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Guide to the APA Style

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Malek Abdul Karim

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Whats Included in APA Style?

Basically everything in your paper:

How your pages are set up

How you cite sources

Your references

Even your language

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Where to learn APA style?

Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association (6th edition)

Various websites:

Landmark Citation Machine

APA Style Tutorial

http://citationmachine.net/http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspxhttp://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspxhttp://citationmachine.net/

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The Reference Page

A list of every source that you make referenceto in your paper.

Provides the information necessary for a

reader to locate and retrieve any sources citedin your paper.

Each retrievable source cited in the paper

must appear on the reference page, and viceversa.

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The Reference Page (Cont.)

Most citations should contain the following

basic information:

Authors name

Publication Date

Title of work

Publication information

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AbbreviationsAbbreviation Book or publication part

ed. Edition

Rev. ed. Revised edition

2nd ed. Second edition

Ed. (Eds.) Editors (Editors)

Trans. Translator(s)

n.d. no date

p. (pp.) page (pages)

Vol. Volume (as in Vols. 1-4)

No. NumberPt. Part

Tech. Rep. Technical Report

Suppl. Supplement

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Single-authored book

Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of

persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

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Electronic version of print book

Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study

of computer dependency[DX Reader version].

Retrieved from http://www.Ebookstore.tandf

./co.uk/html/index.asp

Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress

disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery,and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version].

doi:10.1036 /0071393722

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Electronic book

Okeefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in

Western values. Retrieved from http://www

. onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp

?itemID=135

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Reissued book

Newcomb, H. (Ed.). (1995). Television: Thecritical view(5th ed.). New York: OxfordUniversity Press.

*Note: Capitals in the title of the book are restricted tothe first letter of the first word of the title, the firstletter of any proper names, and the first letter of the

first word after a semicolon, period, or questionmark.

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Dual-authored book

Baran, S. J., & Davis, D. K. (1995). Masscommunication theory: Foundations, fermentand future. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

*Note: when listing authors, use an ampersand(&) in the reference list, not and.

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Essay or chapter in an edited book

Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and

entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.),

Message effects in communication science

(pp. 231-262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

*Note: You must include the page numbers if

youre just referencing one part of a book.

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Journal article with DOI

Senior, B., & Swailes, S. (2007). Inside

management teams: Developing a teamwork

survey instrument. British Journal of

Management, 18, 138-153.doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00507.x

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Journal article without DOI

Light, M. A. & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic

expansion of Mexican immigration in the

United States and its implications for local

law enforcement. Law Enforcement ExecutiveForum Journal, 8(10), 73-82.

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Journal article: One author

Williams, J. H. (2008). Employee engagement:

Improving participation in safety. Professional

Safety, 53(12), 40-45.

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Journal article: Two to seven authors

[List all authors]

Keller, T. E., Cusick, G. R., & Courtney, M. E.

(2007). Approaching the transition to

adulthood: Distinctive profiles of adolescents

aging out of the child welfare system. Social

Services Review, 81, 453-484.

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Journal article: Eight or more authors

[List the first six authors, and the last

author]

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-

Y., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,...Griffin, W. A.

(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-

based mother and mother-child programs for

children of divorce.Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 68, 843-856.

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Unpublished convention paper

Thomas, S., & Gitlin, T. (1993, May). Who saystheres a dominant ideology and whathappens if that concept is falsified?Paper

presented at the annual meeting of theInternational Communication Association,Washington, DC.

Note: Conference papers are less highly regarded thanpublished works

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Internet articles based on a print source

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role

of reference elements in the selection of

resources by psychology undergraduates.

[Electronic version].Journal of BibliographicResearch, 5, 117-123.

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Article in an internet-only journal

Koo, D. J., Chitwoode, D. D., & Sanchez, J. (2008).

Violent victimization and the routine

activities/lifestyle of active drug users.

Journal of Drug Issues, 38, 1105-1137.Retrieved from http://www2.criminology

.fsu.edu/~jdi/

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Online Report with No Author Identified

and No Date

GVU's 10th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved

from http://www.cc.gatech.edu

/user_surveys/survey-1998-10/

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Website

To cite an entire Web site (but not a specific

document within the site), it is sufficient to

give the URL of the site in the text. No entry in

the reference list is needed. Example:

Kidpsych is an excellent website for young

children (http://www.kidpsych.org).

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Newspaper

Newspaper article

Rosli Mohammed. (1998, October 27). Masterteachers: Are we prepared? The Star, p. N7.

Article with no known authorCigarette sales fall 30% as tax rises. (1999, September

14). The New Straits Times, p. A17.

Online newspaper article

Rosli Mohammed. (1998, October 27). Masterteachers: Are we prepared? The Star. Retrieved fromhttp://www.thestar.com.my

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Citation: When do you cite your

sources in your paper?

When quoting any words that are not your own Quoting means to repeat another source word for word,

using quotation marks

When summarizing facts and ideas from a source

Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage ofanother source and condense them, using your own words

When paraphrasing a source Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source

but change the phrasing into your own words

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Paraphrasing

Scott (2002) identified

Several researchers (Anthony, 1990; Gregory &Jacobs, 1985; Polk et al., 1980) reported

Or at the end of a sentenceIt was argued that . (Scott, 2002).

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Citing while paraphrasing

List the last names of all authors the first time

you cite them, unless there are more than 5.

If there are more than five (5), or you are

citing the paper of three (3) or more authors

for a second or more time, list last name of

first author, followed by et al., and the date.

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Examples

Scott and Williamson

(1990) reported that

(FIRST TIME and

EVERY TIME)

6 or more authors,

use et al., first time

and every time.

Scott, Williamson,

and Schaffer (1990)

reported that

(FIRST TIME)

Scott et al. (1990)

reported that

(EVERY TIME

AFTER)

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Citation: No Known Author

If the source has no known author, then use

an abbreviated version of the title:

Full Title: Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers

Citation: (Cigarette Tax, 2006)

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Citation: Additional Info.

Sometimes additional information is necessary.

More than one author with the same last name

(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)

Specific part of a source

(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

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Citing while quoting

Authors last name, publication year, and page

number(s) of quote must appear in the text

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently

entails a delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance ofhallucinations and other intrusive phenomena (p. 11).

A traumatic response frequently entails a delayed,

uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and

other intrusive phenomena (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).

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Quotations: Electronic Sources

Many electronic sources do not include pagenumbers. If paragraph numbers are given, usethem in place of page numbers, preceded by

the symbol or the abbreviation para. Example:

According to the Ministry of Health, health careworkers at all levels of education and training will

continue to be in demand (2005, 52).

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Long Quotations

Quotations of 40 or more words are formatted

differently:

Start on a new line

Block Indent the full quote 5 spaces from left

margin

Omit quotation marks

Double-space

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Long Quotations (Cont.)

According to Merrell, Viadero & Mosser (2006):

No matter how the jobs and their settings change, though, one thing

remains the same: each member of the school improvement team

brings a unique combination of skills, knowledge, and experience as

the group works together for a common goal--to improve the quality

of education. (p. 3)

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Personal Communication

Personal communications include:

Letters

Memos

E-mails

Personal Interviews

Telephone Conversations

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Personal Communication (Cont.)

Cite onlywithin the text. They are not included on the

references page.

Example:(J. D. Smith, personal communication, May 1,2006).J. D. Smith (personal communication, May 1,2006).

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Citing secondary sources

When citing in the text a work discussed in a

secondary source, give both the primary and

the secondary sources. Example:

Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in

an article by Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller.

Seidenberg and McClellands study (as cited

in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)

provided a glimpse into the world .

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Citing secondary sources (Cont.)

In the references page, you would cite the

secondary source you read not the original

study.

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M.

(1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual-route

and parallel-distributedprocessing

approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

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Table Format

Table 1

Frequency distribution of respondents by gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 171 48.2

Female 184 51.8

Total 355 100

Minimum type size: 8 point

Maximum type size: 14 point

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Thank You