in2_u3_contenido

Unit 3. New destiny: India

Estos son los objetivos y contenidos de esta unidad

OBJETIVOS

1. Expresar obligacin, necesidad, prohibicin, habilidad,posibilidad y consejo

2. Emplear el estilo indirecto para repetir lo que otra personaha dicho, ordenado o preguntado

3. Distinguir el uso de los verbos con partcula

4. Emplear correctamente los verbos con partcula

5. Identificar los sonidos: /e/, // and /:/

6. Escribir una resea

CONTENIDOS

Gramtica Vocabulario Fontica Composicin

1. Verbos modales

2. Estilo indirecto

1. Verbos con

partcula

2. Verbos en estilo

indirecto

1. Sonidos: /e/,

// and /:/

Resea

Objetivos

Unit 3: New destiny: India

Ingls II Pgina 1 de 69

3 A: Introduction

By unknown. Public domain

New destiny: India

After a couple of weeks in Africa, Paco has already decided which his nextdestiny is: India. At this moment, he is waiting to check in at the airportand he is keeping himself entertained reading some information about thisgreat country in a guide book he has bought for the occasion. Let's learnwith him!

India is a country in the south of Asia which used to be part of the BritishEmpire. It became independent and a member of the Commonwealth in1947. It is now the world's largest democracy and the secondmost-populous country, with a population of approximately 900 million. Theofficial languages are Hindi and English, though over 200 other languagesare spoken in different parts of the country. Officially, India is a republicmade up of 28 States and 7 Union Territories. The capital city is New Delhi.

Britain became involved in India inthe 17th century with the EastIndia Company. The Britishgovernment took control of Indiaafter the Indian Mutiny,appointing a Viceroy as its ruler. Amovement for independence beganat this time, when the IndianNational Congress Party (laterthe Congress Party) was formed in1885. In the early 20th century, theleading figure in the movement forindependence was MahatmaGandhi, who led a campaign ofpeaceful protest against British rule(known as the "British Raj"). This led to India becoming independent in1947, when it divided into two countries, India and Pakistan. Since then,many Indian and Pakistani people have emigrated to Britain.

India's economy depended heavily on agriculture, though since 1947 it hasbuilt up a considerable industrial base, including textile and jute industries.Moreover, economic reforms since 1991 have transformed the country intoone of the fastest growing economies. However, it still suffers from highlevels of poverty, illiteracy, disease, and malnutrition.

A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to adiversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

Read and listen to the passage carefully to learn more about the

country Paco is visiting next. If you want to learn more about the

Commonwealth, click below!

Reading activity



According to the text...

1. India is the country with the largest number of inhabitants in the world.

Verdadero Falso

2. Pakistan was a country on its own by 1947.

Verdadero Falso

3. There are a lot of poor people in India.

Verdadero Falso



Grammar

Watch the following video to gain a general idea of how to deal with modalverbs in English.

Then, answer the question below:

1) How many modal verbs appear in the video?

Say if the following statements are true or false:

2) Modal verbs go before a verb in the simple form.

3) You can't use 'to' after any modal verb.

4) 'Would' isn't the past tense of will.

Introduction to modal verbs

Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from otherverbs. Learn here the most important characteristics:

They don't take -s in the third person: She can play the piano

"Not" is used to make modal verbs negative: She should not

smoke

Most modal verbs don't have past or future tenses: They will

can change the tickets

Modal Verbs I



Common Modal Verbs

CanCouldMayMightMust

Ought toShallShouldWillWould

The verbs "have to" and "need/needn't" are closely related to modals inmeaning.

Have a look at this website in order to learn the affirmative, negative andinterrogative forms of modal verbs.

A modal verb can express different meanings and different modalverbs can convey the same meaning: CAN , COULD and MAY are usedto express ability, request and permission. Let's have a look at thetable below

VERB MODAL VALUE USE EXAMPLE

Can ability in the present+ -

?

She can speak Chinese

Can you drive?

Could ability in the past+ -

?

Could you swim when you

were three?

I could play the piano when I

was a kid

Will be

able toability in the future

+ -

?

I will be able to speak Chinese

by the time I finish my course

Can

request/permission

in the present or near

future

+ -

?

I

Can I go to the cinema this

evening?

Yes, you can / No, you can't

Can you lend me your

computer?

May

permission in the

present or

near future

+ -

?

F

May I leave the table now?

You may not leave the table

until you have finished

Could

polite request, present

or near

future

? FCould I have something todrink?

+ = used in affirmative sentences

- = used in negative sentences

? = used in questions

ABILITY / PERMISSION & REQUEST



F = formal use

I = informal use

Modal verbs expressing obligation are: must and have to; advice:

should and ought to; prohibition: mustn't and lack of obligation:

don't have to and needn't

VERB MODAL VALUE USE EXAMPLES

must*1obligation, present

and future+

I really must stop smoking

You must be here by 8

o'clock at the latest

have to

*2obligation, present,

past

and future

+ ?

She has to work today

Did she have to work

yesterday?

*3should

advice or

recommendation

in present and future

+ -

?

John should get a haircut.

He shouldn't smoke.

mustn't

prohibition, present

and

future

-You mustn't smoke in theclassroom.

don't have to

lack of obligation,

present,

past and future

-

You don't have to eat that.

She won't have to take

another course.

need/needn't

lack of obligation,

present

and future

- ?

Need we go shopping

tomorrow?

We needn't go shopping

tomorrow

+ = used in affirmative sentences

- = used in negative sentences

? = used in questions

*1 When we use 'must', this usually means that some personal

circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost

certainly agrees with the obligation.)

I must go to bed earlier.

They must do something about it.

*2 When we use 'have to', this usually means that some external

circumstance makes the obligation necessary. Remember that "have to" is

not even a modal verb.

I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the



contract.

*3 "ought to" has the same uses as "should": advice andrecommendation. The only difference between both verbs is the use of "TO"before the infinitive.

Complete these sentences with the right modal verb:

1. I like Sundays because you get up early

2. You lock the car before leaving

3. If you want to be successful it, you work hard

4. You talk while you are doing an exam

5. Sheila has travelled around the world. She speak several

languages

6. Will she finish her job today?

7. When John was 13, he was a fast swimmer. He swim 100

metres in 48 seconds

8. I'm afraid I can't come tomorrow. I work late

9. You feed animals in the zoo

10. I used to run 100 metres in 14 seconds

Comprobar



Modal verbs II

Modal verbs of possibility are used to express an opinion of the

speaker based on information that the speaker has.

Example: She must be at work, it's 10 o'clock. In this case, the speaker is

100 % sure that the person is at work based on the speaker's knowledge.

Modal verbs expressing possibility, impossibility, or certainty are: can,could, may, might and must

VERB MODAL VALUE USE EXAMPLES

canpossibility/impossibility(-)

in present or future+ -

Learning Chinese can be a

real challenge

She can't be on drugs! I don't

believe it

couldpossibility/impossibility(-)

in present or future+ -

They could be on the train

Ian couldn't possibly go to jail

for the crime.

maypossibility in present or

future+ -

China may become a major

economic power

He may not arrive on time

mightpossibility in present or

future

+

-?

Your purse might be in the

living room

She might not come this

afternoon

mustcertainty or high

possibility+

He must be on drugs! Look at

him!

Possibility and certainty

Choose the right modal verb to complete the sentences

1. She hasn't come today. She ... be out

a. can't



b. must

2. He ... be away this month but I am not sure

a. may

b. can't

3. I ... still have your dictionary, but I am not sure

a. might

b. must

4. This ... be the right answer. The others are wrong

a. can't

b. must

5. That ... be Susan. She's got red hair, not dark

a. must

b. can't

6. I am not certain, but the picture ... be original

a. could

b. can't

7. He's been driving all night. He ... be exhausted

a. must

b. may

8. They haven't said anything yet, but they ... come to the party

a. must

b. may

9. They ... win the final. You never know

a. must

b. could

10. The phone ... be out of order. It has just rung



a. can't

b. must

Rewrite each sentence using a modal verb:

1. Steve knows how to play the guitar well

Steve

2. Perhaps they won't send the letter

They

3. If I were you, I would talk to her

You

4. It is obligatory for the builders to wear hart hats

The builders

5. It is forbidden to drink on the streets

People

6. It isn't necessary for me to wake up early tomorrow

I

7. It is possible that we fly to New York next week

We

8. It is impossible that she is in bed; it is too early

She

9. The students don't have permission to eat in the classroom

The students

10. I am not sure yet about going to the beach next summer

I

Rephrase



Modal verbs III

Most modal verbs can be used with perfect infinitives to talk about the

past.

The structure is: Subject + modal verb + have + past participle

He is not here. He must havegone

Modal verbs with perfect infinitives are used to talk about how

things in the past could have different. Different modal verbs have

different meanings:

MODAL PERFECT USES EXAMPLES

must have + past

participle

past certainty or

deductions

He's late. He must

have missed the bus

can't have + past

participlepast impossibility

She can't have gone.

It is too early

may/might/could

have + past participle

past possibility or

uncertainty

He isn't here. He may

have gone home

should have + past

participle

shouldn't have + past

participle

past mistakes or

unfulfilled actions

You should have

checked the brakes

needn't have + past

participle

past lack of

necessity

You needn't have run.

It isn't late

Modal verbs in the past

Choose the best modal verb to complete the sentences

1. Look the roads are all wet: it ... rained during the night

a. must have

b. might have



c. can't have

2. Richard Forest ... been a very good poet because nobody has ever

heard of him

a. shouldn't have

b. can't have

c. must have

3. Nobody knows who killed Sir Henry: the butler ... done it, but there are

lots of suspects too.

a. can't have

b. must have

c. might have

4. The kids ... had a good time at the funfair because they want to go

again tomorrow

a. must have

b. should have

c. can't have

5. A: Who left the computer on?

B: It ... been me, because I haven't used the computer today.

a. mustn't have

b. could have

c. can't have

6. Why hasn't Philip phoned? Do you think he ... had an accident?

a. might have

b. must have

b. should have

7. Anna ... be Helen's sister because Helen is an only child

a. can't have

b. can't

c. shouldn't



Vocabulary

What are phrasal verbs?

A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb (verb +

adverb or verb + preposition) which creates a meaning different

from the original verb.

"Get" is a verb. "Get up", is also a verb, a different verb. "Get" and "getup" are two different verbs. They do not have the same meaning. So youshould treat each phrasal verb as a separate verb, and learn it like anyother verb.

Example:

I ran into an old friend last night = run + into meet

You can look up my number in the telephone directory = look + up search for and find information in a reference book

Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one

meaning:

Example: GO OFF EXPLODE = The bomb could go off at any moment

BEGIN = The alarm clock went off at6:00 AM.

As well as learning their meanings, you need to learn how to use

phrasal verbs properly.

Phrasal Verbs

Here you have a list of some essential phrasal verbs

Essential phrasal verbs

As well as learning their meanings, you need to learn how to use them

Types of phrasal verbs



properly.

There are four types of phrasal verbs: have a look at the table below

TYPES OF PHRASAL VERBS

1 intransitive it cannot be followed by an object

2 transitive it can be followed by an object

3transitive

separable

the object is placed between the verb and the

preposition

4transitive

inseparablethe object is placed after the preposition

Intransitive phrasal verbs they cannot take an object

The thieves got away ("get

away" -escapar- cannot be

followed by an object)

Transitive phrasal verbs they are followed by an object

She took off her jacket (her

jacket is the object of "take

off" -quitarse-)

Transitive separable phrasal verbs the object can be placed

between the verb and the preposition

I picked Tom up at the station

OR I picked up Tom at the

station ("pick up" can be

separated)

Transitive inseparable phrasal verbs the object is placed after

the preposition

I was looking for my keys

when he arrived ("look for"

cannot be separated)

BE CAREFUL! Although many transitive separable verbs can take an objectin both places, you must put the object between the verb and thepreposition if the object is a pronoun.

Example: Don't believe anything she says. She always makes things up /she always makes up things ("make up" = invent)

BUT She always makes them up (CORRECT)

She always makes up them (INCORRECT)



Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal verb. Choose from:

GIVE UP - LOOK OUT - TAKE AFTER - COME ACROSS - BE OVER - RUNOUT OF - BRING UP - GO DOWN - PUT ON - GET OFF

1. ! The baby is going to fall down

2. We sugar, so we had to go to the supermarket to get

some

3. She her mother. They are both tall and slim

4. I had to skiing because of a problem with my left knee

5. I that famous tennis player at a restaurant in

Madrid

6. Work . Shall we go out for a drink?

7. We need to the bus at the next stop

8. Andy was in Holland

9. The cost of flight tickets is

10. You should a sweater before you go out

Comprobar

Choose the correct preposition to form a correct phrasal verb

1. I have to look ... Mozart's biography in an encyclopaedia for my schoolproject

a. up

b. for

c. after

2. Turn ... the television: my favourite series starts in a minute



a. down

b. up

c. on

3. I am going to the station: my daughter is coming ... from Ireland this

afternoon

a. across

b. back

c. on

4. I am not going to invite Philip to my party: I don't get ... with him really

a. on

b. up

c. in

5. I had to tell Helen ... : her school marks are getting worse and worse

a. over

b. up

c. off

6. The boxer was knocked ...

a. out

b. down

c. over



Reading

By Swamibu. C. Commons

By Vandelizer. C. Commons

Paco is travelling to the next continent he wants to visit, Asia. Concretely,he is once again flying to New Delhi, the capital of India. On the plane, sadmemories of Africa crowd in on him. He had decided to visit the diamondmines in Sierra Leone. However, he had gone through a bitter experience.Before visiting the mines, he had been waiting for a guide for two hours.He remembers now how children of a short age walked to the mines everyday. After that bitter experience he decided to go on safari in Kenya. Hehad read a lot about wildlife in Africa and seen lots of documentaries on TV.In fact, the night before flying to Kenya he had been watching TV for morethan four hours! It is fantastic to see wild animals run free in the Africansavanna, Paco thinks and smiles. And he smiles mainly due to tworeasons. On the one hand, because he has enjoyed himself very much inKenya. On the other, because now he is not afraid of planes any longer. So,he is enjoying the flight and relaxing! He has decided to forget about badexperiences and remember just the good ones! He closes his eyes and triesto have a nap before landing in New Delhi. He is looking forward to arrivingin India and learning more about its people, culture, and traditions.

Answer these questions

about the text:

1. How long had he beenwaiting for the guide?

2. Did he feel happy inSierra Leona? How do youknow?

3. Was he familiar withAfrica? How do you know?

4. Why is he smiling?

5. What is he determined to do from now on?

Reading activity



Read the text again and find the opposites of the following words:

1. sweet

2. forgets

3. few

4. less

5. dreadful

6. got bored

7. departing

Opposites

After having a shower in the hotel in New Delhi, Paco went downstairs and

met a woman at the reception desk dressed in typical Indian costumes.

Paco wants to visit the Taj Mahal, one of the Seven Wonders of the World,

so he asked her if it was very far. The receptionist told him that Agra,

where the mausoleum is located, is approximately 200 km. away from New

Delhi. And she added that the best way to go there was by car. He wanted

to know where he could rent a car in the city. The kind receptionist

answered that there was a car-hire business near the hotel. He only had to

go down the street and turn the second left. She said it was fifty metres

from the corner of the street. Paco thanked her for the information and

went out of the hotel. Then the receptionist asked him to wait a moment.

Paco turned round and the receptionist asked him if he would like to have a

postcard of the Taj Mahal. Paco said he would love to. This is the postcard

she gave him.

The Taj Mahal

Located in Agra, India, this mausoleumwas built by Emperor Shah Jahan inmemory of his favourite wife MumtazMahal.

It combines elements from Persian,Indian and Islamic architectural styles.It was cited as "the jewel of Muslim artin India and one of the universallyadmired masterpieces of the world'sheritage.

By betta design. C. Commons

Reading activity



Paco thanked her for the postcard and left the hotel.

Say if the sentences are True or False. Support your evidence

1. The Taj Mahal is considered to be a superb building

Verdadero Falso

2. The Taj Mahal is a funerary monument

Verdadero Falso

3. Paco decides to walk to the Taj Mahal

Verdadero Falso

4. The Taj Mahal is a mixture of different architectural styles

Verdadero Falso



Listening

Paco should have taken a taxi to go back to the hotel

Listen to the text and do the activities below

By Sabamonin C. Commons. guy_incognito. C. Commons. By vm2827 C. Commons

Answer these questions:

1. What is the best way to know a city according to Paco?

2. What does he decide to do the following day?

Listening activity

Say if the statements are true or false

1. At the end of the day Paco was very tired

Verdadero Falso

2. The next day he decides to take a taxi

Verdadero Falso



3. Finally it is by taxi that he goes sightseeing

Verdadero Falso



3 B: Introduction

By Jochen Westermann. C. Commons

After his visit to Kolcata

(formerly, as you already know,

Calcutta), Paco has decided to

travel to the north of India, to the

Himalayas. His parents came to

India twenty years ago and they

asked him to visit both the Taj

Mahal and the Himalayas. And

this is what he is doing, he is

visiting some of the places his

parents told him to visit.

The Himalayas1

The Himalaya Range or Himalayas for short, meaning "abode of snow",is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from theTibetan Plateau. By extension, it is also the name of a massive mountainsystem that includes the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush, and other, lesser,ranges that extend out from the Pamir Knot.

The Himalayan mountain

system is the planet's highest

and home to the world's

highest peaks, the Eight-

thousanders, which include

Mount Everest and K2. To

comprehend the enormous

scale of this mountain range

consider that Aconcagua, in

the Andes, at 6,962 m

(22,841 ft), is the highest

peak outside Asia, whereas

the Himalayan system

includes over 100 mountains

exceeding 7,200 metres

(23,622 ft).

The Himalayan system stretches across six countries: India, Bhutan,China, Afghanistan, Nepal, and Pakistan. Some of the world's major rivers,the Brahmaputra, the Ganga, the Indus, Yamuna and the Yangtze, rise inthe Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home toapproximately 1.3 billion people. The Himalayas have profoundly shapedthe cultures of South Asia; many Himalayan peaks are sacred in bothHinduism and Buddhism.

This is the place Paco wants to visit. In fact, he is on his way. Will he have a

Reading activity



good time there? Go on reading and listening and guess. Not only will youlearn many things about the area, but also about some legends related tothis mountain range.

1 Taken from Wikipedia.org

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

1. What does Eight-thousanders refer to?

2. According to the text, why are some of the highest mountains in theHimalayas important for Buddhist and Hindu people?

By afagen. C. Commons

By Sam the sham and the photos. C.

Commons

Decide whether the following sentences report, in the present, astatement or a command said in the past.

1. Sonia told Paco to study Englishharder.

a. Statement.

b. Command.

2. Andrs told Paco not to believe

everything he was told!

a. Statement.

b. Command.

3. Paco said that he had heard about the

yeti legend a long time before.

a. Statement.

b. Command.

4. The scientist assured it wasn't

proved that the yeti existed.

a. Statement.

b. Command.



Grammar

How we report another person's words We can do that in two

different ways:

- by repeating the exact words spoken (direct speech)

- by reporting the words spoken (reported speech)

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When

we use direct speech in writing, we use quotation marks.

Example: Rose said: "I have to finish this report."

Reported speech doesn't repeat the exact words spoken and we

don't use quotation marks. It's mostly used to talk about the past, so

we normally change the tense of the words spoken.

Example: Rose said that she had to finish that report.

The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to

report a statement, question or request.

Reported Speech

When reporting statements, you have to take into account:

If the reporting verb (say, tell, admit, reply, etc) is in the present,the tense of the verb in the reported statement does not usually change.Example: Sonia: "I get up very early." Sonia says that she gets up veryearly.

If the reporting verb is in the past, the tense of the verb in thereported statement usually changes, going one tense back.Example: Sonia: "I get up very early." Sonia said that she got up veryearly.

We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', and we may use the

word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not

used.

Thomas said, "I met him yesterday." Thomas said that he had met himthe day before

'That' may be omitted: Thomas said that he had met him the daybefore

Reported Statements



'Say' and 'tell':

-Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:Carol said that she had bought some bread.

-Use 'tell' when there is an indirect object:Carol told me that she had bought some bread.

The tense in reported speech is usually one tense back in time from the

tense in direct speech:

My mother said, "I am tired." My mother said that she was tired.

The changes are shown below:

Simple present Simple past

"I like coffee", she said She said that she liked coffee.

Present continuous Past continuous

"I am watching a film", he said. He said that he was watching a film

Simple past Past perfect

"Eric came back on Saturday",

he said.

He said that Eric had come back on

Saturday

Present perfect Past perfect

"I have changed the tickets",

she told me.

She told me that she had changed

the tickets

Past perfect Past perfect

I had opened the parcel," he

explained.

He explained that he had opened

the parcel.

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

They told her, "We have been

waiting for hours"

They told her that they had been

waiting for hours

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

"We were listening to the

news", they told me.

They told me that they had been

listening to the news

Future Present conditional

"I will see Tom tomorrow", she

said

She said that she would see Tom

tomorrow

Modals in reported speech: CAN COULD / MAY MIGHT /

SHALL SHOULD / MUST HAD TO

These modal verbs don't change in reported speech: might, could,

Tense Changes



would, should, ought to.

Before you try on your own, let's do some exercises transforming sentencesfrom direct speech into indirect or reported speech and the other wayround. In order to do so, complete the exercises below.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech

Exercise 1 Exercise 1 (key to exercise 1)

Exercise 2 Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Practice

Let's have a look at the narrator's introduction to Paco's wish to go to theHimalayas:

"After his visit to Kolcata (formerly, as you already know, Calcutta), Paco

has decided to travel to the north of India, to the Himalayas. His parents

came to India twenty years ago and they asked him to visit both the Taj

Mahal and the Himalayas. And this is what he is doing, he is visiting some

of the places his parents told him to visit."

By fileacn. C. Commons

What do you have to do if you want to restate in the present those words,

which were said in the past?



Transform the following statements into the reported speech.

1. "I have never been to this fantastic place," Paco said.

- Paco assured (that)

.

2. "My sister helped me study English three months ago," he said.

- He told them (that) study

English three .

3. "I am travelling around the world now", he said.

- Paco said (that)

.

4. "We will leave at 8 a.m. tomorrow", Devaj announced.

- Devaj announced at 8 a.m.

day.

5. "When trekking, you can't take any pets with you", he said.

He said (that) when

.

Comprobar



Reported speech II

Time and place references are also changed in reported speech

Example: "I have to see you here tomorrow", The teacher told us. The teacher told us that he had to see us there the next day.

The most common of these changes are shown below:

Today that day

Yesterday the day before

Tomorrow the next/following day

Next week/month/year the following week/month/year

Last week/month/year the previous/week/month/year

ago before

this (for time) that

this/that (adjectives) the

here there

Other changes:

Personal pronouns usually change to third person, except when the speakerreports his own words:

I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours him/his/her/herswe/us/our/ours, you/your/yours they/their/theirs:

Jane told me: "I want to go to the party with you." Jane told me that shewanted to go to the party with me.

Time and place references

If you put a question into reported speech there are some steps which

are the same as in statements: changing of the person, backshift of tenses,

and changing of expressions of time.

But there are other aspects you have to take into account:

In reported questions, normal word order is used: subject -

verb, because the sentence becomes a statement, and there is no

auxiliary DO, DOES, or DID.

She asked, "Where is he from?" She asked where he was from. (notice

Reported questions



word order)

He asked, "Do you speak English?" He asked if I spoke English. (notice:no DO in the reported question)

Yes/No questions. For this type of questions we have to use: 'ask'

+ 'if / whether + clause:

"Did you see your mother?" He asked me if I had seen my mother.

"Have you got an English dictionary?" He wanted to know whether I had

an English dictionary.

"Can you drive?" She asked if I could drive.

Wh-questions. For these questions we need: 'ask' (or similar) +

question word + clause: the clause contains the question, in

normal word order and with the necessary tense change.

"How far is your house?", she asked me. She asked me how far myhouse was.

"What time does the film begin?" she asked. She asked what time the

film began.

1) Alex: "Do you want to dance with me?"

Alex asked me

2) Sonia: "When did you come from London?"

Sonia wanted to know

3) The waiter: "Can I help you?"

The waiter asked me

4) My father: "What are you doing now?"

My father asked me

5) Andrs: "Did you see Al Pacino's latest movie?"

Andrs asked me

Finish the sentences using reported speech.

Example exercise



Reported speech III

When we want to report an order or request, we use a verb like 'tell'

with a to-clause.

Example: He told the children to stopThe structure is verb + indirect object + to-clause.(The indirect object is the person spoken to.) Example: " Sit down, MrWilson." he said He told Mr Wilson to sit down

Tenses are not relevant for requests but you have to check: pronouns andtime and place expressions

Example: "Do the exercise now, please.", the teacher told them. Theteacher told them to do the exercise then

Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are:

command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.

"Dont go near the river, children." the children's mother warned. Thechildren's mother warned not to go near the river

"Get out of the car!" said the policeman. The policeman ordered him toget out of the car.

"Dont spend too much money on your holiday." my father said Myfather advised me not to spend too much money on my holiday

Reported Commands

One of the things Paco wants to do in Ladakh is going trekking to the

Himalayas. Of course he is not going to climb either the Everest or K2, but

he has always wanted to see this range of mountains much closer. So, he

decides to join a group of other tourists who will spend three days trekking

and visiting the most wonderful landscapes in the area. Devaj, the guide in

charge of the expedition, gives the group some advice in order to avoid

having problems. Paco is really concentrated on what Devaj is saying.

"There are several things you must bear in mind when trekkingat these altitudes. In order to avoid altitude sickness, you mustfollow my advice:

Go slow. If you try to keep up you may get tired

soon. Don't trust you feel invincible and go at your

Exercise on reported commands



own pace.

Drink lots

of water.

You

should

drink at

least four

litres of

water in

the

morning

and four

in the

afternoon. Don't use a plastic bottle, use a water

bottle instead.

Put on warm clothes, but not too many. It is difficult

to walk if you wear lots of garments on.

Consider already-used hiking shoes for the

approach. Don't use new hiking boots. Remember

that "a pound on your feet is like five on your back".

So, stow your hiking boots until you really need

them in snow.

Finally, drink more water. The water bottles will be

filled up when necessary on the way. Get ready to

leave at 6.00 a.m."



Rewrite what Devaj is saying into reported speech:

a. Go slow. If you try to keep up you may get tired soon

Devaj told them because

b. Put on warm clothes, but not too many. It is difficult to walk if you wearlots of garments on

He also advised them as it

c. Don't use new hiking boots. Remember that a pound on your feet is likefive on your back

He recommended them

and

d. Drink more water. The water bottles will be filled up when necessary onthe way

Finally, he advised them

and he also explained

By Blackwych. C. Commons

Would you like to know the conversation that the receptionist and Paco

maintained in the hall of the hotel?

Paco: Is the Taj Mahal very far?

Receptionist: Agra, where the mausoleumis located, is approximately 200 km. awayfrom New Delhi. The best way to go thereis by car.

Paco: Where can I rent a car in the city?

Receptionist: There is a car-hire businessnear the hotel. You only have to go downthe street and turn the second left. It isfifty metres from the corner of the street.

Paco: Thank you very much for theinformation.

Receptionist: Wait a moment, please. Would you like to have a postcardof the Taj Mahal.

Paco: I would love to.

Change this dialogue into indirect speech



Questions

...he asked her if it was very far.

He wanted to know where he could rent a car in the city.

...the receptionist asked him if he would like to have a

postcard of the Taj Mahal

Commands

...the receptionist asked him to wait a moment

Statements (affirmative and negative)

The receptionist told him that Agra, where the mausoleum is located, is

approximately 200 km. away from New Delhi.

...she added that the best way to go there was by car.

The kind receptionist answered that there was a car-hire business near

the hotel.

He only had to go down the street and turn the second left.

She said it was fifty metres from the corner of the street.

Paco thanked her for the information.

Paco said he would love to.

As you can see...

1. ...statements in reported speech are introduced by verbs such as tell, say, add, answer,or advise, suggest, etc.

2. ...questions in direct speech are introduced by ask, want to know, or inquire , wonder,etc.

3. ...commands in direct speech are introduced by ask (when meaning "pedir"), or request,order, command, etc.

1. "I'm going out, but I'll be in by nine", he said

He said

2. "If I want to earn more money, I'll have to offer to do overtime" Paul said

Paul said

3. "My younger sister wants to be a vet," said Linda. "I can't think why.None of my family has ever been a vet."

Linda said

Rewrite these statements into reported speech



4. "Go to the doctor, Luc, before your earache gets any worse," His mothersaid.

Luc's mother advised him

5. "How many pills have you taken, Bill?" asked the doctor.

"I have no idea," said Bill.

The doctor asked Bill

6. "Would you please wait until your flight is called?" the hostess said.

The hostess asked

7. "Don't tell Henry anything about it," I told Mark. "He will tell all hisfriends."

I told Mark

8. "I'm sorry to be late, but I missed the bus" she said.

She apologised for

9. "Do you mind closing the window, please? It's getting cold" she told herhusband.

She asked her husband

10. "Why didn't Hanna go to New York last summer?" asked Paul.

Paul asked



Vocabulary

Here is a list of some of the most frequent reporting verbs

Reporting verbs

By ingirogiro. C. Commons

Fill in the blanks with an appropriate reporting verb from the box inthe Past Simple tense.

apologise - accuse - admit - suggest - advise

1. "It was you who broke the window, Paco, wasn't it?"

- He Paco of breaking the window.

2. "OK, dad, it was me. I broke thewindow."

- Paco breaking

(/that he had broken) the window.

3. "If I were you, I would beginsaving to pay for a new one".

- Paco's father him to

save for a new one.

4. "I'm sorry I could not stop the ball".

- Paco for not being able to stop the ball.

5. "You'd better play in the park next time".

- Paco's father playing (/that he [should] play) in the

park next time.

Comprobar



1. 'I'll carry the suitcase for you.'

2. 'Would you like to have lunch with me?'

3. 'I won't wear my new dress to the party!'

4. 'Please, let me watch TV till midnight.'

5. 'Your father shouldn't drink so much alcohol.'

6. 'Don't forget to send him an e-mail.'

reminded / offered / advised / invited / refused /begged

Match the sentences with the appropriate reporting verbs.

Solved exercise

Complete the sentences in reported speech using these verbs:

reminded / offered / advised / invited / refused

1) He me to start saving for my retirement.

2) He to do the washing-up because he was very

tired.

3) She to carry the bags for him.

4) She me to go to the butcher's. I'm really

forgetful.

5) My wife our friends for dinner.

Comprobar

Important



Reporting verbs: Imperatives

Thus, whenever we want to use reported or indirect speech, that is, whenever we want to

restate what someone else said in the past, we must take into account what the speaker used

the imperative for, since depending on his/her intention or the nature of his/her words, we

should use a reporting verb or another. Have a look at the following chart to learn some of the

most common reporting verbs to report imperatives.

Orders, commands tell, say, ask, command, order, demand, wish

Warnings, advice tell, say, warn, remind, advise

Instructions, directions tell, say, advise, caution, instruct, recommend

Requests tell, ask, urge, plead

Invitations tell, ask, invite

As you can see, most times we can use tell, say, or ask (pedir). However, English soundsmore natural if you use a verb which includes the nature of the speaker's words.

Reporting verbs (Questions)

As we said above 'asked' is often used. Nevertheless some other reportingverbs can substitute the verb 'ask' adding a certain and more concretemeaning and information.

Some of these verbs are:

plead: My brother pleaded for help. ('I really need your help. Can you helpme?')

inquire: I inquired about his address. ('Whats his address?')

beg: She begged me to give her some money. ('Please, please. Can yougive me some money?')

invite: He invited us for lunch. ('Will you come for lunch, please?')

require: The students were required to shut up.// He required the studentsto shut up. ('Will you shut up, please?')

interrogate: His father interrogated him about the time he had come backhome that night. ('What time did you come back home last night?')



Reading

By NASA. Public Domain

The group of people who are going trekking in some days are having a

good time talking to Devaj and some others who have joined them. They

are speaking about the tourists who come to the Himalayas on holiday and

how wonderful landscapes are. Of course, the language they use is English,

so Paco does not have any difficulty in understanding everything said. A

man from Finland says he has heard there are only two routes to climb

Mount Everest and he asks if that's true. Devaj explains:

Mt. Everest has two mainclimbing routes, the southeastridge from Nepal and thenortheast ridge from Tibet, aswell as many other lessfrequently climbed routes. Ofthe two main routes, thesoutheast ridge is technicallyeasier and is the morefrequently-used route. It wasthe route used by EdmundHillary and Tenzing Norgay in1953 and the first recognized offifteen routes to the top by1996. This was, however, aroute decision dictated more bypolitics than by design as theChinese border was closed tothe western world in the 1950safter the People's Republic of China took over Tibet.

Most attempts are made during May before the summer monsoon season.As the monsoon season approaches, a change in the jet stream at thistime pushes it northward, thereby reducing the average wind speeds high

on the mountain. While attempts are sometimes made after the monsoonsin September and October, when the jet stream is again temporarilypushed northward, the additional snow deposited by the monsoons and theless stable weather patterns (tail end of the monsoon) makes climbing

extremely difficult.1

1 Taken from Wikipedia.org

Read and listen to the passage carefully and answer the following

questions.

1. According to the text, how many routes to climb Mount Everest areknown?

Reading activity



2. According to the text, why is it difficult to climb Mount Everest inautumn?

Find a word in the text which means the same as the followingwords and phrases:

a. long journey usually made on foot

b. scenery, views

c. together with, along with

d. assume control

e. tries, ventures

f. as a result of that

Vocabulary search



Listening

By ganuullu. C. Commons

Listen to the conversation between Paco and his sister and do theactivities below

Answer the following

questions:

1. According to the text, did Pacospill what he was drinking?

2. Sonia asks Paco how often heeats. Does he answer Sonia'squestion?

3. Does Paco tell Sonia he isgetting ready to leave India?

Listening activity

Listen again to the conversation and choose the correct alternative

1. In terms of population, Mumbai is the ... largest city in the world

a. first



b. second

c. third

2. Almost ... people live in this magnificent city

a. 14 million

b. 15 million

c. 40 million

3. Sonia asks Paco ...

a. when he is coming back

b. when he is going to Vietnam

c. how he is

4. Paco says he won't be back until ...

a. the end of July

b. the end of May

c. the end of June

5. Sonia thinks he has been abroad ...

a. not for too long

b. not enough time

c. long enough

6. Finally, Sonia asks him ...

a. to buy her a lot of presents

b. to be careful

c. to have fun



Writing

By Olivander. C. Commons

Write a review

A review is a brief summary of abook or a film, in which you giveyour opinion at the end

When you write a review youdon't have to use too many verbtenses.

It doesn't have to be very long

Draft of a review

Paragraph 1 General informationabout the book or film (title, author, director,main actors, etc)

Paragraph 2 More detailedinformation including plot or story

Paragraph 3 Your opinion aboutit. Would you recommend it? Why? Why not?

Write a review about a film or a book

Writing

Writing tips



Critical reviews

The review needn't be about a film or a book you have liked. It is

sometimes easier to write about one you have disliked

The review should contain both description and opinion

Explain briefly what it is about

Make a recommendation to finish your reveiw

The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is an international best seller and is set inSweden. Written by Stieg Larsson, who died in 2004, and probably one ofthe best Swedish crime writers of the decade. This is the first volume in theMillenium trilogy

The book is a thriller on many levels: The story about the Vanger familyitself, the journalist's crusade to redeem his reputation, Lisabeth's vendettasand development, and of course, the truth about what actually happened tothe missing Vanger heiresss.

Full of social conscience and compassion, with great insight into the natureof moral corruption

The plot is split between the shady secrets of a wealthy family and themurky dealings of a famous businessman. Mikael Blomkvist, a recentlyconvicted journalist, is hired by Henrik Vanger to investigate thedisappearance of his niece almost 40 years ago. Vanger promises Blomkvistthe means to clear his good name as part of the payment and Blomkvistaccepts. He is eventually, inevitably, joined by Lisbeth Salander, an'investigator' with severe social dysfunction (apart from when conninginternational businessmen and financiers).

The two discover that Harriet's brother Martin, now CEO of VangerIndustries, is the serial killer who has been raping and murdering hundredsof women for years, having been "initiated" into serial murder by his latefather, Gottfried.

I found the book most entertaining, evoking many differing emotions -suspense, disgust, intrigue, and some laughs also. The location being inSweden was interesting. The two main characters were likeable and I grewfond of them and found myself caring about them. The author certainly canreach the reader and at the end, my main emotion was one of satisfaction.

The author manages to maintain an excellent pace throughout, but stilldelivers a strong social lesson while providing the thrills. It is an intelligentthriller with a conscience. Probably one of the best of its kind in recentyears.

A book review



Phonetics

Features of /e/, // and /:/

/e/

1) Its vowel height is close-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between aclose vowel and an open-mid vowel.

2) Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward aspossible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.

By R. Banerji. C. Commons.

By S. Banshali. C. Commons.

General Indian English

Most Indians who learn English learn theirown Indian Language before they learnEnglish. In other words, they have in themvery strongly formal linguistic habits andthese linguistic habits are bound to interferewith their learning of English.

Many Indians use voiced labio-dental

approximant [v] in place of /v/ and /w/ which

occur in English. Apart from these features,

there are strong regional features in the

English spoken by Indians and these are a

direct influence. A Tamilian often pronounces

egg as /jeg/ instead of /eg/, a Bihari

pronounces school as /isku;l/ and stamp as /istemp/. The result is that

these and other such gross regional features render the English speech of

Indians unintelligible even to fellow Indian. There are indeed, many

varieties of English spoken in India. Such as Tamil English, Telugu English,

Kannada English, Urdu English, Punjabi English etc.

Are you interested? Would you like to

read more about this? Then get to

phonetics english. and go to the

bottom of the page.

Important



Imagen creada a partir de wikipedia. Creative Commons

3) Its vowel roundedness isunrounded, which means that the lipsare not rounded.

get, said, bed, head, bet, pencil,men, negative, friend

//

1) Its vowel height is close-mid,

which means the tongue is positioned

halfway between a close vowel and

an open-mid vowel.

2) Its vowel backness is central,

which means the tongue is positioned

halfway between a front vowel and a

back vowel.

3) Its vowel roundedness is

unrounded, which means that the lips

are not rounded.

sister, another, today, teenager,

again, mother, succeed, parent

/:/

1) Its vowel height is open-mid,

which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel and mid vowel.

2) Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a

front vowel and a back vowel.

3) Its vowel roundedness is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

furniture, worm, surname, third, journey, perfect, church, dirty, firm

To learn more about this go to wikipedia.

The following words have been taken from the text about the

General Indian English. Choose the appropriate vowel sound for

each group of words.

1) other, render, formal, apart, regional.

a) Close-mid, front, unrounded sound /e/

b) Close-mid, central, unrounded sound //

c) Open-mid, central, unrounded sound /:/

2) them, when, attempt, dental, many.






3) learn, words, emerge, occur, certain.




With phonetic transcriptions, dictionaries tell us about the pronunciation ofwords. Phonetic transcription is necessary, because the spelling of a worddoes not tell us how we should pronounce it.

Phonetic transcriptions are usually written in the International PhoneticAlphabet (IPA), in which each English sound has a special symbol.

Phonetic transcription is usually given between slashes: "/".

Have a look at this video to refresh the pronunciation of vowel sounds,

especially /e/, // and /:/.

Transcriptions

Here you can see lots of examples where the sound /e/ may appear.

Lots of examples including the sound // (schwa).

Further knowledge



Click here to have a look at words containing the sound /:/.

If you want to learn more about the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet),then click here.

This web page is for people interested in learning the InternationalPhonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols. This is a useful skill for learners ofEnglish who may want to check the pronunciation of a word in a dictionary.Use the phonetic chart to learn the sounds of English.



Extra Practice

By A. www.viajar24h.com. C. Commons

Decide whether the following statements express possibility,ability or give some advice.

1. Paco can't understand it, either.

a. Possibility

b. Ability

c. Advice

2. Andrs told Paco he should visit the Taj Mahal.

a. Possibility

b. Ability

c. Advice

3. Paco can speak English quite

fluently now.

a. Possibility

b. Ability

c. Advice

4. Paco could visit the diamond

mines in Koidu.

a. Possibility

b. Ability

c. Advice



What do the following sentences express? Choose the most

appropriate answer.

1) Paco can drive really well.

a) Request.

b) Ability.

c) Suggestion.

2) Could I close the door, please?

a) Permission.

b) Possibility.

c) Suggestion.

3) Can you help me with my homework, please?

a) Impossibility.

b) Suggestion.

c) Request.

4) It's sunny. We could play tennis this evening.

a) Permission.

b) Suggestion.

c) Request.

5) My wife thinks we could have another baby next year.

a) Ability in the past.

b) Suggestion.

c) Future possibility.

Choose the most appropriate advice or recommending action for



By xeeliz C. Commons.

each sentence.

1) I'm putting on much weight.

a) You shouldn't eat so much fat.

b) You mustn't eat so much fat.

2) I have a cold and fever.

a) You could stay at home.

b) You should stay at home.

3) I can't find my wallet.

a) You should look for it again.

b) You can look for it again.

1) The meal must be cooked by eight o'clock.

2) Students must not ride your motorbike without ahelmet.

3) It must have been really difficult for you after theaccident.

4) You must be at home before midnight.

Say which sentence with the modal verb must expresses obligation,

prohibition, conclusion or necessity.

Must

Rewrite the following sentences using modal verbs withoutchanging the meaning

1. It isn't necessary to book a flight

You

2. Chewing gum is forbidden in the classroom

Use modal verbs



You

3. Perhaps your sister is at home

Your sister

4. It is possible that he forgot your birthday

He

5. Maybe I have seen this film, but I can't remember

I

6. Surely he sent you the email

He

7. I give you permission to go to that concert

You

8. I suggest that you stop smoking

You

9. It is impossible that she is at home. The lights are off

She

10. It was a mistake not to accept his offer

I



Reported speech - Revision

Once again, Paco has taken out the guide book he got at the airport and isleafing through it. Suddenly, he finds out a page with a big ANECDOTESheading it and starts reading...

Rudyard Kipling

A newspaper to which Kipling

subscribed mistakenly published

an announcement of his death.

Kipling wrote at once to the editor

and told him he had just read he

was dead. He asked the editor not

to forget to delete him from his list

of subscribers.

For a brief period early in his

career as a writer, Kipling worked

as a reporter for an American daily

newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, until he was fired. The editor

who dismissed him told him that wasn't a kindergarten for amateur

writers. He apologised to him and said he just didn't know how to use

the English language.

E.M. (Edward Morgan) Forster

In June 1924, Forster published his masterpiece A Passage to India.

As he feared, it proved to be his fifth and final novel, and he retired

from fiction writing, announcing that he had nothing more to say.

Read the anecdotes very carefully and underline the sentences in

the reported or indirect speech, that is, the sentences that tell what

a person said in the past.

Reading activity

Complete the sentences to report what was said in the past. Use one



By wendizzle. C. Commons

of the following reporting verbs in the past simple: ask, warn, advise,

or command.

1. "Study as hard as Sonia if you want to learn English," the teacher said.

- The teacher Paco as hard as Sonia if he

wanted to learn English.

2. "Stay there! A car is coming," he told them.

- He them there

because a car was coming.

3. "Don't open the presents until I arrive!," shetold her son.

- She her son

the presents until she arrived.

4. "Don't fill up the water bottle with coffee ortea, please," Devaj said.

- Devaj them

the water bottle with coffee or tea.

5. "Tidy up your room immediately," her mum told Sarah.

Sarah's mother her her room

immediately.

Comprobar

Complete the sentences with the appropriate tense in reported

speech.

Take into account if the question is a Yes / No question or aWh-question.

1. My friend asked me, "Why do you have to leave your country so quickly?"

My friend asked me my country so quickly.

2. My teacher asked me, "Do you understand me when I speak English?"

My teacher asked me when he spoke

English.

3. Your husband asked you, "Where did you put my glasses?"



Your husband asked you his glasses.

4. My father asked us, "Have you finished your homework?"

My father asked us our homework.

Comprobar

By bunchofpants. C. Commons

Complete the blanks to turn the following sentences into reported

speech.

1. "Study as hard as you can," Sonia toldPaco.

Sonia asked Paco

as he could.

2. "If I were you I wouldn't have fizzy drinks,"the doctor told Paco.

The doctor advised Paco

drinks.

3. "Please don't eat much fatty meat," Soniatold Paco.

Sonia asked Paco

meat.

4."You should stop eating so many sweets," he added.

He advised Paco so many sweets.

5. "Don't spend so long in front of the television and do some sports," hetold him.

He requested Paco so long in front of the television

and sports.

Comprobar



Write complete sentences in reported speech using the words

below. Change and add any words that you think are necessary.

Example: She reminded me - I promise to take her. She reminded me thatI had promised to take her.

a She apologized - break the glass.

b She persuaded me - go to the cinema.

c She agreed - meet me after school.

d She recommended - travel by public transport.

e She warned me - the road be very dangerous.

f She insisted - carry the bag for me.

g She encouraged me - do my best.

h She invited me - go on holiday with her.

Reporting Verbs

Click here to watch an excellent video on the subject before doing the

exercises below.

Now, it's time for you to practise. In order to do so, do the followingexercises.

Further knowledge



Creacin propia

Now we know how important it is to

know verbs that can be used in reported

speech so that we are able to perfectly

restate other people's words. But not

only is the meaning of reporting verbs

important, the structure that follows

them is really important as well.

Click here to have a look at some ofthe most frequently used reportingverbs. If you feel like getting andlearning a more complete list, click onthe picture on the left.

For further practice, do the exercises

below in order.

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3


Further knowledge

By PoramapornN. C. Commons

Decide which the exact words pronounced by Kim and the staff ofthe surgery centre were from Kim's retelling of her experience.

1. A nurse asked me to verify all theinformation.

a. "Verify all the information right now."

b. Can you verify all the information,

please?

2. She asked me if she was sick. We said that

no, she was not.

a. "Is she sick? -No, she isn't."

b. "Was she sick? -No, she was not."

3. The anesthesiologist came in and he also asked us if she was feeling



fine.

a. "Are you feeling fine?"

b. "Do you feel fine?"

4. The surgeon looked at her foot. He told us she'd probably need another

surgery after that one.

a. "She'd probably need another surgery after this one."

b. "She'll probably need another surgery after this one."

Click here for some theory and examples about questions in reportedspeech.

Exercises on reported speech: questions.


Further knowledge



Reading

By fredericknoronha. C. Commons

Paco has just arrived at the International Airport in Mumbai. Normally, youhave to be two hours before boarding to check in. However, Paco does notknow what time his flight leaves. In fact, he does not know when he will flysince he has not bought the ticket yet. He hopes he can fly to Saigon.

The airport is so big that hehas spent half an hoursearching for the correctdesk to get the ticket toSangai. He has heard thisis the busiest airport inIndia. He can see lots ofpeople rushing up anddown the busy corridorslooking for their respectiveboarding gates. Suddenly,a woman runs into him andhe falls down onto the floor.The woman apologises tohim for not having seenhim and continues running.He wants to escape fromthat place as soon as he can.

Once at the desk he politely asks a clerk for a ticket for the next flight to

Sangai. The clerk tells him that, unfortunately, there are so many people

who want to fly there that there are no tickets until next Friday. The woman

has such a sweet voice and has told him that so politely that he does not

care. He will buy the ticket now and leave for Sangai on Friday. After

paying some hundreds dollars for the ticket Paco turns over and is about

to leave when he hears the same beautiful voice: Sir, I forgot to tell you.

Im afraid it is not a direct flight. You will have to make a stopover in

Karachi, Pakistan. Paco smiles at her and thinks: Your voice is so

beautiful and you are so kind that I could never complain to you about

that. However, the only words that come out of his mouth are: Thank you

very much for the notice, miss, Im not in a hurry, and he leaves.

Answer the following questions:

1. According to the text, does Paco feel comfortable at the airport?

2. According to the text, will Paco fly straight away to Sangai?

Reading activity



Read the text again and decide if these statements are TRUE or

FALSE. Quote the evidence that supports your answer

1. Paco is already at the airport because he is flying to Sangai in two hours

Verdadero Falso

2. He has been looking for the correct place to buy his ticket

Verdadero Falso

3. The airport is rather chaotic and confusing

Verdadero Falso

4. Luckily he finds a ticket to fly to Sangai the very same day

Verdadero Falso

5. Paco is worried about not being able to flight directly to Sangai

Verdadero Falso



Curiosities

By foxypar4. C. Commons

The Commonwealth Games

The CommonwealthGames is amulti-sport eventheld every fouryears involving theelite athletes of theCommonwealth ofNations. Normally,5,000 athletesattend thesegames, which aredirected andcontrolled by theCommonwealthGames Federation.

A sportingcompetition

bringing together the members of the British Empire was first proposed bythe Reverend Astley Cooper in 1891 when he wrote an article in The Timessuggesting a "Pan-Britannic-Pan-Anglican Contest and Festival every fouryears as a means of increasing the goodwill and good understanding of theBritish Empire".

In 1911, the Festival of the Empire was held in London to celebrate thecoronation of King George V. As part of the festival an Inter-EmpireChampionships was held in which teams from Australia, Canada, SouthAfrica and the United Kingdom competed in events such as boxing,wrestling, swimming and athletics.

In 1928, Melville Marks Robinson of Canada was asked to organise the firstever British Empire Games. These were held in Hamilton, Ontario twoyears later. The name changed to British Empire and Commonwealth Gamesin 1954, to British Commonwealth Games in 1970 and assumed the currentname of the Commonwealth Games in 1978.

The last Games were held in Melbourne, Australia, in 2006. The followingones will be held in 2010, in Delhi, India! And Glasgow, Scotland, in 2014!

The History of the Taj Mahal



This immense mausoleum was built on the orders of Shah Jahan, the fifthMuslim Mogul emperor, to honour the memory of his beloved late wife. Itwas built out of white marble and is regarded as the most perfect jewel ofMuslim art in India.

The Emperor's third wife died during the birth of their fourteenth child in1631, and he was so grief-stricken that he ordered to build up amausoleum in his memory. The main designer is said to have been UstadAhmad Lahauri. The construction began in 1632 and was completed in1645. The surrounding buildings and the fantastic garden were finished fiveyears later. It was constructed using so many materials from all over Indiaand Asia that more than 1,000 elephants were used to transport them.

It is such a famous and beautiful monument that thousands of photographs

have been taken of it everyday after the one by Samuel Bourne in 1860.

Visitors agree that the Taj Mahal appears pink in the morning, white in the

day and changes its colour to golden in the moon light.

By Stuck in Customs. C. Commons

To get further information about this splendid wonder, click on the pictureabove and watch the video. Enjoy the song (a translation of it into Englishcan be seen on the right), but do not forget to read the informationprovided in the video.

The city of Kolkata

Kolkata, formerly Calcutta, is the capital of the Indian state of West

Bengal. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly.

When referred to as Calcutta, it usually includes the suburbs, and thus its

population exceeds 15 million, making it India's third-largest metropolitan

area and urban agglomeration as well as the world's 8th largest

agglomeration.



By Indianhilbilly. C. Commons. By Indianhilbilly. C. Commons By T. Maximov. C. Commons

Kolkata served as the capital of India during the British Raj until 1911. Oncethe centre of modern education, industry, science, culture and politics inIndia, Kolkata has witnessed intense political violence, clashes andeconomic stagnation since 1954. Since the year 2000, economicrejuvenation has spurred on the city's growth. Like other metropolitancities in India, Kolkata continues to struggle with the problems ofurbanisation: poverty, pollution and traffic congestion.

Source: wikipedia.

Indian national sport

India's official national sport is field hockey, administered by the IndianHockey Federation. The Indian field hockey team won the 1975 Men'sHockey World Cup and 8 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals at the Olympicgames.

However, cricket is the most popular sport. The India national cricket teamwon the 1983 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, andshared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. Cricket in India isadministered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, and domesticcompetitions include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the DeodharTrophy, the Irani Trophy and the Challenger Series. In addition Indian cricketleague and Indian premier league organise Twenty20 competitions.

By Pablisher007. Public domain. By Chandrachoodan. GNU license.



Tennis has become increasingly popular, owing to the victories of the IndiaDavis Cup team.

Association football is also a popular sport in northeast India, West Bengal,

Goa and Kerala. The Indian national football team has won the South AsianFootball Federation Cup several times.

Chess, commonly held to have been originated in India, is also gainingpopularity with the rise in the number of Indian Grandmasters.

Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which areplayed nationwide. India is also home to the ancient martial arts,Kalarippayattu and Varma Kalai.

The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are India's highestawards for achievements in sports, while the Dronacharya Award is awardedfor excellence in coaching.

India hosted or co-hosted the 1951 and the 1982 Asian Games, the 1987and 1996 Cricket World Cup. It is also scheduled to host the 2010Commonwealth Games and the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

Adapted from Wikipedia.

The Seven

Wonders of the

World

Do you knowwhich the otherSix Wonders ofthe World are?They are sowonderful that allof them arevisited bymillions oftourists everyyear. Watch the video on the right to guess. If you want to know and learnmore about them, click here!

Other Wonders of the World

This is one of Kipling's best known poems, "If".

Listening activity



Enjoy it paying attention to pronunciation, intonation and rhythm.



Rephrasing III

OBLIGATION - PROHIBITION - ADVICE - LACK OF OBLIGATION

a. Must - have to / obligation

It will be obligatory for them to get up early when they do the militaryservice.

They will have to get up early when they do ...

b. Mustn't / not allowed - be forbidden

I don't want anyone to know. You are forbidden to tell anyone what I said.

You mustn't tell anyone what I said

c. Should / had better (advice)

"You'd better have a rest and go on holiday", the doctor advised him.

You should have a rest and go on holiday ...

It was a mistake to drink so much alcohol.

You shouldn't have drunk so much alcohol

d. Needn't- Don't have to / not necessary

We have enough food at home. It is not necessary that we go shopping.

We needn't / don't have to go shopping

It was not necessary for them to attend the lecture yesterday (and theydidn't)

They didn't have to attend the lecture yesterday

It is a lovely day and you have brought your coat. It wasn't necessary. (butthey did)

You needn't have brought your coat.

Rephrasing modal verbs

e. May - Might / Perhaps, maybe, it's just possible

POSSIBILITY - DEDUCTION - IMPOSSIBILITY



Perhaps I will go to the cinema.

I may go to the cinema

Perhaps John knew about the trip, but I'm not sure.

John might have known about the trip.

f. Could / There is a possibility

It's quite possible that they went away last weekend.

They could have gone away last weekend.

g. Must / I am sure (affirmative)

I'm sure Helen knows about the accident. She looks very unhappy.

Helen must know about the accident. She looks very unhappy.

I think Mary was probably at home because the windows were open.

Mary must have been at home because the windows were open.

h. Can't / It is impossible, I am sure (negative)

I'm sure he didn't lock the door. He never does.

He can't have locked the door.



Rephrasing reported speech

a. orders

'Don't worry about anything, Mr Hill,' said the doctor.

The doctor asked Mr Hill not to worry about anything.

"Open your suitcases, please" said the Customs Officer.

The Customs Officer ordered us to open our suitcases.

b. statements

"I have a Biology lesson this afternoon and I haven't done my homeworkyet," said Sally

Sally said she had a Biology lesson that afternoon but she hadn'tdone her homework yet.

"We have moved into our new flat. We don't like it so much as our lastone," my sister said.

My sister said they had moved into their new flat but they didn'tlike it so much as their last one

c. questions

"Have you had your vaccinations?" the nurse asked me.

The nurse wanted to know if I had had my vaccinations.

"What are we going to have for lunch?" he asked his mother.

He asked his mother what they were going to have for lunch.

d. mixed types

"Can you speak more slowly? I can't understand you." He asked me.

He asked me if I could speak more slowly because he couldn'tunderstand me

"Don't drive through fog with only a fog light on," he said, "or other driversmay take you for a motorbike."

He told me not to drive ... or other drivers might take me ... .



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