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Annual report project Developing value-chain linkages to improve smallholder

cassava production systems in Vietnam and Indonesia

project number AGB/2012/078

period of report January 2016 – June 2017

prepared by Dominic Smith, Jonathan Newby, Rob Cramb

co-authors/ contributors/ collaborators

Nguyen Van Nam, Phạm Thị Sến,Wani Hadi Utomo, Cu Thi Le Thuy, Nozomi Kawarazuka, Tin Maung Aye

Section Heading Number of pages

1 Progress summary (published on the ACIAR website) Max. 750 words 2 Achievement against activities and outputs/milestones Max. 5 pages 3 Project Outcomes and Impacts Max. 4 pages

4 Training activities Max. 1 page 5 Intellectual property Max. ½ page

6 Amendments to personnel and project activities Max. 1 page 7 Problems and opportunities Max. ½ page 8 Evaluative Learning Max. 1 page 9 Budget Max. ½ page

1 Progress summary The overall aim of this project “Developing value-chain linkages to improve smallholder cassava production systems in Vietnam and Indonesia” is to increase the profitability and sustainability of smallholder cassava production in Vietnam and Indonesia by developing effective linkages between value-chain actors to increase the adoption of improved technologies. To achieve this, the project seeks to: (1) assess opportunities and constraints for smallholder production and marketing of cassava in different agro-economic settings, especially access to extension services; (2) increase the adoption of improved cassava production and processing technologies by strengthening linkages between primary value-chain actors (farmers, traders, processors) and with support actors (researchers, government agencies); (3) develop policy recommendations and facilitate a dialogue on the opportunities for the development of the cassava industry and improvement in rural livelihoods through improved agribusiness arrangements.

The project officially began on 1st January 2016, but delays in project sign-off in Indonesia meant that activities could not start in earnest until July 2016. Inception meetings were held in Indonesia in August 2016 and in Vietnam in September 2016. However, partners were able to pre-finance several activities to minimise slippage in the timeline.

Project activities from July 2016 to June 2017 have covered all three objectives, but with a greater concentration on progressing Objective 1: Assess opportunities and constraints for smallholder production and marketing of cassava within different value chains and Objective 2: Increase the adoption of improved and sustainable cassava technologies by strengthening linkages between primary value-chain actors (farmers, traders, processors) and with support actors (researchers, government agencies).

The regional cassava market has continued to experience significant price declines with a major driver being the reductions in maize price supports in China in March 2016. During 2016 root prices fell significantly in Vietnam and Indonesia. Despite the correction in prices, export of starch from Vietnam remain at all-time high levels reflecting the growing demand. Alternatively, the demand for cassava chips has fallen significantly as China deals with huge maize stocks. In 2016 Indonesia remained the second largest importer of cassava starch, mainly sourced from Thailand with a smaller amount imported from Vietnam (see Appendix 1 for more details).

Local value chain training and assessments were carried out in Son La and Dak Lak in Vietnam. In Indonesia, value chain training was undertaken in Malang and value chain assessments were carried out in Sikka Regency (NTT) and in North Sumatra.

Baseline household surveys to determine current farm-household types, livelihood activities, production practices, market linkages, decision-making, and constraints to adoption of improved practices have been developed in conjunction with partners in Vietnam and Indonesia. Surveys have been translated into Vietnamese and Indonesian and loaded onto electronic tablets running the Commcare app. Training on the household survey and the use of electronic tablets for surveys was undertaken for the Vietnamese survey teams in Hanoi (for survey in Son La) and Dak Lak in April 2017. Pre-testing was also undertaken in both provinces at that time to build the practical experience of the survey teams and to identify any potential challenges with the electronic surveys. Household surveys commenced on June 16 in Dak Lak and June 17 in Son La. A total of 256 households will be surveyed in each province, based on a sample size of 32 households per village, 2 villages per commune, 2 communes per district and 2 districts per province.

Training on the household survey and the use of electronic tablets for surveys was undertaken for the Indonesian survey team in Malang in April 2017. Pre-testing was also undertaken close to Malang. Household surveys were completed in North Sumatra during May 2017, with a total of

140 surveys undertaken for the province. Household surveys for Sikka are expected to commence in early August.

Variety, fertiliser and intercrop trials have been planted in Son La and variety, fertilizer and density trials have been planted in Dak Lak. Variety, fertilizer, delayed harvest, and intercrop trials have been planted in Sikka and North Sumatra. The trials in Vietnam were planted in April-May 2017 and are expected to be harvested in February-March 2017. The trials in North Sumatra were planted in November 2016 – January 2017, with harvesting of intercrops expected in July 2017 and variety/fertilizer trials in late September – early October 2017. Trials in Sikka were planted in November 2016 and harvesting is expected in late September – early October 2017.

Relevant government research, extension, and policy institutions have been involved from the inception of the project. In Vietnam this has included non-project partners from VAAS, MOST, DARD, People’s Committee. The focus in the early stages has been at the Provincial level. In Indonesia the project has been engaged with the relevant BPTP and DINAS in the project locations. As project results begin to develop these will be presented to relevant stakeholders. The project is contributing to symposium in both countries in the second half of the year.

Private sector actors have been involved in training activities and participated in value chain assessments in all sites. The value chain assessments have shown that the private sector actors have strong incentives to collaborate with the project and are willing to provide in-kind support. However, the opportunities, threats, and sustainability of different levels of engagement require further analysis.

2 Achievement against activities and outputs/milestones The project has made significant progress in some areas that are documented here, although not yet fully reported.

Objective 1: Assess opportunities and constraints for smallholder production and marketing of cassava within different value chains

No. Activity Outputs/ milestones

Due date of output/ milestone

Applications of outputs

Comments

1.1 Review cassava production, use and trade, and main substitutes in production and final markets

Annual update on cassava production, trade and utilisation in target countries and the region

Annually Inform stakeholders of trends and changes in policies at the regional and global scale that will impact interventions targeted at the national and local scale

Database maintained. ACIAR blog/Facebook updates Presentations: -World Roots and Tuber congress (China) -Starch World (HCMC) -CIAT Cassava Retreat (Hanoi) -AGB Inception meeting (Malang, Sonla, Daklak) -AMC (Mandalay) -ASEM meetings (Vientiane, Phnom Penh)

1.2 Conduct training in value-chain methodologies, economic analysis and gender analysis

Training material developed for use within the region Training report

June 2016 Common methodologies and skills developed for project activities

Indonesia: Practical value chain training was conducted in Malang with key stakeholders to map key value chains in target provinces in Indonesia. Vietnam: Practical value chain training was conducted with stakeholders to map value chains in Son La and in Dak Lak.

1.3 Assess cassava value chains in each site, including primary and supporting actors and local policy environment, and where feasible conduct initial mapping of value chains of potential intercrops.

Map cassava VC including actors, processes, flows of information Geographical representation of production and information flow is different VC and production settings Report on gender norms within the value-chain in different sites

August 2016 Identify communes and villages to be involved in Activity 1.3 Identify key actors to be involved in training of improved practices and extension (2.1) Identify location for demonstrations in objective 2. Identify key stakeholders to be involved in objective 3.

Vietnam: Value Chain assessment including key informant interviews conducted in Son La and Dak Lak. Indonesia: Value Chain assessment including key informant interviews conducted in Sikka Regency and in North Sumatra.

1.4 Conduct farm surveys to find current production practices, market linkages, sources of information, risks, and constraints to adoption

Establish baseline for current practices, perceptions, aspirations and opportunities. Data to be gender disaggregated.

Jan 2017 Identify ‘demand’ for various technologies and constraints Set priorities

The first round of focus groups was conducted in conjunction with the value-chain assessments. Vietnam: Village focus groups conducted in 4 villages in 2 districts in each of Son La and Dak Lak Indonesia: Village focus groups conducted in four villages in Sikka Regency and three villages in Simalungun Regency North Sumatra. ------ Household surveys were completed in North Sumatra in May-June 2017, with a total of 140 surveys undertaken for the province Household surveys in Son La and Dak Lak commenced in June 2017

1.1 Review cassava production, use and trade, and main substitutes in production and final markets

The project has been monitoring developments in the global/regional cassava market and communicating the information to stakeholders. A database has been created to monitor price and trade flows utilising published data, online national databases, and industry contacts. The project is currently considering options to crowd source local price information and provide that information back to farmers and policy makers. Analysis was presented in a number of workshops, conferences, and blogs via social media. These include a keynote presentations at research and industry conferences such as the World Roots and Tuber Congress (2016) and StarchWorld (2017). Presentation were also made research and industry partners in Vietnam and Indonesia during the inception meetings and field visits. Given the importance of the Vietnam market to Laos and Cambodia the information collected in AGB has also been used to inform the ASEM project and contribute to the Agricultural Master Class series in Myanmar. The annual market update will be released in July-August.

In summary, the regional cassava market experience significant price declines driven largely by the reductions in maize price supports in China in March 2016. During 2016 root prices fell significantly in Vietnam and Indonesia. Root price delivered at starch factories (30% starch content) in Daklak fells from over 1800NVD/kg (80 USD/t) in 2015 to lows of 1350VND/kg (less than 60 USD/t). In Sonla price fell from around 1500VND to lows of 1300VND and recovers slightly by the end of the processing season to 1485VND/kg. In North Sumatra, price at Bumi Sari starch factory fell from around 1000IDR/kg ($75USD/t) in early 2016 and are currently around 575IDR/kg ($43 USD/t). In all sites, actual farm gate prices are less reflecting the logistic costs. Prices in Vietnam are also deflated based on starch content under the benchmark 30% level.

Despite the correction in prices, export of starch from Vietnam remain at all-time high levels, reflecting the growing global demand. Alternatively, the demand for cassava chips has fallen significantly as China seeks to deal with huge maize stocks. In 2016 Indonesia remained the second largest importer of cassava starch, mainly sourced from Thailand with a smaller amount imported from Vietnam. Freight and logistic remain a challenge to moving starch from production zones to deep processing sites in Java.

It is expected that cassava areas will decline in both countries in the 2017 growing season. In some areas of Vietnam this is part of a longer transition as labour cost increase and commodities such as coffee and cashews become more attractive. The household survey will reveal how deep this transition is occurring within communities, however focus groups and in-depth have indicated that poorest, particularly ethnic minorities, are less likely to have the capacity to make the required investment and will continue to depend on cassava. In North Sumatra, farmers were already considering alternative crops to cassava, again including a mix of tree crops (such as oil palm) and annuals like maize. The survey has revealed different ‘cassava shut down’ prices for farmers. While posing challenges for engagement with farmers, lifting productivity and diversification through intercropping offer potential solutions that ensure feed stock for industry and provide a livelihood for smallholder farmers.

1.2 Conduct training in value-chain methodologies, economic analysis and gender analysis Participants in the value chain training in Malang in August 2016 and in Son La and Dak Lak in September 2016 learned basic principles of value chain analysis and conducted a preliminary value chain mapping exercise. This formed the foundation for site selection of key production

and value chains for more detailed analysis in the field. In Indonesia an invitation was extended the agricultural economic staff of several non-project partner universities in Malang as the local university in Maumere. A key feature of the value-chain training was the involvement of government and private sector partners. This enable the collection of useful information and better planning for the field work. It also helped build the relationship between the research team and our government and private sector stakeholders. Another feature was the emphasis on gender and social inclusion. 1.3 Assess cassava value chains in each site Staff from partner organizations in Indonesia conducted value chain analyses in Sikka Regency (NTT) in August 2016 and in North Sumatra in October 2016. Value chain analysis in Son La was undertaken by staff from NOMAFSI during September 2016, and staff of TNU also conducted value chain analyses in Dak Lak during September 2016. In all sites, information was gathered from value chain actors through face-to-face interviews using a standardized questionnaire. Value chain actors interviewed included large and medium scale starch and dried chip processors, small-scale collectors and assemblers, medium scale traders and larger scale traders and brokers. The questionnaire covered both value chain and technical aspects including the following topic areas:

• Purchasing • Sales • Cost Structure • Access to and provision of credit • Access to information and training • Cassava Varieties • Fertilizer use • Land Preparation • Soil Conservation • Pest and Disease Management • Weed control

The survey was undertaken electronically, using the Commcare app loaded onto Android tablets. 1.4 Conduct farm surveys In conjunction with the value chain analyses, focus group discussions were conducted with small (10-15) groups of farmers at all sites. Some activities were conducted as a single group, others in mixed gender groups, and some by gender groups. The key activities were:

1. Key village information (village chief and committee) 2. Listing of all livelihood activities (agricultural, non-farm, off-farm, migration) 3. Ranking of relative importance of activities for food security, cash income, labour

utilisation (smaller groups by gender) 4. History of cassava production and marketing in the village and other key events 5. Seasonal calendars (smaller mixed gender groups)

6. Cassava production enterprise budgets (smaller mixed gender groups) 7. Mapping of the cassava value chain (smaller mixed gender groups) 8. Discussion of production and marketing problems (smaller groups by gender)

o Ranking of these problems 9. Discussion on potential solutions and interventions (smaller groups by gender)

o Ranking of these solutions Baseline household surveys to determine current farm-household types, livelihood activities, production practices, market linkages, decision-making, and constraints to adoption of improved practices have been developed in conjunction with partners in Vietnam and Indonesia. Surveys have been translated into Vietnamese and Indonesian and loaded onto electronic tablets running the Commcare app.

Training on the household survey and the use of electronic tablets for surveys was undertaken for the Vietnamese survey teams in Hanoi (for survey in Son La) and Dak Lak in April 2017. Pre-testing was also undertaken in both provinces at that time to build the practical experience of the survey teams and to identify any potential challenges with the electronic surveys. Household surveys commenced on June 16th in Dak Lak and June 17th in Son La. A total of 256 households will be surveyed in each province, based on a sample size of 32 households per village, 2 villages per commune, 2 communes per district and 2 districts per province.

Training on the household survey and the use of electronic tablets for surveys was undertaken for the Indonesian survey team in Malang in April 2017. Pre-testing was also undertaken close to Malang. Household surveys were completed in North Sumatra during May 2017, with a total of 140 surveys undertaken for the province. With the major decrease in the cassava price many farmers were considering alternative crops making the process more challenging. Household surveys for Sikka are expected to commence in early August. In-depth interviews were conducted in Son La and Dak Lak Province with 64 ethnic minority men and women respectively with a specific focus on social and gender dimensions of production and the relationships with other value-chain actors. Study villages were selected based on cassava production and socio-economic status. We included two contrasting villages from each commune to see how socio-economic status and proximity to a main road influence the ways men and women engage in cassava production. For Dang Kang commune, however, we only selected one big village as there are no contrasting villages in the same commune. Interviewees were selected in each study village with advice from the village leader and carefully included major ethnic groups and both men and women, and poor and better-off within the village.

Information on field sites and interviewees

Date Provinces Districts Communes Villages Total hh

Socio-economic status and ethnicity of interviewees

Interviewees

M F

16-23 April

Sơn La Mai Sơn Nà Ớt (productivity the lowest in Son La)

Há Xét 70hh

Better-off, Poor Thai, Xinh-Mun

6 6

Hủa Kẹt 28hh

Very poor Khơ mú

12 12

12-20 May

Thuận Châu

Bó Mười

Sót 50hh

Better-off Thai

12 12

Nà Viềng 116hh

Poor, remote Thai

12 12

29 May- 9 June

Dắk Lắk Ea Kar Ea Sar

Thôn 3 105hh

Better-off Tay

9 9

Ear Sar 106hh

Poor, remote Ede

4 4

7-8, 26-30 June

Dang Kang Krong Bong (Near a factory)

Curpam 120hh

Better-off & Poor mix, Ede

9 9

Objective 2: Increase the adoption of improved and sustainable cassava technologies by strengthening linkages between primary value-chain actors (farmers, traders, processors) and with support actors (researchers, government agencies).




Comments

2.1 Conduct training in improved cassava practices, demonstration trials, and participatory research methods

Assessment of existing capacity (human, financial) of public and private actors in cassava technologies and extension methods Increased technical capacity of both public and private sector actors

Dec 2016 Conduct of trials and communication of practices within project Better targeting of research results to next users by understanding capacity and incentives for actors to link to farmers in different settings

Vietnam: TNU, Earkar and Krong Bong argiculture and Rural Development Offices and district extension stations provided training on improved cassava cultivation practices to 400 farmers in Ea Kar, Krong Bong and M’Drak in conjunction with value chain actors. Indonesia: Support to establishment of field trials and demonstration trials in both sites with government and private sector. Curriculum developed by UB and ILETRI staff for farmer field days in 2017.

2.2 Conduct participatory variety selection with farmers with varying levels of outside support from research institutions

Establishment and monitoring of different variety demonstration M&E of farmer participation in the different production and value-chain settings

End of season report in Yr. 2, Yr3 and Yr4

Locally adapted varieties Enhanced knowledge and skills of local actors including private sector

Variety adaptation trials were established in Sikka in 2016 with harvesting and evaluation in November 2016. Variety and agronomic practice trials established in Sikka, North Sumatra, Dak Lak and Son La in 2016/2017. Harvest and evaluation will take place in Indonesia in late September/early October and in Vietnam in February/March 2018.

2.3 Identify opportunities for on-farm improvement and commercial production of clean planting material

Report on the demand for clean planting material in different settings Report on the costs of different ‘seed systems’ Develop business models for different settings reported

Jan 2017 Jan 2017 Jan 2018

Prioritise production and value-chain settings where a business case exists for the development of ‘clean-seed’ systems Prioritise settings were extension should focus on on-farm management and IPM measures

Initial demand, incentives and potential entry points evaluated as part of value chain analysis. Links established with RTB seed system work and ACIAR SRA on CMD.

2.4 Investigate opportunities to communicate information on pest and disease management to farmers through value-chain actors

Agreed plan for participation of value-chain actors in communication activities Report submitted

Jan 2017 Improved farmer knowledge of pest and disease management Further testing of agribusiness models

Initial demand, incentives and potential entry points evaluated as part of value chain analysis.

2.6 Evaluate opportunities for value-chain actors to promote adoption of appropriate fertiliser regimes

Agreed plan for participation of value-chain actors in communication activities

Jan 2017 Improved farmer knowledge of fertiliser requirements Further testing of agribusiness models

Initial demand, incentives and potential entry points evaluated as part of value chain analysis.

2.1 Conduct training in improved cassava practices, demonstration trials, and participatory research methods TNU, Earkar and Krong Bong argiculture and Rural Development Offices and district extension stations provided training on improved cassava cultivation practices to 200 farmers in 4 communes in Ea Kar and Krong Bong districts in March, 2017. The training was carried out in conjunction with the Eakar cassava starch processing factory and Dang Kang (Krong Bong) starch processing factory. At the request of M'Drak district, the same training course was provided to 200 farmers in M'Drak district with the training cost covered by the district's budget in April, 2017. The training was carried out in conjunction with the Khanh Duong starch factory in M'Drak district. In Indonesia UB and ILETRI staff provided practical training to government and private sector partners including DINAS staff, local university staff, cassava trading agents and traders responsible for managing trials. Demonstration trials were established in Sikka (Flores) and Siantar (North Sumatra) with support from local cassava value-chain stakeholders. In June 2017 a two day workshop was held to develop training material for farmers. Topics covered cassava varieties, planting materials preparation, agronomic aspect of cassava growing (include cropping system), soil management (tillage requirement, fertilization and soil conservation), pest and diseases management and simple technology for cassava processing.

2.2 Conduct participatory variety selection with farmers Details of trial protocols and results are presented in Annex 1 to this report. An overview of the trials completed in 2016 and underway in 2017 is given in this section.

2016 Trials

In order to introduce new genotypes from Malang to the project sites for evaluation in 2017, a small amount of material was transferred in 2016 an established as demonstration trials. Phytosanitary processes were adhered to for the transfer of the cassava stakes to reduce the risk of transfer of pest and disease. Variety trials in Sikka in 2016 were planted in January and harvested in November. The trials involved 3 replications of 8 varieties: 1. Sika Putih, Local variety, sweet 2. Sika Kuning, Local variety, sweet 3. Mentefa, Introduction variety, sweet 4. Tambah Udang, Introduction, sweet 5. Faroka, Introduction variety, bitter 6. UB ½, Introduction variety, bitter 7. UB 14772, Introduction variety, bitter 8. Gajah, Introduction variety, bitter Fertilizer application rate for the trials was 300 kg Urea (46% N); 150 kg SP36 (36% P2O5); 100 kg KCL (50% K2O) per hectare.

The results were mixed. Due to a very dry season the cassava did not grow well (less than 30% for each plot) However, using the measurements from individual crops (means of 6 to 9 plants/plots), the growth and yields obtained. The initial results of the introduced varieties are promising compared to the local varieties (Sika Putih and Sika Kuning), however farmer preferences will be assessed during the 2017 trial. This including the interest in commercial bitter varieties compared to the traditional eating varieties that have a lower yield but command a higher price in the market – although for small volumes. Cassava varieties

Branch No Plant height (cm) Tuber No Tuber yield (kg/plant)

Sika Putih 2.04 + 1.03 157.86 + 11.53 4.86 + 1.14 2.80 + 0.52 Sika Kuning 2.20 + 0.77 169.70 + 7.72 4.75 + 1.03 2.74 + 0.66 Mentega 2.00 + 1.20 164.75 + 14.02 9.85 + 2.67 5.06 + 0.46 Tambak Udang 2.00 + 0.77 152.76 + 6.83 11.00 + 2.19 5.57 + 0.57 Faroka 2.28 + 0.48 143.42 + 2.63 9.75 + 1.28 5.12 + 0.84 UB ½ 2.77 + 0.92 143.31 + 14.66 7.72 + 1.80 4.22 + 0.45 UB 1472 1.95 + 0.88 157.55 + 22.26 7.15 + 1.08 4.31 + 0.49 Gajah 2.00 + 0.95 180.28 + 5.03 10.08 + 2.82 6.85 + 1.20

In North Sumatra 12 cassava genotypes including 3 local varieties widely planted by farmers, 2 genotypes from Brawijaya University, 2 newly national released varieties from ILETRI, and 5

genotypes popular in other provinces of Indonesia. A Randomized Completely Block Design with four replications was utilised. Planting was carried out at December 2015 and harvesting was undertaken at 25-28 October 2016, at the period of around 10 months after planting. The list of twelve cassava genotypes were:

1. UB½2. UB14723. Adira-14. Malang-45. CecekIjo6. Farsem(FarokaSembung)7. Gajab8. Kejab9. Caspro10. Malaysia11. Adira12. Cikaret

Soil samples were taken from this site for laboratory analysis of acidity by measuring pH, soil organic matter and its nutrient contents as well (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Al). Above ground parameters such as plant height, branching and biomass were collected. Root yield and starch content were measured. Farmer and trader preferences were also assessed for each variety. Based on this varietal evaluation some of the newly genotypes introduced perform better than the existing local genotypes, especially Malang-4, UB1/2, UB1472, Adira-1, Farsem as well as Caspro (see Appendix). Farmer and trader preferences were also assessed based on criteria establish in a focus group discussion. Enthusiasm of farmers and traders to the newly introduce genotypes was apparent during field day at harvest, some of participants received stem cutting would be planted for propagation. Six genotypes were elected for further evaluation in 2017 in five locations under the management of key farmers who are also typically traders with links to more farmers. According PT. Bumi Sari Prima staff, the higher starch content coincided with higher root yield of Malang-4 is very interesting and will benefiting factory. Currently there is no price difference based on cassava starch. Measurement of starch content more precisely for the harvest in 2017 will occur using a starch balance purchased by the project.

2017 Trials

Variety, fertiliser and intercrop trials have been planted in Son La and variety, fertilizer and density trials have been planted in Dak Lak. Variety and intercrop trials have been planted in Sikka and North Sumatra. The trials in Vietnam were planted in April-May 2017 and are expected to be harvested in February-March 2017. The trials in Sikka were planted in November 2016 and harvesting is expected in late September – early October 2017.

Variety trials in Son La will involve a total of 6 varieties including KM94, Sa21-12, Rayong 9, BK, 13sa05 and La Tre (Local variety). Of those, KM94 and Red La tre will be used as a control.

Fertilizer trials in Son La involve 4 treatments and 1 variety conducted over 4 communes. The objective is to study the response of the cassava variety to the application of various combinations of fertilizers (N, P and K) in order to find the best and most economic fertilizer rate to obtain and maintain high cassava yields. Participatory risk assessments will be conducted farmers in the target villages to compare the perceptions of different members of the community (based on income, ethnicity, age, gender). Soil management trials in Son La aim to study the different intercrops and soil management techniques to find the best and most economic option for farmers in Son La. The trial is conducted in all four communes and involves 6 treatments (peanut, cowpeas, mung bean, grass strips, contour lines, no treatment). Variety trials in Dak Lak aim to to evaluate the improved cassava varieties to obtain the best adopted varieties in order to improve cassava production systems. The trial uses 3 replicates and 3 fertilizer treatments over 2 soil types. Varieties evaluated are:

1. KM94 (control) 2. KM140 3. Rayong 9 (KM21-12) 4. KM419 5. HL-S10 6. HL-S11 7. KM505

Fertilizer and density trials in Dak Lak involve a split-plot design with 3 Replications with 6 fertilizer treatments, three density treatments, 2 soil types and 1 variety. The objective is to study the response of the cassava variety to the application of various combinations of fertilizers (N, P and K) and densities in order to find the best and most economic fertilizer rate/density combination to obtain and maintain high cassava yields. Again, risk assessments will be an important part of the analysis. Variety trials in Sikka Regency, NTT were planted in November 2016 and involve evaluation of 10 varieties: 1. Sika Putih, Local variety, sweet 2. Sika Kuning, Local variety, sweet 3. Mentefa, Introduction variety, sweet 4. Tambah Udang, Introduction, sweet 5. Faroka, Introduction variety, bitter 6. UB ½, Introduction variety, bitter 7. UB 14772, Introduction variety, bitter 8. Gajah, Introduction variety, bitter 9. Malang 6, Introduction variety, bitter 10. Aldira , Introduction variety, bitter Fertilizer rate for all varieties is 300 kg Urea (46% N); 150 kg SP36 (36% P2O5); 100 kg KCL (50% K2O) per hectare. Intercrop trials in Sikka involve 4 replications of 6 intercrop treatments (cassava plus maize (local system), cassava plus maize (introduced system), cassava plus peanut, cassava plus mungbean, cassava plus soybean). The intercrop has been harvested already and the cassava will be harvested in late September-October. 28 farmers attended field days during harvesting

the harvesting the maize intercrops. About 20 of them agreed to practice the introduced maize intercropping system in the subsequent season. Economic analysis will be conducted after the harvest of the cassava. Table X – Intercropping trial in Sikka Crops Yield (t/ha) Income (millions

Rp/ha) Maize (local system) 3.67 + 0.56 14.67 + 2.25 Maize (Introd. System) 4.33 + 0.79 17.34 + 3.19 Mungbean 0.63 + 0.01 10.71 + 2.40 Peanuts 1.26 + 0.37 13.83 + 4.09 Soybean pod was empty due to insect

Variety trials in North Sumatra involve the evaluation of 6 cassava varieties (Malang-4, Adira-1, UB1/2, UB1472, Farsem and Caspro) under 4 harvesting periods (8 months, 10 months, 12 months and 14 months). Strip plot design with three replications is applied to run this experiment with experiments being undertaken in 6 sites (Siantar, Raya, Tiga Dolok, Tanah Jawa, Bandar and Prosea). This trial is of particular interest in North Sumatra given that cassava can be established throughout the year. Fertilizer application trials in North Sumatra are being undertaken in Siantar at an experimental field belonging to PT. Bumi Sari Prima. Strip plot design with three replications is used to carry out this field experiment. The treatment structure of this fertilizer application trial is 7 different fertiliser treatments (including farmer practice) over two cassava varieties (Malang-4 and Malaysia) Intercropping trials in North Sumatra involve demonstrations of intercropping of grafted and ordinary cassava with peanuts and peanuts followed by mungbeans. These are being undertaken on 6ha of upland fields belonging to farmers and PT. Bumi Sari Prima. The intercropping trial has been of interest to farmers due to the fall in the cassava price. There appears to be interest from the starch industry if it help ensure farmers continue to grow cassava rather than shifting into other crops. 2.3 Identify opportunities for on-farm improvement and commercial production of clean planting material Initial demand, incentives and potential entry points evaluated as part of value chain analysis. 2.4 Investigate opportunities to communicate information on pest and disease management to farmers through value-chain actors Initial demand, incentives and potential entry points evaluated as part of value chain analysis. This is likely to become an important part of activities in Sikka given that cassava mealybug was observed during the value-chain assessments and focus groups. 2.6 Evaluate opportunities for value-chain actors to promote adoption of appropriate fertiliser regimes Initial demand, incentives and potential entry points evaluated as part of value chain analysis.

Objective 3: Develop policy recommendation and facilitate learning alliances for the development of a sustainable cassava industry and improvement in rural livelihoods through improved agribusiness arrangements




Comments

3.1 Review government planning and policy procedures

Working paper on local planning and policy constraints

July 2017 Entry points for continued government support

Preliminary discussion on local government policies and priorities undertaken

3.2 Facilitate stakeholder dialogues in each case-study region to identify incentives, problems, and solutions

Dialogues conducted and reported

Throughout project

Locally adapted solutions to production and processing problems Further testing of agribusiness models, including incentives and constraints

First stakeholder dialogs conducted at inception meetings in Son La, Dak Lak. Stakeholder engagement at harvest of multiplication trials in North Sumatra.

3.1 Review of national policies Vietnam: Preliminary discussion on local government policies and priorities during the inception meetings in each site. DARD and the People’s committee outlined the views and perception on cassava and priorities for the project. There are limited direct policies at the national level, besides some unenforceable targets – including the national level of cassava and minimum prices. A more formal review of policies and priorities and the different scales is still to be complete in 2017. Indonesia: Similar to Vietnam there are few national level policies around cassava and the crop is largely impacted by policies in the substitute commodities. In Sikka there are some local policies around diet diversification. In North Sumatra there is limited government support and regulation of the cassava sector. Various policies impact he processing and logistics in both countries. A more formal review of policies and priorities and the different scales is still to be complete in 2017. 3.2 Facilitate stakeholder dialogues in each case-study region Vietnam: First stakeholder dialogs conducted at inception meetings in Son La, Dak Lak. This include participation by researchers (including those outside the project), DARD officials, MOST, Provincial Peoples Council, and cassava processing industry. By involving government and private sector actors in the value-chain training and assessments, these actors also got to interact with groups of men and women farmers in the target districts. The next engagement at a local level will occur after the harvest of the 2017-18 trials. The project will also have papers at the ACIAR Mountain Symposium in 2017. Indonesia: Strong stakeholder relations were formed in North Sumatra during the first visit in January. The project team travelled with the Director of Bumi Sari and one of the key cassava trading-agents. Meetings were held at Bumi Sari with the largest agents who coordinate with

traders to supply the factory. The group (research +private sector) also met with BPTP to discuss the project and their priorities and capacity. Stakeholder were also invited to the 1st harvest of multiplication trials in North Sumatra. Team members continue to liaise with both public and private sector actors – however this will increase as more results become available. In Sikka, there has been strong engagement with the local DINAS who manages the trials with the support from an enthusiastic private sector actor. There has also been engagement with the Nusa Tenggara Association (NTA), a NGO that may have interest in scaling innovations into the areas in works. There have also been cross-site visits of private sector actors from Sikka to North Sumatra. The project will support and present papers at an International Workshop of root and Tuber crops planned for October in Malang where senior government officials will be present.

3 Project Outcomes and Impacts The first variety and fertiliser trials have been planted, but not yet harvested or evaluated. Therefore there are no farm-level outcomes at this stage. However, there have been some preliminary research outcomes and capacity impacts.

3.1 Research Outcomes The ACIAR blog post has highlighted some of the connections between global policy changes and impacts on smallholder livelihoods.

3.2 Scientific impacts There have been no significant scientific impacts of the project at this early stage.

3.3 Capacity impacts A key feature of year one of the project was capacity building of project staff, local government partners, and private sector partners. The involvement of both technical cassava researchers and social scientists has increased the knowledge of cassava production of the research teams. This is of critical importance for developing ongoing interactions. Some staff from the agronomy related research sections participated in the value chain assessments and focus group discussions. Key capacity building activities are outlined in Section 4.

3.4 Community outcomes and impacts There have been no community-level outcomes or impacts at this stage. However, preliminary analysis has helped to identify various opportunities and risks that will be taken into account in further community-level activities.

3.4.1 Economic impacts

There have been no economic impacts of the project at this stage.

3.4.2 Social impacts

There have been no social impacts of the project at this stage.

3.4.3 Environmental impacts

There have been no significant environment impacts of the project at this stage.

3.4.4 Policy impact

There have been no significant policy impacts of the project at this stage.

3.5 Stakeholder engagement and Communications The Facebook group “ACIAR Cassava Value Chain and Livelihoods Program” now has more than 550 members. Members include key national policy makers, national level researchers, Provincial and District staff, private sector actors (processors and traders), and farmers. At the moment the content is in English, but it will provide a useful way to point stakeholders to results as they become available in different languages. https://www.facebook.com/groups/1462662477369426/ The CRP RTB continues to give visibility to the project activities. In CRP II the project will be mapped to Flagship 5 – “Improved Livelihoods at Scale”. Conference presentations: Keynote presentation at the World Congress on Roots and Tubers: https://www.slideshare.net/JonathanNewby/cassava-hidden-ingredient-in-global-supply-chains Presentation at the CIAT Cassava Retreat https://www.slideshare.net/JonathanNewby/newby-cassava-retreat-2017 Blogs: http://aciarblog.blogspot.com/2016/04/cassava-farmers-in-southeast-asia.html

4 Training and capacity building activities Date Capacity Building Type Location Participants*

August 2017

Training on Value Chain Analysis

Malang UB Staff, ILETRI staff, private sector,

September 2016


Son La NOMAFSI staff, staff from Mai Son and Thuan Chau Districts, private sector

September 2016


Dak Lak TNU Staff, Staff from Ea Kar and Krong Bong Districts, private sector

April 2017 Capacity Building on Household surveys and use of tablets

Son La NOMAFSI Staff


Dak Lak TNU Staff


Malang UB Staff, ILETRI staff

* See appendix for full list of participants.

5 Intellectual property NA

6 Amendments to personnel and project activities Dr Dominic Smith will take over project leadership from Professor Rob Cramb from July 1st 2017. Professor Cramb will continue to be involved in the project over the coming two years as he moves towards retirement from the University of Queensland. Dr Tin Maung Aye has been replaced as the CIAT agronomist on the project by Dr Imran Malik from 1st May, 2017. Dr Aye will continue to be involved with the project on a consulting basis as required.

7 Problems and opportunities Opportunities Some new cassava clones have been delivered to CIAT Asia in Hanoi. It will take at least two seasons for this material to be available Indonesia, but we are exploring how to include some evaluations of this genetic material in the ACIAR project. This should be possible earlier in Vietnam. Problems The delay in beginning of the project will delay the completion of some activities by a few months.

8 Evaluative Learning After utilising paper based surveys to collect information in a related project in Laos and Cambodia, the team evaluated several options for collecting data on tablets, including ODK and CommCare. Project staff and partners have now moved to using tablets for the value chain actor surveys and for the baseline household surveys.

9 Budget The project has undergone some financial pressure due to the lower Australian dollar. The impact is less pronounced due to slight increase in the budget to allow for a lower exchange rate in the final stages of project development and the moderate increase in the AUD/USD exchange rate over 2017. The project budget assumes an an exchange rate of $0.80. The first transfer to partners were made at around $0.72, but by mid 2017, the transfers are expected to be made at around $0.75-$0.76. CIAT staff salaries are in USD making them vulnerable to a depreciating AUD. Local partners (NOMAFSI and TNU) have also received less money than expected due to exchange rate movement. At this early stage the impacts are not significant, but has lead to some reduced sample sizes in household surveys in Indonesia.

APPENDIX 1: LISTS OF PARTICIPANTS IN MEETINGS AND TRAINING WORKSHOPS Table 1. List of participants in Inception Meeting, Son La, September 2016

TT Name Organisation Position 1

Lò Minh Hùng Sơn La People Committee Vice Chairman

2Hà Quyết Nghị

Son La Department of Agriculture & Rural development (DARD)

Director General

3Nguyễn Huy Đức

Son La Deparment of Science & Technology

Deputy Director General

4Tòng Thế Anh Son La Foreign Affairs Department

Deputy Director General

5Đặng Minh Tuấn Son La Foreign Affairs Department Officer

6Nguyễn Lan Phương ACIAR Officer

7Nguyễn Văn Tạo VAAS

Vice President

8Ngô Quang Tuấn Son La Cassava Starch Factory Officer

9Nguyễn Thanh Cảnh Son La Cassava Starch Factory

Vice Director

10Hà Văn Bính

Hoa Binh Limited Liability Company in Thuận Châu

11Lê Hoàng Giang Sơn La Newspaper

12Nguyễn Phương Lan

Department of Cultivation and Crop Protection, Son La DARD Head

13Ngô Mạnh Cường

Department of Cultivation and Crop Protection, Son La DARD Officer

14Nguyễn Ngọc Toàn

Department of Cultivation and Crop Protection, Son La DARD Officer

15Phan Tử Dương Son La DARD

16Cầm Văn Thắng Son La Extension Center

Deputy Director

17Lèo Mạnh An Son La Extension center Officer

18Trần Thị Hiếu Son La Extension center Officer

19Hà Văn Bình Mai Sơn District People Committee

Vice Chairman

20Nguyễn Văn Tiến Mai Sơn District Officer

21Lường Văn Lập Mai Son DARD Officer

22Trần Xuân Quang Mai Son Extension station Head

23Lường Văn Thương Thuan Chau’s DARD Vice head

24Quàng Thị Phượng Thuan Chau Extension Station Vice head

25Quàng Văn Hải Bo Muoi commune, Thuan Chau district

Vice Chairman

26Lò Thái Vui Pung Tra commune, Thuan Chau district

Vice Chairman

27Lò Văn Hưởng Chieng Chan commune, Mai Son distict Chairman

28Hà Văn Sơn Chieng Chan commune, Mai Son distict

Commune extension officer

29Song A Chu Na Ot commune, Mai Son district Chairman

30Lò Văn Ui Na Ot commune, Mai Sơn district


31Phạm Thu Hà

Root and Tuber Research and Development Center (RTRDC) Researcher

32Niê Xuân Hồng

RTRDC Researcher

33Nguyễn Trọng Hiển

RTRDC Vice Director

34Lưu Ngọc Quyến NOMAFSI Vice Director

35Nguyễn Thanh Thủy

NOMAFSI, Research Planning and International Cooperation Vice head

36Phạm Thị Sến NOMAFSI Researcher

37Nguyễn Thanh Hải NOMAFSI

Researcher

38Đỗ Trọng Hiếu NOMAFSI

Researcher

39Lê Việt Dũng NOMAFSI

Researcher

40Mai Thu Hà NOMAFSI

Researcher

41Vũ Hồng Tráng Tay Bac centre of NOMAFSI Director

42Phan Huy Chương

Tay Bac centre of NOMAFSI Researcher

43Bùi Thị Hà


44Bùi Thị Hằng


45Bùi Văn Tùng


46Nguyễn Tiến Sinh


47Tòng Văn Quyết


Table 2. List of participants in training on Value Chain Analysis, Son La, September 2016


Tòng Văn Chiên Mai Son district Officer 2

Lường Văn Lập Mai Son DARD Officer 3

Đinh Công Thủy Thuan Chau district Extension officer

4Nguyễn Phương Lan

Department of Crop production and Protection, Son La DARD Head

5Ngô Mạnh Cường Son La DARD Oficer

6Bùi Thị Hà NOMAFSI Researcher

7Nguyễn Tiến Sinh NOMAFSI Researcher

8Nguyễn Thanh Thủy

NOMAFSI, Research Planning and International Cooperation

Vice Head

9Phạm Thị Sến NOMAFSI Researcher

10Mai Thu Hà NOMAFSI Researcher

11Nguyễn Thanh Hải NOMAFSI Researcher

12Lê Việt Dũng NOMAFSI Researcher

13Bùi Văn Tùng NOMAFSI Researcher

14Bùi Thị Hằng NOMAFSI Researcher

15Đỗ Trọng Hiếu NOMAFSI Researcher

16Niê Xuân Hồng RTRDC Researcher

17Lò Văn Ui Nà Ớt commune


18Lèo Văn Thoan Chiềng Chăn commune

Vice chairman

19Lò Văn Hồng Púng Tra commune


Table 3. List of participants in Inception Meeting, Dak Lak, September 2016


Tran Quang Han Tay Nguyen University (TNU) Vice rector 2

Nguyen Tan Vui TNU Rector 3

Y Trung NieKDam International Dept. TNU Head 4

Nguyen Bach Mai DAKFOCAM 5

Nguyen Hac Hien Foreign Affair Department 6

Nguyen Van Ha 7

Tuyet Hoa Nie Kdam TNU 8

Le Thanh Chuong 9

Vo Van Hoang 10

Do Thi Kieu An TNU 11

Tran Van Minh Eakar district 12

Nguyen Van Cong Eakar district

13

Hoang Dinh Manh Eakar district 14

Le Thi Thu Hien Eakar district 15

Nguyen Duc Trung Eakar district 16

Tran Van Dong Agriculture Office, Eakar district 17

Van Dinh Thin Easar commune, Eakar district Vice chairman 18

Nguyen Van Kien Extension station, Eakar district 19

Nguyen Minh Thuan Eapal commune, Eakar district Vice chairman 20

Pham The Tan Krong Bong district 21

Hoang Van Thuc Krong Bong district 22

Hoang Van Huy Krong Bong district 23

Huynh Quoc Thich Agriculture and Rural Development Dept. Vice director 24

Pham Van Giang Eapal commune 25

Le Duc Niem TNU

26Nguyen Van Nam TNU

27Nguyen Van Minh TNU

28Truong Tan Khanh TNU

29Nguyen Van Dat TNU

30Le Thuy Van Nhi TNU

31Vo Thi Thu Nguyet TNU

32Pham The Trinh

TNU

33Ao Xuan Hoa

TNU

34Y Tetan Bya Krong Bong district

35Luu Minh Tuan Krong Bong district

36Pham Thi Ngoc Anh Agriculture Office, Krong Bong district

37Ho Duc Hoang Agriculture Office, Krong Bong district

38Vu Van Hoa TNU

Teacher

39Vu Trinh Vuong TNU

Teacher

40Duong Minh Ngoc TNU

Teacher

41Trinh Hoai Thuong TNU Teacher

42Pham Van Truong TNU Teacher

43Pham Thanh Hung TNU

Teacher

44Nguyen Duc Quyen TNU

Teacher

45Nguyen Thao Trang TNU

Teacher

46Tran Thi Lan

TNU Teacher

Table 4. List of participants in training on Value Chain Analysis, Dak Lak, August 2016


Le Duc Niem TNU 2

Nguyen Van Nam TNU 3

Nguyen Van Minh TNU 4

Truong Tan Khanh TNU 5

Nguyen Van Dat TNU 6

Ao Xuan Hoa TNU

7

Van Dinh Thin Easar commune, Eakar district Vice chairman 8

Nguyen Minh Thuan Eapal commune, Eakar district

Vice chairman 9

Nguyen Thuy Vy Extension Station, KrongBong district

10

Tran Van Dong Agriculture office – Eakar district 11

Pham Van Giang Eapal commune, Eakar district 12

Pham The Tan Eakar cassava starch factory 13

Nguyen Van Kien Extension station, Eakar district

14Pham Thi Oanh TNU

15Luu Minh Tuan Eakar

16Y Tonh Bya Eakar

17Ho Duc Hoang Agriculture office, Krongbong district

18Hoang Van Huy Easar commune

19Hoang Van Thuc Easar commune

Table 5. List of participants in training on Value Chain Analysis, Batu, August 2016 Name Gender Institution

1 FachrurRozi M BALITKABI-ILETRI2 KartikaNoerwijati F BALITKABI-ILETRI3 RulyKrisdiana F BALITKABI-ILETRI4 Suhartini F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya5 PutriBudiSetyowati F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya6 FitrotulLaili F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya7 BambangYudiAriadi M UniversitasMuhammadiyahMalang(UMM)8 FiatorNong M DINAS-Sikka9 YovitaBolly M UNIPA-Maumere

10 SitiMutmaidah F BALITKABI-ILETRI11 DianAdiAnggraeni

ElisabethF BALITKABI-ILETRI

12 AbdiPutraTariqon M DistSimalungun13 NilaPraretiaswati F BALITKABI-ILETRI14 NurEdy F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya15 EnyDyahYuniwati F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasWisnuwardhana

Malang(Unidha)16 FarahMutiara F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasTribhuwana

Tunggadewi:Unitri17 B.WisnuWidjajani F FacultyofAgriculture-UPNMalang(Universitas

PembangunanNasional18 ImamSutrisno M BALITKABI-ILETRI19 BambangS.Koentjoro M BALITKABI-ILETRI20 TurisnoSiallagan M FarmerandtraderSumalungan21 EFSriMaryaniSantoso F FacultyofAgriculturalTechnology-UniversitasBrawijaya22 TitiekIslami F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya23 MashyuriMachfudz M FacultyofAgriculture-UNISMA:UniversitasIslam

Malang24 Marjuki M FacultyofAnimalHusbandry-UniversitasBrawijaya25 WaniHadiUtomo M FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya

Table 6. List of participants in Capacity Building on Household surveys and use of tablets, Son La, April 2017


Đỗ Trọng Hiếu NOMAFSI Researcher 2

Nguyễn Thị Thanh Hải NOMAFSI Researcher 3

Lê Việt Dũng NOMAFSI Researcher 4

Bùi Văn Tùng NOMAFSI Researcher 5

Bùi Thị Hằng NOMAFSI Researcher 6

Phan Huy Chương NOMAFSI Researcher 7

Nguyễn Tiên Sinh NOMAFSI Researcher Table 7. List of participants in Capacity Building on Household surveys and use of tablets, Dak Lak, April 2017


Nguyen Van Dat TNU Teacher 2

Tran Thi Ngoc Hanh TNU Teacher 3

Duong Minh Ngoc TNU Teacher 4

Nguyen Thao Trang TNU Teacher Table 8. List of participants in Capacity Building on Household surveys and use of tablets, Malang, April 2017

Name Gender Institution1 WaniHadiUtomo M BALITKABI-ILETRI2 YudiWidodo M BALITKABI-ILETRI3 ImamSutrisno M BALITKABI-ILETRI4 TitiekIslami F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya5 RulyKrisdiana F BALITKABI-ILETRI6 KartikaNoerwijati F BALITKABI-ILETRI7 PutriBudiSetyowati F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya8 JunniaPramesthiaPutri F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya9 NurEdy F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya

10 Suhartini F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya11 FitrotulLaili F FacultyofAgriculture-UniversitasBrawijaya

Appendix 2: Market Information

Fig 1 – Thai domestic and Export tapioca starch price. Prices fell from around $450USD/t in late 2015 to a low of around $315USD/t in late 2016

Fig 2 – The price of cassava chips and cassava starch (tapioca)

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Fig 4 – Weekly maize price (FOB US Gulf, FOB Gulf+ Freight to China + VAT, Nearby Futures (DCE) and Cassava Starch Price (FOB Bangkok).

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Fig 5 – Impact on root prices. The fresh root price in Thailand drop 70 USD/t in early 2015 to below $50/t. Previous highs shown in this graph were during the mealybug outbreak in Thailand that significantly reduced production before control measures were implemented.

Fig 6 – As the benchmark cassava starch price (FOB Bangkok) fell from over $450 USD/t to a low of $315 USD/t the FOB HCMC price follows closely with little spread between the min and max weekly price. There is significant spread for the DAF prices quote at the Chinese Border (Mong Cai/Lang Son) which is how much of the starch makes its way into southern China. Starch from the southern and central provinces of Vietnam is often shipped to Hai Phong port and then travels overland into China.

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Fig 8 – Cassava Fresh root prices in Lampung, Indonesia. Prices at the factory fell to below $40 USD/ton. It is important to remember that farm gate prices are lower and farmers and traders are subject to a ‘refraction’ based on root quality.

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Fig 10 – Cassava root price and ethanol. The high costs of cassava roots and low oil prices put pressure on biofuel manufacturers using cassava as a feed stock. This figure shows the cost of cassava roots used to produce a litre of ethanol (using a conversion of 1ton=160Litres) relative to the price of Ethanol (Nearby Futures CBOT). Many biofuel factories closed due to this problem. The reduction in the price of cassava roots has made biofuel production more viable.

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Fig 11 – Value of Vietnam cassava exports and value of exports to China. The Vietnam industry is heavily reliant on the Chinese market for both starch and dried cassava chips

Fig 12 – Monthly cumulative volume and value of cassava starch exports from Vietnam and Thailand. Despite falling prices, Vietnam cassava exports remain at all-time high levels

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Fig 13 – Monthly cumulative volume and value of cassava chip exports from Vietnam and Thailand. There has been a major decline in the quantity and value of cassava chips exported from Vietnam.

Fig 14 – Global volume and value of Indonesian cassava starch imports. Despite being one of the world’s largest cassava producing countries, Indonesia remained the second largest importer of cassava starch in 2016.

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Fig 15 – Monthly cumulative exports of cassava starch from Thailand to Indonesia.

Fig 16 – Monthly cumulative Thai import volume and value of cassava (fresh or dried) from Cambodia and Lao PDR

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Appendix 3: Summary of 2016 trial results – North Sumatra

Cassava aboveground parameters observed, Siantar North Sumatra 2015/2016.

Genotypes Plant height Forking/ branching

height

Stem diameter

Weight of stem (kg/plant)

……………….…cm…………………. Basal Middle Upper with leaves

UB1/2 254 135 3.25 4.0 2.9 2.5 UB1472 200 140 3.05 3.6 2.8 2.5 Adira-1 208 140 2.45 3.7 2.9 2.5 Malang-4 310 254 2.75 4.3 2.7 2.3 Cecek Ijo 233 74 2.61 3.5 2.4 2.0 Farsem 291 118 3.16 4.2 2.8 2.3 Gajab 290 95 2.50 4.1 2.7 2.3 Kejab 225 84 3.13 3.1 2.2 1.9 Caspro 189 128 2.85 3.2 2.2 1.8 Malaysia 174 86 2.10 3.7 2.6 1.9 Adira-4 259 106 2.58 3.8 3.0 2.6 Cikaret 253 103 2.33 3.1 2.9 2.2 LSD 5% 52.25 51.26 0.53 0.2 0.2 0.6 CV (%) 15.11 29.26 13.45 3.91 4.90 5.63

Note: LSD = Least Significant Difference, CV = Coefficient of Variation.

Cassava underground parameters observed, Siantar North Sumatra 2015/2016. Genotypes Number

of root Root diameter

Root length

Weight of root ( kg)

………… cm ……….. Plot net (3m x 3m)

Hectare conversion

UB1/2 9 6.5 30.9 35.2 38,720 UB1472 8 5.9 29.9 32.5 35,750 Adira-1 10 6.4 28.1 33.0 36,300 Malang-4 13 8.0 28.9 45.3 49,830 Cecek Ijo 9 5.0 27.6 17.4 19,140 Farsem 13 6.0 41.5 37.9 41,690 Gajab 10 5.9 31.0 28.6 31,460 Kejab 9 5.8 31.1 18.7 20,570 Caspro 10 6.0 31.3 25.3 27,830 Malaysia 12 6.3 30.9 37.3 41,030 Adira-4 12 6.1 31.1 24.9 27,390 Cikaret 10 6.3 30.6 23.6 25,960 LSD 5% 1.3 0.7 1.86 9.86 9,862 CV (%) 8.75 7.75 4.16 22.87 22.87

Note: LSD = Least Significant Difference, CV = Coefficient of Variation.

Selection criteria applied by farmers, traders indigenously and factory during the harvest of variety trial, 24-26 October 2016. Genotypes Indigenous Criteria Selection Yield

Branch Easy harvest

Root size

Root type

Plant height

Starch Total score

UB1/2 3 2 5 3 5 4 B 20 UB1472 2 2 4 3 4 4 B, C, D 19 Adira-1 1 2 3 2 3 3 B, C 14 Malang-4 5 5 5 5 5 5 B 30 Cecek Ijo 3 3 4 3 5 3 C, D 21 Farsem 3 2 3 2 4 3 B, C 18 Gajab 2 3 2 3 2 2 B 14 Kejab 3 2 3 3 3 3 B 17 Caspro 4 3 4 3 4 4 B 22 Malaysia 4 4 4 4 4 4 B, C 24 Adira-4 4 3 4 4 4 3 C, D 22 Cikaret 3 4 3 3 3 4 C 20

Note: score from 1 to 5 indicating 1 = very bad, 2 = bad, 3 = moderate, 4 = good, and 5 = very good. Starch content based on factory criteria October 26, 2016 A = 22%, B = 18%, C = 14% and D = 10%.

Annex: Experimental Protocols – Cassava Trials in Son La, Dak Lak, Nusa Tenggara Timur and North Sumatra

Experimentalprotocol–SonLaprovinceACIAR–AGB-2012-078Project

1.Experimentdesigns1.1.Cassavavarietiesevaluationexperiments:6varieties,5replicates,RCBD Numberofvarieties:6varietiesincludingKM94,Sa21-12,Rayong9,BK,13sa05andLaTre(Localvariety).Ofthose,KM94andRedLatreacontrol.

RootCropDevelopmentandResearchCenterisinvolvedinthisexperimentbyprovidingplantingmaterialsandestablishment.

Location:ChiengChancommune,MaiSondistrictandPungTracommune–ThuanChaudistrict. Treatment:

1. RedLátre(localvariety):Control12. KM94:Control23. KM21-124. Rayong95. BK6. 13sa05

Fertilizerappliedperhecta:80N+20P+80K1.2.Fertilizationtrials:willbeconductedinall4communesofthetwodistricts.Treatments:perhecta

- Treatment1:Nofertilizer- Treatment2:300kgNPK5:10:3:Basalappliedonly- Treatment3:600kgNPK5:10:3:Basalappliedonly- Treatment4:40N+10P+40K(86,8kgUrea+137,5kgphospherous+80,5kgKCl).Applied

2times:o Firstapplication:Basal:HalfofUrea+allphosphorousfertilizer+Halfofpotassiumo Secondapplication:Topdressinginfrom2to2.5monthsafterplanting.Applyall

leftoverphosphorousfertilizerandpotassium- Treatment5:40N+10P+40K((86,8kgUrea+137,5kgphospherous+80,5kgKCl)one

timeanduseofslowreleasepelletfertilizer

1.3.Soilmanagementtrials:conductedinall4communesofthetwodistricts.Treatments:6treatments

- Treatment1:Cassavaonly:Control- Treatment2:cassava+cowpeas- Treatment3:Cassava+mungbean- Treatment4:Cassava+peanut- Treatment5:Cassava+grassstrips- Treatment6:Contourlinesofcassavastakeresiduetopreventsoilerosion

2.Design:RCBD,5replicates.Blockdimension:5mx6m.Eachblockofsoilmanagementtrialsmustbe10minlength,minimum3.Otherrequirements:allotherfactorsmustbesimilar.Eachstakeshouldbefrom20-25cminlengthandminimumfrom2-3nodes.Distance:1mx1m.Stakescanbeputintothesoilvertically,slantedorhorizontally.4.Monitorning

4.1.Growth

Numberofplantstobemonitored:10plantsperblock.Borderplantsareexcluded

- Growthindicators:

• Buddingtime:Fromplantingtobudding

• Buddingduration:Fromplantingtoallplantsperblockbudding;

• Budding rate:%stakebudding/total stakes (fromplanting to70%stakesbudding intoplants).

- Growthcharacteristics:

Monitoronetimewhenharvesting.Measureandgetaveragevalue.

• Heightoftheplant(cm):Fromlandsurfacetopubertyleave;

• Heightofthemainplant(cm):Fromtheroottothebranchisedpoint;

• Rootdiameter:measureat10cmfromtheroot.UsePanmemeter;

- Pest and disease monitoring: Observe red mites, pink mealybugs, witches broomdisease…

- Droughtandfrosttoleranceofcassavaincassavavarietiesevaluationexperiments(referguidanceofMinistryofagricultureandruraldevelopment)

4.2.Productivity

- Lengthoffreshroots(cm):Sampling(select30rootsperblocks.Ofthemselect10longroots,10averagerootsand10shortroots).Measureandgetaveragevalue.

- Diameter(cm):Select30rootsperblock(select30rootsperblocks.Ofthemselect10longroots,10averagerootsand10shortroots).Measureandgetaveragevalue.

- Numberofroots/plant:Counttotalroots/totalharvestedplants.(getdatawhenharvesting)Onlytakerootslongerthan12cmanddiameterlargerthan2cm

- Rootweight/plant(kg/plant):Weighallrootsintheblockanddividetototalharvestedplants

- Freshrootyield(quintal/ha):weightofroots/1plantxdensity/ha.

- Weightofstemsandleaves/10plants(kg):Weightotalstemsandleavesof10monitoredplants

- Yieldofstemsandleaves(quintal/ha)=weightofstemsandleaves/1plantxdensity/ha

- Biomassyield(quintal/ha)=Freshrootyield+stemsandleavesyield

- Drymattercontent,starchcontent:IdentifiedbydensitymeasuringmethodofCIAT.Collect5kgoffreshrootpereachharvestedblocktoidentifieddrymatterbythefollowingformula:

+Drymattercontents(%):

Y= !!"#x158,3-142,0

Y:Drymattercontent

A:Freshrootweightweighedinair

B:Freshrootweighedinwater

+Dryrootyield=freshrootyieldxdrymattercontents

+Starchyield=Freshrootyieldxstarchcontents

- Harvestedratio:Freshrootyield/(freshrootyield+stemandleaveyield)- Starchcontent

4.3.Intercrops Monitoredindicators:

- Germinationrate- Pestanddisease- Seedyields- Stemsandleavesyields

%.4.Costandbenefitanalysis- Laborcosts- Inputcosts:Fertilizer,pesticidesforcassavaandintercropsseparated- Transportationcosts

Experimentalprotocol–DakLakprovinceACIAR–AGB-2012-078Project

1.Experimentdesigns1.1.Cassavavarietiesevaluationexperiments:7varieties,3replicates,RCBD Numberofvarieties:7varietiesincludingKM94(control),KM140,Rayong9(KM21-2),KM419,HL-S10,HL-S11andKM505

HungLocResearchCenterisalsoinvolvedinthisexperimentbyprovidingsomeoftheplantingmaterials.

Location:CuKtyCommune,DangKangCommune,HoaPhongCommune(KrongBongDistrict),EaSarCommune(EaKarDistrict). Treatment:

1. KM94(control)2. KM1403. Rayong9(KM21-12)4. KM4195. HL-S106. HL-S117. KM505

Fertilizerappliedperhectare:a. MARDProtocol:1tonBiofertiliserplus90N+60P2O5+90K2O(KrongBongandEaKar)b. Farmer Practices: 250kg BlendedNPK + 100kg Phosphorous (Krong Bong) , 300kg

BlendedNPK+100kgPhosphorous(EaKar)

Trial1

House

Rep Bordertoneighbor'sorchard

Bordertoricefield

1 KM505 KM94Rayong

9 HL-S10 KM140 HL-S11 KM419

2 KM140 HL-S10 HL-S11Rayong

9 KM419 KM94 KM505 3 HL-S11 Rayong9 KM419 KM94 KM505 HL-S10 KM140

Bordertoalake

Varietiestrialonacrisols Sourceofvarieties:Daklak Date:08April,2017 Managementpractice:MARD Location:Village5,Cukty,KrongBong Farmer'sname:TranAnhTuan MARDpractices: -1tonbio-fertilizer/ha -N:P:KRatio: 90N+60P+90K(kg/ha)

-Watering:Yes Trial2

Road

Rep Neighbor'shouse

Fence

1 KM140 KM419 KM94 KM505 HL-S11 HL-S10 2 HL-S10 KM505 KM140 KM419 KM94 HL-S11 3 KM505 HL-S11 KM419 KM94 HL-S10 KM140

Fence

Varietiestrialonacrisols Sourceofvarieties:DongNai(HRC)andTayNinh(KM505) Date:19May,2017 Managementpractice:Farmer Location:Village5,Cukty,KrongBong Farmer'sname:TranAnhTuan Farmer'spractices:KrongBong-100kgphosphorousfertilizer+250kgblendedNPK(15-5-20)perhaWatering:No Trial3

House

Rep Bordertoneighbor'sorchard

1 KM505 KM94Rayong

9 HL-S10 KM140 HL-S11 KM419

2 KM140 HL-S10 HL-S11Rayong

9 KM419 KM94 KM5053 HL-S11 Rayong9 KM419 KM94 KM505 HL-S10 KM140 Bordertoalake

Varietiestrialonferrasols Sourceofvarieties:Daklak Date:09April,2017 Managementpractice:MARD Location:CuenamA,DangKang,KrongBong Farmer'sname:LeVanChau

Trial4

Other'scassavafield

Rep Bordertofertilizertrials

Other'scassavafield

1 HL-S10 KM94 KM505 KM140 HL-S11 KM4192 HL-S11 HL-S10 KM140 KM419 KM94 KM5053 KM94 KM419 HL-S11 KM505 HL-S10 KM140 Other'scassavafield

Varietiestrialonferrasols Sourceofvarieties:DongNai(HRC)andTayNinh(KM505) Date:19May,2017 Managementpractice:Farmer Location:VillageNGOB,HoaPhong,KrongBong Farmer'sname:MaNhai Trial5

House

Rep Inter-villageroad

Borderto

fertilizertrials

1 KM419 KM94 KM505 KM140 HL-S11 HL-S102 HL-S11 HL-S10 KM140 KM419 KM94 KM5053 HL-S10 KM505 HL-S11 KM94 KM419 KM140 Borderplants

Varietiestrialonsandyacrisols Sourceofvarieties:DongNai(HRC)andTayNinh(KM505) Date:20May,2017 Managementpractice:MARD Location:Village3,Easar,Eakar Farmer'sname:HoangVanThu

Trial6

HouseRep Bordertotrial5

Borderto

fertilizertrials1 KM505 KM140 KM419 KM94 HLS11 HLS10

2 KM140 KM94 HL-S11 HL-S10 KM505 KM4193 HL-S11 KM505 HL-S10 KM140 KM419 KM94 Other'scassavafield

Varietiestrialonsandyacrisols Sourceofvarieties:DongNai(HRC)andTayNinh(KM505) Date:20May,2017 Managementpractice:Farmer Location:Village3,Easar,Eakar Farmer'sname:HoangVanThu Farmer'spractices:Eakar-100kgphosphorousfertilizer+300kgblendedNPK(15-5-20)perhaWatering:No 1.2.DensityandFertilizationtrials–6FertiliserTreatments,3DensityTreatmentsand3replicates.TrialswillbeconductedinCuktycommuneandHoaPhongCommune(KrongBong)andEaSarCommune(EaKar)Treatments1.Densitytreatments

No. Densitytreatmentcode

Numberofplantsperhectare

Spacing

Betweenrows(m)

Betweenplants(m)

1 M1 15,625 0.8 0.82 M2 12,500 1 0.83 M3 10,000 1 1

Note:M1:Closetofarmer'spractices 2.Fertilizertreatments

No. Fertilizertreatmentscode

Fertilizeramountperhectare(kg/ha)

Remarks

N P2O5 K2OBio-

fertilizerNPK

15-5-20

1 P0 0 0 0 0 2 P1 90 60 90 1000 3 P2 99 66 99 1000 4 P3 108 72 108 1000

5 P4 117 78 117 1000

6 P5 0 100 0 0 250Farmer'spractice

3.Densityandfertilizercombined

No.Fertilizertreatments

code

Fertilizeramountperplant(g/plant)M1(g/plant) M2(g/plant) M3(g/plant)

N P2O5 K2OBio-

fertilizerNPK

15-5-20 N P2O5 K2OBio-

fertilizer

NPK15-5-20

N P2O5 K2OBio-

fertilizer

NPK15-5-20

1 P0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 P1 12.6 25.6 9.6 64 0 15.6 32 12 80 0 19.5 40 15 100 03 P2 13.8 28.2 10.6 64 0 17.2 35 13.2 80 0 21.5 44 16.5 100 04 P3 15 30.7 11.5 64 0 18.7 38.4 14.4 80 0 23.3 48 18 100 05 P4 16.5 33.3 12.5 64 0 20.3 42 15.6 80 0 25.6 52 19.5 100 06 P5 0 6.4 0 0 16 0 8 0 0 20 0 10 0 0 25

Cassavavariety: KM419

Fertilizertreatments: 6Densitytreatments: 3

Arrangement: Split-plot

Replicates: 3

Soilbase: Ferrasols&acrisols

Rowsperblock:4

Distancebetweenreplicates:1m

Blocksize:32m2(4mx8m)Trial7 Soil: Infertileacrisols Date 22-23April,2017 Location:Village5,Cukty,KrongBong Farmer:TranAnhTuan Varietiesname:KM419 Varietiessource:Daklak Blocksize:32m2(4mx8m) Rows/block:4rows

Replicate1 Replicate2 Replicate3M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3

P0 P1 P5 P5 P2 P4 P3 P1 P0

P3 P5 P1 P2 P0 P5 P4 P5 P1

P2 P3 P4 P1 P4 P2 P0 P3 P2

P4 P0 P2 P0 P1 P3 P5 P2 P4

P5 P2 P3 P3 P5 P0 P1 P0 P5

P1 P4 P0 P4 P3 P1 P2 P4 P3

Project Annual Report

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Trial8 Soil: Ferrasols Date 18May,2017 Location:VillageNGOB,HoaPhongKrongBong Farmer:MaNhai Varietiesname:KM419 Varietiessource:DongNai Blocksize:32m2(4mx8m) Rows/block:4rows


P2 P1 P5 P0 P4 P2 P0 P1 P3

P0 P5 P4 P1 P5 P0 P2 P5 P4

P4 P3 P0 P2 P3 P4 P4 P3 P0

P1 P0 P2 P4 P0 P3 P1 P2 P5

P5 P2 P3 P5 P2 P1 P3 P0 P1

P3 P4 P1 P3 P1 P5 P5 P4 P2

Trial9 Soil: Sandyacrisols Date 21May,2017 Location:Village3,Easar,Eakar Farmer:HoangVanThu Varietiesname:KM419 Varietiessource:DongNai Blocksize:32m2(4mx8m) Rows/block:4rows


P0 P4 P2 P0 P1 P3 P4 P1 P3

P1 P5 P0 P2 P5 P4 P2 P5 P4

P2 P3 P4 P4 P3 P0 P0 P3 P2

P4 P0 P3 P1 P2 P5 P1 P2 P5

P5 P2 P1 P3 P0 P1 P3 P0 P1

P3 P1 P5 P5 P4 P3 P5 P4 P0

2.Otherrequirements:allother factorsmustbesimilar.Eachstakeshouldbefrom20-25cminlengthandminimumfrom2-3nodes.Distance:1mx1m.Stakescanbeputintothesoilvertically,slantedorhorizontally.3.Monitoring

3.1EvaluatedCharacteristics


52 of 59

VarietyTrial-Growth

-Factorsaffectingyields-Pestanddiseasesusceptibility

-Freshrootyields

-Starchyields

-Costandbenefits

FertiliserandDensityTrial

-InfluenceofN,P,Kfertilizersandplantdensityon:+growthanddevelopmentofKM419cassava+factorsaffectingyieldsandstarchcontentsofKM419cassava

+soilswhereKM419cassavaplanted

+costandbenefitsefficiency

3.2.Growth

Numberofplantstobemonitored:10plantsperblock.Borderplantsareexcluded

- Growthindicators:

• Buddingtime:Fromplantingtobudding

• Buddingduration:Fromplantingtoallplantsperblockbudding;

• Budding rate: % stake budding/total stakes (from planting to 70% stakes budding intoplants).

- Growthcharacteristics:

Monitoronetimewhenharvesting.Measureandgetaveragevalue.

• Heightoftheplant(cm):Fromlandsurfacetopubertyleave;

• Heightofthemainplant(cm):Fromtheroottothebranchisedpoint;

• Rootdiameter:measureat10cmfromtheroot.UsePanmemeter;

- Pestanddiseasemonitoring:Observeredmites,pinkmealybugs,witchesbroomdisease…

- Droughtandfrosttoleranceofcassavaincassavavarietiesevaluationexperiments(referguidanceofMinistryofagricultureandruraldevelopment)

3.3.Productivity

- Lengthoffreshroots(cm):Sampling(select30rootsperblocks.Ofthemselect10longroots,10averagerootsand10shortroots).Measureandgetaveragevalue.

- Diameter(cm):Select30rootsperblock(select30rootsperblocks.Ofthemselect10longroots,10averagerootsand10shortroots).Measureandgetaveragevalue.

- Numberofroots/plant:Counttotalroots/totalharvestedplants.(getdatawhenharvesting)Onlytakerootslongerthan12cmanddiameterlargerthan2cm

- Rootweight/plant(kg/plant):Weighallrootsintheblockanddividetototalharvestedplants


53 of 59

- Freshrootyield(quintal/ha):weightofroots/1plantxdensity/ha.

- Weight of stems and leaves/10plants (kg):Weigh total stems and leaves of 10monitoredplants

- Yieldofstemsandleaves(quintal/ha)=weightofstemsandleaves/1plantxdensity/ha

- Biomassyield(quintal/ha)=Freshrootyield+stemsandleavesyield

- Drymattercontent,starchcontent:IdentifiedbydensitymeasuringmethodofCIAT.Collect5kgoffreshrootpereachharvestedblocktoidentifieddrymatterbythefollowingformula:

+Drymattercontents(%):

Y=!

!"#x158,3-142,0 Y:Drymattercontent

A:Freshrootweightweighedinair

B:Freshrootweighedinwater

+Dryrootyield=freshrootyieldxdrymattercontents

+Starchyield=Freshrootyieldxstarchcontents

- Harvestedratio:Freshrootyield/(freshrootyield+stemandleafyield)-


54 of 59

NusaTenggaraprovince2016TrialProtocolandResultsACIAR–AGB-2012-078Project

VarietyadaptationTrialTreatment:CassavaVarieties1. SikaPutih,Localvariety,sweet2. SikaKuning,Localvariety,sweet3. Mentefa,Introductionvariety,sweet4. TambahUdang,Introduction,sweet5. Faroka,Introductionvariety,bitter6. UB½,Introductionvariety,bitter7. UB14772,Introductionvariety,bitter8. Gajah,Introductionvariety,bitter9. Plotsize:6xmReplications:3ExperimentalDesign:RandomizedBlockDesignPlantingdate:16January2016Cropmanagement:Plantingdistance:1.0x1.0mPlantingmaterials:Cassavacuttingwithlengthofabout25-30cm(3node)Plantingmethod:StandupFertilizers:300kgUrea(46%N);150kgSP36(36%P2O5);100kgKCL(50%K2O) Atplanting:1/3rateofUrea;100%SP36;100%KCL At30daysafterplanting:1/3rateofUreaAt90daysafterplanting;1/3rateofUreaWeedcontrol:Pre-emergence(beforelandpreparation)withherbisideAt30daysafterplanting(beforesecondfertilization):manual At90daysafterplanting(beforethethirdfertilization):manualHarvesting:Nopember2016ResultsDueaverydryseason,thecassavacannotgrowwell(lessthan30%foreachplot)However,themeasurementfromindividualcrops(meansof6to9plants/plots),thegrowthandyieldobtainedbythetestedvarietywere:Cassavavarieties BranchNo Plantheight(cm) TuberNo Tuberyield(kg/plant)

SikaPutih 2.04+1.03 157.86+11.53 4.86+1.14 2.80+0.52SikaKuning 2.20+0.77 169.70+7.72 4.75+1.03 2.74+0.66

Mentega 2.00+1.20 164.75+14.02 9.85+2.67 5.06+0.46TambakUdang 2.00+0.77 152.76+6.83 11.00+2.19 5.57+0.57

Faroka 2.28+0.48 143.42+2.63 9.75+1.28 5.12+0.84UB½ 2.77+0.92 143.31+14.66 7.72+1.80 4.22+0.45

UB1472 1.95+0.88 157.55+22.26 7.15+1.08 4.31+0.49Gajah 2.00+0.95 180.28+5.03 10.08+2.82 6.85+1.20


55 of 59

NusaTenggaraprovince2017TrialProtocolandPreliminaryResults

ACIAR–AGB-2012-078ProjectVariety adaptation Trial Treatment: Cassava Varieties 1. Sika Putih, Local variety, sweet 2. Sika Kuning, Local variety, sweet 3. Mentefa, Introduction variety, sweet 4. Tambah Udang, Introduction, sweet 5. Faroka, Introduction variety, bitter 6. UB ½, Introduction variety, bitter 7. UB 14772, Introduction variety, bitter 8. Gajah, Introduction variety, bitter 9. Malang 6, Introduction variety, bitter 10. Aldira , Introduction variety, bitter Plot size : 5 x 5 m Replications: 3 Experimental Design: Randomized Block Design Planting date: 16 January 2017 Crop management: Planting distance: 1.0 x 1.0 m Planting materials: Cassava cutting with length of about 25-30 cm ( 3 node) Planting method: Stand up Fertilizers: 300 kg Urea (46% N); 150 kg SP36 (36% P2O5); 100 kg KCL (50% K2O) At planting: 1/3 rate of Urea; 100 % SP36; 100% KCL At 30 days after planting: 1/3 rate of Urea At 90 days after planting; 1/3 rate of Urea Weed control: Pre-emergence (before land preparation) with herbicide At 30 days after planting (before second fertilization): manual At 90 days after planting (before the third fertilization): manual

Experiment 2. Cassava Intercropping Treatment Replication : 4 Experiment plot size = 5 m x 6 m; Total Treatment = 6; Total Experiment plot = 24 plots

Treatment Planting distance 1 Cassava Monoculture (C0) 1.0 x 1.0 m

2 Intercropping Cassava + Maize (Local System) (TS 1) Maize 0.80 x 30 cm; cassava 3.2 x 1.0 m

3 Intercropping Cassava + Maize (introduction system) (TS2) cassava 1.0 x 1,0 m; Maize 1.0 m x 0.30 cm

4 Intercropping Cassava + Peanut (TS 3) Cassava 1.0 m X 1.0 m; peanut 0.3 x 0.3 cm betweewn cassava row

5 Intercropping Cassava + Mungbean (TS4) Cassava 1.0 m X 1.0 m; Mungbean 0.3 x 0.3 cm betweewn cassava row

6 Intercropping Cassava + Soybean (TS 5) Cassava 1.0 m X 1.0 m; soybean 0.3 x 0.3 cm betweewn cassava row


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Fertilization : Urea :300 kg/ha/plot; 3 times application of @100 kg/ha/application); for Cassava and Maize 400 kg Urea /ha, the 4th application was given after harvesting the maize SP 36 (36% P2O5): 150 kg/ha 1 time application), and KCl ( 50% K2O): 100 kg/ha, 1 time application

CO TS3 TS4 TS5 TS2 TS5 CO TS1 TS4 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS3 CO TS5 TS4 TS5 TS4 TS1 TS2 TS1 TS2 TS3 CO

RESULTS 28 farmers attended field day during harvesting the harvesting the maize intercrops. About 20 of them agreed to practice the introduced maize intercropping system. Result of the intercropping experiment: Mungbean was harvested at 70 days Peanuts was harvested at 90 days Maize was harvested at 110 days INTERCROPYIELD

Crops Yield(t/ha) Income(millionsRp/ha) Maize(localsystem) 3.67+0.56 14.67+2.25

Maize(Introd.System) 4.33+0.79 17.34+3.19 Mungbean 0.63+0.01 10.71+2.40

Peanuts 1.26+0.37 13.83+4.09 Soybean podwasemptyduetoinsect

WATER PUMP


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North Sumatra

2017 Trial Activities ACIAR – AGB-2012-078 Project

1. Evaluationofsixcassavagenotypesunderfourharvestingperiodtomeetcontinuousraw

materialsupplyoffreshrootforstarch

Based on selection of 12 genotypes furthermore 6 genotypes are continuing for advance evaluation in relation with harvesting periods, namely 8 months, 10 months, 12 months and 14 months. Strip plot design with three replications is applied to run this experiment. Vertical factor is six genotypes, namely Malang-4, Adira-1, UB1/2, UB1472, Farsem and Caspro. Horizontal factor is four harvesting periods namely 8 months, 10 months, 12 months and 14 months. The plant spacing is 100 cm x 100 cm. In every harvest period two rows of cassava at 10 plants will be harvested with remaining a row as border in every plot. Plot size is 13 m x 7 m or 13 rows with 7 plants in each row. These six genotypes are also distributed to five sites other than in Siantar, namely Raya, Tiga Dolok, Tanah Jawa, Bandar and Prosea as well. The recommendation of fertilizer application is 200 kg Phonska + 100 kg Urea + 100 kg SP-36 + 100 kg KCl + 5 t of manure/ha. Entire dosage of manure and SP-36 are applied at one month after planting as basal and first fertilizer application together with half dosage of Urea and KCl as well. The second fertilizer application will be undertaken at around three months after planting, in the form of half dosage of Urea and KCl as well. In organic fertilizers applied early then followed by organic manure to cover inorganic fertilizer, in the following days hilling up is subsequently done properly with second weeding.

2. Soilfertilityamendmentforhighproductivityofcassava

With regards to soil fertility amendments for accomplishing higher productivity and sustainability, a fertilizer application trial is undertaken in Siantar at experimental field belong to PT. Bumi Sari Prima. Strip plot design with three replications is used to carry out this field experiment. The treatment structure of this fertilizer application trial is as follow: Table 5. Seven kinds of fertilizer application as vertical factor implemented.

Treatments Fieldapplication

1. Farmer practices with 200 kgPhonska/ha.

1.Appliedwith200kgPhonska/ha

2.Amount of 80 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 80 kg K2O/ha

2.Phonska200kg+125kgUrea+125kgKCl/ha

3.As no 1 + 5 t/ha manure 3.Phonska200kg+5tmanure/ha

4.Amount of 10 t/ha manure 4.Manure10t/ha

5.Amount of 40 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O/ha

5.Phonska 200 kg +25 kg Urea + 50 kgKCl/ha

6.Amount of 40 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 6.Applied100kgUrea+100kgSP-36/ha

7.Amount of 80 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 7.Applied200kgUrea+100kgSP-36/ha

Two genotypes namely Malang-4 and Malaysia are used as horizontal factor in this fertilizer application trial. Plot size is 7 m x 5 m, with plant spacing of 100 cm x 100 cm, so population of each plot is 35 plants. Whole dosage of manure and SP-36 are applied at one month after planting as basal and first fertilizer application together with half dosage of Urea and


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KCl as well. The second fertilizer application will be carried out at around three months after planting, in the form of half dosage of Urea as well as KCl (Figure 13 & 14).

Figure 15. After fertilizer application then hilling up and additional weeding is done to attain good cassava agricultural practices of trial 2016/2017

Figure 16. With proper management under weed free condition the effect of treatments are expected to perform better, Siantar 6-15 November 2016.

3. Poly-cross nursery for cassava open pollination to provide initial seed for selectionmaterial

Fifteen cassava genotypes are planted to keep as material for breeding program. Each genotype is grown in plot size varied from 5x5 m till only 2x1 m depend on the availability of stem cutting as planting materials, with plant spacing of 100 cm x 100 cm. Aside planting in regular plot, it is also planted in mixture. However, each of genotype planted is marked and noted. The recommendation of fertilizer application is 200 kg Phonska + 100 kg Urea + 100 kg SP-36 + 100 kg KCl + 5 t of manure/ha. Entire dosage of manure and SP-36 are applied at one month after planting as basal and first fertilizer application together with half dosage of Urea and KCl as well. The second fertilizer application will be undertaken at around three months after planting, in the form of half dosage of Urea and KCl as well. In organic fertilizers applied early then followed by organic manure to cover inorganic fertilizer, in the following days hilling up is subsequently done properly with second weeding. The forking period of each genotype will be noted, and seed produce from each genotype will collected in an envelope and then marked and noted date and number of seed collected.

Cassava seeds produced from poly-cross nursery then bring to ILETRI Malang for germination and then entering into single plant selection, single plot selection, and replication trial till multi-location trial. High starch content, high productivity both bitter and sweet taste will be stipulated as breeding objectives (Figure 12).

Figure 17. Cassava grafting was widely promoted by Pak Tarigan and Pak Turisno who provide seedling and will be developed more intensive in 2017

Figure 18. Huge of inorganic fertilizer was applied to cassava grafting with 4 to 5 times application and harvesting will be done >12 months waiting better price

4. Intercroppingwithcassavaandseedpropagation

Although intercropping in cassava farming was widely practiced by farmers in Indonesia, however in North Sumatra cassava is mostly grown in sole cropping. Whenever the factory gate price of cassava better and normal at around Rp 900 to Rp 1050/kg,- sole cropping of cassava is very interesting agribusiness, however whenever the price drop into only Rp 600/kg at factory price, therefore farmers feel very suffer and difficult to obtain better income and profit. Hence intercropping with maize, peanut and other beans is considered as an


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alternative way out of solution to cover from economic risk or financial loss of cassava in monoculture. Grafting of cassava is planted 200 x 200 cm, in between of cassava two varieties of peanut Talam-1 and Hypoma-1 were sown with spacing of 30x20 cm (Figure 11). Fertilizer applied to cassava is plant basis at recommendation rate of 200 kg Phonska + 100 kg Urea + 100 kg SP-36 + 100 kg KCl + 5 t of manure/ha. Entire dosage of manure and SP-36 are applied at one month after planting as basal and first fertilizer application together with half dosage of Urea and KCl as well. The second fertilizer application will be undertaken at around three months after planting, in the form of half dosage of Urea and KCl as well. In organic fertilizers applied early then followed by organic manure to cover inorganic fertilizer, in the following days hilling up is subsequently done properly with second weeding. Fertilizer application to peanut is at rate of 300 kg Phonska at 3 weeks after planting. Hand weeding of peanut is undertaken, before fertilizer application. Hilling up of peanut rows is done after fertilizer application. Fertilizer application in cassava grafting was also very high and more frequent.

5. Demofarmofcassavaintercroppingwithpeanutandmungbean

The total of 6 ha upland area belong to farmers and PT. Bumi Sari Prima is planted by cassava grafting and ordinary cassava on mid of April 2017. Plant spacing of cassava is 2 m x 2 m. The space available in between cassava is used for growing peanut with spacing of 30x20 cm. Fertilizer applied to cassava is plant basis at recommendation rate of 200 kg Phonska + 100 kg Urea + 100 kg SP-36 + 100 kg KCl + 5 t of manure/ha. Fertilizer application to peanut is at rate of 300 kg Phonska at 3 weeks after planting. Hand weeding of peanut is undertaken, before fertilizer application. Hilling up of peanut rows is done after fertilizer application. Fertilizer application in cassava grafting was also very high and more frequent. Peanut will be harvested on 105 days, then the space will be used for growing mungbean. Fertilizer used for mungbean is similar to peanut at amount of 300 kg Phonska/ha. Mungbean will be harvested at 65-70 days after planting. Seed of peanut and mungbean will be distributed to farmers cooperators participated in this program with support from Agricultural Service of Siantar Municipal. Training of farmers will be held at end of week of May 2017, to improve their understanding about cassava intercropping, seed production of peanut and mungbean as well as certification processof seed for its legality.

6. WeedManagementonCassavaFarmingSystembasedinHumidTropicalUplandofNorthSumatra

Weed is also more serious then did pest and disease. Weed is always control from land preparation till approaching harvest. Monoculture and intercropping of cassava will be prepared by herbicide protection during land preparation as well as till 4 months after planting. Weeding by hoe under intercropping will be observed too. This research will be done on October/November 2017 in various farmer cooperators.

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