endocrine presentation

7/31/2019 Endocrine Presentation

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The

EndocrineSystem


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The Nervous and Endocrine Systems |

The pituitary gland (often called the master gland) is located in a smalcavity at the base of the brain. A stalk links the pituitary to the hypothawhich controls release of pituitary hormones. The pituitary gland has twthe anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior pituitary is glandular.The endocrine system in females and males. .
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Hormones |

The endocrine system is a collection of glands that

secrete chemical messages we call hormones. These

signals are passed through the blood to arrive at a target

organ, which has cells possessing the appropriate

receptor. Exocrine glands (not part of the endocrine

system) secrete products that are passed outside the

body. Sweat glands, salivary glands, and digestive glandsare examples of exocrine glands
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But What is the

role of

hormones ?


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The roles of

hormones isselecting target

cells and

delivering the

hormonal

message.


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And also Hormones

are grouped intothree classes basedon their structure:

steroidspeptidesamines


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Steroids???


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Steroids

Steroids are lipids derived fromcholesterol. Testosterone is the

male sex hormone. Estradiol,

similar in structure to

testosterone, is responsible formany female sex

characteristics. Steroid

hormones are secreted by

the gonads, adrenal cortex,

and placenta.
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But how

about

Peptides ??

Amines ??


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Peptides and Amines

Peptides are short chains

of amino acids; mosthormones are peptides. They

are secreted by the pituitary,

parathyroid, heart, stomach,

liver, and kidneys. Amines arederived from the amino acid

tyrosine and are secreted

from the thyroid and the

adrenal medulla. Solubility ofthe various hormone classes
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Synthesis, Storage, and Secretion

Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol by a

biochemical reaction series. Defects along this series often

lead to hormonal imbalances with serious consequences.Once synthesized, steroid hormones pass into the

bloodstream; they are not stored by cells, and the rate of

synthesis controls them.

Peptide hormones are synthesized as precursor moleculeand processed by the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi wh

they are stored in secretory granules. When needed, the

granules are dumped into the bloodstream. Different

hormones can often be made from the same precursor

molecule by cleaving it with a different enzyme.Amine hormones (notably epinephrine) are stored as
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Most animals with well-developed nervous and circulatory

systems have an endocrine system. Most of the similaritie

among the endocrine systems of crustaceans, arthropods,

and vertebrates are examples ofconvergent evolution. Thvertebrate endocrine system consists of glands (pituitary,

thyroid, adrenal), and diffuse cell groups scattered

in epithelial tissues.

More than fifty different hormones are secreted. Endocrineglands arise during development for all three embryologic

tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). The type

endocrine product is determined by which tissue layer a

gland originated in. Glands of ectodermal and endoderma

origin produce peptide and amine hormones; mesodermalorigin glands secrete hormones based on lipids.
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Endocrine Systems and Feedback Cycles |

The endocrine system uses cycles and negativefeedbackto regulate physiological functions.Negative feedback regulates the secretion of almost

every hormone. Cycles of secretion maintainphysiological and homeostatic control. These cyclescan range from hours to months in duration.

Negative

feedback thethyroxine

releasereflex.
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The Adrenal Glands


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The Adrenal Glands

Each kidney has an adrenal gland located above it. The adrenal gland is divided into an

innermedulla and an outercortex. The medulla synthesizes amine hormones, the cortex

steroid hormones. The adrenal medulla consists of modified neurons that secrete two

hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine. Stimulation of the cortex by the sympathetic

system causes release of hormones into the blood to initiate the "fight or flight" response

adrenal cortex produces several steroid hormones in threeclasses:mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones. Mineralocorticoids maint

electrolyte balance. Glucocorticoids produce a long-term, slow response to stress by rais

glucose levels through the breakdown of fats and proteins; they also suppress the immu

response and inhibit the inflammatory response.
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endocrine presentation

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