2 relación tripartita.pptx.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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1.- ESTRUCTURA 2.- PROPIEDADES 3.- PROCESAMIENTO 4.- PERFOMANCE
O USO
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Relación entre propiedades, estructura y procesamiento
Estructura de los materiales
Propiedades de los materiales
Procesamiento de los materiales
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Estructura de los materiales
Estructura atómica Unión atómica y
Ordenamiento atómico
Estructura de granos Estructura multifásica
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Estructura atómica y enlaces interatómicos
Enlaces Primarios Enlaces secundarios
Iónico
Covalente
Puente de hidrógeno
Van der Waals Metálico
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The metallic bond forms
when atoms give up their
valence electrons, which
then form an electron sea.
The positively charged atom
cores are bonded by mutual
attraction to the negatively
charged electrons
ENLACE METÁLICO
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When voltage is applied to a metal, the
electrons in the electron sea can easily
move and carry a current ENLACE METÁLICO
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Covalent bonding requires that electrons be shared
between atoms in such a way that each atom has its outer sp
orbital filled. In silicon, with a valence of four, four
covalent bonds must be formed ENLACE COVALENTE
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Covalent bonds are directional. In silicon, a
tetrahedral structure is formed, with angles of
109.5° required between each covalent bond ENLACE COVALENTE
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© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
An ionic bond is created between two unlike atoms with different
electronegativities. When sodium donates its valence electron to
chlorine, each becomes an ion; attraction occurs, and the ionic bond
is formed
ENLACE IÓNICO
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© 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
When voltage is applied to an ionic material, entire ions must
move to cause a current to flow. Ion movement is slow and the
electrical conductivity is poor
ENLACE IÓNICO
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Enlaces secundarios
(a) Polymer chains have strong covalent ‘backbones’, but bond to each other only with
weak hydrogen bonds unless they become cross-linked. (b) Cross-links bond the
chains tightly together. The strong carbon–carbon bonds are shown as solid red lines.
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Schematic diagram of donor and acceptor levels located in the forbidden energy gap
SEMICONDUCTORES
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In a typical insulating solid, a full valence band
is separated by a substantial energy gap from
the empty conduction band. Note the break in
the vertical scale
SEMICONDUCTORES
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Superconductors have the ability to levitate vehicles with embedded magnets.
This picture shows an experimental zero-friction train in Japan, built to use
helium-coo led metal Superconductors.
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Fibras de refuerzo en una matriz polimérica
COMPUESTO
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PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES
Propiedades
Físicas
Propiedades
Mecánicas
Densidad Resistencia a la tensión
Color Resistencia a la compresión
Punto de fusión Resistencia al impacto
Conductividad térmica Resistencia a la fatiga
Conductividad eléctrica Resistencia a altas temperaturas (termofluencia)
Magnetismo Rigidez
Comportamiento óptico Ductilidad
Elasticidad Desgaste (abrasión)
Resistencia a la corrosión
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PROPIEDAD
TÉRMICA
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PROPIEDAD
ELÉCTRICA
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PROPIEDAD
MECÁNICA
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PROPIEDADES DE LOS MATERIALES
Propiedades
Físicas (importante por el uso)
Propiedades
Tecnológicas (importante para la
fabricación)
Propiedades
Químicas (importante para el
uso y la fabricación )
Densidad Forjabilidad Resistencia a la corrosión
Punto de fusión Maquinabilidad Aleabilidad
Conductividad térmica Aptitud para soldar
Propiedades venenosas
Conductividad eléctrica
Elasticidad
Dureza
Resistencia mecánica
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Resistencia a la tensión
a) Aluminio b) Magnesio
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Rigidez
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Resistencia a la fatiga
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Resistencia a la compresión
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Resistencia al impacto
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The impact test: (a) The Charpy and Izod tests, and (b) dimensions of
typical specimens
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Procesamiento de los materiales
METALES
Colada o vaciado
Introducir material líquido en moldes en el que tiene lugar la solidificación
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VACEADO
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Vertical continuous casting, used in
producing many steel products. Liquid
metal contained in the tundish partially
solidifies in a mold
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Elaboración mecánica En muchos casos son elaborados en caliente (1000°C en el caso de
aceros) o en frío (temperatura ambiente).
Forjado
El material se calienta hasta una temperatura a la cual se le puede deformar fácilmente: mediante un martillo de mano o usando presión.
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Anillos / Camisas Forjadas
máx. 70" diam. ext. - 8.2 tons
Anillos Rolados (sin costura)
máx. 160" diam. ext. y 30"
altura de cara - 6.8 tons
FORJADO
Discos Forjados
máx. 70" diam. ext. - 8.2 tons
Flechas Forjadas
máx. 70" diam. ext. -
8.2 tons
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EXTRUSION
ROLLING FORGING
DRAWING
TREFILADO
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EXTRUSION
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Metalurgia de polvos
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Doblado Estirado
Perforado y estirado
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Aptitud para soldar Maquinado
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A schematic diagram of the
fusion zone and solidification
of the weld during fusion
welding: (a) initial prepared
joint, (b) weld at the
maximum temperature, with
joint filled with filler metal,
and (c) weld after
solidification.
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Techniques for manufacturing sheet and plate glass:
(a) rolling and (b) floating the lass on molten tin.
Laminado
Flotado
Procesamiento de los materiales
CERÁMICOS
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Techniques for forming lass products: (a) pressing, (b) press
and blow process, and (c) drawing of fibers.
Compresión
Presionado y soplado
Trefilado
Procesamiento de los materiales
CERÁMICOS
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Processes for shaping crystalline ceramics: (a) pressing, (b) isostatic
pressing, (c) extrusion, (d) jiggering, and (e) slip casting.
Moldeo por
escurrimiento
Extrusión
Compresión
Procesamiento de los materiales
CERÁMICOS
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Steps in slip casting of
ceramics. (Source:
From Modern Ceramic
Engineering, by D.W.
Richerson, Copyright
© 1992 Marcel Dekker.
Reprinted by
permission.)
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Procesamiento de los materiales
POLIMEROS
Según el polímero:
TERMOPLASTICOS y TERMORIGIDOS (termoestables)
TERMOPLASTICOS (Acrìlicos, ABS, Nylon, polietileno, PVC)
Inyección
Schematic diagram of an injection molding apparatus. (Adapted from F.W. Billmeyer,
Jr., Textbook of Polymer Science, 2nd edition. Copyright 1971 by John Wiley & Sons,
New York. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
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Schematic diagram of an extruder. (Reprinted with permission from
Encyclopædia Britannica, © 1997 by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)
Extrusión
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Soplado
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(c) 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™
This figure shows a schematic of the blow-stretch process used for fabrication of a
standard two-liter PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle from a preform. The stress
induced crystallization leads to formation of small crystals that help reinforce the
remaining amorphous matrix.
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Schematic diagram of an apparatus that is used to form thin polymer
films. (Reprinted with permission from Encyclopædia Britannica,
1997 by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)
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Moldeo por transferencia
TERMORIGIDOS : (epóxicos, fenólicos, poliamidas, etc)
Moldeo por compresión
Typical forming processes for thermosetting polymers: (a) compression molding and (b) transfer molding.
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Figure 15.29 Typical forming processes for thermoplastic: (a) extrusion, (b) blow
molding, (c) injection molding, (d) thermoforming, (e) calendaring, and (f) spinning.
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RESISTENCIA
QUÍMICA
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Resistencia a la corrosión
Electrolito
Ánodo
Flujo de
electrones
Cátodo
O2 + 2H2O+4e- 4OH- e
e Fe Fe++ + 2e-
Metal
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Resistencia a la corrosión
Electrolito
Ánodo
Flujo de
electrones
Cátodo
2H+ + 2e H2 e
e Fe Fe++ + 2e
Metal
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Microstructural features
in metals, showing their
length scale and the
properties which they
determine. Each interval
on the length scale is a
factor of 1000.
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Microstructural features in
ceramics and glasses, showing
their length scale and the
properties which they determine.
Each interval on the length scale is
a factor of 1000.
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Microstructural features
in polymers and
elastomers, showing
their length scale and the
properties which they
determine. Each interval
on the length scale is a
factor of 1000.
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Evolution of molecular architecture in polymer molding.
(a) Alignment of molecules during viscous flow in
shaping. (b) Partial crystallization during cooling.
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under
license.
During hot working, the elongated anisotropic grains immediately recrystallize. If the hot-working temperature is properly
controlled, the final hot-worked grain size can be very fine
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Schematic trends in structure and strength, hardness, and ductility properties of cold worked metals that are annealed at different temperatures for a fixed time.