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Eaar`ioheiõo f`itarihc4 Zash Ghrçh `f cas NfrasEachjarheiõo4 Lrhoeisea Ghreaof

@isføa y ehrètuch4 Zhlhfc Gay

@ihmrhgheiõo4 Cicihoh Jhcuhrtf

Earrfeeiõo `f fstica4 Numa Gfca

Latamrhlçh `f ehrètuch4 Dhvifr Dhigf Uèoenfz

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    F

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Chs PIE fo ch f`ueheiõo

Uho`ra Ghreaof Lcarfs • Ghrifch Ehstra Kancfr • Hotaoia Khohsnira^igfoh G. Oôøfz `fc Rrh`a Jcao`ft y G. Mhjrifch Cfõo Adf`h

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ÇO@IEF

Rfrspfetivhs `f `fshrracca `f chs PIE fo fc Rfrô,

eao fspfeihc ioei`foeih fo ch f`ueheiõo 5

Chs PIE fo ch f`ueheiõo. Fxpfrifoeih `fc Eacfmia Ghrknhg  89

Chs PIE hc sfrvieia `f ch ehci`h` f`uehtivh. Eacfmia Oufstrh

Uføarh `fc Ehrgfo  ::

Lcfxijicizheiõo `f ch tfeoacamçh fo fc Eacfmia Zaasfvfct :>

 Fc Eaosfda Oheiaohc `f F`ueheiõo (EOF), eao ch vhciash eachjarh-

 eiõo `fc Mrupa Uhoticchoh, paof h su `ispasieiõo fc tfrefr lhseçeuca

 `f ch sfrif –Ch f`ueheiõo `fc lutura‗.

 @fs`f gf`ih`as `f ch `éeh`h phsh`h, fc Gioistfria `f F`ueheiõo y

guenas eacfmias privh`as nho fsth`a trhjhdho`a par ioearparhr chsPfeoacamçhs `f ch Iolargheiõo y ch Eaguoieheiõo (PIE) h ch f`u-

 eheiõo. Hc prioeipia, ch ghyar phrtf `f cas fslufrzas sf efotrhrao

 fo ch tfeoacamçh fo sç gisgh y fo quf cas fstu`ihotfs hprfo ifrho

 h ghofdhr cas pramrhghs `f Alef. Fo hcmôo gagfota ccfmhgas h

 pfoshr quf frh sueifotf eao paofr cas fquipas y `hrcfs eaofetivi-

 `h`. Fo fstas høas fsthgas vivifo`a uo praefsa `ilfrfotf, sf trhth

 `f iotfmrhr chs PIE hc eurrçeuca fseachr.

 Chs hetivi`h`fs fo cas chjarhtarias `f eõgputa fjfo fsthr iotfmrh-

 `hs h cas praefsas `f hprfo`izhdf f chs èrfhs eurrieuchrfs. Chs hu-

chs guctigf`ih, chs huchs virtuhcfs y cas prayfetas iotfrèrfhs fjfo,

 paea h paea, sfr nfrrhgifoths eati`ihohs `f eh`h vfz gès fstu- `ihotfs y `aefotfs. Fc Fsth`a `fjf mhrhotizhr uo heefsa fquithtiva

 h chs oufvhs tfeoacamçhs.

 Fo cas hrtçeucas quf eaolargho fstf lhseçeuca, foeaotrhrèo iolar-

gheiõo quf cfs hyu`hrè h gfdarhr su eaoaeigifota sajrf ch fvacu-

 eiõo `f chs PIE y su iotfmrheiõo h cas praefsas f uehtivas.

Chs apioiaofs fxprfsh`hs fo fstas tfxtas sao `f fxecusivh

rfspaoshjici`h f cas hutarfs.

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   E  a  g  f  r  e   i  a

   H  r  e   n   i  v  a

   U  h  o   t   i   c   c  h  o  h

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5

Rfrspfetivhs `f `fshrracca `fchs PIE fo fc Rfrô, eao fspfeihcioei`foeih fo ch f`ueheiõo

–. . . prfphrf tnfg ta civf io tfenoacamy ho` ht tnf shgf tigf hmhiost

tfenoacamy . . . ta `fvfcap h eritiehc hwhrfofss al tnf ga`fro warc`‗.Dhequfs Fccuc

Iotra`ueeiõo

Nho phsh`a gès f 8< høas fs`f quf sf foviõ fc prigfr earrfa fcfe-trõoiea y sf iohumurõ ch prigfrh ehjioh pôjcieh fo fc Rfrô. Nay, gès`fc 86% `f ch pajcheiõo heef`f h Iotfroft. Fxistfo, sfmôo Asiptfc,62 222 ehjiohs pôjciehs h oivfc oheiaohc quf nho camrh`a quf, fo fcRfrô, fc usa `f Iotfroft sfh gès papuchr quf ch tfcfvisiõo par ehjcf.

Pfofgas uoh cfy `f heefsa h ch iolargheiõo y atrh `f rghs `imith-cfs, uoh aeioh f majifroa fcfetrõoiea y uo Eaomrfsa virtuhc. Pa`ascas gioistfrias y guenhs `f chs guoieiphci`h`fs `fc phçs tifofo suprapia sitia wfj. @fs`f fc fxtrhodfra oufstras lhgicihrfs oas puf`foeagprhr vçvfrfs a ohoeihr ehshs; sf puf`f phmhr ch cuz, fc tfcélaoa,igpufstas y nhsth gucths f trèosita vçh Iotfroft. Ch Iotfroft pfruh-oh nh ehgjih`a guena, pfra fc Rfrô eao Iotfroft oa nh ehgjih`aoh`h. \ivigas fo uo guo`a gès efrehoa, pfra hc gisga tifgpa fouo phçs gès cfdhoa.

Fc térgioa tfeoacamçh fs uoh ftiqufth eao guenas simoieh`as pa-sijcfs. Fs guy eagôo quf eacaquihcgfotf sf nhmh uoh fquivhcfo-

eih fotrf tfeoacamçh f Iotfroft a fotrf tfeoacamçh f iolargètieh. Fsigparthotf tfofr fo eufoth chs `ilfrfoeihs quf fxistfo fotrf hgjhs,pfra gès igparthotf hôo fs fotfo`fr quf fc eaoefpta eao fc quf `f-jfgas trhjhdhr fs fc f ch eaovfrmfoeih. ±Xué fs ca quf eaovfrmf1 Fomfofrhc, ch iolargètieh, ch iolargheiõo y chs tfcfeaguoieheiaofs. Fsh fsth eaovfrmfoeih `f tfeoacamçhs h ch quf sf cf `foagioh Pfeoaca-mçhs `f ch Iolargheiõo y ch Eaguoieheiõo (PIE).

Ch Iotfroft pfruhoh nh

ehgjih`a guena, pfra

fc Rfrô eao Iotfroft

oa nh ehgjih`a oh`h.

\ivigas fo uo guo`a

gès efrehoa, pfra hc

gisga tifgpa fo uo

 phçs gès cfdhoa.

Rfrspfetivhs `f `fshrracca `f chs PIE fo fc Rfrô

UHO@ZA GHZEAOF LCAZFU

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0 Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

Fo cas ôctigas høas,

Iotfroft sf nh

eaosaci`h`a eagafc gfdar gf`ia `f

eaguoieheiõo fo

térgioas f

easta-jfofeia, pufs

erfef h ghyar vfcaei`h`

quf ch rh`ia a ch

tfcfvisiõo.

8 Huoquf oa nhy uo eaosfosa uoivfrshc sajrf h phrtir f qué vfcaei`h` sf fjf

eaosi`frhr quf uoh eaofxiõo fs f jho`h hoenh, sf puf`f feir quf par foeigh

`f 8:> kjps. Phgjiéo sf sufcf ushr fc térgioa phrh ta`h eaofxiõo istioth h uo

@ihc Vp. Fo fc Rfrô ch tfeoacamçh `f jho`h hoenh gès eagôo fs fc H@UC.

Rar ca thota, chs hpcieheiaofs PIE sao chs quf eagjioho cas jfofeias`f fstas trfs tipas f tfeoacamçh. Fsta fo eaotrhstf eao ca quf hcmuoassufcfo eaosi`frhr eaga PIE4 ch sugh sigpcf f tfeoacamçhs f iolar-

gheiõo y eaguoieheiõo eaga ch rh`ia, ch tfcfvisiõo, fc tfcélaoa, fte.Iotfroft fs ch fxprfsiõo gès eagpcfth `f ca quf sf `fof eaga PIE,pfra oa fs fc ôoiea fcfgfota. Ch tfcfvisiõo `imithc a chs tfeoacamçhs`f trhosgisiõo `f tfrefrh mfofrheiõo `f cas efcuchrfs sao thgjiéofdfgpcas f PIE.

Fc `fshrracca `f Iotfroft fo fc Rfrô

Fo cas ôctigas høas, Iotfroft sf nh eaosaci`h`a eaga fc gfdar gf`ia`f eaguoieheiõo fo térgioas f easta-jfofeia, pufs erfef h ghyar

 vfcaei`h` quf ch rh`ia a ch tfcfvisiõo. Fstf oufva ehohc pfrgitf chpujcieheiõo `f guenh iolargheiõo, quf fo atras gf`ias sfrçh ig-pfoshjcf rfhcizhr par fc hcta easta.

Fstf eaoefpta fs gès a gfoas hefpth`a par ta`a fc guo`a; sio fg-jhrma, phrh ch ghyarçh, ch mrho prfaeupheiõo simuf sifo`a ±Euèothmfotf pa`rè rfhcgfotf ushr Iotfroft fo fc Rfrô1 Ui hefptèrhgas fcfsqufgh `f phçsfs `fshrracch`as fo `ao`f eh`h usuhria eufoth eaouoh eagputh`arh y uoh cçofh tfcflõoieh, fc patfoeihc erfeigifota `fIotfroft fo phçsfs eaga fc Rfrô sfrçh cigith`a. Fsta sf vufcvf gès`ilçeic si pfoshgas fo heefsa h Iotfroft `f jho`h hoenh8.

Ch Zf` Eifotçeh Rfruhoh (ZER),prigfr pravff`ar `f Iotfroft fofc Rfrô, hpastõ `fs`f sus ioieiaspar uo ga`fca `f heefsa uoivfr-shc, oa saca eaga uoh prapufsth`f `fshrracca oheiaohc, sioa io-ecusa eaga fstrhtfmih eagfreihcphrh fc `fshrracca `fc gfreh`a.Fo fsf sfoti`a sf ia uo phsa ig-parthotf euho`a fo 8996 sf paoffo luoeiaohgifota ch prigfrhehjioh pôjcieh `fc phçs y guyprajhjcfgfotf fc guo`a. Gaoaehjiohs

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6Rfrspfetivhs `f `fshrracca `f chs PIE fo fc Rfrô

@fji`a h cas prajcfghs `f heefsa h cçofhs tfcflõoiehs y h fquipas `feagputheiõo, paehs frho chs pfrsaohs quf pa`çho heef`fr h Iotfr-oft. Ch ehjioh pôjcieh ZER pfrgitiõ h euhcquifr pfrsaoh uticizhr chsnfrrhgifoths `f Iotfroft sio ofefsi`h` `f tfofr uoh eagputh`arh atfcélaoa fo su ehsh.

H phrtir `f ch `ilusiõo quf ch ZER rfhcizõ `fs`f 8996 `f fstf ga`fca`f Efotras Eaguoithrias f Iolargheiõo, fo fc Rfrô sf nho iosthch`a,

par phrtf `f iostitueiaofs, fgprfshs privh`hs f io`ivi`uas, gès `f62 222 ehjiohs pôjciehs `f `ilfrfotfs ehrhetfrçstiehs, quf sf ehceuch`ho heefsa h gès `fc >2% `f cas usuhrias `f Iotfroft fo fc phçs.

Euh`ra Oa 8

Erfeigifota `f ehjiohs pôjciehs `f Iotfroft

fo fc Rfrô

Ch ehjioh pôjcieh ZER

 pfrgitiõ h euhcquifr

 pfrsaoh uticizhr

chs nfrrhgifoths

`f Iotfroft sio

ofefsi`h` `f tfofr uoheagputh`arh a tfcélaoa

fo su ehsh.

Høa Ehjiohs % Erfeigifota

:225 82 =>6

:220 8= <:9 <5%

:226 :0 <56 02%

:22< :> 9=6 8>%

:22= 6: 60< >8%

Fchjarheiõo prapih h phrtir f iolargheiõo pujcieh`h par Asiptfc.

Rrigfrhs

 ehjiohs

 pôjciehs

   R  f   `  r  a   L  r  h  o  e  a

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< Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

Fo fc Rfrô sf fstigh quf nhy uoas 6 giccaofs f usuhrias f Iotfroft,`f fstas hc gfoas fc >2% fstè fo Cigh. Fc usuhria pragf`ia phshehsi uoh narh hc `çh fo su eagputh`arh y ch prioeiphc hetivi`h` quf

rfhcizh fs fovihr y rfeijir earrfa fcfetrõoiea.

Gès hccè `f chs eilrhs, fs rfcfvhotf hoathr quf, huoquf nfgas ca-mrh`a `fgaerhtizhr fo eifrth gf`i`h fc heefsa h Iotfroft, oa tfof-gas uoh i`fh echrh `f euèc nh si`a fc igpheta rfhc `f fsh situheiõo.Rar fdfgpca, guenas `u`ho `f quf ch pra`ueeiõo `f eaotfoi-`as pfruhoas sf nhyh `fshrracch`a eao ch gisgh `ioègieh quf fcheefsa.

Fsta gf ccfvh h prapaofr eaga priarithria fc hoècisis `f cas ig-phe-tas `fc usa `f Iotfroft gès quf `f chs eilrhs `f pfoftrheiõo a

heefsa. Fo fc guo`a sf nh fsthjcfei`a quf fc usa h`feuh`a `f chsPIE oas puf`f ccfvhr h ca quf sf eaoaef eaga ch Uaeif`h` `f chIolargheiõo.

Fc `fshrracca `f Iotfroft oa `fjf hohcizhrsf `f largh hisch`h `f susigphetas. Ch tfeoacamçh y su sigpcf usa oa sao uo o fo sç gisgas,sioa uo gf`ia phrh ccfmhr h eugpcir eifrtas ajdftivas. ±Xué tipa `fsaeif`h` qufrfgas eaostruir fo ch frh `f ch iolargheiõo y fc eaoa-eigifota1

Ch Uaeif`h` `f ch Iolargheiõo fo fc Rfrô

Lrfeufotfgfotf sf hsugf, par frrar, quf ch Uaeif`h` `f ch Iolargh-eiõo fs uo phrh`imgh `f `fshrracca a pramrfsa tfeoacõmiea hc quf`fjfgas ccfmhr eaga oheiõo gf`ihotf fc hugfota f cas io`ieh`arfs`f pfoftrheiõo a heefsa h eagputh`arhs a Iotfroft. Fc frrar eaosistffo quf ch tfeoacamçh par sç gisgh oa trhf eaosima oh`h y, par ca tho-ta, fc phrh`imgh quf `fjfgas hcehozhr fs `f usa `f ch tfeoacamçh yoa f heugucheiõo.

Fstf eaoefpta fs hotfriar h Iotfroft y vifof heuøèo`asf `fs`f ch`éeh`h `f 89<2. Rfra fs prajhjcfgfotf fo cas aenfoth, mrheihs h chi`fh f ch –tfrefrh ach‗:  `f cas fspasas Palfr, quf fc guo`a fgpifzhh taghr fo sfria fc eaoefpta `f uoh feaoagçh guo`ihc jhsh`h fo fceaoaeigifota.

Gès hccè `f chs eilrhs, fs

rfcfvhotf hoathr quf,

huoquf nfgas camrh`a

`fgaerhtizhr fo eifrth

gf`i`h fc heefsa h

Iotfroft, oa tfofgas

uoh i`fh echrh `f euèc

nh si`a fc igpheta rfhc

`f fsh situheiõo.

Lrfeufotfgfotf sf

hsugf, par frrar,

quf ch Uaeif`h` `f

ch Iolargheiõo fs uo

 phrh`imgh `f `fshrracca

a pramrfsa tfeoacõmiea

hc quf `fjfgas

ccfmhr eaga oheiõo

gf`ihotf fc hugfota

`f cas io`ieh`arfs `f pfoftrheiõo a heefsa

h eagputh`arhs a

Iotfroft.

: Palfr, Nfi`i y Hcvio. –Pnf Pnir` ]hvf‗. Ufhtcf, Eaccios, 89>8.

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=Rfrspfetivhs `f `fshrracca `f chs PIE fo fc Rfrô

Rhrh Ghoufc Ehstfccs5, Iotfroft fs ch jhsf tfeoacõmieh y fc flfeta Zf`fs ch jhsf armhoizhtivh `f ch frh `f ch iolargheiõo. @f ch gisghghofrh quf fo su gagfota chs oufvhs tfeoacamçhs `f mfofrheiõo

y `istrijueiõo `f fofrmçh lufrao ch jhsf `f ch lèjrieh y ch mrho fg-prfsh y fsths, h su vfz, lufrao chs jhsfs armhoizhtivhs `f ch saeif`h`io`ustrihc.

Fo fc :22:, sf pujcieõfo fc Rfrô fc cijra –ChUaeif`h` `f ch Iolargh-eiõo fo fc Rfrô. Rrfsfo-tf y pfrspfetivhs :225-:226‗. Fo éc sf fserijfuoh `f chs hrgheiaofs

gès pfcimrashs phrh fc`fshrracca `f ch Uaeif-`h` `f ch Iolargheiõoquf nhyh cfç`a4 –Uf puf-`f `f`ueir quf ch situheiõo feaoõgieh `f uo phçs fs uo lhetar qufiouyf `f ghofrh `ftfrgiohotf fo `iena `fshrracca… Ch `ispaoi-jici`h` `f ehpithc lçsiea eao`ieiaoh lufrtfgfotf chs pfrspfetivhs `f`fshrracca `f ch Uaeif`h` `f ch Iolargheiõo‗0.

Huoquf fsté f heufr`a y sfh ajvia quf ch situheiõo feaoõgieh fs uolhetar quf iouyf, ouoeh hefpthrfgas quf sfh f largh ftfrgioho-

tf. Ui hsç ca lufrh, fc Rfrô oa tfo`rçh gès quf uo phr `f giccaofs `fusuhrias y fc 92% `f fccas sfrçh `f fstrhtas saeiafeaoõgieas `f hctapa`fr h`quisitiva.

Hefpthr fsh nipõtfsis pa`rçh ccfvhroas h ofmhr ch pasijici`h` `f qufphçsfs eaga fc oufstra puf`ho rfvfrtir fc ar`fo iotfroheiaohc qufcfs –earrfspao`f‗ fo luoeiõo `f su phtrigaoia lçsiea. Ufrçh ofmhrcas prioeipias jèsieas quf rimfo fc eaoefpta f ch Oufvh Feaoagçh aFeaoagçh @imithc.

Rar fdfgpca, fo fc simuifotf euh`ra sf puf`f vfr eõga fc Rfrô phsh

`fc pufsta > fo fc io`ieh`ar feaoõgiea hc pufsta 6 fo rfcheiõo eao chpfoftrheiõo f Iotfroft.

 Huoquf fsté `f heufr`a

 y sfh ajvia quf ch

 situheiõo feaoõgieh fs

uo lhetar quf iouyf,

ouoeh hefpthrfgas

quf sfh `f largh

`ftfrgiohotf. Ui hsç

ca lufrh, fc Rfrô oa

tfo`rçh gès quf uo

 phr `f giccaofs f

usuhrias y fc 92% `f

fccas sfrçh f fstrhtas

 saeiafeaoõgieas `f hcta

 pa`fr h`quisitiva.

5 Ehstfccs, Ghoufc. –Ch Mhchxih Iotfroft. Zffxiaofs sajrf Iotfroft, fgprfsh y

saeif`h`‗. Jhrefcaoh, Rchzh & Dhoés F`itarfs, :228. Rèmioh 86.0 Pfcflõoieh `fc Rfrô. –Ch Uaeif`h` `f ch Iolargheiõo fo fc Rfrô‗. Cigh, Pfcf-

lõoieh, :22:. Rèmioh :<.

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> Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

Euh`ra Oa :

Zfcheiõo fotrf RJI y pfoftrheiõo `f usuhrias `f

Iotfroft phrh uoh sfcfeeiõo `f phçsfs `f ch rfmiõo

Ch nipõtfsis `ftrès `fc eaoefpta `f Uaeif`h` `f ch Iolargheiõo fsquf sf puf`fo fcigiohr a par ca gfoas `isgiouir chs `fsimuhc`h`fssaeihcfs y feaoõgiehs gf`ihotf fc usa hprapih`a f chs PIE. Fo fstfpuota sf fstè dumho`a fc lutura `fc phçs. Ch Uaeif`h` `f ch Iolargh-eiõo y ch Feaoagçh @imithc sao –oufvas‗ eaoefptas quf, fotrf atrhs

eashs, eaioei`fo fo pchotfhr ch pasijici`h` `f rflarguchr chs –vifdhs‗ftiqufths `f phçsfs `fshrracch`as y fo vçhs `f `fshrracca.

Rfra, eaga chs `as ehrhs `f uoh gisgh gaof`h, chs PIE thgjiéopuf`fo praluo`izhr chs `ilfrfoeihs fotrf phçsfs y hc iotfriar `f uohoheiõo si fs quf oa sf pchotfho `fotra `f uoh fstrhtfmih oheiaohcfo `ao`f fc eaotfxta, cas praefsas y cas io`ivi`uas sfho gès igpar-thotfs quf cas frras y cas ehjcfs. Rar fsa, fo chs simuifotfs pèmiohshohciza chs `as `igfosiaofs gès igparthotfs fo fc ehgioa h sfr uohUaeif`h` `f ch Iolargheiõo4 fc Fsth`a y ch F`ueheiõo.

Fc rac `fc Fsth`aVoh `f chs visiaofs gès echrhs rfspfeta hc phpfc quf uo Fsth-`a `fjf `fsfgpføhr fo ch frh `f ch iolargheiõo fs ch `f Hc Marf 64

Rhçs:22=

@õchrfsRJI pfr eèpith

RufstaRfoftrheiõo`f usuhrias

`f Iotfroft (%)Rufsta

Hrmfotioh 959= 8 8> 5

Vrumuhy =:66 : :8 :

Géxiea =290 5 8= 0

Enicf <8:= 0 :9 8

\fofzufch 6=>9 6 8: <

Jrhsic 08>5 < 8= 0

Eacagjih :><2 = 82 =

Rfrô  :=68 > 8< 6

Feuh`ar 8<:> 9 = >

Jacivih 8292 82 6 9

Fchjarheiõo prapih h phrtir f iolargheiõo fc Rrayfeta Chtioahgérieh / EHOO / Hclh-Zf`i.

6 \iefprfsi`fotf f cas Fsth`as Voi`as y cufma eho`i`hta prfsi`foeihc. –Ch mfo-

tf fo fc prigfr pchoa `f ch frh `f ch iolargheiõo‗. Fo4 –Ch visiõo `f cas cç`frfs

fo ch frh `imithc‗. Rfhrsao, Hoof Cffr, :228. Rèmioh 85.

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9Rfrspfetivhs `f `fshrracca `f chs PIE fo fc Rfrô

–… `fjfgas rfear`hr quf fo su fsfoeih fs uoh ghofrh `f praluo`i-zhr y `f fxtfo`fr oufstras gès hotimuas vhcarfs mcajhcfs4 fcfvhr casfstèo`hrfs `f vi`h y `f f`ueheiõo, hsç eaga hgpcihr cas eçreucas `f

ch `fgaerheih, ch cijfrth` y fc fgpa`frhgifota `f cas io`ivi`uas‗.

Fo fc Rfrô, sio fgjhrma, oa nho hjuo`h`a cas pacçtieas eao uoh vi-siõo echrh `f ca quf chs PIE a ch Uaeif`h` `f ch Iolargheiõo puf`fonhefr par fc phçs. Rfsf h quf fxistf uoh Aeioh Oheiaohc f MajifroaFcfetrõoiea, fsth oa fs visth gès quf eaga uoh iosthoeih foehrmh`h`f nhefr pèmiohs wfj phrh fc Fsth`a.

Ioecusa fo fc `fshrracca `f iolrhfstrueturh, quf fs fo `ao`f gès io-ei`foeih nh tfoi`a fc Fsth`a pfruhoa fo cas ôctigas vfiotf høas, suheeiõo sf nh ehrhetfrizh`a par uoh giapçh sistfgètieh. Rar fdfgpca,

fo fc gfreh`a urjhoa, `ao`f fjçh ioefotivhr ch eagpftfoeih, cf fo-trfmõ h uoh sach eagphøçh ta`a fc phquftf. Hsç sf erfõ uo gaoapacia`f lheta tho lufrtf quf hôo cufma `f gès `f 82 høas oh`if nh pa`i`aragpfr. Y fo chs zaohs rurhcfs, euho`a fjfrçh eaoefotrhr phrh mfof-rhr ghsh erçtieh, siofrmihs, fte., nh fgpfzh`a uoh sfrif `f praefsasquf lrhmgfoth y `upcieh fslufrzas f iovfrsiaofs.

Voa `f cas ajdftivas `fechrh`as `f ch privhtizheiõo `f chs tfcfeagu-oieheiaofs frh fc `f fxpho`ir ch eajfrturh `f sfrvieias phrh ta`ascas pfruhoas. Voh `f chs jrfenhs gès rfcfvhotfs y priarithrihs fs chquf fxistf fotrf zaohs urjhohs y rurhcfs. Rar fsa, fo 8995, sf erfh fc

Lao`a f Iovfrsiõo fo Pfcfeaguoieheiaofs (LIPFC), quf rfeijirçh fc8% `f cas iomrfsas houhcfs jrutas `f chs fgprfshs apfrh`arhs.

Vo eèceuca eaosfrvh`ar hrradh quf fsth iostitueiõo nh rfehu`h`a nhsthfc :22= uoas 8:2 giccaofs f õchrfs, pfra quf oa nh fsfgjacsh`a gèsquf fc 02% (fs feir, uoas 62 giccaofs). Ehjf rfshcthr quf fo cas ôctigas6 høas, fc `fsfgjacsa heuguch`a luf `f tho saca 622 222 `õchrfs.

Fo cas 86 høas quf nho phsh`a `fs`f su erfheiõo, fc LIPFC nh jfof-eih`a h <622 efotras pajch`as rurhcfs (fs `feir, fc 82% `f ta`as caspajch`as rurhcfs `fc phçs) eao tfcflaoçh pôjcieh y h <> ehpithcfs `f`istrita eao heefsa h Iotfroft.

Cas `fshlças `f cas oavfoth simufo hôo vimfotfs. ±Eõga nhefr phrhquf fc heefsa h Iotfroft sfh nagaméofa oa saca fo Cigh, sioa fo ta`afc phçs1 ±Eõga nhefr phrh quf fc usa `f Iotfroft sf eaovifrth fo uohrfhc nfrrhgifoth `f pra`uetivi`h` y eagpftitivi`h` phrh ta`as caspfruhoas1 ±Xué sf ofefsith phrh quf Iotfroft eugpch eao sus pra-gfshs `f ehgjia saeihc1

–… fjfgas rfear`hr

quf fo su fsfoeih fs uohghofrh f praluo`izhr

 y `f fxtfo`fr oufstras

gès hotimuas vhcarfs

mcajhcfs4 fcfvhr cas

fstèo`hrfs f vi`h y

`f f`ueheiõo, hsç eaga

hgpcihr cas eçreucas `f ch

`fgaerheih, ch cijfrth` y

fc fgpa`frhgifota f

cas io`ivi`uas‗.

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82 Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

Ch pacçtieh `f heefsa h cas sfrvieias `f tfcfeaguoieheiaofs fo oufs-tra phçs sf rimf par fc eaoefpta `f heefsa uoivfrshc, quf simoieh„mhrhotizhr fc heefsa `f ta`as cas pfruhoas h cas sfrvieias jèsieas `f

tfcfeaguoieheiaofs…’. Fc prajcfgh fs quf fo ch hpcieheiõo `f fsthpacçtieh sf nho eagfti`a as frrarfs luo`hgfothcfs.

Fc prigfra fstè rfcheiaoh`a eao ±qué fs jèsiea y quf oa1 Uf hefptõguy lèeicgfotf quf ch tfcflaoçh fs uo sfrvieia jèsiea y quf Iotfr-oft oa ca fs. Fo fsh gisgh cçofh, ±tifof sfoti`a pravffr saca tfcfla-oçh1 ±Fs guena gès jhrhta nhefrca1 ±Euèc fs fc easta ghrmiohc `fhmrfmhr atras sfrvieias1 Fc sfmuo`a frrar nh si`a hefpthr quf chtfcflaoçh, ch Iotfroft y ch tfcfvisiõo tifofo quf `fshrracchrsf parsfphrh`a.

±Xué prapaofgas1

Fc phçs `fjf eaothr eao uoh Fstrhtfmih Oheiaohc `f Eaofetivi`h`.Fsth `fjf tfofr `as fdfs `ilfrfoeih`as4 h) Heefsa4 fo `ao`f sf `f-jfo eaosi`frhr, h`fgès `f ch tfcflaoçh y ch Iotfroft, cas pchofs `ffcfetrieheiõo y sacueiaofs `f fofrmçh hctfrohtivh, chs rf`fs vihcfs,y uvihcfs, chs ruths hérfhs y ch eajfrturh `f rh`ia, tfcfvisiõo `fsføhc hjifrth y fc ehjcf; j) Ufrvieias4 fo `ao`f gès hccè `f nhjchr`f eaotfoi`as, sf `fjf fstrueturhr uoh alfrth iotfmrh`h y uoivfrshc`f sfrvieias fo rfcheiõo eao ch larghcizheiõo, fc ohoeihgifota, fcmajifroa fcfetrõoiea, fc turisga, ch shcu`, ch f`ueheiõo y ch ehphei-theiõo.

Pa`hs chs ioieihtivhs `fc Fsth`a, quf fo hcmuoh gf`i`h igpciehoiovfrsiõo fo iolrhfstrueturh, `fjfo eaouir fo ajdftivas f iotfmrhrfslufrzas. Oas rflfrigas h Ehohc =, Zh`ia Oheiaohc, fc Rrayfeta`f Hpaya h ch Eaguoieheiõo Eaguohc `fc Gioistfria `f Prhospar-tfs y Eaguoieheiaofs, fc Rrayfeta `f Majifroa Fcfetrõoiea `f chRrfsi`foeih `fc Eaosfda `f Gioistras, cas Rrayfetas `f Jijciatfehs@imithcfs y `f Pfcfgf`ieioh `fc Ioietfc, fc Rrayfeta `fc Jhoea `f chOheiõo, fc `f FsUhcu`, fc `fc UIHL (Uistfgh Iotfmrh`a `f H`giois-trheiõo Liohoeifrh) y, par supufsta, fc Rrayfeta Nuhsehrèo, a ca qufquf`f `f éc.

Uao chs prapihs eaguoi`h`fs chs quf fjfo apfrhr sus larghs f he-efsa. Fc Fsth`a fjf hsfmurhr uoh rf` oheiaohc f eajfrturh uoivfr-shc (eagpcfgfotho`a ch iovfrsiõo privh`h), pfra oa fc heefsa caehch Iotfroft. Oa pa`fgas ushr ehsas `f rfchtiva éxita y hisch`as fotrfsç eaga luo`hgfota quigériea phrh ch iovfrsiõo fsththc fo ehjiohs

Uf hefptõ guy

lèeicgfotf quf ch

tfcflaoçh fs uo sfrvieia

jèsiea y quf Iotfroft oa

ca fs… Fc sfmuo`a frrar

nh si`a hefpthr quf ch

tfcflaoçh, ch Iotfroft

 y ch tfcfvisiõo tifofoquf fshrracchrsf par

 sfphrh`a.

Uao chs prapihs

eaguoi`h`fs chs

quf `fjfo apfrhr

 sus larghs `f heefsa.

Fc Fsth`a fjf hsfmurhruoh rf` oheiaohc `f

eajfrturh uoivfrshc

(eagpcfgfotho`a

ch iovfrsiõo privh`h),

 pfra oa fc heefsa caehc

h Iotfroft.

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88Rfrspfetivhs `f `fshrracca `f chs PIE fo fc Rfrô

pôjciehs `f Iotfroft. Ch gfdarh fo ch eaguoieheiõo, fc heefsa h sfr- vieias pôjcieas, fc hnarra `f eastas fo ch mfstiõo, ch f`ueheiõo y chehpheitheiõo sao, fo ta`a ehsa, luo`hgfotas gès sõci`as.

Ch f`ueheiõo pôjcieh

Fc usa `f Iotfroft fo ch f`ueheiõo fs uoa `f cas prioeiphcfs ecienés`f pralfsiaohcfs y fspfeihcisths thota fo fc `fjhtf f`uehtiva eagafo fc `fc `fshrracca fo mfofrhc. Fc sfoti`a eagôo thgjiéo rfechghch priarizheiõo `fc lhetar tfeoacõmiea fo ch pf`hmamçh y fo ch mfstiõo`fc sistfgh f`uehtiva.

Fo ch Eaosucth Oheiaohc h cas jfofeihrias `fc sistfgh f`uehtiva,rfhcizh`a par Phrfh fo fc :228, sf fvi`foeih fsth erffoeih mfofrhci-

zh`h. Hotf ch prfmuoth –±Xué `fjfgas hprfo`fr cas pfruhoas1‗. Fc9<% eaotfstõ –tfeoacamçh‗ eao fc gisga pfsa quf –vhcarfs‗.

Rar su ch`a, fc Fsth`a pfruhoa `fs`f nhef gès `f > høas nh hprajh-`a –ch ghsieheiõo `fc heefsa h Iotfroft‗<, `ho`a par sfoth`a quffstf ajdftiva fs fo sç gisga uo hvhoef luo`hgfothc phrh fc phçs. Fofsh gisgh cçofh, høas `fspués hphrfef fc Rrayfeta Nuhsehrèo eaouo prfsupufsta f gès f :22 giccaofs f `õchrfs phrh –ccfvhr ch Io-tfroft h chs fseufchs `f chs zaohs gès hcfdh`hs y pajrfs `fc phçs‗.

±Fs hehsa pasijcf quf hcmuifo fo su shoa duieia fsté fo eaotrh f fstf

pchotfhgifota1 Rufs sç. Fs vithc quf fstf tfgh sf hjar`f `fs`f uohpfrspfetivh erçtieh y quf sf cf `fspadf `fc hirf thutacõmiea quf tifoffo ch hetuhci`h`. Fc heefsa y usa `f tfeoacamçh fs uo gf`ia y oa uoo fo sç gisga y, par ca thota, `fpfo`f `f eõga sf usf phrh quf mf-ofrf igphetas pasitivas.

Fo eaotrh f ca quf sf pa`rçh pfoshr, chs tfeoacamçhs iolargètieh y `ftfcfeaguoieheiaofs= oa nho fsth`a husfotfs `f ch hmfo`h `fc Giois-tfria `f F`ueheiõo pfruhoa. Ch prigfrh rflfrfoeih hc rfspfeta fs chprfsfotheiõo hotf fc Jhoea Iotfrhgfriehoa `f @fshrracca (JI@) quffo 8995 fc gioistra @agioma Rhcfrga rfhcizõ fc Rrayfeta ZFOHEF

< Fo fc :228, `urhotf fc majifroa `fc prfsi`fotf \hcfotço Rhoihmuh, sf hprajh-

rao cas –Ciofhgifotas f pacçtiehs mfofrhcfs phrh pragavfr ch ghsieheiõo fc

heefsa h Iotfroft fo fc Rfrô‗ y sf erfõ uoh –Eagisiõo Guctisfetarihc‗ foehrmh`h

`f ch –largucheiõo `f uo Rcho `f Heeiõo Oheiaohc phrh ghsiehr fc usa `f Io-

tfroft‗. @ferfta Uuprfga <<-:228-REG.= Rhrh hcmuoas fspfeihcisths, hgjhs largho uoh sach tfeoacamçh `foagioh`h

–tfcfgètieh‗.

Fs vithc quf fstf tfgh sf hjar`f `fs`f uoh

 pfrspfetivh erçtieh y quf

 sf cf `fspadf fc hirf

thutacõmiea quf tifof fo

ch hetuhci`h`. Fc heefsa

 y usa `f tfeoacamçh fs

uo gf`ia y oa uo o fo

 sç gisga y, par ca thota,

`fpfo`f `f eõga sf

usf phrh quf mfofrfigphetas pasitivas.

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8: Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

(Zf` Oheiaohc `f Efotras F`uehtivas), `isføh`a par ch Zf` Eifotç-eh Rfruhoh (ZER).

H su vfz, fo ch ôctigh `éeh`h, fo fc Gioistfria `f F`ueheiõo sf nh`fshrracch`a uoh fefoh f prayfetas picata quf, `irfeth a io`irfeth-gfotf, nho hefreh`a ch iolargètieh f ioecusa ch Iotfroft h cas efotrasf`uehtivas pôjcieas `f `istiotas oivfcfs y ga`hci`h`fs. Fotrf fstasprayfetas `fstheho F`urf`, ]arc`Cioks (Jhoea Guo`ihc), RrayfetaMCAJF, Rrayfeta ZI\F@ (JI@), fc picata `f Jheniccfrhta, fc eao- vfoia Ho`rés Jfcca, Huchs Naspithchrihs (Luo`heiõo Pfcflõoieh) y fcRrayfeta Lartf (Voiõo Furapfh).

Rhrh `ieifgjrf `fc :228, ch ghyarçh `f fsths ioieihtivhs nhjçho quf-`h`a jhda ch tutfch `f trfs aeiohs `fotra `fc Gioistfria `f F`ueh-

eiõo. Fo fc euh`ra Oa

 5 sf eaosimoh ca foeaotrh`a fo fsh lfenh, fotérgioas f eajfrturh f efotras f`uehtivas (EF).

–@f fsth iolargheiõo sf fsprfo`f quf fo térgioas f sastfoijici`h`fsths ioieihtivhs oa nhjçho camrh`a hcehozhr sus ajdftivas, yh quf sacafc 68% f cas efotras f`uehtivas fsthjho rfhcgfotf apfrhtivas‗>.

Euh`ra Oa 5

Uituheiõo `f ch eajfrturh `f EF `f prayfetas `f usa

`f tfeoacamçh fo ch f`ueheiõo pôjcieh

> Ghreaof, Uho`ra. –Rrayfeta Nuhsehrèo4 f`ueheiõo pôjcieh, tfeoacamçh y pacç-

tieh‗ Fo4 Oufvhs tfeoacamçhs4 ±Xué oas fspfrh h cas phçsfs fo `fshrracca1 Gimufc

Uhrhvih, ft hc. Cigh, IP@M. :220.

Eajfrturh `f EF@fechrh`h

Eajfrturh `f EFApfrhtivh

Rrayfeta Iolafseufch ― Ghtfrihcpf`hmõmiea phrh Rrighrih

625 5<2

Ricata F`ueheiõo h @isthoeih ―Ufeuo`hrih supcftarih fo zaohsrurhcfs y `f lraotfrh

828 60

Rrayfeta F`urf` ― Heefsah Iotfroft fo Ufeuo`hrih foehpithcfs `fphrthgfothcfs

506 =0

PAPHC 909 0>>Fchjarheiõo prapih h phrtir f iolargfs f chs aeiohs rfspfetivhs.

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85Rfrspfetivhs `f `fshrracca `f chs PIE fo fc Rfrô

@fs`f uo puota `f visth `f pacçtiehs pôjciehs y phrh quf eilrhs `ffstf tipa oa sf rfpitho, fc isføa f uo prayfeta f usa f tfeoacamçh`fjf eaosi`frhr hc gfoas cas simuifotfs fdfs4

Zftas/Rrajcfghs Eajfrturh `f EF@fechrh`h

Vsa@isføhr, `fshrracchr y vhci`hr ga`fcas `f iotfmrheiõo `f tfeoacamçhs `f ch iolargheiõo y cheaguoieheiõo (PIE) fo chs `ivfrshs ga`hci`h`fs f`uehtivhs. Fc ajdftiva fs camrhr uoh gçoighsueifoeih fo ch apfrheiõo `f chs eagputh`arhs y ch Iotfroft par phrtf `f hcugoas y `aefotfs.

Hprapiheiõo

Rrapieihr fc `fshrracca `f rfeursas `f utici`h` eati`ihoh phrh ch eaguoi`h` f`uehtivh (`aefotfs,hcugoas y ph`rfs `f lhgicih), armhoizh`as y heefsijcfs phrh fc hprfo`izhdf y jhsh`as fo

chs PIE. Fc ajdftiva fs quf, gès hcch `f ch sigpcf apfrheiõo, cas hetarfs camrfo gfdarhrsimoiehtivhgfotf ch flfetivi`h` y feifoeih mrheihs h chs PIE.

Heefsa@fshrracchr, eao phrtieipheiõo iotfrsfetarihc, uoh pchthlargh tfeoacõmieh `f iolargheiõo yeaguoieheiõo h oivfc oheiaohc eao gçoigas eastas vhrihjcfs, sio `upcieheiõo `f fslufrzas parphrtf `fc Fsth`a y eao ch phrtieipheiõo `f ch fgprfsh privh`h.

Uastfoijici`h`@isføhr uo praefsa `f hefrehgifota phuchtioa h cas efotras f`uehtivas, fo fc euhc sf `fohoy hefptfo cas eagpragisas eagphrti`as fotrf fc Fsth`a y ch eaguoi`h`. Fc ajdftiva fs erfhreaotrhphrtfs caehcfs eagpragfti`hs fo fc ghotfoigifota `fc prayfeta.

Fchjarheiõo prapih h phrtir `fc Rcho Apfrhtiva :22: `f Nuhsehrèo, prfsfoth`a hc gioistra Oieacès Cyoen, pfra fsehrth`a parfc gioistra fotrhotf Mfrhr`a Hyzhoah.

Fc prajcfgh fs quf uo fsqufgh eaga fstf fs vista eaga chrma y

eagpcfda y sf prffrfo iotfrvfoeiaofs gès rèpi`hs y arifoth`hs h chfotrfmh f tfeoacamçh. Fo fsh cõmieh, sf efcfjrh ch ccfmh`h f ch tfeoa-camçh hc efotra f`uehtiva fo vfz `f fspfrhr h vfr cas rfsucth`as.

Oa ta`h ch rfspaoshjici`h` `f fsth visiõo `f earta pchza y papucisthfs `f cas pacçtieas. Ui `fs`f ch saeif`h` eivic y ch prfosh `fdhrhgas`f fvhcuhr fc hvhoef f cas prayfetas a pramrhghs sajrf ch jhsf f chehoti`h` `f eagputh`arhs, cas pacçtieas oa tfo`rçho ioefotivas pfr- vfrsas y sf ragpfrçh fc eçreuca vieiasa.

Vo fcfgfota echvf fo fc usa `f chs PIE fo ch f`ueheiõo sao cas eao-tfoi`as. Fs fo fstf puota fo quf sf puf`f ehfr fo uo mrhvf frrar

hc `hrcf hc Gioistfria, par gf`ia `f hcmuoh aeioh –fspfeihcizh`h‗,ch gisiõo `f pra`ueir fsas eaotfoi`as. Fo prigfr cumhr, fc eaotf-oi`a pf`hmõmiea sf foeufotrh fo ch fstrueturh eurrieuchr jèsieh `feh`h uoa `f cas oivfcfs f`uehtivas (Ioieihc, Rrighrih y Ufeuo`hrih);fs `feir, chs PIE fstèo hc sfrvieia `f chs @irfeeiaofs Oarghtivhs `fcGioistfria `f F`ueheiõo phrh eachjarhr fo fc camra `f cas ajdftivasfspfeçeas quf eh`h uoh `f fsths sf nhyh pchotfh`a.

Euh`ra Oa 0

Fstrhtfmih phrh fc `fshrracca `f prayfetas `f tfeoacamçh

Chs PIE fstèo hc sfrvieia

`f chs @irfeeiaofs

Oarghtivhs fcGioistfria f F`ueheiõo

 phrh eachjarhr fo fc

camra `f cas ajdftivas

fspfeçeas quf eh`h

uoh `f fsths sf nhyh

 pchotfh`a.

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80 Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

Voh thrfh pfo`ifotf fs ch h`feuheiõo `f fstas eaotfoi`as h cas `is-tiotas gf`ias (Iotfroft, rh`ia, tfcfvisiõo, `iseas eagphetas, gucti-gf`ih, fte.), h chs rfhci`h`fs caehcfs h chs quf sf prftfo`f htfo`fr,

h cas praefsas (`f fosføhozh y `f hprfo`izhdf) y h chs ga`hci`h`fs(prfsfoeihc, sfeuo`hrih h `isthoeih supcftarih y h `isthoeih eagpcf-gfothrih).

Phota fo ch fxpfrifoeih oheiaohc eaga iotfroheiaohc ch chjar fc Fs-th`a fo fc tfgh `f cas eaotfoi`as `fjf cigithrsf h ch `foieiõo `ffstèo`hrfs. Fc Fsth`a oa `fjf iotfrvfoir fo ch pra`ueeiõo `f eao-tfoi`as, yh quf par uo ch`a fxistfo uo mrho oôgfra `f fccas y, paratra, fs uoh hetivi`h` fspfeihcizh`h quf ch fgprfsh privh`h rfhci-zh `f ghofrh gès feifotf. Fo atrhs phchjrhs, quf fc Gioistfria `fF`ueheiõo fshrraccf cas eaotfoi`as f uo –Rarthc Rf`hmõmiea‗ tifof

fc gisga sfoti`a quf paofrsf h pra`ueir vi`fas a igprigir cijras fo vfz `f eaovaehr h pra`uetarhs y f`itarihcfs.

Fc rac `f ch iostitueiõo f`uehtivh

Ui rfvishgas chs eilrhs `f pfoftrheiõo `f tfeoacamçh phrh ch rfmiõoy fo fspfeihc chs earrfspao`ifotfs hc Rfrô, eaosththgas quf fc phpfcquf vho h `fsfgpføhr chs fseufchs `f Hgérieh Chtioh fo fc heefsa,usa y hprapiheiõo f chs PIE fs luo`hgfothc. Hotf ch lhcth f fquiph-gifota fo ehsh, `fji`a h cas hôo hctas eastas `f eaguoieheiõo, chsiostitueiaofs f`uehtivhs f ta`as cas oivfcfs sfrèo fc prioeiphc hmfotf`f fshrracca.

Rhrh guenas chs ehjiohs pôjciehs a eijfrehlés, a ioecusa tfcfefotras,sao cas cchgh`as h eujrir fsth ehrfoeih f tfeoacamçh fo ehsh. Uio fg-jhrma, ta`a fc quf shjf hcma `f f`ueheiõo rfeaoaef quf uoh ehjiohpôjcieh oa fs oi efrehohgfotf uo fspheia f`uehtiva, hc gfoas quffxisth uoh fstrhtfmih foi`h fo fsf sfoti`a a hcmôo eaovfoia iostitu-eiaohc eao fseufchs y huo hsç nhjrçh quf fvhcuhr ehsa par ehsa.

Chs ehjiohs pôjciehs, hc imuhc quf cas efotras eagfreihcfs a cas eiofs,sao y sfrèo phrtf `f ch vi`h y fc hprfo`izhdf saeihc `f oufstras nidas,

pfra oa par fsa pa`rçhgas eaohr fo fccas ch `irfeeiõo a pchoieh-eiõo `f su f`ueheiõo.

Huoquf oa prapaofgas uo ôoiea ga`fca `f usa `f tfeoacamçh foch fseufch, sç sumfrigas uo fsqufgh jèsiea quf sirvh `f puota `fphrti`h.

Ui rfvishgas chs eilrhs

`f pfoftrheiõo f

tfeoacamçh phrh ch

rfmiõo y fo fspfeihc

chs earrfspao`ifotfs

hc Rfrô, eaosththgasquf fc phpfc quf vho h

`fsfgpføhr chs fseufchs

`f Hgérieh Chtioh

fo fc heefsa, usa y

hprapiheiõo `f chs PIE fs

luo`hgfothc.

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86Rfrspfetivhs `f `fshrracca `f chs PIE fo fc Rfrô

Euh`ra Oa 6

Rasijcfs ga`fcas pf`hmõmieas phrh fc usa `f

tfeoacamçh fo ch f`ueheiõo

Fo ch hetuhci`h`, fc

eagpragisa `f chs

iostitueiaofs f`uehtivhs

tifof quf sfr gès

hgjieiasa, fjfo

fgpfzhr h eugpcir uo

rac trhsefo`fothc fo ch

largheiõo `f uoh oufvh

 saeif`h`4 ch Uaeif`h`

`f ch Iolargheiõo y fc

Eaoaeigifota.

Èrfhs f Igpheta Ga`fca pf`hmõmiea Eaomurheiõotéeoieh

Iolahclhjftizheiõo ChjarhtariaOôgfra `f RE parhcugoa

Hpaya hc hprfo`izhdfEagputh`arhs fo fchuch

Pfeoacamçh `f rf`fs

Ehgjia f IooavheiõoUhchs `f hprfo`izhdffspfeihc

Hoena `f jho`h

Fo cas ôctigas 82 høas, chs fseufchs nho ush`a chs PIE eao gfths y

ajdftivas rfhcisths, pfra ga`fstas. Ch ghyar phrtf `f fcchs saca jus-ehjh camrhr uoh sueifoeih par phrtf `f cas hcugoas, rfspao`fr huoh ofefsi`h` f –iolahclhjftizhr‗. Fo ch hetuhci`h`, fc eagpragisa`f chs iostitueiaofs f`uehtivhs tifof quf sfr gès hgjieiasa, `fjfofgpfzhr h eugpcir uo rac trhsefo`fothc fo ch largheiõo f uoh ouf- vh saeif`h`4 ch Uaeif`h` f ch Iolargheiõo y fc Eaoaeigifota.

Ch iostitueiõo f`uehtivh `fjfrçh erfhr uo sistfgh `f iolargheiõosajrf ch jhsf `f ch eaguoi`h` f`uehtivh. Fsta phsh par erfhr uofspheia guctigf`ih fo fc quf ph`rfs, hcugoas y `aefotfs puf`hoeagphrtir iolargheiõo `f iotfrés, sio igparthr sus `ilfrfoeihs y pa-

tfoeiho`a ca quf tifofo fo eagôo.Fstas sistfghs `f iolargheiõo `fjfrçho tfofr hpcieheiaofs jèsiehseaga4

• Fxpf`ifotf par hcugoa4 oaths, thrfhs, hvhoefs, eagfothrias `fcas aefotfs, fte.

• F`ueheiõo h `isthoeih4 phrh hcugoas folfrgas, eursas apeiaoh-cfs, ehpheitheiõo phrh ph`rfs (puf`f sfr ush`a par ch Hphlh).

•  Jcams phrh cas `aefotfs, eao ch pasijici`h` `f iotfrhetuhr eao `a-efotfs f atrhs iostitueiaofs.

• –Rfriõ`iea gurhc‗ eao houoeias phrh `aefotfs y ph`rfs `f lhgi-

cih. Jcams/wfjs par huch, ghtfrih a sfeeiõo, phrh fc usa eachjarhti- va fotrf `aefotfs y hcugoas.

• Ioeujh`arh f ofmaeias / Ehpheitheiõo f eucturh fgprfshrihc.

• Enhts, laras y upcah` `f vi`fas.

• Jijciatfeh imithc.

• Uiguch`arfs f Lçsieh y Xuçgieh.

Ch iostitueiõo f`uehtivh`fjfrçh erfhr uo sistfgh

`f iolargheiõo. Fsta

 phsh par erfhr uo

fspheia guctigf`ih fo

fc quf ph`rfs, hcugoas

 y `aefotfs puf`ho

eagphrtir iolargheiõo

`f iotfrés, sio igparthr

 sus `ilfrfoeihs y

 patfoeiho`a ca quftifofo fo eagôo.

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8< Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

Fsths nfrrhgifoths sf patfoeihrèo fo ch gf`i`h fo quf gès fseufchschs usfo. Fs hcthgfotf rfeagfo`hjcf quf ch iostitueiõo f`uehtivhjusquf hcihozhs a eaovfoias eao iostitueiaofs f atras ègjitas mfa-

mrèeas (caehc, rfmiaohc, oheiaohc f iotfroheiaohc).

Fc rac `f cas ph`rfs

Fc tfgh f chs PIE fo ch f`ueheiõo, vista fs`f ch pfrspfetivh fc ph-`rf, `fjf sfr pfosh`a fo trfs ègjitas4 ch fseufch, ch ehsh y fc oiøa9.

Fc i`fhc fs quf fc usa `f tfeoacamçh par phrtf `fc fseachr sfh iotfmrhcy quf fsas trfs ègjitas fstéo fo fquicijria. Fo mfofrhc OA fs jufoasujfquiphr a sajrffquiphr hc oiøa fo rfcheiõo eao ca quf vh foeao-trhr fo uoa u atra ègjita.

Fc prigfr phsa fs shjfr euèc fs fc Rcho f Vsa f chs PIE fo fc eacfmia(ta`a eacfmia `fjfrçh eaostruir fsf pcho ioearparho`a chs fxpfethti- vhs `f cas ph`rfs) y qué cf taeh h su nida fstf høa. @fspués `f fsta sfpa`rèo taghr hcmuohs `feisiaofs sfmôo cas rfeursas `f eh`h uoa.

Fo sfmuo`a cumhr, y fo ehsa f quf ch lhgicih tfomh cas rfeursas phrhfcca, sf fjf pfoshr guena õo`f sf pao`rè ch eagputh`arh eao he-efsa h Iotfroft. Fo mfofrhc, oa fs rfeagfo`hjcf fquiphr h uo oiøa fof`h` fseachr (gfoar `f 8= høas) eao uoh chptap, thota par rhzaofs`f sfmuri`h` lçsieh eaga virtuhc. Ch eagputh`arh fo ehsh fjf fsthr

fo uo fspheia lhgicihr, oa fo uo fspheia pfrsaohc, pufs uoh RE eaoheefsa h Iotfroft fs uo fspheia pôjciea (sudfta h cas gisgas pfcimrasquf uo jhøa fo uo efotra eagfreihc a h euhcquifr ehccf `f uoh eiu-`h`) y fs guy pfcimrasa iosthchrch fo `ao`f oa sf puf`h eagphrtirfo ghyar a gfoar oivfc ch fxpfrifoeih eao fc oiøa. Ajvihgfotf, fstafstè sudfta hc `fshracca y gh`urfz `f eh`h oiøa y h ch rfcheiõo `feaohozh quf eh`h ph`rf mfofrh eao su nida.

Fo tfrefr cumhr, si fc oiøa vh h tfofr heefsa h tfeoacamçh fo fc eacfmia yfo ch ehsh, `fjf fsthr fquiph`a phrh pa`fr gavicizhr iolargheiõo fotrfuo ègjita y fc atra. Rhrh fsa fs ofefshria pfoshr fo hc gfoas trfs `is-pasitivas4 uo qufgh`ar `f E@, uoh igprfsarh y uoh gfgarih VUJ.

Rfra ca gès igparthotf fs quf uoa oa eagprh ch tfeoacamçh y cufma vf phrh qué ch puf`f ushr su nida. Fs hc rfvés4 uoa sf nhef uoh i`fh`f phrh qué quifrf `hrcf heefsa hc nida y sfmôo fsf ajdftiva h`quifrfch tfeoacamçh gès feifotf. Ch tfeoacamçh fs uoh nfrrhgifoth y oa uo

9 nttp4//sho`raghreaof.jcamspat.eag

Voh RE eao heefsa h

Iotfroft fs uo fspheia

 pôjciea (sudfta h cas

gisgas pfcimras qufuo jhøa fo uo efotra

eagfreihc a h euhcquifr

ehccf `f uoh eiu`h`)

 y fs guy pfcimrasa

iosthchrch fo `ao`f oa

 sf puf`h eagphrtir fo

ghyar a gfoar oivfc ch

fxpfrifoeih eao fc oiøa.

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8=Rfrspfetivhs `f `fshrracca `f chs PIE fo fc Rfrô

o fo sç gisga4 puf`f sfr jifo ush`h a ghc ush`h. Uu sach prfsfoeihfo fc huch a fo ch ehsh oa hsfmurh oh`h, hc gfoas quf largf phrtf `fuo pcho gçoiga. Fo fsta fs ofefshria quf ch fseufch y cas ph`rfs `f

lhgicih fstéo `f heufr`a.

Cas rfsucth`as, ±vhcfo ch pfoh1

Pa`as cas pralfsiaohcfs `f ch f`ueheiõo (thota cas tfõrieas eaga casgès prhmgètieas) fstèo f heufr`a fo quf uoh iostitueiõo f`uehtivhguctipcieh sus rfsucth`as euho`a fs eaoefji`h y `fshrracch`h eagauoh eaguoi`h` f`uehtivh fo `ao`f iotfrhetôho ph`rfs, `aefotfs,fgpcfh`as y hcugoas.

@f imuhc ghofrh, cas pralfsiaohcfs `f Iotfroft eaioei`fo fo quf fc

éxita f uo prayfeta fstè fstrfenhgfotf cimh`a hc eaoefpta f eagu-oi`h`. Uio fgjhrma, ch mrho ghyarçh sf fquivaeh trhtho`a `f erfhroufvhs eaguoi`h`fs fo Iotfroft euho`a ca cõmiea fs ehpthr h chs ea-guoi`h`fs yh fxistfotfs fo uo prayfeta `f PIE phrh quf patfoeifosu `ioègieh `f iotfrheeiõo82.

Fxistf uo pfcimra chtfotf thota fo Iotfroft eaga fo ch f`ueheiõo qufeaosistf fo quf cfdas `f `isgiouir chs `ilfrfoeihs sf eaovifrtho fojur`as rfpra`uetarfs `f `fsimuhc`h`fs fo fc heefsa hc eaoaeigifo-ta. Rar ca thota, fs vithc tfofr fo eufoth fstf fcfgfota hc gagfota ffgprfo`fr uoh hvfoturh tfeoacõmieh fo ch f`ueheiõo.

Rar atra ch`a, `fseujrigas quf h oivfc guo`ihc oa saca oa sf nho vhci`h`a ioajdfthjcfgfotf ga`fcas pf`hmõmieas `f iotfmrheiõo `fchs PIE, sioa quf ioecusa sf ccfmh h rfchtivizhr ch pfrtiofoeih y feheihpf`hmõmieh `f Iotfroft fo hcmuoas oivfcfs f`uehtivas eaga Ioieihc yRrighrih88. Rar fsa, fc isføa y ch vhci`heiõo f ienas ga`fcas fjf-rçho sfr phrtf iotrçosfeh fc gisga prayfeta f ushr chs PIE y, par cathota, gès quf uo iosuga prffxistfotf sf puf`f pchotfhr eaga uoa`f cas prajcfghs par sacueiaohr sajrf ch jhsf f ch fxpfrifoeih f chfdfeueiõo fc prayfeta.

Uio fgjhrma, sç fxistf uo echra eaosfosa fo quf fc usa f chs PIE puf-`f hyu`hr h `fshrracchr ch hutaoagçh `fc fstu`ihotf y h quf h`quif-rh eagpftfoeihs trhosvfrshcfs, eaga iovfstimheiõo, armhoizheiõo `f

82 Ghreaof, Uho`ra. –F-Cfhroiom‗. Fo4 Fc F`ueh`ar. Høa :, Oa =. Hmasta :22<.

Cigh, F`itarihc Oargh.88 @hvi` Zaeh Jhsh`rf. –Uajrf fc pramrhgh „Voh Chptap par Oiøa’ fc Gioistfria

`f F`ueheiõo y ch gitieheiõo `f chs oufvhs tfeoacamçhs `f ch iolargheiõo‗.

Fxistf uo pfcimra chtfotf

thota fo Iotfroft

eaga fo ch f`ueheiõo

quf eaosistf fo quf

cfdas `f `isgiouir chs

`ilfrfoeihs sf eaovifrtho

fo jur`as rfpra`uetarfs

`f `fsimuhc`h`fs fo fc

heefsa hc eaoaeigifota.

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8> Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

eaoaeigifotas, rfsacueiõo `f prajcfghs, phrtieipheiõo y mfstiõo `ftrhjhda eachjarhtiva, `fshrracca `f prayfetas pfrsaohcfs y mruphcfs,fte. Fs igparthotf oathr quf fsths eagpftfoeihs `ilçeicgfotf sf `f-

shrraccho par sç sachs hotf ch sigpcf fxpasieiõo `f hcugoas y ghfs-tras h ch tfeoacamçh.

H`ieiaohcgfotf, fxistf fo ch fxpfrifoeih iotfroheiaohc ch nipõtfsis`f quf fc usa f tfeoacamçh puf`f mfofrhr atras igphetas eachtfrhcfspasitivas eaga cas simuifotfs4

• hugfota f cas oivfcfs f hsistfoeih h echsfs;

• `isgioueiõo f cas ço`iefs f `fsfreiõo;

• pfrlfeeiaohgifota `f ch cfeturh, ch fseriturh y chs nhjici`h`fs gh-tfgètiehs;

• hcugoas y aefotfs pra`ueifo`a y eagphrtifo`a iolargheiõo;• gfdarhs fo ch mfstiõo f`uehtivh;

• hefrehgifota f cas ph`rfs f lhgicih hc praefsa pf`hmõmiea.

Jijciamrhlçh

JHUH@ZF, @hvi` Zaeh. –Uajrf fc pramrhgh „Voh Chptap par Oiøa’ `fc Gi-oistfria f F`ueheiõo y ch gitieheiõo f chs oufvhs tfeoacamçhs f ch iolar-gheiõo‗. Cigh, Atrh Girh`h, :229.

EFJZIÈO, Duho Cuis. –Ch Zf`‗. Gh`ri`, Uhoticchoh, 899>.

EAGRHIOF, Jfodhgio G. y ]iccihg N. ZFH@ (f`itarfs). –Pnf IolarghtiaoZfsaurefs Raciey Nho`jaak. Zfsfhren lar tnf Iolarghtiao Hmf‗. Jastao,Pnf GIP Rrfss, 8999.

FCCVC, Dhequfs. –Pnf Pfeoacamiehc Uaeifty‗. Paraota, Zho`ag Nausf― \iothmf Jaaks, 89<0.

GHZEAOF, Uho`ra. –Rrayfeta Nuhsehrèo4 fc mrho shcta‗. Fo4 Ou`as. F`i-eiõo mfofrhc `f Jchoeh Zashcfs. Ducia `fc :22:. Gioistfria `f F`ueheiõo.Cigh-Rfrô.

UNFRHZ@, Utfvfo. –Pfcfeagguoiehtiaos Eaovfrmfoef‗. Oufvh Yark,GeMrhw-Nicc, :222.

PHRUEAPP, @ao. –Pnf @imithc Feaoagy‗. Oufvh Yark, GeMrhw-Nicc, 899<.

\IZICIA, Rhuc. –Fc eijfrguo`a, ch pacçtieh `f ca pfar‗. Gh`ri`, F`ieiaofsEètf`rh, 8999.

Fxistf uo echra eaosfosa

fo quf fc usa `f chs

PIE puf`f hyu`hr h

`fshrracchr ch hutaoagçh

`fc fstu`ihotf y h quf

h`quifrh eagpftfoeihs

trhosvfrshcfs.

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89

 ±Nheih `õo`f sf irimf

fc eacfmia1 ±Eõga

 pa`fgas lheicithr uo

heefsa fquithtiva h

ch tfeoacamçh thota

h `aefotfs eaga h

hcugoas1 ±Eõga

 pa`fgas hpciehr ch

tfeoacamçh phrh ajtfofr

fc gèxiga jfofeia

fo fc praefsa `f

fosføhozh-hprfo`izhdf1 

 Fc Eacfmia Ghrknhg vifof trhjhdho`a iotfoshgfotf eaochs tfeoacamçhs `f ch iolargheiõo `fs`f cas høas oavfoth.

 Fo hqufccas høas fc eacfmia eaothjh eao uo saca chjarhtaria `f trfioth eagputh`arhs phrh ch fosføhozh `fc eursa `fEagputheiõo.

Nheih 899:, fc eacfmia iohumurõ sus prigfras `as chjarhtarias forf` fo ch sfeeiõo Ufeuo`hrih. Fstas frho eagphrti`as par fc eursa`f Eagputheiõo y atras eursas eaga Iomcés, Ehstfcchoa, Ghtfgè-tieh y Eifoeihs. Uf trhjhdõ eao pramrhghs f`uehtivas y hpciehtivasmfoérieas phrh fc `fshrracca `f prayfetas. Luf thgjiéo fo fsh épaehquf sf fgpfzõ h fxpfrigfothr eao fc earrfa fcfetrõoiea y fc heefsa hIotfroft. Fo Rrighrih thgjiéo eaothjho eao uo chjarhtaria phrh ch

fosføhozh `fc eursa `f Pfeoacamçhs `f ch Iolargheiõo (PI).Nheih ofs `f cas høas oavfoth, fc eacfmia fotrõ fo uoh fthph `ffvhcuheiõo `f cas camras ajtfoi`as h trhvés `f ch iotra`ueeiõo `f chtfeoacamçh. Uurmifrao fotaoefs hcmuohs prfmuoths eaga ±Nheih õo-`f sf irimf fc eacfmia1 ±Eõga pa`fgas lheicithr uo heefsa fquithtivah ch tfeoacamçh thota h `aefotfs eaga h hcugoas1 ±Eõga pa`fgashpciehr ch tfeoacamçh phrh ajtfofr fc gèxiga jfofeia fo fc praefsa`f fosføhozh-hprfo`izhdf1

Fc eacfmia pfosõ fo vhrihs hctfrohtivhs. Ra`çh sfmuir eaostruyfo`achjarhtarias. Ra`çh eaovfrtir huchs fo chjarhtarias a pa`çh ioecuir

mrupas `f eagputh`arhs eao heefsa h Iotfroft fo chs huchs y hcrf`f-`ar fc ehgpus. Rfra yh nhjçh fgpfzh`a h surmir uoh oufvh earrifo-tf pf`hmõmieh fo Hustrhcih, Oufvh Tfcho`h, Fsth`as Voi`as y fc Zfi-oa Voi`a4 fc usa `f ch eagputh`arh partètic fo f`ueheiõo. Ch i`fh `ftfofr ta`as cas rfeursas f`uehtivas `ispaoijcfs fo euhcquifr cumhr yfo euhcquifr gagfota, sio fsthr hth`a h ehjcfs a h uo hgjifotf da,f iotfmrh`a fo uo saca `ispasitiva eao ch pasijici`h` `f eaofethrsf h

Chs PIE fo ch f`ueheiõo Fxpfrifoeih `fc Eacfmia Ghrknhg

GHZIFCH EHUPZA K ANCFZ

Eaar`ioh`arh f Pfeoacamçh, Eacfmia Ghrknhg

 Chs PIE fo ch f`ueheiõo

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:2 Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

Iotfroft y heef`fr h mrho`fs ehoti`h`fs `f iolargheiõo, phrfeçh sfrfc ehgjia quf nhrçh `f oufstras hcugoas hprfo`iefs `f par vi`h.

Fc eacfmia fgpfzõ par ehpheithr h ta`a fc pfrsaohc h`gioistrhtiva y`aefotf h trhvés `fc fsqufgh cchgh`a fc @ipcagh `f Pfeoacamçhs `fch Iolargheiõo. Pa`as fjçho sfmuir cas gõ`ucas f Iolargètieh Jè-sieh, Iotfroft y earrfa, Rraefshgifota `f Pfxtas, Nadhs `f Eèceuca,Rrfsfotheiaofs fo RawfrRaiot y cas gès hvhozh`as pa`çho sfmuir casgõ`ucas `f Jhsfs `f @htas y Rèmiohs ]fj.

H ch phr, sf `fshrraccõ fc picata `fc eursa `foagioh`a PfeoacamçhHpcieh`h (quf rffgpchzõ hc eursa `f Eagputheiõo `fs`f <a mrh`a h:a `f Ufeuo`hrih), euya o frh fc `f icustrhr h cas `aefotfs eõga sfpa`çho mfofrhr uoi`h`fs f hprfo`izhdf gucti`iseipciohrihs, hpayèo-

`asf fo fc usa f rfeursas imithcfs. Pa`a fc ghtfrihc f fstf eursa sfhcadõ fo oufstrh pèmioh wfj y fc aefotf h ehrma frh saca fc gf`ih`arfo fc praefsa `f hprfo`izhdf. Fstf eursa `ia, h su vfz, ioieia h oufs-trh Iotrhoft F`uehtivh.

Fo fc :222 sf `istrijuyfrao chs partèticfs h cas `aefotfs, ehpheitèo-`acas fo fstrhtfmihs gfta`acõmiehs y `èo`acfs ta`a uo høa phrhfchjarhr ghtfrihcfs y hcigfothr ch Iotrhoft F`uehtivh. Fo fc :228sf fgpfzõ fc picata `f eagputh`arhs partèticfs eao hcugoas `f 8a,:a y 5a `f Ufeuo`hrih. Hc sfr uo fsqufgh vacuothria sf ioserijifraohpraxigh`hgfotf 62% f hcugoas f eh`h høa. @h`a cas rfsucth`as

pasitivas `f ch fvhcuheiõo `fc pramrhgh hc térgioa `fc prigfr høa,fstf fsqufgh ehgjiõ fo fc :22: y sf mfofrhcizõ fc pramrhgh phrhta`as cas hcugoas `f :a, 5a y 0a `f Ufeuo`hrih.

Fstf fsqufgh sf nh ghotfoi`a `fs`f fotaoefs4 sf fotrfmho eag-puth`arhs partèticfs oufvhs h cas hcugoas `f :a  `f Ufeuo`hrih yh cas `fgès hcugoas sf cfs `h chs gisghs eagputh`arhs partèti-cfs quf rfeijifrao fo :a  `f Ufeuo`hrih, høa h høa nhsth quf sfmrh`ôho.

Atrh iooavheiõo guy igparthotf luf ch iotra`ueeiõo f ch pizhrrh io-tfrhetivh. Fo fsth gisgh épaeh fgpfzhgas gaoitarfho`a uoh uoi-

`h` eao fc @fphrthgfota `f Ghtfgètieh. Rastfriargfotf su usa sffxpho`iõ phrh ioecuir h eursas eaga Eagputheiõo, Eifoeihs, Lrho-eés, Ehstfcchoa, Nistarih y Mfamrhlçh.

Ch sfeeiõo Rrighrih via ioerfgfoth`a fc oôgfra `f chjarhtarias heuhtra y fo Rrigfrh Iolhoeih, h`fgès f eaothr eao eagputh`arhs foeh`h huch, thgjiéo sf igpcfgfotõ uo chjarhtaria phrh echsfs `f PI.

Fc eacfmia fgpfzõ par

ehpheithr h ta`a fc

 pfrsaohc h`gioistrhtiva

 y `aefotf h trhvés `fc

fsqufgh cchgh`a fc

@ipcagh `f Pfeoacamçhs

`f ch Iolargheiõo.

Atrh iooavheiõo guy

igparthotf luf ch

iotra`ueeiõo `f ch

 pizhrrh iotfrhetivh.

Fo fsth gisgh

épaeh fgpfzhgas

gaoitarfho`a

uoh uoi`h` eao fc

@fphrthgfota f

Ghtfgètieh.

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Nay fo `çh eaothgas eao gès `f 62 pizhrrhs iotfrhetivhs `istrijui-`hs fo Ufeuo`hrih, Rrighrih y Rrigfrh Iolhoeih, y fsthgas fvhcuho-`a fc usa `f chs oftjaaks fo huchs `f Rrighrih eaga rfeursa `f io-

 vfstimheiõo.

Ra`fgas feir quf cufma f ehsi as éeh`hs f usa iotfosiva f tfe-oacamçh fo fc Eacfmia Ghrknhg, fsth nh tfoi`a uo igpheta pasitivafo guenhs èrfhs. Rar fdfgpca, pragufvf uoh f`ueheiõo gès efo-trh`h fo fc hcugoa quf fo fc pralfsar; chs sfsiaofs `f echsf sao gès`ioègiehs y fc hcugoa puf`f phrtieiphr hetivhgfotf; nhy uo ehgjiasimoiehtiva nheih fc trhjhda mruphc, eachjarhtiva y jhsh`a fo pra-yfetas; cas ghtfrihcfs fstèo ispaoijcfs ta`a fc tifgpa, sao vhrih`as,gès htrhetivas f iotfrhetivas; lheicith ch pchoieheiõo `f hetivi`h`fsquf pfrgitfo hc hcugoa hprfo`fr h su prapia ritga; gfdarh chs nhji-

ci`h`fs fo fc usa y hpcieheiõo f cas rfeursas PIE fo uoh vhrif`h` `ffsefohrias y, sajrf ta`a, sf nh oath`a uoh gfdarh fo cas fstèo`hrfsheh`égieas.

Pa`h fsth fxpfrifoeih oas fosføõ quf phrh quf uo prayfeta f tfeoa-camçh sfh fxitasa fo uo hgjifotf f`uehtiva, fs ofefshria eaothr eaouoh visiõo echrh `f cas ajdftivas pf`hmõmieas quf sf `fjfo camrhr;pragavfr uo pcho f ehpheitheiõo eaotiouh, oa saca fo nfrrhgifothsPIE, sioa thgjiéo fo fstrhtfmihs y gfta`acamçhs phrh ioearparhrchsflfetivhgfotf fo fc eurrçeuca fseachr; y rfhcizhr uoh eaosthotf fvh-cuheiõo phrh eaorghr fc camra `f cas ajdftivas pchotfh`as.

 Chs PIE fo ch f`ueheiõo

Cufma `f ehsi `as

`éeh`hs `f usa

iotfosiva f tfeoacamçh

fo fc Eacfmia Ghrknhg,

fsth nh tfoi`a uo

igpheta pasitiva fo

guenhs èrfhs. Rar

fdfgpca, pragufvf uoh

f`ueheiõo gès efotrh`h

fo fc hcugoa quf fo fc

 pralfsar; chs sfsiaofs

`f echsf sao gès

`ioègiehs y fc hcugoa

 puf`f phrtieiphr

hetivhgfotf; nhy uo

ehgjia simoiehtiva

nheih fc trhjhda mruphc,

eachjarhtiva y jhsh`a

fo prayfetas.

   E  a  r   t  f  s   ç  h   E  a   c  f  m   i  a   G  h  r   k   n  h  g

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:: Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

Chs PIE hc sfrvieia`f ch ehci`h` f`uehtivhHOPAOIA K HOHUNIZA

@fphrthgfota `f Mfstiõo `fc Eaoaeigifota `fcEacfmia Oufstrh Uføarh `fc Ehrgfo

 @fs`f nhef uoas eioea høas, taghgas eaoeifoeih `f quf chigparthoeih f chs PIE fo fc hgjifotf f`uehtiva oa saca ijh

 erfeifo`a hefcfrh`hgfotf, sioa quf thgjiéo ijh h aehsiaohr ehgjias oathjcfs fo cas praefsas `f fosføhozh-hprfo`izhdf.Rar fstf gativa, hc fchjarhr fc pcho fstrhtémiea hetuhcgfotf vimfotf (:22=-:288), uoa `f cas mrho`fs ajdftivas iostitu- eiaohcfs `fc eacfmia luf fc eaothr eao cas rfeursas y gf`iastfeoacõmieas h`feuh`as h chs fgho`hs hetuhcfs.

Hc ioieia ivfrshs ioieihtivhs surmifrao rfspfeta h eõga ir iotfmrho`achs PIE fo cas `ivfrsas praefsas rfcheiaoh`as eao ch mfstiõo `f ch io-largheiõo y fc hprfo`izhdf fotra f ch iostitueiõo. Uio fgjhrma, cas

camras frho hisch`as y huoquf fo ch ghyarçh `f cas ehsas sf camrhjheifrta mrh`a `f feifoeih (chs PIE eaga rfeursas oufvas pfrgitçhoh priari `hr fsh i`fh), oa sf pa`çh fvi`foeihr eao efrtfzh su feheihy sastfoijici`h`.

Fo fstf fsefohria surmf ch ioieihtivh f igpcfgfothr uoh pchthlarghphrh ch mfstiõo `fc hprfo`izhdf. Cufma `f nhefr uo hoècisis eagph-rhtiva fotrf chs hctfrohtivhs `fc gagfota, sf fcimiõ uoh pchthlarghApfo Uauref, fshrracch`h par ch eaguoi`h` f @AKFAU fo Furaph.Liohcgfotf, fo uo trhjhda eaoduota eao fc @fphrthgfota f Mfstiõo`fc Eaoaeigifota y PI `fc eacfmia, sf igpcfgfotõ fo fc høa :22= chnfrrhgifoth –fc Ehgpus \irtuhc Ehrgfciths‗.

Vo prayfeta `f iooavheiõo `f fsth ohturhcfzh rfquifrf `f uo hprfo-`izhdf iostitueiaohc. Uf trhth `f camrhr uoh eucturh tfeoacõmieh iosti-tueiaohc fo ch mfstiõo `fc hprfo`izhdf y ch iolargheiõo. Rhrh fcca frhofefshria eaosi`frhr trfs fcfgfotas luo`hgfothcfs4 nfrrhgifoths,praefsas y pfrsaohs.

Fo fstf fsefohria

 surmf ch ioieihtivh

`f igpcfgfothr uoh

 pchthlargh phrh ch

mfstiõo fc hprfo`izhdf.

Ch igparthoeih f

chs PIE fo fc hgjifotf

f`uehtiva oa saca

ijh erfeifo`a

hefcfrh`hgfotf, sioa

quf thgjiéo ijh h

aehsiaohr ehgjias

oathjcfs fo cas praefsas

`f fosføhozh-

hprfo`izhdf.

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:5

Fo prigfr cumhr, sf `fjçh trhjhdhr eao fc ehpithc nughoa, quf, ohc-gfotf, tifof uoh ioufoeih `feisivh fo quf ch iotfmrheiõo `f chs PIEsf puf`h `hr fo uo hgjifotf h`feuh`a. Uf ehpheitõ h ta`a fc pfrsa-

ohc `aefotf fo fc usa `f chs `ilfrfotfs nfrrhgifoths quf alrfeçh chpchthlargh, thota phrh ch mfstiõo f eaotfoi`as eaga phrh ch mfstiõo`f ch eaguoieheiõo. @f fsth ghofrh fc `aefotf eaothjh eao ch prf-phrheiõo téeoieh ofefshrih.

Uio fgjhrma, ehpheitheiõo y largheiõo oa sao sueifotfs sio tagh`f eaoeifoeih eaga ca sumifrf uoa f cas rfquisitas f ch oargh IUA92284:22>8 phrh ch mfstiõo f ch ehci`h`. Hsç sf lufrao ho`a, pramrf-sivhgfotf, pacçtiehs iostitueiaohcfs phrh arifothr y phrh gativhr hcas aefotfs fo fc praefsa f iotfmrheiõo f chs PIE. Uf trhthjh f uopraefsa h`feuh`a h ch rfhci`h` y h cas iotfrfsfs iostitueiaohcfs.

Hetuhcgfotf vfgas eao shtislheeiõo quf fc huch virtuhc yh sf nhiotfmrh`a fo uo jufo mrh`a `fotra `f chs echsfs prfsfoeihcfs. Caspralfsarfs `ietho sus echsfs hpayh`as par ghtfrihc guctigf`ih, hceuhc heef`fo `fs`f su rfspfetivh huch virtuhc, ghtfrihc quf cufma casfstu`ihotfs puf`fo eaosucthr `fs`f ehsh. Nhy thrfhs quf sf rfhcizhophreihcgfotf fo echsf eao ch gf`iheiõo `fc `aefotf y quf cufma saoeaotiouh`hs a eagpcfgfoth`hs par cas hcugoas. Fsths thrfhs puf-`fo sfr fovça `f trhjhdas gf`ihotf fc earrfa fcfetrõoiea, trhjhda `ftfghs h trhvés f laras f `iseusiõo quf pragufvfo ch iovfstimheiõoy quf cufma sao eaosaci`h`as fo echsf. Fc huch virtuhc sf nh eaovfrti-

`a fo fc rfeursa quf oas nh pfrgiti`a eagpcfgfothr ca prfsfoeihcoa saca phrh rfspao`fr h uoh mfofrheiõo ohtivh fo ca virtuhc, sioathgjiéo phrh pa`fr fshrracchr uoh mfstiõo `fc eaoaeigifota õpti-gh fo oufstrh iostitueiõo.

Uimuifo`a eao fstf gisga praefsa phrh ch iotfmrheiõo `f ch tfeoaca-mçh, sf nh eaotiouh`a atho`a f gès rfeursas tfeoacõmieas quf gf- darfo ch ehci`h` `fc sfrvieia f`uehtiva nheih cas fstu`ihotfs y ph`rfs`f lhgicih `f oufstrh iostitueiõo. Gfoeiaohrfgas hcmuoas `f fccas4

]fj :.2

Chs oufvhs nfrrhgifoths ]fj :.2, quf ioecuyf oufstrh vfrsiõo hetuhc`fc Ehgpus \irtuhc, oas pfrgitfo prfphrhr h cas fstu`ihotfs phrh uo`fsfgpføa shtislhetaria fo cas oufvas fotaroas `f hprfo`izhdf qufnay fo `çh sf fstèo eaosaci`ho`a h trhvés `f Iotfroft.

 Chs PIE hc sfrvieia `f ch ehci`h` f`uehtivh

8  Fo fc ehpçtuca < f ch oargh4 –Mfstiõo `f cas rfeursas‗.

 Hsç sf lufrao `ho`a,

 pramrfsivhgfotf,

 pacçtiehs iostitueiaohcfs

 phrh arifothr y phrh

gativhr h cas `aefotfs

fo fc praefsa `f

iotfmrheiõo `f chs PIE.

Cas pralfsarfs ietho

 sus echsfs hpayh`as par

ghtfrihc guctigf`ih, hc

euhc heef`fo `fs`f su

rfspfetivh huch virtuhc,

ghtfrihc quf cufma cas

fstu`ihotfs puf`fo

eaosucthr fs`f ehsh.

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:0 Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

Ch iotfmrheiõo `f nfrrhgifoths, eaga jcams, wikis, eachjarheiõo forf`, fte., rfspao`f h fshrracchr oufvhs ehphei`h`fs fo cas fstu`iho-tfs y cas prfphrh phrh folrfothr eao éxita fstas tifgpas f ehgjia fo

ch eucturh fc eaoaeigifota.

Ch pizhrrh iotfrhetivh

@fs`f fc høa :226 sf eagfozõ ch iotfmrheiõo `f fstf rfeursa eagaphrtf f ch iooavheiõo tfeoacõmieh fotra fc huch. Hetuhcgfotf eao-thgas eao pizhrrhs iotfrhetivhs fo cas trfs oivfcfs4 Ioieihc, Rrighrihy Ufeuo`hrih.

Ch iotra`ueeiõo `f chs pizhrrhs iotfrhetivhs hjrf oufvhs pasijici`h-`fs fo fc tfgh guctigf`ih hc phshr `f fcfgfotas hu`iavisuhcfs h

eagjioheiaofs iotfrfshotfs eaga thetavisuhcfs, hu`iatèeticfs, fte.Rhrh guenas oiøas, fstrhtfmihs eaga trhjhdhr hrrhstrho`a y sac-tho`a fcfgfotas eao cas `f`as fo ch pizhrrh Ughrt cfs pfrgitfo`fshrracchr rèpi`hgfotf nhjici`h`fs eamoitivhs eaga i`fotieheiõo,echsieheiõo, dfrhrquizheiõo, fte. Fsths nhjici`h`fs eaostituyfo chjhsf phrh fc `fshrracca `f chs ehphei`h`fs `f eh`h èrfh.

Fo fc ehsa `f cas fstu`ihotfs ghyarfs, cas `aefotfs ghofdho `f gh-ofrh gès sfoeicch y flfetivh ch thrfh `f trhosgitir eaoaeigifotas sa-parth`as par fsth nfrrhgifoth, quf cfs pfrgitf eaar`iohr gôctipcfshpcieheiaofs siguctèofhgfotf, hsç eaga hpravfenhr hc gèxiga ch

iotfrhetivi`h` eao cas rfeursas guctigf`ih.

Ch fxpfrifoeih oas gufstrh quf uoh nfrrhgifoth ccfvh h ch atrh. @f-ji`a h quf ch pizhrrh iotfrhetivh pragufvf ch iotfmrheiõo `f ch guc-tigf`ih, nh aehsiaoh`a quf guenas `f cas `aefotfs sf ehpheitfo foch fchjarheiõo y f`ieiõo `f igèmfofs, hoigheiaofs, vi`fas, fte. Y,par atra ch`a, gativh`as par ch mrho hefptheiõo `f cas fstu`ihotfs,hetuhciefo sus rfeursas f fosføhozh-hprfo`izhdf fo fc fotaroa f chguctigf`ih.

Nay tfofgas pralfsarfs quf erfho ghtfrihc guctigf`ih quf cufmaeagphrtfo eao cas eacfmhs. Hsç hyu`ho h quf fc praefsa `f hprfo`i-zhdf iostitueiaohc sfh gès rèpi`a.

Ch iotfmrheiõo

`f nfrrhgifoths,

eaga jcams, wikis, 

eachjarheiõo fo

rf`, fte., rfspao`f

h fshrracchr oufvhs

ehphei`h`fs fo cas

fstu`ihotfs.

@fji`a h quf ch pizhrrh

iotfrhetivh pragufvf

ch iotfmrheiõo f

ch guctigf`ih, nh

aehsiaoh`a quf

guenas `f cas `aefotfs

 sf ehpheitfo fo ch

fchjarheiõo y f`ieiõo `f

igèmfofs, hoigheiaofs,

vi`fas, fte.

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Huchs guctigf`ih y chjarhtarias

Voh iostitueiõo f`uehtivh `fjf fsthr prfphrh`h h rfspao`fr h cas

rfqufrigifotas `f iolrhfstrueturh tfeoacõmieh quf irèo surmifo`ah gf`i`h quf chs ioieihtivhs fo fc usa `f chs PIE sf vho eaosaci`ho-`a eaga phrtf `f ch prapufsth eurrieuchr. Fo thc sfoti`a, phrtifo`a`f uoh ofefsi`h` rfhc, fc eacfmia eagfozõ uo pramrhgh `f igpcf-gfotheiõo `f huchs guctigf`ih (RE, prayfetar guctigf`ih, sistfgh`f saoi`a y eaofxiõo h Iotfroft). Fo ch hetuhci`h` tfofgas euhrfo-th huchs guctigf`ih fo Ufeuo`hrih, quioef fo Rrighrih y uoh foIoieihc.

Fo fc ehsa `f cas chjarhtarias `f eõgputa y eifoeihs, fquiph`as eaoRE phrh cas hcugoas, ch fxpfrifoeih `fgastrõ quf ch situheiõo `f

hprfo`izhdf fs `ilfrfotf h ch `fc huch guctigf`ih eao uoh sach REa eao pizhrrh iotfrhetivh. Fc ghofda `f uoh echsf fo ch quf eh`h fs-tu`ihotf trhjhdh eao uoh RE prfsfoth eifrths ehrhetfrçstiehs phrti-euchrfs. Fo `ienhs huchs sf iosthcõ uoh nfrrhgifoth quf pfrgitf hc`aefotf ajtfofr chs phothcchs `f ta`as cas fstu`ihotfs siguctèofh-gfotf, armhoizhr mrupas, gastrhr praef`igifotas fo tifgpa rfhc htrhvés `f jrah`ehst `f phothcch, eaotrachr fc heefsa h chs nfrrhgifo-ths fo eh`h RE y h Iotfroft, fte. Fsth nfrrhgifoth pfrgitiõ aptigizhrfc praefsa `f fosføhozh, supfrvishr y eachjarhr eao cas fstu`ihotfsfo fc `fshrracca `f sus hetivi`h`fs y thrfhs.

Rramrhghs `f efrtieheiõo fo eagpftfoeihstfeoacõmiehs

Fc hpaya `f ch tfeoacamçh phrh gfdarhr cas hprfo`izhdfs fs igpar-thotf, pfra thgjiéo ca fs fc ghofda tfeoacõmiea fo térgioas `f pra-`uetivi`h`. Fo fstf sfoti`a, fc eacfmia tifof eaga uoa `f sus ajdf-tivas iostitueiaohcfs quf chs eagpftfoeihs tfeoacõmiehs, hc imuhc quffc camra `f cas atras hprfo`izhdfs, fstéo rfsphc`h`hs par fstèo`hrfsoheiaohcfs f iotfroheiaohcfs.

@fs`f fc høa :22> eagfozhgas fc pramrhgh Gierasalt Alef Upfeih-cist:, quf jèsiehgfotf eaosistf fo uo fxhgfo iotfroheiaohc vhci`h`apar Gierasalt y quf efrtieh ch eagpftfoeih `f cas fstu`ihotfs fo fcghofda `f chs nfrrhgifoths `f Alef. Fstf pramrhgh fs phrtf `f chprapufsth eurrieuchr `fc èrfh `f Iolargètieh `fc eacfmia y fo fc høa

 Chs PIE hc sfrvieia `f ch ehci`h` f`uehtivh

: nttp4//www.gierasalt.eag/cfhroiom/fo/us/efrtiehtiao/gje.hspx

Voh iostitueiõo

f`uehtivh fjf fsthr

 prfphrh`h h rfspao`fr

h cas rfqufrigifotas

`f iolrhfstrueturh

tfeoacõmieh quf irèo

 surmifo`a h gf`i`h

quf chs ioieihtivhs fo

fc usa `f chs PIE sf vho

eaosaci`ho`a eaga

 phrtf `f ch prapufsth

eurrieuchr.

Fc eacfmia tifof eaga

uoa `f sus ajdftivas

iostitueiaohcfs quf

chs eagpftfoeihs

tfeoacõmiehs, hc imuhc

quf fc camra `f cas

atras hprfo`izhdfs,fstéo rfsphc`h`hs par

fstèo`hrfs oheiaohcfs

f iotfroheiaohcfs.

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:< Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

:282 iomrfshgas hc oufva pramrhgh Gierasalt Efrtif` HppciehtiaoUpfeihcist, quf earrfspao`f h chs oufvhs nfrrhgifoths fo Alef. Fs-tas pramrhghs, h`fgès, pfrgitfo quf cas fstu`ihotfs `fshrraccfo hc

gisga tifgpa eaoaeigifotas f ch mfstiõo fgprfshrihc.

Fs igparthotf fsthehr thgjiéo quf fstf tipa `f pramrhghs rfquifrfuo sfmuigifota guena gès pfrsaohcizh`a. Huoquf cas fstu`ihotfspuf`fo ir h su prapia ritga y rfqufrir hyu`h fo `ilfrfotfs gagfo-tas, fxistf uo oivfc f camra fo cas hprfo`izhdfs quf fjf fsthr mhrho-tizh`a eaga aeurrf eh`h vfz quf oas sagftfgas h uo fstèo`hr, sa-jrfta`a fxtfroa. Fs hquç `ao`f ch tfeoacamçh oas `ia uo mrho hpaya,pufs cas fstu`ihotfs tifofo heefsa hc Prhioiom ho` Pfstiom Uystfg.

Rrayfetas eachjarhtivasH ca chrma `f fstas høas, ch gfta`acamçh `f trhjhda par prayfetasiotfrèrfhs mfstiaoh`as par fc èrfh `f Iolargètieh nh `fgastrh`asfr uoh fstrhtfmih feifotf `f hprfo`izhdf. Cas fstu`ihotfs fchja-rho pra`uetas hpcieho`a sus nhjici`h`fs tfeoacõmiehs y, hc gisgatifgpa, praluo`izho cas eaotfoi`as `fshrracch`as fo chs `ivfrshsèrfhs eurrieuchrfs. Nfgas tfoi`a ch apartuoi`h` `f `fshrracchr pra-yfetas guy `ivfrsas eao chs `istioths èrfhs eurrieuchrfs, thcfs eagaEifoeihs4 –Gufstrh latamrèeh sajrf eaoeifoeih feacõmieh‗, –Eifotç-eas oathjcfs `fc simca ^^‗, –Uistfgh Uachr‗ (hoigheiõo fo Lchsn`f cas pchofths arjitho`a hcrf`f`ar `fc Uac); Eifoeihs Uaeihcfs4 –FcRfrô fxparth‗ (sitia wfj quf pragufvf ch hetivi`h` fxparth`arh `fcphçs), –Eucturhs pfruhohs hotimuhs‗ (ghphs eaoefptuhcfs erfh`asfo EghpPaacs y fxparth`as h RawfrRaiot); Uaeihc Utu`ifs4 –HoeifotZfcimiaos‗ (pèmioh wfj iolarghtivh); Eaguoieheiõo Iotfmrhc4 ]fj-Xufst sajrf ch cfeturh `f  F`ipa Zfy, hoigheiaofs sajrf chs lèjuchs`f Fsapa; Iomcés4 –Upart Uthrs‗ (pèmioh wfj eao Lirfwarks sajrf uo`fpartisth fstheh`a); fotrf atras.

Fvhcuheiaofs eao tfeoacamçh õptieh

H`fgès `f cas iostrugfotas eaovfoeiaohcfs phrh ch fvhcuheiõo,eaothgas eao uo sistfgh `f earrfeeiõo hutagètieh `f fxègfofssaparth`a par enhs õptiehs, quf pfrgitf h `aefotfs y fstu`ihotfstfofr uo ihmoastiea rèpi`a y sistfgètiea fc pramrfsa fo ftfrgioh-`hs ehphei`h`fs y nhjici`h`fs fotra f chs ivfrshs èrfhs eurrieuch-rfs. H`fgès `f chs ehcieheiaofs, fstf sistfgh alrfef h cas `aefotfsch pasijici`h` `f nhefr uo hoècisis fsth`çstiea sajrf fc rfo`igifota

 Huoquf cas fstu`ihotfs

 puf`fo ir h su prapia

ritga y rfqufrir

hyu`h fo `ilfrfotfs

gagfotas, fxistf uo

oivfc `f camra fo cas

hprfo`izhdfs quf fjf

fsthr mhrhotizh`a eaga

aeurrf eh`h vfz quf

oas sagftfgas h uo

fstèo`hr, sajrfta`a

fxtfroa.

Cas fstu`ihotfs fchjarho

 pra`uetas hpcieho`a

 sus nhjici`h`fs

tfeoacõmiehs y, hc gisga

tifgpa, praluo`izho

cas eaotfoi`as

`fshrracch`as fo

chs `ivfrshs èrfhs

eurrieuchrfs.

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:=

`f cas fstu`ihotfs y, hc gisga tifgpa, vhci`hr fc mrh`a `f flfetivi-`h` `f chs prufjhs, sifgprf eao girhs h gfdarhr cas praefsas `ffvhcuheiõo.

Liohcgfotf, h ca chrma `f fstf ehgioa `f ir nheifo`a gfdar usa `fch tfeoacamçh `fotra `fc praefsa f`uehtiva, puf`a `feir quf fc lhetarquf ghyar ioufoeih fdfref sajrf cas rfsucth`as `f euhcquifr pra-yfeta `f iotfmrheiõo `f chs PIE, fs fc lhetar nughoa. Cas cç`frfs `fch iostitueiõo f`uehtivh oa `fjfo acvi`hr cas simuifotfs prioeipias4ehpheitheiõo y largheiõo eaosthotfs, ioieihtivhs iostitueiaohcfs phrhch tagh `f eaoeifoeih hefreh `fc phpfc quf ch tfeoacamçh `fsfgpføhfo ch f`ueheiõo hetuhc, y sajrf ta`a uoh visiõo eagphrti`h sajrfch iotfoeiaohci`h` f`uehtivh quf sf juseh eao chs PIE. Phgpaea sfpuf`f acvi`hr fc fstèo`hr `f ehci`h` quf ch iostitueiõo sf tifof quf

prapaofr hcehozhr.

 Chs PIE hc sfrvieia `f ch ehci`h` f`uehtivh

 H`fgès `f chs

ehcieheiaofs, fstf sistfgh alrfef h cas

`aefotfs ch pasijici`h`

`f nhefr uo hoècisis

fsth`çstiea sajrf fc

rfo`igifota `f cas

fstu`ihotfs y, hc gisga

tifgpa, vhci`hr fc mrh`a

`f flfetivi`h` `f chs

 prufjhs.

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:> Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

Lcfxijicizheiõo `f ch tfeoacamçhfo fc Eacfmia Zaasfvfct^IGFOH G. OÔØFT @FC RZH@A JCAO@FP Y G. MHJZIFCH CFÕO ADF@H

Eaar`ioh`arh f Pfeoacamçh f Rrighrih y Eaar`ioh`arh f Pfeoacamçh`fc Eacfmia Iotfrgf`ia, Eacfmia Zaasfvfct

 Fc Eacfmia Zaasfvfct eufoth eao uo pramrhgh jhsthotf eao-

 saci`h`a y jifo `fshrracch`a `f tfeoacamçh f`uehtivh phrh sus hcugoas. Fstf pramrhgh fstè jhsh`a fo ch prfgish `f quf ta`a hcugoa `fjf fsthr prfphrh`a phrh sfr eagpftfotf y fxitasa fo fc simca ^^I4 `fjf sfr uo –eiu`h`hoa `imithc‗ fouo guo`a mcajhcizh`a.

@f heufr`a eao ch prapufsth `f ch –Hsaeiheiao par chs `fstrfzhs `fcsimca ^I‗ (Pnf Rhrtofrsnip lar :8st Efotury Ukiccs), cas hcugoas fjfohprfo`fr, h`fgès `f chs èrfhs `f hprfo`izhdf trh`ieiaohcfs, atrhs `fs-trfzhs quf cas hyu`hrèo h sfr gifgjras pra`uetivas `fc guo`a ga-`froa. Fsths ioecuyfo `fstrfzhs phrh fc hprfo`izhdf y ch iooavheiõo,

`fstrfzhs phrh fc usa `f ch iolargheiõo, guctigf`ih y tfeoacamçh; y`fstrfzhs phrh sfr fxitasa fo fc trhjhda y ch vi`h fo mfofrhc.

Chs iovfstimheiaofs fo tfeoacamçh f`uehtivh rfhcizh`hs par ch Hsaeih-eiõo Hgfriehoh `f Jijciatfehs ( Hgfrieho Cijrhry Hssaeihtiao) gfo-eiaoho quf4

• hprfo`fr `fstrfzhs `fotra `f uo eaotfxta fs gès flfetiva quf fchprfo`izhdf quf sf rfhcizh `f largh hisch`h;

• fc hprfo`izhdf ioquisitiva fs gès simoiehtiva phrh fc hcugoa;

• fc hprfo`izhdf fc hcugoa sf ioerfgfoth euho`a cas pralfsarfs `ftfeoacamçh y jijciatfeh eugpcfo uoh luoeiõo iotfmrhc `fotra `ffstf hprfo`izhdf.

Pfoifo`a fstas eaoefptas fo gfotf, oufstra pramrhgh `f tfeoaca-mçh fstè tathcgfotf iotfmrh`a hc eurrçeuca `fc shcõo `f echsf, eao- virtifo`a hc chjarhtaria `f eagputheiõo fo uoh fxtfosiõo `f fstf.Cas hcugoas visitho fc chjarhtaria `f tfeoacamçh euho`a fs rfcfvho-tf phrh fccas trhjhdhr fo chs eagputh`arhs, sfmôo cas pchofs `f su

Cas hcugoas `fjfo

hprfo`fr, h`fgès `f

chs èrfhs `f hprfo`izhdf

trh`ieiaohcfs, atrhs

`fstrfzhs quf cas

hyu`hrèo h sfr

gifgjras pra`uetivas`fc guo`a ga`froa.

Oufstra pramrhgh

`f tfeoacamçh fstètathcgfotf iotfmrh`a

hc eurrçeuca `fc shcõo

`f echsf, eaovirtifo`a

hc chjarhtaria `f

eagputheiõo fo uoh

fxtfosiõo f fstf.

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:9Lcfxijicizheiõo f ch tfeoacamçh fo fc Eacfmia Zaasfvfct

pralfsar(h) `f huch. Pfofgas uo narhria fxijcf quf pfrgitf h cashcugoas tfofr heefsa hc chjarhtaria euho`a gès ca ofefsitfo, sio chofefsi`h` `f sfmuir uo narhria da.

±Eõga luoeiaoh fstf narhria fxijcf1

Fo Rrighrih, chs pralfsarhs `f eagputheiõo sf rfôofo eao cas pra-lfsarfs `f eh`h mrh`a, eh`h 5 õ 0 sfghohs, phrh eaovfrshr sajrf chsuoi`h`fs `f trhjhda y cas ajdftivas quf cas hcugoas `fjfo eugpcir.Hsç, cas pralfsarfs `f huch rfsfrvho chs lfenhs y narhrias quf gès cfseaovifofo phrh quf sus hcugoas puf`ho eaotiouhr eao sus uoi`h`fs`f trhjhda fo fc chjarhtaria `f eagputheiõo.

Raea h paea, fc narhria `fc chjarhtaria sf vh ccfoho`a eao echsfs `f

Kio`frmhrtfo nhsth quiota mrh`a. Rhrh htfo`fr h gès `f <22 hcug-oas, eaothgas eao : chjarhtarias `f :6 eagputh`arhs eh`h uoa, yjhôcfs ra`hotfs eao :0 partèticfs quf vho h cas shcaofs. Cas hcugoasthgjiéo eufotho eao `as eagputh`arhs fo cas shcaofs, ca quf cfspfrgitf hvhozhr hcmuoas trhjhdas h`ieiaohcfs fo echsf.

Ufeuo`hrih fstè ivi`h fo as fseufchs4 Iotfrgf`ih y Ufeuo`hrih. Foch fseufch Iotfrgf`ih, eaothgas eao :<2 hcugoas fo sfxta, séptigay aethva mrh`as, quifofs eagphrtfo `as chjarhtarias `f :2 eagpu-th`arhs eh`h uoa y chjarhtarias gõvicfs eao 52 eagputh`arhs par-tèticfs quf vho h cas shcaofs. Fo ch fseufch Ufeuo`hrih, gès `f 562

hcugoas f oavfoa h `ua`éeiga mrh`as eagphrtfo trfs chjarhtarias`f :0 eagputh`arhs eh`h uoa. Fc eacfmia eufoth thgjiéo eao uohjijciatfeh quf, h`fgès `f cijras y pujcieheiaofs igprfshs, ioecuyfeagputh`arhs h ispasieiõo f cas hcugoas y pralfsarfs f ta`as casoivfcfs.

Pa`hs chs uoi`h`fs f trhjhda tifofo eaga prapõsita ch iovfstimheiõosfmui`h `f uoh rffxiõo par phrtf `f cas hcugoas, sfmôo ch casalçh`fc pramrhgh `f jheniccfrhta iotfroheiaohc quf `fshrracch fc EacfmiaZaasfvfct. Fsa simoieh quf hc ioieia f eh`h uoi`h` cas hcugoas (mf-ofrhcgfotf f cas mrh`as gès hctas) sf f`ieho h nhefr iovfstimheiõo

usho`a cijras y atrhs pujcieheiaofs, sitias fo Iotfroft prfvihgfotffvhcuh`as par cas pralfsarfs a hcugoas (`fpfo`ifo`a `f ch f`h` `fcas fstu`ihotfs), suseripeiaofs h jhsfs `f `htas vçh Iotfroft, fte.

Cas pramrhghs `f  saltwhrf quf uticizhgas sao `f –ohci`h` hjifr-th‗. Fs `feir, uticizhgas uo praefsh`ar `f tfxtas, nadhs `f eèceuca;pramrhghs `f prfsfotheiõo `f mrèeas a `f nistarifths. Fstf tipa`f pramrhghs pfrgitf hc hcugoa nhefr usa `f su erfhtivi`h` phrh

Rhrh htfo`fr h gès `f<22 hcugoas, eaothgas

eao : chjarhtarias `f :6

eagputh`arhs eh`h uoa,

 y jhôcfs ra`hotfs eao :0

 partèticfs quf vho h cas

 shcaofs.

Fc eacfmia eufoth

thgjiéo eao uoh

jijciatfeh quf,

h`fgès `f cijras y

 pujcieheiaofs igprfshs,

ioecuyf eagputh`arhs

h `ispasieiõo `f cas

hcugoas y pralfsarfs `f

ta`as cas oivfcfs.

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52 Ufrif4 Ch f`ueheiõo fc lutura

`fshrracchr trhjhdas sfmôo ch uoi`h`. Cas hcugoas hprfo`fo h ghof- dhr fc saltwhrf `fotra `fc eaotfxta `f su hsimoheiõo. Oa fs uo praef-sa hisch`a fo fc euhc fc ajdftiva prioeiphc sfh hprfo`fr fc usa `f uo

 saltwhrf fspfeçea.

Rar fdfgpca, tfrefr mrh-`a trhjhdh uoh uoi`h`sajrf ch eaosfrvheiõo `fchmuh. @urhotf ch rfuoiõo`f eachjarheiõo fotrf chspralfsarhs `f fsf mrh`ay chs `f eagputheiõo, sf`fei`f fc tipa `f prayfe-ta quf sf rfhcizhrè usho-

`a chs eagputh`arhs. Fofstf ehsa, uoh nistarif-th phrh pragaeiaohr fchnarra `f hmuh fo oufs-trh eaguoi`h` f`uehtivh.@fspués `f nhjfr rfhci-zh`a su iovfstimheiõo prf-cigiohr sajrf fc tfgh, cashcugoas, muih`as par supralfsarh `f huch y `feagputheiõo, eagifozhosu nistarifth4 høh`fo uotçtuca htrhetiva, chs latas, cas iècamas y su rffxiõo ohc. Fc prayfetafs uo éxita y ch nistarifth sf eacaeh fo `ilfrfotfs cumhrfs `fc eacfmiaphrh igphethr h ch ghyar ehoti`h` `f mfotf y erfhr eaoeifoeih `feaosfrvheiõo (vfr Limurh 8).

Fo Kio`frmhrtfo, par fdfgpca, hphrtf `f cas trhjhdas rfcheiaoh`aseao chs uoi`h`fs `f trhjhda, rfhcizhgas hetivi`h`fs phrh rflarzhr fchclhjfta y chs ghtfgètiehs eao cas hcugoas (vfr Limurhs : y 5). Pa`hhetivi`h` nh si`a pchofh`h prfvihgfotf eao fc fquipa `f pralfsarhs`f Kio`frmhrtfo, hsç hsfmurhgas quf ch hetivi`h` vh `f ch ghoa eaofc eurrçeuca fseachr y quf cas oiøas puf`fo nhefr eaofxiaofs fotrf sutrhjhda fo echsf y fc rfhcizh`a fo chs eagputh`arhs.

H`fgès `f cas pramrhghs yh gfoeiaoh`as, cas hcugoas `f Ufeuo-`hrih usho siguch`arfs virtuhcfs h trhvés `f Iotfroft phrh rflarzhrcas eaoefptas hprfo`i`as fo chs echsfs `f Eifoeihs y Ghtfgètiehs.Hsigisga, sf uticizho nfrrhgifoths hetuhcfs eaga enhts, jcams,

Cas hcugoas hprfo`fo

h ghofdhr fc saltwhrf 

`fotra `fc eaotfxta `f

 su hsimoheiõo. Oa fs uo

 praefsa hisch`a fo fc

euhc fc ajdftiva prioeiphc

 sfh hprfo`fr fc usa `f

uo saltwhrf fspfeçea.

Limurh 8. Nistarifth4 Eaosfrvheiõo`fc hmuh

Pa`h hetivi`h`

nh si`a pchofh`h

 prfvihgfotf eao fc

fquipa `f pralfsarhs`f Kio`frmhrtfo, hsç

hsfmurhgas quf ch

hetivi`h` vh `f ch ghoa

eao fc eurrçeuca fseachr.

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58Lcfxijicizheiõo f ch tfeoacamçh fo fc Eacfmia Zaasfvfct

laras, fte., phrh pragavfr ch eachjarheiõo fotrf cas hcugoas y fc

ghfstra. Pa`as cas pralfsarfs ghotifofo echsfs virtuhcfs eao sushcugoas, quifofs foeufotrho iolargheiõo prfcigiohr sajrf fc eursafo Iotfroft; sf mfofrho iseusiaofs, sf fotrfmho chs thrfhs, sf hpciehoprufjhs virtuhcfs y sf h`duotho uoh vhrif`h` `f rfeursas f`uehtivas`f rflfrfoeih.

Chs fvhcuheiaofs sf `ho sfmôo cas prayfetas `f eh`h uoi`h` `f trh-jhda. Eh`h hcugoa rfeijf chs phuths `f ca quf `fjfrè ioecuir uo pra-yfeta fxefcfotf, jufoa, rfmuchr a pajrf, gativèo`acas h ioecuir ta`ashqufccas fcfgfotas quf eaolargho uo trhjhda fxefcfotf. Hc rfeijirch fvhcuheiõo, oa nhy sarprfshs phrh cas hcugoas, pufs shjçho guy

echrhgfotf ca quf sf fspfrhjh `f fccas.

Hc tfofr uo narhria fxijcf phrh chs echsfs `f Eagputheiõo y pa`frpchofhr chs hetivi`h`fs eao cas fquipas f pralfsarfs par mrh`as, oashsfmurhgas `f quf ta`as cas oiøas fstéo `fshrraccho`a chs gisghs`fstrfzhs `f tfeoacamçh. Ufmuigas uo pcho `f fstu`ias `f tfeoacamçhjhsthotf eagpcfta quf fstè pramrhgh`a fs`f Kio`frmhrtfo nhsth fc`éeiga mrh`a fo Ufeuo`hrih. Fstf pcho sf rfvish y rflargh eh`h høa,`fji`a h ch vfcaei`h` eao quf sf `ho cas ehgjias fo ch tfeoacamçhnay fo `çh.

Nfgas ajtfoi`a rfsucth`as fxefcfotfs fo euhota h usa y ghofda f chtfeoacamçh eao oufstras hcugoas. Phc eaga ca rfshcth oufstrh Gisiõo,fo fc Eacfmia Zaasfvfct eaotrijuigas h quf cas hcugoas `fshrraccfouoh mrho phsiõo par su hprfo`izhdf, quf sf jhsh fo nhefr prfmuoths,io`hmhr, fxpcarhr cas `ilfrfotfs rfeursas `ispaoijcfs phrh foeaotrhrchs rfspufsths y sacueiaofs h sus ioquiftu`fs f`uehtivhs.

Limurh :. Uaoi`a ioieihc Limurh 5. Eaotho`a

Pa`as cas pralfsarfs

ghotifofo echsfs

virtuhcfs eao sus

hcugoas, quifofs

foeufotrho iolargheiõo

 prfcigiohr sajrf fc eursa

fo Iotfroft.

Ufmuigas uo pcho `f

fstu`ias f tfeoacamçh

jhsthotf eagpcfta quf

fstè pramrhgh`a fs`f

Kio`frmhrtfo nhsth

fc `éeiga mrh`a fo

Ufeuo`hrih.

Chs PIE io`` 58Chs PIE.io`` 58 6/6/82 <4224:> 6/6/82 <4224:>

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