrkgie Ghccdgtkhe, Iustke Pdxis, TWI

Ci dstritdjki piri ghevdegdr i chs eituricds piri ci vokti` `dc ijui giptiì de chs oieietkicds `dcPcdgixktcée kopckgibi ci ghejrdjigk÷e `d cis ghke ïjdeis kspdrsis phr ci rdjk÷e de ue eögcdh urghopigth icrd`d`hr `dc ghefueth rdckjkhsh `d Vdoghoh ci `htigk÷e pdroiedetd `d lrikcds lriegksgohrir dc Ghevdeth `d Ph`hs chs Wieths qud sd ghedshs tkdophs de Vdophici6

… y imhri th`hs fueths migëks oheistdrkh piri chs lrikcdhr`de de ch guic i th`hs mie `d sdr iòkekstri`hssigriodeths qud phr dstd bdedlkgkh y tribifh hs prhodth`h eudstrh tkdoph, eh `dfirhs `d ìr lrikcds de `kgmhQ…_ y qud sk phr igish igidgkdsd mibdr licti `d rdckjkhph`dr guopckr ghe chs qud dstuvkdsde de ci gisi `d Htu

grkturi sd tigk÷e `d

ud ipirdgd dtd ghe chs

i. Dc pueth dophici, dc

muicgh. Lud

eti `d ci gdrrh `d

uekì`ds ieh oés phici, isï

ehs piri truïi phr

s `d eudstri chs sieths

dohs `d de oheistdrkh

shs piri eh bi, sd supci




40

y chs phejie de `kgmh oheistdrkh `d Ph`hs Wiepi`dzgie ci licti dcchs qud eh chs `d Viguici ek dc oPh`hs Wieths de qud th`hs trds pudbchs mibëks `d sdr i

phr eudstrhs rdckjkhshs.

<

De ci Dsgrkturi `d ghopri y gdesh `dc ijui phr 2tdpuzqud giì iùh. Lkroiì phr Ghegdfh y Tekvd pudbch `d Htuobi, `d uei pirtd, ghoh ghopri`h ychs Ghegdfh y Tekvdrskì`ds `d chs pudbchs `d Pdqukcpi y Êdepuici ghoh vde`d`hrds lkroiì de ciOëxkgh dc `ki 99 `d ldbrdrh `d 9447 sdphrodehrkziì `dsgrkpgk÷e `d cis ghe`kgkheds `dvdeti `dc ijui y `d chs pueths prkegkpicds y girigtdchs gieicds y gifis `d ijui piri `kstrkbugk÷e. Ds ue `

< [gmikrrdjuk, Lriy Grkst÷bic `d, Ghpki `dc ghetrith detrd chs ke`khs `dke`khs `d Vdophici, 9447 , Vdophici, Fueti `d Ijuis, Ghrrdsphe`degk lhfis. @hguodeth chgickzi`h phr Jdrir`h Brivh \. de irgmkvhsVdophici.

Ghevdekh detrd chs lriegksgiehs y chs eituricds `d ci rdjk÷e `d Vdophici piri ci ghopri `d ijui piri Htuobi i giobkh `d ci pdroiedegki `d rdckjkhshs de dc ghevdeth `d Ph`hs chs Wieths qud dstibi de ghestruggk÷e. Dsté lkroi`h, detrd htrhs lrikcds, phr Bdreir`keh `d Wimijöe de 9447.

Dsgrkturi `d ghopri-vdetigkvkc detrd chs jhbdrei`hrds prkegkpicds `d cis ghouViguici, Pciqukcpi y Vdopiuthrkì`ds y ci jdetd pHtuobi.IJK/27.4:.9//FTWPKGKI,9>2

hs y ietds eistdrkh `d

`hgtrkei`hs

pdshs `d skì` `dc `d ci htri

Êiquici, gkuì` `d

igd uei ghopri-

ïstkgis `d guodeth

Htuobi y chs , Gi. 9<;>. 2

iokckirds `d

`d girégtdr y chs ke`khs

kì`ds `d ici, ghe cis

rkegkpic `d 9447.

;, R.7. 94<2




44

dsdegkic piri detde`dr ci jëedsks `dc iGhopcdodetirkiodetd ic ghetrith ghe chs lriegksitde`ïi prkohr`kicodetd ispdgths rdcigkhei`hsdviejdckzigk÷e ghoh dcdodeth `d ghevdegkokdeththrjiokdeth `dc ijui, sd gdcdbr÷ uei dsgrkturi `dvdeti `d girégtdr gkvkc detrd chs jhbdrei`hrdsprkegkpicds `d cis ghouekì`ds `d Viguici, PcVdophici phr uei pirtd, ghe cis iuthrkì`ds y prkeHtuobi. Dc ghsth piri ci ghouekì` `d Htuobi spdshs `d hrh, hbckjée`hsd ic pijh `d oiedri ke`dlkek

…ci guic `kgmi okti` `d ijui vhs vde`dohs phr prdgkh2> pdshs `d hrh ghoöe `d ch qud ghrrd `d i = rdicds ùe pdsh de giì ue iùh phr skdoprd fioés, qud thoéks ddc `kgmh Ghesdfh d Tekvdrskì` `d Htuobi `d ehs `ghetrkbukr `d ijhri piri skdoprd fioés.:

L R I [ L R I E G K W G H @ D P D O B C D Y T D , D C

Y T D C C D \ × D C I J T I I H P T O B I

Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud, lrikcd rdsk`detd de dc ghHtuobi, isuod dc rdth `d tridr ijui i ci phbcirdod`kir ci ghetiokeigk÷e `dc Jrie Ioieic y chs fici ghoirgi i pirtkr `d ch dstibcdgk`h tieth de dc gh`htigk÷e `d rdckjkhshs i Vdophici ghoh ci dsgrktughopri-vdeti `dc ijui detrd cis ghouekì`ds `d ci r

sd gudeti ghe ougmi kelhroigk÷e shbrd su pdrshekelkdrd phr sus hbris uei tdeiz `ksphskgk÷e ic rdth `ghe`kgkheds piri dc `dsirrhcch `d uei vkì oés fusteituricds tieth de ch dspkrktuic ghoh de ch oitdrkic.

Detd chs iùhs 9447 i 94:9 sd ipckgi de ci jdstk÷e y drjrie igudùgth qud ccdv÷ ijui i Vdophici y`d`kgée`hcd iprhxkoiìodetd 9: iùhs `d tribifh

ghetie`h piri dc dldgth ghe ci ghcibhrigk÷e `d chs eiViguici, Pciqukcpi, Vdophici y Htuobi. Ci cirji `ci hbri mibci `d ue girégtdr y uei `dtdrokeigk÷e i

:DW.09>;9.IJK/27.4:.9//FTWPKGKI,9>2;, R.7. 94<2. Lhc. :v.

gudùgth. iehs qud

ghe ci piri dc

ghopri- d ke`khs

qukcpi y kpicds `d

rïi `d 2> i6

guietïi `d d pciti giì hbckjéks vhs

r y pijir y

R I K C D

vdeth `d k÷e piri

ódyds `d etrith `d

i piri ci jk÷e. Eh

i pdrh sd grdir cis

piri chs

ggk÷e `dc Htuobi,

ghetkeuh

uricds `d rigk÷e `d

okribcds




4<

isï ghoh `d uei jrie gipigkì` `d ghevdegkohtkvigk÷e piri qud cis ghouekì`ds pirtkgkpirirdickzigk÷e `d dsi hbri dxgdpgkheic sd ghet÷ghehgkokdeth `d ci tdgehchjïi mk`réuckgi `d hrkjdvdrtkì de ci triti`ïstkgi rdeigdetksti y chs sibdrdsshbrd gheùggk÷e `d ijuis `drkvi`hs `d ci mdrdeieìcuzi dspiùhci `d Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud, phsisdshri`h ùrietd chs rdghrrk`hs `d k`detklkgigk÷phskbcds rutis piri chs gieicds rdickzi`hs ghefuetiFuie Ghrrdi `d Ijódrh, dc –oidstrh `d gietdrïi

dspdrti de ch sush`kgmh" devki`h phr dc vkrrdy Cuksprdvkiodetd.

Dc htrh ligthr qud ghetrkbuy÷ `d oiedri kophrtiet`d ci doprdsi lud ci rdghehgkì oidstrïi y dspdgkicktribifhs `d gietdrïi y ghestruggk÷e `d chs ke`khs `qud iphrtirhe sus sibdrds iegdstricds `dc cibri`h `dci rdickzigk÷e `d ipietcds y gheùggkheds `d ijui isghehgkokdeth `d chs oitdrkicds rdjkheicds oés i`dgue tribifh `d dsis girigtdrïstkgis. Chs oés `d 0>> ke`ïpirtkgkpirhe de cis cibhrds `d ghestruggk÷e ùrietdpdrkh`h `d tkdoph `dfirhe su koprheti de ci hbri.

Piodods h girji`hrds, tribifi`hrds degirji`hs `d trisciìr oitdrkicds y odrgiegïis `ds`d sktkhs cdfiehs.Kcustrigk÷e dc G÷`kgd Lchrdetkeh.

Eitkvh dcibhrie`h i`hbdgruì de uei kcustrigk÷eLchrdetkeh. BkbckhtdgiCiurdezkiei, Lchrdegki, Ktick

kdeth y . îri ci ghe dc

rhoieh prégtkghs

ki éribd- bcdodetd e `d cis

detd ghe pdrshei

d \dcisgh

d ic ëxkth

zigk÷e de Htuobi

kd`ri, `d ï ghoh dc

i`hs piri deis qud

ue cirjh

`d tkdrri `dc G÷`kgd

Od`kgdi .




4:

D C J R I E D W L T D R V H G H O T E K P I R K H ^ I R

C C D \ I R D C I J T I I V D O ^ H I C I [ H P T O

îri ci rdickzigk÷e `d ci hbri y, ghoh dstibi dstkpucdsgrkturi `d ghopri-vdeti `dc cïquk`h lkroiì deghet÷ ghe ci pirtkgkpigk÷e `d euodrhshs ke`ïjdeguitrh ghouekì`ds kevhcugriìs. Chs tdstkjhs, ghohBudeivdeturi, ilkroie qud ludrhe oés `d guipdrsheis qud ghcibhrirhe bifh ci gheùggk÷e `d Pdo

[ qud ci hbri ds ouy ludrtd y ùribcd, y i dsti giusi

ieì de ci hbri `d dcci ougmi gietkì` `d jdetd `d chsdstd `kgmh pudbch, isï pirir tridr ci `kgmi ijui ghohoitdrkicds edgdsirkhs. [ qud cd pirdgd qud ieìréehr`keirkh 0>> mhobrds phgh oés h odehs.=

Ccdvir ijui i chs pudbchs `d Vdophici y Htuobi tùrietd 9: iùhs ghetkeuiodetd kopckg÷ ue jrietdodrkì` phr pirtd `d Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqmibktietds.

C I K E \ D E G K × E @ D T E I P Ë G E K G I

G H E W P R T G P K \ I O D W P K V I

De ci rdickzigk÷e `d chs ipietcds sd oieklkdsti ci oieci ipckgigk÷e `d ushs ghestrugtkvhs `d chs icbiùkcdsqud ghcibhribie ghe lriy Lriegksgh yi qud rdoktde ttëgekgis ghestrugtkvis odshiodrkgieis ghoh i chs os pdguo durhpdh. Dc gieic dvk`degki uei pdrvkvdetri`kgk÷e `d chs ipietcds odshiodrkgiehs yighelhroi`h phr ue iejhsth gieic `d 7> go. `d iegmgo. `d icturi iprhxkoiìodetd, ghelhroi`h `d cifisighohììs piri iroir dc cdgmh, chs ourhs y cis tipisrdgubkdrtis ghe ohrtdrh `d gic‗irdei. îri ìr u

kopdrodibcd i ci supdrlkgkd `d ghetigth ghe dc ijui dsd bruù÷ ghe pkd`ri cksi qud iöe pdroiedgd. Dtriohs supdrlkgkicds dc ipietcd sd oheti shbrd ticu

=DW.09>;9.IJK/27.4:.9//FTWPKGKI,9>2;, R.7. 94<2. Lhc. 2<r.

I

B I

i`h de ci 9447, sd

is `d cis lriy Fuie

rhgkdetis cdqud6

i ieì`h y

ituricds `d iri tridrchs de dcci `d

ribifie`h irrhfh y

d y sus

ligturi y ke`ïjdeis

ieth i cis `dchs `dc

gki `d ci qud dsté

ri phr 0> `d pkd`ri

pdjiìs y igibi`h

c ohrtdrh icjuehs ds qud sd




4=

cdvietie shbrd dc tdrrdeh i ci usiezi prdmkspéekghestruggk÷e `d thìs cis irgiìs y de thì ci hbriue icth ekvdc `d hrjiekzigk÷e de gui`rkccis `d chs ehpdrirkhs ke`ïjdeis qud bifh ci `krdggk÷e `d Ppirtkgkpibie de ci hbri. @kdjh Gdbrkée, ke`khprkegkpic `dc pudbch `d Pdpdipucgh ghodeti shbrd c`d jdetd qud dstibi tribifie`h de ci hbri6

Hbri ludrtd y `d irjioisi, y de dcci sd migde ougmhirghs, de `he`d sd jist÷ jrie gietkì` `d gic y htoitdrkicds. De dsti hbri dc tdstkjh mi vksth tribifir e

ghoh 0>> mhobrds phgh oés h odehs. Grdd qud sd `dbghoh < h : iùhs piri igibir ci hbri, tribifiehr`keirkiodetd ghoh 0>> ke`khs.;

Dc kejdekhsh skstdoi ghestrugtkvh ipckgi`h phr Ppiri cdvietir cis irqudrïis rdqudrkìs piri sicvir chs

thphjrélkghs `dc tdrrkthrkh, ketdjri tëgekgis duodshiodrkgieis1 tdeïi uei c÷jkgi kopdgibcd6 chsdstibie liokckirkzi`hs ghe ci ghestruggk÷e gheoiophstdrïi `d pkd`ri, phr ch qud eh mibïi edgrdgurrkr i oidstrhs girpketdrhs ek i ghesdjukr crdqudrkì piri ieìokhs y gkobris de uei zhei girbhci`h. ^hr htri pirtd, de cujir `d tdedr qoitdrkicds y hbrdrhs phr od`kh `d ieìokhs yoi`dri, sd cdviet÷ jriùicodetd uei iegmi dstrlhroi `d ourh ghrrk`h `d i`hbd lhrtklkgi`h phr chspkd`ri oiophstdiì qud sd drkjïie skoucté

;DW.09>;9.IJK/27.4:.9//FTWPKGKI,9>2;, R.7. 94<2. Lhc. 72v.

@kbufh `dc tribifh `d chs icbiùkcds de uei `d cis péjkeis `dc G÷`kgd Lchrdetkeh.Bkbckhtdgi Od`kgdi Ciurdezkiei,Lchrdegki, Kticki.

Ekvdci`h `d ghcuoeis de ue`dc G÷`kgd Lchrdetkeh.Od`kgdi Ciurdezkiei, Lchrd

i. De ci d iprdgki

uodrhshs

dobcdqud ituric y

gietkì`

s pudetds y hs ougmhs

roicodetd

dré dopcdir h de dcci

dobcdqud ggk`detds

rhpdis y eituricds

i`hbd y skì` `d

oi`dri e dsgish d dcdvir jröis `d

gturi de kcirds `d ediodetd

i kcustrigk÷e Bkbckhtdgi

gki, Kticki.




4;

pdroktkde`h ci gkrgucigk÷e mhrkzhetic `d chs tribifitrisci`h `d oitdrkicds phr ci pirtd supdrkhr `dc ourh.

Dsti shcugk÷e `d girégtdr odstkzh kopckg÷ hrjiekzir jchs euodrhshs tribifi`hrds `d Viguici, Pciqukcpi, VHtuobi de `kldrdetds tirdis. Ci prkodr sdrkd `d idstuvh `dstkeiì i prhvddr chs keeuodribcds tibkqudgruì rdqudrk`hs piri chs ourhs y ci gkobri `d shphiroi`h `d ci irgiì1 sdcdggkheir y trisciìr irdeisiptis piri ci librkgigk÷e `d i`hbds, iroir cis iòi`dri, bitkr ch`h piri lhroir chs i`hbds y vhctdir

shc chs i`hbds piri lkeickzir ghe dc jriùic cdvietiiegmh ourh `d i`hbd.

Wkstdoi odstkzh `d d`klkgigk÷e `d irqudrïis ghe gkobri `d i`hbd. Whch sd

igudùgth `d Pdpdipucgh y de dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh `d Pdobcdqud. GEO

Dc sdjue`h bchqud `d igtkvkì`ds dstuvh `dstcdvietiokdeth `d cis pkcistris y irghs `d oiophstdrïiqud sd iroibi skouctéediodetd ic ourh `d i`hbirdei `d cdgmhs `d irrhyhs gdrgiehs, trisciìr gic `cdfiehs, qudoir y ipijir ci gic vkvi, qudbrir y irrist`ds`d cis gietdris, ghrtir pkd`ri piri lhroir `hvdcis

dsqukedrhs, ibrkr gdpis piri cis pkcistris `d pkd`rghegcukr dc prhgdsh, hrjiekzir cis gui`rkccis piri dcghestruggk÷e `d ci oiophstdrïi.

De dstd skejucir skstdoi ghestrugtkvh mïbrk`h cispëtrdis `kstrkbukìs rdjucirodetd igtuirhe ghoh

hrds y dc

uphs ghe ophici y tkvkì`ds

`d tkdrri td piri dc

y tkdrris bdris `d

y sdgir ic

kdeth `dc

utkckz÷ de dc

- KEIM

kei`h ic `d pkd`ri

6 rdghjdr s`d sktkhs

ir pkd`ri y skccirds

i y, piri pdji`h y

pkcistris rdludrzhs




<>

dstrugturicds ketdrod khs de dc iegmh ourh `d i`hbqud chs hpdrirkhs sd ph`ïie `dspcizir mhrkzheticodchs dxtrdohs qud ghckeìbie ghe dc `dgckvd `dccdvie`h chs oitdrkicds y dc dqukph edgdsirkh piri cdvphr gipi tieth ci gkobri `d i`hbd ghoh ci oioppkd`ri i ci oiedri `d ue dehrod ourh `d ci`rkcchmkciì phr mkciì. Bifh dsti c÷jkgi ghestrugtkvi, ipoh`dch d`kckgkh `d riïz rhoiei sd ghodezirhe cis cidstd trioh.

Jcklhs d hrkjde odshiodrkgieh qud ludrhe pketi`hs h ticci`hs ghoh tdci oieh `d hbri ke`ïjdei ipckgiì de dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh. Wkl÷e dIrghs.

@ds`d 9444 y i ch cirjh `d 9: iùhs sd `d`kgighestruggk÷e `dc igudùgth ccdvie`h ijui i VdHtuobi. Ci ghestruggk÷e lud dfdgutiì deghhpdrigk÷e ghe oés `d 0>> tribifi`hrds y gietdrghouekì`ds `d Viguici, Pciqukcpi, Vdophici ytribifie`h öekgiodetd shbrd ci bisd `d ci iegdstric`d tribifh ghouektirkh, hrjiekzigk÷e shgkic ghehg

tdqukh . Ci ghestruggk÷e `d cis irgiìs tiobkëe sd bghehgkokdeths y tëgekgis chgicds `dc skstdoi ghodstkzh, prkodriodetd drkjkde`h cis dstrugturis `diphyh y jriùicodetd cdvietie`h cis pkcistris `d pkd`

shbrd dc td `ds`d

i giùiì etir gipi

stdrïi `d cdvieti`h rtiì `dc

hrds piri

stkohekh `d Juiìcupd

rhe i ci phici y

dstrdgmi hs `d cis Htuobi,

tri`kgk÷e ì ghoh

s÷ de chs strugtkvh

i`hbd `d ri.




<9

Chs tribifi`hrds chgicds tiobkëe `dfirhe su lkrdstrugturi od`kietd ci `dghrigk÷e de `hvdcis y gsïobhchs ghrrdsphe`kdetds i ci ghsohjheïi odshiod

D C G H O ^ C D F H M K @ R É T C K G H D E D C P K D

^hr sdr ue rdgursh tie vickhsh piri dc sustdeth `muoiei, dc ush y jdstk÷e `dc ijui `ds`d skdoprd mispdgth prhpkgkh phr tribifhs shckìrkhs, piri su hbtdoietdekokdeth `d cis kesticigkheds qud ci gheùgdghelckgths `drkvi`hs `d su dsgisdz y i su phsdsk÷e. Picgish `d ci dvhcugk÷e mkst÷rkgi `dc lréjkc skstdoighestruk`h phr chs ke`ïjdeis `d ci rdjk÷e `dc ictkpciodxkgieh bifh ci `krdggk÷e `d Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdq

Pris ci lkeickzigk÷e `dc skstdoi mk`réuckghrdjucirodetd sd rdickzirhe tribifhs `d oietdekghesdrvigk÷e qud tuvkdrhe qud sdr ghhr`kei`hs detrdghouekì`ds ketdrdsiìs yi qud chs gieicds ghizhcvée`hsd h lrigturie`h i trivës `d chs skjchs.

@ds`d dc ohodeth `d ci ghestruggk÷e `dc igudùgthqud ci prhpkdì` `dc ijui giptiì de chs hfhs `d ilicìs dc gdrrh dc Pdgifdtd ghrrdsphe`ïi i cis ghouPciqukpée, Viguici y Vdophici y chs `d Htuo`drdgmh i dcci jrigkis ic ghetrith `d ghopri‗vdeti `dobirjh, dsti gkrguestiegki lud virkie`h ghesk`drghe dc pisir `dc tkdoph, de ue irgh `d gisk `d guisdsdeti iùhs `d su kekgkh.

Chs ghelckgths phr dc ush `dc ijui de ougmhs gisvkeguci`hs i ketdrdsds `d pirtkgucirds piri `dsvkirprkokjdekh `dc igudùgth, piri sdr utkckzi`h sibistdgkokdeth y ghesuoh muoieh. Ghoh ds eiturzhei sdok`dsërtkgi ghoh dc ictkpcieh gdetric odxprdgkpktigkheds pcuvkicds virïie iùh ghe iùh ildgtiérdis `d rdgirji `d iguïldrhs ghoh ci `dc gdrrh `dqud ickodeti ic oieietkic `d chs hfhs `d ijui `he`ddc gieic. De icjueis tdophriìs dc ijui lud ibueìe

i de ci ivds ghe

kgiei.

^ H

d ci vkì

i sk`h ue gk÷e y dc

, ghoh i mi sk`h dc

k`réuckgh h gdetric

d.

e 94:2, kdeth y cis guitrh tkeuirhe

sd isuok÷ ui `d cis

kì`ds `d i tdeïie

9447, ske bcdodetd

rhgkdeths

s dstibie c sdetk`h hch piri

ic de uei gieh, cis

e`h i cis Pdgifdtd

ghokdezi d y lcuy÷




<2

ghrrdgtiodetd migki chs pudbchs, ske dobirjhpdrkh`hs sd dsgisdibi ildgtie`h i sus mibktietds.

Ci rdghcdggk÷e `d ijui de dc gdrrh `dc Pdgifdtd tuvh virkigkheds skjekcirjh `dc tkdoph, ildgtie`h i cis ghouekì`ds `d ci rdjk÷e.

Whbrd dc iòkribcd dsti`h qud juirìbi ci hbri i odskjch ]\KKK, Fhsdpm Iethekh `d \kccisdùhr pubckgi9:0< de su hbri Pmditrh Iodrkgieh. @dsgrkpgk÷echs Rdyehs y ^rhvkegkis `d ci Eudvi Dspiù

Furks`kggkheds ch skjukdetd6

…uehs suoptuhshs irghs, keskjeds detrd thìs cisRdyeh, phrqud ivkde`h de dc giokeh uei qudbriì ouqud ghophede hs chois, lud edgdssirkh lhroir ci Irqtréeskth `d cis ijuis, tie icths de dc od`kh chs hfhs `dpueths, y tie dcdvi`hs sus pkcirds, qud ipdeis pud`dkopdtuhsiodetd irrhfiì `d ci oieh icgiezir î su ickopkhs `d ydrbi, qud giusi iòkrigk÷e ghesk`drir ci e`d su ghetdxturi.9>

9> \KCCI-WDÙHR [ WÉEGMDV, Fhsdpm Iethekh, Pmditrh IodrkgiehJdedric `d chs Rdyehs y ^rhvkegkis `d ci Eudvi- Dspiùi, y sus Furks`kgg jrélkghs `d Ghetibkckì` Rul Odxkgiei, W.I., 9;=<. ^^. 900, 904.

de htrhs

kgitkvis i ch

ki`hs `dc e dc iùh dedric `d

, y sus

ébrkgis `dc y prhlueì,

drïi piri dc chs od`khs uei pkd`ri

turi, y tie bcd odxgci

@dsgrkpgk÷e heds, ticcdrds




<7

@kbufh `dc pi`rd Lriegksgh `d Ifhlrïe `d ci irqudrïi oiyhr `d P oiekldstie`h ci pdroiedegki ùrietd dsd pdrkh`h `d uei pirtd skjeklgkobri `d i`hbd detrd sus irghs. Dc hrkjkeic sd degudetri de ci Igi`dokide Oi`rk`, Dspiùi.

De ci iopcki `dsgrkpgk÷e qud migd `dc igudùgthgipugmkeh Lriegksgh `d Ifhlrïe uehs iùhs oés i`dc@kirkh `d vkifd qud mkzh i ci Ioërkgi de dc skrdìgti`h i pirtkr `d 9:<7, dc vkifdrh oieklkdstiiòkrigk÷e shbrd chs muokc`ds hrïjdeds `ddxgdpgkheic rdickziì öekgiodetd ghe ci ld `d ue rdckiphrtigkheds vhcuetirkis `d virkis ghouekì`ds

Dsgrkbd Ifhlrïe6Dsti jrie lébrkgi, qud ipdeis pu`kdri doprde`dr th`h dcoheirgi, ci dopdz÷ y igib÷ ci girkì` y gdch `d ue phbrd lrikcqud iöe iòkri oés qud dc th`h `d ci hbri, puds ske htrhsprhvk`degki kvkei, ccdj÷ i su pdrldggk÷e uei lébrkgi, qud siòkrigk÷e `d chs skjchs `d th`hs. Q…_ Phì ci lébrkgi `dcpkd`ri qud ccioie tmdshetcd, tie kjuicodetd cibriì y uekìpirdgd th`h `d uei pkdzi, sd okrie ghchgiìs thìs cis pkskodtrïi y irtd qud giusi iòkrigk÷e, y guieths ketdckjdetds y gi dstis prhvkegkis, migde vkifd piri iòkrir dstd okcijrh `dc irt

Wu dsti`h `d ghesdrvigk÷e kjuicodetd ch shrprde`d6

99 IFHLRKE, Lriegksgh `d, @kirkh `d vkifd qud mkzh i ci Ioërkgi de dc skjKK, Kestktuth Gucturic Mkspieh odxkgieh, Oëxkgh, 9;<0. ^. 9=:.

pdyimuicgh gitkvi `d ci

`d Mksthrki

dc lrikcd etd de su

ch ]\KKK su jrie

ei hbri khsh y cis

e`ïjdeis.

h`dr `d ue

lriegksgieh, he`hs qud ci

dré `kjei `d

pudetd ds `d detrd sï, qud `ris ghe tic

urkhshs pisie .99

h ]\KKK, \hc




<0

…y eh ch ds phgh tiobkëe dc qud sd oietdeji dsti jrcdsk÷e icjuei, i pdsir `d chs tdrrdohths, murigieghetritkdophs i qud dsté dxpudsth dc piïs1 `d sudrtd q

tie ckopki y tdrsi ghoh sk sd igibiri `d librkgir, skde`hguieths ci vde qud ek iue phcvh, tkdrri ek htris brhkedxgusibcds de lébrkgis qud sd vde ic `dsphbci`h, tkdedguic eh miy de thì dcci ek uei mkdrbi. Q…_ i thìs cugdue ghefueth `d oirivkccis y ghe qukde eh tkded ghopiliohsh pudetd `d Wdjhvki ek htris hbris qud iòkri ciokcijrhs `d irquktdgturi.92

"Bksti `d chs Irghs `d Vdophici" `kbufiì phr dc igi`ëokgh Fhsë Jutkërrdiprdgki ci pdroiedegki `d ci gkobri `d i`hbd detrd chs irghs. OusdOi`rk`, Dspiùi.

De 9:;9, ghoh pirtd `d ci dxpd`kgk÷e gkdetïlkgi `kIethekh ^kedì i ci Eudvi Dspiùi, sd ghetibi dcdspiùhc Fhsë Jutkërrdz, phstdrkhrodetd `krdirquktdgturi `d ci Igi`doki `d cis Prds Ehbcds IrtGirchs. Wd mkgkdrhe rdghrrk`hs phr ci ghoirgi cdviegirigtdrïstkgis y phtdegkic. Jutkërrdz rdickzi virkhscis Migkdeìs okedris gdrgieis i îgmugi y uei kBksti `d chs Irghs `d Vdophici prdsdrviì de dc Ou`d Oi`rk , Dspiùi de ci qud oudstri `d oiedridsqudoétkgi dc pdrlkc `dc piksifd y ci irqudrïi

92 IFHLRKE, Lriegksgh `d, Hp. Gkt . ^. 9=:.

e ohcd ske ds y htrhs

d sd vd mhy

ghestietd i is qud she ësti1 phr ch

s okriì, ds rigk÷e ek dc

Durhpi phr

de 9:;9.Wd h Eivic `d

kjkì phr gi`ëokgh

gthr `d

ds `d Wie tie`h sus

kbufhs `d tdrdsietd

dh Eivic ue tieth

iyhr `d




<4

Pdpdyimuicgh, ohstrie`h iöe chs ourhs `d i`hbdpkcistris `d ci irgiì. Dvk`degki `dc skstdoi ghodstkzh d keë`kth utkckzi`h virkhs skjchs ietds piri cdv

^cieh cdvieti`h phr dc kejdekdrh Cuks Wicizir de 9=::. ^hskbcdodetd scdvietiokdeth tëgekgh d ci irqudrïi oiyhr.

De 9=:: dc Okekstdrkh `d Lhodeth `dc prdsk`det@ïiz shckgkt÷ ic kejdekdrh Cuks Wicizir ue kelhroddsti`h y cis girigtdrïstkgis `dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh.`dticci`h `hguodeth sd degudetrie chscdvietiokdeths irquktdgt÷ekghs `d ci irgiì yghestrugtkvhs shbrd ci oksoi. Dc kelhrod sdùiciskjeklkgitkvh shbrd dc mdgmh `d qud ic lictir dcigudùgth cis ghouekì`ds tuvkdrhe qud rdgurrkr, g`d ci ghestruggk÷e `dc igudùgth de dc skjch ]\K,thoir ijui `d ccuvki de chs fijódyds y de dc JrieHtuobi.

Dc giùh ghrrd de uei `kstiegki `d oés `d qukegd cdjougmhs rh`dhs qud ì, y pisi phr trds pudetds de kjuic

birriegis, de uei `d cis guicds miy guirdeti y sdks irghci sdjueì icjuehs y de ci oiyhr, qud ds ci tdrgdri, sdsde uei chejktu` `d okc gkegudeti y eudvd viris, ghe gu

97 Ousdh Eivic `d Oi`rk`, Bksti `d chs Irghs `d Vdophici , ghcdggkhedsOi`rk`, Dspiùi. 9:;9.

detrd cis strugtkvh etircis.97

i dc prkodr

^hrlkrkh shbrd dc

De dstd prkodrhs

`dticcds ue ìth

ijui `dc oh ietds

giptir y oieic `d

uis phr chs eöodrh `d

s, tkdede de eti y skdtd, rdeti y `hs

girthjrélkgis,




<<

`d icturi dc irgh `d de od`khs y `d cuz vdketktrës, kodiòkrie ic qud vkskti y ghetdopci cis rukeis qud iöe dsqud sd mi prdtde`k`h rdphedr ske chjrirch, phr licti

edgdsirkhs1 `d oiedri qud mhy chs vdgkehs sd surtde `dy icfkbds lhroi`hs piri rdghjdr dc ijui cchvd`kzi.90

De dc `dticci`h `kbufh `d Wicizir ipirdgd uei pirtd skjeklkgitkvi `d ci`hbd utkckzi`hs ghoh gkobri. ^rhgdsh ghestrugtkvh odstkzh shch utk

ohodeth `d su d`klkgigk÷e de dsi dxgdpgkheic dsgici.

De cis Migkdeìs pucqudris subsk`kirkis `dc igudùgtPdgifdtd, Wieti Keës Iokctdpëg, Wie Okjudc HWhipiyugi ùrietd ci iòkekstrigk÷e `d ^hrlkrkh @ïi`dc skjch ]K], ghoh rdsucti`h `dc iujd de ci prh`pucqud `drkvi`h `dc iegdstric piksifd pucqudrh `d ciiopckirhe ghesk`dribcdodetd cis kesticigkheds p

oh`drekzie`h chs ietkjuhs icfkbds, chs fijódyds gdrggheùggkheds `d ijui.

^dsd i cis virkigkheds de ci giptigk÷e `d ijui dVdophici ghetkeu÷, ghoh misti ci igtuickì`, ccdvmisti chs icfkbds ubkgi`hs tieth i ci detriì `d cighoh i chs ubkgi`hs de su pirtd gdetric.

90 RK\DRI GIOBIW, Oieudc, Oëxkgh ^kethrdsgh Irtïstkgh y Oheuod `d ci Rdlhroi, Oëxkgh, 9==7. ^.^. 9>= y 9>;.

eskheds qud tée `d pkd y

`d rdgurshs

chs fijódyds

s ourhs `d kzi`h de dc

ghoh Dc dtusgh h

i lkeicds ggk÷e `d

djk÷e, sd hùgtkvis

ehs y cis

rioic i e`h ijui

chgickì`

tic, Koprdeti




<:

Kejrdsh `d ci Migkdeì pucqudri `dc Pdgifdtd, chgickziì de dc giugd `diopckiì de dc skjch ]K] ghe dc iujd `d ci vdeti `d pucqud `drkvi`h `d

pcietigkheds `dc piksifd oijudydrh.

Ghoprdeskbcdodetd cis kesticigkheds rdickziìs de dcsd ludrhe iopckie`h y igtuickzie`h piri i`dgu

i cis grdgkdetds edgdskì`ds`d ci ghouekì`.

c gieic. Lud cis jrie`ds

skjch ]\K rsd




<=

Ci kophrtiegki `dc igud`ugth ghoh pitrkohekh gucturic sd dstibc prkodri okti` `dc skjch ]].

gk÷ de ci




<;

D C I G T D @ T G P H G H O H ^ I P R K O H

G T C P T R I C

… y ci lhrticdzi ghe qud mi pdrsdvdrigkdeth y quirdeti iùhs, ske qud sd iyiuei pkd`ri, y ske qud cd iyi eigk`h`kstiegki `d qukegd cdjuis qud ghrrd ci

rh`dhs qud mizd, ske ivdr licti`h ijui de

Lriy Ijustïe d \dti

c vichr pitrkohekic `dc igudùgth sd dstci prkodri okti` `dc skjch ]],rdldrdegki`h de dc kophrtietd Gi

Ghestruggkheds Rdckjkhsis `dc Dsti`hrdickzi`h phr chs prkegkpicds mksthrki`hrds `dc irtdohodeth.9< Dc dokedetd mksthrki`hr Jdhrjd Aubcdrskjukdetd de 9;0=6 "Dc igudùgth `d Vdophici, ghestlriy Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud, detrd 9409 y 944:, lugcisskgus detrd cis hbris mk`réuckgis `d dstd tkph de O

Dc kophrtietd mksthrki`hr, Oieudc Phussiket

od`ki`hs `dc skjch pisi`h6Yukzés ci hbri oés phrtdethsi `d ci irquktdgturighchekic, lud dc igudùgth ghehgk`h ghe dc ehobrdGdophici, qud sd degudetri iöe gdrgi `dc pudbchLudrhe hbri `d ue lrikcd lriegksgieh, lriy LrPdobcdqud, guyh ehobrd, iurdhci`h phr ci cdydeì,

94 \DPIEGHTRP, Lriy Ijustïe `d, Pditrh Odxkgieh , ^.^. 99; y 92>.9< RDWK@DEGKI JDEDRIC @D HBRIW DE WKPKHW [ OHETODEPÎPRKOHEKH GTCPTRIC, Gitéchjh `d Ghestruggkheds Rdckjkhsis `dcmkìcjh, \hc. 2.9: ATBCDR, Jdhrjd, Irquktdgturi Odxkgiei dc skjch ]\K, Lhe`h `d GucDghe÷okgi, Oëxkgh, 9;;2. ^. 27;.

E K H

h de oés `d `dsgietkcci`h

ei ydrbi de tirfdi phr chs

tieths iùhs.

ghurt, 9<<= 94

bcdgk÷ de dstie`h

échjh `d

d Mkìcjh `d iqudc sdùici ch

ruk`h phr d dc chgus

xkgh".9:

sdùici i

mk`réuckgi

d Irghs `d d Htuobi.

iegksgh `d mi ccdji`h

W @DC

Dsti`h `d

uri




:>

misti ehshtrhs ghoh dc `d ue lrikcd qud gisk okcijrhsiodsti hbri dxtrihr`keirki.9=

Wd gheshck`÷, phr tieth, ci prdgdpgk÷e ghohirqudhc÷jkgh `d dsti pirtd `dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh gprh`kjkhsiodetd. Dsti lhroi `d iprdgkir i ci irgiìPdpdyimuicgh sd lud kegrdodetie`h ic pisir dc tkdop

Chs tribifhs `d rdstiurigk÷e de dc igudùgth pdroktkdrhe ci rdgupdrigk`d ghestruggk÷e tri`kgkheicds. De dc prhgdsh `d rdstiurigk÷e `d chs digudùgth chs tribifi`hrds utkckzie oitdrkicds y skstdois ghestrugtkvhs shrkjkeicds. Pribifhs `d rdstiurigk÷e de prhgdsh de chs oieietkicdsPdobcdqud.

9= PHTWWIKEP, Oieudc, Irtd Ghchekic de Oëxkgh , TEK\DRWK@I@ EITPHEHOI, Oëxkgh, 9;;>. ^. 94.

detd `krkjk÷

vdstkjkh esdrviì

oiyhr `d .

e `d tëgekgis cdodeths `dc

okcirds i chs dc igudùgth

GKHEIC




:9

C I R D G T ^ D R I G K × E @ D C W K W P D O I

M K @ R É T C K G H

^hgh i phgh sd lud jdedrie`h, tieth de iuthrkì`dschs mibktietds `d ci ghoirgi `d Vdophici, ue prhgds`d ghegkdegki shbrd ci kophrtiegki qud dstd ietkjuheigk`h `d ci trisphskgk÷e `dc muoieksoh rdeigdIoërkgi ghoh ue dfdopch dxgdpgkheic `d ci vhcuetghouekì` phr odfhrir sus ghe`kgkheds `d vkì.

Te pdrsheifd lueìodetic de dstd prhgdsh lud dc pi

Gdrì G÷rghcds, qud igtu÷ ghoh pérrhgh `dc tdopchchs Wieths `d Vdophici qud, ghevdegk`h `d ci kophdstd igudùgth piri ci rdjk÷e y piri dc piïs, ghodez÷jdstkheds piri kekgkir dc prhgdsh `d rdgupdrigk÷e `dcmk`réuckgh qud ghetkeui misti ci igtuickì`.

Dc prhp÷skth lueìodetic `dc pi`rd Gdrì luigudùgth ghesdrviri eh shch sus ghophedetds hrkjk

tiobkëe dc skejucir dethreh iobkdetic ghoh ue pvickhsh phr su piksifd y ghestruggk÷e. îri dc dldgthishgkigk÷e gkvkc `dehokeiì îtrheith Igudùgth PI. G. Dc îtrheith ds uei ishgkigk÷e ske lkeds `dtkded ghoh hbfdth ci ghesdrvigk÷e `dc ghefueth mk`rédethreh iobkdetic prhohvkde`h ci rdgupdrigk÷e ketdluegkheickì` hrkjkeirki.

I trivës `d su dxkstdegki dc itrheith Igudùgth PdoG. mi chjri`h ghefuetir dc oiyhr biegh `d kelhrodxkstd shbrd dc igudùgth, su mksthrki y shbrd su rdjkrdsucti`h `d su jdstk÷e y prhohgk÷e mie chkevhcugriokdeth `d icuoehs d kevdstkji`hrdsuekvdrskì`ds eigkheicds y dxtriefdris chjrie`h ci r`d kophrtietds tribifhs igi`ëokghs y dc iphyh `

shgkic `d jruphs `d dstu`kietds.De chs öctkohs iùhs `dc skjch ]] `kh ghokdezh dc prrdgupdrigk÷e y rdstiurigk÷e `dc gieic mkst÷rsupdrvksk÷e i girjh `d ci Ghhr`keigk÷e EigOheuodeths Mkst÷rkghs `dc Kestktuth Eigk

ghoh de `d thoi gudùgth

etksti de ` `d uei

rd Éejdc

`d Ph`hs tiegki `d i rdickzir

ghopcdfh

qud dc icds skeh

trkohekh grd÷ uei

dobcdqud ugrh qud

uckgh y su jric `d su

bcdqud I. gk÷e qud

e. Ghoh jri`h dc

d virkis ickzigk÷e

sdrvkgkh

hydgth `d

gh, bifh kheic `d

eic `d




:2

Ietrhphchjïi d Mksthrki y dc Gdetrh KEIM Mk``dpde`degki dxpk`k÷ chs pdrokshs edgdsirkhs pirîtrheith Igudùgth Pdobcdqud I.G. iphyi`h pkestktugkheds gucturicds, dstiticds y ld`dricds rdickzir`d rdstiurigk÷e.

De su yi cirji dxkstdegki, dc îtrheith Igudùgth Pdobcdqud I. G. mi sk`h gipiz `d lhroir ue kophrtietd gdetrh `hguodetic shbrd dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh qud sd igtuickzi ghestietdodetd. Wd degudetri de ci gkuì` `d Vdophici.

Ci iggk÷e dc îtrheith, ipKEIM y ci @krdggk÷e JdedrOheuodeths `dc îtrkoh`dc GHEIGTCPI sd gdetrcis irgiìs prkegkpicds, skehth`hs chs dcdodeths ghest

ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh.

Pribifhs `d rdgupdrigk÷e `d ci luegkheickì` `dc gieic mkst÷rkgh prhohvkìs phr dc îtrheith Igudùgth Pdobcdqud I. G.

Pribifhs `d ckopkdzi y ckrdsk uhs de chs gieicds `mk`réuckgh.

cjh. Dsti i qud dc

hr virkis cis hbris

yi`h phr dc c `d Wktkhs y

kh Gucturic , eh shch de tiobkëe de

ktutkvhs `dc

drigk÷e `d c ghopcdfh




:7

Ghe dc iphyh `d ci @krdggk÷e `d Wktkhs y OheuoGhesdfh Eigkheic piri ci Gucturi y cis Irtds, GHEI`dc Kestktuth Eigkheic `d Ietrhphchjïi d Mksthrki isu Ghhr`keigk÷e `d Oheuodeths y su @krdîtrkohekh Oue`kic sd mie rdickzi`h cibhrds `d c`dsizhcvd, ckopkdzi, oietdekokdeth h rdstiurigk÷ipietcds, gifis `d ijui, icfkbds y irdedrhs `dcmk`réuckgh.

Dc Rioic i Htuobi sd dsté rdstiurie`h piri pdluegkheickì` i luturh, skdoprd y guie`h sd cghegdrtigkheds `d tkph shgkic edgdsirkis piri qud peudviodetd dc ijui migki Htuobi. De ci igtuickì ,tribifhs `d oietdekokdeth y `dsizhcvi`h `d gieicdsphr dc îtrheith Igudùgth Pdobcdqud I. G. ghe dcJhbkdreh Ld`dric, dc ijui pud`d phtdegkicodetd ccdjIrqudrïi Oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicgh y de ue trioh skj`dc Rioic i Htuobi, `ds`d dc irgh `d Wie Oirgh

phbcigk÷e `d Htuobi, `he`d yi sd mi rdgupdri`hijui y dc icfkbd tdrokeic `dc igudùgth.

Wd tkded ghesk`dri`h ue tërokeh `d tkdoph i od kpiri rdstiurir luegkheickì` phtdegkic `d ci hpdrigudùgth pudsth qud de ci igtuickì` dsté

Dc 90 `d ehvkdobrd `d 2>97 sd rdickz÷ uei Gi`dei Muoiei de dc cirjh rdghrrk`h `dc igudùgth Pdobcdqud ghe ci pirtkgkpigk÷e `d cis ghouekì`ds y `d chs icuoehs `d cis dsgudcis gdrgieis.

Dc 22 `d oiyh `d 2>94 sdxpdrkodeth shgkic. Dc hbGi`dei Muoiei ds vhcvdrigudùgth ghoh pirtdghtk`kiei `d ci phbcigk÷e. ii ci ghouekì` ghe dstdoheuodeth, ds dstkouciì cghcdgtkvi shbrd ci edgdsk prdsdrvigk÷e.

deths `dc TCPI y

trivës `d gk÷e `d

bdrigk÷e, `d chs

ghefueth

roktkr su jrde cis dì lcukr

jrigkis i dickzi`hs

iphyh `dc r misti ci

eklkgitkvh s misti ci

i gifi `d

eh pcizh igk÷e `dc

skde`h

rdpktk÷ dc dtkvh `d ci

vkegucir dc d ci vkì

i rdcigkheir kophrtietd

ghegkdegki ì` `d su




:0

`dsirrhcciìs hbris `d `dsizhcvd, ckopkdzi, oietderdstiurigk÷e `d gieicds, pkcis, gifis `d ijui, irgiìs ybifh ci tutdci `d chs iyuetiokdeths `d Vdophici, PdEhpictdpëg, Ixipusgh y Htuobi1 ci @krdggk÷e JWktkhs y Oheuodeths `dc îtrkohekh Gucturic `dEigkheic piri ci gucturi y cis irtds, GHEIGTîtrheith Igudùgth Pdobcdqud ghe dc iphyh `dcLd`dric.

De ci rdgkdetd rdstiurigk÷e `d chs oieietkicds `d Chs Hfkths qud ghestickopkdzi y rdpirigk÷e `d cis pird`ds. Rdmibkcktigk÷e `d ourhs usi tri`kgkheicds.

okdeth y `dp÷skths

pdipucgh, edric `d

Ghesdfh PI y dc Jhbkdreh

`d `riji`h, `h tëgekgis




:4

Ispdgth `d cis hbris `d rdstiurigk÷e de ci Irgi`i Oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicgh




:<

R D W P I T R I G K × E D E C I I R Y T D R Ï I O I [

P D ^ D [ I M T I C G H

îri prdvdekr y oktkjir chs rkdsjhs phtdegkicds prh`dc kopigth `d chs tdrrdohths y dc vkdeth de ci irgiì`d Pdpdyimuicgh, dc ghophedetd irquktdgt÷ekophrtietd `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh `dc pi`rd Pùrietd chs iùhs 2>90-2>94 sd rdickzirhe kophrtietd`d gheshckìgk÷e, rddstrugturigk÷e y rdstiurigk÷e `dgdetricds phr ci @krdggk÷e Jdedric d Wktkhs y Oheu

îtrkohekh Gucturic `dc Ghesdfh Eigkheic piri ci GuIrtds, de ghhr`keigk÷e ghe dc Kestktuth EigIetrhphchjïi d Mksthrki.

De 2>9> sd kesgrkbk÷ dstd oheuodeth ietdOheuodets Lue` , i lke `d prhohvdr `heitkvhs dxtdci rdstiurigk÷e `dc ghopcdfh. Dsti kestktugk÷e rdghegursir phr ue rdgursh ietd dc Iobissi`hrs L

od`kh `d ci Dobifiì `d Dsti`hs Tek`hs `d EhrtdiOëxkgh. Dc Ghejrdsh Ehrtdiodrkgieh iphrti ue ldsté skde`h dfdrgk`h, i trivës `d ci @krdggk÷e Jdedriy Oheuodeths `dc îtrkohekh Gucturic `dc Ghesdfhpiri ci Gucturi y cis Irtds, @JWO^G-GHEIGTCdstu`kh dstrugturic, ghesdrvigk÷e y rdstiurigk÷e `dOiyhr `dc Igudùgth Pdobcdqud.

I pirtkr `d ijhsth `d 2>90 sd kekgkirhe phr pi@krdggk÷e Jdedric `d Wktkhs y Oheuodeths `dc ^Gucturic `d GHEIGTCPI chs tribifhs `d ghesrdlhrziokdeth dstrugturic y rdstiurigk÷e de ci Irqud`d Pdpdyimuicgh ghe iphyh `dc T.W. Iobissi`hrsGucturic ^rdsdrvitkhe (ILG^), hrjieksoh qud miprhydgths piri prdsdrvir ci mdrdegki gucturic de opiïsds icrd`d`hr `dc oue`h, de Élrkgi, Iski, Dur

Ioërkgi. Ci jdstk÷e sd rdickz÷ i trivës `d ci DobifDsti`hs Tek`hs `d Ioërkgi phr od kh `d ue ghegurketdreigkheic, de chs iùhs 2>99 y 2>92, i trivës `d dssd detrdjirhe ic Ghesdfh Eigkheic piri ci Gucturi y`hs `heigkheds piri ci rdickzigk÷e `dc ^rhydgth y c

R @ D

gk`hs phr prkegkpic kgh oés

obcdqud, iggkheds

chs irghs deths `dc

turi y cis kheic `d

c Zhr` rehs piri

ghokdeì ue` phr

ërkgi de e`h qud `d Wktkhs

Eigkheic I piri dc

ci Irgiì

td `d ci trkohekh ckìgk÷e,

ïi Oiyhr Lue` lhr

iphyi`h s `d 924

pi y de

ì `d chs sh i ekvdc

d Lhe`h, cis Irtds,

Hbri `d




::

rdstiurigk÷e, rdspdgtkviodetd, de dc bkde`dehokei`h Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud, dspdgïpiri dc trioh `d ci Irqudrïi Oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicubkgi de ci Birriegi `dc îpichtd.

Iuequd dxkstde prdskheds `dbkìs ic `dsirrhcc

keghetrhci`h y i ci skdobri utkckzie`h oiqukeirkiigudùgth oietkded ci ketdjrkì` y ci iutdetkgkìòiyhrïi `d sus ghophedetds ghestktutkvhs, skde`hitdegk÷e grdgkdetd tieth `d iuthrkì`ds ghohghouekì`ds icdìùis, `dsgde kdetds `d iqudcchs ke ï

Ispdgth `d chs tribifhs `d rdstiurigk÷e `d ci pirtd gdetric `d ci irqudrïi.

Pribifhs d rdstiurigk÷e y r fuetis de ci pirtd icti `dc irg

K`detklkgigk÷e `d `dtdrkhrhs de irghs piri kekgkir dc prhgdsh `d gheshckìgk÷e `d fuetis.

Rdstiurigk÷e d pketuri our

keoudbcd kgiodetd

gh qud sd

urbieh

dsiì, dc d ci jrie hbfdth `d

`d cis jdeis qud

pirigk÷e `d prkegkpic.

c de ekgmhs.




:=

de dc skjch ]\K puskdrhe ci ld y su tribifh vhcuetirkdc ijui ccdjiri i sus phbci`hs.

Dxpckgigk÷e shbrd dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh ic dvicui`hr `d KGHOHW,Rhodrh Piychr phr dc @r. Kjeigkh J÷odz Irrkhci, ghhr`kei`hr `dc dxgie`kìturi.

C I E H O K E I G K × E I C I C K W P I @ D C

^ I P R K O H E K H O T E @ K I C

De ci igtuickì` y ghoh ue rdsucti`h phsktkehokeigk÷e i ci cksti `dc pitrkohekh oue kic, sd miiggkheds ghegdrtiìs piri ci ckopkdzi, oietd

ghesdrvigk÷e y rdstiurigk÷e `d chs dcdodeths qudigudùgth dc i`rd Pdobcdqud y su ietdgd`detd keIgudùgth `d Pdpdipucgh, qud mie pdroktk`h rdgluegkheickì` ccdvie`h dc ijui de dc rioic i Vdoph`hs dcdodeths mk`réuckghs sd mie oietdek`h ghehpdrigk÷e `ds`d migd iprhxkoiìodetd 04> iùhs.

Dc Rioic i Htuobi sd dsté rdstiurie`h piri pd

luegkheickì` i luturh, skdoprd y guie`h sd cghegdrtigkheds `d tkph shgkic edgdsirkis piri qud peudviodetd dc ijui migki Htuobi. De ci igtuickì`,tribifhs `d oietdekokdeth y `dsizhcvd `d gieicdsphr dc îtrheith Igudùgth Pdobcdqud I. G. ghe dc

piri qud

r. Okgmidc d`kdetd `d

h `d ci kekgki`h

kokdeth,

hroie dc d`kith, dc pdrir su

ici. Dsths kì y de

roktkr su

jrde cis dì lcukr

jrigkis i dickzi`hs

iphyh `dc




:;

Jhbkdreh Ld`dric dc ijui pud`d phtdegkicodetd ccdjirgiì prkegkpic `d Pdpdyimuicgh y de ueiskjeklkgitkvi `dc rioic `d Htuobi, `ds`d dc irgh d Wmisti dc pudbch `d Htuobi, `he`d dc icfkbd, puethrdghrrk`h `dc igudùgth sd mi rdgupdri`h.

Dc prhgdsh `d ehokeigk÷e mi kopckgi`h ci ghestktugkGhoksk÷e Pëgekgi Ketdrdstitic piri ci phstuciGhopcdfh mk`réuckgh `dc Igudùgth `dc î`rd PdobCksti `dc îtrkohekh Oue`kic `d ci TEDWGHghetrkbuk`h i ci klusk÷e `d ci ehokeigk÷e

luegkheirkhs `d chs ouekgkpkhs y mi jdedri`h ulivhribcd i ci gie`kìturi qud sd mi rdlcdfipirtkgkpigk÷e ghouektirki.

Dc 97 `d oiyh `d 2>97 sd grd÷ ci Ghoksk÷e piri dc sd`d ci ehokeigk÷e y piri prhohvdr igudr`hs yghegdrtiìs detrd cis iuthrkì`ds ghopdtdetds deld`dric, dstitic y ouekgkpic de dc tdrrkthrkh.

Dsté ghelhroiì phr dc Kestktuth Eigkheic `d Ietr

Mksthrki, KEIM i trivës `d ci @krdggk÷e `d Ôue`kic, ci Ghhr`keigk÷e Eigkheic `d OhMkst÷rkghs, dc Gdetrh KEIM Mkìcjh y dc Gdetrh KE`d Oëxkgh1 ci @krdggk÷e Jdedric `d Wktkhs y Oheuîtrkohekh Gucturic `dc Ghesdfh Eigkheic piri ci Gu

Tei `d cis sdskheds `d ci Ghoksk÷e Pëgekgi Ketdrdstitic piri ci phstucigk÷e `dc Ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh `dc Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud i ci Cksti `dc îtrkohekh Oue`kic `d ci TEDWGH.Vdophici, Mkìcjh, 2>97.

Rdghrrk`hs phr dc ghopcdfghe chs okdobrhs `d ci Gh dstibcdgdr igudr`hs `d prdsghefueth. Htuobi, Dsti`h2>90.

r misti ci dxtdesk÷e

e Oirghs lkeic `dc

e `d uei gk÷e `dc cdqud i ci

qud mi etrd chs

i igtktu` h de ci

ukokdeth iggkheds

dc ekvdc

phchjïi d

trkohekh uodeths M Dsti`h

deths `dc turi y cis

mk`réuckgh ksk÷e, piri

rvigk÷e `dc `d Oëxkgh,




=>

Irtds, GHEIGTCPI1 dc îtrheith `dc IgudùgthPdobcdqud1 ci Wdgrdtirïi `d Purksoh `dc Dsti`h `dWdgrdtirïi `d Purksoh y Gucturi `dc Dsti`h `d Mghoh chs Iyuetiokdeths `d Vdophici, PdEhpictdpëg, Ixipusgh y Htuobi.

Ghe ci igtkvi pirtkgkpigk÷e `d cis ghouekì`ds cGhoksk÷e sd mi rduek`h de ougmis hgiskhedsigudr`hs piri ci dcibhrigk÷e `dc Dxpd`kdetd `d Ehsu ^cie `d Oiedfh1 piri `dsirrhccir iggkheds `d coietdekokdeth `d chs dcdodeths gdrgi `dc igudùgth`d ci bisuri, oicdzi y dsghobrhs de dc dethreh keochs dcdodeths `dc igudùgth, `ds`d chs oieiePdgifdtd i su ccdjiì i ci gkuì` `d Htuobi1 pketuri`d jrilktk, rdstrkggk÷e `d pish `d vdmïguchs phr od`khy giokehs ictdreitkvhs cdfhs `d chs dcdodeths `dc i

Igtkvkì`ds `d ckopkdzi `dc dethreh `dc igudùgth de Ehpictdpëg.

Cis ghouekì`ds chgicds mie `d oiedri igtkvi de igtckopkdzi.

Oietdekokdeth `d cis cïedis `d ijivd,

sdobriìs piri rdgupdrir dc piksifd oijudydrh de érdis gdrgieis i chs gieicds `dc igudùgth.

^cietigk÷e `d oijudyds d

Oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicg pirtkgkpigk÷e `d cis ghouek`

`dc î`rd ëxkgh1 ci

kìcjh isï pdipucgh,

hgicds, ci dedrie`h

keigk÷e y opkdzi y

1 ckopkdzi d`kith `d kicds `dc

ckopkdzi `d ziefis

gudùgth,

pirtkgkpi`h vkì`ds `d

ci Irgiì

ghe ci `ds chgicds.




=9

guctkvh `d oijudyds h piri ghehgdr dc vichr pitrkghopcdfh mk`réuckgh.

De dc od`kieh pcizh, ci Ghoksk÷e `dsirrhcciìehokeigk÷e `dc sktkh sd trieslhroiré de ci Tekì`piri dc sdjukokdeth `dc ^cie `d oiedfh piri dc Igudî`rd Pdobcdqud, igtuie`h ghoh uei uekì` `ghefueti piri dc sktkh. Wd dspdri qud sdi ue hrjieksoh`d pirtkgkpigk÷e shgkic, `d jhbkdreh y igi`ëokgi degedjhgkir, igtuickzir y ìr sdjukokdeth i chs pcieds, pchs prhgdshs qud ketdjrie dc ^cie `d jdstk÷e piri dc

mk`réuckgh `dc Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqudlkeick i` `d isdjurir ci prhtdggk÷e y `dsirrhcch `dc pgucturic y eituric y jdedrir ue `dsirrhcch dghe÷okgshstdekbcd. Wd prdtde`d ghhr`keir cis `kldrdetdspöbckgis h `d ci shgkdì` gkvkc qud ketdrvkdede detdrrkthrkic `dc sktkh.

Dc mdgmh `d qud dc ijui ghetkeöd ccdjie`h i triv

gieicds ds pirtkgucirodetd skejucir yi qud, de dc ghchs igudùgths `d tri kgk÷e rhoiei ketdjri`hs i icjkesgrkths de ci Cksti dc itrkohekh Oue`kic, de ci o

dcchs yi eh lcuyd ijui phr sus gieicds, sktuigk÷qud cd hthrji ue girégtdr dxgdpgkheic

`detrh `d dsti tkphchjïiirquktdgt÷ekgi.

hekic `dc

piri ci d jdstk÷e ùgth `dc

jdstk÷e dfdgutkvh

irjiì `d hydgths y

ghopcdfh

, ghe ci trkohekh

h y shgkic kestiegkis

dc éobkth

ës `d sus

etdxth `d ehs sktkhs

yhrïi `d e




=2

@dspuës `d cis hbris `d `dsizhcvd, ckopkdzi y oietdekokdethVdophici sd iprdgki ue lcufh `d ijui ibue`ietd.

`dc gieic i




=7

C I I T P D E P K G K @ I @ D K E P D J R K @ I

G H O ^ C D F H M K @ R É T C K G H

…sd pubckqud qud ekejuei pdrsheidsti`h ghe`kgk÷e qud sdi sd itrdvi ideshcvir dc ghrrkdetd `d ci `kgmi giùdrïgiùh pkcdti ek icgietirkcci ghe ekejöe pr

`d bdbdr i gibicjiùris ek htrh jëedrhqud sk ubkdrd icjuehs gdrgi `d ci pirtkgucir i ci gdrgieïi `d chs hfhs `drdtkrde chs jiei`hs riegmhs h dstimubkdrde lueì`h h ghejrdji`h gdrgi.

Rdpirth `d ijui i Htuobi, 97 `d de

Dc Gieic îtrkohekic ds uei detkì` jdhjrélkgi qudeïtkìodetd dc prhgdsh mkst÷rkgh qud `kh hrkjde yghopcdfh mk`réuckgh, chs tdstkohekhs oitdrkicds `dcijui y dc dethreh gucturic y eituric `dc qud eigd.oieklkdsti ue érdi ghetkeui y gheskstdetd qud mkst÷mi sk`h isuokì ghoh eögcdh `dc `dsirrhcch `dmk`réuckgh `dsirrhcci`h phr Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdeituricds `d chs pudbchs `d Viguici, Pciqukcpi, Vd

Htuobi piri `htir `d ijui ckopki i sus mibktietds prdc bkdedstir ghcdgtkvh. I`doés sd kegcuyd su ieghestrugtkvh keod`kith, dc igudùgth `d Pdpdipucgh.

De ci Vhei Eögcdh chgickziì de tdrrkthrkh `d chs`d Vdophici de dc Dsti`h `d Mkìcjh y de chs oueEhpictdpëg, Ixipusgh y Htuobi de dc Dsti`h `dghegdetrie chs tdstkohekhs oitdrkicds d keoitd

`kldrdetds pdrkh`hs mkst÷rkghs qud migde ghopriprdgkigk÷e `dc Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqudgieic pitrkohekic ghmdrdetd y dstrugturi`h.

9; IJE, J@49, Jdedric `d pirtd, Rdpirth `d ijui i Htuobi , 97 `d dedrh97, Dxp. 90<, ls. 940v

@ D C

`d guicqukdr dsthrvir ek

ek i rhopdr dtdxth `d ìr

`d jiei`h y iùdrïi y de

jui y qud sd gkis qud sd

drh `d 9<:7.9;

ieklkdsti detk`h ic

gieic `d De ëc sd

kgiodetd c skstdoi

ud y chs ophici y

pkgkie`h tdgd`detd

uekgkpkhs gkpkhs `d

ëxkgh sd rkicds `d

deskvi ci ghoh ue

`d 9<:7, vhc.




=0

De ci koijde `d Jhhjcd Dirtm sd pud`d hbsdrvir ci thphjrilïi phr ci qu

igudùgth de sus `hs rioicds. Chs dcdodeths qud sd prdsdrvie òietkdede ue jri`h kophrtietd `d ketdjrkì` de sus ghophedetds.

K E P D J R K @ I @

Ci rdjk÷e `dckoktiì phsdd th`hs chs dcdodeths edgdsdxprdsir dc \ichr Tekvdrsic Dxgdpgkheic `dc gieic pi

oietdekëe`hsd `dspuës `d oés `d 04> iùhsshrprde`detd dsti`h `d ketdjrkì` oitdrkic.

Ci jrie oiyhrïi `d chs ghophedetds `dc ghopcdfh`dc Igudùgth Pdobcdqud, rdickzi`h detrd 9444 y 94prdsdrvi`h phr ch qud ci ketdjrkì` `dc gieic pitrkoietkded misti dc prdsdetd. Wd degudetrie chgickziVhei Eögcdh pdroktkde`h uei i`dguiì cdgturi `dc

i ch cirjh `d 0=.22 akc÷odtrhs `d gieicds h ipietcds `kde `hs rioicds ghe qud itrivkdsi dc tdrrkthrkh. Dc sgheùggk÷e `d ijui dsté ghestktuk`h phr brghetdegk÷e de chs hfhs `d ijui `dc oieietkic1 i igdqukis phr `he`d ghrrd dc cïquk`h, tieth `

d itrivkdsi dc

c igudùgth

irkhs piri rkohekic,

de ue

k`réuckgh 2, sd mie

hekic sd hs de ci

gudùgth

trkbuk`hs kstdoi `d

gicds `d ietcds h

oiedri




=4

supdrlkgkic ghoh gieicds ibkdrths, triohs gubkdrthsubtdrréedhs, pkcis `d ibisth `kstrkbuk is phr dc triy`d ijui piri rdjkstrh `dc lcufh de chs sktkhs gphbcigkheds, irdedrhs piri giptigk÷e `d irdeis irrisci ghrrkdetd, irgis h `dp÷skths `d ijui, irqudrïis h pusicvir `dprdskheds h giùiìs de dc tdrrdeh, sklheds pdc ekvdc `dc cïquk`h ic ohodeth `d itrivdsir vishs`kstrkbuk`hrds h pirtk`hrds piri kvk`kr dc lcufh, ìtpiri `kstrkbugk÷e dquktitkvi `d ci ilcudegki `dc cïqukpiri `dp÷skth, civi`drhs `d rhpi de sktkhs phbci`hs

Dsths dcdodeths `dc skstdoi mï`rkgh dstée `ksdokei`hs rioicds `dc rdghrrk`h `dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh.

Gciustrh de dc ghevdeth lriegksgieh `d Ph`hs chs Wieths. ûeth lkeicigudùgth i Vdophici.

îri rdlhrzir ci cdgturi ketdjri `dc sktkh sd keghrphrVhei Eögcdh chs gdetrhs mkst÷rkghs `d cis phbci

Vdophici y Htuobi. ûeth `d ccdjiì `d chs `hs rghoh cis Migkdeìs `d Pdgifdtd, Wie Okjudc HWhipiyugi qud sd bdedlkgkirhe `krdgtiodetd `d sus ij

Rdsucti `d pirtkgucir skjeklkgigk÷e piri ci ketdjrkì`prdsdegki `d chs vdstkjkhs `d chs ourhs `d tibkquds

y giùhs gth, gifis

rgiehs i riìs phr

etds piri iri dcdvir

`d ijui1 s `d ijui

h, icfkbds ludetds.

hs de chs

`dc rioic `dc

rhe de ci kheds `d

oicds isï dtusgh y

uis.

dc sktkh ci `d tkdrri




=<

gruì utkckzi`hs piri cdvietir ci irgiì oiyhr `d Pdpghoh ictdreitkvi i ci licti `d oi`dri de ci rdjkghestktuyde, phr su rirdzi de ci mksthrki `d ci d`klkigudùgths, ueh `d chs itrkbuths oés rdcdvietds piridc \ichr Tekvdrsic Dxgdpgkheic `d dstd gieic pitrkqud pdroktk÷ icgiezir ci oiyhr icturi `d irgiìs de imisti su ohodeth `d ghestruggk÷e i od`ki`hs `dc skj

Jcklh qud rdprdsdeti dc sïobhch "Gicck" h Gisi ticci`h de cis pkd`risJuiìcupd Irghs.

Htrh ghophedetd qud rdludrzi ci ketdjrkì` `dc lde

ketdjrigk÷e gucturic h odstkzifd de qud sd `dsirrhccpitrkohekic, ds ci skjeklkgitkvi prdsdegki `d euodrhkghehjrélkghs `d ci cdejui eimui qud sd `dspckdjiepirtd `d cis pkd`ris cibriìs de cis irqudrïis quoietdek`h misti ci igtuickì` ghoh tdstkohekh `dc ccis pkd`ris phr oiehs ke`ïjdeis.

îri uei odfhr ghoprdesk÷e `dc prhgdsh `d o

mkbrkìgk÷e tdgehc÷jkgi prdsdetd de ci ghoirgi sd ketdcdodeths prkegkpicds `dc igudùgth cdvieti`hlriegksgiehs piri prhvddr `d ijui ic pudbch y ic ghPdpdipucgh. Dstd oh`dsth skstdoi `d gheùggk÷etkded ghoh dcdodeth skjeklkgitkvh qud pdrokt

yimuicgh e y qud

gigk÷e `d stibcdgdr

hekic yi udùgths

h ]\K.

`dc skl÷e `d

odeh `d

dc gieic shs jcklhs phr jrie

d sd mie bri`h `d

stkzifd h

djr÷ i chs phr chs vdeth `d `d ijuis

÷ i chs




=:

okskhedrhs `d ci hr`de lriegksgiei dstibcdgk`hs deketdjrir dc skstdoi `d gkobri`h ghe tibkquds `d tkdghoh uei hpgk÷e oés sdegkcci y légkcodetd rdickziboidstrhs gietdrhs y icbiùkcds ke`ïjdeis. De ci phubkgi ci pdqudùi irgiì qud gheùgd dc ijuioieietkicds misti ci dspcëe kì gifi `d ijui ghegcuk`dc dstiequd `d rdgdpgk÷e, chs civi`drhs ghou`kstrkbuk`hrds `d ijui i cis ludetds pöbckgis, chsubtdrréedhs, y cis pkcis chgickziìs de chs vërtkgdsbisiodeth qud shstkded ic itrkh `dc ghevdeth lriegksg

Gifi `d ijui oheuodetic `dc Igudùgth `d Pdpdipucgh. Ghestruk`h detr Dc skstdoi `d ghestruggk÷e odstkzh ds ietdgd`detd `dc Igudùgth Pdobcd

Ci Vhei `d Iohrtkjuiokdeth ghetkded chsghopcdodetirkhs ic skstdoi mk`réuckgh `d Pdobcdqughoprde`dr dc `dsirrhcch mkst÷rkgh `d ci ghoidvhcugk÷e `ds`d dc pueth `d vksti piksifïstkgh,

irquktdgt÷ekgh. De dc pdrïodtrh `dckokti`h sd `dsiopcki rd` `d pirgdcis qud ghelhroie ue piksifd ggheskstdetd qud tkded ghoh girigtdrïstkgi `kstketkvi`d `kvdrsis virkdì`ds `d ijivd y gigtégdis de`ëictkpcieh gdetric odxkgieh, `dstkeiìs i `kvdrshs ushs

i rdjk÷e, rri gruì

d phr chs cigk÷e sd

ds`d chs de 9404,

icds, chs s gieicds

`dc jrie eh.

d 9409 - 9004. qud.

cdodeths , i lke `d

gi y su rbieh y

ckdji uei etkeuh y

dc guctkvh kgis `dc

muoiehs




==

qud mi jdedri`h ic pish `d chs skjchs uei k`detk`gucturi ijrïghci `d hrkjde prdmkspéekgh qud mi iskoiedri `keéokgi guctkvhs durhpdhs ske `dspcizir chhrkjkeirkhs odshiodrkgiehs, ìe`h hrkjde i ue piksifodstkzh.

Rd`he`dc y jri`drïis `d ci pcizi `d thrhs `d ci Migkdeì `d ]ici. Ci ketdjrk i` `d ci rdjk÷e sd oieklkdsti de ci prdsdrvigk÷e `d ue vickhsh pitrkohekh gucturic keoitdrkic.

Fijódy h `dp÷skth `d iju prdghchobkeh de uei `d ci `d ci rdjk÷e. Teh `d chgirigtdrïstkghs d ci ketdjrkìoijudydrh `dc ictkpcieh odx

Dc piksifd oijudydrh sd girigtdrkzi phr ci skdobripiricdcis `d ijivd sdpiriìs detrd 7 y 4 odtrhs ghehgodtdpietcd (`dc eimui odtc, ijivd y tdpietck sdobriìs shbrd ue iejhsth tdrripcëe ckedic ckjdridcdvi`h de dc tdrrdeh qud vie `dlkekde`h dc ghethrehbiegicds y tdrrizis qud sd iìptie i cis gurvis `dkrrdjucir tdrrkthrkh `d ci ghoirgi ghetdekde`h dc lcufijui `d ccuvki piri pdroktkr dc guctkvh ketdrod`khoiïz, lrkfhc, gdbiì, ivdei ic h trkjh. Piobkëe sd uodtdpietcds ghoh `dckoktigk÷e `d prd`khs y giokeuei koijde skejucir i ci rdjk÷e. Chs odtdpietcds `dlhroie pirtd ke`kshgkibcd `d piksifd y dc dethreh qudc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh. De chs giophs `d ci ghprdsdrvie chs ushs y ghstuobrds iegdstricds piri dc`d ci pcieti qud ìe ghoh rdsucti`h ue piksif

`keéokgh.

i` y uei kci`h `d s guctkvhs

d gucturic

`d hrkjde

s Migkdeìs dcdodeths

` `dc piksifd kgieh.

`d cïedis ìs ghoh pird`),

detd oés `d suivds ekvdc `dc ckbrd `dc

`d ehpic, kckzie chs

s, ìe`h oijudyds

gkrgueì oirgi sd

bdedlkgkh vkvh y




=;

Odtdpietcds `d oijudy, pirtd ke`kshgkibcd `dc piksifd qud deoirgimk`réuckgh.

De dc dethreh `dc igudùgth sd chgickzie virkhs

ehobrd eimui piri `dskjeir chs `dp÷skths `d ijuieituric h irtklkgkic qud rdghjde `d cis `kvdrsisccieuris phr jrivdì` dc cïquk`h. Dstd skstdoi `d giijui girigtdrïstkgh `dc ictkpcieh gdetric odxkgieh, tkdde dc pisi`h prdmkspéekgh y de icjuehs gishs she`ds`d dsd pdrkh`h misti ci igtuickì . Ci ghetiokeigfijódyds, phr chs rdgkëe ketrhùgk`hs miths `d jieighchekzi`hrds dspiùhcds i od`ki`hs `dc skjch ]prkegkpic ohtkvigk÷e piri ci ghestruggk÷e `dc igudpi`rd Pdobcdqud, i lke `d prhvddr ijui ckoghouekì`ds ke`ïjdeis `d Vdophici y Htuobi.

Htrh `d chs ghophedetds `dc tdrrkthrkh she cispucqudris girigtdrïstkgis `dc ictkpcieh gdetric odxkgghefueths irquktdgt÷ekghs she kesticigkheds pdspirgkìs phr ci ghoirgi qud ghopcdodetirhemkst÷rkgh ijrhkeùstrkic kekgki`h de cis pcietigkhedspucqudrh. Chs dfdopchs irquktdgt÷ekghs d`klkgi`hs d`d virkhs skjchs, vkjdetds h de `dsush, pdroktde dstrdcigk÷e ïetkoi d ketdr`dpde`degki ghe dc dghskstd

ic ghopcdfh

fijódyds,

d hrkjde iùiìs y tigk÷e `d

ed hrkjde utkckzi`hs

÷e `d chs `h `d chs K, lud ci

ugth `dc ki i cis

migkdeìs eh. Dsths hùgtkvis dc gkgch

d oijudy e dc irgh

bcdgdr ci i qud cds




;>

ì kekgkh y qud de icjuehs gishs ludrhe bdedlkgkiìjuis `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh.

Ci ketdjrkì` `d chs ghophedetds `dc tdrrkthrkh ishgki`h ic igudùgth ibirgi

ue rkgh pitrkohekh rdckjkhsh prdsdetd de ghevdeths, kjcdskis, gipkccis qud she shodtk`hs i prhgdshs `d ghesdrvigk÷e prdvdetkvi h rdstiurigk÷e. Rdtibch birrhgh pketi`h prdsdrvi`h de ci gipkcci `d sie Fuie Pdpdoisicgh.

Phoi `d ijui kcdjic deVdophici. Ci prdsdrvigk

ketdjrkì` `d chs ghopskstdoi mk`réuckgh rdqukdrghegdrtiì detrd iuthgkuììehs.

Ci zhei `dckoktiì dfdopcklkgi i`dguiìodetd sumkst÷rkgh. Ci dxtdesk÷e `dspcdjiì shbrd chs oue

Vdophici, Pdpdipucgh, Ehpictdpëg, Ixipusgh yibirgi ue tdrrkthrkh ghe uei ghetkeukì` jdhjrélkgi`he`d sd ubkgie ci oiyhrïi `d chs dcdodeths tieskstdoi mk`réuckgh y `d ci hgupigk÷e muoiei `drdprdsdeti`hs phr chs vdstkjkhs irqudhc÷jkghs, cis pc`dckoktiìs phr odtdpietcds, cis Migkdeìs prhùgtphbcigkheds isï ghoh chs ketiejkbcds, rdprdsdeti`hushs y ghstuobrds `d ci ghouekì` qud mibkti ci

Dcchs mie sk`h shphrtd `dc prhgdsh gucturic qud `kpiksifd oijudydrh shbrd dc qud sd `dspcdj÷pitrkohekic. Dsths oksohs dcdodeths pud`de prghesdrvigk÷e i cirjh pcizh y su `dsirrhcch sustdetibc`dc dstibcdgkokdeth `d phcïtkgis `d prdsdrvigk÷e, ji

s phr cis

dc rioic i

÷e `d ci

edetds `d ci iggk÷e

kì`ds y

dsirrhcch gkpkhs `d

Htuobi ijrïghci jkbcds `d ci rdjk÷e

etigkheds kvis y cis s phr chs

ghoirgi.

tkejud ic dc gieic

pkgkir su d i trivës

trhehoïi




;9

tri`kgkheic h turksoh gucturic rdsphesibcd. Dcmkst÷rkgh de ghefueth ghe dc piksifd oijudydrh, chsirquktdgt÷ekghs, phbcigkheds, sktkhs irqudhc÷jkgpitrkohekh keoitdrkic, ghetdek`hs `detrh dc`dckokti`h de ci zhei eögcdh y ci zhei `d iohrtktkded ue tioiùh i`dgui`h qud pdroktd ci rdprdghopcdti `d cis girigtdrïstkgis y chs prhgdshs qud trikophrtiegki `dc bkde.

Ph`hs chs ghophedetds `dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh `dbde sdr hbfdth `d

oietdekokdeth, ghesdrvigk÷e prdvdetkvi h, de su gish, rdstiurigk÷e dspdgkickziì.

Ci koijde urbiei `d cis gksdr hbfdth `d iggkheds `

ghesdrvigk÷e `d ci lkshehtri`kgkheic. Hbris `d odfh koijde urbiei de Vdophici.

Wk bkde dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh oieklkdstighesk`dribcd `d ketdjrkì` de gisk ci thtickìghophedetds de chs iùhs rdgkdetds, ghe ci ketrhòiqukeirki pdsiì de cis igtkvkì`ds ijrhpdguirkildgti`h pirgkicodetd icjuehs `d chs triohs `d gieiue rkdsjh phtdegkic qud `dbd sdr ghetrhci`h i tri`dckoktigk÷e ghopcdti `d zheis `d dxgcusk÷e `d ushijrïghci de thì su dxtdesk÷e

Dsti rdjk÷e dokedetdodetd ijrïghci igusi, ghohrdjkheds, chs dldgths i`vdrshs `dc `dsirrhcch yi qud ipdrvkvd dc piksifd oijudydrh, de iùhs rdgkdetds miphr ci licti `d `doieì `dc pucqud, ueh `d sus pprhùgths. Ci jriùic ketrhùggk÷e `d eudvhs sksprhùggk÷e ijrïghci qud tkde`de i `dspcizir chs oguctkvh tri`kgkheicds, suoiì ic phtdegkic kop`dsirrhcch urbieh qud vi `dsbhrìe`h chs isdemuoiehs migki érdis guctkvibcds she pirtd `d cis prh

gudùgth cdodeths

s y dc phcïjheh uiokdeth

sdetigk÷e soktde ci

ì`ds `dbd odfhri y

ïi urbiei iokdeth `d

e jri`h `d sus ggk÷e `d

s, sd mi ds skde`h

vës `d ci urbieh y

de htris equd iöe

`dgckei`h rkegkpicds

tdois `d `dchs `d

igth `dc iokdeths

cdoétkgis




;2

qud sd pud`de `dtdgtir de dc prdsdetd, phr ch qud sdstibcdgdr skstdois `d prdsdrvigk÷e qud burdgupdrigk÷e `d dstd piksifd gucturic, ishgki`h iegdstrci k`detkì` dc ictkpcieh odxkgieh y ic skejucir Iguî`rd Pdobcdqud. ^dsd i dsti gkrguestiegki iöprdsdetie prhbcdois skjeklkgitkvhs prhùgk`hs phr cimuoiei qud ghoprhodtie ci ketdjrkì` `dc sktkh.

Ci rkqudzi `dc virkis Migkdeìs pucqudris qud sd ludrhe ubkgie`h shbrd dc giugd `dc igudùgth ludrhe

livhrdgkìs phr ci utkckzigk÷e `d sus ijuis.

^cietigkheds `d oijudy de civhcgée dxtketh `dc Pdgifdtd piricdcis `d ijivd she ue

hrjiekzigk÷e iegdstric dc g pcieti.

C I I T P D E P K G K @ I @ @ D C G H O ^ C D F H

M K @ R É T C K G H [ W T D E P H R E H

Dc ieécksks shbrd ci iutdetkgkì` `dc sktkh, `d igud

@krdgtrkgds prégtkgis shbrd ci ipckgigk÷e `d ci Ghevdci ^rhtdggk÷e `dc îtrkohekh Oue`kic 1 sd shphrti ghe`kgk÷e `d gieic pitrkohekic , prkohr`kicodetgirégtdr y de sus itrkbuths `kstketkvhs ghoh uedxgdpgkheic `d ci irquktdgturi `dc ijui `dsirrhcciìrdeigkokdeth tir`ïh. îri dstibcdgdr su skjeklkthoirhe ghoh rdldrdetds chs dcdodeths ghetdek

Iedxh 7, Juk`dckeds he tmd kesgrkptkhe hl spdgklkgprhpdrtkds he tmd Zhrc` Mdrktijd Ckst `dsirrhccidvicuigk÷e `d chs Gieicds itrkohekicds6 tdgehchjïi isu ghestruggk÷e, ligthrds dghe÷okghs, ispdgths shgpiksifd gucturic y eituric qud ch gkrgueì. Wdghopcdodetirkiodetd su lhroi y `ksdùh, oit

rdqukdrd qude ci

icodetd i ùgth `dc

e eh sd igtkvkì`

s ci`dris `dc . Cis cïedis

lhroi `d

ctkvh `d dsti

r`h i cis

gk÷e piri bk`h i su

d de su dfdopch

urietd dc igk÷e sd

hs de dc

typds hl i piri ci ckgiì de

kicds y ic eickzirhe

drkicds y




;7

substiegki, ush y luegk÷e, tri`kgkheds, tëgekgis y skjdstk÷e, chgickzigk÷e y dethreh, cdejui y htris lpitrkohekh keoitdrkic, dspïrktu y sdeskbkckì` isï gligthrds ketdrehs y dxtdrehs. Dc `dsirrhcch `d dsths`d dxpchrigk÷e sd mi iphyi`h edgdsirkiodet`hguodetigk÷e mkst÷rkgi y de cis ludetds `d ke`ksphekbcds shbrd ci rdjk÷e y shbrd dc prhgdsh gurdprdsdeti ci prhpudsti. Dsti kelhroigk÷e ì ghestipdrvkvdegki d chs dcdodeths dsdegkicds qud mie ghelskstdoi mk`réuckgh `ds`d su grdigk÷e. Ic ghtdfirc

tdstkohekhs oitdrkicds d keoitdrkicds prdsdrvi`hs,ghrrhbhrir dc jri`h `d iutdetkgkì` `dc sktkh y stdstkohekic ghoh ghetkeui`hr `d ue ietkjuh prhgdsh

Dc skstdoi `d gheùggk÷e `d ijui `dspcdji`h phr LrPdobcdqud y chs ke ïjdeis `d cis ghouekì`ds `Pciqukcpi, Vdophici y Htuobi lud ci ghesdgudeipckgigk÷e `d chs ghehgkokdeths y tdgehchjïi `d ci

rhoiei y rdeigdetksti de Ioërkgi qud rdgurrd,iìptigk÷e ic ghetdxth ehvhmkspieh, i sibdrds gheke`ïjdeis ìe`h ghoh rdsucti`h uei hbri skejucir`d ijui i ci ghcdgtkvkì` muoiei `dc sdokérk`hgdetric odxkgieh.

Wu iutdetkgkì` sd bisi de ci prdsdrvigk÷e `d susirquktdgt÷ekghs hrkjkeicds, de qud skjud oietde

vhgigk÷e hrkjkeic ghoh ibistdgd`hr `d ijui i ci phVdophici `dspuës `d gisk 04> iùhs, de ci iìptigdstrugturi piri ibistdgkokdeth muoieh i trivës `dc tci pdrvkvdegki `dc piksifd oijudydrh de `he`d sd ubktdgehchjïi ghestrugtkvi odstkzi d keë kti qud pdroktk

dcdvigk÷e eh icgieziì prdvkiodetd de irqudr`kspudstis de ue shch ekvdc piri

skstdois mk`réuckghs.

tdois `d rois `d

oh htrhs cdodeths

de ci hroigk÷e

turic qud gki `d ci roi`h dc

ghe chs

s phskbcd girégtdr gucturic.

egksgh `d Viguici,

gki `d ci k`réuckgi

piri su strugtkvhs iri `htir

ictkpcieh

cdodeths kde`h su

cigk÷e `d ÷e `d su doph, de

g÷ y de ci uei

is




;0

Dc Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud ds ue dfdopch dxgdpgkheic ìrquktdgt÷ekgi `d ci Irquktdgturi `dc Ijui de Ioërkgi, 9444-94:

ci tkphchjïi .




;4

D C D ] P R I H R @ K E I R K H \ I C H

G T C P T R I C @ D C I G T D @ T G P H @

^ I @ R D P D O B C D Y T D

Dsti jrie lébrkgi, qud ipdedoprde`dr th`h dc ph`dr `d ue

dopdz÷ y igib÷ ci girkì` y gdchlrikcd lriegksgieh, qud iöe iòkrith`h `d ci hbri, puds ske htrhs lh

prhvk`degki `kvkei, ccdj÷ i su pdrlébrkgi, qud sdré `kjei `d iòkriskjchs `d th`hs. Q…_ i thìs cugds oghefueth `d oirivkccis y ghe qukghopirigk÷e ek dc liohsh pudetd `htris hbris qud iòkri ci Durhpi

`d irquktdgturi.

Lriegksgh d If

c skstdoi mk`réuckgh d`klkgi`h i kestlrikcd lriegksgieh Lriegksgh `d Pdobcddfdopch dxgdpgkheic y rdprdsdetitk

gitdjhrïi `d chs Gieicds îtrkohekioue`h, yi qud su irqudrïi prkegkpic icgiezi uei icturodtrhs y sus irghs gdetricds sd dcdvie 77.=0 odtrhs, cdetrd chs igudùgths cdvieti`hs `ds`d dc kopdrkh rhdc rdeigkokdeth tir ïh i od`ki`hs `dc skjch ]\K ghekvdc `d irghs.

Dc sktkh `dehokei`h –Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcd

prhpudsth piri su kesgrkpgk÷e de ci Cksti `dc Ôue`kic `d ci TEDWGH bifh ci tkphchjïi `d Gieic ^ `d igudr`h i chs Grktdrkhs `d \ichr Tekvdrsic Dxgdpgy K\.

D C

s pu`kdri heirgi, ci

d ue phbrd oés qud dc

`hs qud ci dggk÷e uei

gk÷e `d chs kriì, ds ue

e eh tkded Wdjhvki ek

hr okcijrhs

hlrïe, 9:<<.

egkis `dc qud ds ue

h `d ci

ds de dc i `d 7;.<4 i oés icti

ieh misti ue shch

qud‟ dsté

trkohekh trkohekic kheic K, KK




;<

Ci iutdetkgkì` `dc ghopcdfh mk réuckgh rdsk`d de ci ghesdrvigghophedetds ghestktutkvhs ske ildgtigkheds skjeklkgitkvis de oés `d 04> itriesgurrk`h `ds`d su kekgkh de dc iùh 9444. Teh `d chs oieietkicds `dHfhs `d Ijui `dc Gdrrh `dc Pdgifdtd qud ghetkeöi igtkvh `htie`h `d ijui y i Wieti Oirïi Pdgifdtd.

G R K P D R K H K .

Rdprdsdetir uei hbri oidstri `dc jdekh grdi`hr muo

Ci irqudrïi oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicgh ds uei hbri oidstri

irquktdgt÷ekgi phr ketdjrir ci irgiì `d ue shch ekvdc oés

ic ti fioés ghestrukì de igudùgths `ds`d tkdophs `d chs

Rhoie hs mi sti od`ki`hs `dc skjch ] \K , lud chjriì ghoh

rdsuc ti`h `dc kejdekhsh ush `d uei g kobri `d i`hbd ghoh

ictdreitkvi i chs ieìokhs `d oi`dri . uequd dc ush `d

ci`rkc chs `d i`hbd de vdz `d oi`dri sd ipckg÷ de htrhs

cujirds de Oëxkgh , eh lud i odeu`h y g kdr tiodetd eh ghe

d c o k so h dl dg th `r io é tk gh g ho h de dc i gu d` ug th q u d

itrivkdsi dc birriegh `d Pdpdyimuicgh y dc r ïh îpichtd .

De dc gish `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh piri `htirHtuobi y i Vdophici, phbcigkheds ke`ïjdeis chgickzydroh sdok`dskdrth `dc ictkpcieh odxkgieh `dsirrhcc

÷e `d sus ùhs qud mie

ijui `d chs i Vdophici

eh

Ci irqudrïi oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicgh ds uei hbri oidstri

irquktdgt÷ekgi phr ketdjrir ci irgiì `d ue shch ekvdc oés

ic ti fioés ghestrukì de igudùgths `ds`d tkdophs `d chs

Rhoie hs mi sti od`ki`hs `d c s kj ch ] \K , lud chjriì ghoh

rdsuc ti`h `dc kejdekhsh ush `d uei g kobri `d i`hbd ghoh

ictdreitkvi i chs ieìokhs `d oi`dri . uequd dc ush `d

ci`rkc chs `d i`hbd de vdz `d oi`dri sd ipckg÷ de htrhs

cujirds de Oëxkgh , eh lud i odeu`h y g kdrtiodetd eh ghe

d c o k so h dl dg th `r io é tkg h g ho h de dc ig ud ù gt h q ud

itrivkdsi dc birriegh `d Pdpdyimuicgh y dc r ïh îpichtd .

d ijui i ìs de dc

`h phr dc




;:

lrikcd lriegksgieh Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud, gieickz`ds`d chs cdfiehs oieietkicds qud brhtie `dcPdgifdtd, ci kejdekhsi lusk÷e `d `hs riïgds guctiodrkgiei y ci durhpdi, ì ghoh rdsucti`h ue sgheùggk÷e `d ijuis öekgh y `d ue oirgi`h girégtdde dc qud sd ghopcdodeti, phr uei pirtd, ci `krdggk÷`dc pi`rd Pdobcdqud, kespkri`h de chs ghehgkokdmk`réuckgi `d tri`kgk÷e rhoiei, gisk ghe sdjurkì` thgipïtuch `d gheùggk÷e `d ijuis `dc triti`h `d Cd÷Icbdrtk, y phr htri, ci dvhcugk÷e `d ci tri`kgk÷e gh

odshiodrkgiei iueiì i ci oieh `d hbri `d chs eichs pudbchs `d Viguici, Pciqukcpi, Vdophici y Htuob

Dc igudùgth d`klkgi`h phr dc pi`rd Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud rdprdsdehbris oidstris `d ci irquktdgturi `dc ijui de dc rdeigkokdeth tir`ïhdxgdpgkheic, su iuìgki ghestrugtkvi y su dsbdctdz.

Chs 0=,22 akc÷odtrhs `d gieicds h ipietcds `kstrkbuk

rioicds ghe qud dstd ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh itrivkdsi dcketdjrie de su rdghrrk`h igdqukis, gifis `d ijui, `kstricfkbds pkcis h ludetds pdroktkde`h dc `dsirrhcch `dchs viccds `d Vdophici y Htuobi.

e`h ijui drrh `dc

ricds, ci stdoi `d

r odstkzh `d hbris ths `d ci

i`hs `dc e Bittksti strugtkvi

uricds `d i.

ti uei `d cis hr su icturi

hs de `hs

tdrrkthrkh buk`hrds, i vkì de




;=

Ci ehvd`hsi ketdjrigk÷e `d ghehgkokdeths dmk`réuckghs `drkvi`hs `d `hs ghetdxths gucturicds(durhpdh y odshiodrkgieh) pdroktk÷, `d oiedrikeë`kti, icgiezir, de dc gish `d ci irqudrïiPdpdyimuicgh, uei dcdvigk÷e `dc giùh `d gheùcïquk`h shbrdsickdetd y `d oiyhr icturi de dc ghetdirqudrïis `d od`kh pueth `dsirrhcciìs de ue shchgheùggk÷e `d ijui, `ds`d chs igudùgths rhoiehohodeth `d su rdickzigk÷e i od`ki`hs `dc skjch ]\KRdeigkokdeth tir`ïh.

Iuequd piri sicvir dc rïh qud gruzi ci birriegi `dc îgudùgth sd dcdvi misti 7;.<4 odtrhs, de ci pirtd gdirqudrïi oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicgh, sus dsbdcths irghspueth `ds`d dc `dspcietd `d cis pkcistris misti dcgieickzigk÷e, gheskjude uei dcdvigk÷e thtic `d 77.=0icturi, ci oés icti icgieziì de dsti tkphchjïi irqupiri irghs `d ue shch ekvdc misti dc ohodeth `d su d

yi qud supdri iopckiodetd guicqukdri `d chs irhoiehs h rdeigdetkstis kesgrkths de ci Cksti `dc Ôue`kic `d ci TEDWGH.

Dc igudùgth rhoieh `d Wdjhvki, Dspiùi sd cdvieti ide `hs ekvdcds1 dc `d Cis Ldrrdris de Pirrijhei, Dsodtrhs de 2 ekvdcds1 dc igudùgth `d Chs Okcijrhs dDspiùi icgiezi 24.9> odtrhs de trds pkshs1 dc ^het `

Lriegki icgiezi uei icturi `d 0; odtrhs de trdsicturi `d sus irghs oés icths ds `d 22 odtrhs1 dcrdeigdetksti `d Ijui ì ^riti de Dvhri, ^hrtujic sodtrhs de ue shch ekvdc1 dc igudùgth `d Iohrdk^hrtujic subd 79 odtrhs de guitrh pkshs1 dc `d CPhoir, ^hrtujic subd 79 odtrhs de `hs ekvdcdsigudùgths kesgrkths de ci Cksti `dc îtrkohekh Oue`supdri`h phr ci icturi `d chs irghs de ue shch

igudùgth `d ^hetgysycctd de Jicds, Rdkeh Tek`h,detrd 9:;4 y 9=>4, gisk 24> iùhs oés i`dcietd, qud s7= odtrhs.

kckgkhs d kldrdetds

iuìz d iyhr `d

gk÷e `dc th `d cis

kvdc piri misti dc

urietd dc

ipichtd dc tric `d ci

`d od`kh giùh `d

dtrhs `d ktdgt÷ekgi

klkgigk÷e

udùgths trkohekh

= odtrhs iùi i 2:

Oërkì, Jir` de

kvdcds, ci gudùgth dcdvi 29

ri, Dcvis, s ^djhds,

. @d chs kic shch ds

ekvdc `dc

d`klkgi`h dcdvie i




;;

Dc igudùgth rhoieh `d Doërkti Iujusti lhroi pirtd `d ci Cksti `dc îtrkohekh Oue`kic fueth i cis rukeis

rhoieis `d ci gkuì` dspiùhci `d Oërkì. Dsté rdsudcth de 7 ekvdcds `d irgiìs.

Igudùgth rhoieh `d Wdjhsd dcdvi i 2= odtrhs deJribi`h `dc skjch ]K].

Igudùgth `d Wie Cézirh de Oërkì,d`klkgi`h de dc skjch ]\K shbrd cis rukeis `dc ietkjuh igudùgth rhoieh. Wd dcdvi 94 odtrhs de `hs ekvdcds.

Dc dsbdcth igudùgth `dvkrrdkeic `d Yudrëtirh subdde ue shch ekvdc.

Igudùgth `d Ijui ì ^riti de Dvhri,^hrtujic, `ksdùh `dc irquktdgth rdeigdetksti Lriegksgh `d Irruì.Kesgrkth ghe ci gkuì` de ci Cksti `dc îtrkohekh Oue`kic. De su pirtd oés icti sd dcdvi i 2< odtrhs.

Igudùgth rdeigdetksti `dDcvis, ^hrtujic, rdickzi`h de phr Lriegksgh `d Irruì. KCksti `dc îtrkohekh Ou pirtd `dc ghefueth lhrtklkgiWd dcdvi i 72 odtrhs deirgiìs.

vki, Dspiùi, 2 ekvdcds.

ci gkuì` i 27 odtrhs

ohrdkri de dc skjch ]\K sgrkth de ci

`kic ghoh h `d Dcvis.

ekvdcds `d




9>>

Dstd skjeklkgitkvh chjrh sd `dbk÷ detrd htrhs ispdgths`d prdfukgkhs ghestrugtkvhs `dc lrikcd Lriegksgh `d Pyi qud, iuequd dvk`detdodetd dri ghehgd`hr `dmk`réuckgi vdrtkì de ci triti ïstkgi rdeigdetksti, eicirkld dspdgkickzi`h de ghestruggk÷e phr ch qud sdrdgurrkr, dxpdrkodetie`h, ic ghehgkokdeth ghestrugticki`hs ke`ïjdeis ghe tic `d icgiezir dc k`dic `d prdeigdetksti, vkvh de ci Eudvi Dspiùi `d od`ki`hs]\K.

Ds `d migdr ehtir qud dsti hbri ds uei hbri `d gir

`dsirrhcciì phr dspïrktu d kekgkitkvi ghouektirki debkde ghoöe. Eh ghet÷, ghoh htris hbris cdvietiìdsd pdrkh`h, ghe rdgurshs iskjei`hs phr cis ivkrrdkeicds piri dc dldgth yi quë sd ccdv÷ i gibh ske dcci Ghrhei Dspiùhci. Lud ghestruk`h oiyhrktirkiiphrtigkheds `d cis ghrphrigkheds ke ïjdeis pirqudìe`h öekgiodetd ckbdri`hs `dc pijh `d trkbuth

virkhs iùhs phr ghegdsk÷e `dc rdy Ldckpd KK ighesdfisdjue`h vkrrdy `d ci Eudvi Dspiùi, `he Cuks `d\kdfh.

Gifi `d ijui de ueh `d chs icfkbds `d ci ccdjiì `dc igudùgth i ciVdophici.

i ci licti

dobcdqud ci tdhrïi

h dri ue pdroktk÷

vh `d sus drldggk÷e

`dc skjch

gtdr gkvkc

livhr `dc s ùrietd

thrkì`ds iphyh `d

detd phr kgkpietds,

s ùrietd

`h phr dc dcisgh dc

hbcigk÷e `d




9>9

^rhùgth `d dsd ghetdxth k`dhc÷jkgh y ietd ci edgrdshcvdr dc pish `dc ijui phr cis giùiìs, Pdobcdqudphr ci iuìz utkckzigk÷e `d ourhs `d ghetdegk÷e yi`hbd, dxpdrkodeti`hs prdvkiodetd piri lhrfir ci iroh`dsth igudùgth qud ccdvibi ijui ic pudbch y ghPdpdipucgh tiobkëe cdvieti`h phr ci hr`de lriegksguei ictdreitkvi dodrjdetd ietd ci licti `d oi`dri pirieìokifd y iroir cis `kldrdetds irqudrïis rdqudrsicvir chs iggk`detds thphjrélkghs prdsdetds de dc trigudùgth, icgiezie`h uei icti ghti de ci mksth

mk`réuckgi rdeigdetksti trispudsti ic Eudvh Oue`h.De dc skstdoi `d gieickzigk÷e `dsirrhcci`h phr dc lrPdobcdqud fueth i chs ke`ïjdeis `d Viguici,Vdophici y Htuobi sd ghefujirhe `d uei oiedrikejdekhsi sibdrds y tdgehchjïis `drkvi`hs `dc ghehgkci mk`réuckgi rhoiei, éribd‗ieìcuzi, rdeigdprdghchobkei, ìe`h ghoh rdsucti`h uei ehtibcd hb

`d ci irquktdgturi `dc ijui mkst÷rkgi y `d ci iìptigkmuoieh i ue ijrdstd od`kh iobkdetd.

Cdheds phr `he`d brhti dc ijui i cis pkcis, oiekldstigk÷e `d ci oieh `dqud rdketdrprdtie ohtkvhs rdeigdetkstis ìe`h hrkjde i ue irtd edtiolruth `dc degudetrh `d `hs gucturis.

dskì` `d d `dgk`k÷

kobri `d udrïi `dc

vdeth `d iei ghoh

lhrfir dc kìs piri

ydgth `dc ki `d ci

iegksgieh

ciqukcpi, hr `doés kdeth `d

etksti y i oidstri

e `dc sdr

bri ke`ïjdei detd odstkzh,




9>2

G R K P D R K H K K 6

Itdstkjuir ue ketdrgiobkh `d vichrds muoiehs gh

ùrietd ue pdrkh`h ghegrdth h de ue érdi gucturic`dtdrokeiì, de chs éobkths `d ci irquktdgturi h ci t cis irtds oheuodeticds, ci pcieklkgigk÷e urbiei h c`d piksifds.

Dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh `dc pi`rd Pdobcdqud dxmkbd ue

kophrtietd ketdrgiobkh `d tri`kgk÷e durhpdi de tërokehs

`d ci ghefuegk÷e `d ci mdrdegki rhoiei `d igudùgths `d

icbiùkcdrïi, cis tëgekgis `d jdstk÷e mk`réuckgi kespkriìs de

dc ghehgkokdeths éribd-ieìcusïds y ci tri`kgk÷e ke`ïjdei

prdmkspéekgi, isï ghoh de ci gucturi odshiodrkgiei,

rdprdsdetiì phr dc ush `d ci hrjiekzigk÷e shgkic

tri`kgkheic piri dc tribifh ghcdgtkvh, ci utkckzigk÷e y

iìptigk÷e `d chs oëth`hs chgicds `d ghestruggk÷e ghe

i`hbd, isï ghoh ci prdsdegki `d pkgthjriois qud kcustrie

sïobhchs y ghsohchjïi ke`ïjdei de virkis `d cis irqudrïis .

Ds ue oheuodeth qud luskhei chs k`dicds muoiekstis `d ci

hr`de lriegksgiei ghe cis tri`kgkheds chgicds ghcdgtkvis ,

guyh hbfdtkvh lud prhohvdr dc bkdedstir ghoöe i trivës `d

ue kop rds khe ie td chjrh ghe strugtkvh ghet ke ui`h p hr 9 :

iùhs.

De dc grugd `d gucturis qud `kh ghoh rdsucti`h d

ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh `dsirrhcci`h phr dc lrikcd LriPdobcdqud de dc ictkpcieh gdetric odxkgieh shbsdrvir eïtkìodetd dcdodeths `d ci gucturipirtkgucirodetd dspiùhci, qud ùrietd dsd ohodethde ue prhgdsh `d rdlhroucigk÷e de ci quddcdodeths `dc pisi`h od kdvic, dc prdsdetd rdeigderdsibkhs `d ci hgupigk÷e ousucoiei. Dc ghopcdfhghesdrvi i ch cirjh `d su rdghrrk`h tdstkohekhs tie

pdrkh`h `d ketdjrigk÷e `d ci gucturi prdgodshiodrkgiei ghe ci gucturi durhpdi de `he`dirquktdgt÷ekgis rdeigdetkstis she iìptiìs i cighestrugtkvi y i ci oieh `d hbri ke`ïjdei bifh ci keklrikcd dspiùhc Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud i triv

sk`dribcd,

dc oue`h gehchjïi,

grdigk÷e

Dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh `dc pi`rd Pdobcdqud dxmkbd ue

kophrtietd ketdrgiobkh `d tri`kgk÷e durhpdi de tërokehs

`d ci ghefuegk÷e `d ci mdrdegki rhoiei `d igudùgths `d

icbiùkcdrïi, cis tëgekgis `d jdstk÷e mk`réuckgi kespkriìs de

dc ghehgkokdeths éribd-ieìcusïds y ci tri`kgk÷e ke`ïjdei

prdmkspéekgi, isï ghoh de ci gucturi odshiodrkgiei,

rdprdsdetiì phr dc ush `d ci hrjiekzigk÷e shgkic

tri`kgkheic piri dc tribifh ghcdgtkvh, ci utkckzigk÷e y

iìptigk÷e `d chs oëth`hs chgicds `d ghestruggk÷e ghe

i`hbd, isï ghoh ci prdsdegki `d pkgthjriois qud kcustrie

sïobhchs y ghsohchjïi ke`ïjdei de virkis `d cis irqudrïis .

Ds ue oheuodeth qud luskhei chs k`dicds muoiekstis `d ci

hr`de lriegksgiei ghe cis tri`kgkheds chgicds ghcdgtkvis ,

guyh hbfdtkvh lud prhohvdr dc bkdedstir ghoöe i trivës `d

ue kop rdskhe ie td chjrh ghe strugt kvh ghet ke ui`h p hr 9 :

iùhs .

skejucir

gksgh `d pud`de durhpdi,

d `dbitïi hevdrjde

ksti y chs k`réuckgh kbcds `dc

hchobkei cis k`dis tri`kgk÷e

kitkvi `dc s `d ci




9>7

d`klkgigk÷e `d ue skstdoi mk`réuckgh `d giridxgdpgkheicds.

Chs k`dicds rdeigdetkstis pudsths de prégtkgi ùriet`dc skjch ]\K phr gheehti`hs luegkheirkhs `d chstkdophs `dc vkrrdkeith y phr cis ÷r`deds ode kgdviejdckzirhe i chs eituricds lhroie pirtd `d ci idurhpdi i dstd ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh odstkzh. @urietd`d Girchs \ (94:9-944<) `dspuës `d ci dtipi `d ghelriegksgiehs y htris ÷r`deds tuvkdrhe uei rdcitkvi ckbci dviejdckzigk÷e y piri ci ghestruggk÷e `d gh

pudbchs `d ke`khs. Wkjukde`h dc dspïrktu `d prhgurbkde ghoöe y hrjiekzigk÷e ghouektirki ipckgi`÷r`deds ode`kgietds i chs eituricds, `drkvi`kestiurigk÷e `d chs phstuci`hs `d ci uthpïi rdeigdet"Rdpöbckgis `d [e`khs " de dc Eudvh Oue`h, LriPdobcdqud sd prhphed ccdvir ijui ckopki pirimuoieh i chs ke`ïjdeis `d uei ghoirgi de qud shch d

bdbdr ijui dstiegiì de fijódyds h `dp÷skthsghetiokeiì phr chs rdgkëe irrkbi`hs iekoicds `hochs ghchekzi`hrds dspiùhcds.

Jcklhs odshiodrkgiehs pketi`hs i ci gic phr chs tribifi`hrds ke`ïjdeis de pkd`ris y `hvdcis `dc igudùgth. Mie pdrvkvk`h oés `d 04> iùhs i ci ketdopdrkd.

De dc ghrrdgth ghrtd y dsg pkd`ri de `hvdcis y dsoieklkdsti dc ghehgkokdetribifi`hrds ke`ïjdeis `ddurhpdhs `d dstdrdhthoïi ilrikcds y icirklds.

De dc rdghrrk`h `dc skstdoi mk`réuckgh ds ehthrki ci`d chs ghehgkokdeths `d ci dstdrdhthoïi durhpdi`klue kì phr chs prkodrhs icirklds y gietdrhs qud irEudvi Dspiùi piri kekgkir ci d`klkgigk÷e `d tdopchsDstd ghehgkokdeth `d ci ghrrdgti dsgui`rïi y desi

gtdrïstkgis

ci okti` prkodrhs etds qud

phrtigk÷e c rdkei`h

uksti, chs rti` piri

vdeths y

igk÷e `dc phr cis

`d ci sti de cis

gksgh `d ghesuoh

ri phskbcd

pcuvkicds, stkghs `d

i`rïi `d ci ukedris sd

th `d chs chs sibdrds

hrti`hs phr

pckgigk÷e qud lud

rkbie i ci picigkhs.

bcifd `d




9>0

pkdzis ds hbsdrvibcd pirtkgucirodetd de dc ghrrdgthpkd`ri `d chs éejuchs `d pkcistris y irghs `d ci irqud`d Pdpdyimuicgh. ^hskbcdodetd ci `klusk÷e detrd chspkgipd`rdrhs ke`ïjdeis `d dstd ghehgkokdeth ghest`dbi i ci vkskti `d prhspdggk÷e shbrd dc phskbcdsdjukrïi dc gieic qud rdickz÷ dc oidstrh gietdrh FuieIjódrh devki`h phr dc sdjue`h vkrrdy `d Eudvi Ds`d \dcisgh dc \kdfh migki 9447 piri rdvksir fueth ghe`d Pdobcdqud dc triydgth qud dbdrïi ccdvir dc igud`

De dc trizh jriùi`h `d cis pde kdetds `d cis igdquk`d ci krrdjucir thphjrilïi `d ci rdjk÷e, `dsirrhccie

qud vie skjukde`h cis gurvis `d ekvdc sd hbsdrvi ci`d chs ghehgkokdeths `d mk`réuckgi vdrtk`hs de dc ipgheùggk÷e `d ijuis `d chs triti`hs `d irqukt\ktrubkh y `d Cd÷e Bittksti Icbdrtk qud, `dluegkheirkhs vkrrdkeicds ghoh dc prkodr vkrrdy he IOde`hzi, `d icirklds h `d lrikcds ode`kgietds kpisirhe ic Eudvh Oue`h icjuehs dfdopcirds. De chs

`dstkei`hs i ci mk`réuckgi y i ci ghestruggk÷e `d iirgis `d ijuis, irqudrïis h sklheds `d chs triti`hs `dIcbdrtk, guyh ghetdek`h `dbkdrhe ghehgdr tieth

2> Wiribki \kdfh, Oirïi Fustkei, @he Cuks `d \dcisgh, vkrrdy `d Eudvi D94<0 , Dsgudci `d Dstu`khs Mkspieh-Iodrkgiehs, 9;:=. ^. 00;.

ghrtd `d rïi oiyhr

oidstrhs ugtkvh sd

rizh qud hrrdi `d iùi, Cuks

Lriegksgh gth.2>

s i trivës h gurvis

pckgigk÷e irti`h `d

gturi `d ieh `d

ethekh `d custri`hs,

gipïtuchs

udùgths, ktruvkh y hrrdi `d

piùi, 944> ‗




9>4

Ijódrh ghoh Pdobcdqud sd kegcuyde icjuehskestruodeths `d ekvdcigk÷e ghoh dc ghribitd , cis `khekvdc `d ijui qud ghe sdjurkì` ludrhe utkckzi`hghrrdgth trizh `d cis pde`kdetds.

Ci pdrvkvdegki `d chs oh`dchs `d gheùggk÷e `d ijieìcugds, dvhcugkhei`hs `d ci mk`réuckgi rhoieigiptigk÷e `d ijuis ghoöe de dc Od`ktdrréedh hrkdeoietuvkdrhe vkjdetds de ci pdeïesuci kbërkgi mist]\K, sd migde prdsdetds de ci ghelhroigk÷e `dirdedrhs, irgis, pkcis, sklheds, ìtis `d ijui

`kstrkbuk`hs de chs `hs rioicds `dc rdghrrk`h `dmk`réuckgh. Dsths dcdodeths irquktdgt÷ekghs she skokdfdopchs `d ush ghoöe de ci pdeïesuci kbërkgi,ùrietd ci dxpdrkdegki prdvki `d chs lrikcds ode`kDspiùi qud ghkegk`de ghe chs `dsgrkths de chs trirquktdgturi `dc rdeigkokdeth durhpdh.

Chs rdsibkhs `d cis lhrois hreiodeticds kscéokgh-

i`hpti`hs phr ci hr`de lriegksgiei de cis lueìpudbchs `d ke`khs, sd dvk`degkie pirtkgucirodetd deekgmhs qud ludrhe cibri`hs de ci pirtd gdetric `d coiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicgh. Te `ksgrdth iclkz rdgtiprhgd`degki ou`ëfir ghrhei chs irghs supdrkhrds `dì ghestiegki `dc trisci`h i Ioërkgi `d dsths g÷`kjhsiöe de ush de cis ghoirgis ieìcuzis dspiùhcis.

Cis gucturis odshiodrkgieis igtkvis de dc ictkpciehci ccdjiì `d chs ghequksti`hrds dspiùhcds iphrtieskjeklkgitkvhs piri ci rdickzigk÷e `dc skstdoi mk`réuckghelkdrde uei k`detkì` pirtkgucir odstkzi qud ch`d htrhs igudùgths d`klkgi`hs de dsd pdrkh`h mkst÷`d chs dcdodeths qud livhrdgk÷ ci ghestruggk÷eigudùgth lud ci sibki utkckzigk÷e phr pirtd `d Lri

Pdobcdqud `dc iegdstric skstdoi `d hrjiekzigk÷e shgtribifh ghcdgtkvh ke`ïjdei ghehgk`h ghoh "tdqukh " qi chs ke`ïjdeis `d chs pudbchs `d Viguici, Pciqukcpi,y Htuobi i tribifir de su oieuligturi vhcuetirkpdrkh`h `d 9: iùhs.

`d chs ptris h dc

s piri dc

is éribd‗ y `d ci

ic qud sd dc skjch

cis gifis, y icfkbds

c skstdoi irds i chs

rdghjk`hs

gietds de ti`hs `d

spiùhcis,

kheds `d hs guitrh

irqudrïi jucir `d

hs ekgmhs lhroicds,

dxkgieh i cdodeths

gh qud cd kstkejude

kgh. Teh `d dstd

egksgh `d

ic piri dc d ohtkv÷ dophici i phr ue




9><

Rdsth `d chs dehrods ourhs `d i`hbd utkckzi`hs ghoh ictdreikopcdodetigk÷e `d gkobris ietd ci dsgisdz `d oi`dri ipti piri ci ddstrugturis y ieìokhs. Iphrtd `dc ghehgkokdeth ke ïjdei iodghestruggk÷e `d dstrugturis `d oiophstdrïi `d pkd`ri.

Ci iìptigk÷e y dvhcugk÷e `d cis tri`kgkheds vdreégghestruggk÷e ghe ci`rkcchs `d tkdrri gruì h i`hbdush de Odshioërkgi, piri ìr rdspudsti ioiekldstigkheds irquktdgt÷ekgis prdghchobkeis, tkdesus pueths oés icths `d `dsirrhcch ic ipckgirsd gskejucir shcugk÷e ictdreitkvi piri ci d`klkgigk÷e `d ciy gkobri piri dc iroi`h `d irghs `d pkd`ri de sustk

cis iroiùris `d oi`dri `d tri`kgk÷e durhpdi,suoiodetd dsgish de dshs pirifds sdok`dsërtkghs. Wrdjk÷e y de dsd ohodeth mkst÷rkgh lud utkckziì dsghestrugtkvi piri ci drdggk÷e `d irgiìs `d gheùggk÷

Ci kophrtietd ghetrkbugk÷e `d ci oieh `d hbri ketdstkohekiì de dc triydgth `d cis igdqukis y de cisphr dc dspcëe`k`h tribifh `d oieuligturi `d dsti d

hbri mk`réuckgi, vkskbcd iöe ci tdxturi `dfiì phr dc tmdrriokdetis d pkd`ri `d icjuehs `d sus skccirds de csd pud`d pdrgkbkr dc jhcpd `d oirtkcchs pëtrdhs de su squd ghdxkstde ghe htrhs de `he`d ds dvk`detd dcrdgkëe ketrhùgkìs mdrriokdetis `d mkdrrh durhpdis.

kvi piri ci klkgigk÷e `d

kgieh i ci

cis `d ci d iopckh

kldrdetds d ueh `d

hoh uei strugturi

tugk÷e `d

oitdrkic ch de dsi

shcugk÷e `d ijui.

`ïjdei ds irqudrïis

gdpgkheic

cci`h ghe s qud iöe

updrlkgkd, sh `d cis




9>:

Cis oirgis `d ci oieh `d hbri ke`ïjdei de dc ghefueth mk réuckgh, su ictughestrugtkvi odstkzi, migde qud dstd dfdopch `d ci irquktdgturidxgdpgkheic. ^ietck h bie`dri sïobhch odshiodrkgieh de ci irqudrïi `dP

Ci pdrvkvdegki `d cis tëgekgis `dc bruùk`h supdr

pkd`ri `d ipciei`hs `d hrkjde prdmkspéekgh, deghchrdi`h de tkdrri ghchr icoijrd, ds pdrgdptkbcigibi`hs `d ipietcds y piriodeths `d gifis `d ijui,irqudrïis, threie`h kopdrodibcd ci oiophstdrïi lhgic y irdei.

i y ci tëgekgi dc ijui sdi gifdtd.

kgkic ghe

hgiskheds d de chs pietcds h

rfi`i ghe




9>=

Te dcdodeth `d pirtkgucir kophrtiegki qud oioieuligturi d koprheti dfiì phr chs eituricds d c`d Viguici, Vdophici y Htuobi de dc prhgdsh `d gh`dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh, ds ci skjeklkgitkvi prdkeeuodribcds jcklhs `d hrkjde prdmkspéekgh pketi`hsde uei gietkì` ghesk`dribcd `d cis pkd`ris ghestktutirqudrïis, qud `dehtie ci oirgi jrupic `d chs ogietdrhs y pdheds ke`ïjdeis qud, `kvk`k`hs de dtribifh `krkjk`hs phr ue oidstrh `d hbris, pightk kieiodetd y phr dspigkh `d gdrgi `d 9: iùh

dxgdpgkheic dfdopch `d ci Irquktdgturi `dc Ijui.

^kd`ri ticciì ghe dc jcklh Gicck, gisi de eémuitc. Ci kesgrkpgk÷e Hthsi G girigtdrds citkehs. Tei oiekldstigk÷e `dc prhgdsh `d lusk÷e gucturic quodstkzifd odxkgieh.

klkdsti ci s pudbchs

struggk÷e degki `d

h ticci`hs vis `d cis

s `d 0>> ukphs `d

tkgkpirhe s de dstd

ck ipirdgd de ì hrkjde ic




9>;

Rdprdsdetigk÷e `dc Pdopch Oiyhr de chs ^rkodrhs OdohrkicdsPdpdipucgh. Bkbckhtdgi Rdic îcigkh `d Oi`rk`, Dspiùi. Icjgmkoiccks y jcklhs `kbufi`hs de sus céokeis tkdede su ghrrdsphe`

skjehs `d cis irgiìs `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh yi qud ghrrdsphe`drdjk÷e, i ci oksoi gucturi y ic oksoh ohodeth mkst÷rkgh. CWimijöe pdroktde ketdrprdtir chs jcklhs `dc Igudùgthishgkigkheds gucturicds keoitdrkicds `d icti skjeklkgigk÷e.

`kbufiì de ehs `d chs

degki de chs

i ci oksoi s tdxths `d Pdobcdqud,




99>

G R K P D R K H K \ .

Iphrtir ue tdstkohekh öekgh, h ic odehs dxgdpgkh

uei tri`kgk÷e gucturic h uei gkvkckzigk÷e vkvi h `dsipi

Dc gudùgth `dc î`rd Pdo bcdqud rdprdsdeti ue

dxgdpgkheic dfdopch `d irquktdgturi mk`réuckgi, bisi`h de

ue prhlue`h ghehgkokdeth `d ci kejdekdrïi mk`réuckgi

rhoiei y rdeigdetksti qud sd ketdjr÷ ghe ghehgkokdeths

odshiodrkgiehs chgi cds `d ghestrugg k÷e . Cis tëgekgis

dspdgïlkgis y oitdrkicds rdjkheicds utkckzi`hs de ci

ghestruggk÷e grdirhe ue tkph öekgh `d skstdoi mk`réuckgh

de d c ohode th `d ch s de gudetrhs odshiodrkgiehs -

durhpdhs .

Ci tkphchjïi irquktdgt÷ekgi `d chs igudùgths mkstirquktdgturi `dc ijui, sd vd derkqudgkì ghe ci ghestod`ki`hs `dc skjch ]\K `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh `dc`krkjk`h phr dc lrikcd lriegksgieh Lriegksgh `d P

Dstd skstdoi mk`réuckgh ds ue dfdopch rdprdsdetitipckgigk÷e `d chs ghehgkokdeths y tdgehchjïi `d cirhoiei y rdeigdetksti de Ioërkgi, qud tkdeddcdodeth `kstketkvh qud ch migd dxgdpgkheic,ketdjrigk÷e `d sibdrds ghestrugtkvhs ke`ïjdeisshcugk÷e i ci dsgisds `d ijui de bdedlkgkh `d uei ghmuoiei de dc ydroh ictkpcieh gdetric odxkgieh qud,

tri`kgkheds d`kckgkis durhpdis y odshiodrkgieis,uei hbri skejucir y öekgi qud phskbkckt÷ cdvietirpëtrdis `d dxtrihr`keirki dsbdctdz y uei dcdvigk÷e ehprdvkiodetd de skstdois mk`réuckghs durhpdhs `d`kspudstis de ue shch ekvdc.

De ci ghoirgi icdìùi ic ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh eh sghe sulkgkdetd oi`dri ipti piri cdvietir cis ictis ir

ieìokhs edgdsirkhs piri ci dstrugturigk÷e `d pkcigkobri`h `d irghs i`hvdci`hs. Piophgh sd `kspheïi`dc cirjh sulkgkdetd ek `d ci tdgehchjïi piri ci oieucis ictis jröis `d tri`kgk÷e rhoiei rdqudrkìs piri ci`d pkd`ri y irjioisi i ci icturi rdqudrkì pirigiùiìs `d Viguici, Juiìcupd, Igdchtci y Pdpdyi

ic, shbrd

dgkì.

Dc gudùgth `dc î`rd Pdo bcdqud rdprdsdeti ue

dxgdpgkheic dfdopch `d irquktdgturi mk`réuckgi, bisi`h de

ue prhlue`h ghehgkokdeth `d ci kejdekdrïi mk`réuckgi

rhoiei y rdeigdetksti qud sd ketdjr÷ ghe ghehgkokdeths

odshiodrkgiehs chgi cds `d ghestruggk÷e . Cis tëgekgis

dspdgïlkgis y oitdrkicds rdjkheicds utkc kzi`hs de ci

ghestruggk÷e grdirhe ue tkph öekgh `d skstdoi mk`réuckgh

de d c ohode th `d c hs de gudetrhs odshiodr kgie hs-

durhpdhs .

÷rkghs, ci ruggk÷e i

gudùgth obcdqud.

kvh `d ci k`réuckgi

hoh ue ci iuìz

piri ìr dgtkvkì` ic lue`kr

i cujir i irqudrïis icgieziì

irqudrïis

ghetibi iùris y

tris y dc d oi`dri igturi `d dcdvigk÷e sicvir cis

uicgh. Dc




999

ieìokifd `d oi`dri rdqudrk`h piri ci lhroigk÷e `tri`kgk÷e rhoiei eh mubkdri pdroktk`h tëgekgiodetci icturi shckgktiì phr ci birriegi d Pdpdyimuicgh, peh sd `kspheïi `d ci tdgehchjïi ek ci dxpdrkdegki pirvdrtkgicodetd cis pkd`ris, dc ohrtdrh y i chs hpdriicturi, phr ch qud sd `dbïi edgdsirkiodetd mibdr rdlhroir virkhs ekvdcds `d irghs, tic ghoh sugd kdfdopchs durhpdhs, tieth rhoiehs ghoh rdeigdetksti

\dstkjkhs `d chs ourhs `d i`hbd utkckzi`hs ghoh gkobri piri lhrfir chs irghs `d chs –pudetds‟ `d ijui de dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh.

Ipietcd h igdquki `d ijuimigde prdsdetds tieth codshiodrkgiei ghoh cidurhpdis `d gieickzigk÷e `dc

Ch qud sï dri `d ush ghoöe de ci rdjk÷e `dc ictkpciodxkgieh `ds`d tkdophs keodohrkicds lud dc ush ``d tkdrri gruì ghopigtiì ghehgk`hs ghoh i`ludrhe utkckzi`hs misti ci ccdjiì `d chs gheqdspiùhcds tieth piri lhroir chs eögcdhs s÷ck`hs `d pkbisiodeths ghoh piri d`klkgir ourhs de vkvkdeìs,mibktigkheicds h tdopchs. Iuei`h i dstd `hokekh

ghoh oitdrkic `d ghestruggk÷e iegdstric, chs eiturghoirgi sd `kstkejukdrhe de ci ghestruggk÷e y ghrtdDc prhpkh picigkh `dc ghequksti`hr Mdreée GGudreivigi lud d`klkgi`h phr icbiùkcds y gietdrhs ùehs iùhs ietds, phr ch qud dxkstïi ue iopckh `hokek

irghs `d icgiezir

udsth qud cdvietir

khs i dsi gurrk`h i ÷ de chs

.

e `he`d sd tri`kgk÷e

s tëgekgis

cïquk`h.

h gdetric tibkquds

bds, qud ksti`hrds

réok`ds y ghefueths

dc i`hbd

cds `d ci d pkd`ri.

hrtës de Htuobi

prégtkgh




992

de dc ush `d oitdrkicds y skstdois ghestrugtkvhs de pi`hbd.

Ci irgiì oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicgh prdsdeti ci oiyhr dcdvigk÷e de igud

shch ekvdc ds`d dc pdrkh`h dc kopdrkh rhoieh misti dc Rdeigkokdeth tighelkdrd uei dxgdpgkheickì` de dc ghetdxth `d chs gieicds pitrkohekicdsDe ci koijde sd pud`d hbsdrvir ci dsgici muoiei i lke `d iprdgkir su ictur

Chs sibdrds iegdstricds odshiodrkgiehs `d ci ghestri`hbd y pkd`ri tuvkdrhe ue `dsirrhcch piricdch tiethghoh de Ioërkgi, virkie`h pirtkgucirodetd

d`ri y de

ùgths `d ue

`ïh ch qud cd de dc oue`h. .

ggk÷e de e Durhpi de cis




997

mdrriokdetis y oëth`hs utkckzi`hs, phr ch qud ehpiri Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud y htrhs lrikcds gheijrdjir chs ghehgkokdeths d`kckgkhs durhpdhs i cistri kgkheicds `d chs eituricds `d ci rdjk÷e, `dsiprhgd`kokdeths ghestrugtkvhs oirgiìodetd odstkzh

Dc rkgh prhgdsh `d odstkzifd gucturic lhrfi`h i odskjch ]\K tkded de dc skstdoi ghestrugtkvh `dmk`réuckgh qud `ht÷ d ijui ckopki i Vdophici y i Htiphrtigk÷e skjeklkgitkvi i ci tkphchjïi `d chs imkst÷rkghs de dc oue`h ic ketdjrir ghoh ue gudrph d

piri dc lhrfi`h `d sus irqudrïis, ue skstdoid`klkgigk÷e ghopudsth phr oiophstdrïi `d pkd`riourhs `d ghetdegk÷e `d i`hbd.

Ketdrkhr `d ci gifi `d ijui `d kejrdsh i Vdophici. Wd ifusti i ch pcietdi`h piri cis gifis `d ijui `d ccdjiì i cis phbcigkheds.

Ci utkckzigk÷e `dc i`hbd ghoh uei ictdreitkvi edxgdpgkheic i cis koprdsgke`kbcds iroiùris y gkoi`dri rdqudrkìs phr ci tri`kgk÷e ghestrugtkvirhoieh pdroktk÷ icgiezir uei oiyhr dcdvigk÷e y dstipkcistris y irghs qud shphrtie dc giùh piri ci gheìjui yi qud, de cujir `d tdedr qud dcdvir oitdrkicds

ud `klïgkc trugthrds

prégtkgis rrhccie`h

.

ki`hs `dc skstdoi

obi uei udùgths

strugturic

kxth `d oigkzhs

phr \ktruvkh

vd`hsi y bris `d `dc irgh kckì` `d ggk÷e `dc

y hbrdrhs




990

phr od`kh `d ieìokhs y jröis `d oi`dri, sjriùicodetd uei iegmi dstrugturi de lhroi `d our`d i`hbd lhrtklkgi`h phr chs pkcirds `d pkd`ri oiqud ìrïie shphrtd ic iroi`h `d chs irghs `d od`khghrheie ci irqudrïi. De dstd skejucir skstdoi ghoirgiìodetd odstkzh, cis pkcistris pëtrdis `krdjucirodetd igtuirhe ghoh rdludrzhs dstketdrod`khs de dc iegmh ourh `d i`hbd shbrd dhpdrirkhs ph`ïie `dspcizir mhrkzheticodetd `dxtrdohs qud ghckeìbie ghe dc `dgckvd `d ci g

oitdrkicds y dc dqukph edgdsirkh piri cdvietir gipi poiophstdrïi `d pkd`ri i ci oiedri `d ue dehrodci`rkcch cdvieti`h mkciì phr mkciì.

Ghoh ietdgd`detd prdvkh i ci ghestruggk÷e `dmk`réuckgh `dc pi`rd Pdobcdqud dsté dc tribifh `dspcchs lrikcds lriegksgiehs piri rdshcvdr ghe gkobri d tkci oh`dsti irqudrïi ghe qud gucokei dc igudùgth qu

dc cïquk`h migki ci gifi `d ijui `dc gdrgieh pPdpdipucgh, qud ìti `d chs iùhs `d 9409 i 9404.

Ispdgth jdedric `d ci jrie Gifi `d Ijui `d Pdpdipucgh de `he`d ghdxkstde ohtkvhs hreiodeticds y mdréc`kghs rdeigdetkstis ghe dcdodeths odshiodrkgiehs.

Irgh krrdjucir `d ci irgiigudùgth `d Pdpdipucgiroi`h `d dsti irqudrïi sdgkobri `d i`hbd ghoh ictddsgisds `d oi`dri piri dcdstrugturis `d shphrtd. Oud`dc prhgdsh `d iìptigk÷e `dghestrugtkvhs durhpdhsOue`h.

Dc pueth gucokeietd `dc ush `d ourhs `d ghetdegk÷e`d ci`rkcchs `d tkdrri gruì piri shphrtd de ci ghestrirghs `d pkd`ri oiophstdiì sd `dspckdji de cis ir

cdviet÷ h ghrrk`h

phstdiì ueth qud

strugtkvh strkbukìs

ugturicds qud chs

ds`d chs ùiì, chs

r gipi `d ourh `d

skstdoi ji`h phr

rri gruì gheùgd

udbch `d

i lkeic `dc . îri dc

dgurrk÷ i ci reitkvi i ci iroi`h `d

tri dvk`detd chs oh`dchs

ic Eudvh

y gkobri ggk÷e `d

udrïis `d




994

`kvdrsis icturis ghestktutkvis `dc ghopcdfh`dspcdji`h phr dc lrikcd prhldsh `dc oheistdrkh `dLriegksgh d Pdobcdqud y chs ke`ïjdeis d cis ghouViguici, Pciqukcpi, Vdophici y Htuobi.

Bifh dsti c÷jkgi ghestrugtkvi, ipirtiì `dc oh`dch driïz rhoiei, sd ludrhe cdvietie`h cis irgiìs `dc iguPdpdipucgh y cis `d Pdgifdtd, Irghs `d Juiìcupd, WiWie Oirghs, icgiezie`h su oéxkoi dxprdsk÷e de cqud sd `dspcizi i ch cirjh `d 9,>2> odtrhs `d cirjhpiri sicvir ci birriegi `d Dc îpichtd, de dc

Pdpdyimuicgh. De dstd trioh `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckcdvietie`h phgh i phgh ue jrie ourh s÷ck`h `dpkcistris `d pkd`ri misti icgiezir ci dxgdpgkheic icturodtrhs de ue shch ekvdc `d irghs y, piri sicvir dc rïhci birriegi, dcdvée`hsd misti 7;.<4 odtrhs. Dstitëgekgi ghestrugtkvi odstkzi pdroktk÷ icgiezir dsiue shch ekvdc `d irghs, kopdesibcd sk sd mubkdri ut

skstdoi `d iroiùris y gkobri `d oi`dri. Ci lusk÷erdgurshs ghestrugtkvhs ke`ïjdeis ghe dc ghehgkokdetdurhpdh `kh ghoh rdsucti`h uei icti irqudrïi `shbrd dsbdctis pkcistris qud sd mi oietdek`h gisk skemisti eudstrhs `ïis.

Ci prdsdegki `d dstd skstdoi ghestrugtkvh skejucir `dourhs `d ghetdegk÷e `d i`hbd sd pud`d iprdgkir

igtuickì` ghe ci prdsdegki `d vdstkjkhs `d cketdrod`khs `d i`hbd detrd chs pkcirds `d cis irqupdsd i qud mie pisi`h oés `d 04> iùhs `d su ghdxpudsths ic ketdopdrksoh, iöe pdrùrie pirPiobkëe sd pud`d pdrgkbkr ci utkckzigk÷e `d dstdskstdoi `d ghestruggk÷e de ci skehpki h mudcci `dfcdgmh bifh `dc ohrtdrh qud ued cis `hvdcis de chsthìs cis irqudrïis `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh, de `h

pdrgkbd ekejuei oirgi `dfiì phr ckstheds h tibchegkobri `d oi`dri.

Htrh dcdodeth qud ghrrhbhri dc ush `d dstghestrugtkvi öekgi ds ci ghelhroigk÷e `d ci oiop

k`réuckgh Htuobi,

kì`ds `d

`kckgkh `d ùgth `d

e ^d`rh y irqudrïi rdqudrkì irifd `d

gh sd lud i`hbd y

`d 77.=0 qud gruzi

skejucir cturi ghe

kckzi`h dc

iuìz `d h d`kckgkh spcietiì

dtdrkhrhs

gkobri y öe de ci

s ourhs rïis, qud struggk÷e

kicodetd. skejucir

iì de dc irghs `d `d eh sd

s `d uei

tëgekgi stdrïi `d




99<

pkd`ri pdjiì ghe ohrtdrh `d gic-irdei de pkcistris ysd vi cdvietie`h de gipis `d ipirdfh iöe pdrgdpt`dehtie dc prhgdsh `d ghestruggk÷e `d iroir mkciì pkelcuyde`h dc ohvkokdeth `d mhobrds, oitdrkicds ytrivës `d ue jrie ourh. Ci prdsdegki `d vdstkjkhs `dmhrkzhetic de `kvdrsis icturis de ci giri ketdrei `d cpëtrdhs ritklkgi dsti ilkroigk÷e. Ds `d migdr ehtirmibdr uei dstrugturi prdckokeir d oi`dri piri dc gkirghs, eh sd oieklkdstie chs mudghs h odgmkeicds pir`d chs gibdzicds `d vkjis `d oi`dri de ci oiop

pkd`ri, usuicds ùrietd dsd pdrkh`h de ci d`klkgigk÷e.Ci dxgdpgkheickì` `dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh ds rdlhrzmdgmh `d qud öekgiodetd sd utkckz÷ dsti tëgekgi ghghoh hpgk÷e ic ieìokifd `d oi`dri de ci rdjk÷eghoprde`kì phr chs viccds `d Htuobi, Vdophici ydc ictkpcieh gdetric odxkgieh i od`ki`hs `dc skjch ]tkded ghestiegki `d ci utkckzigk÷e `d dstd tkph `d t

ghestrugtkvi odstkzi de htrhs dfdopchs h de htrh tkdomiyi sk`h utkckziì phstdrkhrodetd de htrhs skstdois.

Rdsths `d tkdrri gruì de dc ketri`÷s.Dvk`degki `dc ush `d gkobri `d i`hbd piri dc iroi`h `d chs irghs de cis irqudrïis `d chs igudùgths `d Pdpdipucgh y `d Pdobcdqud.

Koprheti `dfiì de cis pkcsugdskvis dtipis h mcdvietiokdeth `dc dehroi`hbd-oiophstdrïi qudghestruggk÷e y ci icturi `doiyhr d Pdpdyimuicgh.

irghs qud kbcds qud

hr mkciì, dqukphs i

ivkodeth hs pkcirds

ud, ic eh bri`h `d dc lkfi`h

stdrïi `d

ì phr dc

strugtkvi dhjrélkgi

Ipie, de K. Eh sd

dgehchjïi

ph ek qud

stris `d cis ciìs `dc

ourh `d droktk÷ ci

ci irqudrïi




99:

Ci utkckzigk÷e `d uei gkobri `d i`hbd ghoh ictdreitkvi i cis dstrugturiligkckt÷ dc trisci`h `d oitdrkicds y hbrdrhs i trivës `dc iegmh y shck h gio phr cis pkcistris `d oiophstdrïi y chs ourhs `d i`hbd. Ci irgiì sd lughoh sk ludri ue ourh d icbiùkcdrïi ghevdegkheic, mkciì tris mkciì, shcdsgici oheuodetic. Rdprdsdetigk÷e `kjktic rdickziì phr ci Tekì`

Pdgehc÷jkgh `d ci Ghhr`keigk÷e Eigkheic `d Oheuodeths mkst÷rkghsbisd i ue cdvietiokdeth cisdr `d eubd `d pueths.

De dsti sdgudegki sd pud`d iprdgkir g÷oh dc iegmh ourh `d i`hbd y pdroktk÷ kejrdsir `ds`d chs dxtrdohs `d ci giùiì `dc îpichtd de Pdpdoitdrkicds rdqudrk`hs piri ci ghestruggk÷e ske edgdskì` `d utkckzir jröi`d tri`kgk÷e rhoiei, `klïgkcodetd `ksphekbcds de dsi rdjk÷e odxkgiei.Iphyh Pdgehc÷jkgh `d ci Ghhr keigk÷e Eigkheic `d Oheuodeths mKEIM.

s `d oi`dri eh lhroi`h

cdvietie`h qud de uei `d Iphyh

dc KEIM de

iophstdrïi imuicgh chs

s `d oi`dri Tekì` `d

st÷rkghs `dc




99=

Ci gkobri `d i`hbd `d lhroi sdokgkrgucir, grdiì ghe sdjurkì` i pirtkue ghr`dc `ds`d dc pueth od`kh `d chs ourhs `d i`hbd, i ci icturi d ci p`d cis pkcistris, ligkckt÷ dc ighoh`h `d `hvdcis. Tekì` `d Iphyh PdgehGhhr`keigk÷e Eigkheic d Oheuodeths mkst÷rkghs dc KEIM.

Ci dxgdpgkheic dcdvigk÷e `d ci irqudrïi oiyhr `d Pdpdyimuicgh sd `dbd

iuìz utkckzigk÷e d dstd skejucir prhgd kokdeth ghestrugtkvh qud keghrdurhpdis y tëgekgis odshiodrkgieis, qud pdroktk÷ dc trisci`h `d pdrsheis phr sus guobrdris ske edgdskì` `d jröis, ìe`h ghoh rdsucti`h uoirgiìodetd odstkzh, i ci vdz rdeigdetksti y iodrkgieh. Tekì`Pdgehc÷jkgh `d ci Ghhr`keigk÷e Eigkheic `d Oheuodeths mkst÷rkghs `d

`d ue dfd y rtd supdrkhr ÷jkgh `d ci

ke ùì i ci

hri tëgekgis y oitdrkicds

igudùgth `d Iphyh

KEIM.




99;

Te skstdoi mïbrk`h `d d`klkgir irqudrïis ghe ue dphtdegkic `d `dsirrhcch qud eigd y `dsipirdgd de dsdod`ki`hs `dc skjch ]\K, y de dsi rdjk÷e, chs viccdsVdophici y Htuobi. Rdvkstd, phr tieth, uei skdspdgkic, phr sus girigtdrïstkgis ghestrugtkvis yicgieziì de ue shch ekvdc. Ds öekgh de dc ghetdmk`réuckgi ehvhmkspiei y de ci tkphchjïi `d chs irdeigdetkstis de dc oue`h.

gdpgkheic drkh`h, i `d Ipie, jucirkì`

ci icturi th `d ci udùgths




92>

Ci rdghcdggk÷e `d ijui de dc gdrrh `d Dc Pdgifdtd tuvh virkigkheds itkdoph, skde`h skjeklkgitkviodetd dsgisi de icjueis tdophriìs, ildgtietdophriìs i cis ghouekì`ds `d ci rdjk÷e.

ch cirjh `dc h de icjueis




929

^ R H P D G G K × E [ O I E D F H @ D C W K P K H

De ci rdjk÷e ipckgie de ci igtuickì` euodrhsis cdyds

ld`dric, dstitic h ouekgkpic `d `kldrdetds éobkths `d`d cis kestktugkheds degirjiìs `d su hpdrigk÷e qudci prdsdrvigk÷e `d chs `kldrdetds ghophedetds `dcérdis `d pitrkohekh d`klkgi`h, od`khiobkdetd,ruric, rdgurshs mk`réuckghs, turksoh, gucturi hurbieh gudetie ghe ci ehroitkvkì` y iggk÷e kestktujirietkzie, `ds`d `kldrdetds `dpde`degkis jubdreiooietdekokdeth jdedric `d cis ghe`kgkheds `dc sktkh.

Chs kestruodeths cdjicds y chs odgieksohs `d ghhdetrd cis kestktugkheds qud igtöie de dc iopckh tdrrigudùgth sdrée thoi`hs de ghesk`drigk÷e y ghopitphr od kh `d ue ^cie `d Oiedfh y Jdstk÷e pirodgieksohs cdjkscitkvhs, rdjciodetirkhs, kestktugkhe^cieds Dstiticds `d @dsirrhcch, ^cieds Ouekgk@dsirrhcch, ^cieds îrgkicds `d @dsirrhcch y htrhs kest

cdjicds y furï`kghs ketdjrde de sus ghetdek`hch pcietdi`h de dc pcie `d oiedfh

y jirietkgde ci sicvijuirì `dcsktkh i cirjh pcizh.

`dc hr`de

igtuigk÷e irietkzie sktkh. Cis

dsirrhcch dsirrhcch

kheic qud eticds, dc

r`keigk÷e kthrkh `dc

kbkckzi`hs qud chs

cds ghoh picds `d

ruodeths




922

Dc igud`ugth ghestruk`h phr dc lrikcd Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdquuei `d cis hbris oidstris `d ci irquktdgturi `dc ijui dc Rdeigko

phr su icturi dxgdpgkheic, su iu`igki ghestrugtkvi y su dsbdctdz.

rdprdsdeti deth tir`ïh,




927

G H O D E P I R K H L K E I C

… y ci lhrticdzi ghe qud mi pdrsdvd`d gkdeth y quirdeti iùhs, ske`dsgietkcci`h uei pkd`ri, y ske qud cuei ydrbi de `kstiegki `d qukegdghrrd ci tirfdi phr chs rh`dhs qud m

licti`h ijui de tieths iùhs.

Lriy Ijustïe d \dtie

c Ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh `dc IgudùgthPdobcdqud iodrkti chjrir ue rdgheieéchjh ic `d htrhs igudùgths ymk`réuckghs yi kesgrkths de ci Cksti `dc ^

Oue`kic, pudsth qud rdprdsdeti uei `d cis oésdxprdskheds `dc jëedrh `d Ci irquktdgturi `dc iju `dsirrhcch `d chs skstdois mk`réuckghs `ds`d chs irhoiehs misti dc Rdeigkokdeth tir`ïh.

Chs ghehgkokdeths durhpdhs od`ktdrréedhs `d gheìjui ludrhe trispudsths ic Eudvh Oue`h iodrkgieh,ketdjrie `d oiedri lrugtïldri ghe cis tri`kgkheds ghodshiodrkgieis.

Dstd skstdoi mk`réuckgh ds rdprdsdetitkvh `dc éjdhgucturic iodrkgiei d kcustri gciriodetd ch

dcdodeths `kstketkvhs y dsdegkicds `d surdjk÷e `d hrkjde.

29 \DPIEGHTRP, Lriy Ijustïe `d, Pditrh Odxkgieh , ^.^. 99; y 92>.

i`h de oés qud sd iyi

iyi eigk`h cdjuis qud

zd, ske ivdr

hurt, 9<<= 29

dc î`rd gkokdeth

skstdois trkohekh

dcdviìs i y de dc

udùgths

ggk÷e `d `he`d sd

strugtkvis

di s




920




924

B K B C K H J R I L Ï I

I ghetkeuigk÷e sd prdsdeti dc cksti`h `d irgmkvhs gh

piri ci dcibhrigk÷e `d dstd `hguodeth isï ghoh cibkbckhjrilïi dxiokeiì shbrd dc ghopcdfh mk`réuckdethreh.

rgmkvhs y ludetds `hguo deticds ghesuctiìs 6

Irgmkvh Jdedric `d Ke`kis, Wdvkcci Dspiùi. IJK

Irgmkvh Jdedric `d ci Eigk÷e, Gkuì` `d Oëxkgh,IJE

Irgmkvh Mkst÷rkgh `dc @kstrkth Ld`dric, Gkuì` `dOëxkgh. IM@L

Ousdh Eivic `d Oi`rk , ghcdggkheds girthjrélkgis,Dspiùi. OEO

Irgmkvh `d ci Fueti `d Ijuis, Vdophici, Mkìcjh,IFI

îtrheith Igudùgth Pdobcdqud I. G., Irgmkvh y G@hguodetigk÷e, Vdophici, Mkìcjh, Oëxkgh.

Bkbckhjrilïi ghesuctiì6

IFHLRKE, Lriegksgh `d, @kirkh `d vkifd qud mkgh i ci Ioërkgi de dc skjchKK, Kestktuth Gucturic Mkspieh odxkgieh, Oëxkgh, 9;<0.

ICBDRPK, Cd÷e Bittksti, @d Rd Id`klkgithrki , D`kgkheds Iaic, W. I., Dsp

BÉDV OIGÏIW, Dùir`h, (Ketrhùggk÷e, ehtis y vdrsk÷e picdhjrélkgi lriy Ie`rës `d Wie Okjudc, TEIO, Kestktuth `d KevDstëtkgis, Oëxkgh, 2>>:.

BICCDWPDRHW J., \ïgthr O., Ci pketuri `d ci rdcigk÷e `d VdophiTekvdrskì` Iut÷ehoi `dc Dsti`h `d Mkìcjh. Oëxkgh 2>>4.

BICCDWPDRHW JIRGÏI, \ïgthr Oieudc, Ci Kjcdski y dc Ghevdeth `Wieths `d Vdophici , Mkìcjh y su ghoirgi, Tekvdrskì` IMkìcjh, 2>>7.

BRI\H \irjis, Jdrir`h, Igudùgth `dc pi`rd Pdobcdqud , tdxth keë`kth2>97.

sucti`hs

rkegkpic gh y su

rgmkvhs y ludetds `hguo deticds ghesuctiìs 6

Oëxkgh.

Oëxkgh,

Oi`rk`,

Oëxkgh.

etrh `d

Bkbckhjrilïi ghesuctiì6

]\KKK, \hc.

ùi, 2>>:.

, Hbris `d stkjigkheds

ci `d 94=> ,

Ph`hs chs t÷ehoi `d

, Vdophici,




92<

GIRRIWGH Oi`rkjic, \kgdetd, Ipuetds , Htuobi, 9=<4.

TEDWGH, Gdetrh `dc îtrkohekh Oue`kic, @krdgtrkgds ^régtkgis piri c`d ci Ghevdegk÷e `dc îtrkohekh Oue`kic, îrïs, 2>>=.

GKT@I@ RDIC, Iethekh, Priti`h gurkhsh y `hgth `d cis jrie`dzis `Dspiùi, TEIO, Oëxkgh, 9;:<.

GCI\KFDRH, Lriegksgh Fivkdr, Mksthrki ietkjui `d Odjkgh , R. Igadroi

,

Oëxkgh, 9=2<.

GHEWDFH DWPIPIC ÎRI CI GTCPTRI [ CIW IRPDW, DstiGitéchjh `dc îtrkohekh Gucturic `dc Dsti`h `d Mkìcjh Rdjk2, Mkìcjh.

@D BDEI\DEPD, Phrkbkh, Mksthrki `d chs Ke`khs `d ci Eudvi Dspi

@istke, 2>>7,@D BDEI\DEPD, Phrkbkh, Rdcigkheds `d ci Eudvi Dspiùi , D`kgk

Tekvdrskì` Eigkheic Iut÷ehoi, Oëxkgh, 9;4<.

@D ODE@KDPI, Fdr÷ekoh, \kìs lriegksgieis , D`kgkheds `d cieigkheic iut÷ehoi, Oëxkgh, 9;04.

@D WIMIJÖE, Lriy Bdreir`keh, Mksthrki Jdedric `d cis Ghsis d ci EuKK , D kgkheds y @kstrkbugkheds ^rhoh Ckbrh, W.I @D G.\, Dspi

@kirkh `dc Kopdrkh , eöodrh 2>;, 9=<4.

@T\DRJDR, GMRKWPKIE. Ijui y Ludjh, irtd sigrh ke`ïjdei `d Oëxkg]\K . Cieùggk d`kthrds. Oëxkgh, 2>>7.

DRWAKED KEJCKW, Lriegës, Ci vkì de Oëxkgh ùrietd uei rdsk`degkide dsd piïs, Rdic `d Githrgd D`kthrds, W.C., Dspiùi.

LDKC@DE, Bdreir` O. y Fhakcdmth, Fuaai, Oieuic piri dc Oiedfh `d cîtrkohekh Gucturic Oue`kic, KGGRHO, ZMG ‗ TEDWGH,Rhoi, 9;;=.

JHODV, Irrkhci, Kjeigkh, Dxpd`kdetd `d phstucigk÷e `dc Igud`î`rd Pdobcdqud, ghopcdfh mk`réuckgh rdeigdetksti deOëxkgh, 2>90.

JHODV, Irrkhci, Kjeigkh, Ckediokdeths Jdedricds piri dc ^cieJdstk÷e `dc Igudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud, ghopcdfhrdeigdetksti de Ioërkgi, Oëxkgh, 2>90.

JHODV, Irrkhci, Kjeigkh, Dxpd kdetd `d phstucigk÷e `dc îksifd IjIetkjuis Kesticigkheds Keùstrkicds d Pdqukci, Oëxkgh, 2>>4.

JHODV, Irrkhci, Kjeigkh, Ckediokdeths Jdedricds piri dc ^cie `dJdstk÷e `dc Giokeh Rdic `d Pkdrri I`detrh, Oëxkgh, 2>92.

JHODV, Irrkhci, Kjeigkh, Rilidc Ldreée`dz ^ërdz, Jruph Gkuì`, ^cieJdstk÷e piri dc îksifd Ijivdrh y cis Ietkjuis Kesticigkheds`d Pdqukci, Oëxkgh, 2>>4.

JHEVÉCDV ICGIEPT@, Fhsë I., OIC^KGI GTDCCH, Iethekh, (

ipckgigk÷e

ci Eudvi,

, ,

ee, Wtrie`,

.

h Mkìcjh, e K, Phoh

i , Oi`rk`,

,

heds `d ci

ekvdrskì`

dvi Dspiùi, ùi. 2>>;.

de dc skjch

`d `hs iùhs

s Wktkhs `dc KGHOHW,

gth `dc oërkgi,

d Oiedfh y mk`réuckgh

vdrh y cis

Oiedfh y

d Oiedfh y eùstrkicds

hhr`s.), Dc




92:

ijui, Okths, rkths y rdickì`ds, Ietrhpmhs D`kthrkic, Dspiùi, 2>

JHEVÉCDV CHBH, Girchs, Ci hbri `d Lriy Lriegksgh `d Pdobcdqud`d Vdophici-Htuobi, Dc igudùgth y chs irghs `d Pdpdyimuic

JRIEDRH OIRPÏE, Lriegksgh, Ijui y Pdrrkthrkh. IrquktdgturiTekvdrskì` `d Wdvkcci, Wdgrdtirki`h `d ûbckgigkheds.Tekvdrsktirkh `d Gkdegkis `d ci Ghestruggk÷e, Wdvkcci, 2>>7.

ATBCDR, Jdhrjd, Irquktdgturi Odxkgiei `dc skjch ]\K , D`. Lhe`hDghe÷okgi G`. @d Oëxkgh, 9;=7.

CHRDEVH OHEPDRRTBKH, Girode, Chs jcklhs `dc igudùgth `dEudvhs iths, eudvis ketdrprdtigkheds, îgmugi, 2>>4.

CHRDEVH1 Ohetdrrubkh, Iethekh, Dc oijudy pucqudrh , tdxth keë kt

piri dstd `hguodeth, îgmugi.OIERKYTD, Fhrjd Icbdrth, Oiekdrksoh de Oëxkgh , Pdxths `kspdrsh

Oëxkgh, 9;;7.

OI[EDV, ^kcir dt ic, Lriy Bdreir`keh `d Wimijöe y sus kevdstkPdpdipucgh , TEIO, 2>99.

ODE@KDPI, Lr. Jdr÷ekoh `d, Mksthrki Dgcdskéstkgi Ke`kiei , D`kthrkGmévdz Miy`d, Oëxkgh, 9;04.

HBRDJ×E, Cuks, Rdcigk÷e Jdhjrélkgi `d Vdophici , 94=>, Bdeshe Citk

Ghccdgtkhe, Iustke Pdxis, TWI.

^HRPKCCI, Okjudc Cd÷e, Bdreir`keh `d Wimijöe6 ^khedrh `d ci IKestktuth `d Kevdstkjigkheds Mkst÷rkgis, Tekvdrsk i` IutOëxkgh, Oëxkgh.

RDWK@DEGKI JDEDRIC @D HBRIW DE WKPKHW [ OHETODÎPRKOHEKH GTCPTRIC, Gitéchjh `d Ghestruggkheds RDsti`h d Mkìcjh, \hc. 2. Oëxkgh.

RKGIR@, Rhbdrt, Ci ghequksti dspkrktuic `d Oëxkgh, Lhe`h `d Gucturi

Oëxkgh, 2>>>.RK\I îcigkh, \kgdetd (`krdggk÷e), Oëxkgh i trivës `d chs skjchs , thoh

Guobrd, Oëxkgh, 9;=:.

RK\DRI GIOBIW, Oieudc, Oëxkgh ^kethrdsgh Irtïstkgh y Oheuodeti `d ci Rdlhroi, Oëxkgh, 9==7.

RHFIW RIBKDCI, Pdrdsi, Wdobciezi Mkst÷rkgi `dc ijui de Oëxkgh, WOd`kh Iobkdetd y Rdgurshs Eituricds, Oëxkgh, 2>>;.

RHODRH @D PDRRDRHW, Oieudc, Chs Igudùgths `d Oëxkgh de ci

Irtd , D`kthrkic Fus, Oëxkgh, 9;0;.RHODRH EI\IRRDPD, Chur`ds O., DGMDEKYTD OIRGM,

Rdcigkheds jdhjrélkgis d 9:;2 , Ghcdggk÷e Gkdetïlkgi.

WIMIJTE, Bdreir`keh `d, Mksthrki Jdedric `d cis Ghsis `d Eudvi Dsp 9 y 2, Oëxkgh, Ghesdfh Eigkheic piri ci Gucturi y cis IrtD`kthrkic Odxkgiei, 9;=;.

>7.

e ci rdjk÷e h.

y îksifd , Kestktuth

`d Gucturi

Vdophici,

prdpiri`h

d`kgkheds,

igkheds de

ic Wicvi`hr

Iodrkgie

trhphchjïi , ÷ehoi `d

PHW @DC ckjkhsis `dc

ghe÷okgi,

guirth, D`.

c, Koprdeti

grdtirïi `d

ksthrki y dc

Ldckpd K.,

iùi , Phohs ds, Ickiezi




92=

WIEPH[H \., Derkqud, H\IE@H W., Dlriïe, Igudùgth `dc î`rdPdobcdqud, @dsgrkpgk÷e Kejdekdrkc d dsti Ehbcd Hbri dc W

WIRIBKI \kdfh, Oirïi Fustkei, @he Cuks `d \dcisgh, vkrrdy `d Eudvi

‗ 94<0 , Dsgudci `d Dstu`khs Mkspieh-Iodrkgiehs, 9;:=.PHRYTDOI@I, Lr. Fuie `d, Oheirquïi Ke`kiei Phoh KKK , D`kth

Oëxkgh, 9;<0.

PHTWWIKEP, Oieudc, Irtd Ghchekic de Oëxkgh , TEK\DRWK@I@ EITPHEHOI, Oëxkgh, 9;;>.

PH\IR @D CI PDRDWI, Jukccdroh, Ci gkuì` `d Oëxkgh y ci TthpïiDspdfh `d Hbsk`kiei d`kgkheds, W.I. `d G.\., 9;=:, Oëxkgh.

PH\IR @D PDRDWI, Jukccdroh, CDHE ^HRPKCCI Okjudc, VI\IC

Tthpïi Odxkgiei `dc Wkjch ]\K , Jruph Izibigmd. Oëxkgh 9;;2\IC@ËW, Hgtivkieh, Dc î`rd Pdobcdqud , D kthrkic Fus, Wdjueì d`kgk÷

\DPIEGHTRP, Lriy Ijustïe `d, Pditrh Odxkgieh , D`kthrkic ^hrröi,

\KCCI-WDÙHR [ WÉEGMDV, Fhsdpm Iethekh, Pmditrh Iodrkgieh.Jdedric `d chs Rdyehs y ^rhvkegkis `d ci Eudvi- Dsp Furks`kggkheds, ticcdrds jrélkghs `d Ghetibkckì` Rul Odxkgiei,

\KPRT\KH ^HCK×E, Oirgh, Chs `kdz ckbrhs `d irquktdgturi , D`kgDspiùi, 9;;2.

[GMITRRDJTK, Lriy Grkst÷bic `d, Ghpki `dc ghetrith detrd chs ke`khs y chs ke`khs `d Vdophici, 9447 , Vdophici, FuetiGhrrdsphe`degki, Gi. 9<;>. 2 lhfis. @hguodeth chgickzi`h pBrivh \. de irgmkvhs liokckirds `d Vdophici.

riegksgh `d jch ]\K.

spiùi, 944>

kic ^hrröi,

IGKHEIC

de dc ]\K,

Wkcvkh, Ci

. , Oëxkgh.

ëxkgh.

dsgrkpgk÷e iùi, y sus

W.I., 9;=<.

heds Iaic,

`d Htuobi `d Ijuis,

hr Jdrir`h




92;

G R Ë @ K P H W 6

Kevdstkjigk÷e mkst÷rkgi, tdxths, lhthjrilïi y d`kgk÷e piri dstd ckbrh@r. Cuks Kjeigkh J÷odz Irrkhci@kbufh y prhgdsiokdeth `d pciehs y oipis de skstdois GI@6Irq. Ckzi Ehmdoï Pipki Jirgïi, Otrh. Irq. Jdrir`h DerkqCupkée, Okrkio \krjde Eivirrh.Rdghestruggk÷e vkrtuic `dc prhgdsh `d ghestruggk÷e6@krdggk÷e `d od`khs, Ghhr`keigk÷e Eigkheic `d OheuodethKEIM.Lhthjrilïi i`kgkheic6Jdrir`h Brivh, Riöc Judrrdrh Bustioietd, D`jir \ictkijhIgudùgth Pdobcdqud I. G.

Dxpd`kdetd `d ^hstucigk÷e `dc gudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud, Oëxkgh,

Ghopcdfh Mk`réuc kgh Rdeigdetksti de oërkgi

Ghhr`keigk÷e jdedric, kevdstkjigk÷e mkst÷rkgi, ghegdptufustklkgigk÷e `d ci prhpudsti, rdìggk÷e y lhthjrilïi6 @r. Cuks KjIrrkhci1 ghcibhri`hrds `dc dxpd`kdetd `d phstucigk÷e6 Irq. CPipki Jirgïi, Otrh. Irq. Jdrir`h Derkqud Jhezécdz Cupkée, IrIcgiriz Phrrds, @r. Iethekh Chrdezh Ohetdrrubkh, Ckg. RiBustioietd, Ckg. Jdrir`h Brivh \irjis, Ckg. Gdsir Icìoi

Isoii Bhumriss, Irq. Fhrjd Jhezécdz, Ckg. Éejdc OhriJukccdrokei Ighsti Birrdri, Kej. Oitdh Ckeizi Iydrbd, Kej. ÉcDspkehzi, Okrkio \krjde Eivirrh, Tekvdrskì` Iut÷ehoi `dOëxkgh.Isdshrïi ghegdptuic y sdjukokdeth kestktugkheic `d ci phstucigk÷eCksti `dc îtrkohekh Oue`kic, TEDWGH6 @r. Lriegksgh FOhricds.

Dqukph rdsphesibcd `d ci dcibhrigk÷e `dc dxpd`kdetd `d gie`kìturi.

6

d Jhezécdz

s Mkst÷rkghs

, îtrheith

Dxpd`kdetd `d ^hstucigk÷e `dc gudùgth `dc î`rd Pdobcdqud, Oëxkgh,

Gho pcdfh Mk`réuc kgh Rdeigdetks ti de oërkgi

ckzigk÷e y igkh J÷odz

kzi Ehmdoï . Icdfie`rh

c Judrrdrh ugkùh, Mkst.

chrds, @ri. irh \icdrkh

c Dsti`h `d

`dc sktkh i ci vkdr C÷pdz




Ci d`kgk÷e `dc ckbrh

Igud`ugth `dc ^i`rd Pdobcdqud, OëxkghGhopcdfh Mk`réuckgh Rdeigdetksti de Ioërkgi

duvh i girjh `dc @hgthr de IrquktdgturiCu k s K jeig k h J÷ o d z Ir r k h c i .

Dd `hguodeth lud ghopudhde tkphs Dspkehzi Ehvi

de Oëxkgh. Fuekh`dc iùh 2 > 9 4

libro acueducto tembleque, patrimonio mundial 2015

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