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Spanish IIIRealidades-2
El 13 de febrero 2017
Capítulo 1A
META
El Paquete de verbos Página 1-Página 53
La Lección
Stem Changing verbs1. Las Obras a la pizarra
2. META
a. Stem-Changing Verbs
Realidades 2 Página 27
Poder Empezar Pedir
Stem changes: o-ue u-ue e-ie e-i
b. Los verbos en la página 28 mas verbos para aprender
C. El Paquete de Verbos
Parte I Repaso de los Verbos Regulares
Página 1-página 13
Stem-Changing Verbs Página 14
O-UE
Mostrar volver dormir
Página 20
E-IE
Página 26
E-I
TAREA
TAREA para mañana tienen que hacer
Las siguientes actividades del PAQUETE
De los verbos en el Presente Indicativo
Página 15 Section 3 and 4
Página 21 Section 3 and 4
Para mañana, martes, el 14 de febrero 2017.
Escriban Uds. En el paquete.
Goal: LA META
I Al Escuchar listening activities
A. ACTIVIDADES DEL PRELIMINAR
PRELIMINARES
OBRAS
A LA PIZARRA
TASACIONES ASSESSMENMTS
AL HABLAR
B. Paquete de Capítulo 1A
Página 5 6 y 7
La pratica de escuchar y de contestar a las frases
C. Al escuchar actividades con el libro de
Escribir y escuchar
Writing -Audio Workbook
1. Track I Realidades 2 libro Vocabulario
Página 18 A Prima Vista
2. Track 2 Realidades 2 libro HAY QUE…
Página 19
3. Track 5 La Clase de Estaban VIDEOHISTORIA
a escuchar Página 20-Página 21
4. Track 6 Audio writing workbook Página 9
Actividad 5
5. Track 7 Writing Audio Workbook
Actividad 6
6. Track 9 Writing Audio Workbook Página 10
Actividad 7
7. Track 10 Writing Audio Workbook Página 11
Actividad 8
8. Track 11 Writing Audio Workbook Página 11
Actividad 9
II LOS VERBOS
REPASOS EN LOS PAQUETES DE LOS VERBOS
S P A N I S H E N G L I S H S P A N I S H E N G L I S H S P A N I S H E N G L I S H
01 abrir to open 35 encontrar to find 68 peinar to comb
02 aceptar to accept 36 enseñar to teach 69 pensar to think
03 apagar to turn off 37 entender to understand 70 perder to lose
04 aprender to learn 38 enviar to send 71 poder can / to be able to
05 bailar to dance 39 escribir to write 72 poner to put
06 beber to drink 40 escuchar to listen 73 ponerse de pie to stand up
07 buscar to look for 41 esperarto wait / to hope for / to expect
74 preguntar to ask (question)
08 caber to fit 42 estarto be (temporary condition)
75 preocuparse to worry
09 caerse to fall 43 estudiar to study 76 prestar to loan / to lend
10 cambiar to change 44 explicar to explain 77 quejarse to complain
11 caminar to walk 45 firmar to sign 78 querer to want / to desire
12 cancelar to cancel 46 fumar to smoke 79 reparar to repair
13 cantar to sing 47 gastar to spend 80 responder to respond
14 casarse to marry 48 gustar to like 81 romper to break
15 cerrar to close 49 hablar to speak 82 saber to know (to have knowledge of)
16 comenzarto commence / to begin
50 hacer to do / to make 83 salir to leave
17 comer to eat 51 herir to injure / to hurt 84 sentarse to sit
18 comprar to buy 52 intentar to try / to intend 85 sentir to feel
19 conducir to drive 53 ir to go 86 ser to be (characteristics)
20 conocerto know (be acquainted with)
54 jugar to play 87 tener to have
21 contar to count / to tell (story) 55 leer to read 88 terminar to finish
22 contestar to answer 56 limpiar to clean 89 tocar to touch / to play an instrument
23 correr to run 57 llenar to fill 90 tomar to take / to drink
24 cortar to cut 58 llover to rain 91 toser to cough
25 creer to believe 59 mirar to look at 92 trabajar to work
26 dañar to damage 60 nadar to swim 93 traducir to translate
27 dar to give 61 necesitar to need 94 traer to bring
28 decir to say / to tell 62 oir to hear 95 usar to utilize / to use
29 dejar to leave / to neglect 63 olvidar to forget 96 vender to sell
30 deletrear to spell 64 organizar to organize 97 ver to see
31 despertarse to awake 65 pagar to pay 98 viajar to travel
32 dibujar to draw 66 parar to stop 99 vivir to live
33 dormir to sleep 67 pedir to ask for 100 volar to fly
34 encender to turn on / to light Click on any verb to see the conjugation and definition.
List of Spanish Regular Verbsabrir (to open) descubrir (to discover) omitir (to omit)admitir (to admit) desear (to desire) pagar (to pay for)alquilar (to rent) discutir (to discuss) partir (to divide)amar (to love) enseñar (to teach) permitir (to permit)andar (to walk) entrar (en) (to enter (into)) poseer (to possess, to own)aprender (to learn) enviar (to send) practicar (to practice)asistir a (to attend) esconder (to hide) preguntar (to ask)ayudar (to help) escribir (to write) preparer (to prepare)bailar (to dance) escuchar (to listen to) prometer (to promise)beber (to drink) esperar (to hope, to wait for) recibir (to receive)buscar (to look for) estudiar (to study) regresar (to return)caminar (to walk) existir (to exist) romper (to break)cantar (to sing) firmar (to sign) saludar (to greet)cocinar (to cook) ganar (to win, earn) subir (to climb, to go up)comer (to eat) gastar (to spend money) sufrir (to suffer)comprar (to buy) hablar(to speak, to talk) temer (to fear)comprender (to understand) lavar (to wash) tocar (to touch, to play an instrument)contester (to answer) leer (to read) tomar (to take, to drink)correr (to run) llegar (to arrive) trabajar (to work)creer (to believe) llevar (to wear, to carry) unir (to unite)cubrir (to cover) mandar (to order) vender (to sell)deber (to have to, to owe) meter en (to put into) viajar (to travel)decidir (to decide) mirar (to watch, to look at) visitor (to visit )dejar (to allow, to leave) necesitar (to need) vivir (to live )describir (to describe) olvidar (to forget)
List of Spanish Irregular Verbs
acentuar (to stress/ to accent) decir (to say) intervenir (to take part)abrazar (to embrace) decrecer (to decrease) invertir (to reverse/ to invert)abstenerse (to abstain) defender (to defend) ir (to go)acoger (to welcome/ take in) derruir (to demolish) justificar (to justify)acordar (hacer algo) (to agree to) desandar (to go back over) juzgar (to judge)acostarse (to go to bed) desaprobar (to disapprove of) lanzar (to throw/ hurl/ launch/ heave)actuar (to act) descender (to go down) lanzar (to throw/ to fling)adelgazar (to lose weight) descontar (to deduct) liar (to tie up/ to wrap/ to roll)agradecer (to thank) deshacer (to undo/ to unpack) llegar (to arrive)agregar (to add) despertar (to wake/ to arouse) llover (to rain)agriar (to turn sour) destituir (to dismiss) madrugar (to get up early)aguar (to water down) destruir (to destroy/ to wreck) maltraer (to maltreat)alcanzar (to reach) desvariar (to be delirious) marcar (to mark)alentar (to encourage) detener (to arrest/ to stop) mascar (to chew)alzar (to lift/ raise/ hoist) devenir en (to become/ to turn into) mascar (to chew)
amanecer (to dawn) devolver algo (give something back) memorizar (to memorize)amordazar (to gag/ muzzle) digerir (to digest/ to assimilate) mentar (to mention)analizar (to analyze) diluir (to dilute) mentir (to lie)andar (to walk) disminuir (to reduce/ to decrease) morder (to bite/ to eat into)apaciguar (to calm down) disolver (to dissolve/ to break up) morir (to die)apagar (to put out/ to put off) distraer (to amuse/ to entertain) mostrar (to show)aparcar (to park/ to shelf) distribuir (to distribute) obtener (to get/ to win)aparecer (to appear/ show up) divertir (to entertain/ to amuse) oír (to hear)aprobar (to approve) doler (to hurt) pedir (to ask for/ to order)atender (to attend to) dormir (to put to bed) pensar (to think)aterrizar (to land) dormirse (to go to bed) perder (to lose)aterrorizar (to terrorize) edificar (to build) perpetuar (to perpetuate)atestiguar (to testify to) electrificar (to electrify) picar (to bite)averiguar (to find out) empezar (to begin/ to start) platicar (to chat)blocar (to block) encender (to light/ to inflame) poder (to be able to)caer (to fall) encerrar (to shut up/ to shut in) preferir (to prefer)calentar (to heat up/ to warm up) encoger (to shrink) prevaler (to prevail)castigar (to punish) encontrar (to find/ to encounter) prevenir (to prevent)cazar (to hunt) engrosar (to swell) provenir de (to come from)certificar (to confirm) enviar (to send) provocar (to incite)chocar (to crash) envolver (to wrap up/ to wind) punzar (to prick/ to stab)civilizar (to civilize) escoger (to choose) quebrar (to break)clarificar (to clarify) espiar (to spy on) querer (to want)coger (to take) esquiar (to ski) recaer (to relapse)comenzar (to start/ to begin) estar (to be ) recoger (to pick up)compareceer (to appear) expedir (to send/ to dispatch) reconstruir (to rebuild)complicar (to complicate) explicar (to explain) recordar (to remember)conceptuar (to consider/ to judge) extender (to stretch out) referir (to tell/ recount)concordar (to agree/ to reconcile) extenuar (to exhaust/ to drain) refrescar (to refresh/ to chill)confesar (to confess) extraer (to extract) rehacer (to do again/ to rebuild)confiar (to confide) fabricar (to manufacture/ to build) rehuir (to avoid)confluir (to converge/ to meet) falsificar (to forge) rozar (to rub/ to brush/ to graze)conocer (to know) fatigar (to tire/ to weary) saber (to know)consentir (to allow/ to permit) fluir (to flow) sacar (to take out)construir (to build/ manufacture) fotografiar (to take a photograph) salir (to go out)contar (to count/ to tell) fraguar (to forge) satisfacer (to satisfy/ to quench)contener (to contain/ to restrain) generalizar (to spread/ generalize) sentar (to sit/ to seat)continuar (to continue) gozar (to enjoy) sostener (to support)contraer (to contract/ to acquire) hacer (to do/ to make) suplicar (to plead)contribuir (to contribute) halagar (to flatter) tocar (to touch)convenir (to be suitable) henchir (to fill/ to fill up) traer (to bring)costar (to cost) hervir (to boil) tragar (to swallow)cotizar (to quote/ to price) impedir (to prevent) tronar (to thundar)
crecer (to grow) incluir (to include) unificar (to unite)criar (to breed) influir (to influence) utilizar (to use)cualificar (to qualify) insinuar (to insinuate) valer (to value)dar (to give) intensificar (to intensify)
Ejemplo:
Yo quiero cambiar mi horario escolástico. Necesito la clase de matemáticas que empieza a las once menos treinta todos los días de la semana. Quieo cambiart la clase mañana.
Gracias.
Actividades de clase:
Las Obras y eventos de la clase
1. A la pizarra
2. Obras3. A hablar Tasaciones - Assessments
4. Realidades 2 Videohistoria
Página 20-Página 21
A. Estudiantes leen juntos en alta voz(students read aloud to each other and work together to understand what goes on in the story. They note the Vocabulary and verbs used.)
B. VIDEO LEEN EL VIDEO.
(students watch the video of the story)
C. ¿Comprendiste? Los estudiantes hacen la
actividad y contestan las preguntas.
(The students copy the sentences and
answer the questions of the activity .)
D. Hacemos las correcciones a la piazrra.
(Students correct their papers and the
correct responses are written on the
board.)
4. MANOS A LA OBRA Página 22 Actividad 4
Escribir y hablar ¿Qué tienen que hacer?
Para decir mas:
El álgebra
El Biología
La física
La geografía
La geometría
La historia
El literatura
La química
Opción
Página 23
Actividad 5 ¡Tantas Actividades!
Expresions
Hacer proyectos
Hacer preguntas
Aprernder de memoria
Dar discursos
Escribir informes
Trabajar en el laboratorio
Stem-Changing VerbsPoder
Querer
Empezar
Pedir
entender
pensar
preferir
servir
repetir
costar
dormir
Stem Changing Verbs:
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:IE
Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.hablarcomervivirWith regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive
hablamos comemos vivimos
habláis coméis vivís
hablan comen viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:o:ue u - ue jugare:iee:iWith the second group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
Cerrar
Cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerráis
cierran
Here’s another e:ie stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
entender (e:ie)
entiendo
entiendes
entiende
entendemos
entendéis
entienden
Here’s another e:ie stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
mentir (e:ie)
miento
mientes
miente
mentimos
mentis
mienten
Here is a list of common e:ie stem-changing verbs.
encenderto light, kindle
advertirto advise, warn
entenderto understand
cerrarto close, shut
comenzarto begin
mentirto lie
consentirto consent
negarto deny
convertirto convert
pensar (en)to think about
defenderto defend
perderto lose
empezarto begin
preferirto prefer
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: O:UE
o:ue
With the first group of stem-changing verbs, the letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
Contar
Cuento
cuentas
cuenta
contamos
contáis
cuentan
Here’s another o:ue stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
mover (o:ue)
muevo
mueves
mueve
movemos
movéis
mueven
Here’s another o:ue stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
dormir (o:ue)
duermoduermesduermedormimosdormísduermen
Here is a list of common o:ue stem-changing verbs.
almorzarto eat lunch
morirto die
mostrarto show
colgarto hang
moverto move (an object)contarto count, to tell
probarto prove, test, sample, taste
costarto costrecordarto remember
devolverto return (an object)
resolverto solve
volverto return (from someplace)
rogarto beg, pray
sonarto sound, ring
encontrarto find
soñar (con)to dream (about)
envolverto wrap
tostarto toast
morderto bite
volarto fly
STEM-CHANGING
VERBS: E:Io:uee:ie
e:iWith the third group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to i in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
Repetir
repitorepitesrepiterepetimosrepetísrepiten
Here’s another e:i stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb vivir. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
competir (e:i)
compito
compites
compite
competimos
competís
compiten
Here’s another e:i stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
pedir (e:i)
pidopidespidepedimospedís
piden
Here is a list of common e:i stem-changing verbs.impedirto impede
competirto compete
medirto measure
conseguirto get, obtain
pedirto ask for, to order
corregirto correct
perseguirto pursue, to persecute
decir (*)to say, tell
reírto laugh
despedirto dismiss, fire
repetirto repeat
elegirto elect
seguirto follow, continue
freírto fry
servirto serve
sonreírto smile
* Note: The verb “decir” and its derivitive forms are irregular in the first person: yo digo, etc.Let’s add a flashcard for e:i stem-changers:
Mini Proyecto
Goal: LA META To write a Schedule for clases and to request a Schedule change using stem-changing verbs
including Poder, Empezar aand Pedir, querer…..
Ejemplo:
Yo quiero cambiar mi horario escolástico. Necesito la clase de matemáticas que empieza a las once menos treinta todos los días de la semana. Quieo cambiart la clase mañana.
Tarea ¡ a completer___fin de la lección__________________________
tarea
¡¡¡Estudien Uds.!!! Capítulo 1ALeccion Preliminar
LA META
Realidades 2 Página 14
Las clasesEl arteLas ciencias naturalesLa educacìon fisicaEl españolLas matemáticasLa tecnología
A VER SI RECUERDAS:
Question Words in Spanish
Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words)
Interrogative pronouns simply
mean question words.
Whether or not you realize it, a question word is actually a pronoun because it is used in place of the noun that would be the answer to the question.
Following is a complete list of question words. Notice that they all have accent marks.
Most of the question words have exact equivalents in Spanish and English. But there are a few issues you must understand in order to use the correct question word in context. There are three Spanish interrogative pronouns that can be translated to the English word what: qué, cuál, and cómo. Unfortunately, they are not just interchangeable, but there are some simple rules to govern their usage.
What rule 1: Always use qué to mean what directly in front of any noun.
¿Qué libro lee usted? What book do you read? ¿Qué comida comen ellos? What food do they eat?
What rule 2: Qué is used in front of any form of the verb ser when asking for a definition or an explanation. That is, when you're really asking “What does it mean?” or “What is it?”
What rule 3: Cuál is used in front of any form of
the verb ser when you're asking for a choice or
specific answer. For example, consider the difference between the following two answers to a question about your address. The sample questions that generate them use the es form, which means is, of the verb ser.
A: My address is the house number, the street name, city, state, and zip code where I live.
B: My address is 555 Kingston Lane, Carrollton, Ohio 44615.
Answer A is obviously the response to a question asking for a definition or explanation of the word “address.” This is the type of answer elicited from the following question:
¿Qué es dirección?
What is “your address?” (give me an explanation or definition of address)
Answer B is clearly the type of response to the question, “What is your address?” Any question asking for a specific response, as in the following example, requires the question word “ cuál.”
¿Cuál es tu dirección?
What is your address? (give me a specific place)
What rule 4: Cómo is often used as a
response when someone fails to hear a comment and would like it repeated. In English when someone says something you don't hear, you say, “What?” If this happens in Spanish, the one word response, “¿ Cómo?” is appropriate. That does not, however, mean that cómo can be used to mean “What?” in any other situation.
The importance of knowing how to ask a question is obvious, but a large number of people tend to mix up the question words or simply can't remember them.
Try to use mnemonic (memory) tricks to help you remember the question words. The following examples are silly, and therein lies their beauty. Although they won't elicit the exact question word, they will certainly jar your memory. You should try to think of your own mnemonic devices for the rest of the question words.
How did he get into a coma? Cómo = how Who dates Barbie? Ken! Quién = who What do they sell at K‐mart? Qué = what When can I buy a condo? Cuándo = when
Most questions that have a question word are created exactly like a yes or no question with the question word in front. Take the question “Does he speak Italian?” ¿Habla él italiano? There are several question words that could be placed in front of the question to elicit more information than a yes or no answer.
The following examples show how different question words can elicit different answers:
¿Cómo está tu familia? How is your family?
¿Dónde habla él italiano? Where does he speak Italian?
¿Cuándo habla él italiano? When does he speak Italian?
¿Por qué habla él italiano? Why does he speak Italian?
All of the sample questions can be created simply by switching the subject and the verb to create a yes or no question and then placing the specific question word in front.
HAY QUE… / TENER + QUE…..
TENER QUE, HAY QUE
Tener que + infinitive is one way to express obligation or necessity. This expression can be translated as “someone has to do something.” Tener is conjugated according to the subject of the sentence.
Tengo que comer las verduras.I have to eat the vegetables.
Ángel tiene que leer el periódico.Ángel has to read the newspaper.
Ellos tienen que comprar una revista.They have to buy a magazine.
Hay que + infinitive is used to express the idea of “one must do something” or, “it is necessary to do something.” It is a more general
expression and since there is no subject, the verb form hay is always used.
Hay que tomar un taxi.It is necessary to take a taxi.
Hay que estudiar mucho.One must study a lot.
These examples illustrate the contrasting uses of these two expressions:
María tiene un examen el lunes. Ella tiene que estudiar.María has a test on Monday. She has to study.
No es fácil aprender el español. Hay que practicar mucho.It isn’t easy to learn Spanish. It is necessary to practice a lot.
Stem-changing verbs in spanish
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:IE
Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.hablarcomervivir
With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive
hablamos comemos vivimos
habláis coméis vivís
hablan comen viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:
o:uee:iee:i
u-ue jugarWith the second group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
cerrarcierrocierrascierracerramoscerráiscierranHere’s an
other e:ie stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
entender (e:ie)
entiendo
entiendes
entiende
entendemos
entendéis
entienden
Here’s another e:ie stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
mentir (e:ie)
miento
mientes
miente
mentimos
mentis
mienten
Here is a list of common e:ie stem-changing verbs.
acertarto guess, get right
encenderto light, kindle
advertirto advise, warnentenderto understand
cerrarto close, shut
fregarto scrub, wash dishes
comenzarto begin
hervirto boil
confesarto confess
mentirto lieconsentirto consent
negarto deny
convertirto convert
pensar (en)to think about
defenderto defend
perderto lose
empezarto begin
preferirto prefer
e:ie stem-changers (cerrar)
cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerráis
cierran
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: O:UE
Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.hablarcomervivir
With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.
hablo como vivo
hablas comes vives
habla come vive
hablamos comemos vivimos
habláis coméis vivís
hablan comen viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:o:uee:iee:i
With the first group of stem-changing verbs, the letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
Contar
Cuento
cuentas
cuenta
contamos
contáis
cuentan
Here’s another o:ue stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.
mover (o:ue)
muevo
mueves
mueve
movemos
movéis
mueven
Here’s another o:ue stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.
dormir (o:ue)
duermo
duermes
duerme
dormimos
dormís
duermen
Here is a list of common o:ue stem-changing verbs.
almorzarto eat lunch
morirto die
aprobarto approve
mostrarto show
colgarto hang
moverto move (an object)
contarto count, to tell
probarto prove, test, sample, tastecostarto cost
recordarto remember
devolverto return (an object)
resolverto solve
volverto return (from someplace)
rogarto beg, pray
dormirto sleep
sonarto sound, ring
encontrarto find
soñar (con)to dream (about)
envolverto wrap
tostarto toast
morderto bite
volarto fly
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:IE
e:i
STEM CHANGING VERBS E:I
The main form of the verb is called the infinitive. The infinitive consists of two parts: the ending and the stem. The ending is the last two letters. There are only three different endings: -ar, -er, and -ir. The stem is everything else, except the ending.
hablar: ending = ar, stem = hablcomer: ending = er, stem = comvivir: ending = ir, stem =vivSome spanish verbs are called stem-changers because when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a predictable way. In one group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to i in all but the nosotros and vosotros forms.
This particular type of stem-changing verb is found only in -ir verbs.
pedir
yo pido
tú pides
él, ella, Ud. Pide
nosotros/as pedimos
vosotros/as pedís
ellos, ellas, Uds. Piden
Here are some common e:i stem-changing verbs.competirto compete
concebirto conceive
despedirto fire
impedirto impede
medirto measure
pedirto ask for
reñirto scold, quarrel
repetirto repeatservirto serve
teñirto color, dye, stain
vestirto dress
Fin stem-changing verbs
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Spanish Adjectives: Part I
Adjectives are frequently descriptive. That is, most often adjectives are used to describe a noun, or distinguish the noun from a group of
similar objects. For example, an adjective might describe the color of an object.the red penthe blue pen
In Spanish, most adjectives change form, depending upon whether the word they modify is masculine or feminine. Notice the difference between "the tall boy" and "the tall girl."el chico altola chica alta
Adjectives also change form depending upon whether the word they modify is singular or plural. Notice the difference between "the tall boy" and "the tall boys" ; "the tall girl" and "the tall girls."el chico altolos chicos altosla chica altalas chicas altas
Many common adjectives end in -o. These adjectives have four forms. The following words all mean "tall":altoaltaaltosaltas
The correct form of the adjective depends upon the noun it modifies. Is the noun masculine or feminine? Singular or plural?libro rojored bookpluma rojared penlibros rojosred booksplumas rojasred pens
Notice how the endings of the nouns and these adjectives are similar.libro rojopluma rojalibros rojosplumas rojas
Adjectives that end in -e also change form for singular or plural. To form the plural, simply add -s.la chica inteligentelas chicas inteligentes
Adjectives that end in -e do not, however, change form for masculine or feminine.la chica inteligenteel chico inteligentelas chicas inteligenteslos chicos inteligentes
Similarly, most adjectives that end in a consonant do change form for singular or plural, but do not change for masculine or feminine. To form the plural, add -es.la chica popularel chico popularlas chicas populareslos chicos populares
Let's review.1 Adjectives that end in -o have four forms:
alto, alta, altos, altas2 Adjectives that end in -e have two forms:
inteligente, inteligentes
Adjectives: Part II
Many adjectives of nationality end in -o. These adjectives follow the same rules as other adjectives ending in -o. That is, they have four forms.
el muchacho mexicanola muchacha mexicanalos muchachos mexicanos
las muchachas mexicanas
Many other adjectives of nationality end in a consonant. These adjectives do not follow the same rules as other adjectives ending in a consonant, rather, they have a distinct feminine form ending in -a.el muchacho españolla muchacha españolalos muchachos españoleslas muchachas españolas
There is another group of adjectives that does not follow the normal rules. Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín also have a feminine form.el chico habladorla chica habladoralos chicos habladoreslas chicas habladorasel hombre trabajadorla mujer trabajadoralos hombres trabajadoreslas mujeres trabajadoras
Note: Adjectives ending in "-erior" do not have a feminine form.
Adjectives that are descriptive usually follow the noun they describe.
el chico altola chica altalos libros pequeñoslas plumas rojas
Adjectives of quantity almost always come before the noun. Such adjectives tell how much or how many.pocos librosmucha energíamucho trabajopocas casas
Sometimes, a descriptive adjective can precede the noun. If the adjective is descriptive, but speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken for granted, the adjective comes first.
la blanca nievethe white snow (snow is inherently white)los altos picosthe tall peaks (peaks are inherently tall)
Let's review the last two lessons.Adjectives that end in -o have four forms.altoaltaaltosaltas
Adjectives of nationality ending in -o are no different from other such adjectives.
guatemalteco
guatemaltecaguatemaltecosguatemaltecas
Adjectives that end in -e have two forms.inteligenteinteligentes
Most adjectives ending with a consonant have two forms.
popularpopulares
Adjectives of nationality ending in a consonant have four forms.
españolespañolaespañolesespañolas
Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín have four forms.
habladorhabladorahabladoreshabladorasAdjectives that are descriptive usually follow the noun they describe.
casa blancachica alta
When an adjective speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken for granted, the adjective precedes the noun.
la blanca nievelos altos picos
Adjectives of quantity usually come before the noun.
pocos librosmuchos libros
Days of the WeekIn Spanish-speaking countries, the week begins on Monday.lunesMondaymartes
TuesdaymiércolesWednesdayjuevesThursdayviernesFridaysábadoSaturdaydomingoSundaySER
In Spanish, there are two verbs that can be translated as "to be." These two verbs are ser and estar. This lesson will not focus on their correct usage; rather, it is designed to give you lots of practice conjugating these two verbs. For detailed explanations
of when to use ser and when to use estar, see the following lessons:Ser and estar - the fundamentalsUses of serUses of estarContrasting uses
For these quizzes, you only need know how to conjugate ser and estar.
estar ser
estoyestásestáestamosestáisestán
soyeresessomossoisson
This list isn't complete, but it includes most Spanish- and English-speaking countries as well as countries you're most likely to see in Spanish-language news reports.Alemania (Germany) — alemánArgentina — argentinoAustralia — australianoAustria — austriaco, austríacoBélgica (Belgium) — belgaBolivia — bolivianoBrasil — brasileñoCanadá — canadienseChile — chilenoChina — chinoColombia — colombianoCorea del Norte (North Korea) —
nortecoreano, norcoreanoCorea del Sur (South Korea) — sudcoreanoCosta Rica — costarricense, costarriqueño (uncommon),Cuba — cubanoDinamarca (Denmark) — danésEcuador — ecuatorianoEgipto (Egypt) — egipcioEl Salvador — salvadoreñoEscocia (Scotland) — escocésEspaña (Spain) — españolEstados Unidos (United States) — estadounidenseFilipinas (Philippines) — filipinoFrancia — francésGales (Wales) — galésGran Bretaña (Great Britain) — británicoGrecia (Greece) — griegoGuatemala — guatemalteco
Haití — haitianoHonduras — hondureñola India — indio, hindúInglaterra (England) — inglésIrak, Iraq — irakí, iraquíIrán — iraníIrlanda — irlandésIsrael — israelíItalia (Italy) — italianoJapón — japonésMarruecos (Morocco) — marroquíMéxico, Méjico — mexicano, mejicanoNicaragua — nicaragüenseNoruega (Norway) — noruegoNueva Zelanda (New Zealand) — neozelandésPaíses Bajos (Netherlands) — holandésPalestina — palestinoPanamá — panameño
Paraguay — paraguayoPerú — peruanoPolonia (Poland) — polacoPortugual — portuguésPuerto Rico — puertorriqueñola República Dominicana (Dominican Republic) — dominicanoRusia — rusoSudáfrica (South Africa) — sudafricanoSuecia (Sweden) — suecoSuiza (Switzerland) — suizoTaiwan — taiwanésUruguay — uruguayoVenezuela — venezolano
Comjugation regular Spanish Verbs
Regular Spanish VerbsIn Spanish, there are three categories of verbs. The category is determined by the last two letters of the infinitive:
-ar verbs (like hablar)-er verbs (like comer)-ir verbs (like vivir)
The infinitive is the base form of the verb, such as to speak, to eat, to live,
etc. In Spanish, all
infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir.
-ar verb
hablar (to speak)
-er verbcomer (to eat)
-ir verbvivir (to live)
To conjugate a verb means to
manipulate the infinitive so that it agrees with the different possible subjects. Here is the present tense conjugation of the infinitive "to speak":to speak
I speakyou speakhe speaksshe speakswe speakyou-all speakALL OF YOU speakthey speak
The present tense in Spanish can mean three things.
The Spanish phrase "yo hablo" can mean:
yo habloI speak
yo habloI do speak
yo habloI am speaking
Many Spanish verbs are completely
regular, meaning that they follow a specific pattern of conjugation. In this lesson you will learn to conjugate regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs (in the present tense). Before you can do that, you must memorize the following subject pronouns.yo (I)tú (you - informal) VOS= very politeél (he)ella (she)usted (you - formal)
nosotros/nosotras (we)vosotros/vosotras (you-all - informal)
ellos/ellas (they)ustedes (you-all formal)
Tú = you familiar
VOS= You but VERY polite Old Spanish but still used in Many countries - in Central and South America America
Such as- Uruguay , Argentina……
For a review of the subject pronouns, click here.
Spanish infinitives are divided into two parts: the ending and the stem. The ending is the last two letters. Remember, all infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir. The stem is everything that's left after you remove the ending.habl + ar = hablarcom + er = comerviv + ir = vivir
In this lesson, we will use three model verbs: hablar, comer, and vivir. In Spanish, you conjugate verbs by changing the ending. If the subject is I (yo), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -o.yo hablo (hablar - ar + o = hablo)I speak, I am speaking, I do speak
yo como (comer - er + o = como)I eat, I am eating, I do eat
yo vivo (vivir - ir + o = vivo)I live, I am living, I do live
If the subject is you - informal (tú), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -as (for -ar verbs) or -es (for -er and
-ir verbs).tú hablas (hablar - ar + as = hablas)you speak, you are speaking, you do speak
tú comes (comer - er + es = comes)you eat, you are eating, you do eat
tú vives (vivir - ir + es = vives)you live, you are living, you do live
If the subject is he (él), she (ella) or you - formal (usted), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -a (-ar verbs) or -e (-er and -ir verbs).él/ella/usted habla (hablar - ar + a = habla)he speaks, she is speaking, you (formal) do speak
él/ella/usted come (comer - er + e = come)he eats, she is eating, you (formal) do eat
él/ella/usted vive (vivir - ir + e = vive)he lives, she is living, you (formal) do live
If the subject is we (nosotros/nosotras), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -amos, -emos, or -imos, depending on whether the verb is -ar, -er or -ir.nosotros hablamos (hablar - ar + amos = hablamos)we speak, we are speaking, we do speak
nosotros comemos (comer - er + emos = comemos)we eat, we are eating, we do eat
nosotros vivimos (vivir - ir + imos = vivimos)we live, we are living, we do live
If the subject is you-all - informal (vosotros/vosotras), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -áis, -éis, or ís.vosotros habláis (hablar - ar + áis = habláis)you-all speak, you-all are speaking, you-all do speak
vosotros coméis (comer - er + éis = coméis)you-all eat, you-all are eating, you-all do
eat
vosotros vivís (vivir - ir + ís = vivís)you-all live, you-all are living, you-all do live
If the subject is they (ellos/ellas) or you-all - formal (ustedes), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -an (-ar verbs) or -en (-er and -ir verbs).ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan (hablar - ar + an = hablan)they speak, they are speaking, you-all (formal) do speak
ellos/ellas/ustedes comen (comer - er + en = comen)they eat, they are eating, you-all (formal) do eat
ellos/ellas/ustedes viven (vivir - ir + en = viven)they live, they are living, you-all (formal) do live
As you can see, to conjugate regular -ar verbs, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following:-o-as-a-amos-áis-an
To conjugate regular -er verbs, simply
drop the ending (-er) and add one of the following:
-o-es-e-emos-éis-enTo conjugate regular -ir verbs, simply drop the ending (-ir) and add one of the following:-o-es-e-imos-ís-en
•
List of some regular- ar -er and -ir verbs
Here’s a list of some common regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs: -ar verbs alquilar..................... amar ........................ andar ....................... ayudar ..................... bailar ....................... buscar ...................... caminar.................... cantar ...................... cocinar..................... comprar ................... dejar ........................ desear ......................
enseñar.................... entrar (en)................ enviar....................... escuchar .................. esperar..................... estudiar.................... firmar....................... ganar ....................... gastar ...................... hablar ...................... lavar......................... llegar ....................... llevar........................ mandar .................... mirar........................ necesitar .................. olvidar...................... pagar ....................... practicar...................
preguntar................. preparar ................... regresar ................... saludar..................... tocar ........................ tomar....................... trabajar .................... viajar........................ visitar ....................... to rentto loveto walkto helpto dance to look for to walk to singto cookto buy
to allow, to leave to desire to teachto enter (into)to sendto listen toto hope,to wait for to studyto signto win,
to earnto spend money
to speak, to talkto washto arriveto wear, to carryto orderto watch, to look at to needto forgetto pay forto practiceto askto prepareto returnto greetto touch,
to play an instrumentto take, to drinkto workto travelto visit -er verbs aprender .................. to learn beber ....................... to drink comer ...................... to eat comprender ............. to understand correr ....................... to run creer ........................ to believedeber ....................... to have to, to owe esconder .................. to hideleer .......................... to read
meter en .................. to put into poseer...................... to possess, to own prometer.................. to promise romper..................... to break temer....................... to fearvender ..................... to sell -ir verb abrir......................... to openadmitir ..................... to admitasistir a .................... to attendcubrir ....................... to cover decidir...................... to decide describir ................... to describe descubrir.................. to discover discutir..................... to discussescribir ..................... to writeexistir ....................... to exist omitir....................... to omit
partir........................ to divide permitir.................... to permitrecibir ...................... to receivesubir ........................ to climb, to go up sufrir ........................ to suffer unir.......................... to unite vivir.......................... to live
Present indicative[
Verbs Yo Tú Vos Él / Ella /
UstedNosotros / Nosotras
Vosotros / Vosotras
pensar
pienso
piensas
pensás piensa pensamos pensáis
contar
cuento
cuentas
contás cuenta contamos contáis
perder pierdo pierdes p
erdés pierde perdemos perdéis
moler muelo mueles m
olés muele molemos moléis
oler huelo hueles olés huele olemos oléis
sentir siento sientes sentís siente sentimos sentís
dormir
duermo
duermes
dormís duerme dormimos dormís
Present subjunctive[edit]
Verbs Yo Tú Vos (*) Él / Ella /
UstedNosotros / Nosotras
Vosotros / Vosotras
pensar
piense
pienses pienses / pensés piense pensemos penséis
contar
cuente
cuentes cuentes / contés cuente contemos contéis
perder pierda pierdas pierdas / perdás pierda perdamos perdáis
moler muela muelas muelas / molás muela molamos moláis
oler huela huelas huelas / olás huela olamos oláis
sentir sienta sientas sientas / sintás sienta sintamos sintáis
dormir
duerma
duermas
duermas / durmás duerma durmamos durmáis
(*) In Central America pensés, contés, etc. are used,[2] but Spanish Royal Academy prescribes pienses, cuentes, etc., according to Rioplatense Spanish.Imperative[edit]
Verbs Tú Vos Vosotros /
Vosotras Usted
pensar
piensa
pensá pensad (*) p
iense
contar
cuenta
contá contad (*) c
uente
perder pierde p
erdé perded (*) pierda
moler muele m
olé moled (*) muela
oler huele olé oled (*) huela
sentir siente sentí sentid (*) sienta
dormir
duerme
dormí dormid (*) d
uerma
(*) Only used in Spain. Formal conjugations of the plural imperative end in -d, but in colloquial use the most common conjugation ends in -r instead: pensar, contar, etc.
Note that sentir and dormir also undergo vowel raising. Additional diphthongizing verbs include acordar(se), divertir(se), doler, empezar, encontrar, entender, llover, morir, mostrar, mover, poder, probar, querer, recordar, sentar(se), tener, venir, volar, and volver.Many verbs with -e- or -o- in the root do not alternate. Common non-diphthongizing verbs include acercar(se), beber, comer, comprar, conocer, correr, creer, deber, dejar, entrar, esperar, lamentar, llegar, llevar, meter, parecer, poner, prometer, quedar, regresar, responder, suceder, temer, and tomar.Less frequent verbs of this kind are often a source of mistakes for children learning to speak, and also for some adults:
• rebosar → yo *rebueso, él *rebuesa... instead of yo reboso, él rebosa...
Vowel raising[edit]Vowel raising appears only in verbs of the third conjugation (-ir verbs), and in this group it affects dormir, morir, podrir (alternative for the more common pudrir) and nearly all verbs which have -e- as their last stem vowel (e.g. sentir, repetir); exceptions include cernir, discernir and concernir (all three diphthongizing).Affected forms[edit]The forms that exhibit the change can be described negatively as those in which the stem vowel is not diphthongized and the ending does not contain stressed /í/[3] or the /ir/ sequence. In other words, vowel raising affects the forms whose endings do not contain an i which is not part of a diphthong, taking into account that diphthongizing overrides vowel raising.In effect, for diphthongizing verbs (e.g. sentir, dormir), the vowel-raising forms are:3the first-person and second-person plural of the present
subjunctive (sintamos, sintáis, durmamos, durmáis);4the gerund (sintiendo, durmiendo);5the third-person singular and plural of the preterite
(sintió, sintieron, durmió, durmieron);6all forms of the imperfect subjunctive (sintiera/sintiese...,
durmiera/durmiese...) and of the future subjunctive (sintiere..., durmiere...).
For non-diphthongizing verbs (e.g. pedir) it affects these same forms (pidamos, pidáis, pidiendo, pidió, pidieron, pidiera...), plus:• in the present indicative, all singular forms and the third-
person plural (pido, pides, pide, piden);• the remaining forms of the present subjunctive (pida,
pidas, pidan);• the tú form of the imperative (pide).The forms which do not undergo either diphthongizing or vowel raising are:• the first-person and second-person plural of the present
indicative (sentimos, sentís), because these forms have stressed /í/ in their endings.
• the infinitive (sentir), past participle (sentido), imperfect indicative (sentía...) and the vos and vosotros/as forms of the imperative (sentí, sentid), for the same reason.
• the future (sentiré...) and conditional (sentiría...), whose endings contain the /ir/ sequence.
Affected verbs[edit]Verbs which are diphthongizing and vowel-raising include:• those ending in -entir (sentir, mentir, arrepentirse...) and -
ertir (convertir, advertir...);• those ending in -erir (herir, requerir, preferir, digerir...),
except aterir;• venir and derived verbs (convenir, prevenir...) in the
gerund (viniendo...), as the rest of forms undergo other overriding irregularities.
• dormir and morir.The diphthongizing -er verb poder exceptionally undergoes vowel rising in the gerund (pudiendo), but the first- and second-person plural of the present subjunctive are regular (podamos, podáis).Non-diphthongizing vowel-rising verbs include:those ending in -edir (medir, pedir, despedir...), -etir
(competir, repetir) and -egir (corregir, elegir...; note forms with j before a/o such as corrijo, corrija).
those ending in -eír (reír, sonreír, freír, desleír). Double i that would result is simplified (rieron, not *riieron or *riyeron). Note that stressed i in contact with a/e/o must take an acute accent (río, ríe, ría) but monosyllabic forms of the preterite do not have it (rio, riais, but rió and riáis also valid if you pronounce them in two syllables).
those ending in -eñir (teñir, ceñir...). Note that unstressed i between ñ and a vowel is dropped (tiñendo, tiñó, tiñeron, tiñera...).
decir and derived verbs (bendecir, predecir...), in the forms that do not undergo other overriding irregularities.
embestir.podrir. Note that the affected forms are equal to those
derived from the more usual infinitive pudrir, which is regular except in the past participle podrido.
The vowel-raising verb erguir is usually diphthongizing (with ye- forms as yergo...), not-diphthongizing forms are however valid but rare (irgo...).Diphthongs and hiatuses[edit]Cambio vs. envío[edit]Diphthongs in the infinitive may be preserved throughout the conjugation or broken in the forms which are stressed on the stem, depending on whether the i or u in contact with a/e/o take the stress or not. The stressed vowel is marked bold in the examples: cambiar > cambio, but enviar > envío (requiring an acute accent to indicate the resulting hiatus). The Spanish Royal Academy doesn't consider either behaviour as an irregularity, but illustrates
each with six "regular" models, one for each possible diphthong in the infinitive: anunciar, averiguar, bailar, causar, peinar and adeudar for diphthong-keeping verbs and enviar, actuar, aislar, aunar, descafeinar and rehusar for diphthong-breaking ones. Remember that the presence of a silent h does not break a diphthong, so a written accent is needed anyway in rehúso.All verbs ending in -guar are diphthong-keeping, as well as saciar, desairar, restaurar and reinar. Note that two dipththongs are kept in desahuciar > desahucio (again the -h- makes no difference), which thus follows both the anunciar and causar models.Diphthong-breaking verbs include ahincar, aislar, aunar, aullar, maullar, aupar, aliar, vaciar, contrariar, evaluar, habituar, reunir. The verbs criar, fiar, guiar, liar and piar are also diphthong-breaking (crío, guíe), but when the stress falls on the endings the resulting forms are generally considered as monosyllables and thus written without accent: crie, fie, guiais, lieis.... In spite of that, you can follow the regular accentuation rules if you pronounce these forms as bisyllabic: crié, guiáis...For the verbs licuar and adecuar both options are valid: adecuo or adecúo.Note that the ui diphthong in cuidar is kept throughout the conjugation despite the fact of the i getting the stress in forms such as cuido (written without stress mark).Verbs ending in -uir and -oír[edit]All verbs ending in -uir (e.g. construir, disminuir, distribuir) add a medial -y- before all endings not starting with i: construyo, construyes, construya... Taking into account that these verbs also undergo the change of unstressed
intervocalic i to y (see orthographical changes above), they have many forms containing y.This also applies to the forms of oír and desoír that do not undergo the -ig- change: oyes, oye, oyenAgain, note that some regular forms of fluir, fruir and huir are written without stress mark if considered monosyllabic, but may bear it if pronounced as bisyllabic: vosotros huis or huís (present), yo hui or huí (preterite).Note that logically argüir loses the diaeresis before y: arguyo, arguyó...Other common irregular patterns[edit]Endings starting with o/a in er/ir verbs[edit]In er and ir verbs, the first person singular of the present indicative and the whole present subjunctive are the only forms whose endings start with o/a instead of e/i. These two different phonetic environments made Latin forms evolve differently in many verbs, leading to irregularities. Note that:Whenever the first person singular of the present
indicative has an irregularity other than diphthongizing, but still ends in -o, the whole present subjunctive shares the same irregularity:
hacer > hago, haga...lucir > luzco, luzca...caber > quepo, quepa...ver > veo, vea...; prever > preveo, prevea...
When the first person singular of the present indicative does not end in -o, the present subjunctive is also irregular, but in a different way:
ser > soy, sea...ir > voy, vaya...
haber > he, hayasaber > sé, sepa...
G-verbs[edit]Before o (in the first person singular of the indicative present tense) and a (that is, in all persons of the present subjunctive), the so-called G-verbs (sometimes "go-verbs" or "yo-go" verbs) add a medial -g- after l and n (also after s in asir), add -ig- when the root ends in a vowel, or substitute -g- for -c-. Note that this change overrides diphthongization (tener, venir) but combines with vowel-raising (decir). Many of these verbs are also irregular in other ways. For example:salir: yo salgo, tú sales...valer: yo valgo, tú vales...poner: yo pongo, tú pones...tener: yo tengo, tú tienes...venir: yo vengo , tú vienes...caer: yo caigo, tú caes...traer: yo traigo, tú traes...oír: yo oigo, tú oyes...hacer: yo hago, tú haces...decir: yo digo, tú dices...asir: yo asgo, tú ases...ZC-verbs[edit]This group of verbs—which originated in the Latin inchoative verbs but now includes other verbs as well— substitute -zc- for stem-final -c- before o and a. The group includes nearly all verbs ending in -acer (except hacer and derived verbs), -ecer (except mecer and remecer), -ocer (except cocer and derived verbs), and -ucir. For example:nacer: yo nazco, tú naces...
crecer: yo crezco, tú creces...conocer: yo conozco, tú conoces...producir: yo produzco, tú produces...Yacer may alternatively be conjugated with -zc- (yazco), -g- (yago) or a compromise -zg- (yazgo).Irregular forms in the future, conditional and imperative[edit]Some -er and -ir verbs (most G-verbs plus haber, saber, poder and querer) also change their stem in the future and conditional tenses. This involves:Just dropping the infinitive e: haber → habré..., saber →
sabré..., poder → podré..., querer → querré...Dropping the infinitive e/i and padding the resulting *-lr-/*-
nr- with a -d-: tener → tendré..., poner → pondré..., venir → vendré..., valer → valdré..., salir → saldré...
Dropping the infinitive -ce- or -ec-: hacer → haré..., deshacer → desharé..., decir → diré... Predecir, contradecir and desdecir may share this irregularity (prediré...) or, more commonly, use the regular forms (predeciré). For bendecir and maldecir only the regular forms are used (bendeciré...).
Many of these verbs also have shortened tú imperative forms: tener → ten, contener → contén, poner → pon, disponer → dispón, venir → ven, salir → sal, hacer → haz, decir → di. However, all verbs derived from decir are regular in this form: bendice, maldice, desdícete, predice, contradice.
Anomalous stems in the preterite and derived tenses[
Some verbs (including most G-verbs) have a completely different stem in the preterite. These stems are very old and often are found in Latin as well. The same irregular stem is also found in the imperfect subjunctive (both in -ra and -se forms) and the future subjunctive. This stems are anomalous also because:they are stressed in the first and third persons singular,
ending in unstressed -e and -o respectively (while in all other cases the preterite gets the stress over the suffix).
the rest of the endings are the usual for -er/-ir verbs even for the -ar verbs estar and andar.
in the verbs with -je preterite (conducir, decir, traer...) unstressed i is dropped between the j and a vowel: ellos trajeron, yo trajera... Note that this doesn't happen with regular or vowel-raising -ger/-jer/-gir/-jir verbs (proteger > protegieron, tejer > tejieron, corregir > corrigieron, crujir > crujieron).
Examples:estar → estuv-: yo estuve, tú/vos estuviste(s), él estuvo..., ellos estuvieron; yo estuviera...andar → anduv-: yo anduve, tú/vos anduviste(s), él anduvo..., ellos anduvieron; yo anduviera...tener → tuv-: yo tuve, tú/vos tuviste(s), él tuvo..., ellos tuvieron; yo tuviera...haber → hub-: yo hube, tú/vos hubiste(s), él hubo..., ellos hubieron; yo hubiera...caber → cup-: yo cupe, tú/vos cupiste(s), él cupo..., ellos cupieron; yo cupiera...saber → sup-: yo supe, tú/vos supiste(s), él supo..., ellos
supieron; yo supiera...venir → vin-: yo vine, tú/vos viniste(s), él vino..., ellos vinieron; yo viniera...poder → pud-: yo pude, tú/vos pudiste(s), él pudo..., ellos pudieron; yo pudiera...poner → pus-: yo puse, tú/vos pusiste(s), él puso..., ellos pusieron; yo pusiera...hacer → hic-/hiz-: yo hice, tú/vos hiciste(s), él hizo..., ellos hicieron; yo hiciera...reducir → reduj-: yo reduje, tu/vos redujiste(s), él redujo.., ellos condujeron; yo condujera...decir → dij-: yo dije, tú/vos dijiste(s), él dijo..., ellos dijeron; yo dijera...Irregular past participles[edit]A number of verbs have irregular past participles. This includes verbs which are irregular in many other ways, as poner and decir, but for some other verbs this is their only irregularity (e.g. abrir, romper), while some very irregular verbs (as ser and ir) have regular past participles. Examples:abrir → abierto, morir → muerto, volver → vuelto, devolver
→ devuelto...romper → roto, escribir → escrito...ver → visto, prever → previsto, poner → puesto,
componer → compuesto...hacer → hecho, rehacer → rehecho, decir → dicho,
predecir → predicho (but bendecir → bendecido, maldecir → maldecido)...
pudrir → podrido.There are three verbs that have both a regular and an irregular past participle. Both forms may be used when
conjugating the compound tenses and the passive voice with the auxiliary verbs haber and ser, but the irregular form is generally the only one used as an adjective:• freír → he freído or he frito, but papas fritas.• imprimir → he imprimido or he impreso, but papeles
impresos.• proveer → he proveído or he provisto, una despensa
bien provista far more usual than una despensa bien proveída.
Others[edit]The verbs ser (to be) and ir (to go) both exhibit irregularities in the present, imperfect and preterite forms. Together with ver (to see) and prever (to foresee), they are the only four verbs with irregular imperfect indicative. Their tú imperative forms are sé, ve (for both ir and ver, although mirar is more common than ver in commands) and prevé. Their vos imperative forms are sé, andá (the verb andar replaces ir), ve and prevé.
Present indicative tense Imperfect indicativeser ir ver prever ser ir ver prever
yo soy voy veo preveo era iba veía preveía
tú eresvas ves prevés eras ibas veías preveías
vos sos
él, ella es va ve prevé era iba veía preveía
nosotros/ som vam vem prevemos éram íbam veíam preveíamos
as os os os os os os
vosotros/as sois vais veis prevéis erais ibais veíais preveíais
ellos/as son van ven prevén eran iban veían preveían
Remember that whenever the preterite is irregular, the imperfect subjunctive (-ra and -se forms) and the dated future subjunctive (-re) share the same irregularity; indeed, these tenses may always be correctly formed by substituting the appropriate endings for the -ron ending of the third person plural preterite: fueron > fuera/fuese,...; fuere....The verbs dar (to give) and estar (to be) both exhibit irregularities in the present indicative and present subjunctive because their stems cannot be stressed (in dar the stem is just d-, in estar it was originally st-). The form dé is so written to distinguish it from the preposition de. Both verbs are also irregular in the preterite and derived tenses: dar follows the pattern of regular -er/-ir verbs, while estar has an anomalous preterite stem and follows the corresponding common pattern:
Present indicative
Present subjunctive Preterite
dar estar dar estar dar estaryo doy estoy dé esté di estuve
tú, vos das estás des estés diste estuviste
él, ella da está dé esté dio estuvo
nosotros/as
damos estamos demos estemos dimo
s estuvimos
vosotros/as dais estáis deis estéis diste
is estuvisteis
ellos/as dan están den estén dieron estuvieron
• Spanish conjugation Spanish conjugator. 12,000 verbs conjugated.• Diccionario panhispánico de dudas. Apéndice 1: Modelos de conjugación
verbal.Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1977630-0!*!0!!en!4!* and timestamp 20160814104623 and revision id 730223557 <img
src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" />
STEM CHANGING VERBSStem Changing VerbsIn all three conjugations of verbs (-ar, -er, and -ir) there are some verbs whose vowels change within the stem. These stem-changes occur in all persons except nosotros and vosotros. These two persons maintain the regular stem. There are six varieties of stem-changes: o->ue, e -> ie, e -> i, i -> ie, u -> ue, o -> hue. Each of these is described below with examples.1. e to ieThis is the most common stem change for Spanish verbs.Conjugation Examplequerer - to wantquiero queremo
squieres queréisquiere quieren
The Boot!As you can see, the stem change is only applied in 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural, forming the shape of a boot in the conjugation chart. The "boot" is a good way to remember which persons have the stem change.Some Common e -> ie Verbsacertar to guess divertirs
e to have fun pensar (en)
to think (about)
atenderto attend to
empezar to begin perder to lose
atravesar to cross encender
to light/ignite, to turn on
preferir to prefer
calentar to warm encerrar to enclose querer to wantcerrar to close entende
rto understand
recomendar
to recommend
comenzar to begin fregar to scrub/wash remendar to
mend/patchconfesar to
confessgobernar to govern sentar
(se) to sit downhelar to freeze sentir to feel sugerir to suggest
defender to defend mentir to lie tropezar
(con)to stumble (into, across)
descender
to descend negar to deny
despertar (se)
to wake up nevar to snow
2. o to ueThis is the 2nd most common stem change after e->ie.Conjugation Examplesoñar - to dreamsueño soñamossueñas soñáissueña sueñanSome Common o -> ue Verbsabsolver to absolve doler to hurt recorda
rto remember
acordarse (de) to agree on dormir to sleep remove
r to remove
almorzar to have lunch encontrar to find resolve
r to resolve
aprobar to approve envolver to wrap retorcer to twist
cocer to boil/bake llover to rain revolver
to mix/shake
colgar to hang (up) morder to bite rogar to begconmover
to move (emotionally) moler to grind soler
to be accustomed to
contar to count morir to die sonar to soundcostar to cost mostrar to show soñar to dream
demoler to demolish mover to move torcer to twistdemostrar
to demonstrate/prove
poder to be able to tronar to thunder
devolver to return (something) probar to taste,
to prove volar to fly
disolver to dissolve promover
to promote
3. e to iConjugation Examplerepetir - to repeatrepito repetimo
srepites repetísrepite repitenSome Common e -> i Verbsconseguir to get repetir to
repeat
corregir to correct
reírse (de)
to laugh/to make fun of
despedirto fire/to say goodbye
seguir to follow
elegir to elect servir to serveimpedir to
impedesonreírse to smile
medir to measure vestirse to get
dressedperseguir to follow4. i to ieThere are only only two commonly used verbs whose stem changes from i to ie:Conjugation Examplesadquirir - to acquire inquirir - to
inquireadquiero adquirimo inq inquirimo
s uiero sadquieres adquirís inq
uieres inquirís
adquiere adquieren inquiere inquieren
5. u to ueThere is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from u to ue, and it is a very common verb.Conjugation Examplejugar - to playjuego jugamosjuegas jugáisjuega juegan6. o to hueThere is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from o to hue.Conjugation Exampleoler - to smellhuelo olemoshueles oléishuele huelen
Affirmative and negative commands
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS IN SPANISH
Palabras Affirmativas y Negativas en EspañolIn these notes you will learn more about negative and affirmative words used in Spanish including indefinite pronouns to mean nobody, nothing, someone, something, and many more. Read the explanations and the example sentences carefully to be ready to complete the exercises below to practice and to test yourself.
Libros en la biblioteca
When we want to talk about an indefinite situation, we use an affirmative word.When we want to talk about a negative situation, we use a negative word.
PALABRASAFIRMATIVAS
PALABRAS NEGATIVAS
algo - something nada - nothing
alguien - someone nadie - nobody
alguno/a/as, algún - a, one, any, some
ningún, ninguno/a - none
siempre - always nunca, jamás - never
alguna vez - ever nunca, jamás - never
también - also tampoco - neither
o … o, either … or ni … ni - neither … nor
Alguno and ninguno must match the gender and number of the noun they replace or modify.Note that alguno changes to algún when used before masculine singular nouns.
Similarly, ninguno changes to ningún when used before masculine singular nouns.
• Alguno de ellos. (One of them.)• Un hombre está lavando su coche. (A man is
washing his car.)• Algunos de los muchachos. (One of the boys.)• Algunos hombres están lavando el coche. (Some
men are washing the car.)• Algunas mujeres están lavando el coche. (Some
women are washing the car.)• Algún libro se perdió en la biblioteca. (A book
was lost in the library.)• Algún hijo se perdió en el parque. (A boy was lost
in the park.)• No hay ningún libro en las mesa. (There is no
book on the table.)Note that if you are including the masculine noun, you will use the words algún or ningún. But if you are not including the masculine noun because it is already known, it was already mentioned, etc, you use the form alguno and
ninguno.
7 ¿Están todos los libros en la biblioteca? No, alguno se perdió.
8 (Are all the books in the library? No, one was lost.)
9 ¿Están todos los niños listos? No, ninguno está listo.
10 (Are all the children ready? No, none of them is ready.)
If a verb is preceded by "no", any words that follow must be negative. A double negative is required in Spanish when "no" precedes the verb:• No tenemos nada - We don’t have anything.
[Literally: we don't have nothing.]• No me gusta ninguna blusa - I don’t like any
blouse.However, if the negative word comes before the verb, we don't need to use "no".• Yo nunca veo películas de terror - I never watch
horror movies.• Nadie vio esa película porque era horrible -
Nobody watched that movie because it was horrible.Exercise 1: Look at the pictures and answer the questions with suitable words.Ejercicio 1: Mira las fotos y responde las preguntas con las siguientes palabras.Hints: ningún (x2), algunas, algunos, ninguna, siempre, nadie (x3).
Note: Try to use the correct written accents if you can e.g.: á, é, í, ó, ú, ñ, ü.If you don't know the correct answer, type '?' to reveal it.
1. ¿Hay alguna persona en el mar? - Sí hay personas.2. ¿Hay algún tiburón en el mar? - No, no hay tiburón en el mar.3. ¿Hay mucha gente en el verano? - hay mucha gente en el verano.
4. ¿Hay alguien en la playa? - No, no hay en la playa.5. ¿Algunas personas juegan en el mar? - No, juega en el mar.
6. Me parece que no hay joven en este parque.7. Sí, hay jóvenes en el parque. ¡Mira!8. mujer está usando vestido.9. ¿Alguien está comiendo? - No, está comiendo.
Exercise 2: Classify these words as affirmative or negative.
Ejercicio 2: Clasifica estas palabras como positivas o negativas1. Algo
Afirmativo Negativo ---2. NadaAfirmativo Negativo ---3. AlguienAfirmativo Negativo ---4. SiempreAfirmativo Negativo ---5. NadieAfirmativo Negativo ---6. TampocoAfirmativo Negativo ---7. NuncaAfirmativo Negativo ---8. NiAfirmativo Negativo ---9. AlgunoAfirmativo Negativo ---10. TambiénAfirmativo Negativo ---11. NingunoAfirmativo Negativo ---Exercise 3: Complete the Spanish sentence to mean the same as the English.Ejercicio 3: Lee las oraciones en inglés y completa las que están en español para que tengan el mismo significado.
Hints: alguien, alguno, algún, algunos, nada, nadie, no, nunca, siempre, tambien, tampoco
Note: Try to use the correct written accents if you can e.g.: á, é, í, ó, ú, ñ, ü.If you don't know the correct answer, type '?' to reveal it.
1. I do not have anything in my backpack. - No tengo en mi mochila.2. I always eat spaghetti. - Yo como spaghetti.3. I never drive a Ferrari. - Yo conduzco una Ferrari.4. Nobody is dancing. - está bailando.5. Someone is knocking on the door. - está golpeando la puerta.6. I like ice-cream and I also like chocolate. Me gusta el helado y me gusta el chocolate.7. I have some books on the shelf. - Tengo libros en el estante.8. I don’t have a blue car. - tengo un auto azul.9. - Me neither. - Yo .
Exercise 4: Choose the correct word.Ejercicio 4: Elige la palabra correcta.
1. Visitaste alguna vez México? - No, - nuncasiemprehe visitado México. 2. ¿Hablas con tus amigos? - Sí, - siemprenuncahablo con mis amigos. 3. ¿Hay alguien que sepa hablar francés en la clase? - Sí, hay - nadiealguienque sabe hablar francés.
4. ¿ - AlgúnAlgunoniño puede correr rápido? 5. No, - ningúnningunopuede correr rápido. 6. - NadieAlguienvino a la fiesta, fue muy aburrida. 7. Sí, y - no había ningúnno había nadanadie había ningúnnadie había nadapara comer. 8. ¿No tienes los cuadernos? - No, y - tambiéntampocotengo el diccionario. 9. ¿Vas a la escuela? - No, - tampoco
novoy a la escuela, voy a la universidad.
Exercise 5: Complete with a suitable wordEjercicio 5: Completa con una palabra adecuada.Hints: algún, alguno, algunos, alguien, ningún, ninguna, nada, nadie, nunca.1. La clase de matemáticas es muy difícil, no comprendo
.2. Estoy asombrado, había visto a una mujer tan bonita.3. Estoy muy triste porque vino a mi fiesta.4. ¿Hay que pueda leer la mente?5. ¿Hay planeta llamado Capricornio?6. ¡No! ¡No hay planeta llamado Capricornio!7. No hay que pueda volar como Superman.8. Asombrosamente, estudiante aprobó el examen porque no estudiaron.9. jóvenes quieren ir a la fiesta.
