suport compar sc gandire majore si paradigme ritzer
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Comparaii ntreComparaii ntreperspective sociologiceperspective sociologice
majoremajore
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FUNCTIONALISM CONFLICTUALISM INTERACIONISM
Perspectiva
asuprasocietii
Stabil, bine integrat Tensionat, conflicte ntre
diverse grupuri sociale
Factor de influen activ i
care afecteaz interaciunilesociale zilnice ale oamenilor
Nivelul deanaliza
Macro Macro Microanalize cu rostul de afurniza nelegerea societii nansamblu
Perspectivaasupra
individului
Oamenii sunt socializaipentru a ndeplini diverse
funcii sociale
Oamenii sunt motivai deputere, coerciie i
autoritate
Indivizii manipuleaz simbolurii creeaz propriile lumi de
semnificaii prin interaciunesocial
Perspectivaasupraordiniisociale
Este meninut princooperare i consens
Este meninut prin fori coerciie
Este meninut prin nelegereamutual a comportamentelorcotidiene
Perspectivaasupraschimbriisociale
Este predictibil i cu arecapacitatea de a sereproduce
Schimbarea are loc tottimpul i poate aveaefecte benefice
Se reflect n modificareapoziiei sociale i ncomunicarea cu alii
Autori Emile Durkheim
Talcott Parsons
Robert Merton
Karl Marx
W.E.B. Du Bois
C. Wright Mills
George Herbert Mead
Charles Horton Cooley
Erving GoffmanSchaefer, Lamm, Sociology, 1995, p.23
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RitzerRitzerIlustrri
George Ritzer, Explorations in Social Theory. From Metatheorizing toRationalization, Sage Publications, 2001
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ParadigmaParadigma
y A paradigm is a fundamental image of thesubject matter within a science [imaginea
ideal tipic a obiectului]. It serves to definewhat should be studied, what questionsshould be asked, how they should be asked,and what rules should be followed ininterpreting the answer obtained. Aparadigm is the broadest unit of
consensus within a science and serves todifferentiate one scientific community (orsubcommunity) from another. It subsumes,defines, and interrelates the exemplars,theories, and methods and instruments thatexist within it. [s.n]
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Paradigma (cont.)Paradigma (cont.)
y It is important to underscore the point that inmy view a paradigm has four basic
components: (1) an exemplar [nucleulexemplar], or body of work that stands as amodel for those who work within theparadigm; (2) [subiectul ideal tipic] an imageof the subject matter; (3) theories; and (4)
methods and instruments.Although anumber of other components could
conceivably be added (e.g. values), theseadditions would not increase significantly ourability to analyze the basic sociologicalparadigms. (p.60-61)
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PARADIGMA FAPTELORPARADIGMA FAPTELORSOCIALE 1 (Durkheim)SOCIALE 1 (Durkheim)
y Structural functionalism is oriented to theanalysis of social structures and institutions.The structural functionalist is concerned withthe (functional) relationship betweenstructures, between institutions, and betweenstructures and institutions. (p.64)
y While not oblivious to the individual, thestructural functionalist, following Durkheim,
sees the individual as primarily controlledby social facts that are external andcoercive. (Ritzer, p.62, s.n.)
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PARADIGMADEFINIIILORPARADIGMADEFINIIILORSPAIULUI SOCIAL 2 (Weber)SPAIULUI SOCIAL 2 (Weber)
y Four theories will be discussed under the heading ofsocial definitionism: action theory, symbolicinteractionism, ethnomethodology, and
phenomenology. y Perhaps the major theme consistent for all four
theories is that people are active creators of theirown social reality. Social definitionists stand instark contrast to social factists who view people ascontrolled by such things as norms, values, and socialcontrol agencies. They are also, as we will see, at
variance with the social behaviorists, who see peopleas controlled by contingencies of reinforcement. y Social definitionists tend to be interested in the
mental process as well as the resulting action andinteraction.(p.67, s.n.)
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G.H.MEADG.H.MEAD interacionismulinteracionismulsimbolicsimbolic
y EUL si MINELE sunt structuri interactive apt sstocheze experienele centrale ale insului (eul) i
s le organizeze (minele).y The I is the response of the organism to the
attitudes of the others;y The taking of all of those organized sets of
attitudes gives him his me; that is the self heis aware of . (p.175)
y SINELE:y The self, as that which can be an object to itself,
is essentially a social structure, and it arises insocial experience. (p.140)
y George Herbert Mead, Mind Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist,Edited by Charles W. Morris, Chicago: University of Chicago, 1932
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MeadMead (cont(cont.).) civilizaia.civilizaia.
y ALTUL GENERALIZAT experienacomunional (prin preluarea-reacia la
atitudinile celorlali fa de sine):y the given individual taking the attitudes ofothers toward himself, and of his finallycrystallizing all these particular attitudes intoa single attitude or standpoint which may becalled that of the generalized other.(p.89, idem)
y
Altul generalizat este factorul de caredepinde calitatea civilizaieila un momentdat: omul sfinete locul. Civilizaia este,aparent, gradul de ordine a ceea ce estedincolo de mine. Dar ceea ce este dincolo demine trebuie mai nti interiorizat. [comentariul neaparine]
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Paradigma Behaviorist (3)Paradigma Behaviorist (3)
y Bushell and Burgess define the nature of
the subject matter of sociology to thebehaviorist as the behavior of individualsthat operates on the environment insuch a way as to produce some
consequences or change in it which, inturn, modifies subsequentperformances of that behavior(Ritzer, p.71, s.n)
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Paradigma behaviorist (3)Paradigma behaviorist (3)SkinnerSkinner Blau, etc.Blau, etc.
y 3. Principiile schimbului social PETER M. BLAUy Principiile schimbului social pot fi rezumate astfel:
un individ ofer altuia anumite servicii ca
recompens pentru activitatea acestuia; n acest fel,al doilea individ se simte obligat fa de primul;pentru a se achita de aceast obligaie, el trebuie s-i fac, la rndul su, primului individ anumite serviciicare pot avea valoare de recompens; dac serviciilepe care i le fac reciproc cei doi indivizi au o anumitvaloare pentru fiecare dintre ei, fiecare va ncercas-i fac celuilalt ct mai multe servicii pentru a-l
obliga s-i mreasc oferta de rspuns cu scopul dea se achita de obligaii; pe msur ce se primesc ctmai multe bunuri n cadrul acestui schimb nevoiacelor doi indivizi de a schimba servicii ncepe sscad [Peter M. Blau, Exchange and power in sociallife, New York, Willey, 1964, p.89]
... (Ungureanu, Paradigme ... p.37)
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paradigma behaviorist (cont.)paradigma behaviorist (cont.)
y Skinner principiile fundamentale ale comportamentuluiy Organismul are, n general, tendina de a evita experienele
neplcute, dar el poate suporta efectele neplcute ale unorasemenea experiene dac ele reprezint costurile satisfaceriiunor nevoi imperioase;
y organismele manifest anumite tipuri de comportament numaiatta vreme ct acestea produc efectele dorite i ateptate;
y pe msur ce nevoile sunt satisfcute prin anumitecomportamente, predispoziia pentru aceste comportamentedispare;
y dac un comportament s-a dovedit recompensator, dar efectulrecompensator a ncetat subit, organismul p.38 va ncetatreptat s manifest comportamentul respectiv i va reacionaagresiv;
y dac un eveniment s-a produs simultan cu un comportamentsancionat pozitiv sau negativ, evenimentul respectiv poatedeveni un stimul care genereaz comportamentul sau care evit,dimpotriv, manifestarea comportamental asociat. [cf. B.Skinner, Science and Human Behavior, New York, The Macmillan,1953] (ibid.)
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PARADIGMAINTEGRATPARADIGMAINTEGRAT(Ritzer)(Ritzer)
y I want to make it clear that we are
dealing with levels of social analysis, notlevels of social reality. That is, levels areeither theoretical or metatheoretical tools; they are notontological realities.
The idea of levels of analysis does notimply that the social world is divided intolevels. (Ritzer: 81)
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y Analiza societii pe dimensiunile:
y
- macro-micro (ansambluri sociale vs.ini)
y - obiectiv-subiectiv (suport material vs.idei i cunoatere)
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SociologiaSociologia tiintiin multiparadigmaticmultiparadigmatic((RitzerRitzer: 92): 92)
Figure 4.2. Major levels of social analysis
(Note that this is a snapshot in time. It is embedded in an ongoing historical process)
I. Macro-objective. Examples include
society, law, bureaucracy, architecture,technology, and language [social facts
paradigm Durkheim with functionalism -
Merton, conflict theories - Dahrendorf]
III Micro-objective. Examples include
patterns of behavior, action, and interaction
[Social behavior paradigm Skinner,
Homans etc.]
II. Macro-subjective. Examples include
culture, norms, and values. [Social factsparadigm. Nou ni se pare c aici intr i
Weber]
IV. Micro-subjective. Examples include thevarious facets of the social construction of
reality. [Social definition paradigm WEBER
with symbolic interactionism]
Objective
Subjective
Macroscopic
Microscopic