caracterización metálica de un bronce

7/21/2019 caracterización metálica de un bronce

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LABORATORIO DE METALOGRAFIA

Informe final

IDENTIFICACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACION DE MATERIALES METÁLICOS

CARLOS AUGUSTO ARIZA SANTAMARÍA

C!i"o# $%&$'%%

Gr()o# *'

+re,en-a!o a# DOCTORA ANA EMILSE COY

UNI.ERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍAS FISICO/UÍMICAS

ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA METAL0RGICA Y CIENCIA DE LOS MATERIALES

BUCARAMANGA

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La1ora-orio !e me-alo"raf2a



%3 INTRODUCCION

De,!e ,(, ini4io, el ,er 5(mano 5a (-ili6a!o me-ale, 7 ma-eriale, )ara fa4ili-ar el!iario 8i8ir9 "ra4ia, a la, 5erramien-a, :(e ,e fa1ri4an 4on ;,-o,3 En lo, <l-imo,a=o, la 5(mani!a! 5a 8eni!o mo,-ran!o (n 4re4ien-e in-er;, )or 4ono4er a fon!ola e,-r(4-(ra in-erna !e lo, ma-eriale, 7 a,2 )o!er me>orar la, )ro)ie!a!e, !ea4(er!o al (,o :(e ,e le, 8a7a a !ar3 La ma7or2a !e e,-(!io, ,e 5an enfo4a!o a4ono4er la e,-r(4-(ra in-erna !e lo, me-ale,9 7a :(e ;,-o, al ,er alea!o, me>oran,(, )ro)ie!a!e, 7 )(e!en reem)la6ar ma-eriale, 4omo 4er?mi4o, o )ol2mero,

lo"ran!o 4ara4-er2,-i4a, ,imilare, o in4l(,o ,()eriore,3De1i!o a la ne4e,i!a! !e 4ono4er la e,-r(4-(ra 7 4ara4-er2,-i4a, !e lo, me-ale,na4e la me-alo"raf2a9 la 4(al ,ir8e 4omo (na 5erramien-a al in"eniero me-al<r"i4o)ara 4ono4er a fon!o -o!a, la, 4ara4-er2,-i4a, !e lo, me-ale, 7@o alea4ione,9in4l(7en!o !e,!e lo m?, 1?,i4o 4omo e, la mi4roe,-r(4-(ra 5a,-a in4l(,o 4ono4erlo, )o,i1le, -ra-amien-o, -;rmi4o, :(e le f(eron a)li4a!o, a la )ie6a3 A!em?, ,e)(e!en e,-(!iar )o,i1le, e,-ra-e"ia, )ara me>orar )ro)ie!a!e, !e a4(er!o a lo,re:(erimien-o, !e la, )ie6a,3

Al 5a4er (n 1(en e,-(!io me-alo"r?fi4o ,e )(e!e 4ono4er (na am)lia informa4in9

e,-an!o en 4a)a4i!a! !e i!en-ifi4ar -ama=o !e "rano9 forma9 !i,-ri1(4in !e la,!iferen-e, fa,e,9 )or4en-a>e, !e lo, elemen-o, alea!o,9 a,2 4omo la )re,en4ia !ein4l(,ione, no me-?li4a,9 ,e"re"a4ione, 7 o-ra, 5e-ero"enei!a!e, :(e )(e!enmo!ifi4ar la, )ro)ie!a!e, me4?ni4a, !e la alea4in3

El )re,en-e -ra1a>o ,e )re,en-a )ara !emo,-rar :(e a )ar-ir !e (n 1(en an?li,i,me-alo"r?fi4o ,e )(e!en !e-erminar la, !i,-in-a, 4ara4-er2,-i4a, :(e )o,ee (naalea4in en )ar-i4(lar3 Lo an-erior ,e 5a4e ,i"(ien!o lo, )ar?me-ro, e,-a1le4i!o,)or la, norma, ASTM




$3 OB*ETI.OS

$3% General

• O1-ener informa4in !e-alla!a a4er4a !e la mi4roe,-r(4-(ra !e alea4ione,

ferro,a, 7 no ferro,a,9 )ara )o,-eriormen-e !e-erminar )ro)ie!a!e, -an-of2,i4a, 4omo :(2mi4a, (-ili6an!o la norma ASTM3

$3$ Específicos

• A)li4ar la, norma, ASTM :(e ,e re:(ieran )ara el an?li,i, me-alo"r?fi4o !e

la m(e,-ra9 -enien!o en 4(en-a -o!o, lo, )ar?me-ro, !i,)(e,-o, en !i45a,norma,

• De-erminar la !(re6a )rome!io !e la m(e,-ra )or me!io !el !(rme-ro )ara

(na e,4ala Ro4ell B3

• I!en-ifi4ar )or me!io !e ,( mi4roe,-r(4-(ra )ro)ie!a!e, -an-o f2,i4a, 4omo

:(2mi4a, !e la m(e,-ra3




'3 MARCO TEÓRICO

ALEACIÓN COBRE ESTAO COBRE $ESTAO %

Fi"(ra %# Dia"rama C(Sn ,e re,al-a la 4om)o,i4in !e la alea4in 4on la 4(al ,e -ra1a>

La, alea4ione, !e 4o1re 4on e,-a=o ,e !enominan H1ron4e, 7 ,on 4ono4i!a,

!e,!e la an-i"Je!a!3 El )or4en-a>e !e e,-a=o en e,-a, alea4ione, e,-?4om)ren!i!o en-re el $ 7 el $& K3 Con-eni!o, !e e,-a=o m?, ele8a!o,9 !el or!en!e $& a $K9 ,e en4(en-ran <ni4amen-e en 1ron4e, e,)e4iale,9 -ale, 4omo lo, !e4am)ana,3 Lo, 1ron4e, ,on !e 4olor amarillen-o 7 la, )ie6a, f(n!i!a, -ienenma7or re,i,-en4ia a la -ra44in 7 !(re6a :(e la, !e la-n )ero ,on m?, !if24ile, !eme4ani6ar 7 m?, 4ara,3 +ara a(men-ar la fl(i!e6 !e e,-a, alea4ione, ,e a"re"a




(na )e:(e=a 4an-i!a! !e 6in4 7 )ara me>orar ,( ma:(ina1ili!a! ,e a=a!e

"eneralmen-e (n )or4en-a>e re!(4i!o !e )lomo3

El 1ron4e C(Sn -am1i;n re4i1e el nom1re !e 1ron4e fo,foro,o9 7a :(e 4on-ienef,foro 4omo !e,oi!an-e en )ro)or4ione, 8aria1le, en-re &3&% 7 &3K3 A PC,e forma la fa,e Q 4omo re,(l-a!o !e la rea44in )eri-;4-i4a3 A PC la fa,e Q ,e!e,4om)one ,e"<n la rea44in e(-e4-oi!e9 forman!o la, fa,e, 7 3 A %PC laϒ

fa,e "ama -am1i;n ,e -ran,forma !e a4(er!o 4on la rea44in e(-e4-oi!e en 7δ

3Normalmen-e ,e re:(iere m(45o -iem)o )ara o1-ener la fa,e 9 )or lo 4(al en la,alea4ione, 4omer4iale, no ei,-e !i45a fa,e3 A -em)era-(ra, inferiore, a PC la

)en!ien-e !e la l2nea !e ,ol(1ili!a! !e ,li!o, in!i4a (na !i,min(4in 4on,i!era1le!e la ,ol(1ili!a! !el e,-a=o en la fa,e 3

La )re4i)i-a4in !e la fa,e !el-a o ;),ilon9 ,e lle8a a 4a1o m(7 len-amen-e3 La,f(n!i4ione, !e 4o1re or!inario enfria!a, len-amen-e9 4(7o 4on-eni!o !e e,-a=o e,inferior al K e,-?n 4on,-i-(i!a, )or (na ,ola fa,e3 +or el 4on-rario en la ma7or2a!e la, f(n!i4ione, 4on (n 4on-eni!o !e e,-a=o ,()erior al K a)are4en $ fa,e,3

Lo, 1ron4e, fo,foro,o, ,e 4ara4-eri6an )or -ener re,i,-en4ia me4?ni4a 7 -ena4i!a!ele8a!a,9 "ran re,i,-en4ia a la 4orro,in9 1a>o 4oefi4ien-e !e ro6amien-o 7a(,en4ia !e a)ari4in !e "rie-a, )or -iem)o3




3 +ROCEDIMIENTO E+ERIMENTAL

El )ro4e!imien-o e)erimen-al 4on,- !e ' e-a)a,#

• +re)ara4in !e la m(e,-ra• An?li,i, an-e, !el a-a:(e• An?li,i, !e,)(;, !el a-a:(e

3% Preparación de la muestra norma ASTM E'%%

Cor-e 7 mon-a>e# ,e ,ele44ion la m(e,-ra a anali6ar 8arilla !e 1ron4e9 7 ,e

)ro4e!i a 5a4er el 4or-e !e a4(er!o a ,( "eome-r2a 7 al -i)o !e alea4in9,e"<n la norma ASTM3 De,)(;, !e reali6a!o el 4or-e9 ,e 5i6o el mon-a>e !ela m(e,-ra en re,ina )olim;ri4a3

De,1a,-e# el !e,1a,-e !e la m(e,-ra ,e 5i6o 4on (n ,erie !e li>a,

em)e6an!o )or la %&9 )a,an!o )or la $&9 '$&9 &&9 5a,-a :(e ,e lle" a lali>a V&& la 4(al e, la m?, fina 7 la :(e elimina m?, efi4ien-emen-e lo,

!efe4-o, ,()erfi4iale,3 D(ran-e el !e,1a,-e al )a,ar !e (na li>a a o-ra ,e "irla )ro1e-a &P )ara 1orrar )or 4om)le-o la, mar4a, :(e la an-erior )(!iera5a1er !e>a!o3 De,)(;, !e reali6a!o el !e,1a,-e ,e la8 la m(e,-ra 4ona1(n!an-e a"(a9 e,-o 4on el fin !e e8i-ar :(e )ar-24(la, )ro!(4-o !el)ro4e,o !e !e,1a,-e )a,aran a lo, )a=o,3

+(li!o# ,e reali6 (n )(li!o man(al 4on )a=o,3 Don!e ,e eliminaron mar4a,o im)erfe44ione, !e>a!a, )or la, li>a, en el )ro4e,o !e !e,1a,-e9 lo, 4(ale,)o!r2an !ifi4(l-ar el an?li,i, !e la m(e,-ra3

3$ Análisis antes del ataque

,e la8 la m(e,-ra 4on a1(n!an-e a"(a 7 l(e"o ,e ,e49 e,-o 4on el fin !e

a,e"(rar :(e la m(e,-ra e,-a1a li1re !e 4(al:(ier ,(4ie!a! :(e )(!ierarea44ionar 4on el a-a:(e :(2mi4o 7 !a=arla

+re)ara4in !el a-a:(e# ,e ,i"(ieron lo, )ar?me-ro, e,-i)(la!o, )or la

norma ASTM E&W la m(e,-ra ,e ,(mer"i en (na ,ol(4in !e 4lor(ro




f;rri4o 4on a"(a "r !e 4lor(ro f;rri4o 4on %&& ml !e a"(a !(ran-e &

,e"(n!o,3

3' Análisis después del ataque

Re8ela4in !e la mi4roe,-r(4-(ra# ,e i!en-ifi4aron lo, )or4en-a>e,

a)roima!o, !e 4o1re 7 e,-a=o9 la, fa,e, )re,en-e, en la alea4in 7 ,(morfolo"2a3

Toma !e !(re6a ASTM E%&E%# la m(e,-ra f(e lle8a!a al !(rme-ro

!on!e ,e le a)li4 la e,4ala !e !(re6a Ro4ell B3 Si"(ien!o la -a1la !e4on8er,ione, !e !(re6a ,e )ro4e!i a 5allar ;,-a en la, o-ra, e,4ala,

Brinell9 Ro4ell A9 e-43

3 ANÁLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS OBTENIDOS

Fi"(ra $# alea4in C(Sn -oma!a )or mi4ro,4o)2a )-i4a !e &&




Se"<n el !ia"rama C(Sn fi"(ra %9 la 4om)o,i4in !e la alea4in an-erior e,

a)roima!amen-e %K !e e,-a=o9 !on!e ,e !a la ,oli!ifi4a4in !e (na alea4in)eri-;4-i4a3

La fi"(ra $ m(e,-ra la mi4roe,-r(4-(ra re,(l-an-e !e la alea4in )eri-;4-i4a9 all2 ,ea)re4ian $ fa,e,9 7 Q9 !on!e la fa,e -iene (na ma7or )ro)or4in3 Se )(e!e!e4ir :(e e,-a )ie6a f(e o1-eni!a )or 4ola!a 7 :(e ,e le a)li4 (n enfriamien-or?)i!o 7a :(e a -em)era-(ra am1ien-e ,e )(e!en 8er 4laramen-e !i45a, fa,e, 7Q9 la, 4(ale, e,-?n )re,en-e, en ran"o, !e -em)era-(ra en-re a PC3

En 4(an-o a la -oma !e !(re6a9 ,e (-ili6 (n in!en-a!or !e 1ola !e a4ero !e %@%V

!e )(l"a!a !e !i?me-ro 7 (na 4ar"a !e %&& "9 en el 4(al ,e 5i6o (n me!i4in enla e,4ala Ro4ell B3 ,e -omaron ' !a-o, !e !(re6a9 ,e )rome!iaron !i45o, !a-o,9lo, 4(ale, !ieron (n 8alor !e $3$' XRB9 al 5a4er 4on8er,ione, )ara o-ra, e,4ala,!e !(re6a ,e o1-(8o (na !(re6a !e %$& )ara e,4ala Brinell 1ola !e 4ar1(ro %&mm !e !i?me-ro 7 %% )ara Brinell 1ola !e a4ero %& mm !e !i?me-ro9 en-reo-ra,3 Con !i45o, re,(l-a!o, ,e 4om)r(e1a :(e la !(re6a )ara la alea4in -ra-a!ae, mo!era!amen-e al-a3




V3 CONCLUSIONES

• De,)(;, !e reali6ar lo, en,a7o, !e !(re6a ,e )(e!e !e4ir :(e la alea4in

-ra-a!a )o,ee (na !(re6a al-a $3$' XRB3 Y e,-o e, !e e,)erar 7a :(e lam(e,-ra -iene (n -ama=o !e "rano )e:(e=o 7 a!em?, f(e -oma!a !e (na8arilla :(e normalmen-e e, (,a!a 4omo )olo a -ierra en la, in,-ala4ione,el;4-ri4a, la, 4(ale, !e1en -ener (na !(re6a rela-i8amen-e al-a3

•

la e,-r(4-(ra en forma !e !en!ri-a, :(e )re,en-a -an-o la fa,e alfa 4omo lafa,e 1e-a in!i4an :(e la alea4in ,e o1-(8o )or (n )ro4e,o !e 4ola!a A!em?, ,e )(e!e !e4ir :(e ,e a)li4 (n enfriamien-o r?)i!o9 7a :(e la,!o, fa,e, :(e ,olo e,-?n )re,en-e, en ran"o, !e -em)era-(ra, en-re a PC9 ,e )(e!en 8er a -em)era-(ra am1ien-e3

• +or me!io !e la in-er)re-a4in a!e4(a!a !e la, norma, ASTM 7 la

(-ili6a4in i!nea !e lo, e:(i)o, !el la1ora-orio9 ,e lo"r efe4-(ar (nan?li,i, )-imo !e la m(e,-ra )ara a,2 )o!er e)li4ar lo, !iferen-e, 4am1io,:(e la )ie6a 5a ,(fri!o o )(e!a ,(frir en (n f(-(ro9 7a :(e !e e,-o

!e)en!en m(45a, !e4i,ione, :(e ,e )(e!en -omar a ni8el in!(,-rial




3 BIBLIOGRAFÍA

• CENTRO ES+AOL DE INFORMACIÓN DEL COBRE Ma!ri! $& 4a)i-?n

Xa7a9 '

• CARDONA GRANADOS AFRANIO9 )ro)ie!a!e, 7 a)li4a4ione, !e la,

alea4ione, !e 4o1re3 B(4araman"a3 UIS3

• 5--)#@@3f(n!i4ion4o1re1ron4e34om@1ron4e,35-ml


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caracterización metálica de un bronce

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