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RADIAN IAS ACADEMY (A Hi-Tech Advanced Coaching cum Guidance Centre) -1- www.radiannews.pbworks.com

711 EVR Road, Opp. Anna Arch, Arumbakkam, CHENNAI-106. E-mail: [email protected] / gmail.com Ph: 98404-00825, 98404-33955

பாட�தி�ட ெபா�� தமி (ெகா� �றிவைக� ேத�வி��)

எ�.எ�.எ�.சி. தர

ப�தி – (அ) இல$கண

1) ெபா&��த� – (i) ெபா&�தமான ெபா&ைள� ேத�) ெச*த�

(ii) +க ெப�ற ,� ,லாசி-ய�

2) ெதாட& ெதாட�+ அறித� (i) இ�ெதாடரா� �றி$க/ெப0 சா1ேறா�

(ii) அைடெமாழியா� �றி$க/ெப0 ,�

3) பி-�� எ3�க

4) எதி�4ெசா�ைல எ5�ெத3�த�

5) ெபா&6தா4 ெசா�ைல$ க7டறித�

6) பிைழ தி&�த (i) ச6தி/பிைழைய ந9$�த�

(ii) ஒ&ைம ப1ைம / பிைழகைள ந9$�த� மர+/ பிைழக� வ3)4 ெசா�கைள

ந9$�த�/ பிறெமாழி4 ெசா�கைள ந9$�த�

7) ஆ=கில4ெசா�>$� ேநரான தமி 4ெசா�ைல அறித�

8) ஒலி ேவ0பாடறி6� ச-யான ெபா&ைளறித�

9) ஓெர3�� ஒ& ெமாழி உ-யெபா&ைள$ க7டறித�

10) ேவ�4ெசா�ைல� ேத�) ெச*த�

11) ேவ�4ெசா�ைல$ ெகா5�� / விைனA�0, விைனெய4ச, விைனயாலைனC ெபய�, ெதாழி� ெபயைர /

உ&வா$க�

12) அகர வ-ைச/பD ெசா�கைள ச�ீ ெச*த�

13) ெசா�கைள ஒ3=�ப5�தி ெசா�ெறாடரா$�த�

14) ெபய�ெசா�லி1 வைகயறித�

15) இல$கண �றி/பறித�

16) விைட$ேக�ற வினாைவ� ேத�6ேத5�த�

17) எFவைக வா$கிய என$ க7ெட3�த�

18) த1விைன, பிறவிைன, ெச*விைன, ெசய/பா�5விைன வா$கிய=கைள$ க7ெட3�த�.

19) உவைமயா� விள$க/ெப0 ெபா&��மான ெபா&ைள� ேத�6ெத3�த�

20) எ�ைக, ேமாைன, இைய+ இவ�0� ஏேதH ஒ1ைற� ேத�6ெத3�த�.

ப�தி – ஆ

இல$கிய

1) தி&$�ற� ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�, ேம�ேகா�க� ெதாடைர நிர/+த� (ப�ெதா1ப� அதிகார ம�5)

அ1+ – ப7+ – க�வி - ேக�வி – அறி) – அட$க – ஒ3$க – ெபாைற – ந�+ – வா*ைம – கால – வலி –

ஒ/+ரவறித�, ெச* ந1றி , சா1றா7ைம, ெப-யாைர��ைண$ேகாட�, ெபா&�ெசய�வைக, விைன�திடப,

இனியைவ Kற�.

2) அற,� நாலDயா�, நா1மணி$கDைக, பழெமாழிநாL0, A�ெமாழி$காMசி, தி-க5க, இ1னா நா�ப�,

இனியைவ நா�ப�, சி0பMசNல, ஏலாதி, ஒளைவயா� பாட�க� ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�, பதிென7கீ $கண$�

,�களி� பிறெச*திக�.

3) கபராமாயண – ெதாட�பான ெச*திக� ேம�ேகா�க�, பா வைக, சிற6த ெதாட�க�.

4) +றநாH0 – அகநாH0- ந�றிைண- �06ெதாைக- ஐ=�0,0- கலி�ெதாைக- ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�-

ேம�ேகா�க� அDவைரயைற, எ�5ெதாைக, ப��/பா�5 ,�களி� உ�ள பிறெசயதிக� .

5) சில/பதிகார – மணிேமகைல ெதாட�பான ெச*திக� ேம�ேகா�க� சிற6த ெதாட�க� உ�பி-)க� ம�0

ஐெப&- ஐMசி0= கா/பிய=க� ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

6) ெப-ய+ராண – நாலாயிர திFவிய/பிரப6த, தி&விைளயாட� +ராண – ேதபாவணி – சறீா/+ராண

ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

RADIAN IAS ACADEMY (A Hi-Tech Advanced Coaching cum Guidance Centre) -2- www.radiannews.pbworks.com

711 EVR Road, Opp. Anna Arch, Arumbakkam, CHENNAI-106. E-mail: [email protected] / gmail.com Ph: 98404-00825, 98404-33955

7) சி�றில$கிய=க�

தி&$��றால$�றவMசி, கலி=க��/பாணி, A�ெதா�ளாயிர, தமி வி5 P� ந6தி$ கலபக,

வி$கிரமேசாழ1 உலா, A$Kட�ப�Q, காவD4சி6�, தி&ேவ=கட�த6தாதி, A��$�மாரRவாமி பி�ைள� தமி ,

ெப�தலேக �றவMசி, அழக�கிைளவி5 P�, இராஜராஜ1 ேசாழ1 உலா ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

8) மேனா1மணிய – பMசலி சபத – �யி�பா�5 – இர�5ற ெமாழித� (காலேமக/ +லவ� ெசா$கநாத�

ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�)

9) நா�5+றபாட�க� – சி�த� பாட�க� ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

10) சமய A1ேனாDக� அ/ப�, சப6த�, R6தர�, மாணி$கவாசக�, தி&Nல�, �லேசகர ஆ வா�, ஆ7டா�,

ச�ீதைல4 சா�தனா�, எ4.ஏ.கி&Tண பி�ைள, உம0/+லவ�, ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�, ேம�$ேகா�க�, சிற/+

ெபய�க�.

ப�தி –இ

தமி அறிஞ�கQ தமி � ெதா75

1) பாரதியா�, பாரதிதாச1, நம$க� கவிஞ�, கவிமணி ேதசிய விநாயக பி�ைள, ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�, சிற/+

ெச*திக�, சிற6த ெதாட�க�, சிற/+/ ெபய�க�.

2) மர+$கவிைத- ADயாச1, வாணிதாச1 , Rரதா, க7ணதாச1, உ5மைலநாராயண கவி, ப�5ேகா�ைட,

க�யாணR6தர, ம&தகாசி, ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�, அைடெமாழி ெபய�க�.

3) +�$ கவிைத – ந. பி4சN��தி, சி.R.ெச�லபா, த&A சிவராA, பRவ*யா, இரா.மீனா�சி, சி. மணி, சி�பி,

A.ேம�தா, ஈேரா5 தமிழ1ப1, அ/�� ர�மா1, கலா/-யா, க�யா7ஜி, ஞான$ K�த�, ேதவேதவ1, சாலினி

இள6திைரய1, சாலினி இள6திைரய1, ஆல6P�,

ேமாகனர=க1 ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�, ேம�ேகா�க�, சிற/+� ெதாட�க� ம�0 எ3திய ,�க�

4) தமிழி� கDத இல$கிய – நா��றி/+, ேந& - கா6தி, A.வ-அ7ணா, ஆ6தர=க பி�ைள நா��றி/+

ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

5) நாடக$கைல – இைச$ கைல ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

6) தமிழி� சி0 கைதக� தைல/+ – ஆசி-ய� – ெபா&��த�.

7) கைலக� – சி�ப – ஒவிய – ேப4R - திைர/பட$கைல ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

8) தமிழி1 ெதா1ைம – தமி ெமாழியி1 சிற/+, திராவிட ெமாழிக� ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

9) உைரநைட – மைறமைலயDக�, ப-திமா�கைலஞ�, ந.A. ேவ=கடசாமி நாடா�, ரா.பி. ேச�/ பி�ைள, தி&.வி.க,

ைவயா+-பி�ைள – ெமாழி நைட ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

10) உ.ேவ. சாமிநாத ஐய�, ெத.ெபா.மீனா�சி R6தரனா�, சி.இல$�வனா�, தமி /பணி ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

11) ேதவேநய/பாவாண� – அக�Aதலி, பாவலேர0 ெப&M சி�திரனா�, தமி �ெதா75 ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

12) ஜி.C.ேபா/ – வ 9ரமாAனிவ� தமி �ெதா75 சிற/+ ெதாட�க�.

13) ெபா-யா� – அ7ணா – A��ராமலி=க� ேதவ� – அேப�க� - கமராச� – சAதாய�ெதா75

14) தமிழக – ஊ&, ேப&, ேதா�ற, மா�ற, ப�றிய ெச*திக�.

15) உலகளாவிய தமிழ�க� சி�/+ – ெப&ைமC – தமி / பணிC.

16) தமி ெமாழியி� அறிவியி� சி6தைனக� ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

17) தமி மகளி-1 சிற/+ –அ1னி ெபச7� அைமயா� –NவY�, ராமாமி�த�தமா�, டா$ட�. A��ல�Rமி

ெர�D, வி5தைல/ேபாரா�ட�தி� மகளி� ப=�, (தி�ைலயாD வ�ளியைம, ராணி ம=கமா�).

18) தமிழ� வணிக – ெதா�லிய� ஆ*)க� – கட�பயண=க� - ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

19) உணேவ ம&6� –ேநா* த9�$� Nலிைக� ெதாட�பான ெச*திக�.

20) சமய/ ெபா�ைம உண��திய, தாCமானவ�, இராமலி=க அDகளா�, தி&.வி.க�யாண R6தரனா�, ெதாட�பான

ெச*திக� – ேம�ேகா�க�.

ஆசி�ய� : தி. பா��தசாரதி ேசாைலயா

இ��தக�ைத சீ�ய �ைறய�� தயா� ெச�த ந�ப� தி. பா��தசாரதி அவ�க"#$ ந%றி.

இரா. இராஜZபதி

RADIAN-CHENNAI-9840400825 MADURAI-9840433955 For other Branches visit website -3- www.radiannews.pbworks.com

711 EVR Road, Opp. Anna Arch, NSK Nagar, Arumbakkam, CHENNAI-106. E-mail: [email protected] Ph: 98404-00825, 98404-33955

jkpo; ,yf;fzk; :jkpo; ,yf;fzk; :jkpo; ,yf;fzk; :jkpo; ,yf;fzk; :---- ,yf;F + mzk;> mzk; vd;why; cயh;e;jJ. nkhopapd; cah;e;j FWf;Nfhs;fis� $WtJ ,yf;fzk; MFk;. ,yf;fzk; xU nkhopia gpioapd;wp NgrTk; vOjTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,yf;fzj;ij Ie;J tifahf gphpg;gh;. - vOj;jpyf;fzk;vOj;jpyf;fzk;vOj;jpyf;fzk;vOj;jpyf;fzk; ---- nrhy;ypyf;fzk;nrhy;ypyf;fzk;nrhy;ypyf;fzk;nrhy;ypyf;fzk; ---- nghUspyf;fzk;nghUspyf;fzk;nghUspyf;fzk;nghUspyf;fzk; ---- ahg;gpyf;fzk;ahg;gpyf;fzk;ahg;gpyf;fzk;ahg;gpyf;fzk; ---- mzpapyf;fzkmzpapyf;fzkmzpapyf;fzkmzpapyf;fzk; vd Ie;J tifahFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; %d;W mjpfhukhf gphpj;jhh;. mit vOj;J nrhy; nghUs; vd;W %d;W tifaha; gphpj;jhh;. vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUsvOj;J> nrhy;> nghUsvOj;J> nrhy;> nghUsvOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; vd;W %d;W mjpfhuKk;> mjpfhuj;jpw;F xd;gJ ,ayhf nkhj;jk; ,Ugj;jpVO ,ay;fs; ெகா�ட ெதா�கா�ப�ய�. ,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fs; : : : : ---- 1. 1. 1. 1. ed;D}y;ed;D}y;ed;D}y;ed;D}y; : : : : vOj;J> nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;. gtde;jp Kdpth; ,aw;wpdhh;. ,d;W gs;sp khzhf;fh;fs; gapYk; ,yf;fz E}y; gtze;jp KdptUilaNj. nkhj;jk; 462 E}w;ghf;fs; cs;sd. 2. 2. 2. 2. Nekpehjk;Nekpehjk;Nekpehjk;Nekpehjk; : : : : ,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;. vOjpath; FztPu gz;bjh; 99 ntz;ghf;fs;. RUf;fkhd Kiwapy; ,yf;fzq;fis ,ak;Gtjhy; ,jw;F rpd;D}y; vd;Dk; ngaUk; cz;L. nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; : : : : ---- nrhy; ,yf;fzj;ij kl;Lk; gpuNahf tpNtfk; ம�� ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J vd;Dk; E}y;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. gpuNahf tpNtfk;: gpuNahf tpNtfk;: gpuNahf tpNtfk;: gpuNahf tpNtfk;: ---- Mrphpah; Rg;gpukzpa jPl;rpjh;. ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J :,yf;fzf; nfhj;J :,yf;fzf; nfhj;J :,yf;fzf; nfhj;J :---- Mrphpah; Rthkpehj Njrpfh;. jkpof;F v>x>o>w>d vd;Dk; Ie;J vOj;Jf;fs; kl;LNk cs;sd. midj;J vOj;Jf;fSk; tlnkhopf;F chpadNt Ie;njOj;jhy; xU nkhop vd;gij fw;wwpe;Njhh; Xj;Jf;nfhs;shh; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

tlnkhopapd; cah;Tf;fhfj; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fz E}y;. nghUs; nghUs; nghUs; nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y;:,yf;fz E}y;:,yf;fz E}y;:,yf;fz E}y;:---- tho;tpay; $Wfisf; $WtJ nghUspyf;fzk;. ,J mfg;nghUs; ,yf;fzk;> Gwg;nghUs; ,yf;fzk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. khwdyq;fhuk;khwdyq;fhuk;khwdyq;fhuk;khwdyq;fhuk; : : : : ---- Mrphpah; jpUf;�Uifg; ngUkhs; gpw mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;:gpw mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;:gpw mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;:gpw mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs;: ---- Ftyahde;jk;> re;jpuNyhfk; vd;Dk; ,U mzp E}y;fs; cs;sd. Ie;jpyf;fzIe;jpyf;fzIe;jpyf;fzIe;jpyf;fz E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp vd;Dk; Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fisAk; $WtJ Ie;jpyf;fz E}y; vdg;gLk;. tPuNrhopak; : (fpgp 10k; E}w;whz;L)tPuNrhopak; : (fpgp 10k; E}w;whz;L)tPuNrhopak; : (fpgp 10k; E}w;whz;L)tPuNrhopak; : (fpgp 10k; E}w;whz;L) : : : : ---- Mrphpah; Gj;jkpj;jpuh; tPu uhNIe;jpud; vd;Dk; Nrho kd;ddd; ngauhy; E}Yf;F ,g;ngah;. Kjy; Ie;J ,yf;fz E}y;. ,yf;fz ,yf;fz ,yf;fz ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; : tpsf;fk; : tpsf;fk; : tpsf;fk; : ---- (fpgp 17k; E}w;whz;L: (fpgp 17k; E}w;whz;L: (fpgp 17k; E}w;whz;L: (fpgp 17k; E}w;whz;L: ---- Mrphpah; itj;jpa ehj Njrpfh;. ,jw;F Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;W ngah; cz;L. njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; : (fp gp 18k; E}w;whz;L) :njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; : (fp gp 18k; E}w;whz;L) :njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; : (fp gp 18k; E}w;whz;L) :njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; : (fp gp 18k; E}w;whz;L) :---- Mrphpah; tPukhKdpth;. ,jw;F Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;w kw;w ngaUk; cz;L. Rthkpehjk;Rthkpehjk;Rthkpehjk;Rthkpehjk; : : : : ---- Mrphpah; Rthkp ftpuhah; Kj;JtPhpakKj;JtPhpakKj;JtPhpakKj;JtPhpak; :; :; :; : Mrphpah; Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;. ghl;bay; E}y;fs;ghl;bay; E}y;fs;ghl;bay; E}y;fs;ghl;bay; E}y;fs; ,yf;fpa tiffisAk;> mtw;wpd; ahg;G tbtq;fs; gw;wpAk; tiuaWj;Jf; $Wtd ghl;bay; E}y;fs;> nkhj;jk; 13 ghl;bay; E}y;fs;. 1.1.1.1. gd;dpU ghl;bay;: gd;dpU ghl;bay;: gd;dpU ghl;bay;: gd;dpU ghl;bay;: ---- Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. 2.2.2.2. ntz;ghg;ghl;bay; : ntz;ghg;ghl;bay; : ntz;ghg;ghl;bay; : ntz;ghg;ghl;bay; : ---- (fpgp 13k; E}w;whz;L) (fpgp 13k; E}w;whz;L) (fpgp 13k; E}w;whz;L) (fpgp 13k; E}w;whz;L) Mrphpah; FztPu gz;bjh; jd; Mrphpah; ngauhy; tr;rze;jpkhiy vd;Wk; ,e;j E}Yf;Fg; ngahpl;lhh;. 3.3.3.3. etePjg;ghetePjg;ghetePjg;ghetePjg;ghl;bay; :l;bay; :l;bay; :l;bay; :---- ( fp.gp.14k; E}w;whz;L( fp.gp.14k; E}w;whz;L( fp.gp.14k; E}w;whz;L( fp.gp.14k; E}w;whz;L)))) Mrphpah; etePj eldhh;. 4.rpjk;gug; ghl;bay; : 4.rpjk;gug; ghl;bay; : 4.rpjk;gug; ghl;bay; : 4.rpjk;gug; ghl;bay; : ---- (fpgp 16k; E}w;whz;L)(fpgp 16k; E}w;whz;L)(fpgp 16k; E}w;whz;L)(fpgp 16k; E}w;whz;L) Mrphpah; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;.



5.5.5.5. njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; 6.6.6.6. ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;,yf;fz tpsf;fk;,yf;fz tpsf;fk;,yf;fz tpsf;fk; 7.7.7.7. gpuge;j kugpay; : (fpgp 18k; E}w;whz;L) :gpuge;j kugpay; : (fpgp 18k; E}w;whz;L) :gpuge;j kugpay; : (fpgp 18k; E}w;whz;L) :gpuge;j kugpay; : (fpgp 18k; E}w;whz;L) :---- Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. 8.8.8.8. Kj;J tPhpak; : Kj;J tPhpak; : Kj;J tPhpak; : Kj;J tPhpak; : ---- (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) Mrphpah; Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;. 9.9.9.9. gpuge;j jPgpif :gpuge;j jPgpif :gpuge;j jPgpif :gpuge;j jPgpif :---- (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L ) (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L ) (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L ) (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L ) Mrphpah; ghg;Gitah; vd;Dk; Kj;J Ntq;fl Rg;igah;. 10.10.10.10. Rthkpehjk; : Rthkpehjk; : Rthkpehjk; : Rthkpehjk; : ----(fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L)(fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L)(fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L)(fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) Mrphpah; Rthkp ehjftpuhah;. 11.11.11.11. gpuge;j jPgk; : (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) gpuge;j jPgk; : (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) gpuge;j jPgk; : (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) gpuge;j jPgk; : (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. 12.12.12.12. gpuge;jj; jpul;L (fgpuge;jj; jpul;L (fgpuge;jj; jpul;L (fgpuge;jj; jpul;L (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) pgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) pgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) pgp 19k; E}w;whz;L) Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. 13.13.13.13. rk;ge;jg; ghl;bay; ( fpgp 14k; E}w;whz;L) rk;ge;jg; ghl;bay; ( fpgp 14k; E}w;whz;L) rk;ge;jg; ghl;bay; ( fpgp 14k; E}w;whz;L) rk;ge;jg; ghl;bay; ( fpgp 14k; E}w;whz;L) Mrphpah; rk;ge;j Kdpth; kq;fyg; nghUj;jk; kl;Lk; NgRfpwJ. ,jw;F tiuaWj;j ghl;bay; vd;Wk; ngah;.

தமி� இல�கண� –பி�� அ

1.(i) ெபா��தமான ெபா�ைள� ேத�� ெச�த� ெபா��:

Mh;tyh; - md;g[ilath;/ g[d;fzPh; - Jd;gk; fz;L bgUFk; fz;zPh;/ g{ry; jUk; - btspg;gl;L epw;Fk; vd;g[ - vYk;g[ tHf;F - thH;f;if bewp/ MUaph; - mUik caph;/ <Dk; - jUk;/ Mh;tk; - tpUg;gk;/ ez;g[ - el;g[ itafk; - cyfk;/ vd;g - vd;ghh;fs; kwk; - tPuk; vd;gpyJ - vYk;gpy;yhjJ(g[G)/

md;gpyJ - md;gpy;yhj caph;fs;

md;g[ + mfj;J + ,y;yh - md;gfj;jpy;yh/

md;g[ cs;sj;jpy; ,y;yhj/ td;ghw;fz; - td;ghy; + fz;/ ghiy epyj;jpy;/ jsph;j;jw;W - jsph;j;jJ nghy/

tw;wy; kuk; - thoa kuk;)

g[w�JWg;g[ - cly; cWg;g[fs;/ vtd; bra;a[k; - vd;d gad;/ mfj;JWg;g[ - kdj;jpd; cWg;g[/ md;g[ tHf;F - ed;bewp ez;g[ - el;g[/ eak;,y - jP';F/ ,dpikaw;w/ fil - gGJ efy;ty;yh; - rphpj;J kfpH;gth;/ khapU "hyk; - kpfg;bghpa cyfk; frL - Fw;wk;/ epw;f - fw;wthW elf;f ctg;g - kfpH/ jiyf;To - xd;W nrh;e;J rhe;Jiza[k; - rhFk;tiu Vkhg;g[ - ghJfhg;g[ fhKWth; - tpUk;g[th; tpGr;bry;tk; - rpwe;j bry;tk; khL - bry;tk; brtpr;bry;tk; - nfs;tpr; bry;tk;/ jiy - Kjd;ik nghH;J - bghGJ/ <ag;gLk; - mspf;fg;gLk; mtp czt[ - njth;fSf;F nts;tpapd;nghJ bfhLf;fg;gLk; czt[/ xg;gh; - epfuhth; xw;fk; - jsh;r;rp/ Cw;W - Cd;Wnfhy; Cw;Wf;nfhy; - Cd;Wnfhy;/ mw;nw - nghd;wnj vidj;jhDk; - vt;tst[ rpwpjhapDk;/ midj;jhDk; - nfl;l mj;Jiz mstpYk;/ Md;w - epiwe;j) gpiHj;Jzh;e;Jk; - jtWfis czh;e;j bghGJk;/ ngijik - mwpahikapd;ghw;gl;l ,Hpbrhw;fs;/ ,iHj;Jzh;e;J - El;gkhf Muha;e;J/ <z;oa - Ma;e;jwpe;j jifant - jd;ikanj njhl;fg;glhj - Jisf;fg;glhj Ez';fpa - El;gkhfpa/ tz';fpa - gzpthd/ thapduhjy; - bkhHpapid cilath;/ tha[zh;tpd; khf;fs; - czt[r;Rit kl;Lk; mwpe;njhh;/ mtpapDk; - ,we;jhYk; mw;wk; - mHpt[/ ,Wjp/ brWthh;f;F - gifth;f;F/ muz; - nfhl;il xhP, - ePf;fp/ thlh - thlhky;/



ca;g;gJ - brYj;JtJ bka;g;bghUs; - cz;ikg;bghUs;/

fhz;gJ - (fhQjy;) fhzty;yJ அறி�

vz;bghUs; - vspa bghUs;/ Ez;bghUs; - El;gkhd bghUs;/ bryr;brhy; - kd';bfhs;sr;brhy; jHP,a - el;ghf;FtJ/ Xl;gk; - mwpt[lik/ Tk;gy; - Ftpjy;/ Kfk; thLjy;/ kyh;jy; - tphpjy;/ Kfk; kyh;jy; ciwtJ - xGFtJ MtJ - gpd;dh; tuf;ToaJ mwpfy;yhjth; - mwpakhl;lhh; ngijik - mwpt[ ,d;ik mwpth; - mwpt[ilath; m";ry; - vz;zpg; ghh;j;J mjidr; bra;ahJ tpLjy; vjpuJ - vjph;fhyj;jpy; neuf;ToaJ mjpu - eL';Fk;go neha; - Jd;gk; vd;Dila nuDk; - vy;yhk; cilatuhapDk; ,yh; - ,y;yhjth mlf;fk; - kdk;/ bkhHp bka;fs; jPa tHpfspw; bry;yhJ ml';Fjy; mkuUs; - njth; cyfk; (Rth;f;fk;) ca;f;Fk; - brYj;Jk; MhpUs; - eufk; bghUsh - cah;e;j bghUshff; fUjp fhf;f - filgpoj;J xGFf.

mjpdpd; C';F - mt; mlf;fj;ij tplt[� brwpt[ - mlf;fk; rPh;ik - tpGg;gk; / rpwg;g[ Mw;wpd; - neh;tHpapy; epiyapd; - ,y;yw bewpahFk; epiyapd; epd;W jphpahJ - epiygpwHhJ njhw;wk; - cah;t[ khz - kpft[k; ed;W Mk; - ed;ik jUtnj Mk; gzpjy; - ml';Fjy;

bry;te;jifj;J- bry;tk; vdj;jFk;

rpwg;gpida[ilj;J Ie;J - Ik;bghwpfs; xUik - xU gpwg;g[ vGik - VG gpwg;g[ Vkhg;g[ - ghJfhg;g[ ah - vtw;iw (vy;yhtw;iwa[k;) nrhfhg;gh; - Jd;g[Wth; brhy; ,Gf;F - brhy; Fw;wk

xd;whDk; - (vz; mstpy;) xd;whf ,Ug;gpD� bghUl;gad; - bghUshy; tpistJ

cz;lhapd; - cz;lhtJ Mapd; ed;whfhJ MfptpLk; - jPjhfptpLk; cs; MWk; (clk;gpy; g[z;zhf epw;gpDk;) cs;sj;nj MwptpLk; fjk; - rpdk;/ fhj;J - mlf;fp brt;;tp - jFe;j fhyk; Mw;wpd; - mila[k; tHpapy; tpGg;gk; - rpwg;g[ xk;gg;gLk; - fhj;jy; ntz;Lk ghpe;J - tpUk;gp/ njhpDk; - Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhYk; Foik - cah;Fo

mGf;fhW - bghwhik Mf;fk; - bry;tk; xy;fhh; - tpyfkhl;lhh; cunthh; - kdtypika[ilnahh; ஏத�- ��ற�

va;Jth; - milth; ,Lk;ig - Jd;gk; xy;yhnt - ,ayhnt xl;l- bghUe;j xGFjy; - elj;jy;/ thH;jy; mfH;thiu - njhz;Lgtiu ,fH;thh; - ,Hpt[g;gLj;Jnthh; jiy - rpwe;j gz;g[ ,d;ik - tWik xuhy; - ePf;Fjy; klthh; - mwptpypfs;

tpUe;J - tPl;Lf;Fg; g[jpaவuha; te;jth; epiw - rhy;g[ xWj;jhiu - jz;oj;jtiu

xd;whf - xU bghUl;lhf bghjpe;J itg;gh; - kdJf;Fs; itj;Jf; bfhs;th;. bghd;Wk; - cyfk; mHpa[k; tiu jpwdy;y - bra;aj;jfhj nehbehe;J - Jd;gj;jpw;F tUe;jp kpFjpahd; - kdr;brUf;fhy; kpf;fit - jP';Ffs; jFjpahd; - bghWikahy; Jwe;jhh; - gw;ww;wth; ,we;jhh; - bewpiaf; fle;jth; ,d;dh - jPa nehw;fpw;gth; - bghWg;gth; nehw;ghh; - nehd;g[ nkw;bfhs;gth; ,d;dhr;brhy; - ,dpikaw;w brhy; tpid - bray;/

fhg;g[ - காவ�

ePuth; - mwpt[ilahh; nfz;ik - el;g[ ngijahh; - mwptpyhh;



etpy;njhWk; - fw;ff; fw;f eak; - ,d;gk; eFjy; - rphpj;jy;

,oj;jy; - க'(ைர�த�

fpHik - chpik. Kfef - Kfk;kyu

MW - ey;tHp ;

ca;j;J ; brYj;jp

my;yy; - *ப�

cLf;if - Mil ,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk; fistJ - ePf;FtJ bfhl;gpd;wp - ntWghL ,y;yhky; Cd;Wk; - jh';Fk; g[idj;jy; - g[fH;jy; g[iu - Fw;wk; : gaf;Fk; -jUk; RLk; - tUj;Jk;. md;d - mit nghy;td va;ahik -tUe;jhky; <uk; - md;g[ : mis, - fye;J : goW - t";rk; : brk;bghUs; - rpwe;j bghUs;. mfd; - mfk;/ cs;sk; mkh; - tpUg;gk; mkh;e;J - tpUk;gp Kfd; - Kfk;

,d;brhy; - ,dpa ெசா�

mkh;e;J- tpUk;gp mfj;jhd;Mk; - cs;sk; fye;J ,d;brhypdnj - ,dpa brhw;fisg; ngRjiy Jd;g[W]ck;- Jd;gk; jUk; : ,d;g[W]ck; - ,d;gk; jUk;.

ahh; khl;Lk; - ahhplj;Jk; ; Jt;thik - tWik rpWik - Jd;gk;/

kWik – kWgpwtp/ ,k;ik - ,g;gpwtp ,dpjPd;wy; - ,dpJ+<d;wy;/ <d;wy; - jUjy;/ cz;lhf;Fjy; td;brhy; - fL";brhy;. vtd;bfhnyh - vd;d fhuznkh? Vndh?. Tif - nfhl;lhd;/ Me;ij/ ,fy; - gif jpU - bry;tk;/ jPuhik - eP';fhik mUtpid- braw;fhpa bray "hyk; - cyfk; xLf;fk; - ml';fpapUg;gJ

bghUjfh; -Ml;Lf;flh ngUe;jifj;J - gpd;th';Fk; jd;ikaJ. bghs;bsd - clnd : xs;spth; -mwpt[ilahd; g[wk;ntuhh; - btspg;gLj;jkhl;lhh;. cs;nth;g;gh; - kdj;jpDs; kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gh;. brWeh; - gifth; Rkf;f - gzpf ,Wtiu - Kot[fhyk; fpHf;fhe;jiy - jiyfPH; (khw;wk;) va;jw;F - fpilj;jw;F ,iae;jf;fhy; - fpilj;j bghGJ Tk;g[k; - tha;g;gw;w : rPh;j;j ,lk; chpa fhyk; tpid typ - jhd; bra;af; fUjpa braypd; jd;ik khw;whd; - gifth; J]f;fp - rPh;J]f;fp xy;tJ - jk;khypad;wJ mwptJ - mwpa ntz;oa typik cilj;jk; - jk;Kila ,ilf;fz; - eLtpnyna Cf;fk; - kd vGr;rp Cf;fp - braiyj; bjhl';fp Khpe;jhh; - mHpe;jth; (njhw;wth;) M';F mike;J xGfhd; - may; nte;jnuhL bghUe;jp xGfhJ mstwpahd; - jd; typikapd; msit mwpahJ jd;id tpae;jhd; - jhnd jd;id cah;thff; fUjpr; brUf;FWtd gPyp - kapy; njhif rhfhL - tz;o ,Wk; - Khpa[k; bgapd; - Vw;wpdhy; bfhk;gh; - ,Wjpg;nghyp Edpf;bfhk;gh; -fpisapd; Edp m~jpwe;J - mt;tstpidf; fle;J MW - bewp

Mw;wpd; - bfhLf;Fk; bewpய��

MF MW - bghUs; tUk; tHp

,l;oJ - சிறி nghF MW -brytHpa[k; tHp mfyhf;fil - bgUfhjhapd; (bgUftpy;iy vd;why;) cs nghy - cs;sJ nghy cstiu - jdf;Fs;s bghUspd; mst[ J]f;fhj - Muha;e;J ghh;f;fhj ty;iy - tpiutpy; tstiu - bry;tj;jpd; vy;iy ifk;khW - vjph;ghh;j;Jr; bra;a[k; cjtp

flg;ghL - flikahaf; bfhz;L bray;பட�

jhshw;wp - kpf;f Kaw;rp bra;J



je;j - <l;oa jf;fjhh;;f;F - jFe;jth;f;F ntshz;ik - cjtp. g[j;njs; cyfk; - (,d;gr; brHpg;g[ilajhff; fUjg;gLk;) njth; cyfj;Jk; <z;Lk; - ,t;t[yfj;Jk; xg;g[utpd; - xg;g[uitf; fhl;oYk; ey;ygpw - ey;yitna gpw bray;fs; xj;jJ - cyf eilawpe;J mjw;fpirar; bra;tJ brj;jhUs; itf;fg;gLk; - ,we;jhUs; xUtdhff; fUjg;gLthd;. CUzp - Ch; kf;fs; cz;Qk; ePh;f;Fsk; cyF mthk; - cyf eilia tpUk;gpr; bra;a[k; jpU-bry;tk;/ mw;W - nghYk; gad;kuk; - gad;gLk; kuk; cs;qh; - Ch; eLnt eaDilahd; - ey;y cs;sKilahd kUe;jhfp - kUe;jha; jg;gh - jg;ghj kuj;jw;W - kuj;ij xg;gJ ,lk; - bry;tk;/ ,ldpy; gUtk; - tWika[w;w fhyk; xy;fhh; - jsuhh; fld; - Kiwik fhl;rpath; - mwpt[ilahh; nfhs; jf;fJ - bfhs;sj;jf;fJ mk;gp -glF/ Mafhiy - me;jneuj;jpy; ehafd; - jiytd;/ fha[k; tpy;ypdd; - gifth;fis mHpf;Fk; tpy;yhw;wy; bgw;wtd;. itafk; - kz;Qyfk; : thdfk; - tpz;Qyfk; : "hyk; - epyt[yfk; rhy;g[ - epiw gz;g[ / jFjp : khrw;whh; - Fw;wkw;wth; nfz;ik - el;g[ cs;Sth; - epidg;gh; tpGkk; - Jd;gk; ,d;dh - jP';Ffs;. fld; - flik rhd;nwhh; - ey;y Fz';fs; epiwe;jth; ehz; - ehzk; : xg;g[ut[ - cjt[jy; fz;nzhl;lk; - caph;fsplj;J ,uf;fk; tha;ik - cz;ik rhy;g[ - rhd;whz;ik Mw;Wthh; - bray;bra;gth; Mw;wy; - typik khw;whh; - gifth; Jiyaay;yhh; - Mw;wypy; Fiwe;jth;

,d;ik - tWik jpz;ik - typik MHp - fly; ,U eyk; - bghpaepyk; bghiw - Rik jpl;gk; - typik/ kw;wit - xHpe;J xuhy; - bra;ahik xy;fhik - jsuhik

; 1. ii) g[fH;bgw;w E]y; kw;Wk; E]yhrphpah;fs;g[fH;bgw;w E]y; kw;Wk; E]yhrphpah;fs;g[fH;bgw;w E]y; kw;Wk; E]yhrphpah;fs;g[fH;bgw;w E]y; kw;Wk; E]yhrphpah;fs;

,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; bgUk;ghYk; bghUj;Jf tifapYk; neuo tpdhf;fshft[k; mikf;fg; gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjpf;nfw;w g[fH;bgw;w E]y; - E]yhrphpah;fspd; bgah;fs; vspikahf thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J gapy;tjw;Fs; vspikahf epidt[ bfhs;st[k; cjt[k;.

gjpbdz; nky;fzf;F E]y;fs; gjpbdz; nky;fzf;F E]y;fs; gjpbdz; nky;fzf;F E]y;fs; gjpbdz; nky;fzf;F E]y;fs; ( 8 + 10 = 18 ) Tl;Lj;bjhif : Tl;Lj;bjhif : Tl;Lj;bjhif : Tl;Lj;bjhif :

E]y;E]y;E]y;E]y; bjhFj;jth;bjhFj;jth;bjhFj;jth;bjhFj;jth; ghlghlghlghly;y;y;y; fs;fs;fs;fs;

bjhFg;gpj;jbjhFg;gpj;jbjhFg;gpj;jbjhFg;gpj;jth;th;th;th;

1 ew;wpid 400 ghz;oad; khwd; tGjp

2 FWe; bjhif

g{hpf;nfh 400

3 Ie;FE]W TlY]h;fpHhh;

500 மா(தர+ேசர� ; ,Uk;bghiw

4 mfehD]W cUj;jpurd;kd;

400 ghz;oad;

cf;fpuெப�வ,தி

5 fypj;bjhif ey;ye;Jtdhh;

150

6 g[wehD]W 400 7 gjpw;Wg;gj;J 100 8 ghpghly; 22 gj;Jg;ghl;L : gj;Jg;ghl;L : gj;Jg;ghl;L : gj;Jg;ghl;L : ----

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - ef;fPuh; bghUeuhw;Wg;gil - Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh; bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil - cUj;jpu';fz;zdhh; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil - ey;Y]h; ej;jj;jdhh; kiygLflhk; ( m) Tj;juhw;Wg;gil - bgU';bfsrpfdhh; Fwp";rpg;ghl;L - fgpyh; Ky;iyg;ghl;L - eg;g{jdhh; gl;odg;ghiy - cUj;jpu';fz;zdhh; beLey;thil - ef;fPuh; kJiuf;fh";rp - kh';Fo kUjdhh;



gjpbdd;fPH; fzf;F gjpbdd;fPH; fzf;F gjpbdd;fPH; fzf;F gjpbdd;fPH; fzf;F E]y;fs; E]y;fs; E]y;fs; E]y;fs;

mwE]y; mwE]y; mwE]y; mwE]y; ---- 11 11 11 11

1. ehyoahh; - rkzKdpth;fs; 2. ehz;kzpf;foif - tpsk;gp ehfdhh; 3. ,d;dh ehw;gJ - fgpyh; 4. ,dpait ehw;gJ - g{je;nre;jdhh; 5. jphpfLfk; - ey;yhjdhh; 6. Mrhuf;nfhit - bgUthapw;

Ks;spahh; 7. gHbkhHp (400) - _d;Wiuaiuadhh; 8. rpWg";r_yk; - fhhpahrd; 9. Vyhjp - fzpnkjhtpahh; 10. jpUf;Fws; (1330) - jpUts;Sth; 11. KJbkhHpf;fh";rp - TlY]h; fpHhh; mfE]y; mfE]y; mfE]y; mfE]y; ---- 6 :6 :6 :6 :

1. Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ - khwd; bghiwadhh;

2. Ie;jpiz vGgJ - _thjpahh; 3. jpidbkhHp Ik;gJ - fz;zd; nre;jdhh;

4. jpைண khiy E]w;iwk;gJ

- fzpj nkjhtpahh;

5. fhh; ehw;gJ - fz;zd; Tj;jdhh;

6. ife;epiy(எ)ஐ(திைண அ�ப

- g[y;y';fhldhh;

g[wE]y; g[wE]y; g[wE]y; g[wE]y; ---- 1 :1 :1 :1 :

1. fstHp ehw;gJ - bgha;ifahh; jpUf;Fws; jpUf;Fws; jpUf;Fws; jpUf;Fws; - ghly;fs; - 1330

mjpfhu';fs; (38 + 70+26) = 133

- mwj;Jj;Jg;ghy; (38) - bghUl;ghy; (38) - fhkj;Jg;ghh; (25)

Ciufs; : Ciufs; : Ciufs; : Ciufs; : ghpnkyHfh;/ kzf;Flth;/ fypg;bgUkhs;/ fhsp';fh;/ jUkh;/ ghpjpahh;/ jpUkiyahh;/ jhkj;jh;/ er;rh;/ ky;yh;. MH;thh;fs; MH;thh;fs; MH;thh;fs; MH;thh;fs; ----12 : 12 : 12 : 12 :

ghly;bjhFg;g[ : ehyhapuj;jpt;tpa gpuge;jk; bjhFj;jth;- ehjKdpfs; 1. bgha;ifahH;thh; 2. g{jj;jhH;thh; 3. ngahH;thh; 4. jpUkHpirahH;thh;

5. ek;khH;thh; 6. kJuftpahH;thh; 7. bghpahH;thh; 8. Mz;lhs; 9. jpUg;ghzhH;thh; 10. jpUk';ifahH;thh; 11. bjhz;luog; bghoahH;thh; 12. Fynrfu MH;thh; ehad;khh;fs; ehad;khh;fs; ehad;khh;fs; ehad;khh;fs; ---- 63 :63 :63 :63 : irtj;jpUKiwfs; - 12 bjhFj;jth; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp bghpag[uhzk; - nrf;fpHhh; rk;ge;jh; - jpUf;filf;fhg;g[ mg;gh; - njthuk; Re;juh; - jpUg;ghl;L khzpf;fthrfh; - jpUthrfk; jpU_yh; - jpUke;jpuk; Ik;bgU';fhg;gpa';fs;Ik;bgU';fhg;gpa';fs;Ik;bgU';fhg;gpa';fs;Ik;bgU';fhg;gpa';fs; 1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,s';nfhtofs; 2. kzpnkfiy - rPj;jiyr;rhj;jdhh;

3. rPtd rpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;f�ேதவ� 4. tisahgjp - 5. ehf Fkhu fhtpak; I";rpW fhg;gpa';fs; :I";rpW fhg;gpa';fs; :I";rpW fhg;gpa';fs; :I";rpW fhg;gpa';fs; :----

1. R{shkzp - njhyh bkhHpj; njth;

2. ePynfrp - thkd Kdpth; (ciu vGjpath; )

3. cjயண Fkhu fhtpak;

-

4. aேசாnju fhtpak;

- bவd;dht23ilahh; nts;.

5. ehf Fkhu fhtpak; ,yf;fz E]y;fs; :,yf;fz E]y;fs; :,yf;fz E]y;fs; :,yf;fz E]y;fs; :----

E]y;E]y;E]y;E]y; Mrphpah;Mrphpah;Mrphpah;Mrphpah; mfj;jpak; - mfj;jpah; bjhy;fhg;gpak; bjhy;fhg;gpah; tPunrhHpak; - g[j;jமிj;jpuh; nekpehjk; - FztPu gz;ojh; ahg;gU';fhyk; - mkpjrhfuh; ahg;gU';fyf;fhhpif - அkpjrhfuh; jz;oay';fhuk; - jz;o ed;D]y; - gtze;jp Kdpth; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; - itj;jpaehj njrpfh;



,yf;fz bfhj;J - Rthkpehj njrpfh; etePjg;ghl;oay; - etePjd; Kj;JtPhpak; - Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah; rhkpehjk; - rhkpf;ftpuhrh; g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy - Iadhhpjdhh; gpuge;j jPgpif - Kj;J nt';fl Rg;igah; mfg;bghUs; tpsf;fk;

- ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp

khwdy';fhuk; - jpUf;FUifg; bgUkhs; ftpuhah;

gpunahf tpntfk; - Rg;gpukzpa jPl;rpjh;.

epfz;Lfs;epfz;Lfs;epfz;Lfs;epfz;Lfs;(சமண�க� தமி,�� அள4�த ேகாைட) gp';fy epfz;L

-

Mrphpah;fs;Mrphpah;fs;Mrphpah;fs;Mrphpah;fs; gp';fy Kdpth;

fahju epfz;L - fahjh; rpe;jhkzp epfz;L - itj;jpayp';fh; xU brhw;fy bghUs; epfz;L

- fdfrigg; g[yth;

bghjpif epfz;L; - rhkpehj ftp ghujp epfz;L gukhde;j ghujp mUk;bghUs; tpsf;f epfz;L

- mUkUe;J njrpfh;

jpthfuepfz;L(தமிழி* 6த� நிக�8)

- திவாகர�

chpr;brhy; epfz;L - கா9ேகய� Tlkiy epfz;L - <:tuftp Mrphpa epfz;L - Mz;og;g[yth; gplt epfz;L ;டாமண� நிக�8(<க= ெப�ற நிக�8)

-

- Xsitahh; ம�டல <�ட�

g[fH;bgw;w g[fH;bgw;w g[fH;bgw;w g[fH;bgw;w E]yhrphpah; E]y;fs;:E]yhrphpah; E]y;fs;:E]yhrphpah; E]y;fs;:E]yhrphpah; E]y;fs;:

Xsitahh;Xsitahh;Xsitahh;Xsitahh; - Mj;jpr;R{o - _Jiu - bfhd;iw nte;jd; - ey;tHp gu";nrhjp Kdpth;gu";nrhjp Kdpth;gu";nrhjp Kdpth;gu";nrhjp Kdpth; - jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk; - ntjhuzpa g[uhzk; - jpUtpisahly; nghw;wp - fypbtz;gh - kJiug;

gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjp

,uhkyp';f mofs;,uhkyp';f mofs;,uhkyp';f mofs;,uhkyp';f mofs; - jpUtUl;பh - #Pt fhUz;a xGf;fk; - kDKiw fz;l

thrfk; fk;gh;fk;gh;fk;gh;fk;gh; - சlnfhgh; me;jhjp ---- jpUf;if tHf;fk; ---- rpiy vGgJ - Vh; vGgJ - fk;guhkhazk; Xl;lf;Tj;jh;Xl;lf;Tj;jh;Xl;lf;Tj;jh;Xl;lf;Tj;jh; - _tUyh ---- jf;fahfg;guzp ---- Fnyhj;J';f nrhHd;

gps;isj;jkpH; - <l;ovGgJ bra';bfhz;lhh;bra';bfhz;lhh;bra';bfhz;lhh;bra';bfhz;lhh;

- fyp';fj;Jg;guzp jphpTl uhrg;gf; jphpTl uhrg;gf; jphpTl uhrg;gf; jphpTl uhrg;gf; ftpuhah;ftpuhah;ftpuhah;ftpuhah;

- jpUf;Fw;whyf; Fwt";rp

- jpUf;Fw;why khiy - jpUf;Fw;why cyh - jpUf;Fw;whyg;

gps;isj; jkpH; Fku FUgu Fku FUgu Fku FUgu Fku FUgu Rthkpfs;Rthkpfs;Rthkpfs;Rthkpfs;

- Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpH;

- kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpH;

- kPd;hl;rpak;ik Fwk; (Fwt";rpapd; Kd;ndho) - fhrpf; fyk;gk; - rfyfyh ty;yp khiy - rpjk;gur; bra;a[l; nfhit - ePjpbewp tpsf;ffk; ckWg;g[yth;ckWg;g[yth;ckWg;g[yth;ckWg;g[yth;

- rPwhg;g[uhzk; - KJbkhHpkhiy - jpUkz thH;j;J - rPjf;fhjp behz;o

ehlfk;



kPdhl;rp Re;juk; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isgps;isgps;isgps;is - nrf;fpHhh; gps;isj;

jkpH; - mfpyhz;l ehafp

gps;isj;jkpH; fr;rpag;gh;fr;rpag;gh;fr;rpag;gh;fr;rpag;gh;

தல<ராண ேவ(த� -

fe;jg[uhzk;

nrf;fpHhh;nrf;fpHhh;nrf;fpHhh;nrf;fpHhh; - bghpag[uhzk; g[fnHe;jpg[fnHe;jpg[fnHe;jpg[fnHe;jp - esbtz;gh tpy;ypg;g[j;jpuh;tpy;ypg;g[j;jpuh;tpy;ypg;g[j;jpuh;tpy;ypg;g[j;jpuh; tpy;ypghujk; Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs; - jpUg;ghit/ eh�சியா�

jpUbkhHp mUzfphpehjh;mUzfphpehjh;mUzfphpehjh;mUzfphpehjh; ---- kapy;tpUj;jk;/

---- jpUg;g[fH;/ ---- fe;தனy';fhuk;/ fe;juDg{jp/ nty;tpUj;jk; bfh';Fntsph;bfh';Fntsph;bfh';Fntsph;bfh';Fntsph; - bgU';fij cyfehjh;cyfehjh;cyfehjh;cyfehjh;

- cyf ePjp mjptPuuhkg; mjptPuuhkg; mjptPuuhkg; mjptPuuhkg; ghz;oah;ghz;oah;ghz;oah;ghz;oah;

- btw;wpntw;if/ ieljk;

tPukhKdpttPukhKdpttPukhKdpttPukhKdpth;h;h;h; - ciueil E]y;fs; "hdஉgnjrk;,வாம* கைத gukhh;j;j FUfij

(jkpHpd; Kjy; எ�ள� A�)

- gh;tj fhz;lk; - njk;ghtzp tPukhKdpth;tPukhKdpth;tPukhKdpth;tPukhKdpth; bra;a[s; E]y;fs;bra;a[s; E]y;fs;bra;a[s; E]y;fs;bra;a[s; E]y;fs; - jpUf;fhtY]h;f; fyk;gfk; - fypbtz;gh -

- milf;fy khiy அ*ைன அ,9க� அ(தாதி

- ,yf;fz E]y;fs;,yf;fz E]y;fs;,yf;fz E]y;fs;,yf;fz E]y;fs; - bjhd;D]y; tpsf;fk; - bfhLe;jkpH; ,yf;fzk; - mfuhjpmfuhjpmfuhjpmfuhjp - rJu mfuhjp - M';fpy jkpH; mfuhjp Rg;gpukzpa Rg;gpukzpa Rg;gpukzpa Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh; - fz;zz; ghl;L

- Fapy;ghl;L

- gh";rhyp rgjk;

- ghg;gh ghl;L

- tpehafh;

ehz;kzpkhiல - ntjhe;j ghly;fs;

- "hdujk;

- re;jphpifapd; fij

- juhR

- jpz;oa rh!;jphp

brhh;z Fkhhp

ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ---- - ghz;oad; ghpR - FLk;g tpsf;F - ,is"h; ,yf;fpak; - mHfpd; rphpg;g[ - தமி=; ,af;fk; kzpnkfiy btz;gh - ,iraKJ - fz;zfp g[ul;rp fhg;gpak; - gpசிuhe;ijahh; - jkpHr;rpapd; fj;jp - Fwp";rp jpul;L - ,Uz;l tPL - vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk; - brskpad; - fiy Tj;jhoapd; fhjy;

H.A.fpUfpUfpUfpU\\\\;zgps;is;zgps;is;zgps;is;zgps;is

- ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; இரCசண�யமேனாகர�(கிறி�தவ ேதவார�)

Re;juk; gps;isRe;juk; gps;isRe;juk; gps;isRe;juk; gps;is

- kndhd;kzpak; g[yth; FHe;ijg[yth; FHe;ijg[yth; FHe;ijg[yth; FHe;ij

- FHe;ij ghly;fs;

- cyf bghpnahh; bfd;do

- ,uhtz fhtpak;

- murpay; my';fhuk;

- fhk";rhp

- bfh';FehL



ftpkzpa njrpa tpehafk; gps;is : ftpkzpa njrpa tpehafk; gps;is : ftpkzpa njrpa tpehafk; gps;is : ftpkzpa njrpa tpehafk; gps;is : ----

- kyUk; khiya[k;

- ,se;bjd;wy;

- czwkzpfs;

- gRt[k; fd;Wk;

- FHe;ijr; bry;tk;

- kUkf;fs; tHp khd;kpak;

- ckhh; fa;ahk; ghly;fs;

- Mrpa n#hjp jpU.tp. fy;ahz Re;judhh;jpU.tp. fy;ahz Re;judhh;jpU.tp. fy;ahz Re;judhh;jpU.tp. fy;ahz Re;judhh; - kdpj thH;f;ifa[k;/

fhe;jpaofSk; - KUfd; my;yJ mHF - bgz;zpd; bgUik - * jkpH;j;bjd;wy; - g[[Jik ntl;ly; - bghJik ntl;ly; - thH;f;if Jiz eyk; - rPh;j;jpUj;jk; (m) ,sik

tpUe;J - fpU\;Jtpd; mUs;

ntl;ly; - njrgf;jd; (ehspjH;) - etrf;jp (fpHikapjH;) ehkf;fy; ftp"h; nt. ehkf;fy; ftp"h; nt. ehkf;fy; ftp"h; nt. ehkf;fy; ftp"h; nt. ,uhkyp';fk; gps;is: ,uhkyp';fk; gps;is: ,uhkyp';fk; gps;is: ,uhkyp';fk; gps;is: ---- - vd;fij (jd;thH;f;if)

tuyhW) - njkJuj;jkpnH - r';bfhyp - jkpH;j;njd; - kiyf;fz;zd; - ftpjh";ryp jkpHd; ,jak; mtDk; mtSk; ftp"h; Koaurd; : ftp"h; Koaurd; : ftp"h; Koaurd; : ftp"h; Koaurd; : ---- - g{';bfho - tPufhtpak; - kdpjid njLfpnwd; - fhtphpg; ghit - be";R

bghWf;Fjpy;iyna - Cd;Wnfhy; - Koaurd; ftpijfs; thzpjhrd; : thzpjhrd; : thzpjhrd; : thzpjhrd; : ----

- jkpHr;rp - bfhoKy;iy - bjhLthdk; - vHpnyhtpak; - FHe;ij ,yf;fpak;

- bgh';fy; ghpR - ,d;g ,yf;fpak; - jPh;j;j ahj;jpiu Rujh: Rujh: Rujh: Rujh: ---- - njd;kiH - JiwKfk; fz;zjhrd;: fz;zjhrd;: fz;zjhrd;: fz;zjhrd;: ---- - mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk; - Ml;lzj;jp Mjpke;jp - kh';fdp - ijg;ghit - nrukhd; fhjyp eh. fhkuhrd;: eh. fhkuhrd;: eh. fhkuhrd;: eh. fhkuhrd;: ---- - fy;yiwj; bjhl;ofs; - fUg;g[ kyh;fs; - R{hpa fhe;jp - Rfhuhitj; jhz;lhj

Xl;lf';fs; ituKj;J: ituKj;J: ituKj;J: ituKj;J: ---- - jpUj;jp vGjpa jPh;g;<க ;s; - ftpaurd; fij - vd; giHa Xiyfs; - jz;zPh; njrk; - itfiw nkf';fs; mwp"h; mz;zh: mwp"h; mz;zh: mwp"h; mz;zh: mwp"h; mz;zh: ---- - ghh;tjp/ B.A. - u';nfhd; uhjh - jrhtjhuk; - Xh; ,ut[ - ePjpnjtd; kaf;fk; - ntiyf;fhhp - gpuhh;j;jid - Fw;wthspnah - fd;dpg;bgz; ifk;bgz;

Md fij jp. #hdfpuhkd; : jp. #hdfpuhkd; : jp. #hdfpuhkd; : jp. #hdfpuhkd; : ---- - mk;kh te;jhs; - nkhfKs; - kug;gR - rptg;g[ hpf;\h - bfhl;L nksk; - rpyph;g;g[ rhj;jpah - rf;jp itj;jpak; - ehYntyp epyk; - tontY thj;jpahh; kiwkiy mofs; : kiwkiy mofs; : kiwkiy mofs; : kiwkiy mofs; : ---- - FKjts;sp - nfhfpyhk;ghs;

foj';fs;



,uhFehjd; : ,uhFehjd; : ,uhFehjd; : ,uhFehjd; : ---- - g";Rk; grpa[k; ,uh#k; Iah; : ,uh#k; Iah; : ,uh#k; Iah; : ,uh#k; Iah; : ---- - fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk; ,uh#k; fpU,uh#k; fpU,uh#k; fpU,uh#k; fpU\\\\;zd; : ;zd; : ;zd; : ;zd; : ---- - Fwp";rpj;njd; - tisfuk; - ntUf;F ePh; - fhpg;g[ kzpfs; mU. ,uhkehjd;: mU. ,uhkehjd;: mU. ,uhkehjd;: mU. ,uhkehjd;: ---- - tPughz;oa* kidtp - mnrhfd; fhjyp rhz;oay;ad;: rhz;oay;ad;: rhz;oay;ad;: rhz;oay;ad;: ---- - kiythry; - fly;g[wh - atd uhzp - ,uhr jpyfk; - fd;dp khlk; b#fr;rpw;gp - gj;jpdpf;nfhl;lk; - ee;jpth;kd; fhjyp - kJuahH; k';if - jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk; mfpyd; - fay;tpHp - ghit tpsf;F - g[Jbts;sk; - bgz; - bgz;kyh; - thH;t[ v';nf ? - be";rpd; miyfs; - rpj;jpug;ghit

(ஞாd gPl tpUJ) - nt';ifapd; ike;jd; - ,jar;rpiwapy; - epytpdpny - Fwj;jp - FHe;ij rphpj;jJ - f';fh !;ehdk; - எhpkiy fy;fp : fy;fp : fy;fp : fy;fp : ---- - rptfhkpapd; rgjk; - bghd;dpapd; bry;td; - ghh;j;jpgd; fdt[ - bgha;khd; fhL - fs;tdpd; fhjyp - miynahir - kFlgjp - fhjhuf;fs;td; - iky;tpHp khd; - xw;iw nuhrh

- jpUld; kfd; jpUld; -

- -

nfjhhpapd; jhahh; வ Eைண வாண� வ Eைண பவான4

fp. M.bg.tp!;tehjd; : fp. M.bg.tp!;tehjd; : fp. M.bg.tp!;tehjd; : fp. M.bg.tp!;tehjd; : ----

- jkpH;r; bry;tk; gz;ojkzp K. gz;ojkzp K. gz;ojkzp K. gz;ojkzp K. fjpnurd;fjpnurd;fjpnurd;fjpnurd;

- kz;zpay; - rpWnjh; (R{j;ufh; - vGjpa kpUr;r

fojj;jpd; j,{ty;)

lhf;lh; K. tujuhrdhh;lhf;lh; K. tujuhrdhh;lhf;lh; K. tujuhrdhh;lhf;lh; K. tujuhrdhh; - mfy;tpsf;F - bgw;w kdk; - lhf;lh; my;yp - gr;irag;gh; - kdr;rhd;W - fhjy; v';nf ? - fhpj;Jz;L - bre;jhkiu - fy;nyh fhtpankh ? - Fwl;il xyp

vd;dvd;dvd;dvd;dapdhg;g[yth; : apdhg;g[yth; : apdhg;g[yth; : apdhg;g[yth; : ---- - Kf;Tlw;gs;Stpd;

ehlf totk; R{hpa ehuhaz rh!;jphp : R{hpa ehuhaz rh!;jphp : R{hpa ehuhaz rh!;jphp : R{hpa ehuhaz rh!;jphp : ---- - %ghtjp - கyhtjp - khdtp#ak; - ehlftpay; gk;ky; rk;ge;j gk;ky; rk;ge;j gk;ky; rk;ge;j gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh;Kjypahh;Kjypahh;Kjypahh;

kndhfuh/ rghgjp/ nkfgjp/ thzpg[uj;J tzpfd;/ mkyhjpj;jd;

r';fujh!; Rthkpfs; : r';fujh!; Rthkpfs; : r';fujh!; Rthkpfs; : r';fujh!; Rthkpfs; : ----

- mgpkd;a[ - Re;jhp - gtsf;bfho - rjp mDR{ah - gpufyhjd; - rpWbjhz;lh; g[uhzk; - ts;sp jpUkzk;



gp. v!;. ,uhikah : gp. v!;. ,uhikah : gp. v!;. ,uhikah : gp. v!;. ,uhikah : ---- - lhf;lUf;F kUe;J - njnuhl;'ய�* kfd; - jGk;g[ - kyUk; kzKk; - ghh;fly; nf. ghyr;re;jh; : nf. ghyr;re;jh; : nf. ghyr;re;jh; : nf. ghyr;re;jh; : ---- - ePh;f;FkpHp - bkGFth;j;jp - ehzy; - vjph; ePr;ry; - rh;th; Re;juk; - nk#h; re;jpu fhe;j; - etfpufk; nrh. ,uhkrhkp : nrh. ,uhkrhkp : nrh. ,uhkrhkp : nrh. ,uhkrhkp : ---- - ahUf;Fk;

btl;fkpy;iy - cz;ikna cd;

tpiy vd;d ? - ,utpy; brd;id - KfkJgpd; Jf;sf; - kdk; xU Fu';F b#afhe;jd; : b#afhe;jd; : b#afhe;jd; : b#afhe;jd; : ---- - rpy neu';fsp;� rpy

kdpjh;fs; - cjak; - xU gpor;nrhW - ,dpg;g[k; frg;g[k; nf. Re;juk; : nf. Re;juk; : nf. Re;juk; : nf. Re;juk; : ---- - tpak;ehk; tPL eh. ghh;j;jrhujp : eh. ghh;j;jrhujp : eh. ghh;j;jrhujp : eh. ghh;j;jrhujp : ---- - tyk;g[hpr; r';F - beUg;g[f; fdpfs; - Fwp";rp kyh; - ghz;oad; njtp - rKjha tPjp - rj;jpa bts;sk; - Jsrp khlk; khzpf;fthrfh; :khzpf;fthrfh; :khzpf;fthrfh; :khzpf;fthrfh; : - jpUbtk;ghit - jpUthrfk; - jpUr;rpwwk;gyf;

nfhit ( vd;w) - jpUf;nfhitahh; - rptd; jpUg;gs;sp

vGr;rp rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs; :rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs; :rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs; :rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs; : - ehy;th;

ehd;kzpkhiy - ed;bdwp - jpUbt';iff;fyk;gfk;

- jpUbt';iff; nfhit - gpug[yp';f yPiy - jpUbt';if cyh ,uh#h#p : ,uh#h#p : ,uh#h#p : ,uh#h#p : ---- - tpahrh; tpUe;J - rf;futh;j;jp jpUkfd;

�. . . . g. ,uh#nfhghyd; : g. ,uh#nfhghyd; : g. ,uh#nfhghyd; : g. ,uh#nfhghyd; : ----

- fhzhkny fhjy; - g[dh; b#d;kk; - fdfhk;guk; - tpoa[kh ? g[Jikgpj;jd; :g[Jikgpj;jd; :g[Jikgpj;jd; :g[Jikgpj;jd; : - mfy;ைய/

rhgtpnkhrdk;

- md;W ,ut[ - flt[Sk; fe;jrhkp

gps;isa[k; - rhg tpnkhrdk; - fhyDk; fpHtpa[k; - கapw;wut[ - Jd;gf;nfzp - tHp - epidt[g;ghij - bghd;dfuk; - Mz;ik fp. th.Ife;ehjd; :fp. th.Ife;ehjd; :fp. th.Ife;ehjd; :fp. th.Ife;ehjd; : - பவளம�லிைக; jp.#. u. : jp.#. u. : jp.#. u. : jp.#. u. : ---- - kuj;jof; flt[s; re;jhdf; fhto gz;oj enlr rh!;jphp : gz;oj enlr rh!;jphp : gz;oj enlr rh!;jphp : gz;oj enlr rh!;jphp : - jpuhtpl ehl;Lf;

fijfs; kyh;kd;dd;kyh;kd;dd;kyh;kd;dd;kyh;kd;dd; - mw;g #Ptpfs; khahtpkhahtpkhahtpkhahtp - mfjp K.K. ,!;khapy;K.K. ,!;khapy;K.K. ,!;khapy;K.K. ,!;khapy; - ,yf;fpa kyh;fs; - rKj;jpuk; - nthpy; gGj;j gyh t.nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; : t.nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; : t.nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; : t.nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; : ---- - Fsj;j';fiu - murkuk; jkpH;xsp jkpH;xsp jkpH;xsp jkpH;xsp (tp#au';fk; (tp#au';fk; (tp#au';fk; (tp#au';fk; )))) - khjtp fhtpak; - g[j;jh; fhtpak; gl;Lf;nfhl;il gpughfh; : gl;Lf;nfhl;il gpughfh; : gl;Lf;nfhl;il gpughfh; : gl;Lf;nfhl;il gpughfh; : ---- - fhjy; xj;jpif



- _d;whk; if K. nkj;jh : K. nkj;jh : K. nkj;jh : K. nkj;jh : ---- - nrhHepyh,க�ணE��F�க

�,வ�'ய�ெபா,க�,;Gய�பறைவக�,(ஆகாச�� அ8�த வ E8(சாகி�ய அகாடமி வ��-2006)

mH. ts;spag;gh : mH. ts;spag;gh : mH. ts;spag;gh : mH. ts;spag;gh : ---- - rphpf;Fk; g{f;fs; - btw;wpf;F tHp - neUt[k; FHe;ijfSk; b#fr;rpw;gp : b#fr;rpw;gp : b#fr;rpw;gp : b#fr;rpw;gp : ---- - brhh;f;fj;jpd; epHy; "hdf;Fapy; kzpad; : kzpad; : kzpad; : kzpad; : ---- - brhy;yj;jhd;

epidf;fpnwd;. tpe;jd;: tpe;jd;: tpe;jd;: tpe;jd;: ---- - Ky;iyf; bfhoad; 2. bjhlUk;/ bjhlh;g[k; mwpjy; : 2. bjhlUk;/ bjhlh;g[k; mwpjy; : 2. bjhlUk;/ bjhlh;g[k; mwpjy; : 2. bjhlUk;/ bjhlh;g[k; mwpjy; : ----

2. (1) rpwg;g[j; bjhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; 2. (1) rpwg;g[j; bjhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; 2. (1) rpwg;g[j; bjhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; 2. (1) rpwg;g[j; bjhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; rhd;nwhh;fs; :rhd;nwhh;fs; :rhd;nwhh;fs; :rhd;nwhh;fs; :

,yf;fpa';fisg; gilj;njhh;fisr; rpy rpwg;g[g; bgah;fshy; miHg;gJ jkpH; kug[. jkpH"h;fspd; rpwg;g[g; bgah;fs; mth;fsJ bray; kw;Wk; gilg;g[fshy; tH';fg;gLfpwJ.

,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; bghJthf neuo tpdhf;fshf mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjw;nfw;g jkpHwp"h;fspd; rpwg;g[g; bgah;fs; kw;Wk; mth;fsJ nkw;nfhs;fis[ak; njh;t[nehf;fpy; mtrpakhdij bjhFj;Js;nshk;. vdnt ,tw;iw ed;F goj;J kdjpy; epWj;jpf; bfhz;lhy; ,g;gFjpapypUe;J tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F KG kjpg;bgz;fisa[k; bgw;W tplyhk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.

rhd;nwhh; : rhd;nwhh; : rhd;nwhh; : rhd;nwhh; : ---- - Fwpf;fg;gLk; bjhlh; jpUts;Sth;jpUts;Sth;jpUts;Sth;jpUts;Sth; bja;tg;g[yth; ehd;Kfdhh; khjhDg';fp bre;ehg;nghjfh;

bgUehtyh; - bgha;apy; g[yth;

ehadhh; - njth; - Kjw;ghtyh;

,uhkyp';f mofs;,uhkyp';f mofs;,uhkyp';f mofs;,uhkyp';f mofs; - ts;syhh;

- mofshh; jpUeht[f;fuRjpUeht[f;fuRjpUeht[f;fuRjpUeht[f;fuR

-

MSilauR, kUs; ePf;fpahh;

- mg;gh; jpU"hdrk;ge;jh;jpU"hdrk;ge;jh;jpU"hdrk;ge;jh;jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; - MSilag;gps;is - jpuhtpl rpR

Re;juh;Re;juh;Re;juh;Re;juh; - MSila ek;gp

fhiuf;fhy;fhiuf;fhy;fhiuf;fhy;fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;mk;ikahh;mk;ikahh;mk;ikahh; - ngahh;,<ன4தவதி

fgpyh;fgpyh;fgpyh;fgpyh; - Fwp";rpf; nfhkhd; fk;gd;fk;gd;fk;gd;fk;gd; - ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp - fy;tpapy; bghpath;

nrf;fpHhh;nrf;fpHhh;nrf;fpHhh;nrf;fpHhh; - bjhz;lh; rPh; gut[th; Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs; - R{of;bfhoj;j

Rlh;bfho - itztk; je;j bry;tp

gz;oif mryhk;gpifgz;oif mryhk;gpifgz;oif mryhk;gpifgz;oif mryhk;gpif - 20-k; E]w;whz;od; mt;itahh;

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; - cr;rpnkw;bfhs; g[yth; bgU";rpj;jpudhh;bgU";rpj;jpudhh;bgU";rpj;jpudhh;bgU";rpj;jpudhh; - ghtyh; VW njtneag; ghtzh;njtneag; ghtzh;njtneag; ghtzh;njtneag; ghtzh; - bkhHp"hapW tPuftpuhah;tPuftpuhah;tPuftpuhah;tPuftpuhah; - M:ftp jpU.tp.f.jpU.tp.f.jpU.tp.f.jpU.tp.f.

- jkpH;j;bjd;wy;

- ராய�ேபCைட

jkpH; Kdpth; - jkpH; bghpahh; - bjhHpyhsh;fspd;

je;ij rp. Rg;gpukzpa rp. Rg;gpukzpa rp. Rg;gpukzpa rp. Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;

- njrpa ftp - tpLjiyf; ftp - kfhftp - ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytd; -

- g[Jf;ftpij Kd;ndho சி(�� த(ைத

Rg;g[ ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrd; : Rg;g[ ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrd; : Rg;g[ ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrd; : Rg;g[ ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrd; : ---- - ghnte;jh; - ghujpjhrdhh;



- g[ul;rpf; ftp"h; - ,aw;iff; ftp"h; - g[Jikf; ftp"h;

c.nt. rhkpehijah;c.nt. rhkpehijah;c.nt. rhkpehijah;c.nt. rhkpehijah; - jkpH; jhj;jh kPdhl;rp Re;juk; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isgps;isgps;isgps;is

- jyg[uhznte;j� g[Jikg;gpj;jd;g[Jikg;gpj;jd;g[Jikg;gpj;jd;g[Jikg;gpj;jd;

rpWfijkd;dd;,தமி=நாC8 மா�பசா*

fy;fp ,uh. fy;fp ,uh. fy;fp ,uh. fy;fp ,uh. fpUfpUfpUfpU\\\\;z_h;j;jp;z_h;j;jp;z_h;j;jp;z_h;j;jp

-

tuyhw;W ehtypd;

je;ij,தமி=நாC'* வா�ட�LகாC

nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;

- ehtyh;

K.fjpnur brl;oahh;K.fjpnur brl;oahh;K.fjpnur brl;oahh;K.fjpnur brl;oahh; - gz;ojkzp mwp"h; mz;zhmwp"h; mz;zhmwp"h; mz;zhmwp"h; mz;zh - nguwp"h;, - bjd;dhl;L

bgh;dhl;\h - bjd;dhl;L fhe;jp K. tujuhrd;K. tujuhrd;K. tujuhrd;K. tujuhrd; - jkpH;ehl;L bgh;dhl;;\h gk;ky; rk;ge;j gk;ky; rk;ge;j gk;ky; rk;ge;j gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh;Kjypahh;Kjypahh;Kjypahh;

- ehlf je;ij

r';fujh!; Rthkpfs;r';fujh!; Rthkpfs;r';fujh!; Rthkpfs;r';fujh!; Rthkpfs; - ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah; ehlf ,kakiyehlf ,kakiyehlf ,kakiyehlf ,kakiy

,uh,uh,uh,uhசா அ�ணாமைல ெசC'யா�

- jdpj;jkpH; ,irf;fhtyh

- thzpjhrd;thzpjhrd;thzpjhrd;thzpjhrd; - jkpH;ehl;od;

nth;l;!;bth;j;, ftp"nuW/ ghtyh;ftp"nuW/ ghtyh;ftp"nuW/ ghtyh;ftp"nuW/ ghtyh;kzpkzpkzpkzp

njrpa tpehafk; gps;is - ftpkzp mH. ts;spag;gh - FHe;ij ftp"h; b#afhe;jd; - bjd; ,e;jpahtpd;

khg;g!hd; thy;l;lh; !;fhl; - உyf சி�கைதய�* ; je;ij nltpl; tph;j; fpuoj; - cyf rpdpkhtpd;

je;ij jhnj rhfpg; ghy;nf - ,e;jpa rpdpkhtpd;

je;ij fp.M.bg. tp!;tehjd; - Kj;jkpH;f; fhtyh;

mz;zhkiymz;zhkiymz;zhkiymz;zhkiy

bul;oahh; - rpe;J கவ�ைத பா'யவ�

H.A. fpUl;ozg;gps;is

- fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh;

ehkf;fy; ftp"h;ehkf;fy; ftp"h;ehkf;fy; ftp"h;ehkf;fy; ftp"h; - M!;jhd ftp"h;

uhkyp';fk; gps;isuhkyp';fk; gps;isuhkyp';fk; gps;isuhkyp';fk; gps;is - fhe;jpaf; ftp"h; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is

- kfhtpj;Jthd;

,uh.gp. nrJgps;is

- brhy;ypd; bry;th; (,yf;fpak;)

<.bt.fp.rk;gj; - brhy;ypd; bry;th; (murpay;)

<.bt.uhkrhkp - bghpahh; - gFj;jwpt[ gfytd; - Rakhpahijr; Rlh; ,uh#h#p - _jwp"h; t.c.rpjk;gudhh; - brf;fpG�த brk;ky; - fg;gnyhl;oa jkpHd; - bjd;dhl;Lj; jpyfh; f. Rg;gpukzpag; gps;is

- f.R. gps;is

bt';flhryk; gps;is - fue;ij ftpauR

M.S. Rg;g[yl;Rkp - ,irf;Fapy;

ntj ,uj;jpdg; gps;is - rh;jhh; tp. KDrhkp - jpUf;Fwshh; bra;Fj;jk;gpahh; - தrhtjhdp mg;Jy; ,uFkhd; - ftpf;nfh k. bgh. rpt"hdk; - rpyk;g[r; bry;th; bj. bgh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; - gz;bkhHpg;g[yth; - fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf;

fHf Kjy; Jiz nte;jh;

:y;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjh; - Fz';Fo k!;jhd;

fdf Rg;g[uj;jpdk; - ghujpjhrd; kUzPf;fpahh; - jpUeht[f;furh; Kj;ijah - fz;zjhrd; fhd;!;lhd;od; - n#hrg;bg!;fp - tPukhKdpth; ,uhgh;l;-o-behgpyp - jj;Jtnghjfh; nkw;nfhs;fs; : nkw;nfhs;fs; : nkw;nfhs;fs; : nkw;nfhs;fs; : ----

Xsitahh; :

‘vt;tHp ey;yth; Mth; mt;tHp ey;iy thHpa epynd’

‘kdk;nghd nghf;bfy;yhk; nghf ntz;lhk;’



‘CUld; To thH;’ cz;gJ ehHp cLg;gJ ehY KHk; ‘vj;jpirr; brypDk; mj;jpirr; nrhnwh’ ‘grpj;Jg;g[rp’ ‘rhjp ,uz;blhHpa ntwpy;iy’ ‘,sikapy; fy;’ ‘Myak; bjhGtJ rhyt[k; ed;W’ ‘mwk; bra;a tpUk;g[‘/ ‘Mwpy;yh CUf;F mHF ghH;’ ‘rPiuj; njod; Viuj;njL’ mhpJ mhpJ khdpluha;g; gpwj;jy; mhpJ’ fzpad; g{';Fd;wdhh; : fzpad; g{';Fd;wdhh; : fzpad; g{';Fd;wdhh; : fzpad; g{';Fd;wdhh; : ---- ‘ePJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; ju thuh’ ‘ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;’

ef;fef;fef;fef;fPuh; : Puh; : Puh; : Puh; : ---- ‘cz;gJ ehHp/ cLg;gJ ,uz;nl’ ‘bry;tj;Jg; gand <jy;’

nfht{h;f; fpHhh; : nfht{h;f; fpHhh; : nfht{h;f; fpHhh; : nfht{h;f; fpHhh; : ---- ‘xUtPh; njhw;gpDk; njhw;gJ';fona ,UtPh; ntwYk; ,aw;ifa[kd;nw’

ehpbtU cj;jiyahh; : ehpbtU cj;jiyahh; : ehpbtU cj;jiyahh; : ehpbtU cj;jiyahh; : ---- ‘ey;yJ bra;jy; Mw;wPh; uhapDk; my;yJ bra;jy; xk;g[kpd;’

Flg[y tpadhh; : Flg[y tpadhh; : Flg[y tpadhh; : Flg[y tpadhh; : ----

‘cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu cz;o Kjw;nw cztpd; gpz;lk;’

bghd;Koahh; : bghd;Koahh; : bghd;Koahh; : bghd;Koahh; : ----

‘fspW vwpe;J bgah;jy; fhisf;Ff; flnd’

fiHjpd; ahidahh; : fiHjpd; ahidahh; : fiHjpd; ahidahh; : fiHjpd; ahidahh; : ----

‘<bad cuj;jy; ,Hpe;jd;W mjd; vjpy; <bad; vd;wy; mjdpDk; ,Hpe;jd;W’

beL";brHpad; : beL";brHpad; : beL";brHpad; : beL";brHpad; : ----

‘cw;WHpa[jtpa[k; cWbghUs; bfhLj;Jk; gpw;iw epiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;nw’

jha[khdth; :jha[khdth; :jha[khdth; :jha[khdth; :----

‘vy;yhUk; ,d;g[w;W ,Uf;f epidg;gJnt my;yhky; ntW xd;Wk; mwpnad; guhgunk’

jpUeht[f;furh; : jpUeht[f;furh; : jpUeht[f;furh; : jpUeht[f;furh; : ----

‘‘‘‘vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj’ ‘ehkh;f;Fk; Fomy;nyhk; ekid m";nrhk;’

;khrpy; tPiza[k; khiy kjpaKk;’ ‘,d;gnk ve;ehSk; Jz;gnk ,y;iy’ ‘<rd; ve;ij ,izao epHny’ ‘Fwpf;nfhspyhJ bfl;nld;’

jpU"hd rk;ge;jh; : jpU"hd rk;ge;jh; : jpU"hd rk;ge;jh; : jpU"hd rk;ge;jh; : ----

‘njhLil brtpad; nghw;wp’

Re;juh; : Re;juh; : Re;juh; : Re;juh; : ----

‘gpj;jhgpiw R{o bgUkhny mUshyh’

‘bghd;dhh; nkdpand g[ypf;bfhoia - miuf;firj;J’

khzpf;fthrfh; : khzpf;fthrfh; : khzpf;fthrfh; : khzpf;fthrfh; : ----

‘cw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld; Ch; ntz;nld; ngh; ntz;nld; fw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld;’

,uhkyp';f mofs; : ,uhkyp';f mofs; : ,uhkyp';f mofs; : ,uhkyp';f mofs; : ----

‘thoa gapiuf; fz;l nghbjy;yhk; csk; thondd;’.

‘vy;nyhUk; thH;f ,ire;J’

‘grpj;jpU/ jdpj;jpU/ tpHpj;jpU/

‘fz;_o tHf;fbky;yhk; kz;_og;nghf’

‘mUl;bgU";nrhjp jdpg;bgU';fUiz’

jpU_yh; : jpU_yh; : jpU_yh; : jpU_yh; : ----

‘xd;nw Fyk; xUtnd njtd;’ ‘njDf;Fs; ,d;gk; fUg;ngh rptg;ngh’ ;clk;ig tsh;j;njd; capiu tsh;j;njnd’ ‘md;ng rptk;’ ‘thDf;Fs; <ridj; njLk; kjpapyPh;’ ‘clk;ghy; mHpapd; capuhy; mHpth;’

fgpyh; : fgpyh; : fgpyh; : fgpyh; : ----

‘ed;nw bra;jy; ntz;Lk; - ed;Wk; ,d;nw bra;jy; ntz;Lk;’

‘ciHg;gpd; thuh cWjpfs; csnth’

g[jg[jg[jg[j;jh; :;jh; :;jh; :;jh; :----

‘Mirna Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk;’



ghujpahh; : ghujpahh; : ghujpahh; : ghujpahh; : ----

‘ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;nf je;J thd;g[fh; je;j jkpH;ehL’

‘ey;ynjhh; tPiz bra;nj - mij ey';bflg; g[Gjpapy; vwptJz;nlh’ ‘ahkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH; bkhHpnghy; ,dpjhdJ v';Fk; fhnzhk;’ ‘khjh; jk;ik ,Hpt[ bra;a[k; klikiaf; bfhSj;Jnthk;’ jdpbahUtDf; Fztpy;iybadpy; Ifj;jpid mHpj;jpLnthk;’ “be";R bghWf;F jpiyna” “mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy mr;rbkd;gjpy;iy” “vy;nyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dh;fs;” “fhf;if rpwfpdpny ee;jyhyh” “fhf;if FUtp v';fs; #hjp”

“fhjy;/ fhjy; fhjy;” “xd;W gl;lhy; cz;L thH;t[” “gl;l';fs; Ms;tJk; rl;l';fs; bra;tJk;” “bfhl;L Kunr bfhl;L KuR” “vz;zpa Kojy; ntz;Lk; ey;ynt vz;zy; ntz;Lk;” “vd;W jzpa[k; ,e;j Rje;jpu jhfk;” “bgz; tpLjiy ntz;Lk;” “fy;tp rpwe;j jkpH; ehL” “cHt[f;Fk; bjhHpYf;Fk; te;jid bra;nthk;” “ghuj g{kp gHk;bgUk; g{kp ePujd; g[jy;th; ,e;epidt[ mfw;whjPh;” “bja;tk; gyg;gy brhy;ypg; gifj; jPia tsh;g;gth; _lh;” “ehLk;; bkhHpa[k; ekjpU fz;fs;” ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ---- “g[jpanjhh; cyfk; bra;nthk;” “xlg;gh; caug;gh; vy;yhk; xg;gg;gh; Ma;tpLthh; czug;gh eP” “,Ul;liwapy; cs;sjlh cyfk;” “ey;ynjhh; FLk;gk; gy;fiyf; fHfk;” “kj';fs; kf;fspd; khw;W rl;ilfs;” “jkpiH vd;Daph; vd;ngd; fz;Oh;” “jkpGf;Fk; mKbjd;W ngh; - me;j jkpH; ,d;gj; jkpH; v';fs; capUf;F neh;” “bfhiy thspid vllh btF bfhonahh; bray; mwnt” “ghulh cd; khdpl rKj;jpuj;ij” “capiu/ czh;it tsh;g;gJ jkpnH” “bgz;zoik jPUkl;Lk; ngRk; jpUehl;od; kz;zoik jPe;jy; Kaw;bfhk;ng” ftpkzp njrpatpehafk; gps;is: ftpkzp njrpatpehafk; gps;is: ftpkzp njrpatpehafk; gps;is: ftpkzp njrpatpehafk; gps;is: ---- “k';ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;nf - ey;y khjtk;

bra;jpl ntz;Lkk;kh” “njhl;lj;jpny nka[J bts;isg; gR” “cs;sj;jpYs;s ftpij - ,d;g cUbtLg;gJ ftpij” ehkf;fy; bt. ,uhkyp';fk; gps;is : ehkf;fy; bt. ,uhkyp';fk; gps;is : ehkf;fy; bt. ,uhkyp';fk; gps;is : ehkf;fy; bt. ,uhkyp';fk; gps;is : ---- “jkpHbdd;W brhy;ylh jiyepkph;e;J epy;ylh” “g[ul;rp ntz;Lk; g[ul;rp ntz;Lk; g[ul;rp ntz;Lklh” “jkpHd; vd;nwhh; ,dKz;L jdpna mjw;nfhh; FzKz;L@ “ ifj;bjhHpy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; bfhs; ftiy cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf;bfhs;” “fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp a[j;jbkhd;W tUFJ” “rj;jpak; ek;kpw; Fiwe;jhy; -gy r';flk; te;J epiwe;jnj” “Tl;Lwtpy; nrU';fs; TothH gHF';fs;” gl;ozj;jofs; : gl;ozj;jofs; : gl;ozj;jofs; : gl;ozj;jofs; : ---- “xd;bwd;wpU bja;tk; cz;bld;wpU”

(ii). milbkhHpfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E]y;fs;milbkhHpfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E]y;fs;milbkhHpfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E]y;fs;milbkhHpfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E]y;fs; : : : : ---- bghJthf jkpH; E]y;fspy; mtw;wpd; rpwg;gpw;nfw;g milbkhHp tH';fg;gl;Ls;sd. me;j milbkhHpfisf; bfhz;nl ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy tpdhf;fs; E]y;fspy; cs;s rpwg;ghd thpfisf; bfhLj;Jk; tpdhf;fs; nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjw;nfw;g fPnH gl;oa ypl;Ls;nshk;. ,tw;iw ed;F bjhlh;g[gLj;jp goj;J kdjpy; ,Uj;jpf; bfhs;st[k;.

milbkhHpahy; Fwpf;fg;bgWk; E]y;fs; :milbkhHpahy; Fwpf;fg;bgWk; E]y;fs; :milbkhHpahy; Fwpf;fg;bgWk; E]y;fs; :milbkhHpahy; Fwpf;fg;bgWk; E]y;fs; :----

E]y; E]y; E]y; E]y; milbkhHpmilbkhHpmilbkhHpmilbkhHp

mfehD]W - beLe;bjhif g[wehD]W - g[wg;ghl;L - g[wk; fypj;bjhif - fw;wwpe;njhh; Vj;Jk;

bjhif gl;ozg;ghiy - t";rpbeLk;ghl;L btw;wpntw;if - eWe;bjhif _Jiu - thf;Fz;lhk; bgUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil- - ghzhW kiygLflhk; - Tj;juhw;Wg;gil Fwp";rpg;ghl;L - bgU';Fwp";rp fhg;gpag;ghl;L Ky;iyg;ghl;L - be";rhw;Wg;gil jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - g[ytuhw;Wg;gil jpUf;Fws; - jkpH;kiw - bja;tE]y; - cj;jpuntjk; - cyfg;bghJkiw



- tha[iw thH;j;J - Kg;ghy; - ts;Stg;gad; - bgha;ahbkhHp gHbkhHp - KJbkhHp

- ,uhkfhij க�பராமாயண� - ,uhktjhuk; - fk;gehlfk; - fk;g rpj;jpuk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; kzpnkfiy - ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpa';fs; rpyg;gjpfhuk; (உைரய�ைடய�Cட பாC8ைட ெச�M�)

- _nte;jh; fhg;gpak;

- rpyk;g[,Kjy; fhg;gpak; - Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak;

- Xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak; - njrpa fhg;gpak; - Kj;jkpH;f; fhg;gpak; - rKjhaf; fhg;gpak; - bra;a[s; - g[ul;rpf; fhg;gpயk; - rkarhh;gw;w fhg;gpak; kzpnkfiy - kzpnkfiy Jwt[ rPtf rpe;jhkzp - kzpE]y; bgU';fij - mftw;fhg;gpak; kzpnkfiy/ Fz;lynfrp

- bgsj;j fhg;gpa';fs;

ePynfrp - ePynfrpj; jpul;L jpUthrfk; - mHfpa tha;bkhHp jpUthrfj;jpw;F - bja;tj;jd;ik

bghUe;jpa cUfhh; - xUthrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh; - #p.a[. nghg; - tha;bkhHp jpUke;jpuk; - jkpHh; ntjk; bghpag[uhzk; - jpUj;bjhz;lh; g[uhzk; - nrf;fpHhh; g[uhzk; - tHpE]y; mWgj;J _th; g[uhz; nekpehjk; - rpd;D]y; ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; - Fl;oj;bjhy;fhg;gpak; gps;isj;jkpH; - FHe;ij ,yf;fpak; Fwe;bjhif - ey;y Fwt";rp - Fwj;jpg;ghl;L

E]y;fspy; cs;s nkw;nfhs;fs; : E]y;fspy; cs;s nkw;nfhs;fs; : E]y;fspy; cs;s nkw;nfhs;fs; : E]y;fspy; cs;s nkw;nfhs;fs; : ---- bjhy;fhg;gpak; : bjhy;fhg;gpak; : bjhy;fhg;gpak; : bjhy;fhg;gpak; : ---- “fw;bgdg;gLtJ gpwd;be";R g[fhik”

ew;wpid : ew;wpid : ew;wpid : ew;wpid : ---- “Ke;ij ,Ue;J el;nlhh; bfhLg;gpd; e";Rk; cz;gh; edpehfhPfh;”

FWe;bjhif : FWe;bjhif : FWe;bjhif : FWe;bjhif : ---- “aha[k; "ha[k; ahuhfpanuh? ve;ija[k; Ee;ija[k; vk;Kiuf;nfsPh;” “tpidna Mlth;f;F capnu thy;Ejy; kid ciw kfspUf;F Mlth; caph;” “tpUe;J tu fiue;jJ fhf;if” “bfh';Fnjh; thH;f;if m";riuj; Jk;gp” “epyj;jpDk; bghpnj thdpDk; cah;e;jd;W ePhpDk; Mustpd;nw” ghpghly; : ghpghly; : ghpghly; : ghpghly; : ---- “jPapDs;bjd;wy; eP g{tpDs; ehw;wk; eP fy;ypDs; kzpa[k; eP brhy;ypDs; tha;ik eP” “ahd; ,ug;git bghd;Dk ;bghUSk; nghft[k; my;y” mfehD]W : mfehD]W : mfehD]W : mfehD]W : ---- “caph; ,iae;jd;d el;gpd; mt;caph; thH;jy; md;d fhjy; rhjy; md;d gphpt[ mhpahns” g[wehD]W : g[wehD]W : g[wehD]W : g[wehD]W : ---- “cz;gJ ehHp cLg;gJ ,uz;nl” “bry;tj;J gand <jy;” “ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;” “jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; jut huh” “bghpnahiu ,fH;jy; mjdpDk; ,ynk” “bey;Yk; capud;nw ePUk; capud;nw kd;dd; caph;j;j kyh;jiy cyfk;” “cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu cz;o Kjw;nw cztpd; gpz;lk;” “ey;yJ bra;jy; Mw;wPh; uhapDk; my;yJ bra;jy; Xk;g[kpd;”



“xUtPh; njhw;gpDk; njhw;gJ';Fona ,Uth; ntwYk; ,aw;ifa[ kd;nw” “ed;dil ey;fy; nte;jw;Ff; flnd xspUths; mU";rkk; KUf;fpf; fapW vwpe;j bgah;jy; fhisf;F flnd” “vt;tHp ey;yth; Mlth; mt;tHp ey;iy thHpa epynd” “vj;jpirr; brypDk; mj;jpirr; nrhnw” “btapbyd Kdpnad; gdpbad konad;” “<bad ,uj;jy; ,Hpe;jd;W mjd; vjph; <nad; vd;wy; mjdpDk; ,Hpe;jd;W” jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil : jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil : jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil : jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil : ---- “mWgh; gae;j Mwkh; bry;y My; bfG flt[s; g[jy;tkhy;tiu kiykfs; kfnd kw;nwhh; Tw;nw btw;wpbty; nghh;f; bfhw;wit rpWt” bghUebghUebghUebghUeuhw;Wg;gil : uhw;Wg;gil : uhw;Wg;gil : uhw;Wg;gil : ---- “Mwiy fs;th; gil tpl mUspd; khWjiy bgah;Fk; kUtpd; ghiy” rpWghzhw;Wg;gil : rpWghzhw;Wg;gil : rpWghzhw;Wg;gil : rpWghzhw;Wg;gil : ---- “jkpH; epiy bgw;w jh';f kugpd; kfpH;eid kUfpd; kJiu” gHpbkhHp : gHpbkhHp : gHpbkhHp : gHpbkhHp : ---- “epiwFlk; ePh;jSk;gspy;” “Mapuk; ngiuf; bfhd;wtd; miu itj;jpad;” “Mik g[Fe;j tPLk; mkPdh g[Fe;j tPLk; cUg;glhJ” “fz;lijf; fw;f gz;ojd; Mthd;” njthnjthnjthnjthuk; : uk; : uk; : uk; : ---- “ehkh;f;Fk; Fo my;nyhh; ekid m";nrhk;” “,d;gnk vd;dhSk; Jd;gnk ,y;iy” “Fdpe;j g[UtKk; bfht;itr; brt;thapy; FkpH; rphpg;g[k;” “Fwpf;nfhspyhJ bfl;nld;”

Mj;jpr;R{o :Mj;jpr;R{o :Mj;jpr;R{o :Mj;jpr;R{o :---- “kdk;nghd nghf;bfy;yhk nghf ntz;lhk;” “mwk; bra;a tpUk;g[” “ehyoa[k; ,uz;loa[k; goj;jtdplk; thaoa[k; brhy;yoa[k; bry;yhJ” “mwp"h;f;fHF fw;Wzh;e;J ml';fy;” “vGj;J mwptpj;jtd; ,iwtd; Mthd;” fk;guhkhazk; :fk;guhkhazk; :fk;guhkhazk; :fk;guhkhazk; : “cilahUk; ,y;iy/ ,y;yhUk; ,y;iy khnjh” “g{kpbtk; fhdk; ez;zp VHpuz;L Mz;od; th” jkpH;tpL J]J : jkpH;tpL J]J : jkpH;tpL J]J : jkpH;tpL J]J : ---- “,Ue;jkpnH cd;dhy; ,Ue;njd; - ,iknahh; tpUe;jkpH;jk; vd;whYk; ntz;nld;” rpyg;gjpfhuk; : rpyg;gjpfhuk; : rpyg;gjpfhuk; : rpyg;gjpfhuk; : ---- “khrWbghd;nd tyk;g[hp Kj;nj fhrWtpiuna fUk;ng njnd” “<d;w FHe;ij vLj;J tsh;f;FJ]ck; rhd;nwhUk; cz;L bfhy; rhd;nwhUk; bfhy;” “g}{k;g[fhh; nghw;Wk; g{k;g[fhh; nghw;WJk; khkiy nghw;WJk; khkiy nghw;WJk;” “"hapW nghw;wJk;/ "hapW nghw;WJk; jp';fis nghw;WJk;/ jp';fis nghw;WJk;” “ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;njhh; nghw;WJk;” “CH;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;LtJk;” “murpay; gpiHj;njhh;f;F muz; Tw;whtJt[k;/ “fs;tidf; nfhwy; fL';nfhyd;W” “njuh kd;dh brg;g[t Jilnad;” “vGbfd btGe;jha; vd;bra;jid” “ahndh murd; ahnd fs;td;” “gj;jpd flt[is gury; ntz;Lk;” kzpnkfiy : kzpnkfiy : kzpnkfiy : kzpnkfiy : ---- “vt;t[aph;f; fhapDk; ,u';fy; ntz;Lk; kz;odp "hyj;J thH;nthh;f;bfy;yhk; cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu” “,sika[k; epy;yh ahf;ifa[k ;epy;yh tstpa thd;bgU bry;tJk; epy;yh” “cs;sk; bgU';nfhapy; Cd; clk;g[ Myak;” “mwbkdg;gLtJ ahbjdf; nfl;gpd; kwth jpJnfs; kd;Daph;f; bfy;yhk; cz;o cila[k; ciwa[L ky;yJ fz;ljpy;iy. “grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtpaJ jPh;j;njhh; ,irr;brhy; msitf;F vd; eh epkpuhJ”



3. gphpj;bjGJf : gphpj;bjGJf : gphpj;bjGJf : gphpj;bjGJf : ----

beLehtha; beLik + ehtha; beLePh; beLik + ePh; m';fz; mk; + fz; gw;gy gy + gy g[d;fz; g[d;ik + fz; bkd; fz; bkd;ik + fz; mUtpia mUik + tpiy ed;fyk; ed;ik + fyk;

brybthHpah bryt[ + xHpah tHpf;fiu tHp +fiu te;jize;j te;J + mize;j vk;kU';Fk; v+ kU';Fk; v';FiwtPh; v';F + ciwtPh; fz;zUtp fz; + mUtp clk;bgy;yhk; clk;g[ + vyhk; jpUtKJ jpU +mKJ kde;jiHg;g kdk; + jiHg;g

ew;fwpfs; ed;ik + fw;fs; ,d;dKJ ,dpik + mKJ thsuh ths; + muh m';if mk; + if ehd;kiw erhd;F + kiw tpjph;g;g[w;w";rp tpjph;g;g[ + cw;W + m";rp ghtpiy gh+ ,ir ehw;fuzk; ehd;F + fuzk; fuzj;njh; fuzj;J + Vh;

ehw;bghUs; ehd;F + bghUs; brtpaWj;J brtp + mWj;J ,s';fdp ,sik + fdp tpz;zg;gKz;L tpz;zg;gk; + cz;L gpzpawpnahk; gpzp + mwpnahk; ve;ehSk; v+ ehSk; ehbkd;Wk; ehk; + vd;Wk; bjz;oiu bjd;ik + jpiu bgUf;bfLj;J bgUf;F +vLj;J

cs;Siw cs; + ciw beLePh; beLik + ePh; mt;tHp m +tHp ,UtpHp ,uz;L + tpHp btd;idapW btz;ik+vapW fhpf;nfhL fhp +nfhL bgU';fphp bgUik + fphp bgUk;fpuk; bgUik +fpuk; jz;lsph;g;gjk; jd;ik + fsph; + gjk;

jpz;owy; jpz;ik + jpwy; gjpzpe;jpth; gzpe;J + ,th; md;bgdg;gLtJ md;g[ + vdg;gLtJ gz;bgdg;gLtJ gz;g[ + vdg;gLtJ jhKs jhk; + C ahuth; ahh; + mth;

ruzh';fns ruz; + M';fns myfpyh myF + ,yh Must[ mUik + mst[ fU';nfhy; fUik + nfhy; bgUe;njd; bgUik + njd; brtpf;Fzt[ brtpf;F + czt[ Rita[zuh Rit + czuh tha[zh;t[ tha; + czh;t[ je;Ja;kpd; je;J + ca;k;kpd; tpy;byGjp tpy; + vGjp g{l;Lkpd; g{l;L + kpd; kUg;g{rp kUg;g[ + g{rp khh;nghiy khh;g[ + Xiy vkbjd;W vkJ + vd;W bkha;apiy bkha; + ,iy thapdPh; thapd; + ePh; bte;Jyh;e;J bte;J + cyh;e;J fhojid fhL + ,jid fUKfpy; fUik + Kfpy; btz;kjp btz;ik + kjp vGe;bjjph; vGe;J + vjph; mwpt[z;lhf mwpt[ + cz;lhf

ehj;bjhiytpy;iy eh + bjhiyt[ + ,y;iy

gpzpneha[w;nwhh; gpzp + neha; + cw;nwhh; ,ay;gPuhW ,ay;g[ + ,uz;L + MW xUtw;F xUtd; + F ,sptd;W ,spt[ + md;W rhy;bgd;Dk; rhy;g[ + vd;Dk; braw;fhpa braw;F + mhpa bghUl;ld;W bghUl;L + md;W el;gd;W el;g[+ md;W bre;jkpH; brk;ik + jkpH; g[j;Jap%l;o g[Jik+ caph;+Cl;o rJufuhjp rJh;+ mfuhjp gpzpapd;wp gpzp + ,d;wp mitap";rhd; mit + m";rhd; khz;g[ilahh; khz;g[ + cilahh; ntz;oajpy;iy ntz;oaJ + ,y;iy g[fbHdf;F g[fH; + vdf;F Fitbadf;F Fit + vdf;F jkpH;g;grp jkpH;+ grp jpidast[ jpid + mst[ gidast[ gid + mst[ gRe;jiy gRik + jiy khrpyh khR + ,yh <hpUth; ,U + ,Uth; ig';Ftis gRik + Ftis bre;jhkiu brk;ik + jhkiu ,Ugjhz;L ,UgJ + Mz;L kpd;dDtpay; kpd;dD + ,ay; cs;s';if cs; + mk; + if



nkk;ghlila nkk;ghL + mila kpd;d";ry; kpd; + m";ry; kyh;f;fuk; kyh; + fuk; Ftpa[bkd;W Ft[a[k; + vd;W br';fpjutd; brk;ik + fjputd; jha;ikad;g[ jha;ik + md;g[ Iahapuk; Ie;J + Mapuk; ntlkzpe;J ntlk; + mzpe;J rpiwapyilj;j rpiwapy; + milj;j bjd;dhL bjw;F + ehL bka;";"hdk; bka; + "hdk; xd;Ww xd;W + cw nfhykpl;L nfhyk; + ,l;L rz;gff;fhL rz;gfk; + fhL capbud caph; + vd mUe;jpwy; mUik + jpwy; xw;iwf;fhy; xd;W +I + fhy; fhl;Laph;fs; fhL + caph;fs; rpw;whW rpWik + MW g[fyplk; g[fy; + ,lk; tpy';fpdk; tpy';F + ,dk; Ik;g{j';fs; Ie;J + g{j';fs; thHplk; thH; + ,lk; fz;lngh bjy;yhk;

fz;L + nghJ + vy;yhk;

grpawhJ grp + mwhJ tPLnjhwpue;Jk; tPL+ njhWk; + ,ue;Jk; fz;Lsk; fz;L + csk; bjd;jpir bjw;F + jpir Ik;g{jk; Ie;J+ g{jk; thD]h;jp thd; + Ch;jp jpUt[sk; jpU+csk; jpUg;g[ak; jpU+g[ak; ,Uepyk; ,uz;L+epyk; bgUe;jtk; bgUik+jtk; jkpHd;id jkpH; + md;id bre;jkpH;r; bry;tp

brk;ik + jkpH; + bry;tp

mKjfpuzk; mKjk; + fpuzk; gps;isj; jkpH; gps;is + jkpH; cs;bshJ';fp cs; + xJ';fp g[wehD]W g[wk; + ehd;F+ E]W kf;fl;bfy;yhk; kf;fl;F + vy;yhk; vd;gzpe;j vd;g[ + mzpe;j g{';nfhapy; g{ + nfhapy; g[ilj;bjd;dhh; g[ilj;J + vd;dhh; vd;WUFthh; vd;W + cUFthh; mHf;fpy;yh mHf;F + ,y;yh mzptjhyy;yth mzptjhy; + my;ynth brt;tpjH; brk;ik + ,jH; mwpt[z;lhk; mwpt[ + cz;lhk; clw;Fz;lhk; clw;F + cz;lhk;

nehp';nf neh; + ,';nf nrkKw nrkk; + cw njrbky;yhk; njrk; + vy;yhk; gUtg; bgz; gUtk; + bgz; frlw frL + mw vGj;bjd;g vGj;J + vd;g kzw;nfzp kzy; + nfzp vGj;bjd;g vGj;J + vd;g fw;wwpe;jhh; fw;W + mwpe;jhh;

4. vjph;r;brhy;iy 4. vjph;r;brhy;iy 4. vjph;r;brhy;iy 4. vjph;r;brhy;iy vLj;bjGJjy;vLj;bjGJjy;vLj;bjGJjy;vLj;bjGJjy;

jkpHpy; xU brhy;Yf;Fhpa ,izahd vjph;r;brhy;iyf; fz;lwpjny ,g;gFjp tpdhthf mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjp vspjpy; kjpg;bgz; bgwf;Toait. mtw;iw nkYk; vspikg;gLj;j xt;bthU brhy;Yf;Fk; ,izahd

vjph;r;brhy;iy bjhFj;Js;nshk;. 6*< இ எள4தாக இ ெகா8�க�பCட.த�ேபா ஒ� பாட� ெகா8�க�பC8 அதி� உ�ள ஒ� வா��ைத�� எதி� ெசா� ேகCக�ப8கிற.அ(த ெசா�கள4� ெப��பா�ைமயான ெசா�க� கீேழ

ெகா8�க�பCடவ�� ஒ*றாக இ��.

,ir x tir

,aw;if x braw;if

vl;lh x vl;oa

Kjd;ik x ,Wjp

X';fpa x jhH;e;j

,ize;jJ x gphpe;jJ/ jdpj;J

kfpH;r;rp x Jf;fk;

ed;ik x jPik

,d;brhy; x fL";brhy;/ td;brhy;

btg;gk; x jl;gk;/ Fsph;e;j

e";R x mKjk;/ kUe;J

,dpa x ,d;dh

btz;ik x fUik

nkij x ngij

mhpaJ x vspaJ

btw;wp x njhy;tp

,Wjp x bjhlf;fk;

vjph;j;jhh; x tuntw;whh;

el;g[ x gif

Jd;gk; x ,d;gk;

,d;dh x ,dpa

kwg;gJ x epidg;gJ



ed;ik x jPik

bjhd;ik x g[Jik

njhd;w x kiwa

tsh;r;rp x njf;fk;

FoauR x KoauR

kfpH;r;rp x tUj;jk;

,ize;J x jzpe;J

tWik x tsik

g[Jik x gHik

cah;e;jhh; x jhH;e;njhh;

bgUik x rpWik

kfpH;r;rp x Jf;fk;

FHp x nkL

tPuk; x nfhiH

g[fH; x ,fH;

,He;jik x bgw;wik

jz;ik x btk;ik

chpik x moik

kyh;jy; x Ftpjy;

tpiHe;jhh; x btWj;jhh;

bgUfp x mUfp/ RU';fp

,Hpt[ x cah;t[

ghtk; x g[z;zpak;

kd;dpg;g[ x xWg;g[ (jz;og;g[)

mfyy; x fpl;Ljy;

m';F x ,';F

mry; x efy;

mlf;fk; x ml';fhik

mo x Ko

milg;g[ x jpwg;g[

mz;ik x nra;ik

mikjp x FHg;gk;

mus; x kus;

myh;jy; x Ftpjy;

mt;tplk; x ,t;tplk;

mwk; x kwk;

Mf;fk; x nfL

M';F x <';F

Mir x epuhir

Mjp x me;jk;

Mz;lhs; x moik

Mz;L x <z;L

,ir x tir

,z';F x gpz';F

,k;ik x kWik

,d;dhh;; x ,dpahh;

,dpaJ x ,d;dhjJ

<jy; x Vw;wy;

<uk; x twl;rp

<thh; x <ahh;

cl;gif x g[wg;gif

cz;ik x ,d;ik/ bgha;

cj;jkd; x mjkd;

cgfhuk; x mgfhuk;

cUtk;; x mUtk;

ctj;jy; x fha;jy;

cs;sJ x ,y;yJ

cwt[ x may;

Cly; x Tly;

vhpjy; x mhpJ

vspJ x mhpJ

Vw;wk; x jhH;t[

VW x ,w';F

xUik x gd;ik

xhpf x jsph;f

xsp x ,Us;

xd;Wf x tpyFf

X';Fjy; x XL';Ff

f";rk; x jhuhsk;

fyf;fk; x bjspt[

fw;wy; x fy;yhik

fdt[ x edt[

fhf;f x tpLf

fhg;ghw;W x iftpL

fhuzk; x mfhuzk;

fhyk; x mfhyk;

Fzk; x Fw;wk;

Fiwt[ x epiwt[

Tly; x gphpjy;

bfhL x th';F

bfhLik x brk;ik

bfhs; x bfhL

r";ryk; x Jzpt[

rj;jk; x mikjp

re;J x epre;J

ruk; x mruk;

rhf;fpuij x mrhf;fpuij

rhe;jk; x cf;fpuk;



rhuk; x rf;if

Rgk; x mRgk;

Ruh; x mRuh;

Rth;f;fk; x eufk;

br';nfhy; x bfhL';nfhy;

nrh;f x gphpf

jf;f x jfhjd

jf;fhh; x jftpyhh;

jl;gk; x btg;gk;

jz;zPh; x bte;ePh;

jkh; x gpwh;

jtk;; x mtk;

jGt[ x js;S

J]uk; x rkPgk;

bjspt[ x kf;fk;

bjhif x tphp

ey;tHp x my;tHp

ew;Fzk; x jPf;Fzk;

nerk; x gif

gUj;jy; x rpWj;jy;

gs;sk; x nkL

ghl;lhsp x Kjyhsp

ghtk; x g[z;zpak;

jf;fhh; x jftpyhh;

gpoj;jy; x tpLj;jy;

gpzf;fk; x ,zf;fk;

g[fH; x ,fH;

bgWik x rpWik

ngjk; x mngjk;

bgha; x bka;

nghw;W x J]w;W

k';fyk; x mk';fyk;

k';fyk; x mk';fyk;

k';fyp x mk';fyp

k';Fjy; x xsph;jy;

klik x g[yik

koj;jy; x tphpj;jy;

kUs; x bjUs;

kyh;r;rp x Rspg;g[

kyh;jy; x Tk;g[jy;

kiwjy; x btspg;gly;

Kdpt[ x fdpt[

bkd;ik x td;ik

nkd;ik x fPH;ik

tsh;jy; x nja;jy;

tisjy; x epkph;jy;

thH;f x tPH;f

tpUg;g[ x btWg;g[

gz;gpyhd; x gz;g[ilahd;

Xa;t[ x ciHg;g[

gifth; x ez;gh;

nehjy;; x jzpjy;

te;jhd; x te;jpyd;

epiw x Fiw

itjy; x g[fH;jy;

Kw;gfy; x gpw;gfy;

ez;gfy;; x es;sput[

fspg;g[ x vhpr;ry;/ Jauk;

jpd;ik x beha;ik

FWik x beLik

cilik x tWik

g[yik x klik

btl;rp x fue;ij

t";rp x fh";rp

cHpi" x behr;rp

Jk;ig x thif

mUF x bgUF

ey;twpt[ x jPawpt[

,ir x ,fH;

md;g[ilahh; x md;gpyhh;

mUshsh; x mUspyhh;

,Uk;ig x ,d;gk;

gHik x g[Jik

tPud; x nfhiH

,fH;e;J x g[fh;e;J

,sik x KJik

,fH;r;rp x g[fh;r;rp

xsp x ,Us;

X';Fk; x jhGk;

kyh;jy; x Tk;gy;

,dpa x ,d;dhj

,ir x tir

,uj;jy; x <jy;

_njtp x rPnjtp

X';fpaJ x jhH;e;jJ

MLc x kf^c



5.5.5.5. ெபா��தா� ெசா�ைல� க�டறித�: இைத ெபா��தவைர A� AலாசிGய� ேபா*றவ�ைற நா� ெதG( ைவ�பதி� இ�(� இல�கண�தி� நம�� இ�� ெதள4ைவ ைவ�� வ�ைட அள4�கலா�. இவ�� ஆ��பைட A� எ இ�ைல? அ.தி�6�கா��பைட ஆ.மைலப8கடா� இ.சி�பாணா��பைட ஈ.ெந+சா��பைட

இதி� ெந+சா��பைட எ*ப 6�ைல�பாC'* ேவ� ெபய�.மைலப8கடா� எ*ப R�தரா��பைட.எனேவ ெந+சா��பைட இத* வ�ைட. இ ேபா*ேற ேக�வ�க� ேகCக�ப8�.

6.6.6.6.பிைழ ந"�க�: thf;fpa';fisg; gpiHapd;wp vGj ifahs thf;fpa';fisg; gpiHapd;wp vGj ifahs thf;fpa';fisg; gpiHapd;wp vGj ifahs thf;fpa';fisg; gpiHapd;wp vGj ifahs ntz;oait : ntz;oait : ntz;oait : ntz;oait : ---- 1. cah;jpiz vGtha; cah;jpiz gadpiyiag; bgw;W tUk;. mJnghd;W m~wpid vGtha; m~wpid gadpiy bgw;W tUk;. 2. ghy; mwpe;J mjw;nfw;w tpidKw;iwg;gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. 3. vGtha; xUikahfnth/ gz;ikahfnth te;jhy; tpidKw;Wk; mt;thW mika ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:---- 1. mz;zd; tUfpwJ - gpiH mz;zd; tUfpwhd; - jpUj;jk;. 2. Fapy;fs; ghoaJ- gpiH Fapy;fs; ghod - rhp. 3. mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jhh;fs; - gpiH mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jdh; - jpUj;jk;. 4. jpyftjpah; te;jhd; - gpiH jpyftjpahh; te;jhh; - jpUj;jk;. 5. vd; g[j;jfk; ,Jty;y - gpiH vd; g[j;jfk; ,Jtd;W - jpUj;jk;. 6. mtd; khztd; my;y - gpiH mtd; khztd; md;W - jpUj;jk;. 7. fe;jd; ,d;W xU g[jpa E]y; xd;W th';fpdhd; gpiH fe;jd; ,d;W g[jpaE]y; xd;W th';fpdhd; - jpUj;jk;. 8. jiyth; ehis te;jhh; -gpiH jiyth; ehis tUthh; - jpUj;jk;. 9. Mikfs; ntfkhf xlhJ - gpiH Mikfs; ntfkhf xlh - jpUj;jk;

10. ejpfs; njhd;Wkplj;jpy; சிறியதாக ,Uf;Fk; - gpiH

ejpfs; njhd;Wkplj;jpy; சிறிadthf ,Uf;Fk; - jpUj;jk;.

gpiHgpiHgpiHgpiH

jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk; jd; jk;

xt;bthU xt;nthh; vd;w vDk;

xUikxUikxUikxUik----gd;ik gpiHfis ePf;Fjy; : gd;ik gpiHfis ePf;Fjy; : gd;ik gpiHfis ePf;Fjy; : gd;ik gpiHfis ePf;Fjy; : ---- xUik : xUik : xUik : xUik : ---- xUik vd;gJ xd;iw kl;Lk; Fwpg;gJ

xUikah� vGtha; mika[k; nghJ பயன4ைலM�; xUikahf mika ntz;Lk;. (v.fh) ku';fs; rha;e;jd/ khztd; te;jhd;/ khzth;fs; te;jdh;. jd;ikg;bgah; : jd;ikg;bgah; : jd;ikg;bgah; : jd;ikg;bgah; : ----

XUikXUikXUikXUik gd;ikgd;ikgd;ikgd;ik ahd; ahk;/ ah';fs; ehd; ehk;/ eh';fs;

Kd;dpiyg; bgah; : Kd;dpiyg; bgah; : Kd;dpiyg; bgah; : Kd;dpiyg; bgah; : ----

XUikXUikXUikXUik gd;ikgd;ikgd;ikgd;ik eP ePh;/ eP';fs;

glh;f;ifg; bgah; : glh;f;ifg; bgah; : glh;f;ifg; bgah; : glh;f;ifg; bgah; : ----

xUikxUikxUikxUik gd;ikgd;ikgd;ikgd;ik mtd;/ mts; mth;fs;

mJ mit

jk;gp jk;gpahf j';if j';ifkhh; fz; fz;fs; ehp ehpfs;

gpiHgpiHgpiHgpiH jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;

mitfs; mit mJfs; mJ

vdJ kfd; vd; kfd; xU Ch; xh; Ch; ehl;fs; ehs;fs;

rpy mwp"h; mwp"h; rpyh; mtd; my;y mtd; my;yd; mts; my;y mts; my;yd;

gpiHgpiHgpiHgpiH jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;

bghJtHp my;y

bghJ tHp md;W

rpy mwp"h; mwp"h; rpyh; mth;fs; my;y mth;fs; my;yh;

mit md;W mJ md;W



mJ chpikahdJ

m~J chpikahdJ

ahd; jhk; te;njd;

ahd; jhd; te;njd;

ehd; jhk; brd;nwd;

ehd; jhd; brd;nwd;

ePh; jhd; bfhLj;jPh;

ePh; jhk; bfhLj;jPh;

mit jhd; xod

mit jhk; xod

xUikxUikxUikxUik gd;ikgd;ikgd;ikgd;ik md;W my;y jhd; jhk;

- xU/ mJ vd;w brhy;iyaLj;J KjbyGj;J caph; vGj;jhf cs;s brhy; te;jhy; xU xh; vd;Wk; mJ m~J vd;Wk; tUk;. - xt;bthU vd;Dk; brhy;iyaLj;J xUikr;brhw;fns tu ntz;Lk;.

t>cr; brhw;fs; ePf;fk;t>cr; brhw;fs; ePf;fk;t>cr; brhw;fs; ePf;fk;t>cr; brhw;fs; ePf;fk;

tttt>cr; >cr; >cr; >cr; brhw;fs; brhw;fs; brhw;fs; brhw;fs;

jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;jpUj;jk;

mlkiH milkiH mJfs; mit

mUthkid mhpths;kid mUfhikapy; mUfpy; mtuf;fha; mtiuf;fha; mfz;l mfd;w

mz;zhf;fapW miu"hd; fapW mj;jpdp mj;jid mWtWg;g[ mUtUg;g[ ,lJgf;fk; ,lg;gf;fk; tyJgf;fk; tyg;gf;fk; ,Uk;gy; ,Uky; ,wr;rp ,iwr;rp xl;liu xl;lil vfid/ bkhid

vJif/ nkhid

flg;ghiw flg;ghiu fhf;fh fhf;if

fUntw;gpiy fUntg;gpiy nfhlhyp nfhlhhp ifkhW ifk;khW jhg;ghs; jhH;g;ghs;

jhthuk; jhH;thuk;

kug[j; bjhlh;fis thf;fpakug[j; bjhlh;fis thf;fpakug[j; bjhlh;fis thf;fpakug[j; bjhlh;fis thf;fpa#தி� mikj;jy; :mikj;jy; :mikj;jy; :mikj;jy; :----

1. mtiy epidj;J cuiy ,oj;jy; - xd;iw vz;zp kw;bwhd;iwr; bra;jy. 2. vLg;ghh; ifg;gpis - ahh; brhd;dhYk; mijf; nfl;L elg;gtd;.

3. ஏC8r;Riuf;fha; fwpf;FjthJ - goj;jJ mg;g'na thH;t[f;Fg; gad;glhJ. 4. Xiyte;J tpl;lJ – Miz fpilj;J tpl;lJ. 5. rPl;L fpHe;J tpl;lJ - ntiy ngha; tpl;lJ. 6. fapW jphpf;fpwhd; - ,y;yhjijr; brhy;fpwhd; 7. jhdk; nghLfpwhd; - Jd;gg; gLfpwhd;. 8. g";rha;g; gwf;fpwhd; - bghUspd;wp miyfpwhd;. 9. f';F fiuapy;iy -vy;iy ,y;iy. 10. bfho fl;og;gwj;jy; - jdpg;g[fnHhL thH;jy;. 11. nfhapy; bgUr;rhdp - bghJ brhj;ijj; jpUoj; jpd;gtd;. 12. r';fg; gyif - tphpe;J midtUf;Fk; ,lk; bfhLg;gJ. 13. g[j;jfg; g{r;rp - cyf mwptpd;wp E]ywpt[ kl;Lnk cs;std;. 14. kjpy; nky; g{id -epr;rak; ,y;yhj epiy. 15. kiynawptpl;lJ - giHa gHf;fk; kiwe;J tpl;lJ. 16. kdg;ghy; Foj;jy; - fw;gid bra;jy; 17. Kjiyf; fz;zPh; - bgha; mHif/ Vkhw;Wjy; 18. Mfhaj; jhkiu - ,y;yhj xd;W. 19. moahj khL goahJ. 20. Mw;wpy; nghl;lhYk; mse;J nghL. 21. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sdt[k; epid. 22. vhpfpw tPl;oy; gpL';fpdJ kpr;rk;. 23. xU ghid nrhw;Wf;F xU nrhW gjk;. 24. Js;Sfpw khL bghjp Rkf;fhJ. 25. ke;jpuk; fhy; kjp Kf;fhy;. 26. kpd;Dtbjy;yhk; bghd;dy;y. 27. tpijbad;Wk; nghlr; Riubahd;W Kidf;fhJ.



பிறெமாழி� ெசா$கைள ந"�கி எ'(க.

பிறெமாழி தமி� பிறெமாழி தமி�

kug[r; brhw;fs; : kug[r; brhw;fs; : kug[r; brhw;fs; : kug[r; brhw;fs; : ---- tpy';Ffspd; ,sikg; gaph;fs; : tpy';Ffspd; ,sikg; gaph;fs; : tpy';Ffspd; ,sikg; gaph;fs; : tpy';Ffspd; ,sikg; gaph;fs; : ----

mzpw;gps;is ahidf;fd;W eha;f;Fl;o fGijf;

Fl;o fPhpg;gps;is khd;fd;W g{idf;Fl;o gd;wpf;Fl;o rp';ff;FUis vUikf;fd;W Ml;Lf;Fl;o vypf;Fl;o g[ypg;gwH; Fjpiuf;Fl;o Fu';Ff;Fl;o

tpy';Ffspd; thHpl';fs; : tpy';Ffspd; thHpl';fs; : tpy';Ffspd; thHpl';fs; : tpy';Ffspd; thHpl';fs; : ---- Ml;Lg;gl;o nfhHpg;gz;iz ahidf;Tlk; Fjpiuf; bfhl;oy;

khl;Lj;bjhGtk;

tpy';F gwit ,d';fspd; xypkug[ : tpy';F gwit ,d';fspd; xypkug[ : tpy';F gwit ,d';fspd; xypkug[ : tpy';F gwit ,d';fspd; xypkug[ : ---- Ml;Lg;gl;o nfhHpg;gz;iz ahidf;Tடk;

Fjpiuf; bfhl;oy;

khl;Lj;bjhGtk; thj;Jg; gz;iz

tpy';F gwit tpy';F gwit tpy';F gwit tpy';F gwit ,d';fspd; xypkug[ :,d';fspd; xypkug[ :,d';fspd; xypkug[ :,d';fspd; xypkug[ :----

Me;ij myWk; Fjpiu fidf;Fk; ehpCisapL k;

fGij fj;Jk; Fapy; Tt[k; g[yp cWKk;

fhf;if fiua[k; nfhHp bfhf;fhpf;Fk; kapy; mft[k; fpsp bfh";Rk; ngRk;

rp';fk; KH';Fk; ahid gpspW k;

ML myWk; g{id rPWk; nrty; Tt[k; vUJ vf;fhskpLk; vyp fPr; rpLk; g[wh FDFk; Fu';F myg;g[k; Tif FHWk; tz;L KuYk;

jhtu cWg;g[g; bgah;fs; : jhtu cWg;g[g; bgah;fs; : jhtu cWg;g[g; bgah;fs; : jhtu cWg;g[g; bgah;fs; : ----

<r;r Xiy jhiH kly; gidnahiy nrhsj;jl;il bjd;idnahiy gyh ,iy khtpiy _';fpy; ,iy thiH ,iy

ntg;ge;jiH fKf';Te;jy; bew;whd;

fha;fspd; ,sepiy : fha;fspd; ,sepiy : fha;fspd; ,sepiy : fha;fspd; ,sepiy : ----

mtiug;gp";R khtL KU';ifg;gp";

R bjd;d';FUk;i

g thiHf;fr;ry; bts;shpg;gp";R

bro bfho ku';fspd; bjhFg;gplk; : bro bfho ku';fspd; bjhFg;gplk; : bro bfho ku';fspd; bjhFg;gplk; : bro bfho ku';fspd; bjhFg;gplk; : ---- My';fhL rt[f;Fj;njhg;g[ bjd;de;njhg;g[

fk;g';bfhy;iy nrhsf; bfhy;iy

njapiyj;njhl;lk;

gde;njhg;g[ gyhj;njhg;g[ g{e;njhl;lk;

bghUs;fspd; bjhFg;g[ : bghUs;fspd; bjhFg;g[ : bghUs;fspd; bjhFg;g[ : bghUs;fspd; bjhFg;g[ : ---- Ml;Lke;ij fw;Ftpay; rhtpf;bfhj;J jpuhl;irf;

�ைல nty';fhL gRepiu

khl;Lke;ij ahidf;Tl;l

k; itf;nfhw;nghh;

bghUSf;nfw;w tpidkug[ : bghUSf;nfw;w tpidkug[ : bghUSf;nfw;w tpidkug[ : bghUSf;nfw;w tpidkug[ : ----

nrhW cz; ePh; Fo ghy; gUF

xtpak; g[id

gHk; jpd; ghl;Lg;ghL

கவைத ,aw;W

Til Kil

nfhyk; ,L

japh; fil

Tiu nta;

g{g;gwp

jP _l;L glk; tiu

ckp fUf;fp

dhd;, kuk; btl;L

mk;g[ va;jhh; Mil bea;jhh;

khj;jpiu tpG';F

KWf;F jpd;

,yf;fz tHf;F : ,yf;fz tHf;F : ,yf;fz tHf;F : ,yf;fz tHf;F : ----

ek; Kd;ndhh; ve;jg; bghUis ve;jr; brhy;yhy; tH';fp te;jdnuh/ mjid mg;gona



ehKk; tH';fp tUtjw;F tHf;F vd;W bgah;. ,~J ,ay;g[ tHf;F/ jFp tHf;F vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

,ay;g[ tHf;F : ,ay;g[ tHf;F : ,ay;g[ tHf;F : ,ay;g[ tHf;F : ----

xU bghUisr; Rl;Ltjw;F/ ve;jr; brhy; ,ay;ghf tUfpwnjh/ me;jr; brhy;yhnyna tH';Ftij ,ay;g[ tH;F vd;gh;. ,jid ,yf;fzKilaJ. ,yf;fzg; nghyp k%c vd _tifahff; TWth;.

,yf;fzKilaJ : ,yf;fzKilaJ : ,yf;fzKilaJ : ,yf;fzKilaJ : ----

,yf;fzg; gpiH ,y;yhky; tH';fp tUtjid ,yf;fzKilaJ vd;gh;.

(v.fh) ahHpdp ghlk; goj;jhs;.

,yf;fzg;nghyp : ,yf;fzg;nghyp : ,yf;fzg;nghyp : ,yf;fzg;nghyp : ----

efh;g;g[wk;/ fhy;tha; bfhk;g[ Edp nghd;w ,yf;fzKila brhw;fisg; g[wefh;/ tha;f;fhy;/ Edpf; bfhk;g[ vd khw;wp/ ek; Kd;ndhh; ,yf;fz KilaJ nghy tH';fp tUtij ,yf;fzg;nghyp vd;fpnwhk;.

k%c : k%c : k%c : k%c : ----

j";rht{h; nfhak;Kj;J]h; nghd;w Ch;fs; j";ir/ nfhit vd rpije;J tUtij k%c vd miHf;fpnwhk;.

jFjp tHf;F : jFjp tHf;F : jFjp tHf;F : jFjp tHf;F : ----

jFjpahd brhw;fisg; ngRtJ jFjp tHf;F vd;gh;. ,~J ,lf;fulf;fy;/ k';fyk;/ F>cf;Fwp vd _tifg; gLk;.

,lf;fulf;fy; : ,lf;fulf;fy; : ,lf;fulf;fy; : ,lf;fulf;fy; : ----

gyh; Kd;nd TWtjw;F ,lh;g;ghlhfj; njhd;Wk; brhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j brhw;fshy; mg;bghUisj; bjhptpg;gJ ,lf;fulf;fy; vd;gh;. rhd;whf ‘tha; fGtp te;njd’ vd;Dk; ,j;bjhliu ePf;fp/ ‘tha;g{rp te;njd;’ vdf;TWth;.

k';fyk; : k';fyk; : k';fyk; : k';fyk; : mk';fykhd brhy;iy ePf;fp k';fyk; brhy;yhy; mg;bghUis tH';FtJ ‘k';fyk;’ vd;gh;. (v.fh) ,we;jtiu ,iwtdo nrh;e;jhh; vd;W Fwpg;gpLjy

;.

F>cf;Fwp : F>cf;Fwp : F>cf;Fwp : F>cf;Fwp : ----

xU FGtpdh; jkf;F kl;Lk; g[hpa[k; tifapy;/ xU bghUSf;Ff; Fwpg;ghf tH';Fk; bgaiuf; F>cf;Fwp vd;gh;. ( v.fh) bghw;brhy;yh; bghd;idg; ‘gwp’ vd;gh;. g[zh;r;rpg[zh;r;rpg[zh;r;rpg[zh;r;rp ;KUfd; te;jhd;’ ,j;bjhlhpy; te;Js;s ,uz;L brhw;fs; nrh;e;J xU bghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; Kjypy; epw;Fk; brhy; ‘epiybkhHp’ vd;Dk; mjndhL te;J nrUk; brhy; ‘tUbkhHp’ vd;Wk; tH';fg;gLk;. ,t;thW epiybkhHpa[k; tUbkhHpa[k;

nrh;tij my;yJ ,iztைதg; g[zh;r;rp vd;fpnwhk;.

bghd; + kiy = bghd;kiy

thiH + kuk; = thiHkuk; g[zh;r;rpia gy tifahff; Twyhk;. - ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp - tpfhug; g[zh;r;rp - bka; <w;Wg; g[zh;r;rp - Fw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp - Fw;wpaypfug; g[zh;r;rp - ,ay; gPW/ tpjpaPW - g[zh;r;rp - gz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp vdf;Twyhk;. ,jid tphpthff; fhzyhk;. ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp

kyh; + khiy = kyh; khiy

gid + kuk; = gidkuk; ,tw;wpy; epiy bkhHpnah/ tUbkhHpnah vt;tpj khw;wKk; ,d;wpg; g[zh;e;Js;sd. vdnt ,ay;g[ g[zh;r;rp vd;fpnwhk;.

fly; + miy = flyiy ,jpy; epiybkhHp ,Wjpapy; cs;s ‘y;’ vd;Dk; bka;baGj;njhL/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s ‘m’ vd;Dk; caph; vGj;J nrh;e;J ‘y’ vd;Dk; caph;bka;baGj;jhfpg;g[zh;e;Js;sJ. bka;baGj;Jld; caph; vGj;J nrh;e;J ‘caph; bka;’

baGj;jhtJ ,ay;ghd epfH;t[. mJ nghy “y;+m =y vd;W caph; bka;ahfpr; nrh;e;jjhy; ,Jt[k; ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rpna vd;W bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;. tpfhug; g[zh;r;rptpfhug; g[zh;r;rptpfhug; g[zh;r;rptpfhug; g[zh;r;rp epiybkhHpa[k; tUbkhHpa[khfpa ,U brhw;fs; g[zUk; nghJ ,ilapy; rpy khw;w';fs; epfHyhk;. me;j khw;w';fis tpfhuk; vd;gh; epiybkhHpf;Fk; tUbkhHpf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU g[jpa vGj;J njhd;wyhk;. epiybkhHp <w;wpy; XbuGj;J kw;nwhh; vGj;jhfj; jphpayhk;. epiybkhHpapd; <w;wpYk; tUbkhHpapd; KjypYk; cs;s ,U vGj;Jf;fSnk ntWgl;Lj;



jphpe;J tplyhk;. XbuGj;J bflyhk;. ,t;thW rpytif khw;w';fSld; g[zUk; g[zh;r;rpia tpfhug; g[zh;r;rp vd;gth;. njhd;wy; tpfhuk; :njhd;wy; tpfhuk; :njhd;wy; tpfhuk; :njhd;wy; tpfhuk; :

kh +fha; = kh';fha; (‘';’ njhd;wpaJ)

thiH + gHk; = thiHg;gHk; (‘g;’ njhd;wpaJ) jphpjy; tpfhuk; :jphpjy; tpfhuk; :jphpjy; tpfhuk; :jphpjy; tpfhuk; :

gy; +bgho = gw;bgho (epiybkhHp <w;W ‘y;’ ‘w’ MdJ

fy; + J]z; = fw;W]z; (epiybkhHp <w;W ‘y;’ ‘w;w’ MdJ)tUbkhHP ‘J]’/ ‘E]’ MdJ) bfLjy; tpfhuk; :bfLjy; tpfhuk; :bfLjy; tpfhuk; :bfLjy; tpfhuk; :

kuk; + nth; = kunth; (epiybkhHp <w;W ‘k;’ bfl;lJ) epiybkhHpahft[k;/ tUbkhHpahft[k; mika[k; brhw;fspd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; mika[k; vGj;Jf;fis mwpjy; njit. ,t;btGj;Jf;fis ‘caph;’ vdt[k; ‘bka’ vdt[k; Fwpg;gpLgth; (1) miy/ Mil/ ,iy/ Ch;/ xsp/ xiy(1) miy/ Mil/ ,iy/ Ch;/ xsp/ xiy(1) miy/ Mil/ ,iy/ Ch;/ xsp/ xiy(1) miy/ Mil/ ,iy/ Ch;/ xsp/ xiy ,it caph; vGj;ij Kjyhff; bfhz;l brhw;fs;. ,t;thW mika[k; brhw;fis ‘caph; Kjy; brhw;fs; vd;gh;. (2) fpsp/ gid/ gy/ miy/ xsp :(2) fpsp/ gid/ gy/ miy/ xsp :(2) fpsp/ gid/ gy/ miy/ xsp :(2) fpsp/ gid/ gy/ miy/ xsp : ,r;brhw;fspd; <w;wpy; (,Wjpapy;) cs;s vGj;JF;fs; sp (s;+,)/ id (d;+I)/ y(y;+m)/ iy (y;+I)/ sp(s;+,) ,it caph;bka; vGj;Jf;fs;. ,it caph; kw;Wk; bka; nghy; jdp vGj;Jf;fs;. ,y;iy capUk; bka;a[k; nrh;e;jjdhy; cUthd vGj;Jf;fs; ,it caph;bka; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhYk;. Kjypy; bka;a[k; mjd;gpd; capUk; epw;gijf; fhzyhk;. vdnt ‘fpsp/ gid/ gy/ miy/ xsp vd;Dk; brhw;fspd; <w;wpy; caph; xypfns epw;fpd;wd. vdnt ,tw;iw caph; <w;Wr; brhw;fs; vd;gh;. (3) fly;/ nth;/ ghy;/ jkpH;/ kz;/ gy; ,r; brhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; bka; vGj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jid bka; <w;Wr; brhw;fs; vdyhk;. (4) fly;/ nty;/ ghy;/ jkpH;/ kz;/ gy; ,tw;wpd; Kjypy; vGj;Jf;fs; f(f;+m)/ nt(t;/V) gh (g;+M)/ j(j;+m)/ k(k;+m) g(g;+m) ,t;thW ‘bka; vGj;Jfs; KjypYk; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; gpd;g[k; epw;fpd;wd. ,jid ‘bka; Kjy;’ brhw;fs; vd;gh;. bka; <w;Wg; g[zh;r;rp ,ay;g[ g[zh;r;rpapy; ‘fly;+miy’ vd;w brhy; flyiy vd;W g[zh;e;jJ. epiybkhHp <w;wpy; cs;s ‘y;’ vd;Dk; bka;nahL ‘m’ vd;Dk; tUbkhHp Kjy; caph; nrh;e;J ‘y’ vd;Dk; caph;bka; njhd;wpg; g[zh;e;jJ.

‘cly; nky; caph; te;J g[zh;tJ ,ay;ng’ vd;gJ ed;D]y; tpjp

kz; +mHF = kz;zHF

gy; +mHF = gy;yHF

cs; +Ch; = cs;qh; ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpfspd; <w;wpy; bka;baGj;Jf;fs; te;Js;sd. tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; te;Js;d. tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; te;Js;sd. Mdhy; g[zUk; nghJ epiybkhHpapd; <w;wpy; cs;s bka; vGj;J ,ul;of;fpd;wJ (kz;z; +mHF/ gy;y +mHF/ cs;s +Ch;) gpd;dh; me;j bka;a[ld; tUbkhHp Kjy; caph; nrh;fpwJ (kz;z; +mHF - kz;zHF/ gy;y; + mHF gy;yHF/ cs;s +Ch; -cs;qh;) ,t;thW jdpf;Fwpiy mLj;J tUk; bka;baGj;ij <w;wpy; bfhz;l brhw;fps;d Kd;/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s caph; te;J g[zUk; nghJ/ epiybkhHp <w;Wbka; ,ul;oj;J/ ,ul;oj;jme;j bka;a[ld; caph; nrh;e;J caph; bka;ahfpg; g[zh;e;J xypf;Fk;. ‘jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph; thpd; ,ul;Lk;’

d;gJ ed;D]y; tpjp (xw;W – bka;) clk;gLbka; g[zh;r;rp (caph; Kd; caph;)

fpsp + mHF = fpspaHF

jP + mize;jJ = jPaize;jJ

gid + Xiy =gidnahiy nkny cs;s vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspy; epiy bkhHpfspd; <w;wpy; caph; vGj;Jfs; epw;f/ tUbkhHp KjypYk; caph; vGj;Jf;fns tUfpd;wd. ,uz;L caph; vGj;Jf;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W nruh. ,t;thW epiybkhHpapd; <w;wpYk; tUbkhHpapd; KjypYk; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; tUk; nghJ mtw;iw xd;WgLj;jj; njhd;Wk; bka;baGj;jpw;F ‘clk;gL bka;’ vd;W bgah;. fpsp + mHF - fpsp +a;+ mHF - fpspaHF jP + mize;jJ + jP+a; + mize;jJ - jPaize;jJ

gid + Xiy - gid +a; + xiy – gidnahiy ,';F epiybkhHp <w;wpy; ‘,/ </ I/ vd;Dk; caph; vGj;Jf;fspy; xd;W epw;f/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph; te;jjhy; ,ilapy; ‘afu’ cLk;gLbka; (a;) njhd;wp tUbkhHp Kjy; capUld; nrh;e;jJ.

gy +MW = gy+t;+MW – gythW

gyh + mHF – gyh +t;+mHF = gyhtHF

jpU+M%h; - jpU+t;+m%h; = jpUth%h;

g{ + mHF = g{+t; + mHF = g{tHF

nj + Muk; = nj+t;+ Muk; - njthuk;



nkny cs;s brhw;fspd; epiybkhHpaPw;wy; m/M/c/C/V/X vd;Dk; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; epw;f/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; caph; vGj;Jf;fs; te;jjhy; ,ilapy; ‘tfu’ clk;gL bka;(t;) njhd;wp tUbkhHp Kjy; capUld; nrh;e;jJ

nr + mo – nr+t;+mo – nrto

nr+mo – nr+a; + mo – nrao epiybkhHp <w;wpy; ‘V’ vd;Dk; vGj;J epd;W/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; ve;j caph; te;jhYk;/ epiybkhHp <w;wpy; ‘,/</I vd;Dk; caph; vGj;Jf;;fs; ,Ue;jhy; ‘afu’ clk;gLbka; (a;) njhd;wpg; g[zUk; epiybkhHp <w;wpy; ,/ </ I jtpu kw;w capbuGj;Jf;fs; njhd;wpdhy; ‘t’ ,u clk;gLbka; njhd;Wk;. -epiybkhHp <w;wy; ‘V’ vd;Dk; caph; vGj;J ,Ue;jhy; ‘a;/ ‘t’ vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; njhd;wp g[zUk;.

Fw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rpFw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rpFw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rpFw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp

ML/ ghf;F/ g';F/ gapW/ rhy;g[/ v~F ,it Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpapy; bgw;w brhw;fs; vd;W mwpnthk;. ,it nghd;w Fw;wpaYfur; brhw;fspd; Kd; caph; vGj;ij cila brhy; te;J g[zUtJ gw;wpg; ghh;g;nghk;. tUbkhHp Kjypy; capbuGj;J te;jhy;/ epiybkhHp <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpy; cs;s ‘cfuk;’ jhd; Vwp epw;Fk; bka;baGj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L XotpLk;. kpFe;J epw;Fk; bka;a[ld; tUbkhHp Kjy; caph; nrh;e;J g[zUk;. khL + ,y;iy - khl; + ,y;iy –khoy;iy bfhf;F + ,y;iy - bfhf;f + ,y;iy - bfhf;fpy;iy ,Jnt Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Kd; caph; te;J g[zUk; KiwahFk;. ,t;thnw Kw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpapy; bgw;w brhy;yhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ <w;wpy; cs;s cfu vGj;J jhd; Vwp epw;Fk; bka;baGj;ij tpl;L tpl;L XotpLk;. v";rp epw;Fk; bka;a[ld; tUbkhHp Kjy; caph; nrh;e;J g[zUk;. fjt[ + ,y;iy - fjt; + ,y;iy - fjtpy;iy

mJ + MவJ - mj; + MtJ mjhtJ ‘caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;/ Kw;Wk; mw;W vd;gJ tpjp (cf;Fws; - Fw;wpaYfuk; Kw;W -Kw;wpaYfuk; Fw;wpaypfug; g[zh;r;rp bfhf;F + ahJ - bfhf;fpahJ fjt[ + ahJ – fjtpahJ epiybkhHp <w;wpy; Fw;wpaYfunkh/ Kw;wpaYfunkh epw;f/ tUbkhHp ‘ah’ vd;Dk; vGj;ij

Kjyhf cila brhy; te;jJ g[zUk; nghJ/ ‘cfuk;’ ,fukhfj; jphpe;J g[zUk;. ‘caph;thpd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;. at;thpd; ,a;ahk; Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuh tHp vd;Dk; ed;D]s; tFj;Js;s tpjpahFk;. ,ay;gPW/ tpjpaPW - g[zh;r;rp : ,iy + ed;W - ,iyed;W kiy + bghpJ kiybghpJ ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpfshd ‘,iy/ kiy’ vd;Dk; brhw;fspd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk; caph; xyp ‘,ay;g[ <W’ vdg;gLk;. ,it tUbkhHpnahL vt;tif khWghLk; ,d;wpg; g[zh;e;jd. g[yp +gy; - g[ypg;gy; gHk; + Rit - gHr;Rit ‘g[yp/ gHk; vd;Dk; epiybkhHpr; brhw;fs; ty;ypd bka;ia KjhbyGj;jhf cila brhw;fSld; g[zh;e;Js;sd. ‘g[yp’ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; <w;wpy; caph; ,ay;ghf epw;f tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;Jld; nru ,ilapy; ‘g;’ bka; njhd;wpg; g[zh;e;jJ. ,jpy; ,ay;gha; epd;w caph;Kd; te;j ty;ypdk; kpFe;J g[zh;e;Js;sJ. tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk; te;jjdhy; epiybkhHpahf mike;j ‘gHk;’ vd;gjd; <w;W kfu bka; (k;) bfl;L ‘gH’ vd MdJ. ,g;nghJ ‘gH’ vd;gJ caph; <w;W epiy bkhHp Mfptpl;lJ. vdnt tUbkhHp Kjypd; (Rit) bka; ‘r;’ kpf;Fg; g[zh;e;jJ. ,';F g[zh;tjw;fhf tUbkhHp nehf;fp/ epiy bkhHp ,Wjp vGj;J bfl;L/ caph; <whf khwp epd;wJ. ,Jnt ‘tpjpaPW’ vdg;gLk;. ‘epiybkhHp <w;wpy; ,ay;gPwhfnth/ tPjpaPwhfnth epw;Fk; capbuGj;jpd; Kd; tUbkhHpapy; f;/r;j;g; vd;Dk; ty;ypd bka;ia Kjy; vGj;jhf bfhz;l brhy; te;J g[zUk;nghJ/ ,ilapy; me;j bka;baGj;J kpf;Fg; g[zUk; vd;gJ ,jdhy; tps';FfpwJ. ,t;thW caph; <w;W epiy bkhHpapd; Kd;/ tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdk; kpFe;J g[zUk; vd;gjidna/ ed;D]y; ‘,ay;gpYk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph; Kd; frjg kpFk;’ vd;Dk; tpjpahy; Rl;LfpwJ. gz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rpgz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rpgz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rpgz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp ehk;Mwtifg; bgah;r; brhw;fis mwpnthk;. mtw;Ws; Fzg;bgah; vd;gJk; ‘gz;g[g; bgah;’ vd;gJk; xd;nw vd mwpayhgk;. ed;ik/ brk;ik/ rpWik/ fUik/ Kjik nghd;W ,Wjpapy; ‘ik’ vd;Dk; tpFjp bgw;w gz;g[g; bgah;fs;. tUbkhHpa[ld; g[zh;tijna gz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp vd;fpnwhk;. Th;ik + tha; - Th;tha;



ed;id + kzp - ed;kzp rpWik + bghjp - rpWbghjp ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpahd gz;g[g;bgahpd; <w;W vGj;J (<W) bfl;Lg; g[zh;e;jJ. Kjik + ciu - _Jiu gRik + mil - ghril ,tw;wpy; epiy bkhHpahd gz;g[g; bgahpd; <W bfl;lJld;/ Kjy; vGj;J beoyhfpg; (Mjp ePz;L) g[zh;e;jJ. gRik +jkpH; - ige;jkpH; gRik + bjho - ige;bjho ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpahd gz;g[g; bgahpd; <W bfl;lJld;/ Kjy; vGj;J beoyhfpg; (Mjp ePz;L) g[zh;e;jJ. gRik + jkpH; -ige;jkpH; gRik + bjho - ige;bjho ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpahd gz;g[g; bgahpd; <W bfl;lJld;/ Kjypy; epd;w mfuk; (g)/ Ifhukhfpg; (ig) (mo mfuk; I Mfpg;) g[zh;e;jJ. rpWik +Ch; - rpw;W]h; rpWik + czt[ - rpw;Wzt[ ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpahd gz;g[g; bgahpd; <W bfl;lJld’/ v";rpa brhy;ypd; ,ilna mjd; bka; ,ul;oj;Jg; (jd; xd;W ,ul;oj;Jg;) g[zh;e;jJ. brk;ik + fhy; - br';fhy; ,sik + FHtp - ,s';FHtp brk;ik + brhy; - br";brhy; mUik + brhy; - mU";brhy; btk;ik + ePh; - bte;ePh; eWik + njd; - eWe;njd; brk;ik + jkpH; - bre;jkpH; gRik + bghd; - gRk;bghd; ,tw;wpy; epiybkhHpahd gz;g[g; bgahpd; <W bfl;lJld; v";rpa epiybkhHpapd; bka; vGj;J jphpe;J (Kd; epd;w bka; jphpe;J) g[zh;e;jJ kw;Wk; tUbkhHp Kjypd; ,dkhd bka;baGj;J g[jpjha; njhd;wpg; (,dk; kpFe;J) g[zh;e;jJ. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;t[ bra;J vGJf :rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;t[ bra;J vGJf :rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;t[ bra;J vGJf :rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;t[ bra;J vGJf : kunth; vd;gJ (m) njhd;wy; tpfhuk; (M) jphpjy; tpfhuk; (,) bfLjy; tpfhuk; (<) ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp tpil : bfLjy; tpfhuk; (2) fpspaHF vd;Dk; ,j;bjhlhpy; (m) caph;Kd; bka;te;jJ (M) caph; Kd; caph; te;jJ (,) bka; Kd; bka; te;jJ

(<) bka; Kd; caph; te;jJ tpil : caph; Kd; caph; te;jJ (3) gHbkhHp vd;Dk; bjhlh; vt;tifg; g[zh;r;rpiar; nrh;e;j (m) ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp (M) clk;gLbka; g[zh;r;rp (,) ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp (<) gz;g[g;bgah; g[zh;r;rp tpil : gz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp (4) fjtpy;iy - ,j;bjhlhpy; mike;j g[zh;r;rp (m) Fw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp (M) Kw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp (,) gz;g[g;bgah; g[zh;r;rp (<) Fw;wpaypfug; g[zh;r;rp tpil : Kw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp (5) mU";brhy; - ,r;brhw;fs; g[zh;e;j tpjk; (m) <Wbfl;Lg; g[zh;e;jJ (M) <Wbfl;L KjbyGj;J beoyhfpg; g[zh;e;jJ (,) <J bfl;L epiybkhHpapd; bka;baGj;J tUbkhHpf;F ,dkhfj; jphpe;J g[zh;e;jJ (<) <W bfl;LtUbkhHpapd; ,dk; kpf;Fg; g[zh;e;jJ. tpil (<) <Wbfl;L tUbkhHpapd; ,dk; kpf;fg; g[zh;e;jJ g[zh;r;rp tifnahL vLj;Jf;fhl;ilg; bghUj;Jf :- g[zh;r;rp tif vLj;Jf;fhl;L 1. ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp (m) gilbaLj;jdh; (3) 2. njhd;wy; tpfhuk;(M) cybfyhk; (4) 3. clk;gLbka; g[zh;r;rp (,) ed;kzp (5) 4. Fw;wpaYfug; g[zh;r;rp (<) kz;zLg;g[ 5. gz;g[g; bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp (c) kyh;khiy 1 (C) md;dhrpg;gHk; 2 ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rp fly; + fle;jhd; -fly; fle;jhd; ,j;bjhlhpy; I vd;Dk; ntw;Wik cUg[ kiwe;J te;J bghUzh;j;JfpwJ. ,t;thW ntw;Wik cUg[ kiwe;J epw;f g[zh;tJ ‘ntw;Wik g[zh;r;rp’ vdg;gLk;.

fly; +I+ fle;jhd; = fliyf;fle;jhd;. ,Jt[k; ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpna MFk;. Mdhy; ,jpy; I vd;Dk; cUg[ btspg;gl;L epw;fpwJ. ,t;thW ntw;Wik cUg[ btspg;gl;L epw;gJ ‘ntw;Wik tphp’ my;yJ ntw;Wiki bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; vdg;gLk;.



,t;thW ntw;Wik cUg[fs; kiwe;jhapDk; btspg;gl;lhapDk; brhw;fs; g[zh;tJ ‘ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rp’ vdg;gLk;. ntw;Wikj; bjhifntw;Wikj; bjhifntw;Wikj; bjhifntw;Wikj; bjhif ntw;Wik thp nfhapy; fl;odhd; (I) nfhapiyf; fl;odhd; ntbywpe;jhd; (My;) ntyhbywpe;jhd; nrhHd;kfd; (F) nrhHDf;F kfd; kiytPHUtp (,d) kiyapd; tPHUtp kd;dd; if (mJ) kd;ddJ if kjpw;g{id (fz;) kjpypd; fz; g{id ,t;btLj;Jf; fhl;LfSs;/ ntw;Wikj; bjhifa[k; ntw;Wik tphpa[khf ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik Kjy; VHhk; ntw;Wik <w te;Js;sik fhzyhk;. vdnt ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rp mWtifg;gLk; vd mwpayhk;. my;tHpg; g[zh;r;rpmy;tHpg; g[zh;r;rpmy;tHpg; g[zh;r;rpmy;tHpg; g[zh;r;rp ntw;Wik cUg[ kiwe;jnjh/ btspg;gl;nlh tUjypd;wp m~jy;yhj tHpapy; epiybkhHpa[k; tUbkhHpa[k; g[zh;tJ my;tHpg; g[zh;r;rp vdg;gLk;. (my;tHp - ntw;Wik my;yh tHp) my;tHpg; g[zh;r;rp bjhlh;fs; bjhifepiyj;bjhlh;/ bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. bjhifepiyj; bjhlh; :bjhifepiyj; bjhlh; :bjhifepiyj; bjhlh; :bjhifepiyj; bjhlh; :----

1. RL +nrhW = RLnrhW – tpidj;bjhif

2. brk;ik + fUk;g[ = br';fUk;g[ - gz;g[j;bjhifgz;g[j;bjhifgz;g[j;bjhifgz;g[j;bjhif

3. gtsk; + tha; = gtstha; - ctikj;bjhif

4. ,ut[ + gfy; = ,uhg; gfy; - ck;ikj;bjhif

5. bghd; + + bjho = bghw;bwho te;jhs; - md;bkhHpj;bjhif bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh; :bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh; :bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh; :bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh; :

1. ,skjp + ghodhs; = ,skjpghodhs; - vGtha;j;bjhlh;

2. ntyh + th = ntyh th = tpspj;bjhlh;

3. te;j + kfd; = te;j kfd; - bgabur;rj; bjhlh;

4. goj;J + Koj;jhd; = goj;J Koj;jhd; - tpidbar;rj; bjhlh;tpidbar;rj; bjhlh;tpidbar;rj; bjhlh;tpidbar;rj; bjhlh;

5. te;jhd; + fe;jd; = te;jhd; fe;jd; - bjhpepiy tpid Kw;Wj;bjhlh;

6. bghpad; + nrud; = bghpad; nrud; - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh;

7. kw;W + xd;W = kw;bwhd;W - ,ilr;brhw;bwhlh;

8. edp + ngij = edpngij – chpr;brhw;bwhlh;

9. tUf +tUf=tUf tUf - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;

,t;thW bjhif epiyj;bjhlh; Ie;Jk; bjhfh epiyj;bjhlh; xd;gJk; ntw;Wik my;yhj tHpapy; g[zh;e;jikahy; mty;tHpg; g[zh;r;rp g[zh;r;rpahdij mwpayhk;. caphPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp :caphPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp :caphPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp :caphPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp :---- capbuGj;Jf;fs; gd;dpbuz;Lk;/ ,ilapd bka; MWk; 'fuk; xHpe;j bky;ypd bka; IE;Jk;/ Fw;wpaYfuk; xd;Wkhf ,Ugj;J ehd;F vGj;Jf;fs; brhy;ypd; <w;wpy; epw;gdthFk;. ,ay;gPW/ tPjpaPW :

gyh + Ris = gyhr;Ris

g{ + bjhil = g{j;bjhil

g[yp + gy; = g[ypg;gy; gyh/ g{/ g[yp vd;Dk; epiybkhHpfspd; <w;bwGj;Jf;fs; ,ay;ghf epw;gdthFk;. vdnt ,it ,ay;gPW vdg;gLk;. ,ay;gPw;wpd; Kd; f/r/j/g vd;Dk; ty;ypd; bka;fisf; bfhz;l brhw;fs; te;J g[zUk;nghJ kpFe;J g[zh;e;Js;sd.

ku(k;) + fpis = kuf;fpis

Fy (k;) + rpwg;g[ = Fyr;rpwg;g[

ku (k;) + J]z; = kuj;J]z; kuk;/ Fyk; vd;Dk; epiybkhHpfs; g[zh;r;rpf;fhf <w;bwGj;J bfl;L ku/ Fy vd epw;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s ‘m’ vd;Dk; vGj;J ,ay;ghdjd;W/ g[zh;r;rpf;fhf khWgl;Ls;sJ. ,jid tpjpaPW vd;gth;. tpjpaPw;wpd; Kd; f/r/f/g vd;Dk; ty;ypd bka;baGj;Jf;fs; te;jhy; kpFe;J g[zh;e;Js;sd ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd; frjg kpFk; tpj thjd kd;nd -ed;D]y; 165 caPhpw;W kug;bgah; Kd; ty;ypdk; :

fs + fdp = fs';fdp

kh + bro = kh";bro

fs + gHk; = fsk;gHk;

kh + jsph; = khe;jsph; ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpapy;/ capbuGj;ij <w;wpy; bfhz;Ls;s kug;bgah;fspd; Kd;dh; tUk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ/ ,dkhfap bky;ypd bka; njhd;wg; g[zUk;.

thiH + fha; = thiHf;fha;

gyh + Ris = gyhr;Ris

bfhd;iw + jsph; = bfhd;iwj;jsph;

bfha;a + gHk; = bfha;ahg;gHk;



,t;thW caphPw;W kug;bgah; Kd; te;j ty;ypdk; kpFe;j czUk;. ,J ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpapd; bghJ tpjpahFk;. (,ay;tpDk; tpjpapDk; frjg kpFk;) caph;Kd; x/e/k/a/t g[zh;r;rp :

tps + "hw;rp = tps"hw;rp

rpy + ez;Lfs; = rpy ez;Lfs;

gyh + kuk; = gyhkuk;

g{ + ahJ = g{ahJ

nfh +tPH;e;jJ = nfhtPH;e;jJ

capbuGj;ij <w;wpy; bfhz;l epiy bkhHpfspd; Kd; tUbkhHpapy; "/ e/ k/a/t vDk; vGj;Jf;fs; Kjyhf te;jhy; ,ay;ghfg; g[zUk;.

tpdhr;Rl;od; Kd; ehw;fzk; g[zh;jy; :tpdhr;Rl;od; Kd; ehw;fzk; g[zh;jy; :tpdhr;Rl;od; Kd; ehw;fzk; g[zh;jy; :tpdhr;Rl;od; Kd; ehw;fzk; g[zh;jy; :---- v- tpdh vGj;J/ m/, - Rl;blGj;Jf;fs; ehw;fzk; - capbuGj;J/ ty;ypd/ bky;ypd ,ilapd vGj;Jf;fs;) capbuGj;J g[zh;jy; :capbuGj;J g[zh;jy; :capbuGj;J g[zh;jy; :capbuGj;J g[zh;jy; :

v+ mzp = vt;tzp

m+ Mil = mt;thil

, + ,iy = ,t;tpiy vfu tpdh/ m/,/ vDk; Rl;L vGj;Jfspd; Kd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; capbuFj;J tu tfuk; njhd;wpg; g[zh;e;jJ. ty;ypdk; g[zh;jy; :ty;ypdk; g[zh;jy; :ty;ypdk; g[zh;jy; :ty;ypdk; g[zh;jy; :

v+fly; = vf;fly;

v+rl;il = vr;rl;il ty;ypdk; kpFe;J g[zh;e;jJ

,+bjU = ,j;bjU bky;ypdk; g[zh;jy;

v+kiy =vk;kiy

m+ehL = me;ehL bky;ypdk; kpFe;J g[zh;e;jJ

,+ "hyk; = ,";"hyk; tpdh/ Rl;blGj;Jf;fspd;Kd; ty;ypdk;/ bky;ypdk; te;J g[zUk;nghJ mtw;wpd; bka;fnd kpf;F te;Js;sd. ,ilapdk; g[z,ilapdk; g[z,ilapdk; g[z,ilapdk; g[zh;jy; :h;jy; :h;jy; :h;jy; :

v+ahf;if = vt;ahf;if

m+ahid = mt;ahid ‘t’ fu bka; njhd;wpaJ.

,+ ahid = ,t;ahid

v+tPL = vt;tPL

m+ tHp = mt;tHp ‘t’ fuk; kpFe;J g[zh;e;jJ

,+tz;o = ,t;tz;o

tpdh/ Rl;blGj;Jf;fspd; Kd; ‘a’ fuk; t;ejhy; ,ilapy; tfu bka; njhd;Wk;. ‘t’ fuk; te;jhy; mjd;bka;baGj;J kpFe;J tUk; gyrpy vd;gtw;wpy; g[zh;r;rp :

gy + gy =gygy

rpy + rpy = rpy rpy ,ay;ghfg; g[zh;e;Js;sd

gy + gy = gyg;gy

rpy + rpy = rpyr;rpy tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s ty;ypdk; kpf;fJ. gy + gy - gw;gy rpy + rpy - rpw;rpy epiybkhHpaPw;wpy; cs;s mfuk; bfl;L/ yfubka; efu bka;ahdJ. ,t;thW/ gy/ rpy vd;Dk; brhw;fs; jk;Kd; jhk; tUkhapd;/ ,ay;ghft[k;/ ty;byGj;J kpf;Fk;. epiybkhHpaPw;wpd; mfuk; bfl;L yfubka; efu bka;ahfj; jphpe;Jk; g[zUk;. gy + fiy - gyfiy/ gy;fiy gy + rhiy - gyrhiy/ gy;rhiy gy + bjhil - gybjhil/ g~bwhil gy + kyh; - gykyh;/ gd;kyh; gy + ehL - gyehL/ gd;dhL gy + tz;o - gytz;o/ gy;tz;o rpy + tis - rpytis/ rpy;tis rpy + mzp - rpytzp/ rpy;tzp ,t;thW gy/ rpy vd;dk; brhw;fspd; Kd; gpw brhw;fs; te;jhy;/ epiybkhHpapd; mfuk; bfl;L g[zUk;/ bflhkYk; g[zUk;. g{g;bgah; Kd; ty;ypdk; g[zh;jy;:g{g;bgah; Kd; ty;ypdk; g[zh;jy;:g{g;bgah; Kd; ty;ypdk; g[zh;jy;:g{g;bgah; Kd; ty;ypdk; g[zh;jy;: g{ + bfho - g{';bfho g{ + nrhiy - g{";nrhiy/ g{r;nrhiy g{ + jlk; - g{j;jlk;/ g{e;jlk; g{ + giz - g{g;giz/ g{k;giz ,t;thW ‘g{‘ vd;Dk; XbuGj;bjhL brhy;ypd; Kd; ty;ypdk; kpFe;J g[zUk;. mj;Jld; tUbkhHp Kjypd; ,dkhfpa bky;ypdk; kpFe;Jk; g[zUk;. bka;aPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp:bka;aPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp:bka;aPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp:bka;aPw;Wg; g[zh;r;rp: bka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caph;:bka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caph;:bka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caph;:bka;aPw;wpd; Kd; caph;: njhd;wy; + mHfd; - njhd;wHfd; njh; + XLk; - njnuhLk; nty; + vwpe;jhd; - ntbywpe;jhd;

my;tHp



g[fy; + ,lk; - g[fyplk; Ch; + mfd;whd; - Cufd;whd; kzy; + Cw;W - kzY]w;W

ntw;Wik

,t;thW epiybkhHpaPw;W bka;a[k; tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s capUk; xd;wpg; g[zh;e;jJ. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W:jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W:jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W:jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W: fz; + ,uz;L - fz;+z;+,uz;L - fz;zpuz;L bghd; + cz;L - bghd;+d;+cz;L - bghd;Dz;L tpz; + mfk; - tpz;+z;+mfk; - tpz;zfk; kpd;+xsp - kpd;+d;+xsp - kpd;bdhsp fz;/ bghd;/ tpz;/ kpd; vd;Dk; epiybkhHpfs; jdpf;FwpnyhL xw;wike;j brhw;fshFk;. ,k; bka;aPw;W bkhHpfspd; Kd; caph; te;jhy;/ epiybkhHpapd; <w;Wbka; ,ul;oj;Jg; g[zUk;. “jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;(W) caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk;” -

xd;D]y; 20

nts;+ahtd; - ntspahtd; kz; + ahJ - kz;zpahJ

my;tHp

nts; + ahid - ntspahid kz; + ahid - kz;zpahid

ntw;Wik

mt;tHpapYk; ntw;WikapYk; epiybkhHpaPw;wpy; afuk; my;yhj gpwbka;fs; epd;W/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; afuk; tu ,ilapy; njhd;wpg; g[zUk;. zfu dfu <W:zfu dfu <W:zfu dfu <W:zfu dfu <W: kz;+ ghz;lk; - kl;ghz;lk; bghd; + rpyk;g[ - bghw;rpyk;g[

tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdk;

bghd; + kjpy; - bghd;kjpy; kz; + tsk; - kz;tsk

tUbkhHp[ Kjy; bky;ypdk;

bghd; + tisay; - bghd;tisay; - tUbkhHp

Kjy; ,ilapdk;

,t;thW ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpapy; zfu/ dfu <Wfs; tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk; te;J g[zUk; nghJ ‘z’fuk; lfukhft[k;/ ‘d’fuk; wfukhft[k; jphpe;jd. bky;ypdKk; ,ilapdKk; te;J g[zUk;nghJ ,ay;ghapd.

kz; + foJ - kz;foJ bghd; + rpwpJ - bghd;rpwpJ kz; + khz;lJ - kz;khz;lJ kz; + typJ - kz;typJ

mt;tHpg; g[zh;r;rpapy; zfu/ dfu <Wfs; tUbkhHp Kjypy; ty;ypdk;/ bky;ypdk;/ ,ilapdk; tu ,ay;ghapd. afu wfu Hfu <W:afu wfu Hfu <W:afu wfu Hfu <W:afu wfu Hfu <W:

nta; + foJ - nta;foJ nth; + rpwpJ - nth;rpwpJ ahH; + jPJ - ahH;jPJ

my;tHp

bka; + fPh;j;jp - bka;f;fPh;j;jp fhh; + gUtk; - fhh;g;gUtk; ahH; + fUtp - ahH;f;fUtp

my;tHp

epiybkhHpaPw;wpy; tUk; afu/ ufu/ Hfu bka;fspd; Kd;/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; tUk; f/r/j/g mt;tHpapy; ,ay;ghft[k; kpf;F g[zh;e;Js;sd.

eha; + fhy; - eha;f;fhy; njh; + jl;L - njh;j;jl;L ahH; + nfhL - ahH;f;nfhL

ntw;Wik

nta; + FHy; - nta;f;FHy;/ nta;';FHy; Mh; + nfhL - Mh;f;nfhL/ Mh;';nfhL kfpH; + nfhL - kfpH;f;nfhL/ kfpH;';nfhL

ntw;Wik

epiybkhHpaPw;wpy; tUk; a/u/H bka;fpd;

Kd; ty;ypdk; tu ntw;Wikapy; kpf;Fk;. ,d vGj;njhL capbuGj;Jk; g[zUk;. yfu sfu bka;yfu sfu bka;yfu sfu bka;yfu sfu bka;;Kd; ty;ypdk;:;Kd; ty;ypdk;:;Kd; ty;ypdk;:;Kd; ty;ypdk;: fy; + Fif - fw;Fif Ks; + bro - Ks;bro brhy; + bghpJ - brhy;bghpJ/ brhw;bghpJ vs; + rpwpJ - vs;rpwpJ/ vl;rpwpJ

my;tHp

yfu/ sfu bka;fspd; Kd; ty;ypdk; tu ntw;Wikg; g[zh;r;rpapy; yfuk; wfukhft[k;/ sfuk;



lfukhft[k; jphpe;jd. mt;tHpapy; xU fhy; ,ay;ghft[k; xU fhy; jphpe;Jk; CH;e;jd. yfu sfu yfu sfu yfu sfu yfu sfu bka;Kd; bky;ypdk;:bka;Kd; bky;ypdk;:bka;Kd; bky;ypdk;:bka;Kd; bky;ypdk;: brhy; + khz;lJ - brhd;khz;lJ vs; + khz;lJ - vz;khz;lJ

my;tHp

brhy; + khl;rp - brhd;khl;rp vs; + khl;rp - vz;khl;rp

ntw;Wik

yfu/ sfu bka;fpsd; Kd; bky;ypdk; tu ,UtHpa[k; yfuk; dfukhft[k; sfuk; zfukhft[k; jphpe;jd. ‘yfu’ ‘sfu’ ‘yfu’ ‘sfu’ ‘yfu’ ‘sfu’ ‘yfu’ ‘sfu’ bka;k;Kd; ,ilapdk;:bka;k;Kd; ,ilapdk;:bka;k;Kd; ,ilapdk;:bka;k;Kd; ,ilapdk;:

brhy; + ahJ - brhy;ahJ vs; + ahJ - vs;ahJ

my;tHp

brhy; + ahg;g[ - brhy;ahg;g[ vs; + ahg;g[ - vs;ahg;g[

ntw;Wik

yfu/ sfu bka;k;Kd; afuk; tu ,UtHpa[k;

,ay;ghapw;W. jpirg;bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp:jpirg;bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp:jpirg;bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp:jpirg;bgah;g; g[zh;r;rp: jpirg;bgha;fnshL jpirg;bgh;fnsh/ gpw brhw;fnsh te;J g[zUk; nghJ

• epiybkhHpapd; ,WjpapYs;s cahpbka;baGj;Jk; ‘f’fu xw;Wk;(f;) eP';fpg; g[zUk;.

• epiybkhHpapw;W caph;bka; eP';fpa gpd; wfuk;(w;) dfukhfnth(d;) yfukhfnth(y;) jphpe;Jk; g[zUk;.

bjw;F + nkw;F - bjd;nkw;F nkw;F + ehL - nky; + ehL - nky;ehL

kfu <w;Wg; g[zh;r;rp:kfu <w;Wg; g[zh;r;rp:kfu <w;Wg; g[zh;r;rp:kfu <w;Wg; g[zh;r;rp: 1. kfu <w;Wr; brhw;fs; tUbkhHpnahL g[zUk; nghJ ,Wjp kfuk; bfl;L caphPW nghy epd;W caph; Kjy; bkhHpnahL clk;gLbka; bkw;W g[zUk;. (v-fh.) kuk; + mo - (kfuk; bfl;L) ku + mo vd;whfp clk;gLbka; bgw;W kut; + mo/ caph;bka; cly; e;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng tpjpg;go ku(t;+m)o-kuto vd;W g[zUk;. 2. kfu <W bfl;L tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s ty;byGj;J kpf;Fk; g[zUk;.

(v-fh.) kuk; + fhy; - <W bfl;L ku+fhy; vd;whfpg; gpd; tUbkhHp Kjypy; cs;s ‘f’fu xw;W “,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph; Kd; frjg kpFk;” vd;Dk; tpjpg;go ku + fhy; - kuf;fhy; vd;w g[zUk;. 3. kfu <W tUbkhHp KjypYs;s ty;ypdj;jpw;F ,dkhf bky;ypdkhfj; jphpe;J g[zUk;. (v-fh.) fhyk; + fle;jJ - fhy';fle;jJ.

8. 8. 8. 8. ஒலி ntWghlwpe;J rhpahd bghUisawpjy;ntWghlwpe;J rhpahd bghUisawpjy;ntWghlwpe;J rhpahd bghUisawpjy;ntWghlwpe;J rhpahd bghUisawpjy;

Xyp ntWghLfis mwpe;J rhpahd bghUis fz;Lgpoj;jny ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fshf mikfpd;wJ. jkpHpy; cr;rhpg;gpy; bky;ypa khWghLila vGj;Jf;fshd (e/ d/ z)/ (y/s/H) (u/W) Mfpa vGj;Jf;fis ikak; bfhz;nl tpdhf;fs; mikfpd;wd. vdnt mit xt;bthd;iwa[k; gphpj;J tifg;gLj;jpa[s;nshk;.

jd;ik - ,ay;g[

jz;ik - Fsph;r;rp

typ - Jd;gk;

tsp - fhw;W

tHp - ghij

xyp - rj;jk;

Xsp - btspr;rk;

xHp - eP';F

,iy - Xh; cWg;g[

,is - ,isj;jy;/ bkypjy;

,iH - E]y; ,iH

kiu - khd;

kiw - ntjk;

g[fH; - ew;bgah;

g[fs; - TW

my;yp - kyh;

ms;sp - thhpbaLj;J

kzk; - ey;y third

kdk; - cs;sk;

tpiy - gzk;

tpis - cw;gj;jpbra;

tpiH - tpUk;g[

fid - Fuy;xyp

fiz - mk;g[

muz; - rptbgUkhd;

jiy - rpuk;



jis - fl;L

jiH - ,iy

mspg;gJ - bfhLg;gJ

mHpg;gJ - ,y;yhkw;bra;tJ

fiy - mwpt[g;gFjp/ fiyj;JtpL

fis - ePf;F

fiH - _'fpy;

gzp - ntiy

gdp - Fsph;

,Uj;jy; - mkh;e;jpUj;jy;

,Wj;jy; - j';fpapUj;jy;

khpj;jy;; - rhjy;

kwpj;jy; - jGt[jy;

miy - ePuiy

mis - tis

miH - Tg;gpLjy;

cyt[ - elkhL

cst[ - ntt[

cHt[ - gaph;j;bjhHpy;

thy; - cWg;g[

ths; - fUtp

thH; - thH;jy;

xyp - Xir

xsp - btspr;r�

XHp - ePf;F

fyk; - fg;gy;

fsk; - ,lk;

bfhy; - bfhzUjy;

bfhs; - bgw;Wf;bfhs;

jhy; - ehf;F

jhs; - ghjk;

jhH; - gzpe;Jngh

typ - typik

tsp - fhw;W

tHp - ghij/ rhiy

bty;yk; - ,dpg;g[f;fl;o

bts;sk; - ePh;

ntiy - gzp

ntis - bghGJ

fsp - kfpH;r;rp

fHp - jo

fHp - cg;g';fHp

this - kPd;tif

thiH - jhtuk;

myF - gwit _f;F

msF - bgz;மய��, அழ�-கவ�*

myk; - fyg;ig, msk; - cg;gsk

My; - Mykuk;

Ms; - MSjy;

MH; - KGF

Myp - kiHj;Jsp, Msp - tpy';F

MHp - fly;

csp - fUtp

cHp - ,lk;

ciy - ciyf;fsk;, cis - gplhpkaph

ciH - khd;

cy;F - R';fk;, cs;F - epid

vy; - gfy;, vs; - jhdpak;

fy';F - fyf;fkiljy;, fH';F - kfsph; tpisahl;Lg; bghUs; fhyp - gRf;Tl;lk;, fhsp - bja;tk;

fhHp - kyk;

fpstp - brhy;, fpHtp - KJikailjy;

Fsk;g[ - tpy';F cWg;g[, FHk;g[ - nkhh;f;FHk;g[

Typ - rk;gsk;

bfhiy - bfhy;Yjy;

nfhy; - Cd;Wnfhy;

fyp - Xir

Typ - rk;gsk, ; Tsp - nga;

bfhiy - bfhy;Yjy;, bfhis - ghl;L

nfhy; - Cd;Wnfhy;, nfhs; - g[w';Twy;,



R{iy - neha;, R{is - br';fy;R{is

R{y; - fUg;gk;, R{s; - rgjk;

R{H; - Rw;W

jtiy - ghj;jpuk;, jtis tpy';F Jiy - juhR, Jis - Jthuk;

njhy; - rUkk;, njhs; - g[ak;

eலி - tUe;J, esp - eLf;fk;

ey;yhh; - ey;yth,; e�ளா� ; - gifth;

griy - kfsph; epwntWghL, gris - xU bfho

ghy; - gRk;ghy,; ghs; - jhH;g;ghs

ghH; - ghHhjy; muk; - fUtp mwk; - jUkk; mhp - jpUkhy; mwp - bjhpe;Jbfhs;/ eWf;F

myhp - myhpg;g{ mywp - mGJ

miu - ghjp miw - tPl;od; gFjp

Mu - epuk;g Mw - R{L jzpa

,uj;jy; - ahrpj;jy; ,wj;jy; - rhjy;

Muy; - xUtif kPd; Mwy; - jzpjy;

,iu - jPdp ,iw - ,iwtd;/ murd;

cut[ - typik cwt[ - bjhlh;g[/ cwtpdh;

cuy; - ,of;Fk; cuy; cwy; - bghUe;Jjy;

cU - totk ; cW - kpFjp

ciu - ngr;R ciw - _o

vhp - jP vwp - tPR

fhp - ahid/ mLg;g[f;fhp fwp - fha;fwp/ mLg;g[

fiu - Vhpf;fiu fiw - mGf;F

Fiuj;jy; - bgz;khy Fiwj;jy; - RUf;Fjy;

Fu';F - thduk;, Fw';F - bjhil

Tiu - tPl;Lf;Tiu, Tiw - Jzp

rPhpa - rpwe;j , rPwpa - rpde;j

brG;jy; - rPuikjy; brwpjy; - jpzpj;jy;

jhp - mzpe;Jbfhs;, தறி -- btl;L

jpiu - miy jpiw - epiwj;J itj;jy;

epiu - thpir epiw - gwit

gue;j - gutpa gwe;j - gwit

guit - fly;

gwit - பற�� பறைவ

ghp - Fjpiu

gwp - பறி��ெகா�Sத�

kU - kzk, ம� - ��ற�,த8

kiu - khd;/ jhkiu kiw - ntjk;

tUj;jy; - Jd;g[Wj;jy; tWj;jy; - fha;fwp tWj;jy tpuy; - iftpuy; tpwy; - btw;wp/ typik tpuF - je;jpuk; tpwF - fl;il mUF - rkPgk; mwF - mWfk;g[y; ,Uk;g[ - Xh; cnyhfk; ,Wk;g[ - FW';fhL Cu - efh;e;J bry;y Cw - Ruf;f XUj;jy; - ahid XWj;jy; - nfhgpj;jy; Futh; - bghpnahh



Fwth; - xU rhjpah; kwk; - tPuk; மர� - tpUl;rk; kuk; - khp - ,we;Jngh kUfp - kUkfs; kiu - jhkiu mzy; - jho mdy; - beUg;g[ Mzp - ,Uk;g[Mzp M;dp - jkpH;khjk; Cd; - czt [Cd; - ,iwr;rp fzk; - Tl;lk; fdk; - ghuk; mz;zk; - (nky;tha;) md;dk; - (gwit) Miz - (fl;lis) Miz - (ahid) muz; - (nfhl;il) mud; - rptd; miz - jGt[ mid - jha; Mz; - Mz;ghy; Md; - gR ,iz - xg;g[ இைன - tUe;J cz;zp - rpWcaphp cd;dp - epidj;J

cz; - rhg;gpL, cd; - cd;Dila

vz;z - epidf;f , vd;d - vd;W brhy;y vtz; - vt;tplk ; vtd; - ahtd; Viz - bjhl;oy; Vid - kw;iw fz;zd; - fpU\;zd; fd;dd; - fh;zd; fzp - nrhjplh; fdp - gHk; g[wk; - gf;fk; g[wt[ - g[wh bghwp - milahsk; bghW - bghWj;Jf; bfhs; bghWg;g[ - flik fd;dp - (Fkhp) fz;zp - mUk;g[/ g{khiy gd;dp - kidtp gz;zp - bra;J

ghdk; - Foghdk ghzk; - mk;g[ g[id - my';fhp g[iz - bjg;gk; gdp - Fsph ; gzp - bjhHpy; ngd; - jiyg;ngd; ngz; - fhg;ghw;W kd; - murd; kz; - g{kp kdk; - cs;sk; kzk; - eWkzk;/ thrid kid - tPL kiz - cl;fhUk; gyif khd; - g[s;spkhd; khz; - bgUik td;ik - typik tz;ik - bfhil fid - xyp fiz - mk;g[ fhd; - fhL fhz; - ghh; Fdp - tis Fzp - Fzj;ij cilaJ nrhid - tplhkiH nrhiz - xUkiy jdp - jdpikahd jzp - Fiw jd;ik - ,ay;g[ jz;ik - Fsph;r;rp jpd;ik - jPik jpz;ik - typik jpid - jhdpak; jpiz - rhjp jpd; - jpd;D jpz; - typa Jdp - btWg;g[ Jzp - Mil Jiz - tpiut[ Jiz - cjtp njePh; - O njdPh; - njd;nghd;w ,dpaePh; ehd; - ahd; ehz; - btl;fk; gd;d - brhy;y gz;z - bra;a gdpf;f - eL';f gzpf;f - fl;lisapl gid - xUkuk; giz - gUj;j



td;ik - Mw;wy;; , tz;ik - bfhil me;ehs; (me;jehs;) md;dhs; ( mg;bgz;) ,d;dhs; ( ,j;jifats;) ,e;ehs; (,e;jehs;) vd;dhy; ( vd;dhy; bra;ag;gl;lJ) ve;ehs; ( ve;jehs;) vd;dhL - vdJ ehL ve;ehL - ve;j ehL vd;dpiy - vdJ epiy ve;epiy - ve;j epiy Kd;dhs; - Kw;fhyk; Ke;ehs; - _d;Wehs; Kd;E]y; - Kjy;E]y;

Ke;E]y; - T*� A�

Kd;D]W - Kd;g[ A�, Ke;E]W - _d;W E]Wfs; ez;Q]y; - ey;yE]y; ee;E]y; - ekJ E]y; njdPh; - njd;fye;j ePh;

njePh; - ேதய�ைல நE� gwit - gwf;Fk; gwit

fuj;jy; - kiwj;jy;

fwj;jy; - btspg;gLj;Jjy;

fhp - ahid

fwp - fha;fwp

jpiu - miy

jpiw - fg;gk;

md;dk; - nrhW

mz;zk; - tha; cl;g[wk;

vhp - jP

vwp - fy;vwpjy;

brU - nghh;

brW - tay;

fiu - Mw;w';fiu

fiw - mGf;F

bghwp - ,ae;jpuk;

bghhp - bew;bghhp

,iu - czt[

,iw - flt[s;

ciw - j';F

ciu - TW

chp - RHw;W

cwp - J]f;F

9. xbuGj;J xU bkhHpf;F chpa bghUisf; 9. xbuGj;J xU bkhHpf;F chpa bghUisf; 9. xbuGj;J xU bkhHpf;F chpa bghUisf; 9. xbuGj;J xU bkhHpf;F chpa bghUisf; fz;lwpjy;fz;lwpjy;fz;lwpjy;fz;lwpjy;

jkpHpy; css 246 vGj;Jf;fspy; 42 vGj;Jf;fSf;F kl;Lk; jdpg;bghUs; cz;L. ,e;j 42 vGj;Jf; fSf;fhd bghUis fz;Lgpoj;jny ,g;gFjp tpdhthf mikfpwJ. M - gf < - gwf;Fk; g{r;rp C - ,iwr;rp V - mk;g[ I - mHF/ jiytd; X - tpdh/ kjF (ePh; j';Fk; gyif) kh - bghpa tpy';F kP - nkny _ - _g;g[ nk - md;g[/ nkd;ik ik - fd;ik (m";"dk;) nkh - Kfh;jy;/ nkhj;jy; jh - bfhL jP - beUg;g[ J] - btz;ik nj - bja;tk; ij - ijj;jp';fs; gh - ghl;L/ ep[Hy;/ mHF g{ - kyh; ng - Eiu/ mHF ig - gRik/ ifg;ig ngh - bry;/ nghjy; eh - ehf;F eP - eP ne - md;g[/ neak; ie - tUe;J/ iejy; neh - neha;/ tUj;jk; fh - nrhiy T - g{kp if - fuk; nfh - murd; th - tUf tP - g{ it - Th;ik/ itj;jy; bts - tt;t[jy; (m) bfst[jy; rh - kuzk;/ nga; rP - ,fH;r;rp/ rPj;jy; nr - vUJ nrh - kjpy; ah - xU kuk; beh - Jd;gk; J - bfL/ cz;/ gphpt[



10 nth;r; brhy;iyj; njh;t[ bra;f10 nth;r; brhy;iyj; njh;t[ bra;f10 nth;r; brhy;iyj; njh;t[ bra;f10 nth;r; brhy;iyj; njh;t[ bra;f

,g;gFjp tpdhf;fis vspjpy; vjph;bfhs;s thf;fpa';fis gphpj;bjGtjpy; njh;r;rp bgw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak;.

xU thh;j;iapy; nth;r;brhy;iy gphpf;f KoahJ.

nth;r;brhy; vd;gJ bghJthf

fl;lisahfnth/ Vtyhfnth ,Uf;Fk;.

brhy;brhy;brhy;brhy; ---- nth;r;brhy;nth;r;brhy;nth;r;brhy;nth;r;brhy; mfH;e;jhd; - mfH; mfd;W - mfy; mile;njhk; - mil mzpe;jhd; - mzp mhpe;J - mhp mwpe;jhd; - mwp moj;jhs; - mwp myws; - myW mUspdh; - mUs; mWe;jJ - mW mWtil - mW mtpH;e;jJ - mtpH; mwpahJ - mwp Mz;lhs; - Ms; Modhs; - ML MH;e;jhh; - MH; ,dpJ - ,dpik ,dpg;g[ - ,dpik ,Ug;g[ - ,U ,ak;gpaJ - ,ak;g[ <e;jJ - < <d;whs; - <d;W <l;odhd; - <l;o cz;ghh; - cz; cGjhd; - cG czt[ - cz; cw';fpdhd;; - cw';F Ch;e;jJ - Ch; cUf;Fk; - cUf;F cGtpj;jhd; - cG cs;sk; - cs; cs;sPL - cs; v";rpa - v";R vLf;Fk; - vL vz;zpa - vz; vz;zpdhd; - vz; va;jhd; - va;

vLj;jhd; - vL vGe;jhd; - vG vGjpdhd; - vGjp Vj;Jjy; - Vj;J Xl;Ljy; - Xl;L xHpe;jhd; - xHp Xl;Ltpg;g[ - xl;L Xl;oaJ - xl;L XlhJ - xL Xodhd; - xo Xjpath; - xjp fw;f - fy; filay; - fil fw;nwd; - fy; fhl;rpapy; - fhz; fhl;oaJ - fhl;L fz;L/ fz;ldd;- fhz; fw;whd; - fy; foj;jhd; - fo fhzhik - fhz; fhl;Lthd; - fhl;L fhj;jhd; - fh fhj;jtd; - fh fhz;ghh; - fhz; fhg;ghw;wpdhd;- fhg;g[ fps;spdhd;d - fps;sp Tty; - T nfl;f/ nfl;ly;- nfs; bfhz;lhd; - bfhs; bfhzh;e;jhd; - bfhzh; bfhd;wij - bfhy; bfhlhik - bfhs; Fiuj;jJ - Fiu Foj;jhd; - Fo Fspj;jhd; - Fsp Twpdhhd; - Twp bfhs;Sjy; - bfhs; bfhd;whd; - bfhy; nfhjpdhd; - nfhjp bfha;jhd; - bfha; rha;e;jJ - rha; rhw;wpdhs; - rhw;W rphpg;g[ - rphp rhpe;jhd; - rhp rpjwpa - rpjW rPhpa - rPh;ik rPj;jhs; - rP Rl;lJ - RL RUl;odhd; - RUl;L R{odhd; - R{o brd;whd; - bry;



bry;thd; - bry; nrh;e;jhd; - nrh; brhd;dhd; - brhy; brj;jtd; - rh bra;fpwhs; - bra; brd;wtd; - bry; nrhh;t[ - nrhh; je;jhd; - jh jUthd; - jh jl;Lthd; - jl;L jhz;odhd; - jhz;L jl;gk; - jz;ik jhtpaJ - jht[ jhH;t[ - jhH; jpwe;jJ - jpw

jpUe;jpdhd; - jpU� ; jPa;e;jJ - jPa; J]';fpd - J]';F Japd;whd; - Japy; Jwe;jhd; - Jw J]';fpdhh; - J]';F bjhpe;jdh; - bjhp bjspe;jhd; - bjsp njodhd; - njL njw;wpdhd; - njw;W njly; - njL bjhHhJ - bjhG ijj;jhd; - ij bjhLths; - bjhL bjh';fpdhd; - bjh';F bjhlh;e;jhd; - bjhlh; njhz;odhd; - njhz;L njhd;wpdhd; - njhd;W njhw;whd; - njhy;tp ef;fhh; - eF el;lhd; - eL eoj;jhd; - eo ele;jhd; - el ehl;Lk; - ehl;L epd;whh; - epy; epd;nwhd; - epy; epfH;j;jpdhd; - epfH;j;J eP';fpdhd; - eP';F ePz;l - ePs; Efh;e;jJ - Efh; neh;e;jJ - neh; nehf;fk; - nehf;F nehf;fpdhd; - nehf;F ehoa - ehL eP';fp - eP';F gl;lhd; - gL

goj;jy; - go gUFthd; - gUF gGj;jJ - gG gha;r;ry; - gha; ghh;;j;jy; - ghh; gLj;jhd;; - gL gwpj;jhd; - gwp gw;wpdhd; - gw;W gpz';fpdhd; - gpz';F gphpj;jhh; - gphp g[f;fk; - g[F g[fH;e;jhd; - g[fH; g{z;lhd; - g{z; g{Rjy; - g{R bghwik - bghW bgw;whs; - bgW bghUj;jpdhd; - bghUj;J nghdhd; - ngh kz;oaJ - kz;L kz;odhd; - kz;L kfpH;e;jhd; - kfpH; khwpdhd; - khW khw;wpdhs; - khw;W khz;lhd; - khs; kpFe;jJ - kpF kpsph;e;jJ - kpsph; kPz;ldh; - kPs; kPshjpUj;jy; - kPs; Kjph;e;J - Kjph; Kad;whh; - Kay; bkr;rpdh; - bkr;R bkype;jhd; - bkyp kz;oaJ - kz;L nka;e;jJ - nka; nknyGe;j - nkbyG bkhz;lJ - bkhs; _H;fpaJ - _H;F te;jJ - th tH';fpaJ - tH';F tUthd; - th tiue;J - tiu th';fpdh; - th';F thH;;j;jpdh; - thH;j;J tpw;wdh; - tpy; tpG';fpdh; - tpG';F tp";Rjy; - tp";R tPH;j;jpdh; - tPH;j;J btWj;jdh; - btW btd;wdh; - bty; btd;whh; - bty; bte;jhd; - nt



ntz;odhd; - ntz;L fz;lhh; - fhz; cz;fpwhd; - cz; ghLjy; - ghL

11.11.11.11.ேவ�Uெசா�ைல� ெகா8� வ�ைன6�� ,வ�ைனெயUச� ,வ�ைனயாலைணM� ெபய�,ெதாழி w;w;w;w;ெபயைர உ�வா��த�

tpidKw;W :tpidKw;W :tpidKw;W :tpidKw;W : xU bghUs; bra;j bjhHpiyf; Fwpj;J te;j Kw;Wg; bgw;w brhy; tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,J jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; Mfpatw;Wld; fhyj;ija[k; fhl;Lk;. rf;jp gof;fpd;whd;. fz;zd; vGJfpwhd;. khzth;fs; tpisahLfpwhh;fs;. khL nka;fpwJ gwitfs; gwf;fpd;wd. nkny fhQk; brhw;bwhlh;fspy; bjhHpy; bra;tijf; fhl;Lk;. mjhtJ tpidiaf; fhl;Lk; brhw;fs; ahit?

gof;fpwhd;/ vGJfpwhd;/ tpisahLfpwhd;/ nka;fpwJ/ gwf;fpd;wJ nghd;wit jhnd. - ,t;thW bghUl;fspd; braiy/ ,af;fj;ij bjhHpiy (tpidia) czh;j;Jk; brhw;fs; “tpidr; brhy;” “tpidr; brhy;” “tpidr; brhy;” “tpidr; brhy;” vdg;gLk;. - tpidr;brhy; xU bghUspd; ,af;fj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. - tpidr;brhy; fhyj;ij czh;j;Jk;. - tpidr;brhy; ntw;Wik cUig Vw;fhJ tpidKw;wid bjhpepiy tpidKw;W kw;Wk; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W vd ,uz;lha; gphpf;fyhk;. bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :bjhpepiy tpidKw;W : fz;zd; fojk; vGjpdhd; cHtd; taiy cGfpwhd; ,j;bjhlh;fspy; ‘vGjpdhd;’/ ‘cGfpwhd;/ vd;w tpidr; brhw;fs; bray; Kw;Wg; bgw;wij czh;j;Jk; mjdhy; mit tpidKw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;. vGjpdhd;/ cGfpwhd; vd;Dk; brhw;fs; bra;gtd;/ fUjp/ epyk;/ bray;/ fhyk; bra;bghUs; vd;Wk; Mwida[k; btspg;gilahf czh;j;Jfpwhd;.

vGjpdhd; cGfpwhd;

bra;gtd; fz;zd; cHtd;

fUtp vGJnfhy; Vh;. cHtd;

epyk; miw tay;

bray; vGJjy; cGjy;

fhyk; ,we;jfhyk; epfH;fhyk;

bra;bghUs; fojk; g[Gjpahjy;

,t;thW bjhHpYk; gpwt[k; btspg;glj; bjhpa[khW tUk; tpidKw;W bjhpepiy tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W :Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W :Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W :Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W : ,uhkd; ,dpad; ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘,dpad;’ vd;Dk; brhy;/ tpidr; brhy;yhFk;. ,J bjhHpiya[k;/ fhyj;ija[k; btspg;gilahff; fhl;ltpy;iy. vdpDk; ,dpa gz;ig cilatdhf ,Ue;jhd; vdf; Fwpg;ghy; fhyj;ij czh;j;JfpwJ. ,t;thW bra;gtid kl;Lk; btspg;gilahf czh;j;jp gpwtw;iwf; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;Jk; tpidKw;W Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,~J mJ tifg; bgah;fspd; mog;gilapy; gpwf;Fk; . (v.fh) g[fnHe;jp bghd;dd; (bghUs; )

ntyd; மைரயா* (,lk;) eluhrd; jpUthjpiuahd; (fhyk;) ,uhkd; ,dpad; (gz;g[) ts;sy; br';fz;zd; (rpid)

rutzd; eoகd; (bjhHpy;) vr;rtpid :vr;rtpid :vr;rtpid :vr;rtpid : “te;jhd;/ ghLfpwhd;/ ngRnthh;/ te;j/ ghLfpw ngRk;/ te;J vGjp/ gho” nkw;fz;l gl;oaypy; “te;jhd;/ ghLfpwhd; vd;Dk; brhw;fs; bray; Kw;Wg; bgw;wija[k; fhyj;ija[k; fhl;Ltjdhy; tpidKw;W brhw;fs; MFk;.

-te;j ghLfpw/ ngRk;/ te;J/ vGjp/ gho Mfpa brhw;fs; bray;Kw;Wg; bgwhJ v";rp epw;fpd;wd. ,it vr;r tpid vdg;gLk;. bgabur;rk;bgabur;rk;bgabur;rk;bgabur;rk;

te;j khztd;/ ghLfpw bgz;/ ngRk;, fpsp nkw;fz;l bjhlh;fspy; cs;s ‘te;j/ ghLfpw, ngRk;’ vd;Dk; brhw;fs; vr;rtpid vd mwpayhk;. ,r;brhw;fs; “khztd;/ bgz;/ fpsp; vd;Dk; bgah;r; brhw;fisj; jGtp epd;W bghUs; Koitj; jUtjhdy; mJ bgabur;rk; bgabur;rk; bgabur;rk; bgabur;rk; vdg;gLk;. ,g;bgabur;rj; bjhlh;fs; braiya[k; fhyj;ija[k; bjspthf czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdnt bjhpepiyg; bgabur;rk;bjhpepiyg; bgabur;rk;bjhpepiyg; bgabur;rk;bjhpepiyg; bgabur;rk; vdg;gLk;.

bghpa tPL/ g[jpய rl;il/ mHfpa FHe;ij ,j;bjhlh;fspy; bghpa/ g[jpa / mHfpa vd;Dk; brhw;fs; vr;rtpidr; brhw;fs; ,it ‘tPL/ rl;il/ FHe;ij vd;Dk; bgah;r; brhw;fisr; rhh;e;jJ.te;J bghUs; Koitj; jUfpd;wd. Mdhy; bghpa g[jpa/ mHfpa Mfpait fhyj;ijj; bjspthff; fhl;ltpy;iy. ,t;htW fhyj;ij btspg;gilahff; fhl;lhL. gz;g[ moahfg; gpwe;j bgabur;rk; Fwpg;g[ Fwpg;g[ Fwpg;g[ Fwpg;g[ bgabur;rk;bgabur;rk;bgabur;rk;bgabur;rk; vdg;gLk;.



tpidbar;rk;:tpidbar;rk;:tpidbar;rk;:tpidbar;rk;: te;J ghh;/ tu vGJfpwhd;/ te;jhy; kfpH;ntd;. nkw;fz;l bjhlh;fspy; cs;s te;J tu te;jhy; vd;Dk; brhw;fs; vr;rtpidfns ,it ghh;/ vGJfpwhd;/ kfpH;thd; vd;Dk; tpid Kw;Wfisj; jGtp epd;W bghUs; Koitj; jUfpd;wd. tpidbar;r tha;ghLfs; :tpidbar;r tha;ghLfs; :tpidbar;r tha;ghLfs; :tpidbar;r tha;ghLfs; : ,we;jfhyk; ,we;jfhyk; ,we;jfhyk; ,we;jfhyk; : ele;J te;jhd; - bra;J cz;Qg[ te;jhd; - bra;g[ bga;ahf; bfLf;Fk; - bra;ah fhQr; brd;whd; - bra;af grpj;bjd cz;lhd; - bra;bjd epfH;fhy tpidbar;r tha;g;ghLepfH;fhy tpidbar;r tha;g;ghLepfH;fhy tpidbar;r tha;g;ghLepfH;fhy tpidbar;r tha;g;ghL bra -vd;gJ kiH bga;ag; gaph; tsh;f;fpd;wJ - epfH;fhyk; cz;zr; bry;thd; - vjph;fhyk; vjph;fhy tpidbar;rk;vjph;fhy tpidbar;rk;vjph;fhy tpidbar;rk;vjph;fhy tpidbar;rk; brapd; - bra;apa/ bra;apah;/ thd;/ ghd;/ ghf;F czpd; - cz;zpa fhzpah;/ bfhy;thd; - miyahd; - tpidbar;rk; :tpidbar;rk; :tpidbar;rk; :tpidbar;rk; : vr;rtpid kw;bwhU tpidia jGtp epd;W bghUs; jUkhdhy; mJ tpidbar;rk; tpidbar;rk; tpidbar;rk; tpidbar;rk; vdg;gLk;. ,t;tpidbar;rr; brhw;fs; braiya[k; fhyj;ija[k; bjspthf czh;j;Jtjhy; bjhpepiy jhpepiy jhpepiy jhpepiy tpidbar;rk; tpidbar;rk; tpidbar;rk; tpidbar;rk; vdg;gLk;.

bghUs; ,d;wp thodhd; cz;ik my;yhky; Twhd;

,j;bjhlhpYs;s ,d;wp/ my;yhky; vd;Dk; vr;r tpidfs; thodhd; Twpdhd; vd;Dk; tpidKw;Wfisj; jGtp epw;gjhy; tpidbar;rkhFk;.

,it fhyj;ij btspg;gilahf czh;j;jtpy;iy. ,t;thW fhyj;ij btspg;gilahf

czh;j;தாம� gz;gpd; mog;gilapy; gpwe;j

tpidbar;rk; Fwptpidbar;rk; Fwptpidbar;rk; Fwptpidbar;rk; Fwp+, tpidbar;rk;tpidbar;rk;tpidbar;rk;tpidbar;rk; vdg;gLk;. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy;,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy;,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy;,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy; ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s brhy;ypw;F rhpahd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;ig njh;bjLf;FkhW mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f fPH;f;fz;l ,yf;fz';fis bjhpe;J bfhz;lhy; jhd; xU brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ mwpa Koa[k;. tpidKw;W :tpidKw;W :tpidKw;W :tpidKw;W :

xU bghUs; bra;j bjhHpiyf; Fwpj;J te;த Kw;Wg;bgw;w brhy; tpidKtpidKtpidKtpidKw;Ww;Ww;Ww;W vdg;gLk;. mJ jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk;/ fhl;Lk;/ fhyk; fhl;Lk; gadpiyahf tUk;/ ntw;Wik cUig Vw;fhJ.

goj;j khztd; = bgabur;rk;

goj;Jr; brd;whd; = tpidbar;rk;

khztd; goj;jhd; = tpidKw;W

nkny fhQk; brhw;fspy; goj;J/ goj;j vd;gtw;wpy; bray;Koe;J tpltpy;iy. Mjyhy; mit vr;r';fs; vdg;gLk;.; Mdhy; mjd; gpd; cs;s goj;jhd; vd;Dk; brhy;ypy; bray; Kot[ bgw;wpUg;gjhy; mJ tpid Kw;Wtpid Kw;Wtpid Kw;Wtpid Kw;W vdg;gLk;. tiffs; tiffs; tiffs; tiffs;

1.1.1.1. bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :bjhpepiy tpidKw;W : bra;gtd;/ fUtp/ epyk;/ bray;/ fhyk; bra;bghUs; vd;Dk; Mwpida[k; btspg;gilahfj; bjhptpf;Fk; tpidKw;W bjhpepiy tpidKw;W bjhpepiy tpidKw;W bjhpepiy tpidKw;W bjhpepiy tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. v.fh : bry;tk; ghlk; vGjpdhd;

bghUs;/ ,lk;/ fhyk;/ rpid/ Fzk;,ெதாழி� ; vd;Dk; 6 tifg;gl;l bgah;r;brhw;fisr; rhh;e;J tUk;.

ntyd; bea;fpwhd; bghUl;bgah; rhh;e;j bjhpepiy tpidKw;W

mu';fk; epiwe;jJ ,lg;bgaiur; rhh;e;j bjhpepiy tpidKw;W

fhiy mUk;gpaJ fhyg;bgaiur; rhh;e;j bjhpepiy tpidKw;W

bts;is moj;jhd; gz;g[g; bgaiur; rhh;e;j bjhpepiy tpidKw;W

Ml;lk; Koe;jJ bjhHpw;bgaiur; rhh;e;j bjhpepiy tpidKw;W

fUtp/ bra;bghUs; vd xd;wpuz;L FiwapYk; mJt[k;bjhpepiy tpid Kw;nwahFk;. bjhpepiy tpidKw;W : mKjh Xtpak; tiufpd;whs; 2.2.2.2. Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;WFwpg;g[ tpidKw;WFwpg;g[ tpidKw;WFwpg;g[ tpidKw;W bra;gtida[k;/ jpiz ghy;fisa[k; btspg;gilahff; fhl;of; fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;Jk; tpidKw;W Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,t;tpidKw;W bghUs;/ ,lk; fhyk; Kjyhd Mwd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;. v.fh :- FiHapds;/ bghd;dpdd;- bghUs;; Cud;/ g[wj;jpdd; - ,lk; Mjpiuahd; - fhyk; br';fz;zd; - rpid ey;yd;/fhpad; - Fzk; ,d;brhy;yd; - bjhHpy; fhh;nkfk; bry;td; - bghUl;bgah; brHpad; (kJiuahd;) - ,lk; ,uhkd; etkpahd; - fhyg;bgah; nrhHd; br';fz;zd; - rpidg;bgah; jiyth; vspah; - Fzg;bgah; jhkiu bkd; eilahs; - bjhHpw;bgah; ;



3.3.3.3. cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W :cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W :cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W :cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W : bray; epfH;itf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidKw;W cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. v.fh. Jwg;ghh;/ nrh;kpd;.

4. vjph;kiw tpidKw;Wvjph;kiw tpidKw;Wvjph;kiw tpidKw;Wvjph;kiw tpidKw;W bray; epfHhikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidKw;W v.fh. Jwthh;/ tpUk;ghd;/ thHhjth;

5. Vty; tpidKw;W :Vty; tpidKw;W :Vty; tpidKw;W :Vty; tpidKw;W : Kd;dpiy ,lj;jpy; fl;lisg; bghUspy; vjph;fhyk; fhl;o tUk; tpidKw;W Vty; tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,J xUik/ gd;ik czh;j;Jk;. v.fh. : thuha;/ ghhPh; Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;Wfs ;,h;/ <h;/ kpd;/ ck; vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg; bgWk;. v.fh : fhzPh; - Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W tUjp/ bry;tha; - Vty; xUik tUtPh;/ tUkpd;/ thUk; - Vty; gd;ik 6. tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;Wtpa';nfhs; tpidKw;Wtpa';nfhs; tpidKw;Wtpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W : f/ ,a/ ,ah; ntz;ly;/ tpjpj;jy;/ thH;j;Jjy;/ itjy; Kjypa bghUl;fspy; _tpl';fspYk; Ik;ghy;fspYk; tUk; tpidKw;W tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,J xUikf;Fk;/ gd;ikf;Fk; bghJthf tUk;. f/ ,a/ ,ah; vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg; bgWk;. v.fh. : thH;f/ thHpa/ thHpah; Vty; tpidKw;WVty; tpidKw;WVty; tpidKw;WVty; tpidKw;W tpa';nfhy; tpidKw;Wtpa';nfhy; tpidKw;Wtpa';nfhy; tpidKw;Wtpa';nfhy; tpidKw;W

1.fl;lisg; bghUspy; tUk;

thH;j;Jjy;/ itjy;/ ntz;ly;/ tpjpj;jy; bghUspy; tUk;

2.Kd;dpiy ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk;

_d;W ,l';fspy; tUk;.

3. xUik/ gd;ik cz;L

xUik/ gd;ik vd;;w gFg;g[ ,y;iy.

bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :bjhpepiy tpidKw;W :bjhpepiy tpidKw;W : kyh;e;jd/ miyf;fpd;whh;/ cz;ghd;/ ghLfpd;whh;/ bra;jhd;/ mwpe;jPh; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W :Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W :Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W :Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W : ed;W/ jPJ/ cilahh;/ fhad; cld;ghl;L tpidKw;Wcld;ghl;L tpidKw;Wcld;ghl;L tpidKw;Wcld;ghl;L tpidKw;W vjph;kiw tpidKw;Wvjph;kiw tpidKw;Wvjph;kiw tpidKw;Wvjph;kiw tpidKw;W thH;thh; - thHhjhh; bra;jhh; - bra;ahh; ehQthh; - ehzhh; Jwg;ghh; - Jwthh; bfhiy jPJ - FWg;g[ tpidKw;W nrh;kpd; - Vty; tpidKw;W brhy;thh; - cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W

fhzhh; - vjph;kiw tpidKw;W thH;f -tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W bjhHpw;bgah; :bjhHpw;bgah; :bjhHpw;bgah; :bjhHpw;bgah; : xU bjhHpiyczh;j;Jk; bgah;. bjhHpy;

vd;gJ <z;L/ xU bghUspd;

g[ilbgah;r;rpiaf; �றிf;Fk;. ,it brhw;fள4y; jy;/ my;/ mk;/I/ if/F/g[/ c/ jp/rp/tp/ cs; Mfpa tpFjpfis (filrp vGj;Jf;fis bfhz;oUf;Fk;)

bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;

1. elj;jy; - jy; 2. ghly;/ Mly; - my; 3. Ml;lk;/ tl;lk; - mk; 4. bfhiy - I 5. bjhGif/ braw;if - I 6. ghh;it - it 7. elg;g[ - g[ 8. tut[ - t[/ c 9. kwjp - jp 10. tsh;r;rp/ czh;r;rp - rp 11. cjtp/ g[ytp - tp 12. flt[s;/ tpf;Fs; - cs; 13. rhf;fhL - fhL 14. nfhl;ghL - ghL 15. njhw;wut[ - mut[ 16. thuhid - Miz 17. bfhy;yhik/ elthik- ik 18. gha;e;J - J 19. nghf;F - F 20. jhHhy; - My; v.fh. ghh;j;jy;/ eP';fy;/ miwjy;/ nehw;wy;/ ehl;ly;/ eypjy;/ fhl;rp/ thH;f;if/ nrh;f;if/ ,d;brhy;/ ,wf;Fkjp/ bfhiy/ Mw;wy;/

kwjp/tut[, elg;g[. Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; :Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; :Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; :Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; : bjhHpw;bgahpd; tpFjp ,y;yhky; gFjp kl;Lk; tUtJ Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; MFk;. bjhHpw;bgah; Kjdpiyj;bjhHpw;bgah; RLjy; - RL bfLjy; - bfL gpoj;jy; - gpo tpHpj;jy; - tpHp Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;



bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;; tpFjp bfl;L gFjp jphpe;J tUtJ Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;; MFk;. bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah; KjdpiyKjdpiyKjdpiyKjdpiy

bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah; Kjdpiy Kjdpiy Kjdpiy Kjdpiy jphpe;jjphpe;jjphpe;jjphpe;j

bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah; gLjy; gL ghL

bgWjy; bgW ngW

tpLjy; tpL tPL

RLjy; RL NL

bfLjy; bfL nfL

tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :

xU tpidKw;W bgahpd; jd;ik mile;J ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Wk; Vw;fhkYk; ntbwhU gadpiyiar; bfhz;L KotJ tpidahyiza[k; bgah; vdg;gLk;.

mJ jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;fif vd;Dk;

_d;W ,l';fspy; _d;W fhy';fspYk; czh;j;jp tUk; (tpidKw;W tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpidbar;rg; bghUSf;Fg; bgauha; tUtJ tpidahyiza[k; bgah;) v.fh.v.fh.v.fh.v.fh. mfH;thiu/ ,fH;thiu jd;ik jd;ik jd;ik jd;ik ---- ghondid (ghoa vd;id) cz;nlid cz;fpd;nwid/ cz;nlid Kd;dpiy Kd;dpiy Kd;dpiy Kd;dpiy ---- ghLfpd;whia (ghLfpd;w cd;id)te;jhia/ tUthia/ tUfpd;whia

glh;f;if glh;f;if glh;f;if glh;f;if ---- ghLthid (ghLgtid) ele;jhid/ elg;ghid/ elf;fpd;whid

bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah; tpidahyiza[k; tpidahyiza[k; tpidahyiza[k; tpidahyiza[k; bgah;bgah;bgah;bgah;

1. bjhHpiy kl;Lk; czh;j;Jk;

1. bjhHpiya[k;/ bjhHpy; bra;a[k; bghUisa[k; czh;j;Jk;

2. glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk;

2. _d;W ,l';fspy; tUk;

3. bgUk;ghYk; fhyk; fhl;lhJ

3. fhyk; fhl;Lk;

bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah; tpidahyiza[k; bgah;tpidahyiza[k; bgah;tpidahyiza[k; bgah;tpidahyiza[k; bgah;

eoj;jy; eoj;jtd; vGJjy; vGjpdtd; cz;ly; cz;ltd; goj;jy; goj;jtd; nehd;g[ nehw;ghh; nrh;jy; nrh;e;jhh; thH;jy; thH;thh;

bghWj;j� bghWj;jhh;



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மி*[வ எ�லா� ெபா* அ�ல

ெபய��ெசா�லி5 வைக அறித�:

bgah;r;brhy;.bgah;r;brhy;.bgah;r;brhy;.bgah;r;brhy;.

xd;wpd; bgaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; brhy; bgah;r;brhy; vdg;gLk;. mJ bghUs;/ ,lk;/

fhyk; / சிைன / Fzk;/ bjhHpy; vd;Dk Mwpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.

bghUl;bgah; :bghUl;bgah; :bghUl;bgah; :bghUl;bgah; : KUfd;/ ahid/ fpsp/ ehw;fhyp/

kfs;/ kuk;/ g[j;jfk;/ ge;J ,it caph; cs;s caph; ,y;yhj bghUl;fis Fwpg;gjhy; bghUl;bgah; vdg;gLk;.

,lg;bgah; :,lg;bgah; :,lg;bgah; :,lg;bgah; : Fsk;/ nfhtpy;/ tPjp/ kJiu/ brd;id/

tPL/ gs;sp/ ,it Xh; ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; ,lg;bgah; vdg;gLk;.

fhyg;bgah; :fhyg;bgah; :fhyg;bgah; :fhyg;bgah; : jp';fs; nfhilf;fhyk;/ "hapw;Wf;fpHik/

Mz;L/ khh;fHp/ g[jd;/ fhiy/ khiy ,it fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; fhyg; bgah; vdg;gLk;.

rpidg;bgah; :rpidg;bgah; :rpidg;bgah; :rpidg;bgah; : jiy/ fha;/ fz;/ if/ ,iy/ g{

,it cWg;gigf; Fwpg;gjhy; rpidg;bgah; vdg;gLk; (rpid - cWg;g[)

gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah; gz;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk; bgah; gz;g[g; bgah;

vdg;gLk;. , gz;g[/ epwk;/ totk;/ mst[ Rit ,tw;wpd; tHpahfj; njhd;Wk;.

gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah; tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs; ed;ik - ik bjhy;iy - I khl;rp - rp khz;g[ - g[ kHt[ - c ed;F - F ed;wp - wp ed;W - W eyk; - mk; ed;dh; -

mh; (m) eh; (ik - tpFjp bgUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;) (v.fh) brk;ikf;nfhy;/ _nte;jh;/ Kk;khhp/

rJutay;/ fU';fy;/ tl;lf;fpzW/ nfhgk;/ frg;g[/ Jth;g;g[/ Kf;nfhzk;/ rJuk;/ Fl;il/ brt;tfk;/ cauk;/ cUz;il/ brk;ik/ tl;lepyh/ ePs;efh;/ Kf;fzk;/ mfyk;/ g[spg;g[.



bjhHpw;bgah; :bjhHpw;bgah; :bjhHpw;bgah; :bjhHpw;bgah; : xU bjhHpiyczh;j;Jk; bgah;. bjhHpy;

vd;gJ <z;L/ xU bghUspd;

g[ilbgah;r;rpiaf; �றிf;Fk;. ,it brhw;fsy; jy;/ my;/ mk;/I/ if/F/g[/ c/ jp/rp/tp/ cs; Mfpa tpFjpfis (filrp vGj;Jf;fis bfhz;oUf;Fk;)

bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs; 1. elj;jy; - jy; 2. ghly;/ Mly; - my; 3. Ml;lk;/ tl;lk; - mk; 4. bfhiy - I 5. bjhGif/ braw;if - I 6. ghh;it - it 7. elg;g[ - g[ 8. tut[ - t[/ c 9. kwjp - jp 10. tsh;r;rp/ czh;r;rp - rp 11. cjtp/ g[ytp - tp 12. flt[s;/ tpf;Fs; - cs; 13. rhf;fhL - fhL 14. nfhl;ghL - ghL 15. njhw;wut[ - mut[ 16. thuhid - Miz 17. bfhy;yhik/ elthik- ik 18. gha;e;J - J 19. nghf;F - F 20. jhHhy; - My; v.fh. ghh;j;jy;/ eP';fy;/ miwjy;/ nehw;wy;/ ehl;ly;/ thH:f;if/ eypjy;/ fhl;rp/ thH;f;if/ nrh;f;if/ ,d;brhy;/ ,wf;Fkjp/ bfhiy/ Mw;wy;/ kwjp/ tut[ elg;g[. Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; :Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; :Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; :Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; : bjhHpw;bgahpd; tpFjp ,y;yhky; gFjp kl;Lk; tUtJ Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah; MFk;. bjhHpw;bgah; - Kjdpiyj;bjhHpw;bgah; RLjy; - RL bfLjy; - bfL gpoj;jy; - gpo tpHpj;jy; - tpHp Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; bjhHw;bgahpd; tpFjp bfl;L gFjp jphpe;J tUtJ Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHPw;bgah; MFk;.

bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah; KjdpiyKjdpiyKjdpiyKjdpiy bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;

Kjdpiy Kjdpiy Kjdpiy Kjdpiy jphpe;jjphpe;jjphpe;jjphpe;j

bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah; gLjy; gL ghL

bgWjy; bgW ngW

tpLjy; tpL tPL

RLjy; RL NL

bfLjy; bfL nfL

tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :tpidahyiza[k; bgah; :

xU tpidKw;W bgahpd; jd;ik mile;J ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Wk; Vw;fhkYk; ntbwhU gadpiyiar; bfhz;L KotJ tpidahyiza[k; bgah; vdg;gLk;.

mJ jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;fif vd;Dk;

_d;W ,l';fspy; _d;W fhy';fspYk; czh;j;jp tUk; (tpid Kw;W tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpidbar;rk; bghUSf;Fg; bgauha; tUtJ tpidahyiza[k; bgah;) v.fh.v.fh.v.fh.v.fh. mfH;thiu/ ,fH;tiu jd;ik jd;ik jd;ik jd;ik ---- ghondid (ghoa vd;id) cz;nlid cz;fpd;nwid/ cz;nlid Kd;dpiy Kd;dpiy Kd;dpiy Kd;dpiy ---- ghLfpd;whia (ghLfpd;w cd;id)te;jhiaia/ tUtiaa/ tUfpd;whia glh;f;if glh;f;if glh;f;if glh;f;if ---- ghLthid (ghLgtid) ele;jhid/ elg;ghid/ elf;fpd;whid

bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah;bjhHpw;bgah; tpidahyiza[k; tpidahyiza[k; tpidahyiza[k; tpidahyiza[k; bgah;bgah;bgah;bgah;

1. bjhHpiy kl;Lk; czh;j;Jk;

1. bjhHpiya[k;/ bjhHpy; bra;a bghUisa[k; czh;j;Jk;

2. glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk;

2. _d;W ,l';fspy; tUk;

3. bgUk;ghYk; fhyk; fhl;lhJ

3. fhyk; fhl;Lk;

BBBBjhHpw;bgah;jhHpw;bgah;jhHpw;bgah;jhHpw;bgah; tpidahyiza[k; bgah;tpidahyiza[k; bgah;tpidahyiza[k; bgah;tpidahyiza[k; bgah; eoj;jy; eoj;jtd; vGJjy; vGjpdtd; cz;ly; cz;ltd; goj;jy; goj;jtd;



nehd;g[ nehw;ghh; nrh;jy; nrh;e;jhh; thH;jy; thH;thh;

bghWj;j� bghWj;jhh; bghJg; bgah; bghJg; bgah; bghJg; bgah; bghJg; bgah; (jhd;/ jhk;/ vy;yhk;) (jhd;/ jhk;/ vy;yhk;) (jhd;/ jhk;/ vy;yhk;) (jhd;/ jhk;/ vy;yhk;) :::: jhd; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; ,Ujpid/ _tpl';fspYk; xUik czh;j;jp tUk;. jhk;/ vy;yhk; vd;Dk; bghJg; bgah;fs; ,Ujpid _tpl';fspYk; gz;ik czh;j;jptUk; ehd; jhd; ngrpndd; jhd; eP jhd; miHj;jha; jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy mtd; jhd; moj;jhd; glh;f;if Mfpa 3 ,l';fs; kapy; jhd; MoaJ ,UjpizapYk; bghJthf bry;td; jhd; vGjpdhd; xUikapy; te;jJ Fapy; jhd; TtpaJ ehk; jhk; Twpndhk; ehk; vy;yhk; Twpndd;

ePtph; jhk; ghh;j;jPh;, ; brd;wPh; kf;fs; jhk; nghuhodh; Fjpiufs; vy;yhk; Xod (jhk;/ vy;yhk; vd;gd ,Ujpid _tpl';fspYk; gd;ik czh;j;jpd). ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Fk;nghJ jphpa[k; bgah;fs; : ,yf;fzk;: ntw;Wik cUg[fnshL nrUk;bghGJ. 1. ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ik xUikg; bgah; vd; vd;W jphpa[k;. 2. ehk; vd;Dk; jd;ik gd;ikg; bgah; vk;/ ek; vd;W jphpa[k; 3. eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; xUikg; bgah; epd;/ cd; vd;W jphpa[k;. 4. eph;/ vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; bgah;/ Ek;/ ck; vd;Wk; jphpa[k;. 5. jhd; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; jd; vd;W jphpa[k;. 6. jhk; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; jk; vd;W jphpa[k;. v.fh. :v.fh. :v.fh. :v.fh. : ehd; +I - vd;id ehk; + I - ek;ik/ vk;ik eP +I - cd;id/ epd;id

ePh; + I - ck;ik/ Ek;ik jhd; + I - jd;id jhk; + I - jk;ik ehd; +My; - vd;dhy; ehk; +F - ekf;F jd;ikg; bgah; :jd;ikg; bgah; :jd;ikg; bgah; :jd;ikg; bgah; :

ngRnthiua[k; mtd; rhh;e;njhiua[k; Fwpf;Fk; jd;ikg; bgah;. ahd; vd;gJ vd; vd;Wk; ahk; vd;gJ vk; vd;Wk; ehk; vd;gJ ek; vd;Wk; jphpe;j ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;Fk;.

ntw;Wikntw;Wikntw;Wikntw;Wikg; bgah;g; bgah;g; bgah;g; bgah;

2222 IIII

3333 My;My;My;My;/ XL/ XL/ XL/ XL

4444 FFFF

5555 ,,,,d;d;d;d;

6666 mmmmJJJJ

7777 ffffz;z;z;z;

ahd

;

vd;id

vd;;ndhL vd;dhy

; vk;bkhL vk;khy

;

vdf;F

vd;dpd;

vdJ

vd;dplk;

ehd;/ ahd; - jd;ik bgah; eh';fs;/ ahf';fs; -jd;ik gd;ik bgah; 10.10.10.10. Kd;dpiy bgah; :Kd;dpiy bgah; :Kd;dpiy bgah; :Kd;dpiy bgah; :

ngRnthhpd; brhy;iya[k; Kd;dpd;W nfl;nghiua[k; mtd; rhh;e;njhiua[k; czh;j;jp tUk; bgah; Kd;dpiyg; bgah;.

eP - Kd;dpiy xUikg;bgah; eP';fs;/ ePah;/ vy;yh;/ ePtph; Kd;dpiyg; gz;ikg; bgah;fs; eP vd;gJ epd; vd;Wk; ePh; vd;gJ Ek; vd;Wk; eP';fs; vd;gJ E'fs; vd;Wk; jphpe;J ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;Fk;.



ntw;Wikg; bgah;

2 3 4 5 6 7

eP

epd;id

epd;bdhL

epd;dhy

; epidf;F

epd;dpd;

epdJ

epd;dplk;

eP

cd;id

cd;bdhL

cd;dhy

; cdf;F

cd;dpd;

cdJ

cd;dplk;

ePh;

Ek;ik

Ek;bkhL

Ek;khy

;

Ekf;F

Ek;kpd;

EkJ

Ek;kplk;

glh;f;if bgah; :glh;f;if bgah; :glh;f;if bgah; :glh;f;if bgah; : jd;ik/ Kd;diy xHpe;j bgah;fs; vy;yhk; glh;f;ifg; bgah;fs;. ,Jt[k; xUik gd;id vd 2 tifg;gLk;. uhrd; ,y;yk; - glh;f;if xUikg; bgah; gRf;fs;/ kdpjh;fs; - glh;f;ifg; gd;ikg; bgah; jhd; vd;gJ jd; vd;Wk; jhk; vd;gJ jk; vd;Wk; jphpe;J ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;Fk;.

ntw;Wikg; ntw;Wikg; ntw;Wikg; ntw;Wikg; bgah;bgah;bgah;bgah;

2222 3333 4444 5555 6666 7777

jhd;

jd;id

jdf;F

jd;dpd;

jdJ

jd;dplk;

jd;dhy

;

jhk;

jk;ik

jk;bkhL

jkf;F

jk;kpd;

jkJ

jk;kplk;

bgah;r;brhy; : bgah;r;brhy; : bgah;r;brhy; : bgah;r;brhy; : ,jpy; ,uz;L bgah;fs; cz;L. ,jid ,L;Fwpg;bgah; kw;Wk; fhuzg;bgah; vd;gh;. ,LFwpg;bgah; :,LFwpg;bgah; :,LFwpg;bgah; :,LFwpg;bgah; : ,LFwpg;bgah; vd;gJ fhuzkpd;wp Kd;ndhh; tH';fpa bgah;. ,jid ,LFwpg;bghJg;bgah; kw;Wk; ,LFwp rpwg;g[ ,LFwp rpwg;g[ ,LFwp rpwg;g[ ,LFwp rpwg;g[ bgah;bgah;bgah;bgah; vd;gth;. ,LFwpg; bghJg; bgah; : Kd;ndhh; fhuzkpd;wp tH';fpa bgah;.

(v.fh.) kz;/ kiy/ kL/ f�.

,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah;. kz;zpy;/ brk;kd;/ tz;ly;/ fspkz; vd tifg;gLk; ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah; vd;gh;. kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; :kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; :kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; :kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; : bjd;id kuk; mtw;wpy; rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. xU tif kuj;jpw;F kl;Lnk itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah; vd;gh;. (v.fh) bjd;id/ tapW/ gy;/ fhy;/ if fhuzg; bgah; :fhuzg; bgah; :fhuzg; bgah; :fhuzg; bgah; : xU bghUSf;F bgah; itf;f rpwg;ghd fhuzk; ,Ue;jhy; mjid fhuzg; bgah; vd;gh;. (v.fh) gwit gwf;fpd;w fhuzj;jhy; mJ gwit vd;W bgah;. fhuzg; bghJg; bgah; fhuzg; bghJg; bgah; fhuzg; bghJg; bgah; fhuzg; bghJg; bgah; : fhfk;/ Fapy;/ ehw;fhyp.

fhuz rpwg;g[g; bgah; :fhuz rpwg;g[g; bgah; :fhuz rpwg;g[g; bgah; :fhuz rpwg;g[g; bgah; : வைளய�; vd;gJ rpwg;ghd xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLk; (tisak; vd;gJ bghJthdJ) tisay; vd;gJ fhuzr; rpwg;g[ bgaUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L. கிைள+ெபய�: உற�கைள� ப�றி �றி�ப�8வ கிைள�ெபய�. அ�ண*,அ�ண�,த9ைகேபா*ற உற�கள4ைன�

�றி�ப�8வன. 67+ெபய�:இன� சாதி ப�றி� �றி�ப�8வன �'ெபய�என�ப8�..�றவ*,ஆய*,மறவ*,உழவ*,அ(தண*,வண�க*,ேவளாள*.

MFbgah;MFbgah;MFbgah;MFbgah;

xd;wd; ,aw;bgah; mjid czh;j;jhky; mjndhL bjhlh;g[ila kw;bwhU bghUSf;F bjhd;W bjhl;L bgauhf tUtJ MFbgah; vdg;gLk;. ‘ghhpKidf;F vjpy; te;jha;?’ vd;W nfl;lhy;/ 66y; te;njd; vd;W brhd;dhy;/ me;j 66 vd;gJ vz;iz Fwpf;fhJ. me;j vz;iz cila ngUe;ij Fwpf;Fk;. ,Jnt MFbgauhFk;. ,J bghUs;/ fhyk;/ ,lk;/ rpid/ fUtp/ gz;g[/ bjhHpy; fUj;jh/ fhhpak;/ ctif vd gytifg;gLk;. bts;isr; rl;il mzpe;jhd; tPl;ow;F bts;is moj;jdh;. Kjy; bjhlhpYs;s ‘bts;is’ vd;Dk; brhy; epwj;ijf; Fwpj;j gz;g[g; bgauhFk;. mLj;j



bjhlhpYs; ‘bts;is’ vd;Dk; brhy; bts;si epwj;jpy; mike;j Rz;zhk;g[ ePiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW bjhd;Wbjhl;L xd;wpw;F tH';fpte;j ,LFwpg;bgah; mjid czh;j;jhky; mjndhL bjhlh;g[ila ntbwhU bghUSf;F MfptUkhapd;/ mJ ‘MFbgah;’ vdg;gLk;. bghUshFbgah;bghUshFbgah;bghUshFbgah;bghUshFbgah; Kjw; bghUspd; bgah; me;j bghUspd; rpidf;F Mfp te;jhy; mJ bghUshF bgah; vdg;gLk;.

jhkiu fz;zh!

vd;W miHj;jhy; ,jpy; jhkiu vd;gJ g{itf; Fwpf;fk;. rhjhuzkhf jhkiu vd;w brhy; jhkiuapd; ,iy/ jz;L/ g{/ nth; ,tw;iw nrhj;Jj;jhd; Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,';F jhkiuf; fz;zd; vd;gJ jhkiu g{itg; nghd;w fz;fis cilatd; vd;W g{it czh;j;jpajhy; ,J bghUshF bgauhapw;W. ,e;j bghUshF bgaUf;F ntW bgah; ‘KjyhFbgah;’ vd;gjhFk;. g{rdpr; rhk;ghh; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. “g{rdp” vd;Dk; brhy; nth;/ bfho/ ,iy/ g{/ gp";R/ fha; Mfpatw;Wld; mike;j g{rdpr; broahfpa KGg; bghUisf; Fwpg;ghFk;. Mdhy;/ ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘rhk;ghh; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ’ vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy; ‘g{rdp’ vd;Dk; brhy; KGg; bghUisf; Fwpf;fhJ. mjd; Xh; cWg;ghfpa g{rdpf;fha; czh;j;JfpwJ. ,t;thW xU KGg; bghUspd; bgah;/ mjidr; Rl;lhJ/ mjd; cWg;g[f;F Mfp tUtJ ‘bghUshF bgah;’ vdg;gLk;. ,jid ‘KjyhF KjyhF KjyhF KjyhF bgah;’ bgah;’ bgah;’ bgah;’ vdt[k; TWth;. (v.fh) ky;ypif Nodhs;. ,lthF bgah;:,lthF bgah;:,lthF bgah;:,lthF bgah;: Xh; ,lj;jpd; bgah; me;j ,lj;jpy; cs;s bghUSf;F bgauhfp tUtJ ,lthF bgauhFk;. (v-fh) jkpHfk; btd;wJ. cyfk; tpHpj;jJ. Ch; ToaJ. Ch; rphpj;jJ/ itak; vGe;jJ. fh";rpg[uk; vd;d tpiy? ‘fh";rpg[uk;’ vd;gJ ,lg;bgauhFk;. Mdhy;/ ,j;bjhlhpYs;s Fwpg;g[r; brhw;fshy;/ ‘fh";rpg[uk;’ vd;Dk; ,lg;bgah;/ me;j ,lj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky; mt;tplj;jpy; bea;bjLf;fg;gLk; gl;lhiliaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW Xh; ,lj;jpd; bgah; me;j ,lj;njhL

bjhlh;g[ila ntW bghUSf;F MfptUtJ ‘,lthFbgah;’ vdg;gLk;. fhythF bgah;:fhythF bgah;:fhythF bgah;:fhythF bgah;: xU fhyj;jpd; bgah; me;jf; fhyj;njhL bjhlh;g[ila bghUSf;F bgauhfp tUtJ fhythF bgah; vdg;gLk;. (v-fh) fhh; mWtilahapw;W ork;gh; R{odhs;. nfhil ed;whf tpise;Js;sJ. ‘nfhil’ vd;gJ fhyg; bgauhFk;. Mdhy;/ ,j;bjhlhpYs; ‘tpise;Js;sJ’ vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy;/ nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; tpisa[k; bey;iyf; (nfhil bey;) Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW fhyg;bgah; mf;fhyj;njhL bjhlh;g[ila ntbwhU bghUSf;fhfp tUtJ ‘fhythF bgah;’ vdg;gLk;. rpidahF bgah;:rpidahF bgah;:rpidahF bgah;:rpidahF bgah;: xU rpid bghUspd; bgah; mjd; Kjw; bghUSf;F bgauhfp tUtJ rpidahF bgah; vdg;gLk;. (v-fh) jiyf;F xU go bey; bfhL jiyf;F gj;J %gha; ntz;Lk;.

jiyf;F xU gH';bfhL. btw;wpiy el;lhd; ‘jiy’ vd;gJ kdpjdpd; Xh; cWg;ghFk;.

Mdhy;/ ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘jiy’ vd;gij mLj;Js;s Fwpg;g[r; brhw;fshy; xU kdpjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW xU rpidapd; (cWg;gpd;) bgah; mijg; bgw;Ws; Kjw; bghUisf; Fwpg;gJ ‘rpidahF bgah;’ vdg;gLk;. rpidapd; bgah; Kjw;bghUSf;F MfptUtJ rpidahF bgah;. Kjw; bghUspd; bgah; mjd; rpidf;F (cWg;g[f;F) Mfp tUtJ bghUshF bgah; vd;Dk; ntWghl;il mwpf.

gz;ghF bgah;:gz;ghF bgah;:gz;ghF bgah;:gz;ghF bgah;: xU gz;gpd; bgah; mg;gz;g[ila gz;g[f;Fg; (bghUSf;F) bgauhfp tUtJ gz;ghF bgah; MFk;. ,J FzthF bgah; vd;Wk; tH';fg; bgWk;. ,dpg;g[ cz;lhd;/ fhuk; btWj;jhd; ,dpg;g[/ fhuk; vd;Dk; gz;g[g; bgah;fs; mr;Ritiaf; bfhz;l bghUSf;F MfptUk;. brtiyia tz;oapy; g{l;L. ‘brtiy’ vd;gJ rptg;g[ epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gz;g[g; bgauhFk;. ‘tz;oapy; g{l;L’ vd;Dk; Fwpg;g[r;



brhw;fshy;/ ‘brtiy’ vd;gJ epwj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky;/ me;epwj;jpy; mike;j vUjpidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW xU gz;g[g; bgah;/ mg;gz;igf; bfhz;l bghUSf;F MfptUtJ/ ‘gz;ghF bgah;’ vdg;gLk;. bjhHpyhF bgah;:bjhHpyhF bgah;:bjhHpyhF bgah;:bjhHpyhF bgah;: xU bjhHpypd; bgah; mj;bjhHpiy cila bghUSf;F bgauhfp tUtJ bjhHpyhF bgah; vdg;gLk;. ‘KWf;F jpd;whd;’ vd;gjpy; KWf;Fjy; vd;gJ bjhHpiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy;/ mj;bjhHpypd; bgah; mj;bjhHpiyf; Fwpf;fhky; mj;bjhHpyhy; bra;ag;gl;l bghUisf; Fwpg;gjhy; ‘bjhHpyhFbgah;’ vdg;gLk;. (v-fh) KWf;Fj; jpd;whd;/ Rz;ly; rhg;gpl;lhd;/ bgh';fy; cz;lhd;. bghhpay; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. ‘bghhpay;’ vd;gJ bjhHpiyf; Fwpg;gjhy; bjhHpw;bgauhFk;. Mdhy;/ ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘Ritahf ,Ue;jJ/ vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy; bghhpj;bjLf;Fk; brayhy; cz;lhd czt[g; bghUisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW xU bjhHpypd; bgah; mj;bjhHpyhy; bgwg;gLk; bghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ ‘bjhHpyhF bgah;’ vdg;gLk;. brhy;yhF bgbrhy;yhF bgbrhy;yhF bgbrhy;yhF bgah;:ah;:ah;:ah;: xU brhy;ypd; bgah; mr;brhy;Yila bghUSf;Fg; bgauhfp tUtJ brhy;yhF bgauhFk;. ‘ehd; Kjy;tiug; ghh;j;njd;’ vd;gJ gs;spf; Tlkhf ,Ue;jhy; m';F cs;s jiyik Mrphpaiua[k;/ rl;lkd;wkhf ,Ue;jhy; m';Fs;s Kjy; ke;jphpiaa[k; Fwpf;Fk;. vdnt/ Kjy;th; vd;gJ me;j gjtpapid tfpf;fToa eghpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. vdnt/ Kjy;th; vd;gJ xU brhy;yhFk;. vdnt ,J brhy;yhF bgah; vdg;gLk;. jhdpathF bgah;:jhdpathF bgah;:jhdpathF bgah;:jhdpathF bgah;: fpuhk';fspy; fwpfha; tpw;gth;fis mf;fwpfha;fis itj;J Tg;gplhky; ‘mf;Tilia Tg;gpL’ vd;W Tg;gpLthh;fs;. vdnt/ xU ,lj;jpy; cs;s bghUspd; bgah;. mJ rhh;e;jpUf;fk; ,lj;jpw;F bgauhfp tUtJ jhdpathF bgauhFk;.

(v.fh.) fHy; gzpe;jhd; - ghiy ,wf;F ,lk; bghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ

,lthF bgah;, bghUs; ,lj;jpw;F MfptUtJ

jhdpaவhF bgah;. fUtpahF bgah;:fUtpahF bgah;:fUtpahF bgah;:fUtpahF bgah;: fUtp vd;gJ xU bghUs; bra;ag; gad;glf;Toa bghUs;/ gl;L vd;gJ E]y;. ,J Mil bea;tjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. ehk; ‘gl;L rl;il mzpe;njhk;’ vd;W brhy;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf ‘gl;L mzpe;njhk;’ vd;W brhy;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt fUtpahF bgauhFk;. xU fUtpapd; bgah; mf;fUtpahyhFk; bghUSf;Fk; (fhhpaj;Jf;F) bgauhfp te;jhy; ‘fUtpahF bgah;’ vd;W miHf;fg;gLk;. (v-fh) ehd; Fws; goj;njd;. fhhpathF bgah;:fhhpathF bgah;:fhhpathF bgah;:fhhpathF bgah;: xU fhhpaj;jpd; bgah; mjd; fhuzj;jpw;F bgauhfp tUtJ fhhpathF bgah; vdg;ggLk;. rikay; vd;gJ fhhpak;. Mdhy; ‘rikay; goj;njd;’ vd;W brhy;tJ rikaiyf; Fwpf;fhky; g[j;jfj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. vdnt ,J ‘fhhpathF bgah;’ vdg;gLk;. fUj;jhthF bgah;:fUj;jhthF bgah;:fUj;jhthF bgah;:fUj;jhthF bgah;: ‘fUj;jh’ vd;why; ‘bra;jtd;’ vd;W bghUs;. fUj;jhitf; bfhz;L fUj;jh bra;j braiyf; Fwpj;jhy; mJ fUj;jhthF bgah;. (v-fh) ts;Stiu goj;njd;/ fk;gid fw;nwd;/ vd;W brhd;dhy; mth;fs; vGjpa E]y;fis Fwpf;Fk;. ctikahF bgctikahF bgctikahF bgctikahF bgah;:ah;:ah;:ah;: Xh; ctkhdk; mjdhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; ctnkaj;jpw;F Mfp tUtJ ctikahF bgah; vdg;gLk;. (v-fh) fhis te;jhd;/ ghit rphpj;jhs; ,';F fhis/ ghit vd;gd fhis nghd;w tPuDf;Fk;/ ghit nghd;w bghz;Qf;Fk; Mfp te;jpUf;fpwJ. fhis / ghit - ctik ,is"d;/ bgz; - bghUs; vzvzvzvz;zy; msit MFbgah; :;zy; msit MFbgah; :;zy; msit MFbgah; :;zy; msit MFbgah; : xd;W bgw;why; xspkak; xd;W vd;Dk; vz;Qg;bgah; mt;btz; Fwpf;fhky; FHe;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk; bgauhfp te;jJ. vLj;jy; msit MFg;bgah; :vLj;jy; msit MFg;bgah; :vLj;jy; msit MFg;bgah; :vLj;jy; msit MFg;bgah; : Ie;J fpnyh vd;d tpiy? ,';F fpnyh vd;Dk; vLj;jy; msitg; bgah;. mtsitf; Fwpf;fhky; mstst[ila



bghUSf;F (mhprp/ gUg;g[) Mfp te;jJ. vdnt ,~J vLj;jy; msit MFg; bgah;. Kfj;jy; msit MFg;bgah;Kfj;jy; msit MFg;bgah;Kfj;jy; msit MFg;bgah;Kfj;jy; msit MFg;bgah; ehd;F ypl;lh; njit. ,tw;Ws; ypl;lh; vd;Dk; Kfj;jy; msitg; bgah;/ msitf; Fwpf;fhky; mt;tst[ila bea;/ vz;bza; nghd;wtw;Wf;F Mfp te;jJ. ePl;ly; msit MFg;bgah;ePl;ly; msit MFg;bgah;ePl;ly; msit MFg;bgah;ePl;ly; msit MFg;bgah;

_d;W kPl;lh; bfhL ,';F kPட;lh; vd;gJ msitf; Fwpf;fhky; Jzpf;F Mfp tUk;.

15.15.15.15. இல�கண�6றி+பறித� vOj;jpyf;fzk; :vOj;jpyf;fzk; :vOj;jpyf;fzk; :vOj;jpyf;fzk; :----

vOj;Jf;fis KjnyOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; vd;W ,uz;lha; gphpg;gh;. KjbyGj;Jf;fs;KjbyGj;Jf;fs;KjbyGj;Jf;fs;KjbyGj;Jf;fs; : bkhHpapy; Kதyhtjhf tuf;ToaJk; jdpj;J ,a';f Toa Mw;wy;

cilயkhfpa vGj;J;fis KjbyGj;J vd;fpnwhk;. caph; 12-k; bka; 18-k; Mfpa vGj;Jf;fis KjbyGj;J vd;fpnwhk;. ,J gpw vGj;Jf;fs; njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

� rhh;bgGj;Jf;fs; :rhh;bgGj;Jf;fs; :rhh;bgGj;Jf;fs; :rhh;bgGj;Jf;fs; : KjbyGj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J tuf;ToaJk; jdpj;J ,a';f Mw;wy; ,y;yhj vGj;Jf;fisa[k; rhh;bgGj;J vd;fpd;nwhk;.

� capbuGj;Jf;fs; capbuGj;Jf;fs; capbuGj;Jf;fs; capbuGj;Jf;fs; : jkpH; bkhHpf;F capuha; ,Uf;ff; Toa vGj;Jf;fis capbuGj;Jf;fs; vd;fpnwhk;.

m/M/,/</c/C/v/V/I/x/X/xs

� bka;baGj;Jf;fs; bka;baGj;Jf;fs; bka;baGj;Jf;fs; bka;baGj;Jf;fs; : jkpH; bkhHpf;F clyha; ,Uf;ff; Toa vGj;Jf;fis bka;baGj;Jf;fs; vd;fpnwhk;.

f;/ ';/r;/";/l;/ z;/ j;/ e;/ g;/ k;/ a;/ u;/ y;/ t;/ H;/ s;/ w;/ d;.

� jk;Kila gpwg;gpw;Fk; xypg;gpw;Fk; KjbyGj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J te;J jdpj;J ,a';Fk; Mw;wypd;wp tUtJ rhh;bgGj;Jf;fshFk;. rhh;bgGj;J gj;J tifg;gLk;. mit/ 1. caph; bka; 2. Ma;jk; 3. capusbgil 4. xw;wsbgil 5. Fw;wpaYfuk; 6. Fw;wpaypfuk; 7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; 8. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; 9. kfuf;FWf;fk; 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk;

� caph; bka;baGj;Jf;fs; caph; bka;baGj;Jf;fs; caph; bka;baGj;Jf;fs; caph; bka;baGj;Jf;fs; : clnyhL caph; te;J ,ize;jhy; caph; bka;baGj;J vdg;gLk;. caph; vGj;Jk; bka;baGjh;Jk; nrh;e;J tUtJ caph; bka; vGj;J vdg;gLk;.

f; + m = f f; + M = fh

f; + , = fp f; + < = fP

f; + c = F f; + C = T

f; + v = bf f; + V = nf

f; + x = bfh f; + X = nfh

f;+I = if f; + xs = bfs

� caph; 12/ bka; 18/ vdnt 12 x 18 = 216 caph;bka; vGj;Jf;fshFk;. caph; vGj;J 12 bka; vGj;J 18

caph; bka; vGj;J 12 x18 216 Ma;j vGj;J 1 bkhj;jk; 247247247247 Ma;jk;Ma;jk;Ma;jk;Ma;jk;

� capbuGj;jpYk;/ bka;baGj;jpYk; tuhj Xh; vGj;J ‘Ma;j vGj;jhFk;’. ,e;j Ma;j vGj;J _d;W g[s;spfis ,l;lJ nghd;W ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy; ‘Kg;ghw;g[s;sp’ vdt[k; miHg;ghh;. cjhuzk; : cjhuzk; : cjhuzk; : cjhuzk; : v~F/ ,Ug~J.

� ,t; Ma;j vGj;Jf;F xyp mst[ miu khj;jpiuahFk;. me;j mstpypUe;J Fiwahky; xypj;jhy; Kw;wha;jk; vd;fpnwhk;. ,J jdpj;J tuf;Toa Mw;wy; cilajhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,jw;F jdpepiy vd;w bgaUk; bgw;wJ.

msbgilmsbgilmsbgilmsbgil

� msbgil vd;why; ‘ePl;oj;J xypj;jy;’ vd;W bghUs;. msbgLj;jy; ePl;oj;J xypj;jy; vd;;W bghUs;.

� mUfpy; ,Ug;gtiu Tg;gpl;lhy; ‘KUfd;’ vd;nghk;. mtnd J]uj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; KUfhh.. vd;W xypia ePl;oj;Jf; bfhz;nl nghfpnwhk; my;yth? mjw;F msbgLj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

� caph; vGj;Jf;fs; msbgLj;jy; capusbgil vdg;gLk;. xw;bwGj;Jf;fs; msbgLj;jhy; xw;wsbgil vd ,U tifg;gLk;.



nra;Aspir msngil : nra;Aspir msngil : nra;Aspir msngil : nra;Aspir msngil : ---- nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; ,lj;jpy; me;j Xiria epiwT nra;a nkhopapd; KjypYk;> ,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; நி*ற caph;neby; vOj;Jf;fs; VOk; jdf;F ,dkhd Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W chpa khj;jpiuapypUe;J kpFe;njhypf;Fk;. - ,jw;F ,ir epiw msngil vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. neby; M < C V I X xs Fwps; m , c v , x c (v.fh) nflhm topte;j Nfz;ikahh; Nfz;ik tplhmmmmh; tpioAk; cyF. ,jpy; ‘M‘ jdJ ,d vOj;jhd Fwpy; ‘m‘ tpidg; ngw;W nra;Aspy; Xiria epiwT nra;fpwJ. mt;thW msngil Mf tutpy;iybadpy; mJ xuir bfhz;l brhy;yhf ,Uf;Fk; (xd;W neh; my;yJ epiu) Fwpg;g[ : bghJthf <uirr;rPh; ,d;dpir msbgil,d;dpir msbgil,d;dpir msbgil,d;dpir msbgil bra;a[spy; xir Fiwahj ,lj;Jk; ,dpa Xir jUtjw;fhff; Fwpy; beoyhf khwp msbtLg;gJ ,d;dpir msbgil. _tir bfhz;l rPh;fspy; tUk;

- bfhLg;gJ]ck; / vLg;gJ]ck; brhy;ypir msbgil :brhy;ypir msbgil :brhy;ypir msbgil :brhy;ypir msbgil : bra;a[spy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; bgah;r;brhy; tpidbar;rg; bghUs; jUk; bghUl;L msbtLg;gJ brhy;ypir msbgilahFk;. (v.fh) FojHP,/ mojHP, xw;wsbgil :xw;wsbgil :xw;wsbgil :xw;wsbgil : Xir Fiwa[k; nghJ bkhHpapy; ,ilapy; tUk; xw;bwGj;J ,ul;of;Fk; (v.fh.) r';';F/ k";";rs; . Fw;wpaYfuk;Fw;wpaYfuk;Fw;wpaYfuk;Fw;wpaYfuk;

jdpf;Fw;bwGj;ijr; rhuhJ brhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s ty;ypd bka;apd; kPJ Vwpa cfuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpypupe;J miu khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;jhy; mJ Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;.

ty;ypd bka;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gijg; gw;wp mtrpak; bjhpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. bka;baGJ;Jf;fs; 18-y; _d;W tpjkhd vGj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. mit ty;ypdk; -6/

bky;ypdk; -6/ ,ilapdk; - 6/ bkhj;jk; =18.

typikahd vGj;Jf;fs; ty;ypdk; vd;Wk; bkd;ikahf cr;rhpf;ff; Toa vGj;Jf;fSf;F bky;ypdk; vd;Wk; ,tw;Wf;F ,ilg;gl;L cr;rhpf;ff; Toa vGj;Jf;fSf;F ,ilapdk; vd;Wk; bgah;. ty;ypdk; - frljgw btd Mnw bky;ypdk; - '"zekd btd Mnw ,ilapdk; - auytHs btd Mnw ,e;j MW ty;ypd vGj;Jf;fs; brhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; te;J mjd; kPJ cfuk; Vwpdhy;/ mJ jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiu mstpy; ghjpahf xypf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehL / tuF

,jpy; ehL + ehl; +c=l; vd;gJ ty;ypdk;. ,jd; kPJ cfuk; te;jhjjhy; jd;mstpypUe;J ghjpahf xypf;Fk;. mJ

nghd;wnj tuF – tuf; +c=tuF Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk;Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk;Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk;Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk; 1. beoy; bjhlh;/ 2. caph;bjhlh;/ 3 td; bjhlh;/ 4. bkd; bjhlh;/ 5. ,ilj; bjhlh;/ 6. Ma;jj; bjhlh;.

� beoy; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; beoy; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; beoy; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; beoy; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : xU brhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; mjhtJ cfuj;jpw;F Kd;ghf cs;s vGj;jf;fs; bel;blGj;jhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ beoy; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehL/ thF ,tw;wpy; ‘L’ f;F Kd;ghf ‘eh’ vd;w bel;blGj;J te;Js;sjhy; beoy; bjhlh; Fw;waYfukhapw;W.

� td; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; td; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; td; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; td; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : mJ nghd;nw cfuk; Vwpa ty;ypd vGj;jpd; Kd;ghf ty;ypd vGj;Jf;fshd f;/r;/l;/j;/g;/w; te;jhy; mJ td; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gj;J/ ghl;L

� caph;j; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; caph;j; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; caph;j; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; caph;j; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : <w;W vd;why; ,Wjp vd;W bghUs;. ,Wjp vGj;Jf;fF Kd;ghf caph; vGj;J te;jhy; mJ caph;j;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gfL/ gHF

� bkd;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; bkd;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; bkd;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; bkd;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : Fw;wpaYfu brhy;ypd; <w;W vGj;Jf;F Kd;ghf bky;ypd vGj;Jf;fshd '/"/z/e/k/.d te;jhy; bkd; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L / ge;J/ g';F

� ,ilj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfk; : ,ilj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfk; : ,ilj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfk; : ,ilj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfk; : mnj nghd;W <w;bwGj;Jf;F Kd;ghf ,ilapdkhfpa a;/h;/y;/t;/H;/s;; te;jhy; mJ ,ilj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;Lk;.



vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gy;F

� Ma;jj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;Ma;jj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;Ma;jj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;Ma;jj;bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : Fw;wpaYfu brhy;ypd; Kd;nd cs;s vGj;J Ma;j vGj;jhapd; mJ Ma;jj; bjhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : v~F/ m~J.

Kw;wpaYfuk; :Kw;wpaYfuk; :Kw;wpaYfuk; :Kw;wpaYfuk; : ‘cfuk;’ ‘cfuk;’ ‘cfuk;’ ‘cfuk;’ jdJ xU khj;jpiu mstpy; ,Ue;J

Fiwahky; xypj;jy; Kw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) jdpf;Fwpy;/ vGj;ij mLj;J tUk;

cfuk; jdJ KG Xirapy; xypf;Fk;. (v.fh) gR/ gF/ gL/ mJ. - F/R/L/J/g[/W jtph;j;J kw;w vGj;Jf;fis

,Wjpaha; bgw;W xypf;Fk; cfuk; jdJ KG khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;Fk;.

(v.fh) fhQ/ cz;Q/ vG/ js;S/ fjt[. nkw;brhd;d vLj;Jf;fhl;oy; - ‘Q’ - z; +c

nghd;W midj;jpYk; ‘c’ tUfpd;wjy;yth. ,it F/R/L/J/g[/W vGj;Jf;fisf; bfh;zoUf;fhjjhy; KG mstpy; xypf;Fk;

Fw;wpaypfuk; :Fw;wpaypfuk; :Fw;wpaypfuk; :Fw;wpaypfuk; :----

� Fw;wpaYfur; brhw;fspd; gpd; afuk; te;jhy; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpy; cs;s ‘c’ fuk; ‘,’ fukhfj; jphpa[k;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehL vd;gJ Fw;wpaYfur; brhy; ,e;j brhy;Yf;Fg; gpd; afuk; te;jhy; ,fukhf jphpa[k;. ehL +ahJ ehl; +c+ahJ ehl;+,+ahJ

eho+ahJ=ehoahJ ed;W +ahJ

ந*�+c+ahJ

ந*�+,+ahJ

ed;wp+ahJ = ed;wpahJ

� FWf;fk; :FWf;fk; :FWf;fk; :FWf;fk; : msbgLj;jYf;F neh; vjph;g;gjk; FWf;fkhFk;. Xh; vGj;J Vnjh xU fhuzj;jhy; FWfp xypf;Fkhdhy; mjw;F FWf;fk; vd;W bgah;. ,J

� 1. Iகாhuf;FWf;fk; 2. xsfhuf; FWf;fk;/ 3. kfuf;FWf;fk;/ 4. Ma;jf; FWf;fk; ‘#’ fhuf; FWf;fk; : caph; vGj;Jf;fSs; xd;whd ‘I’ vGj;Jf;F ,uz;L khj;jpiu xyp mst[ cilaJ. Mdhy;/ ,J kw;w vGj;Jf;fSld; To tUk;bghGJ jd; ,uz;L

khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jw;F’I’ fhuf;FWf;fk; vd;W bgah;.

Kjypy; 1½ khj;jpiu/ ,il/ fil 1 khj;jpiu mstpYk; xypf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Ig;grp/ jiyfs;/ Ftis

� xsfhuf;FWf;fk; xsfhuf;FWf;fk; xsfhuf;FWf;fk; xsfhuf;FWf;fk; : ‘xs’ vGj;Jk; jdpj;J tUk;bghGJ ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpYk;/ gpw vGj;Jf;fSld; tUk;bghGJ jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;Jk; xypf;Fk;. mjw;F xsfhuf;FWf;fk; vd;W bgah;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : xsitahh;.

� kfuf;FWf;fk; :kfuf;FWf;fk; :kfuf;FWf;fk; :kfuf;FWf;fk; : ‘z’ fu/ ‘d’ fu bka;fspd; gpd;Dk; ‘t’ fuj;jpw;F Kd;Dk; tUk; “k;” jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf xypf;Fk;. ,jw;F kfuf;FWf;fk; vd;W bgah;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : nghd;k/ brd;k;/ kUz;k;/ tUk; tz;o.

� Ma[jf;FWf;Ma[jf;FWf;Ma[jf;FWf;Ma[jf;FWf;fk; :fk; :fk; :fk; : ,uz;L brhw;fs; nrUk;nghJ Kjy; thh;jijia epiybkhHp vd;Wk;/ nrUk; brhy;iy tUbkhHp vd;Wk; TWnthk;. mt;thW epiy bkhHp filrpapy; ‘y;’s;/ te;J tUbkhHp Kjypy; ‘j’ fuk;te;jhy;/ ,uz;Lk; nrUk;bghGJ Ma[jk; njhd;Wk;. mt;thW njhd;Wk; Ma;jk; jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. mjw;F Ma[jf; Fwf;fk; vd;W bgah;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : fy; +jPJ =f~wPJ. Ks; +jPJ - K ~OJ ‘fy;’ vd;gjpy; ‘y;’ Kd; jPJ vd;gjpy; ‘j’ tUtjhy; ~j Ma;jk; njhd;WfpwJ. me;j Ma;jk; jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;.

brhy;yjpfhuk; :brhy;yjpfhuk; :brhy;yjpfhuk; :brhy;yjpfhuk; : brhw;fis ,yf;fpa tifahf ehd;fhff;

TWth;. mjid

- ,aw;brhy; - jphpbrhy; - jpirr;brhy; - tlr;brhy; vd;W 4 tifahff; TWth;.

,aw;brhy; :,aw;brhy; :,aw;brhy; :,aw;brhy; : mjpfkhff; fy;tp bgwhjth;fshYk; g[hpe;J

bfhs;sf;Toa brhw;fs; ,aw;brhy; vdg;gLk;.

,jid bgah; ,aw;brhy; vd;Wk; tpid ,aw;brhy; vd;Wk; ,uz;lha; gphpg;gh;.



bgah; ,aw;brhy; : jP/ fhL/ kuk;/ kiy ,jid rhjhuzkhfth;fshYk; czu Koa[k;.

tpid ,aw;brhy; :tpid ,aw;brhy; :tpid ,aw;brhy; :tpid ,aw;brhy; : vspjhf g[hpe;J bfhs;sf;Toa tpidr;

brhw;fis tpid ,aw;brhy; vd;W miHf;fg;gLk;.

(v.fh) goj;jhd;/ J]';fpdhd;. jphpr;brhy; :jphpr;brhy; :jphpr;brhy; :jphpr;brhy; : jkpHpy; XbuGj;J xU bkhHp/ xU

brhy;Yf;F gy bghUs;/ gy brhy;Yf;F xU bghUs; vd;W fhzg;gLtdtw;iw fw;wwpe;njhuhy; kl;Lnk g[hpe;Jf; bfhs;s Koa[k;

(v.fh.) gPyp (kapw;njhif/ cfph; (efk;)/ MHp (fly; rf;fuk;)

,jid bgah;jphpr;brhy;vd;Wk; tpidj;jphpr;brhy;

vd;Wk; ,uz;L tif jphpbry;fisg; ghh;f;fyhk;.

bgah; jphpr;brhy; :bgah; jphpr;brhy; :bgah; jphpr;brhy; :bgah; jphpr;brhy; : vapW (gy;)/ nta; (_';fpy;)/ ko/ (nrhk;gy;)

ry;Fut[ (tWik) tpidj;jphpr; brhy; :tpidj;jphpr; brhy; :tpidj;jphpr; brhy; :tpidj;jphpr; brhy; : tpdtpdhd;/ tpspj;jhd;/ nehf;fpdhh;. jpirr;brhy;jpirr;brhy;jpirr;brhy;jpirr;brhy; tlbkhHp jtpu kw;w tl;lhu bkhHpfspy;

,Ue;J jkpHpy; ,lk; bgw;w brhw;fs; jpirf;brhy; vdg;gLk;.

(v.fh) nfzp/ (fpzW)/ bgw;wk; (gR) tlbrhy; :tlbrhy; :tlbrhy; :tlbrhy; : tlbkhHpapy; ,Ue;J jkpHpy; njhd;wpa

brhw;fis tlbrhy; vd;gth;. (v.fh) fkyk; (jhkiu)/ tp\k; (er;R)/ g[\;gk;

(g{) brhy;ypd; tiffs; :brhy;ypd; tiffs; :brhy;ypd; tiffs; :brhy;ypd; tiffs; : ,yf;fz hPjpahf brhy; bgah;r;brhy;/ tpidr;brhy;/

,ilr;brhy;/ chpr;brhy; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

bgah;r;brhy;.bgah;r;brhy;.bgah;r;brhy;.bgah;r;brhy;. xd;wpd; bgaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; brhy;

bgah;r;brhy; vdg;gLk;. mJ bghUs;/ ,lk;/

fhyk; / சிைன / Fzk;/ bjhHpy; vd;Dk Mwpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.

bghUl;bgah; :bghUl;bgah; :bghUl;bgah; :bghUl;bgah; : KUfd;/ ahid/ fpsp/ ehw;fhyp/ kfs;/ kuk;/ g[j;jfk;/ ge;J ,it caph; cs;s caph; ,y;yhj bghUl;fis Fwpg;gjhy; bghUl;bgah; vdg;gLk;.

,lg;bgah; :,lg;bgah; :,lg;bgah; :,lg;bgah; : Fsk;/ nfhtpy;/ tPjp/ kJiu/ brd;id/

tPL/ gs;sp/ ,it Xh; ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; ,lg;bgah; vdg;gLk;.

fhyg;bgah; :fhyg;bgah; :fhyg;bgah; :fhyg;bgah; : jp';fs; nfhilf;fhyk;/ "hapw;Wf;fpHik/

Mz;L/ khh;fHp/ g[jd;/ fhiy/ khiy ,it fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; fhyg; bgah; vdg;gLk;.

rpidg;bgah; :rpidg;bgah; :rpidg;bgah; :rpidg;bgah; : jiy/ fha;/ fz;/ if/ ,iy/ g{

,it cWg;gigf; Fwpg;gjhy; rpidg;bgah; vdg;gLk; (rpid - cWg;g[)

gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah; gz;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk; bgah; gz;g[g; bgah;

vdg;gLk;. , gz;g[/ epwk;/ totk;/ mst[ Rit ,tw;wpd; tHpahfj; njhd;Wk;.

gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah;gz;g[g; bgah; tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs;tpFjpfs; ed;ik - ik bjhy;iy - I khl;rp - rp khz;g[ - g[ kHt[ - c ed;F - F ed;wp - wp ed;W - W eyk; - mk; ed;dh; -

mh; (m) eh; (ik - tpFjp bgUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;) (v.fh) brk;ikf;nfhy;/ _nte;jh;/ Kk;khhp/

rJutay;/ fU';fy;/ tl;lf;fpzW/ nfhgk;/ frg;g[/ Jth;g;g[/ Kf;nfhzk;/ rJuk;/ Fl;il/ brt;tfk;/ cauk;/ cUz;il/ brk;ik/ tl;lepyh/ ePs;efh;/ Kf;fzk;/ mfyk;/ g[spg;g[.

bghJg; bgah; bghJg; bgah; bghJg; bgah; bghJg; bgah; (jhd;/ jhk;/ (jhd;/ jhk;/ (jhd;/ jhk;/ (jhd;/ jhk;/ vy;yhk;) vy;yhk;) vy;yhk;) vy;yhk;) :::: jhd; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; ,Ujpid/ _tpl';fspYk; xUik czh;j;jp tUk;. jhk;/ vy;yhk; vd;Dk; bghJg; bgah;fs; ,Ujpid _tpl';fspYk; gz;ik czh;j;jptUk; ehd; jhd; ngrpndd; jhd; eP jhd; miHj;jha; jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy mtd; jhd; moj;jhd;



glh;f;if Mfpa 3 ,l';fs; kapy; jhd; MoaJ ,UjpizapYk; bghJthf bry;td; jhd; vGjpdhd; xUikapy; te;jJ Fapy; jhd; TtpaJ ehk; jhk; Twpndhk; ehk; vy;yhk; Twpndhd; ePtph; jhk; ghh;j;jPh; eptPh; vy;yhk; brd;wPh; kf;fs; jhk; nghuhodh; Fjpiufs; vy;yhk; Xod (jhk;/ vy;yhk; vd;gd ,Ujpid _tpl';fspYk; gd;ik czh;j;jpd). ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;Fk;nghJ jphpa[k; bgah;fs; : ,yf;fzk;: ntw;Wik cUg[fnshL nrUk;bghGJ. 1. ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ik xUikg; bgah; vd; vd;W jphpa[k;. 2. ehk; vd;Dk; jd;ik gd;ikg; bgah; vk;/ ek; vd;W jphpa[k; 3. eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; xUikg; bgah; epd;/ cd; vd;W jphpa[k;. 4. eph;/ vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; bgah;/ Ek;/ ck; vd;Wk; jphpa[k;. 5. jhd; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; jd; vd;W jphpa[k;. 6. jhk; vd;Dk; bghJg;bgah; jk; vd;W jphpa[k;. v.fh. :v.fh. :v.fh. :v.fh. : ehd; +I - vd;id ehk; + I - ek;ik/ vk;ik eP +I - cd;id/ epd;id ePh; + I - ck;ik/ Ek;ik jhd; + I - jd;id jhk; + I - jk;ik ehd; +My; - vd;dhy; ehk; +F - ekf;F jd;ikg; bgah; :jd;ikg; bgah; :jd;ikg; bgah; :jd;ikg; bgah; :

ngRnthiua[k; mtd; rhh;e;njhiua[k; Fwpf;Fk; jd;ikg; bgah;. ahd; vd;gJ vd; vd;Wk; ahk; vd;gJ vk; vd;Wk; ehk; vd;gJ ek; vd;Wk; jphpe;j ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;Fk;.

ntw;Wikg; ntw;Wikg; ntw;Wikg; ntw;Wikg;

bgah;bgah;bgah;bgah; 2222 IIII

3333 My;/ My;/ My;/ My;/ XLXLXLXL

4444 FFFF

5555 ,d;,d;,d;,d;

6666 mJmJmJmJ

7777 fz;fz;fz;fz;

ahd

;

vd;id

vd;;ndhL vd;dhy

; vk;bkhL vk;khy

;

vdf;F

vd;dpd;

vdJ

vd;dplk;

ehd;/ ahd; - jd;ik bgah; eh';fs;/ ahf';fs; -jd;ik gd;ik bgah; 10.10.10.10. Kd;dpiy bgah; :Kd;dpiy bgah; :Kd;dpiy bgah; :Kd;dpiy bgah; :

ngRnthhpd; brhy;iya[k; Kd;dpd;W nfl;nghiua[k; mtd; rhh;e;njhiua[k; czh;j;jp tUk; bgah; Kd;dpiyg; bgah;.

eP - Kd;dpiy xUikg;bgah; eP';fs;/ ePah;/ vy;yh;/ ePtph; Kd;dpiyg; gz;ikg; bgah;fs; eP vd;gJ epd; vd;Wk; ePh; vd;gJ Ek; vd;Wk; eP';fs; vd;gJ E'fs; vd;Wk; jphpe;J ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;Fk;. ntw;Wikg; bgah;

2 3 4 5 6 7

eP

epd;id

epd;bdhL

epd;dhy

; epidf;F

epd;dpd;

epdJ

epd;dplk;

eP

cd;id

cd;bdhL

cd;dhy

; cdf;F

cd;dpd;

cdJ

cd;dplk;

ePh;

Ek;ik

Ek;bkhL

Ek;khy

;

Ekf;F

Ek;kpd;

EkJ

Ek;kplk;



glh;f;if bgah; :glh;f;if bgah; :glh;f;if bgah; :glh;f;if bgah; : jd;ik/ Kd;diy xHpe;j bgah;fs; vy;yhk; glh;f;ifg; bgah;fs;. ,Jt[k; xUik gd;id vd 2 tifg;gLk;. uhrd; ,y;yk; - glh;f;if xUikg; bgah; gRf;fs;/ kdpjh;fs; - glh;f;ifg; gd;ikg; bgah; jhd; vd;gJ jd; vd;Wk; jhk; vd;gJ jk; vd;Wk; jphpe;J ntw;Wik cUg[fis Vw;Fk;.

ntw;Wikg; ntw;Wikg; ntw;Wikg; ntw;Wikg; bgah;bgah;bgah;bgah;

2222 3333 4444 5555 6666 7777

jhd;

jd;id

jdf;F

jd;dpd;

jdJ

jd;dplk;

jd;dhy

;

jhk;

jk;ik

jk;bkhL

jkf;F

jk;kpd;

jkJ

jk;kplk;

bgah;r;brhy; : bgah;r;brhy; : bgah;r;brhy; : bgah;r;brhy; : ,jpy; ,uz;L bgah;fs; cz;L. ,jid ,L;Fwpg;bgah; kw;Wk; fhuzg;bgah; vd;gh;. ,LFwpg;bgah; :,LFwpg;bgah; :,LFwpg;bgah; :,LFwpg;bgah; : ,LFwpg;bgah; vd;gJ fhuzkpd;wp Kd;ndhh; tH';fpa bgah;. ,jid ,LFwpg;bghJg;bgah; kw;Wk; ,LFwp rpwg;g[ ,LFwp rpwg;g[ ,LFwp rpwg;g[ ,LFwp rpwg;g[ bgah;bgah;bgah;bgah; vd;gth;. ,LFwpg; bghJg; bgah; : Kd;ndhh; fhuzkpd;wp tH';fpa bgah;. (v.fh.) kz;/ kiy/ kL/ fy; ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah;. kz;zpy;/ brk;kd;/ tz;ly;/ fspkz; vd tifg;gLk; ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah; vd;gh;. kuk; ,LFwp rpwg;g[ bgah; vd;gh;. kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; :kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; :kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; :kuk; ,LFwpg; bghJg;bgah; : bjd;id kuk; mtw;wpy; rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. xU tif kuj;jpw;F kl;Lnk itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ,LFwp rpwg;g[g; bgah; vd;gh;. (v.fh) bjd;id/ tapW/ gy;/ fhy;/ if fhuzg; bgah; :fhuzg; bgah; :fhuzg; bgah; :fhuzg; bgah; : xU bghUSf;F bgah; itf;f rpwg;ghd fhuzk; ,Ue;jhy; mjid fhuzg; bgah; vd;gh;. (v.fh) gwit gwf;fpd;w fhuzj;jhy; mJ gwit vd;W bgah;. fhuzg; bghJg; bgah; fhuzg; bghJg; bgah; fhuzg; bghJg; bgah; fhuzg; bghJg; bgah; : fhfk;/ Fapy;/ ehw;fhyp.

fhuz rpwg;g[g; bgah; fhuz rpwg;g[g; bgah; fhuz rpwg;g[g; bgah; fhuz rpwg;g[g; bgah; :::: tpidapy; vd;gJ rpwg;ghd xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLk; (tisak; vd;gJ bghJthdJ)

tisay; vd;gJ fhuzr; rpwg;g[ bgaUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L.

tpidr;brhy; tpidr;brhy; tpidr;brhy; tpidr;brhy; : xU bjhHpy; epfH;tijf; Fwpg;gJ tpidr;brhy; vdg;gLk;. tpidr;brhy; fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. (v.L) ML/ XL/ go/ el/ ghL ,ilr;brhy;,ilr;brhy;,ilr;brhy;,ilr;brhy; E]iyg; goj;jhd; - I (ntw;Wik cUg[) kf;fs; kfpH;e;jdh; - mh; (tpFjp) njd; nghd;w bkhHp - nghd;w (ctk cUg[) mt;tPL/ ,J - m/,/ (Rl;blGj;Jf;fs;) czt[k;/ cila[k; - ck; (ck;ik) goj;jhah? - M (tpdh vGj;J)

�றேள rpwe;jJ - V (Vfhuk;)

nkny cs;s brhw;bwhlh;fis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; goj;Jg; ghh;j;jhy;. I/ mh; nghd;w m/,/ ck;/ M/ V vd;git jdpj;J tuhky; bgah;r; brhw;fisa[k; tpidr; brhw;fisa[k; jkf;F ,lkhff; bfhz;L te;Js;sd. ,jid ,ilr;brhy; vd;W tH';fyhk;. ,ilr;brhw;fshf tUtd :,ilr;brhw;fshf tUtd :,ilr;brhw;fshf tUtd :,ilr;brhw;fshf tUtd : ntw;Wik cUg[fs;/ ctk cUg[fs;/ Rl;L vGj;Jf;fs;/ tpdh vGj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Vfhuk;/ xfhuk; ck;ik nghd;wit ,ilr; brhw;fshf tUk;.

chpr;brhy;chpr;brhy;chpr;brhy;chpr;brhy; rhyg; bghpJ (kpfg; bghpaJ) -rhy cW bghUs; (kpFe;j bghUs;) - cW

தவUசிறி (kpft[k; rpwpJ) -jt edp ngrpdhd; (kpFjpahfg; ngrpdhd;) - edp ,Lk;ig Th; tapW (Jd;gk; kpf;f tapW) -Th; fHp ctif (kpFe;j kfpH;r;rp) - fHp nkw;fz;l brhw;bwhlh;fspy; cs;s ‘rhy/ cW/ jt/ edp/ Th;/ fHp vd;Dk; brhw;fs; ‘kpFjp/ vd;Dk; Fzj;ij czh;j;jp bgah;/ tpidfSf;F chpik gz;L te;Js;sd. ,t;thW bgah;/ tpidr; brhw;fisr; rhh;e;J/ mtw;wpd; Fzj;ij czh;j;jp tUk; brhw;fs; chpr; chpr; chpr; chpr; brhw;fs;brhw;fs;brhw;fs;brhw;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it xU Fzk; jGtpa chpr; brhy;. gyFzk; jGtpa chpr;brhy; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. rhy/ cW/ jt/ edp/ Th;/ fHp vd;gd ‘kpFjp’ vd;Dk; xU bghUisna czh;j;Jtd. vdnt ,it xU Fzk; jGtpa gy chpr;brhw;fs; MFk;. fo efh; - fhty; cila efuk; fo nty; - Th;ikahd nty;



fo tpLJk; - tpiuthf tpLjk; fo KuR - Mh;f;Fk; KuR fo fhw;W - kpFjpahd fhw;W fo kyh; - kzk; cs;s kyh;

nkw;fz;l bjhlh;fspy; cs;s ‘fo’ vd;Dk; chpr;brhy; fhty;/ Th;ik/ tpiut[/ Mh;j;jy;/ kpFjp kzk; vd;Dk; gy bghUl;fis czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. vdnt fo vd;gJ gy Fzk; jGtpa xh; chpr;brhy; MFk;. bjhifepiyj; bjhlh; :bjhifepiyj; bjhlh; :bjhifepiyj; bjhlh; :bjhifepiyj; bjhlh; : bgah;r;brhy;nyhL tpidbrhy;Yk;/ bgah;r; brhy;Yk; nrUk; bjhlhpy; ,ilapy;ntw;Wik cUg[fnsh/ tpid gz;g[ Kjypatw;wpd; cUg[fns bjhf;fp (kiwe;j) epw;Fkhdhdy;mjid bjhif epiyj; bjhlh; vd;gh;. ,jid RUf;fkhfj; bjhif vd;gh;. ,it MW tifg;gLk;. tpidr; brhy;nyhL tpidr; brhy; nrh;e;J bjhifepiy bjhlh; miktjpy;iy. 1. ntw;Wikj; bjhif : I/ My;/F/,d;/mJ/ fz;ntw;Wikj; bjhif : I/ My;/F/,d;/mJ/ fz;ntw;Wikj; bjhif : I/ My;/F/,d;/mJ/ fz;ntw;Wikj; bjhif : I/ My;/F/,d;/mJ/ fz; xU bjhlhpy; ntw;Wik cUg[ kiwe;J te;J bghUs; czh;j;Jtij ntw;Wikj; bjhif vd;gh;. ghy; mUe;jpdhd; (I) -,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif jiy tz';fpdhd; (My;) - _d;whk;ntw;Wikj; bjhif

gs;sp brd;whs; (F) - ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif rpiw eP';fpdhd; (,d;) -Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif mHfd; E]y; (mJ) -Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif

kiyேவ;� (fz;) - VHhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif 2.2.2.2. cUg[k;/ gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif :cUg[k;/ gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif :cUg[k;/ gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif :cUg[k;/ gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif :

xU bjhlhpy; ntw;Wik cUg[k;/ mjd; bghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; nrh;e;J kiwe;J tUtJ cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif vdg;gLk;. ,Jt[k; ntw;Wikj; bjhifna MFk;.

njh;g;ghfd; - njiu Xl;Lk; ghfd;) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif.cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif.cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif.cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif. bghd; tisay; - (bghd;dhy; bra;j tisay;) _d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. jiytyp kUe;J - jiytypf;Fj; jUk; kUe;J) ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. FHha;j; jz;zPh; - Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. fhl;Lg;g[yp - (fhl;od;fz; thGk; g[yp) VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhif. (Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhifapy; gad;jUk; brhy; kiwe;J tUtjpy;iy.

3.3.3.3. tpidj; bjhif :tpidj; bjhif :tpidj; bjhif :tpidj; bjhif : ,it _d;W fhyKk; ,uz;L brhw;fSf;F ,ilna kiwe;jpUf;Fk;. tpidj; bjhifapy; ,uz;L brhw;fns ,Uf;Fk;. Kjypy; ,Uf;Fk; brhy; xU tpidr; brhy;. ,uz;lhtJ brhy; bgah;r;brhy;yhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,ijf; bfhz;L tpidj; bjhifia mwpe;Jf; bfhs;syhk;. v.f : RLnrhW/ ,y';F E]y;/ CWfha;/ gha;g[dy;/ RLfpd;w nrhW - epfH;fhyk; Rl;l nrhW - ,we;jfhyk; RLk; nrhW - vjph;fhyk; ,jid fhyk; fue;j bgaubur;rk; vdyhk;. 4.4.4.4. gz;g[j; bjhifgz;g[j; bjhifgz;g[j; bjhifgz;g[j; bjhif ,it ik tpFjp kiwe;J tUtJ gz;g[j; bjhif vd;Wk; bfhs;syhk;. v.fh : nrto/ br';fz;/ beL';fly;/ _J]h;. jz;japh;/ ige;bjho/ btz;rpiy/ ehw;gil ed;ik/ jPik - Fzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; tl;lk;/ rJuk; - cUtj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ePyk;/ gRik - epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; xd;W/ gj;J - vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk; 5.5.5.5. ctikj; bjhif ctikj; bjhif ctikj; bjhif ctikj; bjhif ,it Kjypy; ,uz;L brhy; cs;s bjhif jhdh vd;gij mwpe;J bfhs;S';fs;. Kjypy; ,Uf;Fk; brhy; Xh; ctikr; brhy;yhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ ctikj; bjhifna (ghidtha; vd;gjpy; ghid vd;gJ ctik). me;j ctikr; brhy;iy mLj;J nghd;w vd;w brhy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk;. (ghid tha; - ghid nghd;w tha; vd;W ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. v.fh : kjpKfk;/ kyuo/ Joapil/ fkyf;fz;/ fdptha;/ njd;bkhHp/ fy;tpHp/ khd;tpHp/ ,oKuR. 6.6.6.6. ck;ikj; bjhifck;ikj; bjhifck;ikj; bjhifck;ikj; bjhif ,uz;L brhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; “ck;” vd;Dk; ,ilr;brhy; bjhf;fp tUtJ ck;ikj; bjhif vdg;gLk;. ehL efh; vd;gJ ehLk; efUk; vdg; bgUs; jUk; Mjypy; ,r;brhw;fis ,izf;Fk; brhy;yhfpa “ck;” kiwe;J te;jhy; mJ ck;ikj; bjhif vd;gLk;. (v.fh) ,ut[ gfy; - ,ut[k; gfYk; fhL fiu - fhLk; fiua[k; ,d;gJd;gk; - ,d;gKk; Jd;gKk; nkLgs;sk; - nkLk; gs;sKk; fgpyguzh; - fgpyUk; guzUk; tPL thry; - tPLk; thrYk;

jha; je;ij/ eiu jpiu/ fha;fwp/ mz;zd;/ jk;gp/ ghy;gHk;.



ntw;Wikj; bjhif :ntw;Wikj; bjhif :ntw;Wikj; bjhif :ntw;Wikj; bjhif : ghpjp bfhLj;jhd; ghpjpf;F bfhLj;jhd; Kjy; bjhlh; ‘ghpjp’ vd;gtd; ntW xUtDf;F xU bghUisf; bfhLj;jhd; vd;Dk; bghIs czh;j;JfpwJ. ,j;bjhlhpd; go ‘bghUisf; bghUisf; bghUisf; bghUisf; bfhLj;jtd; ghpjp”bfhLj;jtd; ghpjp”bfhLj;jtd; ghpjp”bfhLj;jtd; ghpjp” vd;W MfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ bjhlh; ‘ghpjpf;F ntbwhUtd; ‘ghpjpf;F ntbwhUtd; ‘ghpjpf;F ntbwhUtd; ‘ghpjpf;F ntbwhUtd; bghUisf; bfhLj;jhd;’bghUisf; bfhLj;jhd;’bghUisf; bfhLj;jhd;’bghUisf; bfhLj;jhd;’ vd;Dk; bghUis czh;j;JFpwJ. ,e;jj; bjhlhpy; go ‘bghUisg; bghUisg; bghUisg; bghUisg; bgw;wtd; ghpjp/ bgw;wtd; ghpjp/ bgw;wtd; ghpjp/ bgw;wtd; ghpjp/ vd;W MfpwJ.

- ,j;bjhlhpy; ntWghL vjdhy; Vw;gl;lJ? ,uz;lhtJ bjhlhpy; ‘ghpjp’‘ghpjp’‘ghpjp’‘ghpjp’ vd;Dk; bgah;

brhy;Yld; ‘F’ ‘F’ ‘F’ ‘F’ nrh;tjhy; bghUs; ntWgl;L epw;fpwJ. ,t;thW bgah;r;brhy;ypd; bghUs; ntWgLtij ‘ntw;Wik’ ‘ntw;Wik’ ‘ntw;Wik’ ‘ntw;Wik’ vd;gh;. ,t;thW bghUs; ntw;Wikia cz;lhf;Fk; ‘F’ ‘F’ ‘F’ ‘F’ nghd;wit ntw;Wik cUg[fs; vdg;gLk;.

ntw;Wik vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit Kjy; ntw;Wik/ ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik/ _d;whk; ntw;Wik ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik/ Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik/ Mwhk; ntw;Wik/ VHhk; ntw;Wik/ vl;lhk;ntw;Wik vd;gdthFk;.

KjyKjyKjyKjy; ntw;Wik :; ntw;Wik :; ntw;Wik :; ntw;Wik : jhkiu ghodhs; ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘jhkiu’ vd;Dk; bgah;r;brhy;

vGtha; MFk;. ,J ‘ghodhs;’ vd;Dk; tpidr; brhy;iyg; gadpiyahfg; bgw;W bghUs; jUk; nghJ vt;tpj ntWghLkpd;wp/ ,ay;ghf epw;fpwJ.

,t;thW xU bjhlhpy;/ xU bgah;r;brhy; ,ay;ghf te;J vGthahfpg; bghUs; jUkhapd;/ mJ Kjy;ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. ,jid vGtha; ntw;Wik vd;gh;.

Kjy; ntw;Wik (vGtha; ntw;Wik) tpidKw;W bgah;r;brhy;/ tpdhr;brhy; Mfpatw;Ws; xd;iwg; gadpiyahfg; bfhz;L Koa[k;.

- Mjtd; vGjpdhd; (tpidKw;iwg; gadpiyahff; bfhz;L Koj;Js;sJ.

- ,skjp vd; kfd; (bgaiug; gadpiyahff; bfhz;L Koe;Js;sJ.

- fiyaurp vd;gth; ahh;? (tpdhr; brhy;iyg; gadpiyahy; bgw;W Koe;Js;sJ) Kjy; ntw;Wikf;F cUg[ ,y;iy. ,J fUj;jhg; bghUis czh;j;jp tUk;.

,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik :,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik :,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik :,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik : nfhij ghiyf; Foj;jhs;

,j;bjhlhpy; ‘nfhij’ ‘nfhij’ ‘nfhij’ ‘nfhij’ vd;gJ vGtha;/ ,~J ,ay;ghf mike;j bgah;r;brhy;. nfhij Foj;j ‘ghy;’ vd;Dk; bgah;r; brhy;ny/ ghy;/ ‘I’‘I’‘I’‘I’ vd;Dk; cUig Vw;W/ ghiy vd;Dk; bra;gLbghUis czh;j;JfpwJ.

‘I’‘I’‘I’‘I’ vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUthFk;. xU bgah;r;brhy;ypd; bghUisr; brag;gL bghUshf ntWgLj;JtJ ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. ,jidr; brag;gLbghUs; ntw;Wk; vd;Dk tH';Fth;.

Mf;fy;/ mHpj;jy;/ milj;jy;/ ePj;jy;/ xj;jy;/ cilik vd;Dk; MW tifapdthf ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik (brag;gLbghUs; ntw;Wik) mika[k;. mHfd; rpiy(iar;) bra;jhd; - Mf;fy; tstd; gif(tiu) btd;whd; - mHpj;jy; ,sturp tPL(il) mile;jhs; - miljy; fz;zd; rpdk; (j;ij) tpLj;jhd; - ePf;Fjy; (ePj;jy;) vHpyd; fhisiag; nghd;wts; - xj;jy; (vHpyd; fhis) fhh; nkfk; bry;t(k;)j;ij cilatd; -cilik _d;whk; ntw;Wik :_d;whk; ntw;Wik :_d;whk; ntw;Wik :_d;whk; ntw;Wik : jkpHhy; cah;epiy fpl;oaJ mwj;jhd; tUtnj ,d;gk; fojj;njhL gzKk; te;jJ. jiytnuhL bjhz;lUk; te;jdh;. nkw;fz;l bjhlh;fspy; bgah;r;brhw;fnshL nrh;e;Js;s My;/Md;/ xL/ XL vd;Dk; cUg[fs; _d;whk; ntw;Wikf;F chpa cUg[fshFk;. ,it bah;r;brhy;ypd; bghUis;f fUtpg; bghUshft[k;/ fUj;jhg; bghUshft[k; cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUshft[k; ntWgLj;Jfpd;wd. fUtpg; bghUs;:fUtpg; bghUs;:fUtpg; bghUs;:fUtpg; bghUs;: ngdhthy; vGjpdhd; - vGJtjw;Fg; ngdh fUtpahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij czh;j;JfpwJ. mwj;jhd; tUtnj ,d;gk; - ,d;gk; tUtjw;F mwnk fUtp vd;gij ,j;bjhlh;h; czh;j;JfpwJ. ,r;brayf;F ,J fUtpahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;fhfg; bgah;r; brhw;fSld; ‘My;’ ‘Md;’ vd;Dk; cUg[fs; ,izj;Js;sd. ,Jnt fUtpg; bghUspy; mike;j _d;whk; ntw;WikahFk;. fUj;jhg; bghUs; :fUj;jhg; bghUs; :fUj;jhg; bghUs; :fUj;jhg; bghUs; : bry;te;juhy; tPL fl;lg;gl;lJ. tPL fl;l/ bry;te;jh;/ fUj;jthf/ ,Ue;jhh; vd;gijr; ‘bry;te;jh;’ vd;Dk; brhy;nyhL ‘My;’ cUg[ nrh;e;J czh;j;JfpwJ. vdnt ,J fUj;jhg; bghUs; MFk;. g[jpa tPl;ilr; bry;te;jh; jhnk fl;ltpy;iy. chpa gzpahl;fis Vtp tPl;ilf; fl;o Koj;jhh; vd;gJ ,jd; bghUs; vdnt bry;te;jh; ‘Vt[jw; fUj;jh’ Mthh;. jr;ruhy; fl;oy; bra;ag;gl;lJ. jr;rh; jhnk Kad;W fUtpfisf; bfhz;L fl;oiyr; bra;J Koj;Js;shh;. vdnt jr;rh; ,aw;Wjy; fh;j;jh Mthh;. ,t;thW fUj;jh vd;gJ Vt[jw; fUj;jh kw;Wk; ,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh vd ,Utifg;gLk;.



cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUs; :cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUs; :cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUs; :cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUs; : fojj;njhL gzKk; te;jJ. ,j;bjhlhpy; cs;s ‘XL’ vd;Dk; cUg[ fojKk; gzKk; cld; te;jij cah;j;JfpwJ. jiytnuhL bjhz;lUk; te;jdh;. ,j;bjhlhpy; cs;s ‘XL’ vd;Dk; cUg[ ,UtUk; ,ize;J te;jdh; vdg; bghUs; jUfpwJ. ,t;thW xL/ XL vd;Dk; cUg[fs; bgah;r;brhy;ypd; bghUis cld; epH;t[g; bghUshf fhl;Ltjhy; “cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUs;”“cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUs;”“cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUs;”“cldpfH;r;rpg; bghUs;” vdg;gLk;. brhy;YUg[fs; :brhy;YUg[fs; :brhy;YUg[fs; :brhy;YUg[fs; : _d;whk; ntw;Wikf;F My;/ Md;/ xL/ XL vd;gtdtw;Wld; ntW rpy brhw;fSk; cUg[fshf miktJ cz;L. mtw;iw brhy;YUg[fs; vd;gth; Crp bfhz;L ij;jhd; ,o kpd;dYld; kiH bghHpe;jJ. ,j;bjhlh;fspy; mike;Js;s ‘ bfhz;L’ cld; vd;git _d;whk; ntw;Wikapd; brhy;YUg[fshFk;. ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikehd;fhk; ntw;Wikehd;fhk; ntw;Wikehd;fhk; ntw;Wik -nehgy; ghpR jhTUf;F tH';fg; bgw;wJ. -jha; FHe;ijf;F czt[ Cl;odhs; ,j;bjhlh;fspy; jhTh;/ FHe;ij vd;Dk; bgah;r;brhw;fs; ‘F’ vd;Dk; cUignaw;W bghUs; ntWghl;il czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikf;F chpa cUg[ ‘F’ ,J nfhlw;bghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. bfhLg;gij Vw;Wf; bfhs;tJ ‘nfhly;’ MFk;. ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik czh;j;Jk; nfhlw; bghUshdJ bfhil/ gif/ neh;r;rp/ jFjp/ mJthjy; bghUl;L Kiw vd VG tifg;gLk;. kd;dd; g[yth;f;Fg; ghprspj;jhd; - bfhil g[ifj;jy; kdpjDf;Fg; gif - gif ghhpf;F ez;gh; fgpyh; - neh;r;rp (el;g[) fz;Qf;F mzpfyd; fz;nzhl;lk; - jFjp japUf;Fg; ghy; th';fpdhd; - mJthjy; ehl;od; tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;ldh; - bghUl;L tstDf;Fj; j';if tsh;kjp - Kiw brhy;YUg[fs; :brhy;YUg[fs; :brhy;YUg[fs; :brhy;YUg[fs; : gzj;jpw;fhfj; jPait bra;nay; jiyth; bghUl;Lr; brayhsh; ngrpdhh; ,tw;wpy; cs;s ‘Mf;’ ‘bghUl;L’ vd;git ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikf;Fhpa brhy;YUg[fshFk;. Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik :Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik :Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik :Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik : bfhilapy; rpwe;jtd; Fkzd; XGf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; nkd;ik ,j;bjhlh;fspy; cs;s bfhil/ xGf;fk; vd;Dk; bgah;r; brhy;Yld; ,y;/ ,d; vd;Dk; cUg[fs; nrh;e;J bghUis ntWgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,~J Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik MFk;.

‘,y;’/ ‘,d;’ vd;gd Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikf;Fhpa cUg[fshFk;. ,it eP';fy;/ xg;g[/ vy;iy/ vJ (fhuzk;) vd;Dk; ehd;F bghUl;fis czh;j;jp tUk;. jiyapd; ,Hpe;j kaph; - eP';fy; flypd; tphpe;j g[fHilath; - xg;g[ gHdpahd; fpHf;F kJiu - vy;iy tPiz thrpg;gjpy; ty;ytd; - VJ brhy;brhy;brhy;brhy;YUg[fs; :YUg[fs; :YUg[fs; :YUg[fs; : ntyd; ChpypUe;J te;jhh;. btz;zpyh nkfj;jpdpd;W btspg;gl;lJ. kd;didtplf; fw;nwhnu rpwg;g[ilah;

jkpiHf; fhl;oYk; Ritahd bkhHpa[z;nlh! ,j;bjhlh;fspYs;s ,Ue;J epd;W tpl fhl;oYk; vd;git Ie;jhk; ntw;Wikf;F chpa brhy;YUg[fshFk;. Mwhk; ntw;Wik :Mwhk; ntw;Wik :Mwhk; ntw;Wik :Mwhk; ntw;Wik : fgpyuJ ghl;L vdhJ if vd iffs; ,j;bjhlh;fspy; ‘mJ/ MJ/ m’ vd;Dk; cUg[fs; bgah;r; brhy;iyr; nrh;e;J epd;W bghUs; ntWghl;il czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW tUtJ Mwhk; ntw;WikahFk; ,J fpHikg; bghUspy; tUk; (fpHik chpik) Mwhk; ntw;Wikf;F chpa cUg[fs; : mJ/ MJ/ m brhbrhbrhbrhy;YUg[fs; :y;YUg[fs; :y;YUg[fs; :y;YUg[fs; : ez;gUila ,y;yk; MrphpaUila ,Uf;if ,j;bjhlh;fspYs;s ‘cila’ vd;gJ Mwhk; ntw;Wikf;F chpa brhy;YUg[fshFk;. VHhk; ntw;Wik : tPl;oy; nrhiy cs;sJ kiyf;fz; _ypif gpwhplk; gif bfhs;shnj khzth;fSs; brHpand rpwe;jtd; jiynkYs;s Rik nkny fz;l bjhlh;fspy; ‘tPL/kiy/ gpwh; khzth;fs;/ jiy vd;Dk; bgah; brhw;fSld; ‘,y;’ fz;/ ,lk;/ cs;/ nky; vd;Dk; cUg[fs; nrh;e;J bghUs; ntWghl;ilj; jUFpd;wd. ,~J VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[fs; MFk;. ,t;ntw;Wik ,lg;bghUis czh;j;Jk;. (Ie;jhk;ntw;Wikapy; ‘,y;’ xg;g[g; bghUspYk; VJg; bghUspYk; tUk;. VHhk;ntw;Wikapy; ,lg;bghUspy; kl;Lk; tUk;. ‘,y;’ cUig tpid Koitf; bfhz;L ntw;Wikg; bghUis mwpa ntz;Lk; (v.L) gzk; bgl;oyapy; ,Uf;fpwJ - ,lg;bghUs; (VHhk; ntw;Wik) gzj;ijg; bgl;oapypUe;J vLj;jhd; - eP';fy; bghUs; (Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik)



vl;lhk; ntwvl;lhk; ntwvl;lhk; ntwvl;lhk; ntw;Wik :;Wik :;Wik :;Wik : fe;jh/ tUf ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘fe;jd;’ vd;Dk; bgah;r;brhy; tpspf;fg;gLk; nghJ ‘fe;jh’ vd <w;bwGj;J bfl;L/ <w;way; ePz;L xypf;fpwJ. ,t;thW bgah;r brhy; tpspj;jy;/ bghUspy; ntWgl;L tUtJ vl;lhk;ntw;Wik MFk;. ,jid tpsp ntw;Wik vd;gh;. glh;f;ifapy; cs;s bghUis Kd;diyg; bghUshf;f miHf;f ,t;ntw;Wik gad;gLfpwJ. cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif :cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif :cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif :cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif : ePh;f;Flk; ,j;bjhlh; ‘ePiu cila Flk;’ vd tphpe;J bghUs; czh;j;JFpd;wJ. ePh;/ Flk; vd;Dk; brhw;fSf;F ,ilna ‘I’ vd;Dk;ntw;Wik cUg[k; ‘cila’ vd;Dk; tpsf;Fk; gaDk; kiwe;J te;Js;sd. ,t;thW xU bjhlhpy; ntw;Wik cUg[k;/ mjd; bghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; kiwe;J tUtJ cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif vdg;gLk;. ePh;f;Flk; ePh;f;Flk; ePh;f;Flk; ePh;f;Flk; -,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif. kl;ghidkl;ghidkl;ghidkl;ghid : _d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif TypnTypnTypnTypntis tis tis tis : ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. bjhl;oj;jz;zPh; : Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gadk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. tPl;Lg; g{idtPl;Lg; g{idtPl;Lg; g{idtPl;Lg; g{id : VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif (Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhifapy; gad; jUk; brhy; kiwe;J tUtjpy;iy) tptptptpidj; bjhif :idj; bjhif :idj; bjhif :idj; bjhif : RLNrhW/ CWfha;

RL/ CW vd;git tpidg; gFjpfs;. ,it Kiw nrhW/ fha; vd;Dk; bgah;r brhw;fnshL nrh;e;J fhyj;ij btspg;gLj;jhj bgabur;r';fhapd. ,g;bgaur;r';fspy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfs; bjhf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd. nkYk; ,it Rl;l nrhW/ RLfpw nrhW/ RLk; nrhW vd;t[k; ‘Cwpa fha;/ CWfpw fha;/ CWk; fha;’ vdt[k; Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; bghUe;Jk; go tphpe;J bghUs; jUfpd;wd.

,t;thW fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiya[k;/ bgabur;r tpFjpa[k; kiwe;J tUk; bgabur;rk; “tpidj;bjhif” vdg;gLk;. fhyjk; fue;j bgabur;rnk tpidj;bjhif MFk;. gz;gz;gz;gz;g[j; bjhif :g[j; bjhif :g[j; bjhif :g[j; bjhif : fU';Ftis - fUikahd Ftis tl;lg;ghiw - tl;lkhd ghiw ,d;Rit - ,dpikahd Rit

,j;bjhlh;fspYs;s fUik/ tl;lk;/ ,dpait vd;gd gz;g[g; bgah;fs; Ftis/ ghiw/ Rit vd;git gz;g[ bgaiuj; jGtpo epw;Fk; bgah;r;brhw;fs;. ,t;tpuz;ow;Fk;,ilapy; ‘Mfpa’ ‘Md’ vd;Dk; gz;g[Ug[fs; bjhf;fp te;jd;. mtw;Wld; ‘ik’ tpFjpa[k; kiwe;J te;Js;sJ. gz;g[g; bgaUf;Fk; mJ jGtp epw;Fk; bgah;rbrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilna ‘ik’ vd;Dk; gz;g[ tpFjpa[k;/ Mfpa ‘Md’ vd;Dk; gz;g[ cUg[fSk; kiwe;J tUtJ gz;g[j;bjhif vdg;gLk;. ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j; bjhif gidkuk;gidkuk;gidkuk;gidkuk; ,j;bjhlh; ‘gidahfpa kuk;’ vd tphpfpwJ. ‘kuk;’ vd;gJ midj;J ku';fisa[k; Rl;Lk; bghJg; bgauhFk;. ‘gid’ vd;gJ gy ku';fSs; xd;whfpa kuj;ijf; Fwpg;ghfr; Rl;Ltjhy; rpwg;g[g; bgauhfk;. ,ilapy; ‘Mfpa’ vd;Dk; gz;g[Ug[ kiwe;Js;sJ. rpwg;g[g; bgah; Kd;Dk;/ bghJg; bgah; gpd;Dk; epd;W ,ilapy; ‘Mfpa’ vd;Dk; gz;g[ cUG[ bjhf;fp tUtJ ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j; bjhif vdg;gLk;. ctikj; bjhif :ctikj; bjhif :ctikj; bjhif :ctikj; bjhif : kyh;f;if ,j;bjhlh; ‘kyh; nghd;w if’ vdg;bghUs; jUfpwJ. kyh; - ctik if(bghUs;) ctnkak; ,ilna nghd;w vd;dk; ctk cUg[ kiwe;Js;sJ. ctikf;Fk;/bghUSf;Fk; (ctnkaj;jpw;Fk;) ,ilapy; nghy/ nghd;w/ epfu md;d’ vd;Dk; ctk cUg[fSs; xd;W bjhf;fp epw;f tUtJ ctikj; bjhif vdg;gLk;. ck;ikj; bjhif :ck;ikj; bjhif :ck;ikj; bjhif :ck;ikj; bjhif : btw;wpiy ghf;F/ cw;whh; cwtpdh; ,j;bjhlh;fs; ‘btw;wpiya[k; ghf;Fk;/ ‘cw;whUk; cwtpdUk;’ vd tphpe;J bghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,ilapnyh/ ,Wjpapnyh ‘ck;’ vd;Dk; ,ilr;brhy; ,y;iy kiwe;J epd;W bghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. ,U brhw;fSf;F ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; ‘ck;’ vd;Dk; ,ilr;brhy; bjhf;fp tUtJ ck;ikj; bjhif vdg;gLk; md;bkhHpj; bjhif :md;bkhHpj; bjhif :md;bkhHpj; bjhif :md;bkhHpj; bjhif : bghw;bwho te;jhs; (bjho- tisay;) ,j;bjhlhpy; Kjypy; cs;s ‘bghw;bwho’ vd;Dk; brhy; ‘ bghd;dhy; Md tisay;’ vd;Dk; bghUisj; jUk; _d;whk;n tw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhifahFk;. ,j;bjhlh; ‘te;jhs;’ vd;Dk; tpidr; brhy;iy jGtp epw;gjhy; ‘bghd;dhy; Md tisaiy mzpe;j bgz; te;jhs;’ vdg; bghUs; jUfpwJ. ‘mzpe;j bgz;’ vd;gJ bjhlhpy; ,y;yhj bkhHpahFk; ntw;Wikj; bjhifia mLj;J my;yhj



bkhHp bjhf;fp epw;gjhy;/ ,j;bjhlh; ntw;Wikj;bjhifg; g[wj;Jg; gpwe;j md;bkhHpj; bjhif vdg;gLk;. ntw;Wik/ tpid/ gz;g[/ ctik/ ck;ik Mfpa bjhif epiyj; bjhlh;fSf;Fg; g[wj;nj my;yhj rpy bkhHpfs; bjhf;fp epd;W bghUs; jUtJ md;bkhHpj; bjhif MFk;. rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; :rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; :rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; :rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; : -fay;tpHp ngrpdhs; -kyh;if te;jhs; bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; :bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; :bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; :bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; : mwpturd; goj;jhd;/ Fapy; TtpaJ Kjy; bjhlhpy; ‘mwpturd;’ vd;Dk; vGtha[k; ;goj;jhd;;’ vd;Dk; gadpiya[k; bjhlh;e;J epd;W bghUs; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,uz;lhtJ bjhlhpYk;/ vGtha[k; gadpiya[k; bjhlh;e;J epd;W ‘Fapy; TtpaJ’ vd;Dk; bghUisj; jUfpd;wd. xU bjhlh; bkhHpapy; ,U brhw;fs; ,Ue;J/ mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; brhy;nyh/ tUnkh kiwahJ bghUis czh;j;JtJ ‘bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;’ vdg;gLk;. -epyt[ njhd;wpaJepyt[ njhd;wpaJepyt[ njhd;wpaJepyt[ njhd;wpaJ : ,jpy; ‘epyt[‘ vd;Dk; vGthiaj; bjhlh;e;J ‘njhd;wpaJ’ vd;Dk; gadpiy mike;Js;sJ ,J vGtha;j; bjhlh;.

ez;ghez;ghez;ghez;gh! go : ‘go : ‘go : ‘go : ‘ez;gh’ vd;Dk;; tpspg;bgah;/ go vd;Dk; gadpiyiaf; bfhz;L Koe;Js;sJ. ,J tpspj; bjhlh;. brd;wdh; tPuh;brd;wdh; tPuh;brd;wdh; tPuh;brd;wdh; tPuh; :::: tpidKw;W Kjypy; epd;W bgaiuj; bjhlh;fpwJ. ,J tpidKw;Wj; bjhlh; MFk;. goj;j ghlk;: ‘goj;j’ vd;Dk; vr;rtpid ‘ghlk;’ vd;Dk; bgah;r; brhy;iyf; bfhz;L Koe;Js;sJ. ,J bgabur;rj; bjhlh; MFk;. njog; ghh;j;jhd; :njog; ghh;j;jhd; :njog; ghh;j;jhd; :njog; ghh;j;jhd; : ‘njo’ vd;Dk; vr;rtpid ‘ghh;j;jhd;’ vd;Dk; tpidKw;iwf; bfhz;L Koe;Js;sJ. ,J tpidbar;rj; bjhlh; MFk;. bra;a[is vGjpdhd;:bra;a[is vGjpdhd;:bra;a[is vGjpdhd;:bra;a[is vGjpdhd;:---- ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘I’ vd;Dk; ntw;Wik cUg[ btspg;gilahf epd;W bghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. ,J ntw;Wikj; bjhfh epiyj; bjhlh; vdg;gLk;. kw;Wg;gpw : kw;W + gpw - ‘kw;W’ vd;Dk; ,ilr;brhy;iy mLj;Jg; ‘gpw’ vd;Dk; brhy; epd;W bghUs; jUtjhy; ,J ,ilr;brhy; bjhlh; MFk;.

fhy ed;W : ‘rhy’ vd;gJ chpr;brhy;. ,ijj; bjhlh;e;J ‘ed;W’ vd;Dk; brhy; te;Js;sJ. ,J chpr;brhy; bjhlh; MFk;. ed;W ed;W ed;W : xnu brhy; gy Kiw mLF;fp te;Js;sJ. ,J mLf;Fj; bjhlh; MFk;. ,t;thW bkhj;jk; bjhfhepiyj; bjhlh;fs; xd;gJ tifg;gLk;. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;t[ bra;f :rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;t[ bra;f :rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;t[ bra;f :rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;t[ bra;f : 1. miyfly; vd;gJ ---------------- (m) gz;g[j; bjhif (M) tpidj; bjhif (,) ck;ikj;bjhif (<) ctikj; bjhif 2. bre;jkpH; vd;gJ (m) ctikj; bjhif (M) tpidj; bjhif (,) gz;g[j; bjhif (<) ck;ikj; bjhif 3. kyh;f;if vd;gJ (m) ntw;Wikj; bjhif (M)ctikj; bjhif (,) ck;ikj; bjhif (<) gz;g[j; bjhif 4.nkhh;f;Flk; vd;gJ (m) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif (M) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif (,) VHhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif (<) _d;whk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif 5. nru/ nrhH/ ghz;oah; vd;gJ (m) ntw;Wikj;bjhif (M) ctikj; bjhif (,) ck;ikj; bjhif (<) gz;g[j; bjhif bjhif epiyj; bjhliua[k; vLj;Jf;fhl;ila[k; bghUj;Jf :- bjhifepiyj;bjhlh; tifbjhifepiyj;bjhlh; tifbjhifepiyj;bjhlh; tifbjhifepiyj;bjhlh; tif vLj;Jf;fhl;L 1.ntw;Wikj; bjhif m. Fapyp te;jdd; 2.tpidj; bjhif M. fU';Fjpiu 3.gz;g[j; bjhif ,. ,ut[gfy; 4.ctikj; bjhif <. CWfha;

5.உk;ikj; bjhif c . jhkiu Kfk; இல�கண��றி�< tapw;Wf;Fk; - ,Hpt[ rpwg;g[k;ik gphpj;jwpjy; : brtpf;Fzt[ ^ brtpf;F + czt[ nfl;f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; : nfl;f - nfs;(l;) + f. nf - gFjp/ s;/l; MdJ tpfhuk;/ f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W ,Gf;fy;/ xGf;fk; - bjhHpw;bgah;fs;/ Cw;Wf;nfhy; - Cd;Wnfhy; vd;gjd; typj;jy; tpfhuk; Md;w - bgabur;rk;



• gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; czh;e;J - czh; + j;(e;) + j; + c czh; - gFjp. j; -re;jp. j; - e; MdJ tprhuk; c - tpidbar;r tpFjp nfshj; jifant - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk mtpapDk; thHpDk; - vz;Qk;ik

gphpj;jwpjy; : Rita[zuh = Rit + czuh

tha[zh;t[ = tha; + czh;t[ mw;wk; - bjhHpw;bgah;/

m,f;fyhfh - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk XhP, - brhy;ypirasbgil/ ca;g;gJ - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; brd;w ,lj;jhy; - cUg[ kaf;fk; (VHd; cUg[ ,Uf;f ntz;oa ,lj;jpy; _d;wd; cUg[ epd;wJ) ahh;ahh; - mLf;Fj;bjhlh; vz;bghUs; / Ez;bghUs; - gz;g[j;bjhiffs;/ bry - tpidbar;rk; jHP, - brhy;ypirasgil kyh;jy;/ Tk;gy; - bjhHw;bgah;fs; kyh;jYk; Tk;gYk; - vz;Qk;ik vt;tJiwtJ - tpidahyida[k; bgah; mt;tJiwtJ - bjhHpw;bgah; mwpfy;yhjth; -tpidahyiza[k; bgah; m";RtJ - tpidahyida[k; bgah; m";rhik - vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgah; m";ry; - bjhHpw;bgah; mwpthh; bjhHpy; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif mjpu - tpidbar;rk; cilahh;/ ,yh; - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;Wfs; ml';fhik - vjph;kiwj;bjhHpw;bgah;/ MhpUs-; gz;g[j;bjhif fhf;f - tpa';nfhy; tpidKw;W bghUsh - (bghUshf vd;gjd;) bjhFj;y; tpfhuk; mjdpD]c';F - ,d;dpirasbgil

bgwpd; - brapd; எ*[�; tha;ghl;L tpidbar;rk;. ml';fpahd; - tpidayhida[k; bgah; kiyapDk; - cah;t[ rpwg;g[k;ik vy;yhh;f;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik gzpjy; - bjhHpw;bgah; jifj;J - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W ed;wh- (ed;whFk); bjhFj;jy; tpfhuk; cilj;J - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ : vGik / Ie;J - MFbgah;fs; fhthf;fhy; - vjph;kiw tpidbar;rk bghUl;bgah; - _d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif MDk; - MapDk; vd;gjd; tpfhuk;. ed;W -(ed;ik) gz;g[g;bgah

Rl;lg[z;/ Rl;ltL - bgabur;r';fs; ml';fy; - bjhHpw;bgah; Mw;Wthd; - tpidahyida[k; bgah; xGf;fk; - bjhHpw;bgagh; gLk; - bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W fhf;f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W ghpe;J/ bjhpe;J - tpidbar;r';fs; ,Hpe;j gpwg;g[ - bgabur;rk; bfLk; - bra[k;vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidKw;W bfhsy; - my;<w;Wj; bjhHpw;bgah; cilahd; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; cunthh; - tpidhayida[k; bgah;. va;jhg; gHp - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; va;Jth; -glh;f;if gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; : va;Jth; - va;J+t;+mh; va;J -gFjp[ t;-vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - glh;f;if gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp ey;byhGf;fk;/ jPbahGf;fk; - gz;g[j;bjhiffs; bghWj;jy; - bjhHpw;bgah; mfH;thh;/ ,fH;thh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;fs;. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; mfH;thh; - mfH; +t;+ Mh; mfH; - gFjp/ t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh; ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp. kwj;jy; bghWj;jy; - bjhHpw;bgah;fs; ed;W- Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; : kwj;jy; - kw + j;+j;+my; kw-gFjp/ j;-re;jp/ j;- ,ilepiy my; - bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp. tpUe;J - gz;ghF bgah;/ xuhy;/ bghiw - bjhHpw;bgah;fs; eP';fhik - vjph;kiwj; bjhHpw;bgah; nghw;wp - tpidbar;rk; xWj;jhh; - tpidahyida[k; bgah;. bghjpe;J - tpidbar;rk; itahh; - tpidKw;W gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; : itg;gh; - it + g;+g;+mh; it - gFjp g; - re;jp/ g; vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp. xWj;jhh; / bghWj;jhh; - tpidahyida[k; bgah;fs;. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; xWj;jhh; - xW +j;+j;+Mh;. xW gFjp j; - re;jp j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh; ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp. jw;gpwh; - VHhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif bra;apDk; - ,Hpt[ rpwg;g[k;ik behe;J - tpidbar;rk;



mwd; / jpwd; - <w;Wg;nghypfs bra;jhiu -tpidahyiza[k; bgah;. tply; - my; <w;W tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W ,we;jhh;/ Jwe;jhh;/ nehw;fpw;gth; - tpidahyida[k; bgah;fs;

,d;dhr;brhy; = <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;: ,we;jhh; - ,w+j;(e;) + j;+ Mh; ,w-gFjp j;-e; MdJ tpfhuk; j;- ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Mh; - tpFjp (gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W) cz;zhJ - tpidbar;rk; nrh;j;J vGJf :nrh;j;J vGJf :nrh;j;J vGJf :nrh;j;J vGJf :

jd; +be";R – jd;bd";R

g[fH; + ,y;iy = g[fHpy;iy mis , - brhy;ypir msbgil mfd;/ Kfd; - <w;Wg;nghyp Jd;g[W]ck; /,d;g[W]ck; -,d;dpir msbgil gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; : mwpe;J - mwp+j; (e;) +j;+c mwpt[ - gFjp j; - re;jp/ j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; - ,we;j fhyk; ,ilepiy/ c- tpidbar;r tpFjp. fy';fhJ - vjph;kiw tpidbar;rk;. tpidtyp/ Jiz typ -Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif. bray; - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W bry;thh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah mwpahh; - vjph;kiw tpidahyiza[k; bgah; xGfhd; / mwpahd; (Kw;Wfs; vr;rg; bghUspy; te;jd) Kw;bwr;rk;. Edpf;bfhk;gh; - Kd; gpd;dhfj; bjhf;f Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif. <f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W tH';Fk; bewp - bgabur;rj; bjhlh;. MfhW/ nghfhW - tpidj;bjhiffs; mfyhf;fil- <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; nfL- Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;. njhd;whf;bfLk; - bra;ah vDk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidbar;rk; thH;f;if - bjhHpw;bgah ntz;lhf; flg;ghL - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiw bgabur;rk; cyF - ,lthF bgah;. je;jbghUs; - bgabur;rk; bghUl;L - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W bgwy; -bjhHpw;bgah; <z;Lk; - ck;ik vz;Qg;bghUs; mwpthd;/ thH;thd; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;fs;

kw;iwahd; - Fwpg;g[ tpidahyiza[k; bgah; nguwpt[ - gz;g[j;bjhif mthk; - mtht[k; : bra;a[k; vd;Dk; vr;rk; CUzp- fhuzg; bgah gad;kuk; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif (gaidj; jUk; kuk;). cs;qh; - CUs; vd;gJ Kd; gpd;dhfj; bjhf;f Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif. jg;gh kuk;- <W bfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; bgUe;jif - gz;g[j;bjhif. fldwp fhl;rp -tpidj; bjhif xy;fhh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; ,y;gUtk; - gz;g[j;bjhif Mjy; - bjhHpw;bgah; ePu - gytpd;ghw; bgah; bra[k; - bra;a[k; vd;gjd; bjhFj;jy; tpfhuk;. bra;ahky; - vjph;kiw tpidbar;rk; bra;j - ,we;j fhyg; bgabur;rk; itafKk; thdfKk; - vz;Qk;ik itafk; - g{kpf;Ff; fhuzg; bgah; mhpJ - xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W fhyj;jpdh - cUg[ kaf;fk; bghpJ xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W "hyj;jpd; - ‘,d;’ Ie;jhk; ntw;Wik cUg[ cwH; bghUspy; te;Js;sJ. J]f;fhh; - Kw;bwr;rk; J]f;fpd; - vjph;fhy tpidbar;rk; brapd; - tpidbar;rk; bjhpthh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; rhy;g[ - gz;g[g; bgah; tiuj;J - xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W cjtp tiuj;J - Fwpg;g[g; bgah;. rhy;gpd; tiuj;J - m~wpid xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W kwtw;f/ Jwtw;f - vjph;kiw tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;Wfs; vGgpwg;g[k; - Kw;Wk;ik Jilj;jth; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;. ed;wp kwg;gJ - ,uz;lhk;ntw;Wikj; bjhif kwg;gJ - bjhHpw;bgah; (kwj;jy; vd;Dk; bjhHpy; tUtjhy;) cs;s - tpidbar;rk; : bfLk; - bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidKw;W brapDk; - ‘ck;;’ ,Hpt[ rpwg;g[k;ik bfhd;whh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; bfhd;w - bgabur;rk; vd;g - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W nkw;bfhs;gth; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;



gFgj gFgj gFgj gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;cWg;gpyf;fzk;cWg;gpyf;fzk;cWg;gpyf;fzk;

mwpe;J – mwp+j;(e;)+j;+c mwp - gFjp : j;- re;jp : j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhyk; ,ilepiy c - tpidbar;r tpFjp fz;nzhl;lk; - bjhHpw;bgah; cs;sJck; - ,d;dpir msbgil md;W - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W bfhy;yh/ brhy;yh - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; gabur;rk; gzpjy; - bjhHpw;bgah; Mw;Wthh;/ khw;whh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;fs;. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; Mw;Wthh; - Mw;W +t;+ Mh; - Mw;W – gFjp t- vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp gzpjy; - gzp +jy; gzp - gFjp : jy; - bjhHpw;bgah; tpFjp ,d;ik/ jpd;ik - gz;g[g; bgah;fs; xUtw;F - xUtd; + F ,sptd;W - ,spt[ + md;W rhy;bgd;Dk; - rhy;g[ + vd;Dk; rhd;wth; - tpidahyida[k; bgah; ,U epyk; - chpr;brhw;bwhlh; kd;/ x - mirr; brhw;fs;. mwdwpe;J - mwj;ij +mwpe;J/jpwdwpe;J - jpwid + mwpe;J - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhiffs; njh;e;J- tpidbar;rk;: bfhsy; - my; <w;W tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W cw;w neha; - bgabur;rk; cwh mik - bra;a[spir msbgil bgw;wpahh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; bfhsy; - bjhHpw;bgah;

td;ik – gz;g[g; bgah; xGFjy; - bjhHpw;bgah; NH;thh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; jf;fhh;/ brw;whh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah;fs; Jizahh;/ Ms;thh; / tpidahyiza[k; bgah;fs; ,y;iy - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W gifbfhsy; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif bgha;ah tpsf;fk; - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; ,UsDf;F (,Uis mWf;Fk;)- ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif mwdPDk;/ jpwdwpe;J - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif/ te;j bghUs; - bgabur;rk;

mwd;/ jpwd; - filg;nghypfs; thuhg; bghUshf;fk; - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; tply; - my; <w;W tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W jd;xd;dhh;/ nte;jd; bghUs; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif brWeh; brUf;F - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif. <d; FHtp - tpidj;bjhif Fd;nwwp - VHhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif xz;bghUs; - vz; bghUs; - gz;g[j; bjhiffs; fhH;g;g ,aw;wpahh; - bgabur;rk; tpidj;jpl;lk; - ehd;fhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif : VHhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif kdj;jpl;gk; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif gpw - gytpd; ghy; tpidKw;W Ma;e;jth; - tpidahyisa[k; bgah; xuhy;/ xy;fhik - bjhHpw;bgah;fs; nfhs; - Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah; vw;wh - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; brhy;Yjy; - bjhHpw;bgah; ahh;f;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik vspa - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W bray; - bjhHpw;bgah; brhy;ypa - bgabur;rk; va;jp - tpidbar;rk; khz;lhh; - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; cs;sg;gLk; - bra;a[k; vDk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W vz;zpa - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; va;Jg - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W vz;zpah';F - vz;zpa th';F vd;gjd; bjhFj;jy; tpfhuk; fz;L - tpidbar;rk; vs;shik - bjhHpw;bgah; cilj;J - Fwpg;g[ tpidKw;W bgUe;njh; - gz;g[j; bjhif fy';fhJ/ Js';fhJ/ foe;J - tpidbar;r';fs; J]f;fk; - bjhHpw;bgah; bra;f - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W ntz;lhiu - tpidahyiza[k; bgah; cyF - ,lthF bgah;. - nghh;f;Ffd; :- (nghiur; bra;a[k; Ffd;) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. -fy;jpus; njhs; (kiy nghd;w jpuz;l njhs;) - ctikj; bjhif. ePh; Kfpy; (ePiua[ila Kfpy;) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif. jpiuf; f';if (jpiuia cila f';if ( jpiu - miy)



-,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk;cld; bjhf;f bjhif. ,Ue;j ts;sy; - bgabur;rk; te;J va;jpdhd; - tpidbar;rk; epd;gzp (epdJ gzp) - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif ,iwth - tpsp. miHj;jp (miHg;gha;) - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tUf - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W gzpe;J/ tisj;J/ g[ijj;J - tpidbar;r';fs; ,Uj;jp (,Ug;gha;) - Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W njDk; kPDk; - vz;Qk;ik khjth; (kh+jth;) - chpr;brhw;bwhlh; mike;j fhjy; - bgabur;rk; rPh;j;jjJ - xd;wd; ghy; tpidKw;W jHP,a (jGtpa) - brhy;ypir msbgil fhh;Fyhk; (fhuJ Fyhk; -nkff;Tl;lk;)- Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif czh;j;Jthd; (czh;j;Jgtd;) - tp[idahyiza[k; bgah;/ ghh;j;j fz;iz - bgabur;rk;. jPh;fpnyd; (eP';f khl;nld;)/ bra;Fbtd; (bra;;ntd;) jd;id xUik tpidKw;Wfs;. jPuhf;fhjd; - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; kyh;e;j fz;zd; - bgabur;rk; ,dpa ez;g - Fwpg;g[g; bgabur;rk; beLehtha; (beLik + ehtha;) - gz;g[j;bjhif jhkiu eadk; (jhkiu nghd;w fz;fs; ) -ctikj; bjhif edpfoJ - chpr;brhw;bwhlh; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ : nfL/ nfhs; : Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;. vz;Qaph; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif (vdJ caph;) ed;Djy; - gz;g[j; bjhif epd;nfs - ehd;fhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif. ky;yy; - chpr;brhw;bwhlh;/ beLkjpy; - gz;g[j;bjhif

th';Ftpy;/ cah;Jiy – tpidj; bjhif

Fiwah - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;

,iynty; -ctikj; bjhif

kUg;g{rp/ khh;nghiy –cUtfk;

khwd;fspW - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif

thapYk; khspifa[k; -vz;Qk;ik vk;kU';Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik khlKk; Mlu';Fk; - vz;Qk;ik bra;Fd;W/ Mlu';F - tpidj; bjhif Rw;wpa gh'fh; - bgabur;rk; ka';fp/ gpz';fp - tz';fp/ ca';fp -tpidbar;r';fs; brw;w rpiy- tpidbar;rk; fhzPh; - Vty; tpidKw;W nrhdhL - nrhH ehL vd;gjd; k%c tpl;lths; - bgabur;rk; kjpbawpj;J thbdwpe;J - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhiffs; J]';Fk; kjp - bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; bgabur;rk; nghp";rp/ KJKurk; - gz;g[j; bjhiffs; nghh; Kurk; -VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. jiu - Mfbgah; ( Msg;bgWk; ehl;ow;F Mfp te;jJ) gilg;guRuhkd; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. bghUt['; Fil/ tUk; bgUkhs; - bra;a[k; vDk; tha;ghl;Lg; bgabur;r';fs;. X';fpa[ah; - xU bghUl; gd;bkhHp cauz;lk; - tpidj;bjhif bkhHp jUkzp/ gizjU gUkzp/ tUkzy;/ epjpjU ftpif - tpizj;bjhiffs;

brtpaWj;J (brtpia mWj;J) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik bjhif.

btz;japh; - gz;g[j;bjhif fha. kha - bgabur;r';fs; ehHpif thuk; - ck;ikj; bjhif ciuj;jpLk; re;jdk; - bra;a[k; v;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; bgabur;rk;. jhgjh; cs;sk; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif rpw;wd;id - gz;g[j;bjhif jhH;gpwg;g[ - tpidj;bjhif khy;fHy; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif fHy; - (jpUtof;F Mfpte;jJ ) - jhdpahF bgah; khiykjp - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif. kjpf;F";rp - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;f bjhif. <rDk; nghjDk; - vz;Qk;ik me;jpfhiy - ck;ikj; bjhif ifk;kiy - cUtfk;



ciwnt';flk; - tpidj; bjhif kjptpsf;F - cUtfk; mtpah/ kjptpsf;F - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; nrto - gz;g[j;bjhif g[ide;njhk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W. ftp g[ide;njhk; - ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif ,Uf;F Mguzk; - ,Ubgabuhl;L gz;g[j;bjhif ew;wha; - gz;g[j;bjhif nt';flkhatd; - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif bgU';bja;tk; - gz;g[j; bjhif.

8Hpbts;sk; - tpidj;bjhif. td;fhak; - gz;g[j; bjhif ,iuj;jpLk; nrid - vjph;fhyg; bgabur;rk; je;jghy;/ file;j ghayhd; - ,we;j fhyg; bgabur;r';fs;. kyh;fhy;; - ctikj;bjhif td;fhdfk; - gz;g[j; bjhif mUe;jtk; - gz;g[j;bjhif jhdjh;kk; - ck;ikj; bjhif nga;f;f'fs; - Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif mikj;j/ bfhLj;j/ epd;w rgpj;j - bgabur;r';fs; bre;jHy;/ bte;jHy; - gz;g[j;bjhiffs; MFf - tpa';nfhs; tpidKw;W MFf MFf - mLf;Fj;bjhlh;

jPz;ld;kpd; - 6d;dpiyg;gd;ik Vty; tpidKw;W nghh;Fwp - VHhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk;cld; bjhf;f bjhif.

fz';fzk; - mLf;Fj;bjhlh; vdgnth- Xfhuk; tpdh gphpj;jwpjy; :gphpj;jwpjy; :gphpj;jwpjy; :gphpj;jwpjy; :----

je;Ja;kpd; - je;J + ca;kpd;

tpy;byGjp - tpy; + vGjp

g{l;Lkpd; - g{l;L +kpd;

kUg;g{rp - kUg;g[ + Crp

khh;nghiy - khh;g[ + Xiy

vkbjd;W - vkJ + vd;W

bkha;apiy - bkha; + ,iy

ehw;fuzk; - ehd;F + fuzk;

fuzj;njh; - fuzj;J + Vh;

ehw;bghUs; - ehd;F + bghUs;

brtpaWj;J - brtp + mWj;J

,s';fdp - ,sik + fdp

ahbjdpy; = ahJ + vdpd;

bgha;ah bjhGfpd; = bgha;ahJ + xGfpd;

g[we;J]a;ik = g[wk; + J]a;ik

விz;zg;gKz;L - tpz;zg;gk; + cz;L

16.விைட�ேக$ற வினாைவ# ேத��( எ9#த�: ஆ1 வைக வினா�� அத$6 விைடயாக எ;9 வைக

விைடக<� 6றி+பிட+ப;94ளன. ஆ1 வைக வினா�க4:

அறிவ�னா:அதிக� ெதG(தவ� ம�றவ��

ெதG(�ளனரா என அறிய வ�ன�வ.ஆசிGய� மாணவGட� ேகC�� ேக�வ� இ(த வைகைய சா�(த. எ.கா சில�பதிகார�ைத இய�றியவ� யா� என ஆசிGய� மாணவGட� வ�ன�த�.

அறியாவ�னா:தா� அறியாத ஒ*ைற ம�றவGட�

ேகC8 ெதG( ெகா�Sத�.மாணவ� ஆசிGயGட� வ�ன�வ?எ.கா இ(த பாடலி* ெபா�� யா?

ஐயவ�னா:\ர�தி� ெதGவ பா�பா? கய�றா? என

வ�ன�த�

ெகாள� வ�னா:ஒ� ெபா�ைள வா9�� ெபா�C8

ேகC�� வ�னா.இத* வ�ைல யா?வண�கேர ப��< உ�ளதா?என வ�ன�த�

ெகாைடவினா:இ�லாத ஒ�வ�� ஒ� ெபா�ைள

தானமாக த�� ெபா�C8 வ�ன�வ ேகாைட வ�னா .எ.கா அண�ய ஆைட உ�ளதா? ஏவ� வ�னா:;ஒ� ெசயைலU ெச�வத�காக ஏ�� ேநா�கி� வ�னவ�ப8� வ�னா.கைட�� ெச*� ெபா�ைள வா9கி வ�கிறாயா?.தி��றைள மன�பாட� ெச� வ�C'�களா?எ*� வ�னவ� கCடாயமாக ெச�ய ேவ�8� எ*� ஏ�� ேநா�கி� வ�னவ�ப8த�.

எ�வைக வ�ைடக�: 8;9 விைட:தி�Uசி�� ெச�Z� வழி யா? எ*� வ�ன�� ெபா, இ(த வழியாக ெச�Z9க� எ*� :C'�காC8� வ�ைட. மைற விைட:வ�ன�� வ�னாவ�� எதி� மைற� ெபா�ள4� வ�ைட இ�(தா� அத�� மைற வ�ைட எ*� ெபய�.கைட�� ெச�வாயா எ*� வ�ன�� ேபா ெச�ல மாCேட* எ*� R�த�.



ேந�விைட:வ�ன�� வ�னாவ�� ேந�மைற பதி� த�த�.கைட�� ெச�வாயா எ*ற ேக�வ�� ெச�ேவ* எ*� �றி�ப�8த�.

ஏவ� விைட:ேகCக�ப8� ேக�வ�� பதிலாக கCடைள� ெதான4ய�� பதிலள4�த�.கைட�� ெச�வாயா?எ*� ேகC�� ெபா, நEேய ெச� எ*� �றி�ப�8த�. வினா எதி� வினாத� விைட: ேகCக�ப8� வ�னாவ�� ம� வ�னா வ�ன�த�.கைட�� ெச�வாயா எ*ற ேக�வ�� ெச�லாம� இ��ேபனா?எ*� வ�ன�த�. உ$ற( உைர#த� விைட:ஒ� ேக�வ� ேகC�� ெபா, அத�� பதிலாக நட(த நிக=ைவ� �றி�ப�8த�.கைட�� ெச�வாயா எ*ற ேக�வ�� கீேழ வ�,(வ�Cேட*,வலி�கிற எ*� பதி� R�த�. உ1வ( ?ற� விைட:ேகCக�ப8� ேக�வ�� பதிலாக நட�க� ேபா�� நிக=ைவ� �றி�ப�8த�.கைட�� ெச�வாயா எ*பத�� கா� வலி�� எ*� R�த�. இனெமாழி விைட:ஒ� வ�னா ேகCக�ப8� ெபா, அத�� வ�ைடயாக அதேனா8 ெதாட�<ைடய ஒ*றிைன� பதிலாக அள4�த�. பாC8� பாட� ெதGMமா?எ*ற ேக�வ�� ஆட� ெதGM� எ*� பதி� அள4�த�.

17.17.17.17.எ@வைக வா�கிய� என� க�டறித�: thf;fpa tif : thf;fpa tif : thf;fpa tif : thf;fpa tif : ----

brhw;fs; gy bjhlh;e;J epd;W bghUs; jUtJ brhw;bwhlh; vdg;gLk;. ,jid thf;fpak; vd;Wk; TWth; .

thf;fpak; vd;gij fUj;Jtif thf;fpak;/ mikg;g[ tif thf;fpak; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

fUj;Jtif thf;fpak; :fUj;Jtif thf;fpak; :fUj;Jtif thf;fpak; :fUj;Jtif thf;fpak; :----

thf;fpa';fspy; mike;Js;s fUj;jpw;nfw;g mtw;iwr; bra;jp thf;fpak;/ tpdh thf;fpak; czh;r;rp thf;fpak;/ Vty; thf;fpak; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk; (cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; vjph;kiw thf;fpak;)

bra;jp thf;fpak; :bra;jp thf;fpak; :bra;jp thf;fpak; :bra;jp thf;fpak; :----

ftpauR ghpR bgw;whd;

MlyuR rpwg;ghfr; brhw;bghHpthw;wpdhd;.

,t;tpU thf;fpa';fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l bra;jpfisj; bjhptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;thW bra;jpia czh;j;Jk; thf;fpak; bra;jp thf;fpak; MFk;.

tpdh thf;fpak; : tpdh thf;fpak; : tpdh thf;fpak; : tpdh thf;fpak; : ----

tpisahl;Lg; nghl;oapy; btd;wth; ahh; ?

ghujpahh; v';F Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;?

,j;bjhlh;fs; tpdhg; bghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdnt/ ,j;jifa thf;fpak; tpdh thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.

czh;r;rp thf;fpak; : czh;r;rp thf;fpak; : czh;r;rp thf;fpak; : czh;r;rp thf;fpak; : ----

Fw;why mUtpapd; mHFjhd; vd;nd !

kyh;f; fz;fhl;rpapy; vj;jid mHfhd kyh;fs;

g{j;Jf; FY';fpd;wd !

,j;bjhlh;fs; tpag;g[ czh;r;rpia btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Iaேகா! ,stHfdhhpd; kiwt[ <L bra;atpaYnkh?

,j;bjhlh; mty czh;r;rpia czh;j;JfpwJ ,t;thW ctif/ mtyk;/ mr;rk;/ ,uf;fk;/ ,Hpt[/ btFsp/ tpag;g[ nghd;w czh;r;rpfis btspg;gLj;JtJ czh;r;rp thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.

Vty; thf;fpak;Vty; thf;fpak;Vty; thf;fpak;Vty; thf;fpak;

jpUf;Fwisg;go _j;njhh; brhy; nfs;.

,j;bjhlh;fs; Kd; ,Ug;gtiu Vt[jy; bghUspy; mike;Js;sd. ,t;thW gpwiu Vt[jy; my;yJ gpwUf;Ff; fl;lisapLk; Kiwapy; miktJ Vty; thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. ,jidf; fl;lis thf;fpak; vd;Wk; TWth;.

cld;gcld;gcld;gcld;ghl;L thf;fpak; :hl;L thf;fpak; :hl;L thf;fpak; :hl;L thf;fpak; :----

jkpHurp g[Jitf;Fr; brd;whs;

,dpad; czt[ cz;lhd;.

,it xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU bjhHpy; epfH;e;jikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,';'dk; bjhHpy; epfH;r;rpia czh;j;jp tUtJ cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.



vjph;kiw thf;fpak; : vjph;kiw thf;fpak; : vjph;kiw thf;fpak; : vjph;kiw thf;fpak; : ----

jkpurp g[Jitf;Fr; brd;wpலs;

,dpad; czt[ cz;oyd;

,j;bjhlh;fs; bray; epfHhikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW bjhHpy; epfHhjij czh;j;jptUk; thf;fpa';fs; vjph;kiw thf;fpa';fshFk;.

,tw;wpy; nkny Twg;gl;l cjhuz';fs; bghUs; khwpa vjph;kiw thf;fpaj;jpw;F cjhuz';fs; cld;ghl;L thf;fpaj;jpd; bghUs; khwhky; vjph;kiw mikg;gpy; mike;Js;s thf;fpa';fs; bghUs; khwh vjph;kiw vdg;gLk;. ,jw;F rpy vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf;fs;.

jkpHurp g[Jitf;Fr; bry;yhky; ,y;iy ,dpad; czt[ cz;zhky; ,y;iy.

,dp mikg;g[ tif thf;fpa';fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

- jdpthf;fpak;/ bjhlh;thf;fpak;/ fyit thf;fpak; nghd;wit.

- neh;f;Tw;W/ maw;Tw;W thf;fpa';fs;

- bra;tpid/ brag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpa';fs;

- - jd;tpid/ gpwtpid thf;fpa';fs;

jdp thf;fpak; : jdp thf;fpak; : jdp thf;fpak; : jdp thf;fpak; : ----

- xU v,tha; my;yJ xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l v,tha; xU gadpiyiaf; bfhz;L Koa[k;. (v.fh) jpU.tp.f. bgz;fisg; nghw;wpdhh;.

- fk;gd;/ ts;Std;/ ,s';nfh Mfpnahh; ,aw;ifiag; nghw;wpdh;.

- bjhlh;thf;fpak; : bjhlh;thf;fpak; : bjhlh;thf;fpak; : bjhlh;thf;fpak; : ----

- jdp thf;fpa';fs; gy bjhlh;e;J tUk;. xh;

v,tha;/ gy gadpiyfisg; bgw;W tUk;.

(v.fh) murd; g[ytiuf; fz;lhd;; mtiu tuntw;whd;/ ghpR tH';fpdhd;.

- fyit thf;fpak; : fyit thf;fpak; : fyit thf;fpak; : fyit thf;fpak; : ----

- xU Kjd;ik thf;fpak; xU Jiz thf;fpaj;Jld; nrh;e;Jk; xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l Jiz thf;fpa';fSld; nrh;e;Jk; tUk;.

- (v.fh) ahh; fy;tpr;bry;tk; bgWfpwhh;fnsh

mth;fs; thH;tpy; வள�; bgWth;.

- neh;f;Tw;W/ maw;Tw;W thf;fpa';fs; : neh;f;Tw;W/ maw;Tw;W thf;fpa';fs; : neh;f;Tw;W/ maw;Tw;W thf;fpa';fs; : neh;f;Tw;W/ maw;Tw;W thf;fpa';fs; : ----

- neh;f;Tw;W : neh;f;Tw;W : neh;f;Tw;W : neh;f;Tw;W : ---- xUth; Twpaij mth; Twpagona

TWtJ. nkw;nfhs; FwpaPL ,lk; bgWk;, jd;ik/ Kd;dpiyg; bgah;fs; ,lk; bgWk;.

- maw;Tw;W : maw;Tw;W : maw;Tw;W : maw;Tw;W : ---- xUth; Twpaij mg;gona Twhky; mayhh; TWtJ nghy; Twtjpy; nkw;nfhs; FwpaPL ,lk; bgwhJ. jd;ik/ Kd;dpiyg; bgah;fs; glh;f;ifg; bgahpy; khwp mika[k;.

neh;f;Tw;Wneh;f;Tw;Wneh;f;Tw;Wneh;f;Tw;W

“ehis ehd; kJiu bry;ntd;” vd;W ed;khwd

Twpdhd;.

maw;Tw;Wmaw;Tw;Wmaw;Tw;Wmaw;Tw;W

kWehs; jhd; மைர ெச�வதாக ந*மாற* Rறினா*.

neh;f;Tw;Wneh;f;Tw;Wneh;f;Tw;Wneh;f;Tw;W ‘ehd; g[j;jfk; bfhz;L

tUfpnwd;’ vd;W bry;tp njhHpaplk; Rறினாs;.

அய$?$1;

jhd; g[j;jfk; bfhz;L tUtjhf ெச�வ� ேதாழிய�ட� Rறினா s;

neh;f;Tw;iw maw;Tw;whf khw;w : neh;f;Tw;iw maw;Tw;whf khw;w : neh;f;Tw;iw maw;Tw;whf khw;w : neh;f;Tw;iw maw;Tw;whf khw;w : ----

1. Kd;dpiy tpspg;bgaiug; glh;f;ifg; bgauhf;f ntz;Lk; ( v.fh. ntyh-ntyd;) 2. Vty; tpidia tpidbar;rkhf;f ntz;Lk;

(go -gof;Fமா�)

3. neh;f;Tw;W Twpatiua[k; thf;fpaj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fzj;ij gof;�khW ntydplk; Mrphpah; Twpdhh; ( maw;Tw;W)

ciuahly; neh;f;Tw;wpid bra;jp



maw;Tw;whf khw;w : maw;Tw;whf khw;w : maw;Tw;whf khw;w : maw;Tw;whf khw;w : ----

neh;f;Tw;W : neh;f;Tw;W : neh;f;Tw;W : neh;f;Tw;W : ----

,Uk;bghiw : J]Jt ! f,kyj;jpy; nrhHd; Fwpj;j ehSf;F Kd;dnu gila[ld; கா�தி��ேப* vd;W brhy;.

maw;Tw;W : maw;Tw;W : maw;Tw;W : maw;Tw;W : ----

,Uk;bghiw J]Jtdplk;/ nrhHd; Fwpj;j ehSf;F Kd;dnu/ jhd; fGkyj;jpy; fhj;jpUf;fg; nghtijj; bjhptpf;FkhW Twpdhd;.

neh;f; Tw;Wneh;f; Tw;Wneh;f; Tw;Wneh;f; Tw;W maw;Tw;Wmaw;Tw;Wmaw;Tw;Wmaw;Tw;W

,J/ ,it mJ/mit ,d;W md;W ,g;bghGJ mg;bghGJ ,jdhy; mjdhy; ehis kWehs; new;W Kd;dhs; ehd;/ ehk;/ eh';fs; jhd;/ jhk;/ jh';fs; eP mtd;/ mts;

mawmawmawmaw;Tw;iw neh;f;Tw;whf khw;w ;Tw;iw neh;f;Tw;whf khw;w ;Tw;iw neh;f;Tw;whf khw;w ;Tw;iw neh;f;Tw;whf khw;w : -

fPiu th';fp tUkhW jhahh; kfdplk; Twpdhh; - may;Tw;W.

1. glh;f;ifaha; ntw;Wik cUg[ Vw;wpUf;Fk; bgaiu (kfdplk; - kfd; + ,lk;) ‘kfnd’ vd tpspf;Fk; brhy;yhf ( miHf;Fk; bghUspy; ) khw;w ntz;Lk;.

2. ‘tUkhW’ vd;Dk; tpid vr;rj;ij th vd Kd;dpiy Vty; tpidahf khw;w

ntz;Lk;.,t;thW khw;wpaikj;jy; kfnd! ‘fPiu th';fp th’ vd neh;f;Tw;whf mika[k;.

3. ,jDld; Twpath; bgaiua[k; ‘vd;W’ vd;Dk; brhy;iya[k; nrh;j;jy; ntz;Lk;.

‘kfnd ! fPiu th';fp th” vd neh;f;Tw;whf mika[k;.

3. ,jDld; Twpath; bgaiua[k; ‘vd;W’ vd;Dk; brhy;iya[k; nrh;j;jy; ntz;Lk;.

‘kfnd ! ‘fPiu th';fp th’ vd;W jhahh; Twpdhh; - neh;f;Tw;W.

tiffs;:tiffs;:tiffs;:tiffs;: bra;tpid:bra;tpid:bra;tpid:bra;tpid: vGtha;/ brag;gLbghUs;/ gadpiy vd;w thpirapy; thf;fpak; mikjy; ntz;Lk;. brag;gLbghUnshL I vd;w ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUigr; nrh;f;f ntz;Lk;. (I-cUg[/ kiwe;Jk;/ btspg;gl;Lk; tUk;) brag;ghl;Ltpid:brag;ghl;Ltpid:brag;ghl;Ltpid:brag;ghl;Ltpid: brag;gLbghUs;/ vGtha;/ gadpiy vd;w thpirnahL thf;fpak; mika ntz;Lk;. vGthnahL ‘My;’ vd;w _d;whk; ntw;Wik cUigr; nrh;f;f ntz;Lk;. gadpiynahL gL/ gl;lJ vDk; brhw;fir; nrh;f;if ntz;Lk;. (gL - Jiz tpid)

bra;tpidbra;tpidbra;tpidbra;tpid brag;ghl;L tpidbrag;ghl;L tpidbrag;ghl;L tpidbrag;ghl;L tpid khzth;fs; tFg;ig J]a;ik bra;jdh;

tFg;g[/ khzth;fshy; J]a;ik bra;ag;gl;lJ.

Mrphpah; ,yf;fzk; fw;gpj;jhh;.

,yf;fzk;/ Mrphpauhy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

jr;rd; ehw;fhypia bra;jhd;.

ehw;fhyp jr;rdhy; bra;ag;gl;lJ.

ehlhff;fiy"h;f; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jdh;.

ehl;Lg;gw;W ehlff; fiiy"u;fshy; tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ

(bra;tpid thf;fpaj;jpy; vGthahf ,Ug;gJ brag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpaj;jpy; brag;gL bghUshf khwp miktijf; fhzyhk;) cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;/ vjph;kiw thf;fpak;:cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;/ vjph;kiw thf;fpak;:cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;/ vjph;kiw thf;fpak;:cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;/ vjph;kiw thf;fpak;: cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; :cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; :cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; :cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; :----

jkpHurp g[Jitf;Fr; brd;whs;

,dpad; czt[ cz;lhd;.

,it xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU bjhHpy; epfH;e;jikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,';'dk; bjhHpy; epfH;r;rpia czh;j;jp tUtJ cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.

vjph;kiw thf;fpak; : vjph;kiw thf;fpak; : vjph;kiw thf;fpak; : vjph;kiw thf;fpak; : ----

jkpழurp g[Jitf;Fr; brd;wpலs;

,dpad; czt[ cz;oyd;

,j;bjhlh;fs; bray; epfHhikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW bjhHpy; epfHhjij



czh;j;jptUk; thf;fpa';fs; vjph;kiw thf;fpa';fshFk;.

bray; my;yJ bjhHpy; epfH;tijj; bjhptpg;gJ cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; MFk;.

bray; my;yJ bjhHpy; epfHhikiaj;

bjhptpg;gJ vjph;kiw thf;fpak; MFk;. cld;ghLcld;ghLcld;ghLcld;ghL vjph;kiwvjph;kiwvjph;kiwvjph;kiw

1. fy;tpr; bry;tj;ij midtUk; nghw;Wth;

1. fy;tpr; bry;tj;ij nghw;whjth; vtUk; ,yh;.

2. FLk;gj;jiytpf;F bghWg;g[ cs;sJ.

2. bghWg;g[ ,y;yhj

FLk;gj;jiyவ� ,y�;. ; 3. jpUts;Stiu midtUk; nghw;Wth;.

3. jpUts;Stiug; nghw;whjth; ,yh;.

4. Mrphpah;fSf;F vd;Wk; bry;thf;F cz;L.

4. Mrphpah;fSf;F vd;Wk; bry;thf;F ,y;yhky; ,y;iy.

19.உவைமயா� விள�க+ெப1� ெபா�#தமான ெபா�ைள ேத��( எ9#த�:

அக=வாைர� தா9�� நில� ேபால-ெபா�ைம

ந*பா� கல(தEைமயா� திGத� ேபால-தவறான ந�ப�களா� ெக8த�

மர�பாைவ நாணா� உய�� ம�Cட� ேபால-மய9�த�

அ8�த காC8� பள49� ேபால-ெவள4�பைட

அ�தி F�தா�ேபால – அGய ெசய�

அ'ய�ற மர� ேபால ---- வ E=த�

இல� கா�த கிள4 ேபால ---- ஏமா�ற�

உடZ� உய�� ேபால -ஒ��ைம,ெந��க�.

கட� மைட திற(தா�ேபால ----ெவள4ேய�த�

பகலவைன� க�ட பன4 ேபால ----யர� நE9�த�

உ�ள9ைக ெந�லி�கன4 ேபால –––– ெதள4�

கடலி� கைர�த ெப�9காய� ேபால----பயன�ற.

ெகா8�� ேதளா� ெகாC8வேத* ---- அதிக ப�ரUசிைன....வ��த�

இ'ேயாைச ேகCட நாக� ேபால ந8�க�----பய�

ெச(தமி,� :ைவM� ேபால ---- ஒ��ைம

தாைய� க�ட ேசைய� ேபால ----அதிக மகி=Uசி

மைழ காணா� பய�� ேபால வா8த�----வ��த�

ேவலிேய பய�ைர ேம�(த ேபால---- நயவ+சக�

அனலி� வ�,(த <,� ேபால ----ேவதைன

ப�தைர மா�� த9க� ேபால---- ெப�ைம, மதி�<

நாM� FைனM� ேபால ----பைக

அைல ஓ�(த கட� ேபால –அைமதி

ப:மர�தாண� ேபால – எள4தாக�பதித�

�*றி* ேமலிCட வ�ள�� ேபால-பய[ைடைம, கன4ய��ப� கா� கவ�(த�� -அறியாைம,ேதைவய�ற ெசய�

இைலமைற�கா� ேபால-ெவள4�ப8த�

ஆைலய�� அக�பCட க��< ேபால-*ப�

�ர9� ைகய�� அக�பCட Fமாைல ேபால - நாச�,ேக8

ெசவ�ட* காதி� ஊதிய ச9� ேபால -பயன4*ைம

ஞாய�� க�ட தாமைர ேபால – மகி=Uசி

நE�ேம� எ,�� ேபால-நிைலய�ற

பழ� ந,வ�� பாலி� வ�,(த ேபால-மி�(த இ*ப�,மகி=Uசி ெபா*மல� மண� ெப�ற ேபால – ெபா�Cெச�வ� உைடயவ� அறி�Uெச�வ� ேத'�ெகா�ட.

உமி ��தி� ைக வலி�த ேபால-வ E�ெசய�

க�ண�லாதா* க� ெப�� இழ(த ேபால-கிைட�த வா��ைப இழ( தவ��<

கைறயா* <�ெற8�க� க�நாக� �' <�(த ேபால –––– அ�மdற�

அUசி� வா��தா�ேபால-ஒேர சீராக

அவைல நிைன� உரைல இ'�தா�ேபால-கவன�



அைர கிணறிைன� தா�'யவ* ேபால-ஆப�

ஆ�பைச�த �ர9�- ேவதைனய�� சி��த�

ஆழ� ெதGயாம� காைல வ�Cட ேபால-திCடமிடாைம

இ+சி தி*ற �ர9� ேபால-வ�ழி�த�

இ' வ�,(த மர� ேபால-ேவதைன

இ��ைப� க�ட கா(த� ேபால-கவ�Uசி

எ�ள4� எ�ெண� ேபால- ஒள4( இ��த�/மைற( இ��த�

சி சி இ(த� பழ� <ள4��- ஏமா�ற�

ஏைழ ெப�ற ெச�வ� ேபால ––––மகி=Uசி

கட*பCடா� ெந+ச� ேபால ----கல�க�,வ��த�

கான மய�லாட அ க�8 ஆ8� வா*ேகாழி- ெபாறாைம,தா=�,உய�வ�*ைம

�ட�தி� இCட வ�ள�� ேபால –இக=Uசி

நE�� ெந��<� ேபால -வ�ல�த� ,பைக

சிதறிய 6� ேபால –பயன4*ைம

சீGய நாக� ேபால- ேகாப�

பா�ப�* வா� ேதைர ேபால- ப�ரUசிைனய�� இ�( மdள இயலாைம

பா� மண� மாறாத �ழ(ைத ேபால – ெவ�ள4

மல�� மண6� ேபால – ஒ��ைம

ேவ�<� அர:� ேபால - ஒ��ைம

ேச�றி� ப�ற(த ெச(தாமைர ேபால - கீ= நிைலய�� இ�( வ(தாZ� மதி�க�ப8த�

கிள4�ப��ைள ேபால - ெசா*னைத� ேகC8 ெச�த�,ெசா(த அறிவ�*ைம

கா�(த மா8 க�ப9ெகா�ைலய�� பா�(தா�ேபால - ேவக�

ேதா*றி மைறM� வானவ�� ேபால – நிைலயாைம

ெதாCடைன� \�� மண�ேகண� ேபால - அறி�

ப:�ேதா� ேபா��திய <லி ேபால - நயவ+சக�

20.ேமாைன,எ(ைக,இைய, இவ$14 ஏேதD�

ஒ5ைற ேத��( எ9#த�: bjhilbjhilbjhilbjhil kyh;fisj; bjhLg;gJ nghynt rPh;fspSk; mofspSk; nkhid Kjypad mikaj; bjhLg;gJ bjhil vdg;gLk;. (bjhil-bfhL;f;fg;gLtJ/ bjhil - khiy). ghtpd; Xirapd;gj;jpw;Fk; rpwg;gpw;Fk; ,j;bjhil ntz;LtjhFk;. bjhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;Wg;nghFk; vd;gJ gHbkhHp. bjhil vl;L tifg;gLk;:bjhil vl;L tifg;gLk;:bjhil vl;L tifg;gLk;:bjhil vl;L tifg;gLk;: 1. nkhidj;bjhil 2. vJifj; bjhil 3. Kuz; bjhil 4. ,iag[j; bjhil 5. msbgilj; bjhil 6. ,ul;ilj; bjhil 7. me;jhjpj; bjhil 8. bre;bjhil mtw;Ws; Kjy; Ie;J bjhilf;fhd tpsf;f';fisf; fhz;nghk;. 1. nkhidj; bjhil:1. nkhidj; bjhil:1. nkhidj; bjhil:1. nkhidj; bjhil: bra;a[spy; monjhWk; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ monkhidj; bjhil vdg;gLk;.

vz;zpj;Jzpf fUkk; Jzpe;jgpd; vz;Qtk; vd;g jpGf;F - Fws; 467

,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Kjy; moapd; Kjw;rPhpYs;s Kjy; vGj;Jk; (v) ,uz;lhk; moapd; Kjw;rPhpYs; Kjy; vGj;Jk; (v) xd;wp te;Js;sjhy;/ ,J nkhidj;bjhil. 2. vJifj; bjhil:2. vJifj; bjhil:2. vJifj; bjhil:2. vJifj; bjhil: monjhWk; KjbyGj;J msbthj;J (Xirapy;) epw;f/ ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ mobaJifj; bjhil vdg;gLk;.

mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk; Mjp gftd; Kjw;nw cyF.

,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Kjy; mgpapDk; ,uz;lhk; moapYk; ‘f’ vd;Dk; ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xj;J



te;Js;sJ. vdnt/ ,~J mobaJifj; bjhil vdg;gLk;. Kuz; bjhil:Kuz; bjhil:Kuz; bjhil:Kuz; bjhil: monjhWk; Kjw;rPh; Kuz;glj; bjhLg;gJ mo Kuz; bjhil vdg;gLk;.

,d;gk; tpiHahd; ,Lk;ig ,ay;bgd;ghd; Jd;gk; cWjy; ,yd; - Fws; 615.

,g;ghlypy; Kjyoapy; ,d;gk; vd;Wk;/ ,uz;lhk; moapy; Jd;gk; vd;Wk; Kuz;gl;l brhw;fs; te;Js;sd. vdnt/ ,~J mo Kuz;bjhil vdg;gLk;. ,iag[j; bjhil:,iag[j; bjhil:,iag[j; bjhil:,iag[j; bjhil: monjhWk; ,Wjpr;rPh; xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ mo ,iag[j; bjhil vdg;gLk;.

“bfhz;ly; nfhg[uk; mz;ilapy; TLk; bfhofs; thdk; goju _Lk; fz;l nguz;lj; jz;liy ehLk; fdf Kd;wpy; mdk;tpis ahLk;.”

,g;ghlypy; monjhWk; ,Wjpr;rPh; xd;wp te;Js;sjhy; mo ,iag[j; bjhil Mapw;W. msbgilj; bjhil:msbgilj; bjhil:msbgilj; bjhil:msbgilj; bjhil: monjhWk; Kjw;rPh; msbgLj;J tUtJ msbgilj; bjhil vdg;gLk;. bfLg;gJ]ck; bfl;ghh;f;Fr; rhh;tha; kw;wh';nf vLg;gJ]ck; vy;yhk; kiH - Fws; 15 ,g;ghlypy; bfLg;gJ]ck;/ vLg;gJ]ck; vd ,uz;lofspYk; msbgLj;J te;Js;sikahy; msbgilj; bjhil vdg;gLk;. bjhil tpfw;g';fs;:bjhil tpfw;g';fs;:bjhil tpfw;g';fs;:bjhil tpfw;g';fs;: ehd;F rPh;fSila Xuoapy; bghHpg;g[/ xUc/ TiH/ nkw;fJtha;/ fPHf;fJtha;/ Kw;W Mfpad tuj; bjhLg;gJ bjhil tpfw;gk; vdg;gLk;. ,t;ntHk; nkhid/ vJif/ ,iag[/ Kuz;/ msbgil Mfpa Ie;J bghUe;jj; bjhil tpfw;gk; Kg;gj;ije;J tifg;gLk;. nkhid:nkhid:nkhid:nkhid: nkhidf;F KjbyGj;njad;wp mjw;Fhpa ,dbtGj;JfSk; xd;wp tUk;. ,jid ,dnkhid vd;Wk; fpis nkhid vd;Wk; tH';Fth;.

,d nkhidahf tUk; vGj;Jfs;:,d nkhidahf tUk; vGj;Jfs;:,d nkhidahf tUk; vGj;Jfs;:,d nkhidahf tUk; vGj;Jfs;: capbuGj;J:capbuGj;J:capbuGj;J:capbuGj;J: m/ M/ I/ xs - Xhpdk; ,/ </ v/ V - Xhpdk; c/ C/ x/X- Xhpdk; caph;bka;baGj;J:caph;bka;baGj;J:caph;bka;baGj;J:caph;bka;baGj;J: "/ e - Xhpdk; k/ t - Xhpdk; j/ r - Xhpdk; bka;baGj;JfSs; mtw;wpd; th;f;f vGj;JfSk; tUbkd mwpa ntz;Lk;. rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;: kdj;bjhL tha;ik bkhHpapd; - k.th ahbka;ahf; fzltw;Ws; ,y;iy vdj;njhd;Wk; - ,/v rhjdj; njhL jr;rh; - rh/j khepjp tUe;jpj; njo - kh/t Ie;jtpj;jhd; Mw;wy; mfy; tpRk;g[ dhh;nfhkhd; - I/ M/ m

Xstpa be";rj;jhd; Mf;fKk; - xs/ M nkhidj; bjhlh; monkhid/

,iznkhid/ bghHpg;g[ nkhid/ x%c nkhid/ TiH nkhid/ nkw;fJtha; nkhid/ fPH;f;fJtha; nkhid/ Kw;W nkhid vd vz; tifg;gLk;.

,tw;wpy; mo nkhid jtph;j;j kw;w vGk; bjhil tpfw;gk; vdg;gLk;. mo nkhid:mo nkhid:mo nkhid:mo nkhid: monjhWk; Kjw;rPh; KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ mo nkhid MFk;. (v-L) cs;sj;jhw; bgha;ah bjhGjpd; cyfj;jhh; cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;. ,iz nkhid:,iz nkhid:,iz nkhid:,iz nkhid: Kjy; ,U rPh;fspYk; (1/2) tUk; nkhid ,iz nkhid vdg;gLk;. (v-fh) foe;j foe;bjhuhh; bra;jhh;f;F mitjhk; Koe;jhYk; gPiH jUk;. bghHpg;g[ nkhid: (1/3)bghHpg;g[ nkhid: (1/3)bghHpg;g[ nkhid: (1/3)bghHpg;g[ nkhid: (1/3) Xuoapy; Kjw;rPhpYk; _d;whk; rPhpYk; tUk; nkhid bghHpg;g[ nkhid. (v-fh) g[idah Xtpak; nghy epw;wYk;



x%c nkhid: (1/4) rPh;x%c nkhid: (1/4) rPh;x%c nkhid: (1/4) rPh;x%c nkhid: (1/4) rPh; bgha;ika[k; tha;ik ,lj;j g[iu jPh;j;j TiH nkhid: TiH nkhid: TiH nkhid: TiH nkhid: (1/2/3) rPh;(1/2/3) rPh;(1/2/3) rPh;(1/2/3) rPh; jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; j';fh tpaDyfk; thdk; tH';fh bjdpd;. nkw;fJtha; nkhid: (1/3/4) rPh;nkw;fJtha; nkhid: (1/3/4) rPh;nkw;fJtha; nkhid: (1/3/4) rPh;nkw;fJtha; nkhid: (1/3/4) rPh; ,Unrh; ,Utpida[k; nruh ,iwtd; Kw;W nkhid: (1/2/3/4)Kw;W nkhid: (1/2/3/4)Kw;W nkhid: (1/2/3/4)Kw;W nkhid: (1/2/3/4) bgw;whh; bgwpd; bgWth; bgz;oh; bgU";rpwg;g[ vJifj; bjhil:vJifj; bjhil:vJifj; bjhil:vJifj; bjhil: jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; j';fh tpaDyfk; thdk; tH';fh bjdpd;.

• KjbyGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f/ ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wptuj; bjhLg;gJ vJifj; bjhilahFk;. ,g;ghlypy; vJif monjhWk; te;jjhy; ,~J mobaJifahFk;.

• ,nj nghd;W Xuoapy; rPh;fs; njhWk; vJifbgw;W tUtJ rPbuJifahFk;.

(v-fh) brhy;Yf brhy;ypw; gaDila brhy;yw;f. ,izbaJ,izbaJ,izbaJ,izbaJif: (1/2)if: (1/2)if: (1/2)if: (1/2) bgha;ahik bgha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gw bghHpg;bgJif: (1/3)bghHpg;bgJif: (1/3)bghHpg;bgJif: (1/3)bghHpg;bgJif: (1/3) njhd;wpd; g[fnHhL njhd;Wf m~jpyhh; njhd;wypd; njhd;whik ed;W. x%c vJif: (1/4)x%c vJif: (1/4)x%c vJif: (1/4)x%c vJif: (1/4) Jizeyk; Mf;fk; jGck; tpideyk; ntz;oa vy;yhk; jUk;. TiH vJif: (1/2/3)TiH vJif: (1/2/3)TiH vJif: (1/2/3)TiH vJif: (1/2/3) fgw;W gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg; gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F. nkw;fJtha; vJif: (1/3/4)nkw;fJtha; vJif: (1/3/4)nkw;fJtha; vJif: (1/3/4)nkw;fJtha; vJif: (1/3/4) mHf;bfhz;l vy;yhk; mHg;nghk; ,Hg;gpDk; gpwgaf;Fk; ew;gh yit. fPH;f;fJtha; vJif: (1/2/4)fPH;f;fJtha; vJif: (1/2/4)fPH;f;fJtha; vJif: (1/2/4)fPH;f;fJtha; vJif: (1/2/4) xGf;fk; tpGg;gk; juyhd; xGf;fk; caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;.

Kw;bwJif: (1/2/3/4)Kw;bwJif: (1/2/3/4)Kw;bwJif: (1/2/3/4)Kw;bwJif: (1/2/3/4) Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha J]c kiH. Kuz; bjhil:Kuz; bjhil:Kuz; bjhil:Kuz; bjhil: Kw;gfy; bra;apd; gpw;gfy; tpisa[k; moKuz;:moKuz;:moKuz;:moKuz;: bfLg;gJ]ck; bfl;lhh;f;Fr; rhh;tha; kw;wh';nf vLg;gJ]ck; vy;yhk; kiH. monjhWk; Kjw;brhy; Kuz;glj; bjhLg;gJ moKuz;. ,iz Kuz;: (1/2),iz Kuz;: (1/2),iz Kuz;: (1/2),iz Kuz;: (1/2) bgha;k;ika[k; tha;ik ,lj;j g[iujPh;j;j ed;ik gaf;F bkdpd;. bghHpg;g[ Kuz;: (1/3)bghHpg;g[ Kuz;: (1/3)bghHpg;g[ Kuz;: (1/3)bghHpg;g[ Kuz;: (1/3) bry;tUj;J Xk;gp tUtpUe;J ghh;j;jpUg;ghd; ey;tpUe;J thdj; jth;f;F. x%c Kuz;: (1/4)x%c Kuz;: (1/4)x%c Kuz;: (1/4)x%c Kuz;: (1/4) g[wj;J]a;ik ePuhd; mika[k; mfe;J]a;ik tha;ikahw; fhzg; gLk;. TiH Kuz;: (1/2/3)TiH Kuz;: (1/2/3)TiH Kuz;: (1/2/3)TiH Kuz;: (1/2/3) fUkplw;wd; br";riled; btz;zPw;wd; vd;Dk; nkw;fJtha; Kuz;: (1/3/4)nkw;fJtha; Kuz;: (1/3/4)nkw;fJtha; Kuz;: (1/3/4)nkw;fJtha; Kuz;: (1/3/4) btz;tj; njhWk; nrahpf; fU';fDk; fPH;f;fJtha; Kuz;: (1/2/4)fPH;f;fJtha; Kuz;: (1/2/4)fPH;f;fJtha; Kuz;: (1/2/4)fPH;f;fJtha; Kuz;: (1/2/4) ,Uf;ifa[k; epiya[k; Ve;bjHpy; ,af;fKk; Kw;WKuz;: (1/2/3/4)Kw;WKuz;: (1/2/3/4)Kw;WKuz;: (1/2/3/4)Kw;WKuz;: (1/2/3/4) Jth;tha;j; jP";brhYk; cte;bjdpd; KdpahJ ,iag[j; bjhil:,iag[j; bjhil:,iag[j; bjhil:,iag[j; bjhil: bfhz;ly; nfhg[uk; mz;ilapy; TLk; bfhofs; thdk; goju _Lk; fz;l nguz;lj; jz;liy ehLk; fdf Kd;wpy; mdk;tpis ahLk;. bra;a[spd; moapYk; rPh;fspYk; ,Wjp vGj;njh/ mirnah rPnuh xd;wp tUtJ ,iag[j; bjhil vdg;gLk;. ,iag[j; bjhila[k; gy epiyfspy; tUk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspy; fhzyhk;. bghUs; ,yf;fzk;:bghUs; ,yf;fzk;:bghUs; ,yf;fzk;:bghUs; ,yf;fzk;: ek; ,yf;fpa';fSf;Fg; ghLbghUs;fshf miktd mfg;bghUs;fSk; g[wg;bghUs;fSk; MFk;. mtw;Ws; mfg;bghUhtgJ xj;j md;g[ila jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; jhnk jk;Ks; EfUk;



,d;gj;ijg; gw;wpg; gpwh;f;Ff; Twtpayhjjha; mth;jk; mfj;jhnyna czuf; Toajhd mfk; vdg;gl;lJ. g[wg;bghUshtJ g[wj;jhh;f;Ff; Twf; Toajha; mike;j mwk;/ bghUs; gw;wpf; Twf; ToajhFk;.

ahg;gpyf;fzk;ahg;gpyf;fzk;ahg;gpyf;fzk;ahg;gpyf;fzk; ahg;g[ vd;gjw;Fg; g[yth;fshy; bra;ag; bgWk; bra;a[s; vd;gJ bghUs;. bra;a[s; ,aw;Wtjw;Fhpa ,yf;fzk; ahg;gpyf;fzkhFk;.

ahj;jy; - bra;jy;/ fl;Ljy; vGj;J/ mir/ rPh;/ jis/ mo/ bjhil vd;gd ahg;gpd; cWg;g[fs; MFk;. vGj;J:vGj;J:vGj;J:vGj;J: KjbyGj;Jk; rhh;bgGj;Jk; Mfpa vGj;Jfs;. mir:mir:mir:mir: mir vGj;jhyhdJ/ mirahyhdJ rPh;/ mirahdJ neuir kw;Wk; epiuair vd ,U tifg;gLk;. neuir:neuir:neuir:neuir: Fwpy; jdpj;Jk;/ Fwpy; xw;bwLj;Jk;/ beoy; jdpj;Jk;/ beoy; xw;bwLj;Jk; tUtd neuirahFk;. (v-fh.) 1. brhy; f (neh; neh;) brhy; - Fwpy; xw;bwLj;J te;j neuir f - Fwpy; jdpj;J te;j neuir. 2. ngh dhd; (neh; neh;) ngh - beoy; jdpj;J te;j neuir dhd; - beoy; xw;bwLj;J te;j neuir. epiuair:epiuair:epiuair:epiuair: Fwpy; beoy; jdpj;J/ Fwpy; beoy; xw;bwLj;Jk;/ ,U Fwpy; ,ize;J ,U Fwpy; xw;Wld; tUtd epiuair MFk;. (v-fh.) gy - ,U Fwpy; ,ize;J te;j epiuair. kyh; - ,U Fwpy; ,ize;J xw;Wld; te;j epiuair. gyh - Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;J te;j epiuair. fyhk; - Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;J xw;bwLj;J te;j epiuair.

rPh;:rPh;:rPh;:rPh;: mirahyhdJ rPh;/ Xuirr; rPh; Kjy; ehd;firr; rPh; tiu cs;sd. Xuirr;rPh;: 2Xuirr;rPh;: 2Xuirr;rPh;: 2Xuirr;rPh;: 2 rPh; rPh; rPh; rPh; ---- tha;ghLtha;ghLtha;ghLtha;ghL

neh; - ehs; neh;g[ - fhR epiu - kyh; epikg[ - gpwg;g[

<uirr;rPh;<uirr;rPh;<uirr;rPh;<uirr;rPh;----4:4:4:4: rPh;rPh;rPh;rPh; tha;ghLtha;ghLtha;ghLtha;ghL neh; neh; njkh - ,aw;rPh; epiu neh; g[spkh - Mrphpat[hpr;rPh; epiu epiu fUtpsk; - mftYhpr;rPh; neh; epiu Ttpsk; - tpsr;rPh;

jis:jis:jis:jis: 1. kh Kd; epiu - bebuhd;whrphpaj;jis 2.tpsKd;epiu - epiubahd;whrphpaj;jis 3. kh Kd; epiu / tps Kd; neh; - ,aw;rPh; btz;lis 4. fha; Kd; neh; - btz;rPh; btz;lis 5. fha; Kd; epiu - fypj;jis 6. fdp Kd; epiu - xd;wpa t";rpj;jis 7. fdp Kd; neh; - xd;whj t";rpj;jis mo:mo:mo:mo: mo Ie;J tifg;gLk;.

• ,UrPhpidf; bfhz;lJ - Fwso

• Kr;rPhpidf; bfhz;lJ - rpe;jo

• ehw;rPhpidf; bfhz;lJ - msto

• I";rPhpidf; bfhz;lJ - beoyo

• MWrPh; Kjy; bfhz;lJ - fHpbeoyo

btz;ghtpd; <w;Wr; rPh;:btz;ghtpd; <w;Wr; rPh;:btz;ghtpd; <w;Wr; rPh;:btz;ghtpd; <w;Wr; rPh;: neh; - ehs; epiu - kyh; neh;g[ (neh; neh;) - fhR/ ,jid neh;g[ mir vd;gh;. epiug[ (epiu neh;) - gpwg;g[/ ,jid epiug[ mir vd;gh;. btz;ghtpd; <w;wo/ <w;Wr;rPiu/ <uirr; rPuhff; bfhs;sf; TlhJ. btz;ghtpd; <w;woapd; <w;Wr;rPh; neh; neh; vdwpUg;gpd; njkh vd;nwh epiuneh; vd;W ,Ug;gpd; g[spkh vd;nwh tha;ghL TWjy; TlhJ. mtw;Wf;Ff; fhR/ gpwg;g[ vd;;nw tha;ghL Tw ntz;Lk; vd;gij kwj;jy; TlhJ.



fhR/ gpwg;g[ Mfpa ,U rPh;fSk; Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpahf ciladthf mika ntz;Lk;. Kw;wpaYfuk; rpwg;ghdjd;W/ vdpDk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gLk;. ghtif:ghtif:ghtif:ghtif: btz;gh/ Mrphpag;gh/ fypg;gh/ t";rpg;gh vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. btz;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzk;:btz;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzk;:btz;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzk;:btz;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzk;:

1. Xir:Xir:Xir:Xir: btz;gh brg;gnyhir bgw;W tUk;. 2. mo:mo:mo:mo: <w;wo rpe;joahft[k; Vidaofs;

mstoahft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. 3. rPh;:rPh;:rPh;:rPh;: ,aw;rPUk; btz;rPUk; tUk;. ntw;Wr;

rPh;fs; tuhJ. 4. jisjisjisjis: ,aw;rPh; btz;lisa[k; btz;rPh;

btz;lisa[k; tUk;. ntw;Wj; jisfs; tuth. 5. Kot[Kot[Kot[Kot[: <w;woapd; <w;Wr;rPh; ehs;/ kyh;/

fhR/ gpwg;g[ vd;Dk; tha;g;ghLfSs; xd;wpidf; bfhz;L Koa[k;.

btz;ghtpd; tif:btz;ghtpd; tif:btz;ghtpd; tif:btz;ghtpd; tif: Fws; btz;gh/ nehpir btz;gh/ ,d;dpir btz;gh/ g~bwhil btz;gh/ nehpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh/ ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh vd btz;gh MW tifg;gLk;. Mrphpag;gh bghJ ,yf;fzk;:Mrphpag;gh bghJ ,yf;fzk;:Mrphpag;gh bghJ ,yf;fzk;:Mrphpag;gh bghJ ,yf;fzk;: 1. XirXirXirXir: Mrphpag;gh mftnyhir bgw;W tUk;. 2. momomomo: mstofisf; bfhz;lJ. 3. rPh;rPh;rPh;rPh;: ,ah;rPh; gapd;Wk; maw;rPh; tputpa[k; tUk;. fUtps';fdp/ Ttps';fdp Mfpa ,U t";rpa[hpr;rPh;fk; tuhJ. 4. jis. jis. jis. jis: Mrphpaj;jis gapd;Wk; gpw jis fye;Jk; tUk;. 5. KotKotKotKot[: <w;woapd; <w;Wr;rPh; ‘V’fhuj;jpy; KotJ rpwg;g[ gilj;jJ. gpw <Wfisf; bfhz;Lk; Koa[k;. 6. rpWik/ bgUik: ghl;od; mst[ _d;wor; rpWika[k; ghLnthd; cs;sf;fUj;jpdst[ bgUika['; bfhz;lJ.

Mrphpag;ghtpd; tif:Mrphpag;ghtpd; tif:Mrphpag;ghtpd; tif:Mrphpag;ghtpd; tif: nehpir Mrphpag;gh/ ,izf; Fwshrphpag;gh/ epiy kz;oy; Mrphpag;gh/ mo kwpkz;oy; Mrphpag;gh vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mzp:mzp:mzp:mzp:

“mzpapy;yhj ftpij gzptpy;yhj tdpij”

mzp brhy;yzp bghUszp vd ,U tifg;gLk;. rpnyil/ klf;F/ gtkfk;/ jphpg[ Kjypad brhy;yzpapd; tiffs;. ctik/ cUtfk; Kjyhdit bghUszpira; nrh;e;jitahFk;. mzp vd;gjw;F mHF vd;gJ bghUs; bra;a[spy; mike;J fplf;Fk; brhy;yHF/ bghUsHF Kjypatw;iw tiuaWj;Jf; TWtJ mzp ,yf;fzkhFk;. gpd;tUepiyazp:gpd;tUepiyazp:gpd;tUepiyazp:gpd;tUepiyazp: bra;a[spy; Kd;dh; te;j brhy;Yk; bghUSk; gy Kiw gpd;dUk; tUtJ gpd;tUepiyazpahFk;. mJ brhy; gpd;tUepiy/ bghUs;gpd;tUpeiy/ brhy;bghUs; gpd;tUepiy vd _d;W tifg;gLk;. brhy;gpd;tUepibrhy;gpd;tUepibrhy;gpd;tUepibrhy;gpd;tUepiyazp:yazp:yazp:yazp: bra;a[spy; Kd;dh; te;j brhy; ntW bghUspy; gpd;dUk; gy Kiw tUtJ brhy;gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;. (v-fh.) cs;s Kilik cilik bghUSilik epy;yhJ eP';fp tpLk;. ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ‘cilik’ vd;Dk; brhy; bgw;wpUj;jy;/ cila bghUs; vd ntWgl;l bghUspy; gy Kiw te;Js;jhy; ,J brhy; gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;. bghUs;gpd;tUepiyazp:bghUs;gpd;tUepiyazp:bghUs;gpd;tUepiyazp:bghUs;gpd;tUepiyazp: bra;a[spy; xnu bghUs; jUk; gy brhw;fs; tUtJ bghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;. (v-fh) “mtpH;e;jd njhd;wpayh;e;jd fhah befpH;e;jd neh;Kif Ky;iy - kfpH;e;jpjH; tpz;ld; bfhd;iw tphpe;j fUtpisbfhz;ld fhe;js; Fiy” ,g;ghly; kyh;jy; vd;Dk; bghU; juf;Toa mtpH;jy;/ myh;jy;/ befpH;jy;/ tps;sy;/ tphpjy; Mfpa gy brhw;fs; te;Js;sikahy; ,J bghUs;gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.



jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp:jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp:jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp:jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp: jd;+Fwpg;g[+Vw;wk; - jw;Fwpg;ngw;wk;. (Fwpg;g[ - kdf;fUj;J) ,ay;ghf epfGk; epfH;r;rpapd; kPJ ftp"d; jd; fUj;ij Vw;wpf; TWtJ jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzpahFk;. (v-fh.) “nghUHe; bjLj;j Mbuapy; beL';bfho thuy; vd;gdnghy; kwpj;Jf; iffhl;l” -rpyg;gjpfhuk;. tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;: fhw;wpy; bfhof; mirjy; ,ay;ghd epfH;r;rpapid nfhtyDk; fz;zfpa[k; kJiu efU; g[Fk;nghJ kjpw;Rthph; cs;s bfhofs; mire;J bfhz;oUf;fpdwd. mth;fs; kJiu efUf;Fs; te;jhy; nfhtyd; bfhy;yg;gLthd;/ fz;zfp bgUe;JaUWths; vd;W fUjp kjpw;RthpYs;s bfhofs; ‘tuhjPh;’ vd;W jlj;Jf; ifairg;gjhf ,s';nfhtofs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. t";rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp:t";rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp:t";rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp:t";rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp: xd;widg; g[fH;jiyg; nghy gHpj;jYk;/ gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fH;jYk; t";rg; g[fH;r;rp mzpahFk;. g[fH;tJ nghyg; gHpj;jy;: njth; midah; fath; mtUe;jhk; nktd bra;bjhGf yhd;. tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;: fath;fs; jk;kdk; tpUk;g[k; bray;fisj; jLg;ghhpd;wpr; bra;J Kog;gjhy; jhk; tpUk;g[k; bray;fisr; bra;a[k; njth;fSf;F xg;ghdth;fs; vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; bghUs;. fath;fs; njth;fSf;F xg;ghdth;f; vd;W g[fHg;gLtJ nghyj; njhd;wpDk; njth;fs; cah;e;j bray;fisna bra;th;. fath;fs; ,Hpe;j bray;fisna bra;th; vd;gJ Fwpg;ghy; bgwg;gLtjhy; ,J fath;fisg; g[fH;tJ nghyg; gHpj;jyhFk;. gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fH;jy;:gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fH;jy;:gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fH;jy;:gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fH;jy;: “ghhp ghhp vd;W gy Vj;jp xUtw; g[fH;th; bre;ehg;g[yth; ghhp xUtD ky;yd; khhpa[ Kd;Oz; LyFg[ug;gJnt”

tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;:tpsf;fk;: g[yth; gyUk; ghhp xUtidna g[fH;fpd;wdh;. ghhp xUtd; kl;Lkh ifk;khW fUjhky; bfhLf;fpd;whd;. khhpa[k; jhd; ifk;khW fUjhky; bfhLj;J ,t;t[yfk; g[uf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ ,g;ghlw; bghUs;. ,J ghhpia ,fH;tJ nghyj; njhd;wpdhYk; ghhpf;F epfuhff; bfhLg;ghhpy;iy vd;W g[fH;e;jjhFk;. ,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp:,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp:,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp:,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzp: xU brhy;nyh/ brhw;bwhlnuh ,U bghUs; gl tUtJ ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy; mzpahFk;. ,jidr; rpnyilazp vd;gh;. xU brhy; gphpglhky; jdpj;J epd;W gy bghUs; jUtJ bk;bkhHpr; rpnyil vd;Wk; brhw;bwhlh; gy tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Lg; gy bghUl;fisj; jUtJ gphpbkhHpr;rpnyil vd;Wk; bgah; bgWk;. brk;bkhHpr;rpnyil: (v-fh) “t";rpnad; vd;wtd;jd; CUiuj;jhd; ahDktd; t";rpahd; vd;gjdhy tha;neh;e;njd; - t";rpahd; t";rpnad; t";rpnad; vd;Wiuj;Jk; t";rpj;jhd; t";rpaha; t";rpahh; nfh” ,g;ghlYs;s t";rpnad; vd;Dk; brhy; ehd; t";rpkh efiur; nrh;e;jtd; vd;w xU bghUSk; t";rpf;f khl;nld; vd;w xU bghUSk; jUfpd;wJ. ,t;thW xU brhy; gphpglhky; epd;W gybghUs; jUtjhy; ,J brk;bkhHpr; rpnyilahFk;. gphpbkhHpr; rpnyil:gphpbkhHpr; rpnyil:gphpbkhHpr; rpnyil:gphpbkhHpr; rpnyil:

“MtYld; ghtyUk; MWfhy; tz;odKk; fhtyiur; R{H'; fiyirna”

,g;ghly; mofspy; cs;s fhtyh; vd;w brhy; gphpglhky; epd;W kd;dida[k;/ mr;brhy;ny fh + myh; vd;W gphpe;J epd;W nrhiyapd; fz; cs;s kyiua[k; Fwpg;gjhy; ,J gphpbkhHpr; rpnyilahFk;. ,y;bghUs; ctikazp:,y;bghUs; ctikazp:,y;bghUs; ctikazp:,y;bghUs; ctikazp:

“Fd;bwGe;J brd;wbjdf; Fsph;f';if fiuaDfp”

Fd;W vGe;J ele;jijg; nghd;W gujd; f';iff;fiuia mile;jhd; vd;gJ ,g;glhypd; bghUshFk;. Fd;W vGe;J elg;gJ vd;gJ



cyfpy; eilbgwhj brayhFk;. Mdhy;/ fk;gh; mijg; gujDf;F ctik fhl;oa[s;shh;. ,t;thW g[ytd; cyfpy; ,ay;ghf ,y;yhj bghUis my;yJ epfH;r;rpia ctikahf;fpf; TWtJ ,y;bghUStikazp MFk;. Vfnjr cUtf mzp:Vfnjr cUtf mzp:Vfnjr cUtf mzp:Vfnjr cUtf mzp:

gpwtpg; bgU';fly; ePe;Jth; ePe;jhh; ,iwt donruh jhh;.

,iwtd; mobaDk; g[iziar; nrh;e;jth; gpwtpg; bgU';fliy ePe;Jth;. mjidr; nruhjth; mf;fliy ePe;jhky; Jd;g[Wth; vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; bghUs;. jpUts;Sth; gpwtpiag; bgU';fly; vd cUtf'; bra;Js;shh;. mjw;nfw;g ,iwtd; moia kuf;fykhf cUtfk; bra;a ntz;Lk;. mt;thW bra;ahjjhy; ,~J Vfnjr cUtf mzp (xU gFjp kl;Lk;)ahFk;. ,t;thW g[yth;/ bra;a[spy; xU bghUis cUtf"; bra;J mjw;nfw;g ,izahdbjhU kw;bwhU bghUis cUtf"; bra;ahJ tpl;LtpLtJ Vfnjr cUtf mzpahFk;. gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp:gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp:gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp:gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp:

gPypbka; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk; rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd; g[yth; jhk; Twf;fUjpa bghUis

btspg;gilahff; TwhJ/ mjndhL xj;j ntbwhd;wpd; kPJ Vw;wpf; Twp/ fUjpa bghUl;fis czh;j;JtJ gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp vdg;gLk;. ctikiaf; Twp ctnkaj;ijg; bgwitg;gJ ,t;tzpahFk;. ,jid xl;lzp vd;Wk; tH';Fth;.

nkny fz;l Fwspy; kapw;gPyia mst[f;F nky; tz;oapy; Vw;wpdhy; mijj; jh';fhJ tz;oapd; mr;R Kwpe;JtpLk;. ,J Fwl;gh jUk; neuhd bghUshFk;. ,jd; _yk; kd;dd; vt;tst[ typika[ilatdha; ,Ue;jhYk;/ gifth;fis vspath;fs; vd;bwz;zpg; bgUf;fpf; bfhz;nl ,Ue;jhy;/ mtDf;Fj; Jd;gk; neUk;. njhy;tp cz;lhFk; vd;gJ ehk; bgWk; bghUshFk;. ts;Sth; ,jpy; ctikia kl;Lk; Twpg; bghUis czur; bra;Js;shh;. ntw;Wik mzp:ntw;Wik mzp:ntw;Wik mzp:ntw;Wik mzp: g[yth; xU bra;a[spy; ,U bghUl;fSf;Fhpa xw;Wikia Kjypy; Twpg;

gpd;dh;/ xU fhuzj;jhy; xd;wpypUe;J kw;bwhd;W ntWgl;lbjdf; fhl;LtJ ntw;Wik mzpahFk;.

“jPapdhw; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj ehtpdhw; Rl;l tL”

jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z; clk;gpy; njhd;wpdhYk; cs;ns MwptpLk;. Mdhy; ehtpdhy; jPa brhw;fshy; Rl;lJ tLthfp eP';fhjpUf;Fk; vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; bghUs;. jP cliyr; RLk;/ jPr;brhy; cs;sj;ijr; RLk;. RLk; jd;ikahy; jPa[k;/ jPr;brhy;Yk; xw;Wik cilad. Mdhy; jPg;g[z; MwptpLk;. jPabrhy; cs;sj;jpy; ijj;J Mwhj tLthfj; njhd;Wk;. ,~J ,uz;ow;FKs;s ntw;WikahFk;. ,t;thW xw;Wikiaf; Twpg; gpd; ntWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ ntw;Wik mzpahFk;. epuy; eepuy; eepuy; eepuy; epiw mzp:piw mzp:piw mzp:piw mzp: md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if gz;g[k; gadk; mJ. ,y;thH;f;ifapd; gz;g[ md;g[ fhl;LtJ. ,y;thH;f;if gad;/ mwk; bra;jy; vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;J. ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;g[k; mwDk; Kjyoapy; mike;jd. mr;brhw;fnshL Kiwahfg; bghUe;Jk; thpirg;go gz;g[/ gad; vd;Dk; brhw;fs; mLj;j moapy; mike;jd. ,jpypUe;J md;ng gz;ghft[k;/ mwnd gadhft[k; cilaJ. ,y;ywk; vdg;bghUs; bfhs;s KofpwJ. ,t;thW brhw;fs; thpirg;go epw;gJ epuy; epiw vdg;gLk;. ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp:,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp:,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp:,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp:

Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk;;/ Kaw;wpd;ik ,d;ik g[Fj;jp tpLk;.

,e;jf; Fwspy; Kaw;rp vy;yhtif cah;ita[k; bfhLf;Fk;. Kaw;rp ,y;yhj nrhk;gy; bfhoa tWikaila tz;lhf;fptpLk; vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; bghUs;. ,t;thW cs;sij cs;sthW/ ,ay;ghd Kiwapy; mHFglg; bghUs; tps';FkhW TWtJ ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp vdg;gLk;. ,jidj; jd;ik mzp vd;Wk; TWth;. (etpw;rp/ ethWjy;/ TWjy;) cah;t[ etpw;rp mzp:cah;t[ etpw;rp mzp:cah;t[ etpw;rp mzp:cah;t[ etpw;rp mzp: thd; g[fH; bfhz;l jkpH;ehL ,g;ghlyoapy; g[fHpd; kpFjpiaf; fhl;l ‘thd;g[fH;’ vd;Dk; bjhlh; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ. thdst[f;F cah;e;jJk;/ thd; nghyg;



gue;jJkhd g[fiHf; bfhz;l jkpH;ehL vd;gJ ,jd; bghUs;. ,jpy; g[fH; kpft[k; rpwg;gpj;J/ cah;j;jpf; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW xU bghUspd; cah;it/ kpft[k; cah;j;jp/ rpwg;gpj;J mHFglf; TWtJ cah;t[ etpw;rp mzpahFk;.

“kPJah;e;j ,Unjhs;fs; xspia thhp tPRfpd;w Fd;w';fs;”

,g;ghlyofspy; ntydpd; “,U njhs;fSk; xsp tPRk; kiyf; Fd;Wfs;’ nghd;wit vdj; njhs;fspd; Mw;wiyg; ghujpjhrd; kpifglf; Twpa[s;shd;. ctik mzp:ctik mzp:ctik mzp:ctik mzp:

cLf;if ,He;jtd; ifnghy M';nf ,Lf;fz; fistjhk; el;g[.

“cLj;jp ,Uf;Fk; Mil ,Lg;ig tpl;L befpGk;nghJ mtdJ if tpiue;J brd;W mijg;gw;wp rhp bra;a[k;. mijg; nghy ez;gDf;Fj; Jd;gk; te;jt[ld; tpiue;J brd;W fhg;gnj rpwe;j el;ghFk; vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; fUj;J. ,jpy; ‘cLf;if ,He;jtd; if’ vd;gJ ctik. ‘,Lf;fz; fistJ el;g[‘ vd;gJ ctikia Vw;Fk; bghUs; (ctnkak;) ‘nghy’ vd;gJ ctk cUg[. cjt[jy; - bghJj; jd;ik. ,t;thW xU bghUnshL kw;bwhU bghUis ,iza itj;J xg;g[ikg;gLj;jpf; TWtJ ctik mzpahFk;. ,jpy; ctk cUg[ btspg;gl te;jpUf;fpwJ vd mwpayhk;. (nghy) vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltik mzp: epyj;jpapy;ghy; ePh;jphpe;J mw;whFk; khe;jh;f;F ,dj;jpay;g jhFk; mwpt[. ‘jhd; nrh;e;j epyj;jpd; ,ay;g[f;F Vw;g jz;zPh; jd; jd;ik ntWgl;L epw;Fk;. mJnghy kf;fSila mwpt[k; mtuth; nrh;e;j ,dj;jpd; ,ay;g[f;F Vw;g mika[k; vd;gJ ,f;Fwspd; fUj;J. epyj;jpay;ghy; ePh;jphpe;J mw;whFk; - ctik

khe;jh;f;F ,dj;jpay;g jhFk; mwpt[ - bghUs; (ctnkak;) nrh;e;jjd; ,ay;ghjy; - bghJj;jd;ik. ,g;ghlypy; ctika[k; bghUSk; (ctnkaKk;) jdpj;jdpahf epw;f/ ,ilapy; ‘nghy’ vd;Dk; ctk cUg[k; kiwe;J te;Js;sJ. ,t;thW ctkhdk; xU bjhlhft[k; ctnkak; (bghUs;) ,d;bdhU bjhluhft[k; mika ,ilapy; ctk cUg[ btspg;gilahf ,y;yhky; ghlg;gLtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp MFk;. cUtf ctikj; bjhif:cUtf ctikj; bjhif:cUtf ctikj; bjhif:cUtf ctikj; bjhif: ‘kyh;Kfk;’ - ,j;bjhlhpy; ‘kyh;’ xg;gplg;gl;l bghUs; ctik - ctkhdk;. ‘Kfk;’ ngr vLj;Jf; bfhz;l bghs; - ctnkak; bghUs;. nghd;w xg;gpLtij czh;j;Jk; brhy; - ctk cUg[ ‘kyh; Kfk;’ vd;gjpy; ‘ctk cUg[‘ ,y;yhjjdhy; ctikj; bjhif vd;Wk; TWth;. kyh; nghd;w Kfk; vd;gjpy; ctk cUg[k; btspg;gilahf te;Js;sJ. bghJthf ctikj; bjhlh;fspy; ctkhdk; ntwhft[k;/ ctnkak; ntwhft[k; njhd;Wfpd;wd. ‘kyh; Kfk;’ vd;gjpy; ctk cUg[ kiwe;J (bjhf;fp) te;Js;sJ. ,jpy; ‘ctik’ vdg;gLk;. ctkhdk; Kd;Dk; ctnkak; vdg;gLk; ‘bghUs;’ gpd;Dk; mike;Js;sd

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Kjw;bghUs;:Kjw;bghUs;:Kjw;bghUs;:Kjw;bghUs;: epyKk; bghGJk; vd Kjw;bghUs; ,U tifg;gLk;. epyk;:epyk;:epyk;:epyk;:

Fwp";rp - kiya[k; kiy rhh;e;j ,lKk; Ky;iy - fhLk; fhl;ilr; rhh;e;j ,lKk; kUjk; - taYk; tay; rhh;e;j ,lKk; bea;jy; - flYk; fly; rhh;e;j ,lKk; ghiy - twz;l RuKk; Ruk; rhh;e;j ,lKk;

bghGJ:bghGJ:bghGJ:bghGJ: bgUk;bghGJ/ rpWbghGJ vdg; bghGJ ,Utifg;gLk;. bgUbgUbgUbgUk;bghGJ:k;bghGJ:k;bghGJ:k;bghGJ: ,sntdpw;fhyk;/ KJntdpw;fhyk;/ fhh;fhyk;/ Fsph;fhyk;/ Kd;gdpf;fhyk;/ gpd;gdpf;fhyk; vd MW tifg;gLk;. ,sntdpw;fhyk; - rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp KJntdpw;fhyk; - Mdp/ Mo fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp Fsph;fhyk; - Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - khh;fHp/ ij gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - khrp/ g';Fdp rpWbghGJ : xU ehspd; MW TWfsrpWbghGJ : xU ehspd; MW TWfsrpWbghGJ : xU ehspd; MW TWfsrpWbghGJ : xU ehspd; MW TWfs; fhiy - fhiy 6 kzp Ky; 10 tiu ez;gfy;; - 10 kzp - 2kzp tiu

எw;ghL 2- 6 (எw;ghL - vy;+ghL/ vy; - "hapW/ ghL-kiwa[k; neuk;) khiy 6-10 tiu ahkk; 10 - 2 tiu itfiw 2-6 tiu jpiza[k; bghGJk; jpiz bgUk;bghGJ rpWbghGJ Fwp";rp Fsph;fhyk;/

Kd;gdpf;fhyk; ahkk;

Ky;iy fhh;fhyk; khiy kUjk; MwbgUk; bghGJfs; itfiw bea;jy; MW bgUk;

bghGJfs; vw;ghL

ghiy ,sntdpy;/KJntdpy; gpd;gdp

ez;gfy;

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பி�தG� பி�த� நிமி#த0�. க�+ெபா�4: ம�க� ,இைறவ*,உண�,ம�க� ெபா, ேபா�� உCபட ம�றவ�ைற ப�றி� �றி�ப�8வ க��ெபா�� ஆ��.

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g[[wg;bghUs;fs;:g[[wg;bghUs;fs;:g[[wg;bghUs;fs;:g[[wg;bghUs;fs;:mwk;/ bghUs;/ tPL gw;wpa[k; fy;tp/ tPuk;/ bfhil Kjypad gw;wpa[k; TWtJ g[wg;bghUshFk;. btl;rp/ fue;ij/ t";rp/ fh";rp/ behr;rp/ cHpi"/ Jk;ig/ thif/ ghlhz;/ bghJtpay;/ iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz vdg; g[wj;jpizfs; gd;dpuz;L tifg;gLk;. 1. btl;rpj; jpiz:1. btl;rpj; jpiz:1. btl;rpj; jpiz:1. btl;rpj; jpiz: gif ehl;od; kPJ nghh; bjhL;ff tpUk;g[k; murk; me;ehl;oYs;s gRf;Tl;l';fSf;F nghuhy; Jd;gk; neuf; TlhJ vd;gj;wfhfg; ehl;oYs;s gRf; Tl;l';fis fth;e;J tur; bra;thd;. mt;thW epiuftur; bry;Yk; tPuh;fs; btl;rpg;g{itr; R{or; bry;th;. mJnt btl;rpj; jpizahFk;. 2. fue;ijj; jpiz:2. fue;ijj; jpiz:2. fue;ijj; jpiz:2. fue;ijj; jpiz: btl;rp tPuh;fshy; fth;e;J bry;yg;gLk; jk; ehl;L Mdpiufis kPl;fr; bry;nthh; fue;ijg; g{itr; R{or; brd;W kPl;gh;. mJ fue;ijj; jpizahFk;. 3. t";rpj; jpiz:3. t";rpj; jpiz:3. t";rpj; jpiz:3. t";rpj; jpiz: kz;zhirahy; gifth; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wf; fUjpg; nghUf;Fr; bry;Yk; murd; t";rpg;g{it R{or; bry;thd;. mJ t";rpj; jpizahFk;. 4. fh";rpj; jpiz:4. fh";rpj; jpiz:4. fh";rpj; jpiz:4. fh";rpj; jpiz: Xh; murd; jd; ehl;od; kPJ nghh; Fwpj;J te;j khw;wurndhL vjph; brd;W nghh; g[hpjy; fh";rpj; jpizahFk;. mtd ;fh";rpg;g{it R{or; bry;thd;. 5. cHpi"j; jpiz:5. cHpi"j; jpiz:5. cHpi"j; jpiz:5. cHpi"j; jpiz: khw;wurdpd; nfhl;ilia ehw;g[w"; R{H;e;j bghGJ jd; gilfld; mjDl; g[Fe;J mjidf; ifg;gw;Wjy; MFk;. nfhl;ilia Kw;WifapLjy; cHpi" MFk;. tPuh;fs; cHpi"g; g{itr; R{Lth;. 6. behr;rpj; jpiz:6. behr;rpj; jpiz:6. behr;rpj; jpiz:6. behr;rpj; jpiz: gifaurdhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l jk; kjpiy mk; kjpYf;Fhpa murd; cs;spUe;J btspna ,Uf;Fk; giftnuhL nghhpLjy;. kjpy; fhf;Fk; tPuh; behr;rpg; g{it R{Lth;.

7. Jk;igj; jpiz:7. Jk;igj; jpiz:7. Jk;igj; jpiz:7. Jk;igj; jpiz: gifnte;jh; ,UtUk; jj;jk; gilfSld; jd;dyk; fUjhJ btw;wp xd;iwna fUjp Cf;fj;njhL nghhpLjy; Jk;igj; jpizahFk;. ,jw;F Jk;igg; g{it R{Ljy; kug[. 8. thifj; jpiz:8. thifj; jpiz:8. thifj; jpiz:8. thifj; jpiz: nghhpLk; nte;jUs; btw;wp bgWgtd; thifg;g{it R{o kfpH;thd;. ,J thifj; jpizahFk; 9. ghlhz; jpiz:9. ghlhz; jpiz:9. ghlhz; jpiz:9. ghlhz; jpiz: ,J kd;ddpd; g[fH;/ typik/ bfhil/ ,uf;fk; Kjypatw;iwg; g[fH;jy; ghlhz; jpizahFk;. 10. bghJtpay; jpiz:10. bghJtpay; jpiz:10. bghJtpay; jpiz:10. bghJtpay; jpiz: btl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; <whf cs;s g[wj;jpizf; bfy;yhk; bghJthf cs;sdt[k; mtw;Ws; Twg;glhjdt[k; Mfpa bra;jpfisf; TWtJ bghJtpay; jpizahFk;. 11. iff;fpisj; jpiz:11. iff;fpisj; jpiz:11. iff;fpisj; jpiz:11. iff;fpisj; jpiz: iff;fpis vd;gJ xU jiyf; fjhjy;. ,J Mz;ghw; Tw;W/ bgz;ghw; Tw;W vd ,U tifg;gLk;. 12. bgUe;jpiz:12. bgUe;jpiz:12. bgUe;jpiz:12. bgUe;jpiz: bgUe;jpizahtJ bghUe;jhf;fhkk;. ,J Mz;ghw; Tw;W/ bgz;ghw;Tw;W vd ,U tifg;gLk;.



பி��-ஆ Kg;ghy; (Kg;ghy; (Kg;ghy; (Kg;ghy; (jpUf;Fws);jpUf;Fws);jpUf;Fws);jpUf;Fws); md;g[likmd;g[likmd;g[likmd;g[lik 1. md;gpw;Fk; cz;nlh milf;Fk;jhH; Mh;tyh; g[d;fzPh; g{ry; jUk; bghUs; : md;ig milj;J itf;f jhH;g;ghs; ,y;iy. md;g[f;Fhpatdpd; Jd;gj;ijg; ghh;j;jJnk ed; md;g[ fz;zPuhf btspg;gl;L epw;Fk;. 2. md;gpyhh; vy;yhk; jkf;Fhpah; md;g[ilahh; vd;g[k; chpah; gpwh;f;F bghUs; : md;gpy;yhjth; vy;yhg; bghUSk; jkf;F kl;Lk; chpaJ vd;W vz;Qgth;. md;g[ cilatnuh jk; cly;/ bghUs;/ Mtp Mfpa midj;Jk; gpwUf;bfd vz;zpLth;. 3. md;nghL ,iae;j tHf;Fvd;g MUaph;f;F vd;nghL ,iae;j bjhlh;g[ bghUs; : clk;nghL caph; ,ize;J ,Ug;gJ nghy/ thH;f;if bewpnahL md;g[ ,ize;J ,Uf;fpwJ. 4. md;g[ <Dk; Mh;tk; cilik mJ<Dk; ez;g[vd;Dk; ehlhr; rpwg;g[ bghUs; : md;g[ tpUg;gj;ijj; jUk;. tpUg;gk; midthplKk; el;g[ bfhs;Sk; bgU";rpwg;igj; jUk;. 5. md;g[w;W mkh;e;j tHf;F vd;g itafj;J ,d;g[w;whh; va;Jk; rpwg;g[ bghUs; : md;nghL bghUe;jpa thH;f;if bewpiaf; filgpoj;jth; cyfj;jpy; kfpH;r;rp cilath; Mth;. 6. mwj;jpw;nf md;g[rhh;g[ vd;g mwpahh; kwj;jpw;Fk; m~nj Jiz bghUs; : md;g[ mwj;ij kl;Lk; rhh;e;jJ vd;W TWnthh; mwpahjth;/ tPuj;jpw;Fk; md;g[jhd; Jiz. 7. vd;gpyjid btapy;nghyf; fha[nk md;gp yjid mwk; bghUs; : vYk;gpy;yhj caph;fis btapy; tUj;jp mHpg;gJ nghy; md;gpy;yhj caph;fis mwk; tUj;jp mHpf;Fk;. 8. md;gfj;J ,y;yh caph;thH;f;if td;ghw;fz; tw;wy; kuk;jsph;j; jw;W bghUs; : ghiy epyj;jpy; cs;s thog;nghd kuk; jsph;f;fhJ. mJnghy be";rpy; md;g[ ,y;yhj kdpjh; thH;f;if jsph;f;fhJ.

9. g[we;JWg;g[ vy;yhk; vtd;bra;a[k; ahf;if mfj;JWg;g[ md;gp yth;f;F bghUs; : be";rpy; md;g[ ,y;yhjth;f;F iffhy; nghd;w cly; cWg;g[fshy; vd;d gad;?. 10. md;gpd; tHpaJ caph;epiy m~jpyhh;f;F vd;g[njhy; nghh;j;j clk;g[ bghUs; : md;g[ bra;tJjhd; clk;gpy; capy; ,Ug;gjw;F milahsk;. md;gpy;yhjth; clk;g[ btWk; njhyhy; _lg;gl;l vYk;g[jhd;. m';F caph; ,y;iy. gz;g[likgz;g[likgz;g[likgz;g[lik 1. vz;gjj;jhy; va;jy; vspbjd;g ahh;khl;Lk; gz;g[lik vd;Dk; tHf;F bghUs; : ahhplj;Jk; vspikahfg; gHfpdhy; gz;g[lik vd;Dk; ed;bewpia miljy; vspJ. 2. md;g[lik Md;w Fogpwj;jy; ,t;tpuz;Lk; gz;g[lik vd;Dk; tHf;F bghUs; : md;g[ilatuhfj; jpfH;jy;/ cah;e;j Fog;gpwg;g[ Mfpa ,t;tpuz;Lk; gz;ghshpd; ,ay;g[. 3. cWg;bghj;jy; kf;fshg;g[ md;why; btWf;fj;jf;f gz;bghj;jy; xg;gjhk; xg;g[ bghUs; : clk;ghy; xj;jpUj;jy; kf;fnshL xg;g[ik md;W. bghUe;jj;jf;f gz;ghy; xj;jpUe;jhny kf;fshff; bfhs;sj;jf;f xg;g[ikahFk;. 4. eabdhL ed;wpg[hpe;j gaDilahh; gz;g[gh uhl;Lk; cyF bghUs; : neh;ikiaa[k;/ mwj;ija[k; bfhz;L gpwh;f;F cjt ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa gz;ghsiuna cyfk; nghw;Wk;. 5. eifa[s;Sk; ,d;dhJ ,fH;r;rp gifa[s;Sk; gz;g[s ghlwpthhh; khl;L bghUs; : tpisahl;lhf xUtiu ,fH;e;J ngRjYk; Jd;gj;ij jUk;. gpwUila ,ay;ig mwpe;J elg;gthplj;jpy; gifiaapUg;gpd; ey;y gz;g[fs; ,Uf;Fk;. 6. gz;g[ilahh;g; gl;Lz;L cyfk; mJtpd;nwy; kz;g[f;F kha;tJ kd; bghUs; : cyfk; gz;g[ilath;fshny epiybgw;W ,Uf;fpwJ. ,y;iybadpy; ,t;t[yfk; kz;nzhL kz;zhfg; ngha;tpLk;.



7. muk;nghYk; Th;ikanuDk; kuk;nghy;th; kf;fl; gz;(g[) ,y;yhjth; bghUs; : muk; nghd;w Th;ikahd mwpt[ilatuhf ,Ug;gpDk; kf;fSf;Fhpa gz;g[ ,y;yhjth; Xuwpt[ila kukhfnt fUjg;gLthh;. (muk; - thisf; Th;ikahf;Fk; fUtp) 8. ez;ghw;wh uhfp eakpy bra;thh;f;Fk; gz;ghw;wh uhjy; fil bghUs; : el;g[f;bfhs;s ,ayhjtuha;j; jPik bra;gthplj;jpYk; gz;g[ilatuha;g; gHf ,ayhjJ ,Hpthd brayhFk;. 9. efy;ty;yh; my;yhh;f;F khapU "hyk; gfYk;ghw; gl;ld; wpUs; bghUs; : gpwnuhL gHfpg; ngrp kfpH ,ayhjth;f;F kpfg;bghpa ,t;t[yfk; gfypYk; ,Ushfnt njhd;Wk;. 10. gz;gpyhd; bgw;w bgU";bry;tk; ed;ghy; fye;jPik ahy;jphpe; jw;W bghUs; : gz;gpyhjtd; bgw;w bgU";bry;tkhdJ ghj;jpuj;jpd; jd;ikahy; ey;y ghy; jphptJ nghd;wJ. fy;tpfy;tpfy;tpfy;tp 1. fw;f frlwf; fw;git fw;wgpd; epw;f mjw;Fj; jf bghUs; : E]y;fisf; Fw;wkwf; fw;fntz;Lk;. fw;wgo elf;f ntz;Lk;. 2. vz;vd;g Vid vGj;bjd;g ,t;tpuz;Lk; fz;vd;g thGk; caph;f;F bghUs; : vz;Qk; vGj;Jk; Mfpa ,t;tpuz;Lk; kdpjh;fSf;F ,U fz;fs; vdf; TWth;. (vz; - vz;fs;/ fzpjk;/ vGj;J - ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa';fs;) 3. fz;cilath; vd;gth; fw;nwhh; Kfj;jpuz;L g[z;cilah; fy;yhjth; bghUs; : fy;tp fw;wth; fz; cilath;/ fy;yhjth; Kfj;jpy; ,uz;L g[z;Qilath; Mth;. 4. ctg;gj; jiyf;To cs;sg; gphpjy; midj;nj g[yth; bjhHpy; bghUs; : mwptpy; rpwe;j g[yth;fSld; ngrpg;gHFk;nghJ kfpH;r;rpahf ,Ug;gJk;/ mth;fis

tpl;Lg; gphpa[k;nghJ ,dp ,tiu vg;nghJ fhz;nghk; vd vz;zpg; gphptJk; g[ythpd; ,ay;ghFk;. 5. cilahh;Kd; ,y;yhh;nghy; Vf;fw;Wk; fw;whh; filanu fy;yh jth; bghUs; : bry;th;Kd; ViH ,ue;J epw;gJ nghyf; fw;wth;Kd; gzpe;J fw;gtnu cah;e;jth;/ gzpe;J fy;yhjth; jhH;e;jth;. 6. bjhl;lidj;J CWk; kzw;nfzp khe;jh;f;F fw;widj;J CWk; mwpt[ bghUs; : kzw;gh';fhd ,lj;jpy; njhz;lj;njhz;l ePh; Ruf;Fk;. mJnghy kf;fs; E]y;fisf; fw;f fw;f mth;jk; mwpt[ tsUk;. 7. ahjhDk; ehlhky; Cuhkhy; vd;bdhUtd; rhe;Jiza[k; fy;yhj thW bghUs; : fw;wtDf;F ve;j ehLk; jd; ehlhFk;. ve;j CUk; jd; CuhFk;. ,jid mwpe;Jk; rpyh; rhFk;tiu fw;fhky; ,Ug;gJ Vd;? 8. xUikf;fz; jhd;fw;w fy;tp xUtw;F VH;ika[k; Vkhg;g[ cilj;J bghUs; : xU gpwg;gpy; jhd; fw;Wf;bfhs;Sk; ey;ywpt[/ ,dp vGk; gpwtpfSf;Fk; ghJfg;g[j; jUk;. 9. jhk;,d; g[WtJ cyF,d; g[wf;fz;L fhKWth; fw;wwpe; jhh; bghUs; : jh';fs; ,d;gk; mila[k; fy;tpahy; cyfk; ,d;gk; miltijf; fz;L/ fw;wth; nkd;nkYk; fw;f tpUk;g[th;. 10. nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk; fy;tp xUtw;F khly;y kw;iw ait bghUs; : xUtDf;F mHpahj bry;tk; fy;tpahFk;. fy;tp jtpu kw;w bry;t';fs; vy;yhk; bry;t';fs; MfhJ. nfs;tpnfs;tpnfs;tpnfs;tp 1. bry;tj;Js; bry;tk; brtpr;bry;tk; mr;bry;tk; bry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy bghUs; : bry;t';fSs; rpwe;jJ nfs;tpr; bry;tk;. mJnt bry;t';fs; midj;jpw;Fk; Kjd;ikahdJ. 2. brtpf;Fzt[ ,y;yhj nghH;J rpwpJ tapw;Wf;Fk; <ag; gLk;



bghUs; : brtpf;Fzthfpa ey;ywpt[ fpilf;fhj bghGjpy; tapw;Wf;Fk; rpwpjst[ czt[ mspf;fg;gLk;. 3. brtpa[ztpd; nfs;tp cilahh; mtpa[ztpd; Md;nwhnuh blhg;gh; epyj;J bghUs; : brtpa[zthfpa nfs;tpapid cilath; ,t;t[yfpy; thH;e;jhYk; mt;t[tpidf; bfhs;Sk; njth;fSf;F epfuhth;. 4. fw;wpyd; MapDk; nfl;f m~bjhUtw;(F) Vw;fj;jpd; Cw;whe; Jiz bghUs; : xUtd; fw;f tha;g;g[ ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhYk; fw;whhplk; nfl;lwpa ntz;Lk;. thH;f;ifapy; jsh;r;rpa[Wk;nghJ mf;nfs;tpawpt[ mtDf;F Cd;Wnfhy; nghyj; Jizahf epw;Fk; 5. ,Gf;fy; cila[Hp Cw;Wf;nfhy; mw;nw xGf;fk; cilahh;tha;r; brhy; bghUs; : tHf;Ffpd;w epyj;jpy; Cd;Wnfhy; cjt[tJnghy/ ey;byhGf;fk; kpf;f bghpnahhpd; tha;r;brhw;fs; thH;f;iff;F vd;Wk; cjt[k;. 6. vidj;jhDk; ey;yit nfl;f midj;jhDk; Md;w bgUik jUk; bghUs; : vtUk; mwp"hpd; ey;Yiufis nfl;f ntz;Lk;. me;ey;Yiw vt;tst[ rpwpnjahapDk; mjid gpd;gw;WgtUf;F epiwe;j bgUikia mJ njoj; jUk;. 7. gpiHj;Jzh;e;Jk; ngijik brhy;yhh; ,iHj;Jzh;e; (J) <z;oa nfs;tpath; bghUs; : El;gkhf Ma;e;jwpe;j nfs;tp mwpt[ilath; jtwhf czh;e;jpUe;jhYk; xUbghGJk; ,Hpbrhw;fisf; Twkhl;lhh;. 8. nfl;gpDk; nfshj; jifant nfs;tpahy; njhl;fg; glhj brtp bghUs; : nfs;tpahy; Jisf;fg;glhj brtpfSf;F nfl;Fk; jd;ik ,Ug;gpDk; nfshj brtpfshfnt fUjg;gLk;. ; 9. Ez';fpa nfs;tpa uy;yhy; tz';fpa thapd uhjy; mhpJ bghUs; : El;gkhfpa nfs;tpawpt[ ,y;yhjth; gzpthd brhw;fisg; ngRtjpy;iy. 10. brtpapd; Rita[zuh tha[zh;tpd; khf;fs; mtpapDk; thHpDk; vd;

bghUs; : nfs;tpapd; thapyhf brtpr;Rit czuhJ/cztpd; thapyhf tha;r;Rit kl;Lnk czUk; kf;fs; ,we;jhYk; vd;d? thH;e;jhYk; vd;d? mwpt[likmwpt[likmwpt[likmwpt[lik 1. mwptw;w'; fhf;Fk; fUtp brWthh;f;Fk; cs;sHpf;f yhfh muz; bghUs; : xUtDf;F mwpt[ mHpt[ Vw;glhky; ghJfhf;Fk; fUtp gifth;fshYk; mHpf;f Koahj ghJfhg;g[ muz; MFk;. ; 2. brd;w ,lj;jhw; brytplh jPbjhhP, ed;wpd;gh Ya;g;g jwpt[ bghUs; : kdk; nghFk; nghf;fpy; nghfhky; jPikiaj; jtph;j;J ed;ikia bra;tJ mwpt[ 3. vg;bghUs; ahh;ahh;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs; bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[ bghUs; : ve;j bra;jpia ahh; TwpdhYk; mr;bra;jpapd; cz;ik mwpe;J mjid Vw;f ntz;Lk;. 4.vz;bghUs; thfr; bryr;brhy;yj; jhd;gpwh;tha; Ez;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[ bghUs; : nfl;gth;fSf;F g[hpa[k; tifapy; vspikahd Ez;ikahd fUj;Jf;fisa[k; TWtnj mwpt[ilahh; rpwg;g[. 5. cyfe; jHP,a bjhl;gk; kyh;jY'; Tk;gY kpy;y jwpt[ bghUs; : cyfk; jGtp elg;gnj mwpt[/ bjspt[k; fyf;fk; khwp khwp tuhky; ,Ug;gnj mwpt[. 6. lt;t Jiwt Jyf Kyfj;njh kt;t Jiwt jwpt[ (mDgtk; tha;e;j bghpath;fs; elg;gJ nghy; elg;gnj mwpt[ilik MFk;) 7. mwpt[ilahd; Mt jwpthh; mwptyhh; m~jwp fy;yh jth; (bra;a[k; braypd; gpd; tpist[ mwpe;J bra;gth;mwptilath;/ mt;thW bra;ahjth; mwptpy;yhjth;) 8. m";Rt j";rhik ngijik m";Rt j";ry; mwpthh; bjhHpy; (gag;glntz;oatw;Wf;F gag;glt[k; gaf;Tlhjtw;Wf;F gag;glhkYk; ,Uj;jy; mwpt[ 9. vjpujhf; fhf;Fk;mwptpdhh;fpy;iy



mjpu tUtnjhh; neha; (gpd; tu ,Ug;gij Kd;dnu mwpe;J mjidj; jLg;gtUf;F mjph;r;rp jUk; Jd;g';fs; tuhJ. 10. mwpt[ilahh; vy;yh Kilahh; mwptpyhh; vd;Dila nuD kpyh; (fy;tp nfs;tpfshy; epuk;gpa mwpt[ilath;fs; gpw bghUl; bry;t';fisg; bgwhtpl;lhYk; vy;yhk; cilath;fshfnt kjpf;fg;gLthh;; mlf;fKilikmlf;fKilikmlf;fKilikmlf;fKilik 1. mlf;fk; mkuUs; ca;f;Fk; ml';fhik MhpUs; ca;j;J tpLk; (mlf;fk; cilatd; njtUs; itf;fgLthd;. mlf;fk; ,y;yhjtd; eP';fhj ,Uspy; (eufj;jpy;) js;sg;gLthd;) 2. fhf;f bghUsh mlf;fj;ij/ Mf;fk; mjdpD] c'; fpy;iy caph;f;F (mlf;fj;ij xU bry;tkhf kjpj;Jf; fhf;f ntz;Lk. xUtDf;F ed;ik jUtJ ,ijtpl ntW xd;Wk; ,y;iy.; 3. brwptwpe;J rPh;ik gaf;Fk; mwptwe; jhw;wp il'fg;bgwpd; (rKjhaj;jpy; ml';fp elg;gnj mwpt[ilik vd;gJ mwpe;J xUtd; bray;gl;lhy; mtd; rhd;nwhuhy; ed;F ghuhl;lg;gLthd;) 4. epiyapw; wphpah jl';fpahd; nwhw;wk; kiyapDk; khiag; bghpJ ,t;thH;f;ifapy; ,Ue;J bfhz;nl bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ _f;F brtp Mfpa Ie;J bghwpfisa[k; jk; g[yd;fspd; tHpahf bewp jtwpr; bry;y tplhky; mlf;Fk; ,y;ywj; jhdpd; bgUkpj;njhw;wk; cah;e;j rpfu';fis cila tskhd kiyia tplg; gd; kl';F bghypt[ilajhFk;. 5. vy;yhh;f;Fk; ed;whk; gzpjy; : mtUs;Sk; bry;th;f;nf bry;te; jifj;J (brUf;F ,y;yhky; mlf;fkhf thH;jy; kf;fs; vy;yhh;f;Fk; ed;ik gaf;Fk; vd;whYk; fy;tp/ bry;tk;/ gjtp Kjypatw;iwath;fspdlk; mlf;fkhdJ kw;bwhU rPhpa bry;tkhff; fUjg;gLk;. 6. xUika[s; Miknghy;Ie;jlf;f yhw;wpd; vGika[k; Vkhg; g[ilj;J (Mikiag; nghy; ,y;ywj;jhd; xUtd; ,g;gpwg;gpy; Ie;J bghwpfisa[k; mlf;f ty;ytdhapd; mt;thw;wy; mtDf;Fg; gpd;dh; tUfpd;w

gpwg;g[j;njhWk; gpwtpfspYk; jd; gaidj; je;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;J ctikazp 7. ahfhth uhapDk; ehfhf;f : fhthf;fhy; nrhfhg;gh; brhy;ypGf;fg;gl;L (xUtd; vijf; fhf;fj; jtwpdhYk; jdJ ehf;iff; fhf;f ntz;Lk;. ,y;iybad;why; brhy; Fw;wj;jhy; Jd;gg;gLth;.; 8. xd;whDe; jPr;brhw; bghUl;ga Dz;lhapd; ed;whfh jhfp tpLk;. (jPik gaf;Fk brhw;fshy; gpwh;f;F tUk; Jd;gk; xd;nwahdhYk;. xUtd; bra;j gy ew;bray;fshy; mtDf;F tUk; ed;ik jPikahfnt Koa[k;.) 9. jPapdhw; Rl;lg[z; cs;hWk; Mwhnj ehtpdhw; Rl;ltL. (jPapdhy; Rl;lg[z; MwptpLk;/ Mdhy; ehf;fpdhy; ngrpajhy; Vw;wg;gl;l jGk;g[ vg;nghJk; MwhJ.) ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ,e;j jpUf;Fws; - ntw;Wikazpapy; mike;J cs;sJ. (jPg;g[z; fL";brhy;yhy; cz;lhfpa g[z; ,uz;Lk; RLifahy; xd;nw vd;W Twp xw;Wikg;gLj;jpg; gpd; jPg;g[z; MwptpLk;. ehtpdhw; Rl;lJ MwhJ vd;W ntWgLj;Jjyhy; ntw;Wikazp Mapw;W. 10. fj';fhj;Jf; fw;wl';f yhw;Wthd; brt;tp mwk;ghh;f;Fk; Mw;wpd; EiHe;J (nfhgk; bfhs;shky; mwpt[k; mlf;fKk; cilatid mila ntz;Lk; vd;W mwf;flt[s; fhyk; ghh;j;jpUg;ghh;.

xGf;fKilik :xGf;fKilik :xGf;fKilik :xGf;fKilik : 1. xGf;fk; tpGg;gk; juyhd; xGf;fk; caphpDk; xk;gg;gLk; (xUtw;F midj;Jr; rpwg;g[fisa[k; jUtJ xGf;fnk. Mjyhy; mt;bthGf;fj;ij caphpDk; nkyhdjhff; fUjpf; fhj;jy; ntz;Lk;.; 2. ghpe;njhk;gpf; fhf;f xGf;fk; bjhpe;njhk;gpj; njhpDk; m~nj Jiz. (vk; Kiwapy; Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhYk; xGf;fnk ey;y Jiz MFk;. xGf;fj;ija[k; fhg;gJ fodkhdhYk; vg;ghLgl;lhtJ mjid tpUk;gp fhj;jy; ntz;Lk;. 3. xGf;f Kilik Foik ,Gf;fk; ,Hpe;j gpwg;gha; tpLk; (xGf;fk; cs;stnu cah; Foapdh;/ mt;bthGf;fk; ,y;yhjth; ,Hp Foapdh;)



,Gf;fk; - xGf;fk; ,y;yhjth; 4. kwg;gpD nkhj;Jf; bfhsyhFk; ghh;g;ghd; gpwg;bghGf;f'; Fd;wf; bfLk;. xUtd; jhd; fw;w fy;tpia kwe;jhYk; mjid kPz;Lk; fw;W bfhs;s ,aYk;. Mdhy; xGf;fk; Fiwe;jhy;/ mjDila Fog;gpwg;gpd; rpwg;g[ mHpe;J nghFk;. 5. mGf;fhWilahd;fz; Mf;fk; nghd; wpy;iy xGf;fk; ,yhd;fz; cah;t[. (bghwhik cilatdplk; bry;tk; epiyf;fhJ mJ nghy;xGf;fk; ,y;yhjtdplj;jpy; cah;t[ ,Uf;fhJ.

mzp : ctik mzp. 6. xGf;fj;jpd; xy;fhh; cunthh;,Gf;fj;jpd; Vjk; gLghf; fwpe;J bghUs; : xGf;fk; jtWjyhy; Vw;gLk; Fw;w';fis ed;Fzh;e;j kdtypik kpf;nfhh;/ mt;bthGf;f bewpapypUe;J rpwpJk; tpyf khl;lhh;. 7. xGf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; nkd;ik ,Gf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; va;jhg;gHP (xGf;fk; cilath; nkd;ik milth; : xGf;fk; ,y;yhjth; milaf;Tlhj gHpia milth;) 8. ed;wpf;F tpj;jhFk; ey;byhGf;fk; jPbagGf;fk; vd;Wk; ,Lk;ig jUk;. ey;byhGf;fk; vd;gJ ed;ik vd;Dk; tpist[fisg; bghWtjw;fhd tpijahFk;. jPbahGf;fnkh vg;bghGJk; Jd;gj;ijna tpisthfj; jUk; 9. xGf;fk; cilath;f; bfhy;yhnt jPa tGf;fpa[k; thahw; brhyy; (ey;byhGf;fk; cilnahuhy; jtwpa[k; jk; thahy; jPik jUk; brhw;fisr; brhy;y ,ayhJ) ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ : brhyy; - bjhHpw;bgah;. 10. cyfj;njh blhl;l xGfy; gyfw;Wk; fy;yhh; mwptpyh jhh;. (cah;e;jhnuhL bghUe;jp thGk; fy;tpiaf; fy;yhjth;. vt;tst[jhd; fw;wpUe;jhYk; mwptpy;yhjtnu Mthh;)

bghiwa[ilikbghiwa[ilikbghiwa[ilikbghiwa[ilik 1. mfy;thiuj; jh';Fk; epyk; nghyj; jk;ik ,fH;thh;g; bghWj;jy; jiy (epykhdJ jd;idj; njhz;Lgtiua[k; jh';FtJ nghyj; jk;ik ,Hpt[g;gLj;Jnthiug; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;tnj rpwe;j gz;g[) mzp : ctik mzp. 2. bghWj;jy; ,wg;gpid vd;Wk; mjid kwj;jy; mjpdpDk; ed;W bghUs; : gpwh; bra;a[k; Jd;g';fisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;Sjy; rpwe;jJ. mj;Jd;gj;ij kwe;J tpLjy; mijtplr; rpwe;jJ. 3. ,d;ika[s; ,d;ik tpUe;bjhuhy; td;ika[s; td;ik klthh;g; bghiw bghUs; : tpUe;jpdh;fis tuntw;f ,ayhJ jtph;f;Fk; epiy/ tWika[s; bfhoa tWikahFk;. mJnghy/ mwptw;whh; bra;a[k; jP';Ffisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;Sjy; typika[s; rpwe;j typikahFk;. mzp : vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp’ 4. epiwa[ilik - eP';fhik ntz;od; bghiwa[ilik nghw;wp xGfg;gLk;. bghUs; : ew;Fz';fs; ek;ik tplL eP';fhjpUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy;/ bghWikiag; nghw;wpf; fhj;jy; ntz;Lk;. 5. xWj;jhiu xd;whf itahnu itg;gh; bghWj;jhiug; bghd;nghw; bghjpe;J bghUs; : gpwh; bra;a[k; jP';fpizg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;shky; jz;og;gtiur; rhd;nwhh; xU bghUl;lhf kjpf;fkhl;lhh;. Mdhy; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;gtiu bghd; nghy; kjpj;J kdj;Js; itj;Jg; nghw;Wth;. 6. xWj;jhh;f; bfhUehis ,d;gk; bghWj;jhh;f;Fg; bghd;Wk; Jiza[k; g[fH;

bghUs; : gpwh; bra;a[k; jPikiag; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;shJ jz;oj;jth;f;F xU ehs; kl;Lk; Mdhy;



,d;gk; fpl;Lk;. bghWj;Jf; bfhz;lthpd; g[fH; cyfk; cs;s tiuf;Fk; epiyj;J epw;Fk;. 7. jpwdy;y jw;gpwh; bra;apDk; nehbehe;(J) mwdy;y bra;ahik ed;W bghUs; : bra;aj;jfhj Jd;gr; bray;fisg; gpwh; jdf;F bra;jhYk; mjw;fhf tUe;jp mwj;jpw;F khwhd bray;fisr; bra;ahjpUj;jy; ey;yJ. 8. kpFjpahd; kpf;fit bra;jhiuj; jhk;jk; jFjpahd; btd;Wtply; bghUs; : brUf;fpdhy; jPik bra;jhiua[k; jkJ bghWikapdhy; btw;wpf; bfhs;sy; ntz;Lk;. 9. Jwe;jhhpd; J]a;ik cilah; ,we;jhh; tha; ,d;dhr; brhy; nehw;fpw; gth; bghUs; : tuk;g[ fle;J ngRnthhpd; bfhoa brhw;fisa[k; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;gth; gw;ww;w JwtpahhpDk; nkyhdth;. 10. cz;zhJ nehw;ghh; bgahpah; gpwh;brhy;Yk; ,d;dhr;brhy; nehw;ghhpd; gpd; bghUs; : cz;zh nehd;g[ ,Uf;Fk; bghpath;fis tpl jk;ik ,fH;nthhpd; brhw;fisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;gth; nkyhdth; Mthh;.

el;g[el;g[el;g[el;g[

1. braw;fhpa aht[s el;gpd; mJnghy; tpidf;fhpa aht[s fhg;g[ bghUs; : el;igg; nghy; bra;J bfhs;tjw;F mhpa cwt[fs; vJt[k; ,y;iy. me;j el;igg; nghyr; bra;fpd;w braYf;Fr; rpwe;j ghJfhg;g[ ntW vita[k; ,y;iy.; 2. epiwjPu ePuth; nfz;ik gpiwkjpg; gpd;ePu ngijahh; el;g[ bghUs; : mwpt[ilahh; el;g[ tsh;gpiwnghy; ehSk; tsUk;/ mwptpyhh; el;g[ nja;gpiw nghy; ehSk; nja[k; 3. etpy;bjhWk; E]y; eak; nghYk; gapy;bjhWk; gz;g[ilahsh; bjhlh;g[ bghUs; : gz;g[ilahshpd; el;g[ gHfg; gHf ,d;gk; jUk;. mJnghy ey;y E]y;fspd; bghUs; fw;ff; fw;f ,d;ge;jUk;.

,jpy; ctikmzp ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ. 4. eFjw; bghUl;ld;W el;ly; kpFjpf;fz; nkw;brd;W ,oj;jhw; bghUl;L bghUs; : el;g[ vd;gJ rphpj;Jg; ngrp kfpH;tJ kl;Lkd;W : ez;ghplj;Jj; jtW fhQk; nghJ mtiuf; foj;Jiuj;Jj; jpUj;jp ey;tHpg;gLj;JjYk; MFk;. 5. g[zh;r;rp gHFjy; ntz;lh czh;r;rpjhd; el;gh';fpHik jUk;. bghUs; : ,Uthpd; el;gpw;Fr; nrh;e;jpUj;jYk; beU';fpg; gHFjYk; njitapy;iy. xj;j kdt[zh;nt el;g[hpikiaf; bfhLf;Fk;. 6.Kfef el;gJ el;gd;W be";rj;J mfef el;gJ el;g[ bghUs; : Kfk; kl;Lk; kyUk;go el;g[f; bfhs;tJ el;ghfhJ. cs;sk; kfpGk;go md;ghf ele;J bfhs;tnj el;g[. 7. mHptpdit ePf;fp MWa;j;J mHptpd;fz; my;yy; cHg;gjhk; el;g[ bghUs; : mHpitj;jUk; Jd;g';fspypUe;J ez;gid tpyf;fp/ ey;tHpapy; brYj;j ntz;Lk;. mtDf;F mHpt[ neUk;nghJ cldpUe;J jhDk;mjpy; g'nfw;W mHptpypUe;J kPl;f ntz;Lk;. ;. 8. cLf;if ,He;jtd; ifnghy M';nf ,Lf;fz; fistjhk; el;g[ bghUs; : cLj;jpa Mil eGt[k;nghJ if jd;idawpahky; jhnd brd;W fhf;Fk;: mJnghy/ ez;gd; Jd;g[Wk; nghJ tpiue;J brd;W mj;Jd;gj;jpypUe;J mtid fhg;gnj el;g[. 9. el;gpw;F tPw;wpUf;if ahbjdpd; bfhl;gpd;wp xy;Yk; tha; Cd;Wk; epiy bghUs; : el;gpw;Fr; rpwe;j epiy vJbtd;why;/ vg;nghJk; ntWgLjy; ,y;yhky;/ ,aYk; bghGbjy;yhk; cjtp bra;J jh';Fjy;. 10. ,izah; ,th;vkf;F ,d;dk;ahk; vd;W g[idapDk; g[y;byd;Dk; el;g[ bghUs; : ,th; vkf;F ,j;jifa md;gpdh; : ahk; ,th;f;F ,j;Jizr; rpwg;g[ilath; vd;W g[fH;e;Jiuf;ff TlhJ. mt;thW g[fH;e;Jiuj;jhy; el;g[r; rpwg;g[ ,Hf;Fk;.



bghUSzh;e;J bghUj;Jf.bghUSzh;e;J bghUj;Jf.bghUSzh;e;J bghUj;Jf.bghUSzh;e;J bghUj;Jf. 1. ngijahh;el;g[ - (m) cLf;if ,He;jth; if nghd;wJ 2. gz;g[ilahsh; bjhlh;g[ -

(M) tsh;gpiw nghd;wJ 3. mwpt[ilahh; el;g[ - (,) etpy; njhWk; E]y; eak; nghd;wJ 4. ,Lf;fz; fisa[k; el;g[ (<) nja;gpiw nghd;wJ. tpil : 1</ 2 ,/ 3 M/ 4 m

tha;iktha;iktha;iktha;ik 1. tha;ik vdg;gLt(J) ahbjdpd; ahbjhd;Wk; jPik ,yhjbrhyy; bghUs; : tha;ik vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; gz;g[ vJbtdpy; mJ kw;wtUf;F jPik juhj brhw;fisg; ngRjy; 2. bgha;ika[k; tha;ik ,lj;j g[iu jPh;e;j ed;ik gaf;F bkdpd; bghUs; : gpwh;f;F Fw;wkw;w ed;ikiaj; jUkhapd;/ bgha;a[k; cz;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;. 3. jd; be";R mwptJ bgha;aw;f bgha;j;jlhd; jd; be";nr jd;idr;RLk;. bghUs; : jd; be";rk; mwpe;J bgha;Twf; TlhJ Twpd; jd; be";rnk jd;id tUj;Jk;. 4. cs;sj;jhy; bgha;ah bjhGfpd; cyfj;jhh; cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; Csd;. bghUs; : xUtd; jd; cs;sk; mwpa bgha;apy;yhky; elg;ghdhdhy;/ mj;jifatd; cyfj;jhh; cs;s';fspy; vy;yhk; ,Ug;gtd; Mthd;. 5. kdj;bjhL tha;ik bkhHpapd; jtj;bjhL jhdk; bra; thhpd; jiy. bghUs; : kdj;njhL bghUe;jpa tha;ik ngRgtd; jhdk; jtk; bra;fpwth;fisf; fhl;oYk; cah;e;jtdhf fUjg;gLthd;. 6. bgha;ahik md;d g[fH; ,y;iy va;ahik vy;yh mwKk; jUk;. bghUs; : bgha;ahik/ xUtDf;F vy;yhg; g[fiHa[k; jUk;/ m~J mtd; tUe;jhknyna mtDf;F vy;yh eyd;fisa[k; jUk;. 7. bgha;ahik bgha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gpw

bra;ahik bra;ahik ed;W bghUs; : bgha; brhy;yhik vd;Dk; mwj;ij ,iltplhky; filgpoj;jhy; ntW ve;j mw';fisa[k; bra;a ntz;oaJ ,y;iy. 8. g[we;J]a;ik ePuhd; mika[k; mfe;J]a;ik tha;ikahy; fhzg;gLk;. bghUs; : cly;J]a;ik ePuhy; cz;lhFk;. cs;sj; J]a;ik tha;ikahy; btspg;gLk;. 9. vy;yh tpsf;Fk; tpsf;fy;y rhd;nwhh;f;F bgha;ah tpsf;nf tpsf;F bghUs; : g[w ,Uis ePf;Fk; tpsf;if tpl mf ,Ug;il nghf;Fk; bgha;ahikna rhd;nwhh;f;F tpsf;fhFk;. 10. ahk;bka;ahf; fz;ltw;Ws; ,y;iy vidj;bfhd;Wk; tha;ikapd; ey;y gpw bghUs; : ahk; cz;ikahff; fz;l bghUs;fSs; vt;tifapYk;cz;ikia tpl rpwe;jitahfr; brhy;yj; jf;fit ntwpy;iy.

,dpait Twy,dpait Twy,dpait Twy,dpait Twy ; ; ; ;

1. ,d;brhy;yhy; <uk; mis ,g; goW ,ythk; brk;bghUs; fz;lhh;tha;r; brhy; bghUs; : md;g[ fye;J t";rk; mw;witahfpw brhw;fs; bka;g;bghUs; fz;lth;fspy; tha;rbrhw;s; ,d;brhw;fs;. 2. mfdkh;e;J <jypd; ed;nw Kdfkh;e;J ,d;brhypd; Mfg;bgwpd; bghUs; : cs;sk; tpUk;gp xUtUf;Ff; bfhLj;J cjt[[tJ ey;yJ : Kfk; kyh;e;J xUtiug; ghh;j;J ,dpa brhw;fis TWjy; mij tplt[k; ey;yJ; 3. Kfj;jhd; mkh;e;jpdpJ nehf;fpmfj;jhdhk; ,d;brh ypdnj mwk; bghUs; : - Kfj;jhy; tpUk;gp ,dpika[ld; nehf;fp cs;sk; fye;j ,d;brhw;fisf; TWk; jd;ikapy; cs;snj mwkhFk;. 4. ,d;g[W]ck; Jt;thik ,y;yhFk; ahh;khl;Lk; ,d;g[W]ck; ,d;brh yth;f;F



bghUs; : vy;yhhplKk; ,d;gk; jUk;,dpa brhw;fisg; ngRnthhplk; Jd;gk; jUk; tWik mQfhJ. 5. gzpt[ilad; ,d;brhyd;Mjy; xUtw;F mzpay;y kw;Wg; gpw bghUs; : gzpt[ilatdhft[k;/ ,d;brhy; ngRtdhft[k; tps';Ftnj xUtDf;F cz;ikahd mzpfydhFk;. cly; mHFf;fhf mzpa[k; gpw vy;yhk; cz;ikahd mzpfyd;fs; MfhJ. 6. my;yit nja mwk;bgUFk; ey;yit eho,dpa brhypd; bghUs; : gpwh;f;F ed;ikahdtw;iw eho ,dpik cila brhw;fisr; brhy;ypd;/ ght';fs; nja;e;J Fiwa mwk; tsh;e;J bgUFk;. 7. ead;<d;W ed;wp gaf;Fk; gad;<d;W gz;gpd; jiygphpahr; brhy; bghUs; : gpwh;f;F ed;ikahd gadj;ij je;J ey;y

gz;gpypUe;J eP' ;fhj brhw;fs;/ tH' ;FnthDf;Fk; ,d;ik je;J ed;ik gaf;Fk;. brhw;bghUs;: ead;<d;W ey;y gd;fisj; je;J/

jiygphpahr; brhy; - eP' ;fhj brhw;fs;.

8. rpWika[s; eP' ;fpa ,d;brhy; kWika[k; ,d;ika[k; ,d;ge; jUk;;. bghUs;: gpwh;f;F Jd;gk; tpistpf;Fk;

rpWikapypUe;J eP' ;fpa ,dpa brhw;fs; kWikf;Fk;

,k;ikf;Fk; tH' ;FnthDf;Fk; ,d;gk; jUk;;. 9. ,d;brhy; ,dpjPd;wy; fhz;ghd; vtd;bfhnyh

td;brhy; tH' ;F tJ. bghUs;: ,dpa brhw;fs; ,d;gk; cz;lhf;Ftijf;

fz;l gpd;Dk;/ xUtd; fL";brhw;fisg; ngRtJ Vndh?. 10. ,dpa csthf ,d;dhj Twy; fdp ,Ug;gf; fha;fth;e; jw;W. bghUs;: ,d;gk; jUk; ,dpa brhw;fs; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ- Jd;gk; jUk; fL";brhw;fisg; ngRtJ/

fdpfs; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ fha;fis tpUk;gp cd;gijg; nghd;wJ. fhykwpjyfhykwpjyfhykwpjyfhykwpjy; braiy epiwntw;Wtjw;fhf fhyj;ij mwpjy; 1. gfy;bty;Yk; Tifiaf; fhf;if ,fy;bty;Yk; nte;jh;f;F ntz;Lk; bghGJ bghUs; : gfw;bghGjpy; jd;dpYk; typa nfhl;lhd; (Me;ijia) fhf;if btd;WtpLk;. mJnghyg; gifia bty;yf; fUJk; nte;jh; fhyk; mwpe;J bray;gl ntz;Lk;. mzp - vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp 2. gUtj;njh blhl;l bthGfy; jpUtpidj; jPuhik ahh;f;F'; fapW bghUs; : fhyj;jpw;Fg; bghUe;jpa braiy nkw;bfhs;tnj bry;tj;ij eP';fhky; epw;FkhW fl;L(k;) fapwhFk;. 3. mUtpid vd;g csnth fUtpahw; fhyk; mwpe;J brapd; bghUs; : jFe;j fUtpfnshL Vw;w fhykwpe;J bray;gl;lhy; braw;fhpa bray;fs; vita[kpy;iy.; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ : mUtpid - gz;g[j;bjhif mwpe;J - tpidbar;rk; 4. "hyk; fUjpD'; ifTLk; fhyk; fUjp ,lj;jhw; brapd; bghUs; : fhykwpe;J/ ,lj;njhL bghUe;jr; bray;gl;lhy; cyfj;ijna mila tpUk;gpDk; ifTLk;. 5. fhyk; fUjp ,Ug;gh; fy';fhJ "hyk; fUJ gth; bghUs; : cyfk; KGtija[k; Msf; fUJgth; mjw;Fhpa fhyj;ij vjph;ghh;j;Jf; fy';fhky; fhj;jpUg;ghh;. 6. Cf;fk; cilahd; xLf;fk; bghUjfh; jhf;fw;F ngUe; jifj;J. bghUs; :



Cf;fk;cilatd; fhyj;ij vjph;ghh;j;J ml';fpapUg;gjhdJ. Ml;Lf;flh gifiaj; jhf;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;th';Fk; jd;ikiag; nghd;wJ. mzp : ctikazp. (7) bghs;bsd M';nf g[wk;ntuhh; fhyk;ghh;j; Js;nth;g;gh; xs;sp ath;. bghUs; : mwpt[ilahh;/ gifth; jP';F bra;j clnd rpdj;ij btspg;gLj;j khl;lhh; mtiu bty;Yk; fhyk; tUk; tiu/ mr;rpdj;ij kdj;jpDs; kiwj;J itj;jpUg;ghh;. 8. brWeiuf; fhzpd; Rkf;f ,Wtiu fhzpd; fpHf;fhk; jiy bghUs; : giftiuf; fhQk;nghJ gzpthf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. mg;gifth;f;F Kot[ fhyk; tUk;nghJ mth; epiyik jiyfPHha; khWk;. 9. va;jw; fhpa jpiae;jf;fhy me;epiyna bra;jw; fhpa bray;. bghUs; : fpilj;jw;F mhpa tha;g;g[f; fpilj;j bghGJ mt;tha;g;igg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhz;Lmg;nghnj braw;fhpa bray;fisr; bra;jply; ntz;Lk;.

10 bfhf;bfhf;கf; Tk;g[k; gUtj;J kw;wjd; Fj;bjhf;f rPh;j;j ,lj;J bghUs; : tha;g;gw;w fhyj;jpy; bfhf;ifg; nghy mikjpahff; fhj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. chpa fhyk; tha;j;jJk; bfhf;ifg; nghy; tpiue;J braiy bra;J Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;. - mzp - ctik mzp typawpjy; typawpjy; typawpjy; typawpjy; (gif bty;Yjypy; bfhLj;jy;/ ,d;brhw; Twjy;/ ntWgLj;jy;/ xWj;jy; vd;Dk; ehy;tif cgah';fSs; xWj;jy; Fwpj;njhh; ehy;tif typikiaa[k; mwpe;J bray;gLjy;) 1. tpidtypa[e; jd;typa[ khw;whd; typa[e; Jiztypa[e; J]f;fpr; bray; bghUs; : jhd; bra;a ,Uf;Fk; xU bray; jpwida[k;mjid Kof;f tpUf;Fk; jdJ typikaa[k; mjw;F ,ila{W tpistpf;Fk; vjphpapd; typikiaa[k;

vjphpf;F Jizahf ,Ug;nghhpd; typikaa[k; Muha;e;J braypy; <LgLjy; ntz;Lk;. (2) xypt jwpt jwpe;jjd; fz;j'fpr; bry;thh;f;Fr; bry;yhj jpy; bghUs; : xU braiy nkw;bfhs;Sk;nghJ Koa[kh vd;gJk; mj;Jiw gw;wpa mwpt[ jdf;F cs;sjh vd;gJ Muha;e;J bra;nthUf;F KoahjJ vd;W xd;Wk; ,y;iy. (3) cilj;jk; typawpahh; Cf;fj;jpd; Cf;fp ,ilf;fz; Khpe;jhh; gyh; bghUs; : xU braiyr; bra;nthh; jkJ Mw;wypd; msit mwpahky;/ kd vGr;rpahy;/ typika[ilnahUld; nkhjp/ braypd; ,ilapnyna jsh;e;J njhy;tpiaj; jGtpnahh; gyh;. Mfnt brhe;j Mw;wiy itj;nj vjida[k; bra;a Kw;gly; ntz;Lk;. (4) mike;jh'; bfhGfhd; mstwpahd;jd;id tpae;jhd; tpiue;J bfLk;. bghUs; : vjphpfSld; rhJh;akhf gHfp elf;fj; bjhpahky;/ jdJ Mw;wiy czut[k; ,y;yhky;/ vjphpia kjpf;fhky; ele;J bfhs;Sk; murd; tpiuthff; bfl;L mHpthd;. (5) gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk; rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd;. bghUs; : kapypd; njhifna MdhYk; mjpf ghuj;ij Vw;wpdhy; tz;oapd; ,Uk;ghfpa mr;R Kwpe;J tpLk;. typik,y;yh vspath;fs; jhd; vd;W fUjp gynuhLk; gif bfhz;lhy; kpFe;j typika[iltdhapDk; typik ,y;yhky; cs;sth;fs; xd;W nrh;e;jhYk; njhy;tp milthh;fs;. (6) Edpf;bfhk;g nuwpdh u~jpwe; J]f;fp Daph;f;fpWjp ahfp tpLk; bghUs; : kuf;fpisapy; Edpapy; Vwp epw;nghh;/ me;Edpiaa[k; fle;J nkny Vwpd;/ mr;bray; capUf;nf Mgj;J Vw;gLj;Jk; vjphpfis bty;y



fUJk; xUtd;/ xU mst[f;F nky; vjphpfis Juj;jpdhy; jdf;nf me;j Kot[ nehpLk;. (7) Mw;wpd; mstwpe;J <f mJbghUs; nghw;wp tH';Fk; bewp bghUs; : jdJ bghUis gpwUf;Ff; bfhLf;Fk; nghJ jdJ trKs;s bghUspd; msit mwpe;J bfhLg;gJ bghUis rpijf;fhky; ngzpf;fhf;Fk; Kiw MFk;. tUthapd; fhy;gFjpia gpwh;f;F tH';fp thH;tJ bewpahFk;. ; (8) Mfh wyptpl;o jhapD'; nfoy;iy nghfh wfyhf; fil. bghUs; : bghUs; tUk; tHpfs; rpythf ,Ue;jhYk; brytpd';fs; bgUfhky; ,Ue;jhy; vf;nfLk; ,y;iy. (9) mstwpe;J thHhjhd; thH;f;if csnghy ,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLk;. bghUs; : jd; iftrk; cs;s bghUspd; vy;iyia mwpe;J jf;fthW thHj; bjhpahjthW thH;f;if btspna tskhff; fhzg;gl;L gpd;g[ ,y;yhky; kiwe;J nghFk;. tut[k;/ bryt[k; xj;J ,Uf;Fk;goahf xUtd; thHf; fw;Wf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. (10) cstiu J]f;fhj xg;g[u thz;ik tstiu ty;iyf; bfLk; bghUs; : bghUspd; mst[ mwpahky; gzj;ij thhp ,iwj;jhy; thGk; tsk; RU';fp tpiutpy; nfLk; tpisa[k;.

xg;g[utwpjy; xg;g[utwpjy; xg;g[utwpjy; xg;g[utwpjy; 1. ifk;khW ntz;lhf; flg;ghL khhpkhl; bld;dhw;W'; bfhy;nyh cyF. bghUs; : ifk;khW fUjhJ kiHiag; bghHpa[k; nkfj;jpw;F kf;fs; vd;d ifk;khW bra;fpd;wdh;? xd;Wk; ,y;iy ed;kf;fs; bra;a[k; cjtp mj;jifanj. gjpYf;F vjph; ghh;j;Jr; bra;akhl;lhh;fs;. flikbadf; fUjpr; bra;th;. ntw;Wg; bghUs; itg;gzp (gad; fUjhJ bra;a[k;) kiHf;F cyfk; vd;d ifkhWk; bra;fpd;wd.

Mfnt bjhz;Ls;s'; bfhz;lth; bra;a[k; cjtpfis gaid vjph;ghh;;g;gjpy;iy. vdnt ntw;Wg;bghUs; itg;gzp kiwe;J te;jJ. ifk;khW nt;zlhk; flg;ghL vd;Dk; bghJg; bghUis khhpkhl;L vd;dhw;W'; bfhy;nyh cyF vd;w rpwg;g[g; bghUs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhy; ntw;Wg; bghUs; itg;gzp vdyhk;. (2) jhshw;wpe; je;j bghUbsy;yhe; jf;fhh;f;F ntshz;ik bra;jw; bghUl;L bghUs; : jdJ Kaw;rpahy; rk;ghjpj;j bghUs; KGtJk; jFjp cilath;fSf;F cjtp bra;J/ mth;fis kfpH;tpg;gnj mwpt[ilahh; flik ghLgl;L njoa bry;tj;ijj; jhk; khj;jpunk mDgtpf;fhky; gpwh;f;F bfhLj;J cjt[nthnu nkd; kf;fshth;. (3) g[j;nj Syfj;J kPz;Lk; bgwyhpnj xg;g[utp dy;y gpw. bghUs; : xg;g[ut[ nghd;w bray; ,t;t[yfpy; ntbwhd;Wkpy;iy. Mjyhy; ,';Fk;mhpjhapw;W. gpwh;f;F cjtp bra;tJ xd;nw nkyhd mwk;. (4) xj;j jwpthDaph; thH;thd; : kw;iwahd; brj;jhUs; itf;fg; gLk;. bghUs; : cyfpaiy mwpe;J vspath;fSf;Fj; bjhz;L bra;nthnu capnuhL thH;gtuhff; fUjg;gLth;. mt;thW bra;ahjth; ,we;jtuhf itf;fg;gLthh;. (5) CUzp ePh; epiwe; jw;nw cyfthk; nguwp thsd; jpU bghUs; : CUzpapy; cs;s jz;zPh; ghH; nghfhky;/ ePz;l fhyk; j';fp vy;nyhh;f;Fk;/ jg;ghky; gad;gLk;. mJ nghy vy;nyhuhYk; kjpf;fg;Lk; xUtdJ bghUSk; mtdplk; bry;nthh;f;F vy;yhk; gad;gLk; vd;gjhk;. (6) gad;kuk; cs;qh;;g; gGj;jw;whw; bry;tk; eaDila ahd;fl; god; bghUs; : cyf ePjpfis mwpe;j xUtdplk; bry;tk; j';Fkhapd; mJ CUf;F eLnt bghJ ,lj;jpy; gHf jUk; kuk; gGj;J epw;gjw;Fr; rkk;.



(7) kUe;jhfpf; jg;gh kuj;jw;whw; bry;tk; bgUe;jif ahd;fl; god;. bghUs; : bgUe;jd;ika[ila xUtdplk; bry;tk; te;J j';Fkhdhy; mr;bry;tk; vy;yh cWg;g[fshYk; gad;glj; jf;f kUe;J kuj;Jf;F xg;ghFk;. (8) ,ldpy; gUtj;Jk; xg;g[wtpw; bfhy;fhh; fldpw; fhl;rp ath; bghUs; : jdJ bry;tk; RU';fpa fhyj;jpYk; gpwUf;F cjtp bra;a[k; gz;g[ilahh; jkJ <if Fzj;ij tplhh;. (9) eaDlahd; ey;Th;e;jh dhjy; bra[k; ePu bra;ah jikfyh thW bghUs; : bfhLj;J kfpGk; ,ay;g[ila ey;yth;fSf;F tWik vd;gJ czt[k; gpw bghUs;fSk; ,y;yhik md;W. ,e;epiyia tWikahff; fUj khl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy; gpwh;f;F cjt[k; epiy ,y;yhJ nghapw;nw vd;W vz;zp tUe;Jk; epiyna cz;ikahd tWikahFk;. brhw;bghUs; : eaDilahd; - xg;g[uthsd; ey;Th;e;jhdhjy; - tWik tha;g;gLjy; (10) xg;g[utp dhy;tU'; nfbldp d~bjhUtd; tpw;Wf;nfhs; jf;f Jilj;J. bghUs; : kw;wth;fSf;F cjt[tjhy;ekJ bry;tk; mHpe;J tpLk; vd;W cah;Fzk; gilj;jth;fs; fUjkhl;lhh;fs;. mHpt[ vd;gJ xU nghJk; fUjhJ jd;idna tpw;whtJ gpwh;f;F cjtp bra;th;. bra;ed;wpawpjy; :bra;ed;wpawpjy; :bra;ed;wpawpjy; :bra;ed;wpawpjy; : 1. bra;ahkw; bra;j cjtpf;F itafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wy; mhpJ 2. fhyj;jp dhw;bra;j ed;wp rpwpbjdpDk; "hyj;jpd; khzg; bghpJ. 3. gad; J]f;fhh; bra;j cjtp ead; J]f;fpd;

ed;ik flypd; bghpJ 4. jpizj;Jiz ed;wp brapDk; gidj;Jizahf; bfhs;th; gad; bjhp thh; 5. cjtp tiuj;jd; Wjtp cjtp brag;gl;lhh; rhy;gpd; tiuj;J 6. kwtw;f khrw;whh; nfz;ik Jwtw;f Jd;gj;Js; Jg;ghahh; el;g[. 7. vGik vGgpwg;g[k; cs;Sth; j'; fz; tpGke; Jilj;jth; el;g[. 8. ed;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W ed;wy;y jd;nw kwg;gJ ed;W 9. bfhd;wd;d ,d;dh brapDk; mth; bra;j xd;W ed; Js;sf; bfLk;. 10. ve;ed;wp bfhd;whh;f;Fk; ca;t[z;lhk; ca;tpy;iy bra;ed;wp bfhd;w kfw;F.

rhd;whz;ikrhd;whz;ikrhd;whz;ikrhd;whz;ik 1. fld; vd;g ey;yit vy;yhk; fldwpe;J rhd;whz;ik nkw;bfhs; gth;f;F 2. Fzeyk; rhd;nwhh; eynd gpw eyk; ve;eyj; Js;sJ] c kd;W 3. md;g[ ehz; xg;g[ut[ fz;nzhl;lk; tha;ikbahpL Ie;J rhy;(g[) Cd;wpa J]z; (Vfnjr cUtf mzp) 4. bfhy;yh eyj;jJ nehd;ik gpwh; jPik brhy;yh eyj;jJ rhy;g[. (vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp) 5. Mw;Wthh; Mw;wy; gzpjy;mJ rhd;nwhh; khw;nwhiu khw;Wk; gil 6. rhy;gpw;Ff; fl;lis ahbjdpd; njhy;tp Jiyay;nyhh; fz;Qk; bfhsy;. 7. ,d;dhbra; jhh;f;Fk; ,dpant bra;ahf;fhy; vd;d gaj;jnjh rhy;g[.



8. ,d;ik xUtw;W ,sptd;W rhy;bgd;Dk; jpz;ika[z;lhfg; bgwpd; 9. CHp bgahpDk; jhk; bgauhh; rhd;whz;ikf;(F) MHp vdg;gL thh;. 10. rhd;wth; rhd;whz;ik Fd;wpd; ,Uepye;jhd; jh';fhJ kd;ndh bghiw.

bghpnahiuj; Jizf;nfhly;bghpnahiuj; Jizf;nfhly;bghpnahiuj; Jizf;nfhly;bghpnahiuj; Jizf;nfhly; (ed;bdwpapy; brYj;Jk; bghpnahiuj; Jizahff; bfhs;Sjy;) 1. mwdwpe;J _j;j mwpt[ilahh; nfz;ik jpwdwpe;J njh;e;J bfhsy; (mwbewpia mwpe;J mwptpy; bjspe;j Kjph;r;rpa[ilnahh; el;gpid Muha;e;J mwpe;J Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;). 2. cw;w neha; ePf;fp cwhmik Kw;fhf;Fk; bgw;wpahh;g; ngzpf; bfhsy; (jkf;F te;Js;s Jd;gj;ijg; nghf;fp ,dp/ nkYk; Jd;gk; tuhjthW Kd;djhfnt fhf;Fk; jd;ika[ilnahiug; nghw;wp el;ghf;fpf; bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;) 3. mhpatw;Ws; vy;yh mhpnj bghpnahiug; ngzpj; jkuhf; bfhsy; (mwptwpe;j bghpnahiug; nghw;wp cwthfpf; bfhs;Sjny xUth; bgw ntz;oa mhpa ngWfSs; vy;yhk; mhpa ngwhFk;) 4. jk;kpw; bghpahh; jkuh xGFjy; td;ika[s; vy;yhk; jiy (jk;ikf; fhl;oYk; mwptpw; rpwe;j bghpnahiu cwtpduha; Vw;W elj;jny typikfSby;yhk; rpwe;jjhFk;) 5. NH;thh;f;fz; zhf xGfyhd; kd;dtd; NH;thiur; NH;e;J bfhsy;. (jf;f tHpfis Muha;e;J TWk; mwp"h;fisna cyfk; fz;zhff; bfhz;L elj;jyhy; kd;dDk; mj;jifnahiu Muha;e;J el;ghf;fpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;) 6. jf;fhh; ,dj;jdha;j; jhbdhGf ty;yhidr; brw;whh; braf;fple;j jpy;

(mwptpw; rpwe;j bghpnahiur; rhhe;;J elf;f ty;yhUf;F gifth; bra;af;Toa jP';F ahbjd;Wk; ,y;iy. 7. ,of;Fe; Jizahiu Ms;thiu ahnt bfLf;Fe; jifik ath;. (jPadtw;iwf; fz;lhy; ,oj;Jj; jpUj;jk; bghpnahiuj; Jizahff; bfhz;L thH;gtiuf; bfLf;Fk; typika[ilath; vtUkpyh;) 8. ,og;ghiu ,y;yhj Vkuh kd;dd; bfhLg;ghh; ,yhD'; bfLk;. (Fw;wk; fz;l ,lj;J ,oj;Jj; jpUj;Jk; bghpnahhpd; ghJfhg;igj; njof; bfhs;shj murd; jd;idf; bfLf;Fk; gifth;fs; ,y;iy vdpDk; jhnd bfl;lHpthd;) 9. Kjypyhh;f; Tjpa kpy;iy kjiyahk; rhh;gpyhh; fpy;iy epiy

-vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp

(KjyPL ,y;yhj tzpfh;f;F mjdhy; tUk; Cjpak; xd;Wkpy;iy. mJnghy;/ jk;ikj; jh';fpf; fhg;ghw;Wk; bghpnahh; Jizapy;yhjth;f;F epiyj;j jd;ik ,y;iy. 10) gy;yhh; gif bfhsypw; gj;jLj;j jPikj;nj ey;yhh; bjhlh;if tply; (ey;yth; xUthpd; el;igf; iftpLtJ/ gyiug gifj;Jf; bfhs;tij tpl gd;kl';F jPik cilajhFk;.

bghUs; bray; tifbghUs; bray; tifbghUs; bray; tifbghUs; bray; tif 1. bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k; bghUsy;y jpy;iy bghUs; (xU bghUl;lhf kjpf;fhjtiua[k; gpwh; kjpf;FkhW bra;tjpy; bghUSf;F ,izahdJ ntbwhd;Wkpy;iy) -brhw;bghUs; tUepiy mzp cs;sJ. 2. ,y;yhiu vy;yhU vs;Sth; bry;tiu vy;yhUk; bra;th; rpwg;g[ (bry;tk; mw;wtiu vy;nyhUk; ,fH;th;: bry;tiu vy;nyhUk; rpwg;gpg;gh;) 3. bghUbsd;Dk; bgha;ah tpsf;fk; ,UsDf;Fk;



vz;zpa nja;j;Jr; brd;W (bry;tk; vd;Dk; mizah tpsf;F mjid cilath; epidj;j ,l';fSf;bfy;yhk;brd;W gifik vd;Dk; ,Uisg; nghf;Fk;) 4. mwdPDk; ,d;gKk; <Dk; jpwdwpe;J jPjpd;wp te;j bghUs; (gpwUf;Fj; jP';fpd;wp ey;tHpapy; <l;oa bghUs; mwj;ija[k; bfhLf;Fk; ,d;gj;ija[k; jUk;) 5. mUbshLk; md;bghLk; thuhg; bghUshf;fk; g[y;yhh; g[us tply; mUSk; md;g[k; bghUe;jhky; gpwtHpapy; tUk; bry;tj;ijg; gw;whky; ePf;Fjy; ntz;Lk;. 6. cWbghUSk; cy;F bghUSe;jd; xd;dhh;j; bjWbghUSk; nte;jd;bghUs muRhpikahy; te;j bghUSk; kf;fs; thpahfj; jUk; bghUSk;/ giftiu btd;W bfhz;l jpiu bghUSk; murDf;Fhpa bghUshFk;. 7. mUbsd;k md;gpd; FHtp bghUbsd;D"; bry;tr; brtpypahy; cz;L (md;g[ vd;Dk; jha; bgw;w mUs; vd;Dk; FHe;ij/ bghUs; vd;Dk; tsh;g;g[j; jhahy; ngzg;gLk;) 8. Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghh; fz;lw;why; jd; ifj;bjhd; Wz;lhfr; bra;thd; tpid (jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L xUtd; bra;a[k; brayhdJ Fd;wpd; nky; ,Ue;J bfhz;L ahid; nghiuf; fhz;gjw;F xg;ghdJ. 9. bra;f bghUisr; brWeh; brUf;fWf;Fk; v~fjdpw; Thpa jpy; (bghUisj; njo nrh;j;jy; ntz;Lk; mJ gifthpd; brWf;if mWf;Fk; cWjpahd gilf;fyk;. mjidtplf; Th;ikahd fUtp ntbwhd;Wkpy;iy. 10. xz;bghUs; fhHg;g ,aw;wpahh;f; bfz;bghUs; Vid apuz;Lk; xU';F (rpwe;j bghUis ey;tHpapy; kpFjpahf <l;oath;f;F kw;iwa mwDk; ,d;gKk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xU nruf; ifTLk; vspa bghUl;fns.

விைன#தி;ப�: 1. tpidj;jpl;gk; vd;g bjhUtd;kdj;jpl;lk; kw;iwa vy;yhk; gpw 2. Cbwhuhy; cw;wgpd; xy;fhik Mbwd;gh; ,t;tpuz;od; Ma;e;jth; nfhs; 3/ filf; bfhl;fr; bra;jf;f jhz;ik ,ilf; bfhl;fpd; vw;wh tpGke; jUk; 4. brhy;Yjy; ahh;f;Fk; vspa mhpathk;/ brhy;ypa tz;zk; bray;. 5. tPbwa;jp khz;lhh; tpidj;jpl;lk; nte;jd; fz; Cbwa;jp cs;sg; gL 6. vz;zpa vz;zpah'; bfa;Jg vz;zpahh; jpz;zpah; Mfg; bgwpd; 7. cUt[fz; bls;shik ntz;Lk; cUs; bgUe;njh;f; fr;rhzp ad;dhh; cilj;J 8. fy';fhJ fz;l tpidf; fz; Js';fhJ J]f;f'; foe;J bray; 9. Jd;gk; cwthpDk; bra;f Jzpthw;wp ,d;gk; gaf;Fk; tpid 10.vidj;jpl;g bka;jpaf; fz;Qk; tpidj;jpl;lk; ntz;;lhiu ntz;lh JyF. jpUf;Fws; - (jpU+Fws;) rpwe;j Fws; btz;ghf;fspdhy; Mfpa E]y; Mjyhpd; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ. Fws; - ,uz;lo btz;gh. jpU.rpwg;g[ milbkhHp. Fws; vd;gJ Fwl;ghit czh;j;jhky; mg;ghf;fshy; Mfpa E]iy czh;j;Jtjhy; MFbgah; ,J jkpHpy; tH';Fk; gjpbdz; fPH;fzf;F E]y;fSs; xd;W. ,e;E]y; mwj;Jg;ghy;/ bghUl;ghy;/ fhkj;Jg;ghy; vd _d;W bgUk; gphpt[fisf; bfhz;lJ. mwj;Jg;ghy; :mwj;Jg;ghy; :mwj;Jg;ghy; :mwj;Jg;ghy; :ghaputpay;/ ,y;ywtpay;/

Jwtwtpயy,; Cழிay; vd ehd;F ,ay;fisa[k; 38 mjpfhu';fisa[k; bghUl;ghy; :bghUl;ghy; :bghUl;ghy; :bghUl;ghy; : murpay;/ m';ftpay;/ xHpapay; vd _d;W ,ay;fisa[k; 70 mjpfhu';fisa[k;



fhkj;Jg;ghy; :fhkj;Jg;ghy; :fhkj;Jg;ghy; :fhkj;Jg;ghy; : fstpay;/ fw;gpay; vd ,uz;L ,ay;fisa[k; 25 mjpfhu';fisa[k; bfhz;lJ -jpUf;Fws;/ Kg;ghy;/ bgha;ahbkhHp/ tha[iw thH;j;J cj;juntjk;/ bja;tE]y;/ jpUts;Stk;/ jkpH;kiw/ bghJkiw/ jpUts;Stg;gad;/ bghJkiw/ KJbkhHp vdg; bgy bgah;fspy; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. - jpUts;Stiu ehadhh;/ njth;/ Kjw;ghtyh;/ bja;tg; g[yth;/ ehd;Kfdhh;/ khjhDg';fp bre;ehg; nghjhh;/ bgUehtyh;/ bgha;apy; g[yth; vdg; gy bgah;fshy; ghuhl;Lfpd;wdh;.

- jpUf;FwSf;Fj; jUkh;, kzf;Flth;/ jhkj;jh;/

er;rh;/ ghpjp/ ghpnkyHfh;/ jpUkiyah;/ ky;yh; ftpg; bgUkhs;/ fhsp';fh; Mfpa gjpd;kh; (gj;J ngh;) ciu

vGjpa[s;sனh;. - ts;Std; jd;id cyfDf;nf je;J thd;g[fH; bfhz;l jkpH;ehL - ghujpahh;.

-ts;Stidg; bgw;wjhw; bgw;wnj g[fH; itafnk - ghujpjhrd; - fhyk; fp.K.31 vdf; bfhz;L jpUts;qtuhz;L fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ -cj;jpuntjk;/ bja;tE]y;/ bgha;abkhHp tha[iw thH;j;J/ jkpH;kiw/ bghJkiw/ jpUts;qtg; gad;/ jpUts;Stk;. mwk;-38 -bghUl;ghy; -70 - ,d;gk; -25 -ghpnkyHfh; ciu kpfr; rpwe;jJ yj;jPd; - tPukh Kdpth; b#h;kd; - fpuhy; M';fpyk; - #p.a[.nghg; gpbu";R - Vhpay;

tlbkhHp - mg;gh jPl;Rjh; ,e;jp - gp.o b#apd; bjY';F - itj;aehj ehjh; kiyahsk; - nfhtpe;jk;gps;is M';fpyk; - uh#h#p/ nf.vk;.ghyRg;gpukzpak gjpbzd; fPH;f;fzf;F E]y;fs;:gjpbzd; fPH;f;fzf;F E]y;fs;:gjpbzd; fPH;f;fzf;F E]y;fs;:gjpbzd; fPH;f;fzf;F E]y;fs;: mfE]y;fs;: fhh; ehw;gJ fz;zd;

Tj;jdhh; 40 ghly;fs;

Ie;jpiz khwd; bghiwah; 50

Ik;gJ

ghly;fs;

Ie;jpiz VGgJ

_thjpahh; 70 ghly;fs;

jpizbkhHp Ik;gJ

fz;zd; nre;jdhh;

50 ghly;fs;

jpizkhiy E]w;iwk;gJ

fdp _jhtpah; 50 ghly;fs;

ைகe;epiy g[y;yh';fhldhh; 60 ghly;fs;

g[wE]y;: fstHp ehw;gJ - bgha;ifahh; - 40 ghly;fs; mwE]y;fs;:

ehyoahh; rkz Kdpth;fs;

400

ehd;kzpf;foif tpyk;gp ehfdhh;

101

,d;dh ehw;gJ fgpyh; 40 ,dpait ehw;gJ

g{hp";nre;jdhh; 40

Kg;ghy; jpUts;Sth; 1330 jphpfLfk; ey;yhjdhh; 100 Mrhuf;nfhit bgUthapy;

Ks;spath; 100

gHbkhHp _d;Wiuadhh; 400 rpWg";r _yk; fhhpahrhd; 100 KJbkhHpf; fh";rp

TlY]h; fpHhh; 100

Vyhjp fdpnkjhtpahh; 80

(,d;dpiy - bgha;ifahh; -45) mfE]y;fs;:mfE]y;fs;:mfE]y;fs;:mfE]y;fs;: fhh; ehw;gJ: kJiu fz;zd; Tj;jdhh;. mfj;jpiz/ Ky;iyj;jpiz ghtif- btz;gh jpUkhy;/ gyuhkd;/ rptd; Mfpa ,iwth;fisf; TwpapUg;gjd; _yd; rkag; bghiwapd; Kd;ndhoauhff; fz;zd; Tj;jdhh; epfH;fpd;whh;. Ky;iyj;jpiz xGf;fk; - ,Uj;jy; gw;wp TWtJ.fhh; ehw;gJ ehlfk; gh';F bfhLj;jJ. Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ:Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ:Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ:Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ: Mrphpah; - khwd; bghiwad; fhyk;-fp.gp.2-Mk; E]w;whz;L



jpiz-Ie;J mfj;jpizfs; Ky;iyj;jpizia Kjyhff; bfhz;l fPH;fzf;F E]y; Ie;jpiz VGgJ:Ie;jpiz VGgJ:Ie;jpiz VGgJ:Ie;jpiz VGgJ: _thjpahh; kzkfd; TWk; cWjpbkhHpfis kzkfs; Xh; Vl;oy; vGjpg; bgWk; tHf;fk;. eLfy; tHpghL/ Ik;gilj; jhypiaf; FHe;ijfSf;F mzptpj;jy; gw;wpa gHf;f tHf;fk; jpizbjpizbjpizbjpizbkhHp Ik;gJ:khHp Ik;gJ:khHp Ik;gJ:khHp Ik;gJ: fz;zd; nre;jdhh;. kapy; brhy;/ klthd; brhy; vd;Dk; ghly; mz';F brhy;/ Ma; kapy; brhy;nyh fd';FiH/ khjh; bfhy; khYbkd; be";R” vd;w jpUf;Fws; rhay; xl;o mike;Js;sJ. jpizkhiy E]w;iwk;gJ:jpizkhiy E]w;iwk;gJ:jpizkhiy E]w;iwk;gJ:jpizkhiy E]w;iwk;gJ: jpizf;F 30 ghly;/ 150 ghly; ,e;E]ypd; fUj;Jf;fs; Re;judpd; njthuj;jpYk; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ. ifepiy :ifepiy :ifepiy :ifepiy :

g[y;y';fhldhh; ,jw;F Ie;jp\z mWgJ vd;w bgah; cz;L. g[wE]y;:g[wE]y;:g[wE]y;:g[wE]y;: fstHp ehw;gJ ,jd;Mrphpah; bgha;ifahh; bkhj;jk; 40 ghly;fs;. - g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpf; TWk; E]y; - fsk; ghLtjpy; nghh;fsk; ghLjy;/ Vh;fsk; ghLjy; vd ,uz;L cz;L ,J nghh;fsk; ghLjy; gw;wpaJ. - xt;bthU ghlYk; ml;lfsj;J (my;yJ) bghUjfsj;J vd;w Kofpd;wJ. - ,e;E]y; nrhHidr; rpwg;gpf;fpwJ.

- nrhHd; br';;கணானா�; milf;fg;gl; nrud; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghd;w/ nghh; ele;j ,lk;

f,kyk;/ rpiw - Flthapw; nfhl;lk;. - ,r;nrud; jhd; FHtpய�wg;gpDk; Cd;wo gpwg;gpDk; vd;w ghliy vGjpatd;. - ,e;E]y; ehy;tifg; gila[s; ahidg; gilia gw;wpf; TWfpwJ. - fhh;j;jpif jpUtpHh gw;wpf; TWfpwJ. - fyp';fj;J guzp nghd;w gpw;fhy E]y;fSf;F tHpfhl;oahf mike;j E]y;

mwE]y;fs;mwE]y;fs;mwE]y;fs;mwE]y;fs; ehyoahh; :ehyoahh; :ehyoahh; :ehyoahh; : - ntshz; ntjk;/ ehyo ehD]W/ ehyoahh; vd;Wk; tH';fg;gLk; E]y; - ghz;oa ehl;L rkd Kdpth;fs; ,aw;wpaJ bjhFj;jth; gJkdhh;. - mjpfhuk; tFj;jth; gJkdhh; Kg;ghyha; gFj;jth; jUkh;. - mwj;Jg;ghy; 13 mjpfhuk;/ bghUl;ghy; 24 mjpfhuk;/ fhkj;Jg;ghy; 3 mjpfhuk;. - bkhj;jk; 40 mjpfhu';fSk; 12 ,ay;fSk; cs;sd. - Jwtwapay; Kjypy; cs;sJ. -gjpbdd; fPH; fzf;fpy; xnu bjhif E]y; ehyoahh;. - #p.a[.nghg; M';fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgah;j;Js;shh;. -Kj;jpiuaiug; gw;wpf; TWk; E]y;. nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; : - fy;tp mHnf mHF - fy;tp fiuapy; fw;gth; ehs; rpy Muha;e;J mikt[ila fw;gnt ePh; xHpa ghy; cz; Fufpd; bjhpe;J.

-; ெபGேயா� nfz;ik gpiw nghy ehSk; thpir

thpiah e(;Jk; - thD]h; kjpak; nghy itfYk;/ nja[nk jhnd rpwpnahh; el;g[. ehd;kzpf; foifehd;kzpf; foifehd;kzpf; foifehd;kzpf; foif - foif vd;why; Jz;L (gFjp) vd;w bghUs;/

fl;Ltlk; ( Necklace ) vd;w bghUSk; Mguzk; vd;w bghUSk; cz;L. - xt;bthU ghlypYk; ehd;F kzpahd fUj;JF;fs. tpsk;gpehfdhh; - 104 ghly;fs; - #p.a[. nghh; (7/100) ghly;fis M';fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgaj;Js;shh;. nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; : - “ahh; mwpthh; ey;yhs; gpwf;Fk; Fo” -,e;epyj;jJ kz;zhjy; ntz;od;mirapLf jd;ndhL bry;tJ ntz;od; mwk; bra;J bty;tJ ntz;od; btFsp tpnly;” -,sikg; gUtj;J fy;yhik Fw;wk; ts;skpy;yh nghH;jj;J ts;sd;ik Fw;wk;. “<d;whnshL vz;zf; flt[Sk; ,y;” kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths; klthSf;F tpsf;fk g[jy;th; g[jy;th;f;F tpsf;fk; fy;tp fy;tpf;F tpsf;fk; g[fy; rhh; tczh;t[ - epyj;Jf;F mzp bey;Yk; fUk;g[k; Fsj;Jf;F mzp jhkiu



bgz;Qf;F mzp ehzk; ,d;dh ehw;gJ ,d;dh ehw;gJ ,d;dh ehw;gJ ,d;dh ehw;gJ ---- fgpyh; :fgpyh; :fgpyh; :fgpyh; : Mrphpah; - fgpyh;/ bkhj;;jk; 40 ghly;fs; -Jd;gk; bray;fis bjhFj;Jf; TWk; E]y; - bkhj;jk; 164 ,d;dr; bray;fs; nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; : -cz;zhJ itf;Fk; bgUk;bghUs; itg;g[ ,d;dh” -“jPika[ilahh; mUfp[y; ,Uj;jy; ,d;dh” -“Cidj; jpd;W Cidg; bgUf;fy; Kd;dpd;dh” -“,d;dh bghUs; ,y;yhh; td;id gphpt[“ ,dpait ehw;gJ :,dpait ehw;gJ :,dpait ehw;gJ :,dpait ehw;gJ : g{j";nre;jdhh;/ 40 ghly;fs; - flt[s; thH;j;J rptd;/ jpUkhy;/ gpuk;kd; vd;w _tiua[k; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. - bkhj;jk; 124 ,dpa bray;fs;. - “Cidj;jpd;W Cidg;’ bgUf;fhik Kd; ,dpnj” - “xg;g Koe;jhy; kid thH;f;if Kd; ,dpnj” - “tUtha; mwpe;J tH'fy; ,dpJ”

திhpfLfk;hpfLfk;hpfLfk;hpfLfk; -kUe;jpd; bgauhy; g[fH;bgw;w E]y;

-Rf;F/ kpsF / திg;gpyp - ey;yhjdhh;/ 100 ghly;fs; - xt;bthU ghlypYk; _d;whk; moapy; ,k;_d;Wk; (my;yJ) ,k;_th; vd tUfpwJ nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs; - be";rk; ml'Fjy; tPlhFk; -ntshz; vd;ghd; tpUe;jpUf;f cz;zhjhd; - jhshsd; vd;gtd; fld;gl thHhjhd; - bfhz;lhd; Fwpg;gwpths; bgz;lhl;o.

MMMMசாuf;nfhit :uf;nfhit :uf;nfhit :uf;nfhit : bgUthapy; Ks;spahh; 100 ghlyf;s - md;whl thH;f;ifapy; bra;a[k; rpW bray;fis ve;j Kiwapy; bra;a ntz;Lk; vd TWtJ. nkw;bfhs;nkw;bfhs;nkw;bfhs;nkw;bfhs; “gfy; bjw;F nehf;fhh; ,uh tlf;F nehf;fhh; gfw;bgha;ah; jPa[Ds; ePh;” gHbkhHp gHbkhHp gHbkhHp gHbkhHp Kd;Wiu miuahdhh; -34 mjpfhu';fspy; 400 ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ. -xt;bthU ghl;od; ,WjpapYk; xU gHbkhHp cs;sJ.

,jd; gHpbkhHpfs; midj;Jk; ,yf;fpa gHpbkhHpfs; MFk;. bjhy;fhg;gpah; gHpbkhHpia ‘KJbrhy;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. - r';f fhy kd;dh;fs;/ g[yth;fs;/ _nte;jh;fis gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fisf; bfhz;l E]y; -gjpbdd; fPH;fzf;F e]y;fSs; tuyhw;iw kpFjpahff; TWk; E]y;. ePjp E]y;fSs; jpUF;Fws;/ EyoahUF;F mLj;J g[fH; bgw;w E]y;. nkw;nfhs;:nkw;nfhs;:nkw;nfhs;:nkw;nfhs;: -mzpbay;yhk; Milapd; gpd; -,iwj;njhWk; CWk fpzW -fld; bfhz;Lk; bra;thh; fld; -fw;wypd; nfl;lny ed;W -Fytpr;irf; fy;yhky; ghfk; gLk; Fd;wpd; nky; ,l;l tpsf;F jdpkuk; fhlhjy; ,y;

-திp';fis eha; Fiuj; jw;W -epiw Flk; ePh; jJk;gy; ,y; -EzYk; jd; thahy; bfLk;. rpW g";r _yk;rpW g";r _yk;rpW g";r _yk;rpW g";r _yk; ::::---- Mrphpah; fhhpahrd;

flt[s; thH;j;Jld; 97 பாட�க� - kUe;jhy; bgah; bgw;w E]y; - g";rk; vd;why; Ie;J/ _yk; vd;why; nth; - ntuhy; bgah; bgw;w E]y;/ fz;l'; fj;jhp nth;

சி�வ,ைண ேவ�/ சி� ெந�+சி ேவ�/ rpWky;yp nth;/ bgUky;yp nth;/ -njhy; fd;iwf; fhl;og; gRitg; fwf;Fk; gHf;fk; bfhoaJ vd;W TWfpwJ. nkw;nfhsnkw;nfhsnkw;nfhsnkw;nfhs; : “fz;tdg;g[f; fz;nzhl;lk; fhy; வன�<U ெச�லாைம”; “E]w;F ,iae;j brhy;ypd; tdg;ng tdg;g[” “ngijf;F ciuj;jhYk; bry;yhJ czh;t[“ KJbkhHpf; fh";rpKJbkhHpf; fh";rpKJbkhHpf; fh";rpKJbkhHpf; fh";rp Mrphpah; TlY]h; fpHhh; (I';FEW]iwj; bjhFj;jth;) -- bkhj;jk; 100 ghly;fs; - gj;J gphpt[/ gphpt[f;F gj;J ghly; -xt;bthU gj;Jk; ‘Mh;fyp cyfj;J’ vd;W bjhl';FfpwJ. -xt;bthU ghlYk; xt;bthU thpapidf; bfhz;l ghly;fs;.



bgah;f;fhuzk; :bgah;f;fhuzk; :bgah;f;fhuzk; :bgah;f;fhuzk; :

KJbkhHp = _j;njhh; brhy;

fh";rp = kfsph; ,ilazp _j;njhh; brhw;fs; gytw;iwf; nfhh;j;j nfhhit KJbkhHpf; fh";rp vd;w miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. nkw;nfhs;fs; :nkw;nfhs;fs; :nkw;nfhs;fs; :nkw;nfhs;fs; : “Mh;fyp cyfj;J kf;fl;bfy;yhk; xjypw; rpwe;jd;W xGf;fk; cilik” -“tz;ikapw; rpwe;jjd;W tha;ik cilik” -“nkijapw; rpwe;jjd;W fw;wJ kwthik” “,sikapw; rpwe;jd;W bka;g;gpzp ,d;ik” VyhjpVyhjpVyhjpVyhjp -kUe;jhy; bgah; bgw;w E]y; - Vyhjp vd;gjw;F Vyj;ij Kjyhf cilaJ vd;W bghUs;. -bgah; fhuzk; Vyk; - 1 g';F ,yt';fg;gl;il - 2 g';F ehfnfruk; -3 g';F kpsF - 4 g';F jpg;gpyp - 5 g';F Rf;F - 6 g';F vd Vyk; Kjyhd MW bghUl;fisa[k; bgho bra;j kUe;J fyitf;F Vyhjp vd;W bgah;. ,e;j MW kUe;JfSk; clYf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk;. mJ nghy; cs;sj;jpw;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; ghly;fs;. nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; : “jha; ,He;j gps;is jiy ,He;j bgz;lhl;o tha; ,He;j thH;tpdhh;/ tzpfk; ngha; ,He;jhh;

ifj;\� bghUs; ,He;jhh; fz; ,yth;f;F <e;jhh; itj;J tH';fp thH;thh;” ,d;dpiy :,d;dpiy :,d;dpiy :,d;dpiy : ,d;dpiy vd;Dk; E]iyg; ghoath; bgha;ifahh; -mwj;Jg;ghy;/ bghUl;ghy;/ ,d;gj;Jg;ghy;/ tPl;oyf; fl;ghy; vd ehd;F tifg;ghLfis ,e;E]y; bfhz;lJ.

- ,jw;F ciu vGjp btள4ய�Cடவ�p t.c. rpjk;gudhh;.

xsitahh; ePjpE]y;fs;xsitahh; ePjpE]y;fs;xsitahh; ePjpE]y;fs;xsitahh; ePjpE]y;fs; : Mj;jpNoMj;jpNoMj;jpNoMj;jpNo (fp.gp 12) -109 xw;iw thpg; ghf;fs; bfhz;lJ. mfuepuy; bfhz;L vGjg;gl;l Kjy; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; ePjp E]y; ,J. -Mj;jpNo mkh;e;j njtid Vj;jp Vj;jpj; bjhGnthk; ahnk

vd;gJ Mj;jpNoapd; flt[s; thH;j;J

Mj;jpkhiy mzpe;j rptbgUkhidf; Fwpf;Fk; bjhluhy; E]Yk; ‘Mj;jpNo’ vdr; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. ‘mwk; bra tpUk;g[ MWtJ rpdk; ,ay;gJ funty; <tJ tpyf;nfy;’ bfhd;iw nte;jd;bfhd;iw nte;jd;bfhd;iw nte;jd;bfhd;iw nte;jd; ,e;j E]Yk; mfu epuy;mikg;gpidf; bfhz;Ls;sJ 91 xw;iw thpg;ghfs; mike;jJ. md;ida[k; gpjht[k; Kd;dwpt[ bja;tk; Myak; bjhGtJ rhyt[k; ed;W ,y;ywk; my;yJ ey;ywk; md;W <ahh; njl;ilj; jPahh; bfhs;th; -bfhd;iw nte;jd; bry;td; mo,iz vd;Wk; Vj;jpj; bjhGnthk; ahnk vd;w flt[s; thH;j;J Kjy; mo bfhz;L bfhd;iw nte;jd; vd;W ,e;j E]y; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. _Jiu _Jiu _Jiu _Jiu ‘thf;Fz;lhk;’ vdj; bjhl';Ftjhy; ‘_Jiuf;F’ ‘thf;Fz;lhk;’ vd;Wk; bgah;. - flt[s; thH;j;J eP';fyhf 30 btz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. nkw;nfhs; : bey;Yf;F ,isj;j ePh; . . . fitahfpf; bfhk;ghfp . . . fhd kapyhlf; fz;oUe;j thd; nfhHp ey;tHp :ey;tHp :ey;tHp :ey;tHp : ghYk; bjsp njDk; ghFk; gUg;g[k;” vdj; bjhl';Fk; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghly; bfhz;lJ ,e;j E]y;; -flt[s; thH;j;J eP';fyhf 40 btz;ghf;fs; cs;sd. nkw;nfh; : ntjhsk;nrUnk bts;sUF;F g{f;Fnk cz;gJ ehHp cLg;gJ ehd;F KHk; Kr;r';fk;:Kr;r';fk;:Kr;r';fk;:Kr;r';fk;: - r';fk; vd;w brhy; bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,y;iy. - r';fk; vd;w brhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath; kzpnkfiy Mrphpah; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh;.

- r';fk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[ 7-k; E]w;whz;ilr; nrh;e;j jpUeht[f;furh; njthuj;jpy; tUfpwJ.

- Kr;r';fk; gw;wpa tphpthd bra;jpia - tuyhw;wpy; Kjypy; brhd;dth; ,iwadhh; mfg;bghUs;



,iwadhh;. fstpay; vd;w E]ypd; ciuahrphpah; ef;fPuh; Mthh;.

Kjw;r';fk;:Kjw;r';fk;:Kjw;r';fk;:Kjw;r';fk;: ,Ue;j ,lk; - bjd; kJiu (g~Wsp Mw;w';fiu) murh;fs;: fha;r;rpd tGjp Kjy; fL';nfhd; tiu: (89 ngh;) ghly; ,aw;wpa murh;fs;: VG ngh; 549 g[yth; - 4440 Mz;Lfs; g[yth;fs; - 4449 E]y;fs;E]y;fs;E]y;fs;E]y;fs;:::: bgUk; ghpghly;/ KJehiu/ KJ FUF/ fshpah tiu/ mfj;jpak;. ,yf;fz E]y; - mfj;jpak; g[yth;fs;:g[yth;fs;:g[yth;fs;:g[yth;fs;: mfj;jpah;/ rptd;/ KUfd;/ Fngud; (epjpapd; fpHtd;) ,ilr;r';fk;:,ilr;r';fk;:,ilr;r';fk;:,ilr;r';fk;: btz;nlh; brHpad; Kjy; Klj;jpUkhwd; tiu E]y;fs;:E]y;fs;:E]y;fs;:E]y;fs;: bgU';fsp/ FUF/ btz;ghsp/ tpahH khiy/ mfj;jpak;/ bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ khg[uhzk;/ g{jg[uhzk;/ ,irE]y; tpsf;fk;. filr;r';fk;:filr;r';fk;:filr;r';fk;:filr;r';fk;: Klj;jpUkhwd; Kjy; cf;fpug; bgUtGjp tiu. E]y;fs;:E]y;fs;:E]y;fs;:E]y;fs;: vl;Lj; bjhif/ gj;Jghl;L/ Tj;J/ thp/ Fw;wpif nghpir. bkhj;j fhyk;: 9990 Mz;Lfs;. - ,il/ filr; r';fj;jpw;F chpath; -

Klj;jpUkhwd; - Kj;jkpH; ,yf;fz E]y; - mfj;jpak; - ,aw;wkpH; ,yf;fz E]y; - bjhy;fhg;gpak; - ,irj;jkpH; ,yf;fz E]y; - KJehiu - ehlfj;jkpH; ,yf;fz E]y; - ,e;jpu fhspak;/

g";rkug[. g[yth; jiyth; - mfj;jpah; mfjj;pa khzth;fs; 12 ngUk; nrh;e;J vGjpa E]y; gd;dpU glyk; (,J xU g[w E]y;)

mfj;jpak;:mfj;jpak;:mfj;jpak;:mfj;jpak;: 12000 E]w;ghf;fs; 103 Ew;ghf;fs; 12 gFjpfs;/ vGj;J/ brhy;/ bghUs;/ ahg;g[/ re;jk;/ tHf;fpay;/ murpay;/ mikr;rpay;/ ghh;g;gdtpay;/ n#hjpltpay;/ fe;jh;tk;/ Tj;J. ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;bjhif I';FWE]W xj;j gjpw;Wgj;J X';F ghpghly; fw;wwpe;njhh; Vj;Jk; fypnahL mfk;g[wk; vd;W ,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; bjhif. vl;Lj;bjhifa[s; mfE]y; - 5 g[wE]y;: 2

mfKk;/ g[wKk;- ghpghly;. fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ - g[wehD]W ew;wpizew;wpizew;wpizew;wpiz: Mrphpag;gh - movy;iy - 9 mo-12mo 400 ghly;fs; - mfk; bjhFj;jtd; - bjhpatpy;iy bjhFg;gpj;jtd; - gd;dhL je;j khwd; tGjp flt[s; thH;j;J - ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh; jpUkhiyg; gw;wpaJ btsthy;fSk; fst[ fhQk; vd;w mwptpay; cz;ikiaf; TWk;.

tzpfh;fSf;F வழ9க�பCட gl;lk; - fhtpjp/ vl;o bjhz;o - nru ehl;Lj; JiwKfk; khe;ij -nru ehl;Lj; JiwKfk; kUTh;g;gl;odk; - ghz;oa ehl;Lf; flw;fiu efuk;

61�ெதாைக: 4-8 mo vy;iy mfj;jpiz - Mrphpag;gh ghly;fs; - 400 bjhFj;jth; - g{hpf;nfh bjhFg;gpj;jtd; - bjhpatpy;iy. flt[s; thH;j;J - ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh;

(KUfidg; gw;wpaJ) fhpfhyd; kfs; Mjpk(jp mtd; fztd; nru kd;d Ml;ldj;jp

- FHy; msfk;/ bfhz;il/ gdpr;ir/ J";ir/ kfsph; Te;jy; xg;gidfs;

- Xhp/ F";rp/ FLkp - Mzpd; Ko bfh';Fnjh; thH;f;if m";rpiwj; Jk;gp fhkk; brg;ghJ fz;lJ bkhHpnkh” aha[k; "ha[k; ahuhfpanuh

ve;ija[k; Ee;ija[k; எ�Kiwf; nfsph; ahDk; ePa[k; vt;tHpawpJk; brk;g[yg; bgay; ePh;nghy md;g[ila be";rk; jhk; fye;jdnt



epyj;jpDk; bghpnj thdpDk; caph;e;jd;W ePh;Df; Mus tpd;nw rhuy; I';FI';FI';FI';FWWWWE]W:E]W:E]W:E]W: 3-6 mo Ie;Jngh; kUjk; - Xuk; nghfpahh; bea;jy; - mk;_tdhh; Fwp";rp - fgpyh; ghiy - Xjyhe;ijahh; Ky;iy - ngadhh; bjhFj;jth;: g[yj;Jiw Kw;wpa TlY]h; fpHhh;.

bea;jy; jpizapy; cs;s ெநா�'�;gjJ - me;jhjp Kiwapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;jpu tpHh Fwpj;Jf; TWk; vl;Lj; bjhif E]y;. gjpw;W gj;J:gjpw;W gj;J:gjpw;W gj;J:gjpw;W gj;J: ,jpy; cs;s xt;bthU ghlYk; ghly; bgauhy; bgah; bgw;w E]y;.

gj;J + gj;J/ gj;J + ,d; + ,w;W + gj;J = gjpw;Wg;gj;J nru murh;fs; gj;J ngiu/ egUf;F 10 ghly;fs; tPjk; ghLtJ. ,jw;F ,Uk;g[f; fliy vd;w bgah; cz;L. Kjy; gj;Jk; ,Wjpg; gj;J fpilf;ftpy;iy. xt;bthU ghlypYk; Jiw tz;zk;/ J]f;F nghd;wit ,lk; bgw;wpUf;Fk;. ,U jiyKiw:,U jiyKiw:,U jiyKiw:,U jiyKiw: 1.) cjpa";nruy;

2.) ,Uk; bghiw எ*ற இர�8 ேசர வ�ச9க� ப�றி இ(த A� �றி�ப�8�. ghly;fs; midj;Jk; ghlhz;jpiziar; rhh;e;jJ. ghpghly; nghy; ,irnahL mike;j ghly;. ghpghly;:ghpghly;:ghpghly;:ghpghly;: 25 - 400 mo ghtifahy; bgah; bgw;w E]y; - ghpghly;. Kjy; ,irg;ghly; E]y;. vl;Lj; bjhif E]y;fSs; mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPL vd;w ehd;ifa[k; TWk; E]y;. vl;Lj; bjhifapy; ghz;oah;fisg; gw;wpf; TWk; E]y; - ghpghly;/ fypj;bjhif. 22 ghly;fs; (jpUkhy;-6/ KUfd;-8/ itif-8-) fpilj;jit bkhj;jk; 70 ghly;fs; (jpUkhy;-8/ KUfd;-31/ fhLfpHhh;(fhsp)-1/ itia-26/ kJiu. ehd;/ Mkhk; nghd;w brhw;fs; ,jpy; kl;Lnk cs;sd. (vl;Lj;bjhifapy;) mk;gh Mly; - ij ePuhly;

cyfk; njhw;wk; ப�றி� Fwpg;gpLk; E]y;.

bea;jy;/ �வis/ Mk;gy;/ r';fk; bts;sk; தமிழி* ேபெர�க� fypj;bjhif:fypj;bjhif:fypj;bjhif:fypj;bjhif: mfE]y; - bkhj;jk; 150 ghly; (flt[s; thH;j;J) bjhFj;jth; - ey;ye;Jtdhh; flt[s; thH;j;J - rptd; (ghoath; ey;ye;Jtdhh;) Ie;jpiz E]y; ghiy/ Fwp";rp/ kUjk;/ Ky;iy/ bea;jy; ghiyapy; 35 ghly;fs; - bgU';fLf;nfh Fwp";rp - fgpyh; (29 ghly;fs;) kUjk; - kUjdps ehfdhh; (35 ghly;fs;) Ky;iy - nrhHd; ey;YUj;jpud; (17 ghly;fs;) bea;jy; - 33 ghly;fs; (ey;ye;Jtdhh;)

VW jGt[jiyg; g�wpf; TWk; E]y; bgUe;jpizg; ghly;fs; ,lk; bgw;w xnu r';f E]y;. Xu';f ehlf mikg;g[. fw;wpe;njhh; Vj;Jk; fyp mfehD]WmfehD]WmfehD]WmfehD]W 13 Kjy; 31 mofs; 400 ghly;fs; Mrphpag;gh

bjhFj;jth; - cUj;jpu ச*ம� bjhFg;gpj;jtd; - ghz;oad; cf;fpug; bgUtGjp flt[s; thH;j;J - ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh;. beLe;bjhif vd;w bgah; cz;L. _d;W gFjpfs;:_d;W gFjpfs;:_d;W gFjpfs;:_d;W gFjpfs;: fspw;wpahid epiw (120 ghly;fs;) (1-120) kzpkpilg; gtsk; (121-300) 180 ghly;fs; epj;jpyf; nfhit (301-400 ghly;fs;) சGபாதி- (ெச�பாதி)� பாட�க� பாைல� திைண� பாட�களா� ஆன. 1/3/5/7/9/... . . . . ghiyj; jpiz 2/8/12/18 . . . . . Fwp";rp 4/14/24/34. . . . Ky;iy 6/16/26/36/ . . . . .kUjk; 10/20/30/40/ . . . . bea;jy; Flnthiyj; njh;jy; Fwpj;Jf; TWk; E]y; mfehD]W tuyhw;Wr; bra;jpfis mjpfkhff; TWk; mf E]y;. tlehl;L bra;jpfis (ee;jh;fs;/ nkhhpah; gilbaLg;g[) jpUkz Kiwfs; (86/136 ghly;) fe;J - tHpghl;ow;Fhpa kuj;J]z;.



g[wehD]W:g[wehD]W:g[wehD]W:g[wehD]W: 11 g[wj;jpizfs;/ 65 Jiwfs; Fwpg;glg;gl;Ls;sd. 400 ghlyfs; mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; _d;iwa[k; TWk; E]y;. g[wk;/ g[wg;ghl;L/ g[wk;g[/ jkpHf; fUt{yk; vd;w ngW bgah;fSk; cz;L. g[wk; vd;gJ xUtdpd; tPuk;/ bfhil/ fytp Kjypa rpw;gg[fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. flt[s; thH;j;J rptd; gw;wpaJ. bgz;fs; cld;fl;il Vwpdh;. g{jg;ghz;oad; kidtp bgUk; nfhg;bgz;L cld; fl;il Vwpdhs;. fztid ,He;j bgz;fs; ifk;ik nehd;g[ ,Ue;jdh;. milahsg; g{ bfho nrud; - nghe;ij (gid) tpy; nrhHd; - Mh; (mj;jp) g[yp ghz;oad; - ntk;g[ kPd; jiy efuk;:jiy efuk;:jiy efuk;:jiy efuk;: nrud; - t";rp/ JiwKfk; - Krpwp/ bjhz;o nrhHd; - ciwa{h;/ j";rht{h;(gpw;fhyk;)/ g[fhh; (JiwKfk;) ghz;oad; - kJiu/ JiwKfk;- bfhw;if/ bjhz;o (mfehD]W) gy;ytd; - fh";rpg[uk;/ JiwKfk; - khky;yg[uk;

ghujg;nghhpy; nrhW bfhghujg;nghhpy; nrhW bfhghujg;nghhpy; nrhW bfhghujg;nghhpy; nrhW bfh8j;jtd;:j;jtd;:j;jtd;:j;jtd;: bgU";nrhw;W cjad; nruyhjd; bjhy;fhg;gpak;:bjhy;fhg;gpak;:bjhy;fhg;gpak;:bjhy;fhg;gpak;: bjhd;ikahd fhg;gpaf; Foapy; gpwe;jth; bjhy;fhg;gpah;. epyk; jUtpw;ghz;oad; mitapy; ,lk; bgw;wJ. fhyk; fp.K. 50 E]w;whz;L vd;gh;. mjpfhuk; - 3 / vGj;J/ brhy;/ bghUs; ,ay; - 27/ (mjpfhuj;jpw;F 9 ,ay;)

E]w;gh - 1610 vl;Ltif bka;g;ghLfs;:vl;Ltif bka;g;ghLfs;:vl;Ltif bka;g;ghLfs;:vl;Ltif bka;g;ghLfs;: kUl;if/ mr;rk;/ bgUkpjk;/ btFsp/ ctif/ eif/ mGif/ ,sptuy;. mo tiuaiw cilaJ gh. mo tiuaiw ,y;yhjJ: E]y;/ ciu/ gprp/ KJbkhHp/ ke;jpuk;/ Fwpg;g[. gprp - tpLfij/ gz;zj;jp (ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;)

tdg;g[: 8 tif/ mk;ik/ mHF/ bjhd;ik/ njhy;/ tpUe;J/ ,iag[/ g[yd;/ ,iHg[. gj;Jg;ghl;Lgj;Jg;ghl;Lgj;Jg;ghl;Lgj;Jg;ghl;L ,tw;wpy; Mw;Wg;gil E]y;fs;-5 jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil bghUzuhw;Wg;gil rpWghzhw;Wg;gil bgUk;ghzh[w;Wg;gil Tj;juhw;Wg;gil (m) kiygLflhk; ,uz;L ghl;L vd;W Koa[k; ghly;fs;,uz;L ghl;L vd;W Koa[k; ghly;fs;,uz;L ghl;L vd;W Koa[k; ghly;fs;,uz;L ghl;L vd;W Koa[k; ghly;fs; Fwp";rpg;ghl;LFwp";rpg;ghl;LFwp";rpg;ghl;LFwp";rpg;ghl;L Ky;iyg;ghl;LKy;iyg;ghl;LKy;iyg;ghl;LKy;iyg;ghl;L gl;ozg;ghiy kJiuf;fh";rp beLey;thil/ mfkh/ g[wkh/ rh;rbeLey;thil/ mfkh/ g[wkh/ rh;rbeLey;thil/ mfkh/ g[wkh/ rh;rbeLey;thil/ mfkh/ g[wkh/ rh;r;irf;;irf;;irf;;irf;Fhpa E]y;. Fhpa E]y;. Fhpa E]y;. Fhpa E]y;.

bjhy;fhg;gpak; Tj;jh;/ ghzh;/ bghUeh;/ tpwypah;. ,th;fs; jhk; bgw;w tsj;ij tWikapy; thLk; gpwUk; bgw ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf mth;fisj; jhk; bghUs; bgw;w ts;syplj;jy; tHpg;gLj;JtJ Mw;Wg;gil. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil:jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil:jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil:jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil: gj;Jg;ghl;oy; fhyj;jhy; gpe;ja E]y;. flt[s; thH;j;jhff; fUjp Kjypy; itf;fg;gl;lJ. Mrphpah; ef;fPuh; 317 mofs; ghlg;gl;ltd; KUfd; Mw;Wg;gil E]y;fs; ghprpy; bgwr; bry;nthuhy; bgah; bgWk;. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil kl;Lk; ghprpy; bfhLg;nghdhy; bgah; bgw;wJ. Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ. MWgil KUfd; nfhapy; gw;wpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kjy;:- jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; ,uz;lhtJ:- jpUr;bre;J]h; _d;whtJ:_d;whtJ:_d;whtJ:_d;whtJ:---- jpUMtpdd; Fo - ,jid itahg[hp vd;Wk; miHg;gh;. itahtp vd;gJ ngfidf; Fwpf;Fk;. ehd;fhtJ: ehd;fhtJ: ehd;fhtJ: ehd;fhtJ: jpUntufk; (jpUg;gjp (v) Rthkpkiy) Ie;jhtJ:Ie;jhtJ:Ie;jhtJ:Ie;jhtJ:---- kiy ehl;L kf;fs;/ ,th;fs; Fuit Mo tz';Fjy;/ Fd;W njhwhly; - jpUj;jzp. MwhtJ:MwhtJ:MwhtJ:MwhtJ:---- KUfd; vGe;jUSk; ,l';fSk; mtdplk; mUs; bgWk; Kiwfs;/ gHKjph;nrhiy. bghUeubghUeubghUeubghUeuhhhhw;Wg;gil:w;Wg;gil:w;Wg;gil:w;Wg;gil: Mrphpah; - Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; - fhpfhyr; nrhHd; 248 mofs;



bghUeh; ghoa ahH; ,irapy; fs;tUk; jpUe;jpajhf TWtJ ,J.Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ ntlk; jh';fp eog;gth;fs; bghUeh;fs;. Vh;f;fsk;/ nghh;f;fsk;/ guzp ghLk; ntlk; jh';fpa Tj;jUk; bghUeh; vd miHf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,g;bghUeh; nghh;f;fsk; ghLnthd;. btz;zpg; nghhpd; bgw;w btw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpUe;njhkgypd; rpwg;gpidf; TWk; E]y; tpUe;jpdh; gphpa[k; nghJ VHo brd;W tHpaDg;g[jy; kug[. ,jid fhpfhyd; gpd;gw;wpdhd;. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil:rpWghzhw;Wg;gil:rpWghzhw;Wg;gil:rpWghzhw;Wg;gil: Mrphpah;: ey;Y]h; ej;jj;jdhh;. jiytd;: Xa;kh ehl;L ey;ypaf; nfhlhd;.269 mofs; ,d;iwa jpz;otdg; gFjp xa;kh ehL MFk;. ey;ypaf; nfhldpd; thapy; ,utyh;f;F milahsk;. filnaG ts;sy;fs; gw;wpf; TWk; E]y;. ngfd; ngfd; ngfd; ngfd; ---- kapYf;F nghh;itkapYf;F nghh;itkapYf;F nghh;itkapYf;F nghh;it ghhp ghhp ghhp ghhp ---- Ky;iyf;F njh;Ky;iyf;F njh;Ky;iyf;F njh;Ky;iyf;F njh; fhhp fhhp fhhp fhhp ---- ,utyh;f;F Fjpiu,utyh;f;F Fjpiu,utyh;f;F Fjpiu,utyh;f;F Fjpiu Ma;tz;oud; Ma;tz;oud; Ma;tz;oud; Ma;tz;oud; ---- ePykzp ehfk; je;j rptyp';fk; ePykzp ehfk; je;j rptyp';fk; ePykzp ehfk; je;j rptyp';fk; ePykzp ehfk; je;j rptyp';fk; rptDf;FrptDf;FrptDf;FrptDf;F tH';fpdhd;.tH';fpdhd;.tH';fpdhd;.tH';fpdhd;. mjpakhd; mjpakhd; mjpakhd; mjpakhd; ---- xsitf;F bey;ypf;fdpxsitf;F bey;ypf;fdpxsitf;F bey;ypf;fdpxsitf;F bey;ypf;fdp es;sp es;sp es;sp es;sp ---- kdjpy; cs;sij Twp eifj;jy;kdjpy; cs;sij Twp eifj;jy;kdjpy; cs;sij Twp eifj;jy;kdjpy; cs;sij Twp eifj;jy; fhhp fhhp fhhp fhhp ---- ,utyh;f;F ehLfis ghprhf je;jJ.,utyh;f;F ehLfis ghprhf je;jJ.,utyh;f;F ehLfis ghprhf je;jJ.,utyh;f;F ehLfis ghprhf je;jJ. filnaG ts;sy;fs;:filnaG ts;sy;fs;:filnaG ts;sy;fs;:filnaG ts;sy;fs;: ghhp ghhp ghhp ghhp ---- gwk;g[kiygwk;g[kiygwk;g[kiygwk;g[kiy ngfd; ngfd; ngfd; ngfd; ---- bghjpdpkiybghjpdpkiybghjpdpkiybghjpdpkiy Xhp Xhp Xhp Xhp ---- bfhy;ypkiybfhy;ypkiybfhy;ypkiybfhy;ypkiy Ma; Ma; Ma; Ma; ---- bghjpif kiybghjpif kiybghjpif kiybghjpif kiy mjpad; mjpad; mjpad; mjpad; ---- jfLh;jfLh;jfLh;jfLh; Fkzd; Fkzd; Fkzd; Fkzd; ---- KjpukiyKjpukiyKjpukiyKjpukiy es;sp; es;sp; es;sp; es;sp; ---- njhl;okiynjhl;okiynjhl;okiynjhl;okiy

bgbgbgbg�k;ghzhw;Wg;gil:k;ghzhw;Wg;gil:k;ghzhw;Wg;gil:k;ghzhw;Wg;gil: ghzhW vd;w bgaUk; cz;L. 500 thpfs; ghoath;: foaY]h; cUj;jpu'; fz;zdhh;. ghlg;gl;ltd; - bjhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad;

jpU.btஃfh.,se;jpiuadpd; jiyefuk;.( இ*ைறய

கா+சி<ர�) ,e;E]ypy; ePh;g; bgaw;W vd;w efh; gw;wp TWfpwJ. ePh;g;bgaw;W vd;gJ ,d;iwa khky;yg[uk;

mfg;ghly;fs;:mfg;ghly;fs;:mfg;ghly;fs;:mfg;ghly;fs;:

Ky;iyg;ghl;L: 6�ைல ஒ,�க� எ*ப இ��தZ� இ��த� நிமி�த6�(தைலவைன� ப�G( தைலவ� கா�

இ��த�) Xjy;/ gif/ J]J/ bghUs;/ mwg;g[w';fhty; gphpt[f;F fhuzk; nehpir Mrphpag;gh ghoath;: eg;g{jdhh; 103 mofs;-rpwpa E]y; ,tuJ ghly;fs; vJt[k; vl;Lj; bjhifapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. jpUkhy; thkddha; mtjhuk; vLj;j fij ,J mfE]y;. vdnt/ ghl;Lilj;jiytd; ,y;iy. fhh; fhyj;jpy; tpid nkw; btspna brd;w jiytd; tPl;Lf;F tUtij vz;zp jiytp jdJ be";ir Mw;wp ,Ug;gjhy; ,jw;F be";rhw;Wg;gil vd;w bgah; cz;L. rFdk; ghh;j;jy;/ tphpr;rp nfl;ly; - ek;gpf;if ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwp";rpg;ghl;L;Fwp";rpg;ghl;L;Fwp";rpg;ghl;L;Fwp";rpg;ghl;L; :::: 261 mofs; nehpir Mrphpag;gh kiya[k; kiyrhh;e;j epyKk;/ Fwp";rp ,jid bgU';Fwp";rp vd;Wk; TWth;.

Mhpa murd; ப�ufj;jDf;F jkpH; mwpt[Wj;jf; fgpyh; ghoaJ ,J. mwj;bjhL epw;wy; vd;w Jiwapy; ghlg;gl;lJ. ,';F jkpH; vd;gJ mfg;bghUs; vd;W bghUs;. Tj;juhw;Wg;gil Tj;juhw;Wg;gil Tj;juhw;Wg;gil Tj;juhw;Wg;gil (my;yJ) kiygLflhk;:(my;yJ) kiygLflhk;:(my;yJ) kiygLflhk;:(my;yJ) kiygLflhk;: kiyf;F ahidia ctkpj;J kiyapy; cz;lhFk; Xirfisf; flhk; vd;W Twpajhy; ,e;E]y; kiygLflhk; vd;W bgah; bgw;wJ. Tj;jd; xUtd; gpw Tj;jh;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhy; Tj;jhw;Wg;gil vdg;gLfpwJ. g[yth;: bgU';bfsrpfdhh; jiytd;: ed;dd; nra; ed;dd; bjhz;L: 9 vd;w vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk; ,uzpa Kl;lk; - kJiu mUnf Midkiyg;gFjp fhl;oYs;s gyhg;gHj;jpw;Ff; Tj;jhpd; kj;jsk; ctikahfpwJ. Tj;jh;fs; vLj;Jr; brd;w ,irf; fUtpfs;:njhy; fUtp njhy; fUtp njhy; fUtp njhy; fUtp ---- KHt[/ MFsp/ gjiy (xU KHt[/ MFsp/ gjiy (xU KHt[/ MFsp/ gjiy (xU KHt[/ MFsp/ gjiy (xU gf;fk; kl;Lnk)gf;fk; kl;Lnk)gf;fk; kl;Lnk)gf;fk; kl;Lnk) JiJiJiJissssf;fUtp f;fUtp f;fUtp f;fUtp ---- nfhL/ FHy;/ J]k;g[nfhL/ FHy;/ J]k;g[nfhL/ FHy;/ J]k;g[nfhL/ FHy;/ J]k;g[



euk;g[f; euk;g[f; euk;g[f; euk;g[f; fUtp fUtp fUtp fUtp ---- ahH;ahH;ahH;ahH; f";rf; fUtp f";rf; fUtp f";rf; fUtp f";rf; fUtp ---- ghz;oy;ghz;oy;ghz;oy;ghz;oy; jpizfs;: (bjhy;fhg;gpak;) mfk; g[wk;

Fwp";rp btl;rp Ky;iy t";rp kUjk; cHpi" bea;jy; Jk;ig ghiy thif iff;fpis fh";rp

bgUe;jpiz ghlhz; g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; jpizfspy;:g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; jpizfspy;:g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; jpizfspy;:g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy TWk; jpizfspy;: btl;rp/ fue;ij/ t";rp/ fh";rp/ cHpi"/ behr;rp/ Jk;ig/ thif/ ghlhz;/ iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz/ bghJtpay;

• jkpH; ,yf;fpak;

Ik;bgUk; fhg;gpak; கா�ப�ய� ெபாவாக ெதாட� நிைல ெச�M�,ெந8� இல�கிய� எ*� அைழ�க�ப8கிற.6த� இர�8 கா�ப�ய9க� ச9க கால�,ம�வ�ய கால�தி� எ,த�பCடாZ� ம�றைவ ேசாழ�க� கால�தி� எ,த�பCடதா� ேசாழ� கால�ைத கா�ப�ய� கால�

எ*ப�. • rpyg;gjpfhuk; - rpyk;g[ + mjpfhuk; mofs; -5001

Mrphpah;Mrphpah;Mrphpah;Mrphpah;----,s';nfhtofs;,s';nfhtofs;,s';nfhtofs;,s';nfhtofs;

- ,katuk;gd; beL";nruyhjdpd; ,isa kfd;. -_d;W fhz;lk; Kg;gJ fhij g[fhh; fhz;lk; - k';fy thH;j;Jghly; Kjy; ehLfhz; fhij tiu gj;J fhijfs; kJiuf; fhz;lk; : fhLfhz; fhij Kjy;fl;Liuf;fhij Koa 13 fhijfs;. t";rpf; fhz;lk; :t";rpf; fhz;lk; :t";rpf; fhz;lk; :t";rpf; fhz;lk; :---- Fd;w Fuit Kjy; tue;jUfhij Koa 7 fhijfs;. fij khe;jh;fs; .fij khe;jh;fs; .fij khe;jh;fs; .fij khe;jh;fs; . jiytd; - nfhtyd; jiytp - fz;zfp

Mly; k';if – khjtp – nfhtdpd; je;ij – khrhj;Jthd; fz;zfpapd; je;ij - kheha;fd; khjtpapd; jha; - rpj;jpuhtjp

ft[e;jpaofs; - rkzj;Jwtp khjphp - ,ilf;Fy khjh; - kJiu

மாதவ�ய�* ேதாழி -tae;jkhiy -kJiuf;F fhty; bja;tk; kJuhgjp - fz;zfpf;F nfhapy; fl;oatd; br'Fl;Ltd; - rpiy vLj;j nghJ cld; ,Ue;jth;fs; ,y';if kd;dd; fathF/ nrhH kd;dd; bgUew;fps;sp/ fdf

வ�rah;. - fz;zfpnfhapypd; Kjy; FசாG njte;jp -,uhkd; jpUkhypd; mtjhuk; vdf; TWk; Kjy; fhg;gpak; -eugyp bfhLF;Fk; gHf;fk; gw;wp TWfpwJ rpyg;gjpfhuk;. _d;W cz;ikfs; :_d;W cz;ikfs; :_d;W cz;ikfs; :_d;W cz;ikfs; : - murpay; gpiHj;njhh;f;F mwk; Tw;whFk;. - CH;tpid cWj;J te;J Cl;Lk;.

ciuசாy; gj;jpdpia cah;e;njhh; Vj;Jth;. rpyk;gpd; g[fH; :rpyk;gpd; g[fH; :rpyk;gpd; g[fH; :rpyk;gpd; g[fH; : - be";rk; ms;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;;nwhh; kzpahuk; gilj;j jkpH;ehL - ghujpahh; - ahkwpe;j g[ythpny fk;gidg; nghy ts;Stidg; nghy; ,s';nfhit nghy; g{kpjdpy; ah';fDnk gpwe;jpy;iy

-ghujpahh; ,ir ehlfnk rpyg;gjpfhuf; fijapd; cUtk;. Ie;jpid mikg;g[ KiwIe;jpid mikg;g[ KiwIe;jpid mikg;g[ KiwIe;jpid mikg;g[ Kiw : Fwp";rpj; jpiz - Fd;w Fuit Ky;iyj; jpid - Ma;r;rpah; Fuit kUj;jJiz - ehLfhz; fhij bea;jy; jpiz - fhdy; thp ghiy jpiz - ntl;Lt thp. gy;ntW gy;ntW gy;ntW gy;ntW bgah;fs; :bgah;fs; :bgah;fs; :bgah;fs; :---- - rpyg;gjpfhuk; - jkpH; Kjy;fhg;gpak; -ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; bra;a[s; -Kj;jkpH; fhg;gpak; -Kjd;ik fhg;gpak; -gj;jpdpf; fhg;gpak; -ehlff; fhg;gpak; -Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak; (bj.bg.kPdhgl;rp Re;judhh;)

-g[Jikf; fhg;gpak; - (eLfy; tHpghL ெப�;fSf;F vLj;jjhy;); - bghJik fhg;gpak; / xw;Wik ehl;oak;/ _nte;jh;

fhg;gpa�, jkpH; njrpaf; fhg;gpak;.



-nghuhl;l fhg;gpak; - g[ul;rp fhg;gpak; -fz;zfp tHpghnl gpw;fhy khhpak;kd; tHpghl;ow;F fhuzk;. kzpnkfiy kzpnkfiy kzpnkfiy kzpnkfiy Mrphpah; - Tythzpfh; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; mofs; - 4286 fhij - 30 “tpHhtiwf; fhij Kjy; bgsj;jpuk; mWf vdg; ghit nehw;w fhij” ntW bgah; - kzpnkfiy Jwt[ Kjy; rkaf; fhg;gpak;/ mwf;fhg;gpak;/ rPh;j;jpUj;jf; fhg;gpak;/ Fwpf;nfhs; ,yf;fpak;/ g[ul;rp fhg;gpak; (guj;ijapd;

kfைள mwj;jpd; jiytpahft[k; khw;wp fhl;oajhy;) grpg; gpzp kUj;Jtf; fhg;gpak;/gR nghw;Wk; fhg;gpak;. nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :

-tpidapd; te;jJ tpidf;F tpisthவJ - nfhy;epiy jphpe;jpod; nfhs; tpiy jphpa[k; -cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu -“mwk; vdg;gLtJ ahbjdf; nfl;gpd; kwthJ ,Jnfs; kz;Qaph;f; bfy;yhk;.

உz;oa[k; ciwa[Sk; my;yJ fz;ljpy;”.

fij khe;jh;fs;fij khe;jh;fs;fij khe;jh;fs;fij khe;jh;fs; cjaFkhud; - murFkhud; - kzpnkfiyia kzk; g[hpa tpUk;g[gtd; kzpnkfyh bja;tk; - kzp gy;ytj;jPt[ jPtjpifapd; cjtpahy; mKjRugp (nfhKfpg; bgha;if) fz;blLg;g[. mwtztofspd; mwpt[iug;go Mjpiuaplk; Kjd; Kjypy; gpr;irnaw;whs; mKRugp - Kw;gpwtpapy; Mg[j;jpudplk; ,Ue;jJ. -kUjp/ tprhif - gj;jpdpg; bgz;fs; fharz;oif fztd; fh";rdd; rPtfrpe;jhkzp :rPtfrpe;jhkzp :rPtfrpe;jhkzp :rPtfrpe;jhkzp :---- - jpUj;jf;f njth; epiyahik Fwpj;J vGjpa E]y;’ ehptpUj;jk; -tpUj;jghthy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Kjy; fhg;gpak; (tpUj;jghy; ty;yth; - fk;gh;) -kzE]y;/ fhkE]y;/ Kf;jp E]y; vd;w bgah;fSk; cz;L. -13 ,yk; gf';fisa[k; 3145 ghly;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ. -Kjy; ,yk;gfk; ehkfs; ,yk;gfk; -filrp ,yk;gfk;Kf;jp ,yk;gfk;

----fhg;gpaj; jiytd; rPfhg;gpaj; jiytd; rPfhg;gpaj; jiytd; rPfhg;gpaj; jiytd; rPttttfd;.fd;.fd;.fd;. ம5னD�6 மகனாக, அரசியி5 வயி$றி� உ�வானவ5 சவீக5. எனிD� விதி வச#தா� 89கா;7� பிற�கிறா5. பி5ன� வணிக5 ஒ�வனி5 வ ";7� வள�கிறா5. அ�சண�தி எ5D� ஆசானிட� க�வி பயி5றா5. இவ5 சிற�த ேதா$ற+ெபாலி� ெகா�டவ5. மி6�த அறி�

நிர�பியவ5, ப�ேவ1 கைலகளிG� வ�லவ5, சிற�த வ "ர5. இவ5 எ;9 மKைகயைர மண�( ெகா4கிறா5. இ@வா1 பல மண� ,��தவ5 ஆனாG�, இவ5 ஒ�

கா0கனாக அ5றி சிற�த மன அட�க� ெகா�டவனாகேவ சி#த��க+ப9கிறா5. இ@வா1 பல

ெப�கைள மண�,��தத5 Nல�, பணபல#ைத3�, பைடபல#ைத3� ெப��கி� ெகா�9 அரசபதவிைய அைடகிறா5. 30 ஆ�9க4 ந"தி3ட5 ஆ;சி ெசJத சவீக5, ஆ;சி+ ெபா1+ைப மகனிட� அளி#(வி;9#

(றவற� O�9 0#தி ெப1கிறா5. 0�கிய

பா#திரKக4

• சீவக*

• சUச(த* (த(ைத(, வ�சயமாேதவ� (தா�( • க(�கட* (வள��<� த(ைத), :ந(ைத (வள��<�

தா�)

• ந(தCட*, ந<ல*, வ�<ல* (வள��<� த(ைதய�* ம�க�)

• சீத�த*, <�திேசன*, ப6க*, ேதவத�த*

(ந�ப�க�)

• கா(த�வத�ைத, �ணமாைல, பைம, ேகமசG,

கனகமாைல, வ�மைல, :ரம+சG, இல�கைண

(சீவக* மைனவ�ய�)

• அUசண(தி (ஆசிGய�)

• கC'ய9கார* (பைகவ*)

E]y; rpwg;g[ :E]y; rpwg;g[ :E]y; rpwg;g[ :E]y; rpwg;g[ : -#p.a[.nghg; ,jid ,ypal;/ Xorpa[ld; xg;gpl;Ls;shh;. jkpH;f;ftp"h;fspd; ,sturd; vd;W jpUj;jjf;f njtiug; g[fH;e;J ghuhl;oa[s;shh; #p.a[.nghg; -midj;J rkaj;jtUk; tpUk;gpfw;w rkzf; fhg;gpak;. tisahgjptisahgjptisahgjptisahgjp :::: - Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy - rkzf; fhg;gpak; -tpUj;jhg;ghypy; MdJ.

-fpilj;jit 72 பா�க�. -_yE]y; itrpf g[uhzk; 35 tJ rUf;fk; -etnfho ehuhazd; gw;wpa E]y;



-xl;lf;Tj;jh; ftpaHF ntz;o tisahgjpia epidj;jhh; vd;W jf;fahfg;’ guzpapd; ciuahrphpah; bjhptpf;fpwhh;. nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; : bghiwapyh mwpt[ - nghfg; g[zh;t[ ,yh ,sik Fz;lynfrp :Fz;lynfrp :Fz;lynfrp :Fz;lynfrp : Mrphpah; ehjFj;jdhh; bgsj;j fhg;gpak; -Fz;lynfrp RUz;l jiyKoia cilats; vd;W bghUs; Fz;lynfrp tUj;jk;/ mfy ftp vd;w ntW bgah;fSk; cz;L. -fhsd; vd;w fs;tid kzk;g[hpa gj;jpiu vd;w

tzpf Fyg; bgz; tpUk;g[fpwhs;. தி�மண�தி�� ப�* gj;jpiu rpdk; bfhz;oUe;j ntisapy; fhsid ‘fs;td; jhnd’ vd;W Twp tpLfpwhs;. gj;jiuia

bfhy;ல kiya[r;rpf;F miHj;Jr; bry;fpd;whd;. mtdJ NH;r;rpia mwpe;J bfhz;l gj;jpiu

‘jw;bfhy;ypia Kw;bfhy;’ எ*� தன கணவைர

ெகாைல ெச�வா�.ப�*ன� அவ� தன மய�ைர நE�கி <�த

றவ�யாகிறா�.அ�ேபா வள�(த 6'ேய :��8 இ��பதா� அ ��டலேகசி எ*� அைழ�க�ப8கிற. -fiy"uhy; ‘ke;jphp Fkhhp’ vd;W jpiug;glkhf;fg;gl;lJ.

I";rpW fhg;gpa';fs;I";rpW fhg;gpa';fs;I";rpW fhg;gpa';fs;I";rpW fhg;gpa';fs; midj;Jk; rkzf; fhg;gpa';fns. ehfFkhu fhtpak; :ehfFkhu fhtpak; :ehfFkhu fhtpak; :ehfFkhu fhtpak; : Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy. fe;jpahh; xUth; vGjpdhh; vd;gh;. - ehfg";rkp nehd;gpd; rpwg;igg; TWk; E]y; -,e;E]Yf;F ehfg";rkp fij vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.kzj;ija[k; nghfj;ija[k; kpFjpahff;

TWk; rkz E]y;. நாக6மார காவிய� அ�ல

நாகபFசமி கைத என�ப8� இ(A�, தமிழி� ேதா*றிய

சி� கா�ப�ய9கள4� ஒ*றா�� .இைத எ,தியவ� யா� எ*ற தகவ�க� கிைட�கவ��ைல .சிேராண�க நாC8

ம*னன4* ேவ�8ேகாS�� இண9கி� ெகௗதம� எ*பா� அவ[�� கைத R�� பா9கி� இ(A� அைம�க�பC8 உ�ள .170 வ��த�பா�களா� ஆ�க�பCட இ(A� ஐ( ச��க9களாக� ப�G�க�பC8�ள.

சமண சமய Aலான நாக�மார காவ�ய� அU சமய� ெகா�ைககைள Aலி� வ�ள�க 6�ப8கிற. இளைம� கால�தி� இ*ப� ��பதிேலேய தன கால�ைத� கழி�த நாக�மார* தன இ�தி� கால�தி� வா=வ�*

நிைலயாைமைய உண�( ற� ேம�ெகா�வேத இ� கைதய�* சார�. ப�றவ�U :ழலி� இ�( வ�8பC8 6�தி ெப�வத�� றவ�* இ*றியைமயாைம ப�றி� ேப:வேத இ� கைதய�* ேநா�கமாக� ெதGகிற.

cjazFkhu fhtpak; :cjazFkhu fhtpak; :cjazFkhu fhtpak; :cjazFkhu fhtpak; : Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy fe;jpahh; vd;gh;. _yE]y; - bgU';fhij

fhz;l';fs; -6/ tpUj;jhg;ghfக �. ;; 369 -Nhpa Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j E]y; cjazd; vdg;gl;lhd;

இ(Aலி� ஆ� கா�ட9க� உ�ளன -உ+ைச� கா�ட� ,

இலாவண� கா�ட�, மகத கா�ட�, வ�தவ கா�ட�,

நரவாகன கா�ட� ம��

ற�� கா�ட� .இ�கா�ப�ய�தி* 6த�ப�தி உதயண* வரலா�ைறM�, ப��ப�தி அவன மகனாகிய நரவாகனன வரலா�ைறM�

R�கிற . anrhju fhtpak; :anrhju fhtpak; :anrhju fhtpak; :anrhju fhtpak; :

Mrphpah; - btz;zhtZilahh; nts; - caph;bfhiy jPJ vd;Wk; czh;j;Jk; E]y; -VGtif euf';fs; gw;wp TWk; E]y; ,Uspd; ,Us;/ ,Us;/ g[if/ nrW/ kzy;/

guy;/ kUs;. 5 ச��க9கள4� 320 வ��த�பா�களா� ஆன இத* ஆசிGய� ெபய�� ெதGயவ��ைல .இராசமா<ர� அரச* மாGத�த* உய��கைள� பலிய�C8 வ(தா* .

அவ[�� உய��ெகாைல தE எ*� உண��வத�காக எ,த�பCட கா�ப�ய� இ .ம�ப�றவ�க �, சி�றி*ப�தி* சி�ைம, ேபG*ப�தி* ெப�ைம, ஒ,�க�தி* உய�� ேபா*றவ�ைற வ�வG�ப இ(A� .இ ஒ� வடெமாழி Aலி* த,வ� .எள4ய நைடM� நயமான பா�கS�

உைடய A� இ .கால� 13-ஆ� A�றா�8 .இைச காம�ைத� \�8� எ*பைதM�, க�ம�தி*

வ�ைள�கைளM� எ8�திய�<� இ�கைத உ�தர<ராண�தி� இ�( எ8�க�பCட எ*�� <Cப(த� கைதய�* தமி= வ'வ� எ*�� இத* ஆசிGய� ெவ�ணாவZைடயா� ேவ� எ*�� R�ேவா� உ�8. ePynfrp :ePynfrp :ePynfrp :ePynfrp : ePynfrp vd;why; fUj;j Te;jiya[ilats; vd;W bghUs;. -ePynfrpj;jpul;L vd;w ntW bgaUk; cz;L. -Fz;lynfrp vd;w E]Yf;F khw;whf vGjg;gl;l

E]y;. 10 ச��க9கள4� 894 பா�களா� ஆன .கி.ப�.ப�தா�

A�றா�ைடU ேச�(த .கா�ப�ய� தைலவ� நEலி .பைழயfG� ேபM�வ�� இ�( 6ன4Uச(திர� எ*கிற சமண 6ன4வரா� ேப�ைம நE9கி அவ��ேக

மாணவ�யாக�� சமண� றவ�யாக�� ஆகி ெபௗ�த�கைள வாதி� ெவ*ற கைதேய இ�கா�ப�ய�.



NshkzpNshkzpNshkzpNshkzp :::: Mrphpah; njhyh bkhHpj;njth; ,aw;bgah;

th;j;jkhd njth;.12 ச��க9கள4� 2131

வ��த�பா�களா� இய�ற�பCட இ(A� .ஆ�கத

மகா<ராண�ைத� த,வ�ய .பாகவத�தி� வ�� பலராம*, க�ன* ேபா*� இ�கா�ப�ய�திZ� திவ�Cட* வ�சய* எ*[� இ� வடநாC8 ேவ(த�கள4* வரலாறாக இ(A� உ�ள .பாகவத6� ;ளாமண�M� கைத நிக=Uசிகள4� ஓரள� ஒ� உ�ளன .சிரவணெப�ேகாலா க�ெவC'� இ(A� ப�றிய �றி�< உ�ள.

இ(Aலி* பாய�ர� த�� றி�ப�*ப', கி .ப�.ஒ*பதா� A�றா�ைடU ேச�(த அவன4 ;ளாமண� மாறவ�ம* எ*[� பா�'ய* அைவ�கள�தி� அர9ேகறிய எ*� ெதGகிற .இ சி�கா�ப�ய வைகய�� இ�(தாZ�

ெப�9கா�ப�ய� ப�<க� மி�(த Aலாக� க�த�ப8கிற.

bgU';fbgU';fbgU';fbgU';fij :ij :ij :ij : Mrphpah; bfh';Fnts;

-cjazd; tuyhw;iw jkpழிy; Twpa Kjy; E]y; -rkz fhg;gpak;- ,jw;F bfh';Fnts; khf;fij vd;w

bgaUk; cz;L. �ணாC'ய� எ*பவரா� ப�ராகி�த

ெமாழிய�� எ,த�பCட ப�ரக�கதா எ*[� இல�கிய�ைத� த,வ� ஆ�க�பCடேத ெப�Kகைத ஆ��. ேசாழ�

கால�ைதU ேச�(த .இைத ஆ�கியவ� ெகா9�ேவள4�

எ*பவராவா� .இவ� ஒ� சமண�. ெகௗசா�ப� நாC8 அரசன4* மகனான உதயண* எ*பவன4* கைதேய இ.

கைதயைம+, :உதயணன4* தா� க�� இ�(தேபா,

சரப� எ*[� ஒ� பறைவ அர�மைனய�� இ�( அவைள� \�கிU ெச*� வ�<லாசல� எ*[� இட�தி�

ேபாC8வ�C8U ெச�கிற. அ9ேக உதயண* ப�ற�கிறா*. இதிலி�(, உதயணன4* வ EரதEரU ெசய�க�, அரசனாத�,

பல ெப�கைள மண�த� எ*பவ�றிfடாக� ற�

FY�வைரயான கைதைய� R�கிற இ�கா�ப�ய�.

உதயண6மார காவிய�

இேத உதயணன4* கைதைய உதயண�மார காவ�ய6� R�கிறெதன4[� இல�கியU :ைவ �*றிய��த� ெபா�C8 அ ஐ+சி�9கா�ப�ய வGைசய�� ைவ�க�பCட. கா�ட9க�

A�ப�G� :அகவ�பாவா� பாட�பC8�ள இ(AZ� ப�*வ�� ஐ( கா�ட9க� உ�ளன.

1. உ+ைச� கா�ட�

2. இலாவாண கா�ட�

3. மகத கா�ட�

4. வ�தவ கா�ட�

5. நரவாண கா�ட�

rka rka rka rka ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fs;/,yf;fpaj; jfty;fs;/,yf;fpaj; jfty;fs;/,yf;fpaj; jfty;fs;/ MMMM';fpyk;/ tzpfj;jpd; bkhHp/ ,yj;';fpyk;/ tzpfj;jpd; bkhHp/ ,yj;';fpyk;/ tzpfj;jpd; bkhHp/ ,yj;';fpyk;/ tzpfj;jpd; bkhHp/ ,yj;jpd; jpd; jpd; jpd; rl;lj;jpd;rl;lj;jpd;rl;lj;jpd;rl;lj;jpd;bkhHp fpnufk; bkhHp fpnufk; bkhHp fpnufk; bkhHp fpnufk; ,irapd; ,irapd; ,irapd; ,irapd; bkhbkhbkhbkhHp/ gpbu";R Hp/ gpbu";R Hp/ gpbu";R Hp/ gpbu";R

J]jpd;J]jpd;J]jpd;J]jpd;bkhHp/ bkhHp/ bkhHp/ bkhHp/ ,j;jhyp fhjypd; bkhHp ,j;jhyp fhjypd; bkhHp ,j;jhyp fhjypd; bkhHp ,j;jhyp fhjypd; bkhHp எ5றா�

jkjkjkjkpppp� ப�தியி5 ;; ;; bkhbkhbkhbkhHp Hp Hp Hp –kiwj;jpU jdp ehaf mofskiwj;jpU jdp ehaf mofskiwj;jpU jdp ehaf mofskiwj;jpU jdp ehaf mofs; rka kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyk; rka kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyk; rka kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyk; rka kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyk; ---- gy;yth; fhyk;gy;yth; fhyk;gy;yth; fhyk;gy;yth; fhyk; gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyk;gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyk;gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyk;gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyk; ---- gy;yth; fhyk;gy;yth; fhyk;gy;yth; fhyk;gy;yth; fhyk; irtg; bghpnahh; ghoa ghf;fs; jpUkiwfs;jpUkiwfs;jpUkiwfs;jpUkiwfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it 12 jpUkiwfs; 1/2/3/ jpUKiwfs; - jpU"hd rk;ge;jh; 4/5/6 jpUKiwfs; - jpUeht[f;furh; 7 - Re;juh;

8-k; - மாண��கவாசக�; - jpUthrfk;/ தி��ேகாைவ எ*ற தி�Uசி�ற�பல�ேகாைவ;

9-k; jpUKiw - jpUtpirg;gh - 9 ngh; ghoaJ

jpUg;gy;yhz;L - ேச(தனா� ghoaJ -jpUkhdpifj; njth; -fUt{h; njth; -nre;jdhh; -g{e;Juj;jp fhlt ek;gp -fz;luhj;jpj;jh; -ntz;lhl;ofs; -jpUntyp mKjdhh; -g[Unlhj;jk ek;gp nrjpuhah; 10-k; jpUKiw : jpUke;jpuk; - jpU_yh; 11-k; jpUKiw - jpUthythilahh; -Iaofs; fhlth; nfz;. -fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; -nrukhd; bgUkhs; -fy;ylnjt ehapdhh; - gl;odj; jofs; -ef;fPu njt ehapdhh; - ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gpfs; - fgpy njt ehadhh; - guz njt ehadhh; guz njt ehadhh; - mjpuh mofs; -vk;bgUkhdofs; எ*ற ப*ன4�வரா� பாட�பCட. 12. bghpa g[uhzhk; - nrf;fpHhh; jpUKiwfisj; bjhFj;jtd; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp/ jpUKiwfisj; bjhFg;gpj;jtd; - Kjyhk; Mjpj;jd; my;yJ 2.k; Mjpj;jd; my;yJ - Kjyhk; uh#uh#d; vd;W TWth;. Kjyhk; uh# uh#d; - jpUKiw fz;l nrhHd; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwhd;.



jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; :jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; :jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; :jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; :

,aw;bgah; ஆSைடய ப��ைள P ப�ற(த ஊ�:சீ�காழி ,jw;F njhzpg[uk;/ gpukg[uk;/ ntQg[uk; vd;w bgah;fSk; cz;L. - ghoait 16000 gjpf';fs; fpilj;jit 384 gjf';fs; - 23 gz;fspy; ghoa[s;shh; -220 Ch;fSf;F brd;W ,iwtid tHpgl;lth; -ahH;Kwp gjpfk; ghoath;. -jpUeht[furUf;F mg;gh; vd;w gl;lk; bfhLj;jth; ,th;. kJiu : Td; ghz;oaid epd;w rPh; beLkhwdhf;fpdhh; -g{k;ghit jpUg;gjpfk; ghodhh;. ,tuJ njthuj;jpw;F jpUf;filf;fhg;g[ vd rpwg;gpf;fg; gLfpwJ.

fjt[ jpwf;fg;ghoaJ : fjt[ jpwf;fg;ghoaJ : fjt[ jpwf;fg;ghoaJ : fjt[ jpwf;fg;ghoaJ : ,uf;fk; ஒd;wpலிh; kd;kd;kd;kd;ddddd; neha; jPh;f;fg;ghoaJ.d; neha; jPh;f;fg;ghoaJ.d; neha; jPh;f;fg;ghoaJ.d; neha; jPh;f;fg;ghoaJ. ke;jpukhtJ ePW ey;ey;ey;ey;yyyyth;f;F th;f;F th;f;F th;f;F ehehehehqqqqkkkk ; nfh; nfh; nfh; nfhSSSSk; k; k; k; ,y;iy vd ghoaJ,y;iy vd ghoaJ,y;iy vd ghoaJ,y;iy vd ghoaJ “ntapU njhsp g';fd;” “fhjyhfp frpe;J fz;zPh; ky;fp” rpwg;g[fs; :rpwg;g[fs; :rpwg;g[fs; :rpwg;g[fs; : -fphpia vd;w rw;g[j;jpu khh;f;fk;

-ahH;kwp பதிக� ghoath; -,aw;ifia mjpfkhகg; ghoath; -Mjpr';fuh; jk; E]yhd “brse;jh;ayfhp”ய�y; jpU"hd rk;ge;j�ij ‘jpuhtpl rpR’ vd;W <க=(�ளா�. ;;. jpUeht[f;furh;jpUeht[f;furh;jpUeht[f;furh;jpUeht[f;furh; ,aw;bgah; - kUs; ePf;fpahh;

ntW bgah; : jpUeht[�furh; thrPfh;/ mg;gh;/ MSil muR/ jhz;lf nte;jh; jUknrdh;. bgw;nwhh; g[fHdhh; - khjphpahh;

jkf;if – jpyftjpahh; gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth_h; -gjpfj; bjhil ghoa ghd;ikahy; eht[f;furh; vdg;gl;lhh;. jpUtjpifapy; rptdhy; eht[f;furh; vd miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. - rkz rkaj;jpy; “jUknrdh;” vd;w bgahpy; tps';fpdhh;. -jpUeht[f;furh; rhpia vd;Dk; jhrkhh;fj;jpdh;.

nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; : “Tw;whapd thW” - Kjy; gjpfk; ‘khrpy; tPiz khiy kjpaKk;” -ehkhh;Fk; Foapy;nthk; ekid m";nrhk;” - ,d;gnk ve;ehSk; Jd;gk; ,y;iy”. -Kd;dk; mtDila ehkk; nfl;gpd; - vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj -jkpnHhL ,irg;ghly; kwe;jwpnad; -Ml;Ltpj;jhy; MbuhUth; Mlhjhnu mlf;Ftpj;jhy; MbuhUth; ml';fhjhnu” Re;juh; :Re;juh; :Re;juh; :Re;juh; : -fapyhaj;jpy; ,tUf;F MyhyRe;judhh; vd;W bgah; - jpUehtY]h; - td; bjhz;lh;/ jk;gpuhd; njhHh; -,iwtndna kidtpaplk; J]J mDg;gpath; -,iwtDf;F njhHd; - jk;gpuhd; njhHd;. -guit - r';fpypahh;- ,tuJ kidtpfs;. -,th; ghoa jpUj;bjhz;ilj; bjhif bghpa g[uhzj;jpy; _y E]y;. - mjd; Kjyo “jpy;iy thH; me;jzh; jk; moahh;f;Fk; monad;” -Re;jUld; el;g[ bfhz;oUe;j MH;thh; jpUk';if MH;thh;” - ,th; nahf Kiw vd;w rfkhh;fj;jpdh;. nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :

-gpj;jh ப�ைற ;' ெப�மாேன அ�ளாளா– Kjw;ghly; - bghd;dhh; nkdpand g[ypj;njhiy miuf;flj;J - “jk;khid mwpahj rhjpahUk; csnuh”

மாணி�கவாசக�: இய�ெபய� ெதGயவ��ைல. பா�'ய* அGம��தன பா�'யன4ட� அைமUசரா� இ�(த ேபா ெத*னவ* ப�ர�மராய� எ*� அைழ�க�பCடா�.தி�வாதgரா�,அ�� வாசக�,மாண��கவாசக� எ*� அைழ�க�பCடா�.பா�'ய ம*னனா� �திைர வா9க அ[�ப�பCட இவ� பாதி வழிய�� சிவன4* தி�வ�ைளயாடலா� ேகாய�� கC'னா�.இவ��காக சிவ* நGைய பGயா�கினா�(�திைர). இள9ேகாவ�� ப�* நாC8�<ற பாட� வ'வ�தி�� 6�கிய�வ� ெகா8�தவ�.63நாய*மா�கS� இவ� இட�ெபறவ��ைல. அ�மாைன, ெபா�:�ண�, Fவ�லி, ஊச�,�ப�,ெத�ேளண�,ேதாேணா�க�,சாழ�,-இைவ மகள4G* ஆCட9க�. இவ� எ,திய தி�வ�பாைவ மா�கழி மாத�தி� ைசவ�களா� பாட�ப8கிற. பாைவ பா'ய வாயா� ேகாைவ பா8க எ*� �றி�ப�Cடதா� தி��ேகாைவ எ*ற



தி�Uசி�ற�பல�ேகாைவ பா'னா�.இதி� நாயக* நாயகி பாவ�தி� பாட�பCட அக இல�கியமாக அைம( இ��.மாண��கவாசகG* தி�வாசக� ப�றி ஜி.M.ேபா� அவ�க� தி�வாசக�தி�� உ�கா� ஒ�வாசக�தி�� உ�கா� எ*கிறா�. ேம�ேகா�: -நமUசிவாய� வா=க நாத* தா� வா=க -ஆதிM� அ(த6� இ�லா அ�Cெப�+ேசாதி

-ெத*னா8ைடய சிவேன ேபா�றி

- ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; இைறவா nghw;wp” - thdhfp kz;zhfp tspahfp xspahfp - cw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld; ngh; ntz;nld; -mk;ikna mg;gh xg;gpyh kzpna -g[y;yhfpg; g{lhfpg; g[Gthfpa kunkhfpg; gy; kpUfk; gwitaha; ghk;ghfp ,th; ghoa jpUr;rpw;wrpyf; nfhit - ehafd; ehafp ghtk; bfhz;lJ. gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk; jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; - rj;g[ju khh;f;fk; - fphpia jpUeht[f;furh; - (moik) jhrkhh;f;fk; - rhpia Re;juh; (nrhH) rfkhh;f;fk; - nahf khh;f;fk; khzpf;fthrfh; - (rw;FU (khzt rd; khh;f;fk; - "hdk; khh;f;fk;. 10101010----k; jpUKiw :k; jpUKiw :k; jpUKiw :k; jpUKiw : jpU_yh; - xd;nw Fyk; XUtnd njtd; -clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; :fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; :fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; :fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; : ,aw;bgah; - g[dpjtjp fztd; - gukjj;jd; -(fapiy) nga[U bfhz;lhh; fapiy kPJ jiyahnyna ele;J brd;whh;. ,iwtdhy; mk;ikna vd miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. - jpUthy';fhl;oYk; ,iwtidj; fhzj; jiyahnyna ele;J brd;wdh;. rk;ge;jh; mk;ik jiyahy; ele;j gFjpia fhyhy; kpjpf;f kWj;jhh;. - 63 ehad;kh;fSs; mkh;e;j nfhyj;jpy; cs;sth; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;. E]y;fs; :- jpUthy';fhl;L _j;j jpUg;gjpfk; 2 E]y;fs;/ jpU,ul;ilkzpkhiy/mw;g[jj;jpUte;jhjp/ -,tuJ ghly; kl;Lnk _j;j jpUg;gjpfk; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLFpwJ fl;lis fypj;Jiw vd;w g[Jtif ahg;ig gilj;jth;. ef;fPudpd; E]y;fs; :ef;fPudpd; E]y;fs; :ef;fPudpd; E]y;fs; :ef;fPudpd; E]y;fs; : - jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil -fapiy ghjp fhsj;jp ghjp me;jhjp

-jpU <';nfha; kiy vGtJ -jpUtH";RHp Kk;kzpf;nfhit

-தி�எ,�R�றி��ைக -nfhgg;gpurhjk; -fhbul;L -nghw;wp fypbtz;gh தி�6�கா��பைட இர*8 A� அைம�ப�� ப��பாC'� ஆ��பைட Aலாக�� பதிேனாறா� தி�6ைறய�Z� இட� ெப��ள. ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp :ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp :ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp :ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp :---- -jkpH; tpahrh; ,th; ,aw;wp 8 E]y;fSk; 11-k; jpUKiwapd; ,Wjpapy; nrh;j;Jf; bfhz;lhh;.

- nfhapy; jpUg;gz;zpய� வ�;Uj;jk; - jpUj;bjhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp - Vfhjr khiy -tpehafh; ,ul;il kzpkhiy

-jpUr;rig வ� Uj;jk; -jpUKk; kzpf;nfhit -MSil gps;isahh; - jpUt[yhkhiy -jpUf;fyk;gfk; -jpUj;bjhif jpUte;jjhjp gl;ozj; jofs;gl;ozj; jofs;gl;ozj; jofs;gl;ozj; jofs;

,a�ெபah; - jpUbtz;fhlh;

(இவGட�; nre;jdhh; fzf;fuha; gzpahw;wpdhh;. -nfhapy; ehd;kzpkhiy

-jpUf;f,ky Kk;kzpf;nfhiy - (rk;ge;jh; Fwpg;g[)

-jpUtpil k�J]h; Kk;kzp nfhit -jpUntfk;gKilahh; jpUte;jhjp

-jpUbthw;wpa{h; xUth xUபஃ ; 12; 12; 12; 12----k; jpUKiwk; jpUKiwk; jpUKiwk; jpUKiw nrf;fpHhh; 63 ehad;khh;fisg; gw;wp tphpj;Jiuj;j bghpa g[uhzk; gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw -nrf;fpHhhpd; ,aw;bgah; mUz;bkhHpj; njth;. -meghar; nrhHdplk; mikr;ruha; ,Ue;jth;. mikr;ruha; ,Ue;j nghJ cj;jk nrhH gy;ytuhad; vd;w gl;lk; cz;L. bjhz;lh; rPh; guthh; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L. - bghpag[uhzj;jpw;F ,th; ,l;l bgah; jpUj;bjhz;lh;

g[uhzk; / jpUj;bjhz;lh;khf;fij vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. -,jd; Kjy; E]y; Re;juh; ghoa jpUj;bjhz;lh; bjhif.

- வழிE]y; ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp ghoa jpUj;bjhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp.

-cyெகyhk; vd;W ,iwtd; mobaLj;J bfhLf;fg; ghlg;gl;l E]y; bghpa g[uhzk;.



jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk;.jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk;.jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk;.jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk;. g[uhzk; vd;why; tuyhW. rptbgUkhdpd; jpUtpisahly; fiyf; gw;wpf; TWk; E]y;. -,iwtdpd; jpUtpisahly; gw;wp Kjypy; Twpa E]y;fs; fy;yhlk;/ Re;ju ghz;oak;. fy;yhlk Mrphpah; fy;yhldh;. -Kjd; Kjypy; jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; ghoath; bgUk;gw;w g[ypa{h; ek;gp/. ,th; ghoa jpUtpisahlw;

g[uhzk; தி�வாலவாMைடயா� தி�வ�ைளயாட� <ராண�

-mLj;J jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; ghoath; gu";n#hjp jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; ghoath; gu";n#hjp jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; ghoath; gu";n#hjp jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; ghoath; gu";n#hjp Kdpth;.Kdpth;.Kdpth;.Kdpth;.

----,J Myh!;a kfhj;jpak; vd;w tlbkhHp E]ypd; ,J Myh!;a kfhj;jpak; vd;w tlbkhHp E]ypd; ,J Myh!;a kfhj;jpak; vd;w tlbkhHp E]ypd; ,J Myh!;a kfhj;jpak; vd;w tlbkhHp E]ypd;

jGty;.jGty;.jGty;.jGty;. • Qலாசி�ய�

இ(Aைல இய�றியவ� பர+ேசாதி 6ன4வ�. இவ� த+ைச மாவCட�� தி�மைற�காC'� ேதா*றியவ�. ைசவேவளாள ஆசிGய மரப�� ப�ற(தவ�.

• Qலி5 அைம+,

68 படல9கSட* 3363 பாட�க� ெகா�ட தி�விைளயாட$ ,ராண�, மைர, Rட�, தி�வாலவா� எ*ற 3 கா�ட9கைள உைடய.

• Qலி5 சிற+,

இைறவன4* 64 தி�வ�ைளயாட�கைளM� கா�ப�யU:ைவMட* R�கிற. mhpr;re;jpu g[uhzk; - tPuftpuhah; fe;j g[uhzk; - fr;rpag;gg rpthr;rhypah; Th;k g[uhzk; - mjp tPuuhk ghz;oad; fh";rp g[uhzk; ( Kjw; fhz;lk;) - rpt"hd Kdpth; fh";rp g[uzhk; ( 2-tJ fhz;lk;) fr;rpag;g Kdpth;) jyg[uhzk; vd;w nfhapy; g[uhzk; - ckhgjp rptk; ,tnu jyg[uhzk; ghLk; kuig bjhl';fp itj;jth;. -jyg[uhzk; ghLtjpy; g[fH; bgw;wth; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is. Fku Fuguh; :Fku Fuguh; :Fku Fuguh; :Fku Fuguh; : -gpwe;j Ch; $itFz;lk; -Ie;J taJ tiu Cikapy; ,Ue;J jpUr;bre;J]h; KUfd; mUshy; ghLk; jpwd; bgw;wth;.

Kjy; E]y; - Re;jh; fypbtz;gh - kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpH;/ kJiuf; fyk;gfk;/ ePjpbewp tpsf;fk;. jpUth%h; ehd;kzpkhiy/ rpjk;gu Kk;kzpf;nfhit/ rpjk;gur; bra;a[l; nfhit/ ,ul;il kzpkhiy -fhrp fyk;gfk;/ rfyfyh ty;yp khiy. -,th; gpuge;j nte;jh; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,uhkyp';f mofs; :,uhkyp';f mofs; :,uhkyp';f mofs; :,uhkyp';f mofs; : -kDKiw fz;l thrfk; #PtfhUz;l xGf;fk; ciueil E]y;fs;. -rd;khh;f;f r';fk;/ rj;jpa jUkrhiy/ rj;jpa "hd rig/ rpj;jp tshfk; nghd;wit epWtpa epWtd';fs;. -jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fs; kpfg; bghpa Mrphpa tpUj;jk; ghoath; - 1596 mofs; bfhz;l Mrphpak;. -,tUf;F jpU.mUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W bgahpl;lth; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; ,tnu jpUtUl;ghit bjhFj;jth; - -,tuJ ghl;il kUl;gh vd;wth; MWKf ehtyh;. - ,tiu g[ul;rpj; Jwtp vd;gh;. - ghujpahh; ,tiu g[J bewp fz;l g[yth; vd;W nghw;Wfpwhh;. nkw;nfhs; nkw;nfhs; nkw;nfhs; nkw;nfhs; -mUl;bgU";n#hjp/ jdpg; bgU';fUiz -“mg;gh ehd; ntz;Ljy; nfl;L mUs;g[hpa ntz;Lk;. - ‘cs;bshd;W itj;J g[wbkhdW ngRnthh; cs;sf; fythik ntz;Lk;. jha[khdth;jha[khdth;jha[khdth;jha[khdth; - tp#au';fehj brhf;fyp';f ehaf;fhplk; fzf;fuhf ,Ue;jth;. - cgepljf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jkpHpy; kpFjpahfg; ghoath; - rkuf rd;khh;f;f fUj;Jf;fis Kjypy; Twpath; gpd;dh; ,jid ts;syhh; tphpthff; Twpdhh;. - guhguf; fz;zp/ ve;ehl;fz;zp/ Mde;jf; fspg;g[. mUzfphpahh;mUzfphpahh;mUzfphpahh;mUzfphpahh; ‘Kj;ijj; jU’ vd;W KUfd; mobaGj;Jf; bfhLf;f jpUg;g[fH; ghoath;. - ghoait jpUg;g[fH;/ Re;jh; my';fhuk; Re;jh;

mDFjp/ Re;jh; m(;jhjp/nty; tpUj;jk/; kapy;வ�Uj;jk; -re;jf; fs";rpak;/ yaf; fs";rpak; vdg;gLtJ jpUg;g[fH;. - KUfrpj;jh; vd;W miHf;fg; gLfpwhh;.



nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs; VWkapy; VwptpisahLk; Kfk; Xd;nw <rDld; "hdbkhHp ngRk; Kfk; xd;nw/ rptg;gpufhrh;:rptg;gpufhrh;:rptg;gpufhrh;:rptg;gpufhrh;: Ch;: Jiw k';fyk; Mrphpah; - jpUbey;ntyp bts;spak;gpyj; jk;gpuhd; E]y;fs; : gpug[yp';f yPiy/ ehy;th; ehd;kzpkhiy/ ePnuhl;lfakf me;jhjp/ jpUbt';iff; nfhit/ jpUbt';iff; fyk;gfk;. - ed;bdwp vd;w ePjp E]y; ,aw;wpath; - fw;gid fs";rpak;/ fw;gid Cw;W/ ftpjh rh;t bgskp - fpwpj;jt kjj;jpw;F vjpuhf VRkj epuhfuzk; vd;w E]iy ,aw;wpath;. itztk;itztk;itztk;itztk; bkhj;jk; -12 bjhFj;th; ehjKzp - ehthapuj; jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;. jpuhtpl rhfuk; vd;w ntW bgah;fSk; cz;L. 4 gphpt[fs;4 gphpt[fs;4 gphpt[fs;4 gphpt[fs; - Kjyhapuk; - bghpa jpUbkhHp - jpUtha; bkhHp - ,aw;gh jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs;jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs;jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs;jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs; rf;fuk; - Rjh;rdk; tpy; - rhu';fk; ths; - ee;jfk;

jz;L - ெகௗnkhjfp r';F - gh";rrd;dpak; Kjyhapuk;Kjyhapuk;Kjyhapuk;Kjyhapuk; bghpahH;thh; jpUbkhHp (jpUg;gy;yhz;L cl;gl) ehr;rpahh; jpUbkhHp bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk; jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp

mkyனாjpgpuhd; fz;zp Ed; rpWj;jhk;g[ bghpa jpUbkhHpbghpa jpUbkhHpbghpa jpUbkhHpbghpa jpUbkhHp jpUk';if MH;thh; ghly;fs; jpUtha; bkhHpjpUtha; bkhHpjpUtha; bkhHpjpUtha; bkhHp ek;khH;thh; ghly;fs;

,aw;gh,aw;gh,aw;gh,aw;gh Kjy; jpUte;jhjp/ ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp/ _d;whk; jpUte;jhjp/ ehd; Kfd; jpUte;jhjp/ jpUtpUj;jk;/ jpUthrphpak;/ bghpa jpUte;jhjp/ jpUvG Tw;wpUf;if rpwpa jpUkly;/ bghpa jpUkly;. bgha;ifahh;bgha;ifahh;bgha;ifahh;bgha;ifahh; Ch;/ fh";rpg[uk; - jhkiug; bgha;if r';fpd; mk;rk; - ghoaJ Kjyhk; jpUte;jhjp - Kjyhk; jpUte;jhjp 100 ghly;fs; - Kjd; Kjyhfj; jpUkhypd; gj;J mtjhu';fisg; ghoath; nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs; itak; jfspah/ thh;flny bea;ahf. g[{jj;jhH;thh;g[{jj;jhH;thh;g[{jj;jhH;thh;g[{jj;jhH;thh; - kfhgypg[uk; - FUf;fj;jp kyhpy; gpwe;jhh; - fjha[jj;jpd; mk;rkhf gpwe;jth; - ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp (100 ghly;fs;) - bgUe;jkpHd; vd;W jd;idf; Twpf; bfhs;Sk; MH;thh;

nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs;nkw;nfhs;: md;ng jfspah Mh;tnk bea;ahf ngahH;thh;ngahH;thh;ngahH;thh;ngahH;thh; kapyhg;g{h; - brt;ty;ypg; g{tpy; gpwe;jhh;. - jpUkhypd; ee;jfk; vd;Dk; thspd; mk;rk;

; -T*றா� jpUte;jhjp (100 ghly;fs;) ேம$ேகா4:”தி��க�ேட5,ெபா5ேமனி க�ேட5” jpUkHpirahH;thh;jpUkHpirahH;thh;jpUkHpirahH;thh;jpUkHpirahH;thh; Ch; - jpUkHpir - rf;fuj;jpd; mk;rk; - rf;fuj;jhH;thh;/ gf;jp rhfuh; vd;W ntW bgah;fSk; ,tUf;F cz;L. - ,th; irtj;jpy; ,Ue;jnghJ rptthf;fpah; vd;w rpj;juhf ,Ue;jhh;. - ghoait ehd;fhk; jpUte;jhjp vd;w ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp - jpUkHpir MH;thhpd; rPld; fdpfz;zd; vd;gth; Mthh;.



ek;khH;thh;ek;khH;thh;ek;khH;thh;ek;khH;thh; Ch; MH;thh; jpUefh; vd;w jpUf;FUTh; ,th; je;ij khwd;fhhp/ guhe;jfd; beL";riladpd; mikr;rh;

- அவ� தியான� ெச�த g[spakuj;ij Mjpnr\dpd;

mtjhuk; vd;gh;(தி��<ள4 ஆ=வா�) - rlnfhgh; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh; jpUkhny ek; - rlf;nfhgd; vd;W miHj;jikahy; ‘ek;khH;thh;’ vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. - jpUthrphpak;/ jpUtha;bkhHp/ jpUtpUj;jk;/ bghpa jpUte;jhjp vd;Dk; ehd;F E]y;fisg; ghoa[s;shh;. vdnt ,tiu ntjk; jkpH; bra;j khwd; vd;gh; - (ehjKdp) - ,tuJ E]y;fSs; jpUtha; bkhHpia jpuhtpl ntjk; vd;gh;. - ek;khH;thh; cly; vd;Wk; kw;wth;fs; cWg;g[k; vd;Wk; TWth; - itztj;J khzpf;fthrfh; vd;W Twg;bgWthh; - guh';Frh; - gwrkak; vd;w ahidf;F m';Frk; nghd;wth;. kJu ftp MH;thh;kJu ftp MH;thh;kJu ftp MH;thh;kJu ftp MH;thh; Ch; - ghz;o ehL jpUf;nfhqh; - ,th; ek;khH;thhpd; rPlh; - mtiu kl;Lnk ghoath;

- ,th; ghoa ghly;fs; ‘fz;zpEz; rpWj;jhk;g[ ‘ vd;Dk; ghlypd; Kjy; thpahy; bgah; bgw;wJ. Fynrfu MH;thh;Fynrfu MH;thh;Fynrfu MH;thh;Fynrfu MH;thh; Ch; - nruehl;Lj; jpUt";irf;fdk; - jpUtujd; vd;w kd;ddpd; kfd;. - bfhy;ypf; fhtyd;/ Tly; ehafd;/ nfhHpf;nfhd; vdf; Twpf;bfhs;tjhy; ghz;o/ nrhHehLfSf;Fk; jiytuha; ,Ue;jhh; vdj; bjhpfpwJ. jpUkhy; gf;jpahy; muR Jwe;jhh;. - mjw;Fk; gygo nkny brd;W jpUnt';flkiyapy;; gwitaha;/ kPdha;/ Mwha; bfhokukha;/ goaha; gpwf;Fk; ngW fpilf;f ntz;Lk; vd ntz;Lfpwhh; - ,th; jkpHpy; bgUkhs; jpUkhHpa[k; - tlbkhHpapy; Kfe;j khiya[k; bra;Js;shh;. - ,uhkDf;F jhyhl;Lg; ghoath; FynrfuhH;thh; - fz;zdplk; gf;jp bfhz;lth; bghpahH;thh; - bgUk;ghyhd MH;thh;fs; fz;zdplk; gf;jp

bfhz;lவ�க� bjhz;lulog; bghoahH;thh;bjhz;lulog; bghoahH;thh;bjhz;lulog; bghoahH;thh;bjhz;lulog; bghoahH;thh; Ch;- jpUkz;l';Fo ,aw;bgah; - tpg;uehuhazd;

ghoait : jpUkhiy/ jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp/ jpUkhy; jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp - bjhz;luog; bgho MH;thh; rptd; jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp - khzpf;fthrfh; ghujkhjh jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp - ghujpahh;

-“gr;irkh kiy ேபா� ; nkdp gtstha; fkyr;br';fz;” jpUk';ifahH;thh;jpUk';ifahH;thh;jpUk';ifahH;thh;jpUk';ifahH;thh; - jpUf;FiwaY]h; - jpUk';if ehL/ nrhHehL ehl;oy; gpwg;g[. - tpy;ypd; mk;rk; - ,aw;bgah; - fypad; - je;ij bgah; - ePyd; - kidtp - FKjty;yp ntW bgah;fs; - fyp ehld;/ fypfd;wp/ mUs;khhp/ gufhyd;/ Fiwayhsp/ k';ifah; nfhd;/ k';ifnte;jd; - ,th; Mz;l ehL jpUthypehL MW E]y;fs;MW E]y;fs;MW E]y;fs;MW E]y;fs; bghpa jpUbkhHp/ jpUbeLe;jhz;lfk;/ jpUf;FWe; jhz;lfk;/ jpUvGTw;wpUf;if. rpwpa jpUkly; / bghpa jpUkly;. - Kjd; Kjyhf kly; vd;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tifiaj; bjhl';fpath;. ,thpd; kly; bjhy;fhg;gpa mfbewpf;F KuzhdJ. - jhz;lfk; ghoa MH;thh;’ -ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly; gphpt[f;fSf;F ,lk; bfhLj;J ghoath;. jpUg;ghzhH;thh;jpUg;ghzhH;thh;jpUg;ghzhH;thh;jpUg;ghzhH;thh; - irtj;jpy; ghzFoapy; gpwe;jth; jpUePyfz;l யா=�பாண�. - பாண� �'ய�� ப�ற(ததா� jpUtu';ff; nfhapDs; bry;y ,ayhJ fhtphpf;fiuapy; epd;W ghoath; - ,tiu cnyhf fhu';fs; Kjypa me;jzh;fs; fy;yhy; moj;jdh;. gpd;dh; cnyhf fhu';fnu njhspy; J]f;fpr; brd;whh;. - jpUtu';fehjidf; fz;L ,th; ghoa gjpfk;

‘mkydhjp gpuhd;’mkydhjp gpuhd;’mkydhjp gpuhd;’mkydhjp gpuhd;’ bghpahH;ths;bghpahH;ths;bghpahH;ths;bghpahH;ths; Ch; --$tpy;ypg[j;J]h; - fUlhH;thh; mk;rk; - bghpa jpUto vd;gJk; fUld; - rpwpa jpUto vd;gJ mDkd;



- ,aw;bgah; tp\;Drpj;jh; ntWbgah; : gl;lh; gpuhd;/ fpHpaWj;j MH;thh; - ,thpd; tsh;g;g[ kfs; Mz;lhs; ghoait : jpUg;gy;yhz;L/ jpUbkhHp - gps;isj;jkpH; vd;w rpw;wyf;fpa tifapd; Kd;ndho - mk;g[ypg; gUtj;jpy; rhk jhd ngj jz;lk; vd;w mikg;gpy; ghLk; Kiwia Kjd; Kjypy; njhw;Wtpj;jth;. - bjhl;oy; ghl;L vd;w jhyhl;Lg; ghl;lhfpa fz;zd; jhyhl;nl gps;isj; jkpH; ,yf;fpa tifapd; Kd;ndho E]y; - jd;id anrhijahfg; ghtpj;Jg;ghoa MH;thh;. - ,uhkid FHe;ijahfg; ghtpj;Jj; jhyhl;Lg; ghoath; FynrfuhH;thh;. Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs;Mz;lhs; - $tpy;ypg[j;J]h; - bghpahH;thhpd; tsh;g;g[ kfs; - g{kfs; mk;rk; - JHha; (Jsrp) tdj;jpy; fz;blLf;fg;gl;lts;. - khiyR{l;o bfhLj;jhy; nfhij vdg;gl;lhs; - ,iwtDf;F kidtpahdjhy; ehr;rpahh; - Mz;ltidna Mz;ljhy; Mz;lhs; Mdhh;

- ,iwtd; Mz;lhs; jpUkzk; -தி�u';fk; ghoait : jpUg;ghit/ jpUbkhHp jpUg;ghitna ntjk; midj;jpw;Fk; tpj;J vd;W Twpath; - ,uhkhD#h; - fw;g{uk; ehWnkh fkyg;g{ ehWnkh? - thuzk; Mapuk; R{H ty";bra;J ehuzd; ek;gp elf;fpd;whd; vd;W vjph; - ehuhaznd ekf;F giw jUthd; - khh;fHpj; jp';fs; kjp epiwe;j ed;ehshy;’ Mr;rhhpah;fs;Mr;rhhpah;fs;Mr;rhhpah;fs;Mr;rhhpah;fs; MH;thh;fisj; bjhlh;e;J itztk; tsh;j;jth;fs; - Kjy; Mr;rhhpahh; ehjKdp - itzt ,Wjp Mr;rhhpah; kzths khKdp - Kf;fpakhdth; ,uhkhD#h; - ntjk; midj;jpw;Fk; tpj;J jpUghit vd;W Twpath; ,uhkhD#h; - ,uhkhD#hpd; FU jpUf;nfhl;oa{h; ek;gp - ,uhkhD#hpd; rPlh; Tuj;jhH;thh; - FUtpd; fl;lisia kPwp jpt;tpa ufrpaj;ij (jpUke;jpuk;) midtUf;Fk; brhd;dth; ,uhkhD#h;/ kf;fSf;Fr; brhd;d ,lk; jpUf;nfhl;oa{h;. - itztj;jpd; tsh;g;g[jha; ,uhkhD#h; - tprp\;lhj;itj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;jth; ,uhkhD#h; - ,uhkhD]#h; ,aw;wpa E]y;fs; $ gh\;ak;/

fPjh gh\;ak;/ ntjhe;j jPgk;/ ntjhe;j rhuk;/ ntjhe;j r';fpufhk;/ jkpHpy; xU E]Yk; vGjtpy;iy. - ntjhe;j njrpfh; tpsf;Fk; bewp tlfiy/ ,uhkhD# h; bjd;fiy - ,uhkhD]#h; E]w;we;jhjp jpUtu';fuj;J mKjdhh; - itzt rka kWkyh;r;rpf;F cWJiz ,uhkhD]#h; esbtz;ghesbtz;ghesbtz;ghesbtz;gh - g[fnHe;jpg;g[yth;

- Mjhpj;jtd; re;jpud; Rth;�கி100 ghlYf;F xUKiw ts;siyg; ghoa[s;shh; ( fk;gh;. 1000 ghlYf;F xUKiw) - esbtz;gh _d;W fhz;l';fs; - Rak;tuf;fhz;lk;/ fypbjhlh; fhz;lk;/ fypeP';F fhz;lk; - bkhj;jk; - 425 ghly;fs; esdpd; tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ ,uz;Lesdpd; tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ ,uz;Lesdpd; tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ ,uz;Lesdpd; tuyhw;iwf; TWtJ ,uz;L 1. esbtz;gh 2. ieljk; mjptPuuhk ghz;oad; ( ieljk; g[yth;f;F xsljk;) fk;gh; :fk;gh; :fk;gh; :fk;gh; :

- nju,e;J]hpy; gpwe;jhh; - ehif khtl;lj;jpy; kapyhLJiwf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ fk;ghpd; je;ijahh;Mjpj;jd; - ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;jpy; thH;e;jth ; - jpUbtz;bza; ey;Y]h;r; rilag;g ts;sy; Mjhpj;jhh; - fhyk; 12-k; E]w;whz;L - bra;ed;wp kwth ,ay;gpdh;. rilag;g ts;siy Mapuk; ghly;fSf;F xU ghly;fs; vd;W ghoa[s;shh;. - rlnfhguhe;jhjp/ VbuGgJ ruRtjp me;jhjp/ jpUf;if tHf;fk; Mfpad fk;gh; ,aw;wpa gpw E]y;fs;. -ra';bfhz;lh;/ xl;lf;Tj;jh;/ g[fnHe;jp Mfpnahh; ,th; fhyj;Jg; g[yth;fs; fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk;: btz;gh ghLtjpy; ty;yth;. tpUjg;gh ghLtjpy; ty;yth;. fy;tpapw; bghpath; fk;gh;. E]y;Fwpg;g[ : ahkwpe;j g[ythpny - ghujpahh; ,uhkdJ tuyhw;iwf; TWk; E]y; ,uhkhazk; vdg;gl;lJ.



-thd;kPfp Kdpth;tlbkhHpapy; vGjpa ,uhkazj;ij jGtpf; fk;gh; mjidj;jkpHpy; ,aw;wpdhh;. - fk;gh; ,jw;F ,uhkhtjhuk; vd bgahpl;lhh;. fhz;lk; bgUk;gphpt[/ glyk; vd;gJ mjd; cl;gphpt[

-fk;guhkhazk; ghyfhz;lk;/ mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ Muz;a fhz;lk;/ fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;/ Re;ju fhz;lk;/ a[j;j fhz;lk; vd MW fhz;l';fis

cilaJ.113 படல9கைளM� 10569 பாட�கைளM�

ெகா�ட. - - jpUf;Fwisa[k;/ fk;guhkazj;ija[k; jkpHh;f;Ff; fjp vd;gh;. - bgU';fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzk; bgw;wJ bghUs;/ mzp/ eil Mfpatw;why; rpwe;jJ. - brhw;Rita[k;/ bghUl;Rita[k; jkpH; gz;ghL kpsph;e;Js;sJ. mnahj;jpah fhz;lk; ,uz;lhk; fhz;lk;. ,jpy; gjpd;_d;W gly';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; Ffg; glyk; VHhk; glyk; ,jw;F f';ifg; glyk; vd;Wk; bgaUz;L. tpy;ypg[j;J]uhh; ghujk; tpy;ypg[j;J]uhh; ghujk; tpy;ypg[j;J]uhh; ghujk; tpy;ypg[j;J]uhh; ghujk; ,aw;wpath; tpy;ypg[j;J]h; - kfd; tue;jUthh; Ch; rdpa{h; re;jg;gh ghLtjy; ty;yth; re;jg;gh ,aw;Wtjpy; mUzfphpahhplk; njhw;wth;. - Mjhpj;jtd; - tf;fghif tugjpahl; bfhz;lhd; - ,J xU tHp E]y; - Ie;jhk; ntjk; - kfhghujk; - tpy;ypghuj;jpw;F ghapuk; vGjpath; tue;jUthh; - 10 gUtk;/ 4350 ghly;fs; - tpahrh;ghuj;jpy; 18 gUt';fs; ( Kjy; 10 gUt';fis kl;Lk; tpy;yp ghodhh;/ gpw gUt';fisg; ghoath; mu';fehjf; ftpuhah; - Kjd;Kjyhf jkpHpy; ghujk; ghoath; - ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhh;. - kfhghujk; jkpH;g;gLj;Jk; kJuhg[hpr;r';fk; itj;Jk; rpd;d kD]h;r; brg;ngL. - bjs;shW vwpe;j ee;jp th;kd; fhyj;jpy; njhd;wpaJ ghujbtdgh. g[yth;g[yth;g[yth;g[yth;----Mjhpj;jth;fs;Mjhpj;jth;fs;Mjhpj;jth;fs;Mjhpj;jth;fs; fgpyiu Mjhpj;jtd; fgpyiu Mjhpj;jtd; fgpyiu Mjhpj;jtd; fgpyiu Mjhpj;jtd; ---- ghhpghhpghhpghhp Xsitahh; Xsitahh; Xsitahh; Xsitahh; ---- mjpakhd;mjpakhd;mjpakhd;mjpakhd; bgU";rpj;jpudhh; bgU";rpj;jpudhh; bgU";rpj;jpudhh; bgU";rpj;jpudhh; ---- Fkzd;Fkzd;Fkzd;Fkzd; fk;gh; fk;gh; fk;gh; fk;gh; ---- rilag;gts;sy;rilag;gts;sy;rilag;gts;sy;rilag;gts;sy;

ckWg;g[ytd; ckWg;g[ytd; ckWg;g[ytd; ckWg;g[ytd; ---- rPjf;fhjp ts;sy;/ mg[y; fhrpk; rPjf;fhjp ts;sy;/ mg[y; fhrpk; rPjf;fhjp ts;sy;/ mg[y; fhrpk; rPjf;fhjp ts;sy;/ mg[y; fhrpk; kiuf;fhah;kiuf;fhah;kiuf;fhah;kiuf;fhah;

njk;njk;njk;njk;பாtzptzptzptzp

Mrphpah; - tPukh Kdpth; ,aw;bgah; : fhd!;lhd;oa[!; n#hrg; bg!;fp ntW bgah; - ijhpa ehjh; E]w;bgah;f;F fhuzk; : ,naRtpd; je;ijahd Nirf;F ,l;l bgauhfpa njk;ghtzp vd;Dk; bganu E]Yf;F

Mapw;W. njk;gh+mzp-njk;ghtzp -thlhjkhiy. Nைசapd; ifapy; ,Ue;j nfhy; mtuJ epiwapd; fhuzkhf thlhJ (njk;ghJ) ,Ue;jJ (Nir vd;gJ tsd; vd;W khw;wpdhh; tPukh ;Kdpth;) 3 fhz;l';fs; 3615 ghly;fs; 36 gly';fs; bfhz;L tpUj;jg;gh bfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ.

-tPukh Kdpt�; இய�ெபய�;- fhd;!;lhd;od; n#hrg;

bg!;fp

,j;jhypbkhHpapy; fhd;!;lhd;od; vd;w bgaU�F ijhpa ehjh; vd;W jkpH;bkhHpapy; khw;wpf;

bfhz;lhh;. jkpHரwp"h;fs; ijhpaehjh; vd;w bgaiu

tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wp itj;தன�. rPwhg;g[uhzk; :rPwhg;g[uhzk; :rPwhg;g[uhzk; :rPwhg;g[uhzk; :---- rPwh vd;gjw;F thH;f;if vd;gJ bghUs;. g[uhzk;

vd;gJ tuலாW vdnt rPwhg; g[uhzk; vd;gjw;F egpfs; ehafj;jpd; thH;f;if tuyhW vdyhk;. ,e;E]y; tpthjj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ Eg[t;tj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ Ap#;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; vd;w _d;W bgU';fhz;l';fisa[k; 92 gly';fisa[k; 5027 tpUj;jghf;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ. rPwhg; g[uzhj;jpy; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; thH:t[ Kw;wpYkhf gho epiwt[ bra;ag;gltpy;iy. -rPwhg;g[uzhj;ij ,aw;wpath; ckWg;g[yth; ,th;

vl;lag[uk; foif K� ;Jg; g[ythpd; khzth;. bra;F mg;Jy; fhjph; kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd; ntz;Lnfhspd; tz;znk

ckWg;g[yth; rPwhg;g[uhzj;ij எ,த� bjhl';fpdhh;. E]y; Kw;Wg; bgWk;Kd;dnu rPjfhjp

kiwe;jhh;. gpd;dh; mg[y;fhrPk; vd;w ts;sலி* cjtpahy; rPwhg;g[uhzk; epiwt[ bgw;wJ.

-ckWg;g[yவh; KJbkhHp khiy vd;w vz;gJ ghf;fshy; Mfpa E]iya[k; gilj;Js;shh;.



rpd;dr; rPwh :

gD] mfkJ kiuf;காயh; vd;gth;egpfs; ehaj;jpd; jpUthH;t[ KGtija[k;gho Koj;jhh;. m~J rpd;dr; rPwh vd;W tH';fg;gLfpwJ. fpwpj;jtKk; jkpHk;fpwpj;jtKk; jkpHk;fpwpj;jtKk; jkpHk;fpwpj;jtKk; jkpHk; ,uhgh;l; ,uhgh;l; ,uhgh;l; ,uhgh;l; ----o o o o ---- behgpyp behgpyp behgpyp behgpyp (,j;jhyp ehl;odh; 1577 - 1656)

kJiu r';fk; (Madura Christian Mission ) – 1605y; Muk;gpj;jth; jj;Jt nghjfh;/ ke;jpu khiy/ Mj;Jk eph;zak;/ "ndhgnjr fhz;lk;/ VRehjh; rhpj;jpuk;/ RFz tptuzk;. tPukhKdpth; tPukhKdpth; tPukhKdpth; tPukhKdpth; ,j;jhyp ehl;lth; Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhah; ,lk; jkpH; gapd;wth; fhd;!;lhd;oa!; n#hrg; bg!;fp ,aw;bgah;- njk;ghtzp - VRtpd; tsh;g;g[j;je;ij - J]atsdhh; - rpw;wpyf;fpak; jpUf;fhtY]h;;f; fhk;gfk;/ fpj;njhpak;khs; mk;khid/ milf;fy ehafp

btz;fலிg;gh/ md;id m,';fy; me;jhjp/ fUzhfug; gjpfk;. ,tuJ ,aw;bgahpid fhd;!;lhd;oa!; vd;w ,yj;jpd; bkhHpf;F

இைணயான ijhpaehjh; vd;W khw;wpf; bfhz;lhh;.

jkpH; அறிஞ�க� ; ,jid tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wpdh;. ciueil ciueil ciueil ciueil

thkd; fij/ gukhh;j;j FU fij (jkpழிd; Kjy; Vsd E]y;) ,yf;fzg;gzp,yf;fzg;gzp,yf;fzg;gzp,yf;fzg;gzp bjhd;D]y; tpsf;fk; - Fl;oj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; Ie;J ,yf;fz E]y; bfhLj;jkpH; ,yf;fzk; (ngr;Rj; jkpH;) - fhy;Lbty;ypd; xg;gpyf;fz Kd;ndho - rJufuhjp - 96 tif rpwwpyf;fpa';fs; jkpH; mfuhjpapd; je;ij

- vGj;Jr; rPuikg;g[ - v/ ஒ vGj;Jf;fs; rPfd; ghy;LrPfd; ghy;LrPfd; ghy;LrPfd; ghy;L b#h;kd; ehl;odh; jkpH; fw;gpj;jth; vy;ya;ah

- ju';fk;ghoapy; rkag;gzp - Kjy; அ�சக� ெதாடKகியவ� ;; ;; - jk;gpuhd; tzf;fk;’ vd;w E]y;

- Inuhg;gh brd;w nghJ kiya�ப h; vd;gtiu cld; miHj;Jr; brd;whh; fhy;Lbty; : fhy;Lbty; : fhy;Lbty; : fhy;Lbty; : jpuhtpl bkhHpfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; ( mah;yhe;J ehl;Lf; fhuh;) bey;iy tuyhW

- 77 tajpy; bfhilf;fhzypy; caph; ePj;jth; vy;yp!;vy;yp!;vy;yp!;vy;yp!; 1796y; brd;id khtl;l Ml;rpah; jpUts;qhpd; glk; cs;s j';f ehzak; btspapl;lth;. #p.a[. nghg; #p.a[. nghg; #p.a[. nghg; #p.a[. nghg; ,';fpyhe;J ehl;odh; - 19tJ tajpy; jkpHfk; te;jhh;. kfhtpj;Jthd;. ,uhkhD]#f; ftpuhahplk; jkpH; gapd;whh;.

- Poet of Tamil land, The lives of Tamil Saints vd;Dk; E]y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.

- Elementory Tamil Grammer jpU.tp.f. ,jd; _yk; jkpH; ,yf;fzk; gapd;Ws;shh;. - kzpnkfiy/ rpt"hdnghjk; M';fpyk; bkhHpbgah;g;g[ - fy;yiwapy; jkpH; khztd; vd;W vGjf; Twpath; bgh;rpty;bgh;rpty;bgh;rpty;bgh;rpty; 2000 jkpH;g; gHbkhHpfisj; jpul;o mfuhjpia btspapl;lth;. <Hk;<Hk;<Hk;<Hk; ---- ey;Y]h; "hdg;gpufhrh;

- jdpehah; mofshh; - Tamil Culture vd;w M';fpy

,jH; Tamil Culture jkpH;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fs;jkpH;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fs;jkpH;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fs;jkpH;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fs; ntjehaf rh!;jphpfs; ntjehaf rh!;jphpfs; ntjehaf rh!;jphpfs; ntjehaf rh!;jphpfs; bgj;ynfk; Fwt";rp/ "hdjr;rd; ehlfk; kha{uk; ntjehafk; gps;iskha{uk; ntjehafk; gps;iskha{uk; ntjehafk; gps;iskha{uk; ntjehafk; gps;is - gpujhg; Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;/ RFzRe;jhp rhpj;jpuk;

- ச�வசமய சமரச� கீ��தைன

H.A. fpUfpUfpUfpU\\\\;zg;gps;is;zg;gps;is;zg;gps;is;zg;gps;is

#hd; gdpad; vGjpa The Pilgrims Progress vd;Dk; E]iyj; jkpHpy; ‘,ul;rzpa ahj;hpfk;’ vd;w bgahpy; btspapl;lhh;. - ,tiu fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh; vd;gh; - ,th; vGjpa ,l;urza kndhfuk; - fpwpj;jth; njthuk;

j";ir Mgpufhk; j";ir Mgpufhk; j";ir Mgpufhk; j";ir Mgpufhk; ---- gz;gz;gz;gz;'jh;jh;jh;jh; - fUzhkph;jrhfuk; - jkpHh;fs; 103 gz;fisf; fz;lwpe;jdh;. M. tuFz ghz;oad;M. tuFz ghz;oad;M. tuFz ghz;oad;M. tuFz ghz;oad; ghzh;if tHp vdg;gLk; ahH; E]y;



njtneag; ghthzh; njtneag; ghthzh; njtneag; ghthzh; njtneag; ghthzh; 23 bkhHp ty;Ydh; -,e;jpahy; jkpH; vt;thW bfLk;? jkpH;bkhHp tuyhWk; tlbkhHp tuyhWk;/ brk;bkhHp (M';fpy E]y;) jkpH; tuyhW ,!;yhkpak; jkpGf;F Mw;wpa bjhz;L,!;yhkpak; jkpGf;F Mw;wpa bjhz;L,!;yhkpak; jkpGf;F Mw;wpa bjhz;L,!;yhkpak; jkpGf;F Mw;wpa bjhz;L ckWg; g[yth; ckWg; g[yth; ckWg; g[yth; ckWg; g[yth; rPwhg;g[uhzk;. ,th; vGjpajpy; Eg[t; tpj;Jf; fhz;lk; Kw;Wg; bgwhky; ,Ue;jJ ( tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ Eg[t;tpj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ Ap#puj;Jf; fhz;lk;) rpd;drpd;drpd;drpd;drPwh----mfkJ kiuf;fhah; Fz';Fo k!;jhd; rhfpg[Fz';Fo k!;jhd; rhfpg[Fz';Fo k!;jhd; rhfpg[Fz';Fo k!;jhd; rhfpg[ R{gpg; g[yth; ,!;yhkpaj; jha[khdth;;;; epuhkaf; fz;zp/ guhguf; fz;zp/ uFkhd; fz;zp/ kndhd; kzpf; fz;zp #t;thJg;g[yth;#t;thJg;g[yth;#t;thJg;g[yth;#t;thJg;g[yth; ehiff; fsk;gfk;/ kjPdj;J me;jhjp/ bkhiAjPd; Mz;lth; gps;isj;jkpH;.tir ghLtjpy; fhs nkfg; g[ytiu xj;jth; ftpf;fs";rpag;g[yth; ftpf;fs";rpag;g[yth; ftpf;fs";rpag;g[yth; ftpf;fs";rpag;g[yth; ckWg;g[ythpd; kfd;. egp mtjhu mk;khid nkj;jhnkj;jhnkj;jhnkj;jh - Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL - rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;wJ. rpw;wpyf;fpa';fs;rpw;wpyf;fpa';fs;rpw;wpyf;fpa';fs;rpw;wpyf;fpa';fs; Fwt";rp:Fwt";rp:Fwt";rp:Fwt";rp:

Fwt";rp vd;gjw;Ff; Fwth; Fyg; bgz; (Fwj;jp) vd;W bgah;.

- “fl;oDk; fH';fDk;” vd;w bjhy;fhg;gpa E]w;ghtpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;wpa ,yf;fpak;.

- Fwk; Fwj;jpg;ghl;L vd;w ntW bgah;fSk; cz;L.

- Fwt";rp Xh; mf ,yf;fpa E]y;. - ghl;Lilj; jiytd; cyh bry;Yk;nghJ

fz;L fhjy; bfhz;L jtpf;Fk; jiytpf;Ff; Fwj;jp xUj;jp Fwp brhy;tjhf miktJ Fwt";rp ,yf;fpak;.

- nrhpbkhHpa[k; brk;bkhHpa[k; fye;j ,yf;fpak; (gs;S nghd;W)

- ,aw;wkpH;/ ,irj;jkpH; ,uz;Lk; fye;j ,yf;fpak; Fwt";rp.

- flt[s; thH;j;J/ fl;oaf;fhud; tut[/ jiytd;. cyh/ jiytp ge;jhLjy;/ jiytp jiytidf; fz;L fhkk; bfhs;Sjy;/ Fwj;jp tUjy;/ kiytsk; TWjy;/ Fwp brhy;yy;/ ghpR bgWjy;/ rp';fd; rp';fp ciuahly;/ thHj;J nghd;w gFjpfs; ,lk; bgWk;.

- Kjy; Fwt";rp E]y; Fw;whyf; Fwt";rp. - vJif nkhidahYk;/ re;j mHfhYk;

fw;gidj; jpwj;jhYk; gog;nghiuf; fth;tJ - 6மர6�பர� இய$றிய மீனா;சிய�ைம 6ற�

6றவFசி இல�கிய#தி5 05ேனா7. - nkw;nfhs;:nkw;nfhs;:nkw;nfhs;:nkw;nfhs;:----

- thdu';fs; fdpbfhLj;J ke;jpbahL bfh";Rk;

- Xlf;fhz;gJ g{k;g[dy; bts;sk;. - Fw;whyf; Fwt";rpia vGjpath; jphpTl

uhrg;gf; ftpuhah;.

பரணி

guzp 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa';fSs; xd;W

- nghh;f;fsj; bja;tkhd; bfhw;witiag; ghLk; E]y; guzp.

- “Miz Mapuk; mkhpil btd;w khdtDf;F tFg;gJ guzp”

- njhw;nwhuhy; bgah; bgWk; Xnu rpw;wpyf;fpak; guzp

- guzp 13 cWg;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ. - flt[s; thH;j;J/ filj;jpwg;g[/ fhL ghoaJ/

nfhtpy; ghoaJ/ njtpiag; ghoaJ/ nga;fisg; ghoaJ/ ,e;jpurhyk;/ ,uhr ghuk;ghpak;/ nga;Kiwg;ghL/ mtjhuk;/ fhspf;Ff; Tsp TwpaJ/ nghh; ghoaJ/ fsk; ghoaJ Mfpad.

- tpz;/ kz;/ eufk; vd;w _d;iwa[k; ghLtJ guzp

- ,uz;loj; jhHpirahy; ghlg;gLtJ guzp fyp';fj;Jg; guzp :fyp';fj;Jg; guzp :fyp';fj;Jg; guzp :fyp';fj;Jg; guzp :----

Kjy; guzp E]y; fyp';fj;Jg; guzp/ Kjyhk; Fnyhj;J';fdpd; gilj;jsgjp fUzhfuj; bjhz;ilkhd; kw;Wk; fyp';f kd;dd; Mde;j th;k nrhl';fDf;Fk; ele;j nghh; gw;wpf; TWtJ fyp';fj;Jg;guzp

- ,jid ,aw;wpath; b#a';bfhz;lh; - guzp ghLtjpy; ty;yth; b#a';bfhz;lh;.



- b#a';bfhz;lhh; - jpUth%h; khtl;lk; jPg';Fo vd;w Ch;f;fhuh;

- b#a';bfhz;lh; Kjy; Fnyhj;J';f nrhHdpd; mitf;fsg; g[yth;

- guzpf;nfhh; bra';bfhz;lhh; vdg; gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjg; g[yth; ghuhl;oa[s;shh;.

- b#a';bfhz;lhh;/ ,irahapuk;/ cyh/ kly; Mfpa E]y;fisa[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shh;.

- fyp';fj;Jg; guzpapy; 599 jhHpirfs; cs;sd.

- Xl;lf;Tj;jh; ,e;E]iyj; bjd;jkpH;j; bja;tg;guzp vdg; g[fH;e;Js;shh;.

- vdf;F kpf tpUg;gkhd ,yf;fpak; xd;W cd;bld;why; mJ fyp';fj;Jguzpna vd;whh; nguwp"h; mz;zh.

- • ெகா+ப#(+பரணி - இ�ேபா கிைட�கி*ற பரண� A�கS�

ெதா*ைமயான ெகா�ப�� பரண�. பரண� A�கS� மிக� பழைமயான 6த� �ேலா�9க* மd பாட� ெப�ற கலிKக#(+ பரணியா��. அத�� 6(ைதய ெகா+ப#(+ பரணி. இர�டா� இராேச(திர ேசாழ* (கி.ப�. 1051 - 63), ேமைலU சாS�கிய ம*னனான ஆகவம�ல[ட* ெகா�ப� எ*ற இட�தி� ேபாGC8 ெவ*றா*. இ�ேபா� ப�றி� கீ=�க�ட A�கள4� காண�ப8கி*றன.

- கலி9க�� பரண� (194) வ��கிரம ேசாழ[லா (19 - 20) வ Eர ேசாழிய� (உைர ேம�ேகா�, ப*ன4� ஆசிGய� ச(த வ��த�)இ]வா� ேபா� ெவ*ற இராேச(திர* மd ஒ� பரண�� ப�ரப(த� பாட�ெப�ற ெச�தி இராசராச5 உலாவ�Z� உ�ளதாக 6. அ�ணாசல� R�கிறா�.

Kj;bjhs;shapuk;: Kj;bjhs;shapuk;: Kj;bjhs;shapuk;: Kj;bjhs;shapuk;: ----

_nte;jh;fisg; gw;wpa _d;W bjhs;shapuk; ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ. MapDk; ,e;;E]y; KGikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. g[wj;jpul;L vd;Dk; E]y; thapyhf 108 btz;ghf;fSk; giHa ciu E]y;fspy; nkw;nfhs;fshf rpwg;g[/ gilr;rpwg;g[/ nghh;j;jpwd;/ bfhz;l Kjypa bra;jpfis ,g;ghly;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. Rpwe;j ,yf;fpa eaKk; fw;gid tsKk; epiwe;j E]yhf Kj;bjhs;shapuk; jpfH;fpwJ. ,;e;E]ypd; Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy.

nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :----

nrud; nrud; nrud; nrud; ---- gy;ahid kd;dPh; gLepiw je;Ja;kpd;

nrhHd; nrhHd; nrhHd; nrhHd; ---- nrh;e;j g[wtpd; epiwjd; jpUnkdp

ghz;oad; ghz;oad; ghz;oad; ghz;oad; ---- kUg;g{rpahf kw';fdy;nty; kd;dh;

brhw;bghUs; : brhw;bghUs; : brhw;bghUs; : brhw;bghUs; : ----

jkpH;tpLJ]JjkpH;tpLJ]JjkpH;tpLJ]JjkpH;tpLJ]J

96 rpw;wpyf;fpya';fSs; J]Jk; xd;W/ fybtz;ghtpy; cah;jpizg; bghUisnah m~wpidg; bghUisnah J]J mDg;g[tjhfg; ghLtJ J]J ,yf;fpak;

- bjhil th';fp th vd;W TWk; ,yf;fpak;

J]J ( bjhil – khiy ) - vfpdk; (md;dk;) kapy. fps;is ( fpsp)/

nkfk;/ g{it ( ehfz tha;g;gwit) gh';fp (njhHp) Fapy;/ be";rk;/ bjd;wy;/ gpukuk;(tz;L) nghd;w gj;ija[k; J]jhf mDg;g[th;.

- gj;J J]ija[k; ghoath; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is.

- jkpHpd; Kjy; J]J ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; ,aw;wpa be";R tpLJ]J. jkpH; tpLJ]J vd;w E]y; ,uz;L cz;L. xU E]iy vGjpath; mkph;jk; gps;is. ,d;bdhU E]iy vGjpath; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy.

- Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpahj jkpH;tpLJ]jpy; jiytp xUj;jp kJiur; brhf;fehjhplk; jkpiHj; J]J mDg;g[fpwhs;.

ee;jpf;fyk;gk;ee;jpf;fyk;gk;ee;jpf;fyk;gk;ee;jpf;fyk;gk;

fyk;gfk; : fyk;gfk; : fyk;gfk; : fyk;gfk; : ----

gy;tifg; ghf;fisa[k; fye;J ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; fyk;gfk;.

- me;jhjpj; bjhil mikag; ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; fyk;gfk;.

- mfg;bghUSk; g[wg;bghUSk; fye;J ghlg;gLk; ,yf;fpak; fyk;gfk;.

- fyk; -12/ gfk; -6 - 18 cWg;g[fs; ,lk; bgWk;. - g[a tFg;g[/ jtk;/ tz;L/ mk;khid/ Ch;/

Cry;/ ghz;/ kj';F/ kl';F/ iff;fpis/ rpj;J/ fsp/ kwk;/ fhyk;/ ,u';fy;/ rk;gpujk;/ fhh;/ J]J nghd;w 18 cWg;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ fyk;gfk;.



- ghly; vz;zpf;if xt;bthUtiug;ghLk; nghJk; khWgLk;. njth; - 100 ghly; mikr;rh; -70 ghly; Kdpth; - 95 ghly; tzpfh; - 50 ghly; kd;dh; - 90 ghly; ntshsh; - 30 ghly;

- murh; kPJ 100 ghly;fs; bfhz;L ghlg;gl;l E]y; ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;.

- _d;whk; ee;jpth;kdpd; bgUikiag; nghw;Wk; E]yhf ,e;E]y; ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ. ,e;E]ypd; fhyk; fp gp 9k; E]w;whz;L.

- Kjy; fyk;gf E]y; ee;jpf;fyk;gfnk - ,jid vGjpath; bgah; bjhpatpy;iy. - ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; bjs;shw;Wg;nghh; btw;wp

kpFjpahfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. - fyk;gfj;jhy; ,we;j kd;dd; _d;whk;

ee;jpth;kd;. - mwk; itj;Jg; ghlg;gLk; ,yf;fpak;.

nkw;nfhs; : nkw;nfhs; : nkw;nfhs; : nkw;nfhs; : ----

gjpbjhW g[ay;bkhHp jUkzp giz jU.

cyh: cyh: cyh: cyh: ----

cyh tUk; jiytd; kPJ VG gUtg; bgz;fSk; fhjy; tag;gLtjhf mika[k; rpw;wpayf;fpak; cyh MFk;. ,J 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa tifa[s; xd;W.

- cyhtpy; Kd;bdGepiy/ gpd;bdGepiy vd;w ,uz;L epiy cz;L.

- Kd;bdG epiyapy; jiytdpd; For;rpwg;g[/ kug[/ ePjp/ <if/ jiytid ePuhl;Ljy;/ ey;yzp g{l;Ljy;/ jiytd; cyh g[wg;ghL Kjyhdit ml';Fk;.

- gpd;bdG epiyapy; ngij - 5-7 taJ bgJk;ig - 8-11 taJ k';if - 12-13 taJ kle;ij - 14-19 taJ mhpit - 20-25 taJ bjhpit - 26-32 taJ nghpsk;bgz; - 33-40 taJ

vd;w vGtifg; bgz;fSk; fhjy; bfhs;tJ nghy; ghlg;gLtJ gpd;bdGepiy.

- Kjy; cyh E]y; nrukhd; bgUkhs; ehadhh;

vGjpa jpUf;fapyha "hd cyh (Mjp cyh/ bja;tPf cyh vd;w ntW bgah;fs; cz;L)

Xl;lf;Tj;jh; tpf;fpuknrhHd;/ ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J';fd;/ ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd; vd;w _thpd; mitapy; mitf;fsg; g[ytuha; ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;j _thpd; mitapy; mitf;fsg;g[ytuha; ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;j _th; gw;wpa cyhf;fns _th; cyh vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. xl;lk; (ge;jak;) itj;Jg; ghLjy; ty;yth; vd;gjhy; xl;lf;Tj;jh; vdg;gl;lhh;.

• வி�கிரமேசாழ5 உலா

ேசாழ� �ல� ெப�ைம, தைலவ* ெப�ைம, ப�ள4ெய,த�,தைலவ* நEரா' அல9கG�� ெகா�Sத�, யாைனமd வ�த�, யாைனய�* வ EரU ெசய�க� உCபட� பல ெச�திகைள� ெகா�8�ள. வ��கிரமைன அவ� <க=வைத� ேகS9க�:

மாட+ ,கா��6� வFசி�6� காFசி�6� ?ட$6� ேகாழி�6� ேகாமாேன

(காவ�G� F�பC'ன��, வ+சி நக�� கா+சி மாநக�� மைர�� உைறo�� தைலவேன - எ*ப இத* ெபா��) �ல�ெப�ைம அ�ல பார�பGய� R�� ப�திய��இ]�லகி� 6ைறயாக அைனவைரM� (ப�ரம*, காசிப* ெதாட9கி வ��கிரம* வைர) �றி�ப�C8�ளா�. இதி� பரா(தக* ெதாட9கி வ��கிரம* வைரய�� றி�ப�Cட அரச�க� ஒ�வ�ப�* ஒ�வரா� 6ைறயாக அரசா�டவ�க� ஆவ�. க�ெவC8க� வாய�லாக�� இத�� த�க சா*�க� கிைட��ளன.

• 6ேலா#(Kக ேசாழ5 உலா

இ, இர�டா� �ேலா�9க* மd ஒCட� R�த� பா'ய இர�டாவ சிற�பான Aலா��. ெதாட�க�தி� �ல�ெப�ைம ெசா�ல�பC8�ள. இராமா[ச� வரலா�றி� �ேலா�9கேசாழ* அவ�� ெதா�ைல ெகா8�ததாக��, தி�ைலய�� எ,(த�ள4ய��(த ெப�மாைள�



கடலி� \�கி எறி(தா* எ*�� சில வரலா�க� R��. இ]�லாவ�� இUெச�தி இட� ெப��ள. ப�*னாள4� இ� ம*னன4* மக* கடலிலி�( தி�மாைல� ெகா�8வ( மd�8� தி�ைலய�� ப�ரதிCைட ெச�வ��ததாக� R�வ�. Tவ� உலா�கள4� இ]�லாவ�* சிற�< என� பா��தா� அத�� எ,(த பைழய உைரைய� Rறலா�.

• இராசராச5 உலா

இ, ஒCட�R�த� பா'ய T*றாவ உலாவா��. ப�ரம* ெதாட9கி இர�டா� இராசராச* வைர உ�ள வரலா�கள4�, மா�ப�� 96(வ�ஜயாலUேசாழ*) <� ெகா�ட ம*ன* 6த� இ�பாC8ைட�தைலவ* வைரM�ள அரச�க� 6ைற ப�ற=Uசி இ*றிU ெசா�ல�பC8�ளன�.

. . . . . . . . . . . பா�#திப�த� ெதா�ைல# தி�மர,�ெக�லா� ெதா'6லமா� தி�ைல# தி�நடன� சி�தி#(

(பா�#திப� = அரச�)

xl;lf;Tj;jh;xl;lf;Tj;jh;xl;lf;Tj;jh;xl;lf;Tj;jh; _d;W nrhHkd;dh;fspd; mitf;fsg; g[yth; (tpf;fpuknrhHd;/ ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J';fd;/ ,uz;lhk; uhIuhId); ,aw;wpa E]y;fs;,aw;wpa E]y;fs;,aw;wpa E]y;fs;,aw;wpa E]y;fs; <l;o vGgJ/ ehyhauf; nfhit/ _th; cyh Fnyhj;J';fd; gps;isj; jkpH; - Kjy; gps;isj;

jkpH;,jf;fahfguzp vd;w tPugj;jpuguzp ( ntW

bgah;) - Tj;jD]hpy; fiykfSf;F nfhapy; fl;oath;. - ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp/ ftpuhl;rjd;/ fhsf;ftp Mfpa gl;l';fis bgw;wth;. Kf;Tlw;gs;S :Kf;Tlw;gs;S :Kf;Tlw;gs;S :Kf;Tlw;gs;S :---- gs;S :gs;S :gs;S :gs;S :---- 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa';fSs; xd;W - cHth; thH;itf; TWtJ. - kUjepy E]y; - Vry; ,lk;bgWk; ,yf;fpak; - cHj;jpg; ghl;L vd;w ntWbgaUk; vz;L

Kjw;gs;S E]y; Kf;Tlw;gs;S - bjhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; vz;tif tdg;gpy; g[yd; vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tif gs;Stpw;Fg; bghUe;Jk; vd;gh;. - jpUbey;ntypf;Fr; rpwpJ tlfpHf;fpy; jd;bghUis (jhkpuguzp)/ rpw;whW/ nfhjz;luhk MW Mfpa _d;W MWfSk; fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F tlf;nf cs;s rpw;W]h; Kf;Tly;. ,jw;F MR{h; tlfiu ehL vd;w bgah; cz;L. _j;jgs;spapd; Ch; ,J. bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; kUjPrh; tPw;wpUf;Fk; Ch; kUJ]h;. ,isags;spapd; Ch;. ,jdhy; irtk;/itztk; vd ,Ukidtpfisj; jpUkzk; bra;j gs;sd; mHfh; FLk;gd; mtd; bgUik Twy;/ ehl;L tsk;/ Fwpnfl;ly;/ kiH ntz;o tHpgly;/ kiHf;Fwpnahh;jy;/ Mw;wpy; ePh;tut[ Kjyhd gy cWg;g[fisf; bfhz;lJ gs;S ,yf;fpak;

- ,e;E]iy ,aw;wpath; ahh; vd;W bjhpatpy;iy ,jd; ehlf tot Mrphpah; vd;dapdhg;g[yth;.

fhtor;rpe;J :fhtor;rpe;J :fhtor;rpe;J :fhtor;rpe;J :----

,jidg; ghoath; brd;dpFsk; mz;zkiy bul;oahh;.

,th; vGjpa kw;w E]y;fs; : tPiu me;jhjp/ nfhkjp

me;jhjp/ tPiug;gps;isj; jkpH; Kjypad. காவ7� சி�( இைச� பாவைகள4� ஒ*றாகிய சி(� பாவைக வ'வ9கள4� ஒ*�. கல�பக உ��பாக வ�� சி( ேவ�.

சி( எ*ப இைச�தமி= பா�பா8கள4� ஒ*றா��. அ ஐ( இைச உ��<களா� ஆன யா�<. எ8�< 1, ெதா8�< 1,

உ��< 3 எ*� 5 உ��<கைள� ெகா�ட ‘சி(’ பாட�. (அைவ ப�லவ�, அaப�லவ�, T*� க�ண�க� அட9கிய சரண� ஆ��.)

காவ'U சி( ப�லவ�M� அaப�லவ�M� இ*றிU சரண9கS��Gய க�ண�கைள மா�திர� ெப�� வ��. அ�ணாமைல ெரC'யா� காவ'U சி( எ*[� சி�றில�கிய�தி� பலராZ� ேபா�ற�ப8� Aலா��.

இ காவ' ஆCட�தி�� பாட�ப8� இைச� பாவைகயா��. தமி= நாC'ேல ப�ைட�கால� ெதாட�க� ேபண�பC8 வ�� ஒ� நாCடா� வழ�கிZ�ள இைச மரேப காவ'U சி( எனலா�. 6�கால�திேல 6�க� ெப�மான4* வழிபாC'�காக� பா� எ8� வ�பவ�க� ஆட� பாட�கSட* ஆலய9கைள ேநா�கிU ெச�வ



வழ�க�. அ�ப'U ெச�Z� ெபா, அவ�கள4*

ஆCட�தி�� பாட�ப8� பாட� வைககள4லி�( இ�காவ'U சி( எ*ற பாவ'வ� ேதா*றி உ�வாகிய.

ெச*ன4�ள� அ�ணாமைல ெரC'யா� காவ'U சி(ைத 6த* 6தலி� அறி6க�ப8�தினா�.

jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp : jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp : jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp : jpUnt';flj;je;jhjp : ----

rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSs; xd;W me;jhjpahFk; me;jk; vd;w brhy;Yf;F ,Wjp vd;Wk; Mjp vd;w brhy;Yf;F Kjy; vd;Wk; bghUs;. xt;bthU ghlypYk; cs;s ,Wjp vGj;njh/ mirnah rPnuh monah mjw;F mLj;J tUk; ghlypd; Kjyhf tUk;go mikj;Jg; ghLtJ me;jhjp vdg;gLk;. ,jidr; brhw;bwhlh; epiy vd;Wk; tH';Fth;.

jpUnt';flj;jpy; nfhapy; bfhz;oUf;Fk; jpUkhypd; mUis ntz;og; ghlg;bgw;w me;jhjp E]y;.

- ,e;E]iyg; ghoath; gps;isg; bgUkhs; Ia';fhh; Mthh;. 17k; E]w;whz;oy; njhd;wpa ,th; mHfpa kzths jhrh; vdt[k; miHf;fg;gl;lhh; bja;tf;ftp vd;W bghUs;gLk; “jpt;tpaftp” vd;w bgauhYk; ,tiu miHj;jdh;. ,th; ,aw;wpa vl;L E]y;fis m\;l gpuge;j';fs; vd;w “m\;lg; gpuge;jk; fw;wtd; miug;gz;ojd;” vd;gh;.

- 1623 Kjy; 1659 tiu kJiuia Mz;l jpUkiy ehaf;f kd;dhpd; mitapy; Xh; mYtyuha; mkh;e;J thH;f;if elj;jp te;j ,th; gpd;dh; ,iwj;bjhz;oy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; bfhz;lhh;.

Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpH;Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpH;Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpH;Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpH;

vGjpath; - FkuFUguh; ,aw;wpa E]y;fs; - fe;jh; fypbtz;gh kPdhl;rp mk;ik gps;isj; jkpH; kJiuf; fyk;gfk; rfyfyhty;yp khiy jpUth%h; Kk;kzpf;nfhtyd; ePjpbewp tpsf;fk; Kjypad;. 96 rpw;wpypf;fpa tiffs; xd;W gps;isj;jkpH; ,iwtidnah ey;nyhiuna ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; bfhz;L mtiuf; FHe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J ghl bgWtJ gps;isj; jkpH;. gj;JgUt';fs; mikj;J gUtj;jw;Fg; gj;JG; ghlbyd E]W

ghlyhy; ghl;Lilj; jiythpd; braw;fhpa bray;fis vLj;J ,ak;g[tJ gps;isj; jkpH;. ,~J Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpH;/ bgz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpH; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpH; :Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpH; :Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpH; :Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpH; : fhg;g[/ br';fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp/ mk;khid/ fH';F (ePuhly;) Cry; xw;iwg;gil khjj;jpy; 3 khjk; Ky; 21 khjk; tiu gj;J gUt';fs;/ gUtj;jpw;F ,uz;L khj';fs; vd ghlg;gLtJ ,e;j ,yf;fpak;. g[s;spUf;F ntqhpy; (itj;jPRtud; nfhtpy;) vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfg; bgUkhdpd; bgah; Kj;JF; FkhuRthkp mth; kPJH ghlg;gl;ilahy; ,J Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkp gps;isj; jkpH; vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ.

bgj;jynfk; Fwt";rpbgj;jynfk; Fwt";rpbgj;jynfk; Fwt";rpbgj;jynfk; Fwt";rp

cyhg; nghe;j kd;didnah

bjatj;ைதnah fz;L jiytp ikapy; bfhs;tJk;. mjdhy; kdk; eyptJk; tPjpapny Fwj;jp tUtJk; jiytp mtis miHj;Jf; Fwpf;nfl;f Kw;gLtk; Fwj;jp jdJ rJug;ghLFisbay;yhf tphpj;Jk; jdJ kiytsk;/ ehlLtsk; gw;wpg; g[ide;jJk; jiytpapd; ifiag; g[fH;e;Jk; iff;Fwp/ Kff;Fwp/ gy;ypbrhy; Kjypatw;whd; kdf;fUj;ijf; fz;Lzh;e;J ciuj;jYk; jiytp kfpH;e;J thpiraspj;jYk; Fwtdhnt rp';fd; tUifa[k; Fwtd; Fwj;jp Mfpa ,Uth; ciuahlYk; flt[is thH;j;jp tpil bgWjYk; Mfpa fhl;rpfs; ehlf totpy; mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ Fwt";rp ehlfk; MFk;. ,~J bgj;jynfk; Fwt";rp/ cyhtUk; kd;dh; ,naRthft[k; njtnkhfpdahfpa jiytp rPnahd; kfshft[k;/ Fwt";rp tpRthrkhft[k FwpTWjy; jPh;f;fjhprdkhft[k;/ rp';fd; FUthft[k; E]td; cgnjrpahft[k;/ mth;fs; gpof;Fk; gwitfshf kf;sk; mjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;Lk; tiyahf ,iwthf;F vd;w ew;bra;jpa[k; cUtfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

-,jd; Mrphpah; j";ir ntjehaf rhLதிG Mthh; jpUbey;ntypapy; njtrfhak; - "hdg;g{ mk;ikahh; Mfpnahh;f;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. -Rthh;l;!; ghjphpahhpd; khzth;. -j";ir runghrp kd;dUf;F ez;gh;.



-25 tajpnyna Fw;wyh Fwt";rpf;F ,izahd bgj;jnyfk; Fwt";rpia ,aw;wpmHpahg; g[fH; bgw;whh; -gpw E]y;fs; "hdj; jr;rd; "hdt[yh/ Muhzjpe;jk;. mHfh; fps;is tpLJ]JmHfh; fps;is tpLJ]JmHfh; fps;is tpLJ]JmHfh; fps;is tpLJ]J J]J 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa';fSs; xd;W jiytd; xUtidf; fz;L fhjy; bfhz;l jiytp/ xUj;jp jd; fhjiya[k; ghpthw;wika[k; btspg;gLj;j tpUk;gpj; jiytd;ghy; J]J mDg;g[tjhfg; ghLtJ J]J ,yf;fpakhFk;. -btz;lis tputpa fypbtz;ghthy; J]J ,yf;fpak; ghlg;bgw ntz;Lk;. md;dk;/ kapy;/ fpsp/ Fapy;/ tz;L/ be";rk;/ Kfpy;/ bjd;wy;/ khd;/ jkpH; Kjypatw;Ws; VnjDk; xd;iwj; J]jhf mDg;g[th;. -jpUkhypU";nrhiy kiyapy;nfhapy;

bfhz;oU�;Fk; mHfhplj;J gygl;lilr; brhf;fehjg; gps;is vd;w g[yth; fpisia JJ tpLtjhf mij;Jg; ghoapUg;gJ mHfh; fps;istpLJ]J MFk;. -fhg;g[ btz;gh xd;iwa[k; 239 fz;zpfisa[k;

cilaJ. ghl;od ;,uzடofisf; fz;zp vd;gh;. -brhf;fehjg; gps;is kugpdh; gygl;lilf; fzf;F vd;Dk; xUtifg; gzpia bra;J te;jdh;. ,th; je;ijahh; bgah; brhf;fyp'fk; gps;is. -kJiuKk;kzpf;nfhit/ bjd;wy; tpLJ]J vd;gd ,th; ,aw;wpa ntW rpy E]y;fs;. kndhd;kzpak; :kndhd;kzpak; :kndhd;kzpak; :kndhd;kzpak; :

ypl;l* gpug[ vd;ghh; M';fpyj;jpy; vGjpa ‘,ufrpa tHp’ vd;Dk; E]iyj; jHtp mike;jJ. vdpDk; ,J tHp; E]y; nghy; mikahky; Kjy; E]y; nghy; nghw;Wk; rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. ,e;E]y; Ie;J m';f';fisa[k; ,UgJ fhl;rpfisa[k; bfhz;L tps';FfpwJ. ,ilna rptfhkp rhpjk; vd;w Jizf; fij xd;Wk; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.

-,e;E]ypd; Mrphpய� bg. Re;juk;gps;is E]y;fs; E]y; bjhif tpsf;fk;/ jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; fhy Muha;r;rp/ jpUtpjh';Th; gz;ilkd;dh; fhy Muha;r;rp. nkw;nfhs; : me;jzh; tsh;f;F"; bre;jHy;jd;dpYk;

ehl;lhgp khdKs; _l;oa rpdj;jP/ gh";rhyp rgjk;:gh";rhyp rgjk;:gh";rhyp rgjk;:gh";rhyp rgjk;: ,e;jpu khefiu Mz;L te;j ghz;lth; kz;lgk; xd;wif; fl;o/ mjpy; nts;tp elj;jpdh;. mt;stpapy; fye;J bfhz;l nguurh;fSk; rpw;wurh;fSk; md;gspg;g[fs; tH';fpaijf; fz;L bghwhikf; bfhz;lhd; mj;jpdhg[u kd;d Jhpnahjjd;. nkYk; mtd;/ gh";rhypad; eifg;g[f;Fk; Mshdjhy; ghz;lth; thH;it vg;goahtJ mHpf;f ntz;Lk; vd vz;zpdhd; mjw;fhfj; Jhpnahjdd;. jd; khk;d rFdpapd; cjtpia ehodhd;. rFdp/ “ehKk; xU kz;lgk; mikj;J mjidr; fhd ghz;ltiu miHg;nghk; : jUkidr; Njhlr; bra;J ehk; epidj;jij Kog;nghk;”vd;whd; mjpy; bfsuth;fs; btd;wJk; gh";rhypia mtkhpahij bra;jJk; mjw;F gh";rhyp bra;j rgjj;ija[k; ghujpahh; vGjpa[s;shh;. - gh";rhyp rgjk; ghujpahhpd; Kg;bgUk; fhg;gpa';fSs; xd;W. ,J tpahrh; vGjpa kfhghuj;ij jGtp vGjg;gl;lJ. gh";rhyp rgjk; ,U ghf';fshy; bfhz;lJ. ,J NH;r;rpr; RUf;fk;/ Njhl;lr; moikr; rUf;fk;/ Jfyphpjy; rUf;fk;/

rgjr; rU�;fk; vd Ie;J rUf;f';fisa[k; 412 ghly;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ.

Fapy; ghl;LFapy; ghl;LFapy; ghl;LFapy; ghl;L

ghujpahhpd; Kg;bgUk; fhtpa';fSs; xd;W Fapy;ghl;L (gh";rhyp rgjk;/ fz;zd; ghl;L) J]j;Jf;Fo khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s vl;lahg[uj;jpy; rpd;drhkp IaUf;F ,yf;Fk; mk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdhk; gpwe;jth;. -njrpa ftp/ kfhftp vd;Wk; nghw;wg;gl;lth;. -,e;jpah/ tp#ah vd;w ,jH;fis btspapl;lth;. -Rnjr rKj;jpud; Mrphpauhf rpy fhyk; tps';fpdhh;. -ghujpahh;ftpijfs;/ gh";rhyprgjk; fz;zd; ghl;L/ Fapy;ghl;L Kjypa ftpijfis kl;Lkpd;wp "hdujk;/ re;jphpifahd; fij/ juhR Kjypa cileil E]y;fisa[k; vgjpath;. ,tUila trdf; ftpijfs; thy;l; tpl;nld;/ fyPy; fpguhd; Kjypa ftp"h;fspd; ftpijfnahL xg;gpljf;fj;ift. nkw;nfhs; : fhdg;gwit fyfbyD nkhirapYk;



fhw;W ku';fspilf; fhlL kpirapdpYk; fhsnkfg; g[yth;:fhsnkfg; g[yth;:fhsnkfg; g[yth;:fhsnkfg; g[yth;:---- Fk;gnfhzj;jpy; mUfpy; cs;s ee;jpf;fpuhkk; vdt[k;/ tpGg;g[uk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s vz;zhapuk; vdt[k; mth; gwpe;j Ciuf; Fwpg;gpLth;. ,aw;bgah; :வரத*

jpUtu';ff; nfhtpy; klg;gs;spapy; gzpg[hpe;jhh; itzt rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;J irt rkaj;jpw;F khwpdhh;. fhh;nkfk; nghy; ftpij bghHpa[k; Mw;wy; bgw;wjhy;/ ,th; fhsnkfk; vd miHf;fg; bgw;whh;.,th;/ ,UbghUs; mika eifr;Rita[ld; ghLtjpy; ty;yth;. nkw;nfhs; : XLk; RHpRj;jk; cz;lhFk; Jd;dyiur; ,ul;LwbkhHpjy;,ul;LwbkhHpjy;,ul;LwbkhHpjy;,ul;LwbkhHpjy; : xU brhy;nyh bjhlnuh ,UbghUs; jUkhW ghLtJ rpnyil vdg;gLk; ,jid ‘,ul;Lw bkhHpjy;’ vdt[k; TWth;. ,uz;L+cw+bkhHpfy; - ,ul;Lw bkhHpjy;. mHfpa brhf;fehjg; g[yth;:mHfpa brhf;fehjg; g[yth;:mHfpa brhf;fehjg; g[yth;:mHfpa brhf;fehjg; g[yth;:---- jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jr;r ey;Y]hpy; gpwe;jth;. ,Ugj;ije;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;l jdpg;ghly;fis ,aw;wpath; ,th; jk; fhyk; fp.gp.19-k; E]w;whz;L nkw;nfhs; : gp";R fplf;Fk; bgUkiHf;Fj; jh';fhJ.

ghlk; :9ghlk; :9ghlk; :9ghlk; :9 rpj;jh;fs; :rpj;jh;fs; :rpj;jh;fs; :rpj;jh;fs; : rpj;jp bgw;wth;fisr; rpj;jh; vd;gh;. rpj;jp vDk; brhy; mwpitf; Fwpf;Fk;. Fz;lypdp rf;jpiag; bgw;wth;fs; rpj;jh;fs;. gjpbdd; rpj;jh;fs; :gjpbdd; rpj;jh;fs; :gjpbdd; rpj;jh;fs; :gjpbdd; rpj;jh;fs; : 1. mfj;jpah; 2. ,ilf;fhlh; 3. cnuhkKdp 4. fkyKdp 5 rl;ilKdp 6 bfh';fdh; 7 nfhuf;fh; 8 ghk;ghl;or; rpj;jh; 9 fLbtspr; rpj;jh; 10 mHfzpr; rpj;jh; 11 mfg;nga; rpj;jh;

12 gl;ozj;jhh; 13 gj;jpfhpahs; 14 nghfh; 15 fUt{h;r; rpj;jh; 16 njiuah; 17 jpU_yh; 18 rpthf;fpah; rpj;Jf;fisr; bra;a ty;tyh;fs; rpj;jh;fs; vdg;gLth;. rpj;Jfs; vl;L tifg;gLk;. ,tw;iw mllkh rpj;jpfs; vd;gh;. 1. mzpkh : cliyr; rpwpjhf;fpf; bfhs;Sk; jpwk;. 2. kfpkh - cliyg; bghpjhf;fpf; bfhs;Sk; jpwk;. 3. fphpkh - fphp-kiy kiy nghd;W cliyj; jplkhf;fpf; bfhs;Sk; jpwk;. 4. ,yfpkh : ,yF - nyrhdJ cliyg; g";R nghy; ,nyrhf;fp bfhs;Sk; jpwk;. 5. gufhkpak; : gu-gpw. gpwh; clypy; g[Fe;J btspnaWk; jpwk;. 6. <rj;Jtk; : xd;wid my;yJ xU braiy cUthf;fp (gilj;jy;) ghJFhj;J (fhj;jy;) epiwt[ bra;a[k; (mHpf;Fk;) jpwk;. 8. trpj;Jtk; : cyf caph;fisj; jd; tag;gLj;jp jd; mSifg;go elf;fr; bra;a[k; jpwk;. gjpbdd; rpj;jh;fs; :gjpbdd; rpj;jh;fs; :gjpbdd; rpj;jh;fs; :gjpbdd; rpj;jh;fs; : jpU_yh; : jpUke;jpuk; ,aw;wdhh;. jpUke;jpuk; jkpHh; _thapuk;/ jkpH; _thapuk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,th; ghoa jpUke;jpuk; 10 k; jpUKiwapy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ. jpUke;jpuk; xd;gJ je;jpufshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

-irt rpj;jhe;jk;/ த�வமசி vd;Dk; brhw;fs; Kd; Kjypy; jpUke;jpuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. -xd;nw Fyk; xUntd njtd; -clk;ghh; mHpapd; capwhh; mHpth; clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd.

ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;

gH';fhyg; gz;ghl;od; vr;rk; vdf; fUjg;gLk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs; Vl;oy; vGjhf; ftpijfs; MFk;. ,it tHptHpahfg; ghlg;gl;L tUk; tha;bkhHp ,yf;fpa';fns. gHbkhHpfs;/ tpLfijfs; fijg;ghly;fs;/ bjhHpw;ghly;fs; Kjypad ehl;Lg;g[w ,yf;fpaj;Js; ml';Fk;. -bjhy;fhg;gpah; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fis gz;zj;jp vd;fpwhh;.



-jkpH;ehl;oy; ehl;Lg[wg; ghliy Kjd;Kjypy; K. mUzhryk; mth;fs; 1943 -y; fhw;wpy;kpjje;j ftpij vd;w bgahpy; btspapl;lhh;. -ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;fs; jpwdha;t[ - MW mHfg;gd; -Vl;;oy; vGjhf; ftpijfs; - md;dhfhK -kiyaUtp - fp.th.#fe;ehjd; -ghku kf;fspd; guk;giug;ghly;fs; - mH. ts;spag;gh -jkpHf ehl;Lg;g[w tpaypd; je;ij vdg; nghw;wg;gLgth; thdkhkiy.

பாட�: 10 jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; :jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; :jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; :jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; :

,aw;bgah; ஆSைடய ப��ைள P ப�ற(த ஊ�:சீ�காழி ,jw;Fnjhzpg[uk;/ gpukg[uk;/ ntQg[uk; vd;w bgah;fSk; cz;L. - ghoait 16000 gjpf';fs; fpilj;jit 384 gjf';fs; - 23 gz;fspy; ghoa[s;shh; -220 Ch;fSf;F brd;W ,iwtid tHpgl;lth; -ahH;Kwp gjpfk; ghoath;. -jpUeht[furUf;F mg;gh; vd;w gl;lk; bfhLj;jth; ,th;. kJiu : Td; ghz;oaid epd;w rPh; beLkhwdhf;fpdhh; -g{k;ghit jpUg;gjpfk; ghodhh;. ,tuJ njthuj;jpw;F jpUf;filf;fhg;g[ vd rpwg;gpf;fg; gLfpwJ.

fjt[ jpwf;fg;ghoaJ : fjt[ jpwf;fg;ghoaJ : fjt[ jpwf;fg;ghoaJ : fjt[ jpwf;fg;ghoaJ : ,uf;fk; ஒd;wpலி Ph; kd;dd; neha; jPh;f;fg;ghoaJ.kd;dd; neha; jPh;f;fg;ghoaJ.kd;dd; neha; jPh;f;fg;ghoaJ.kd;dd; neha; jPh;f;fg;ghoaJ. ke;jpukhtJ ePW ey;yth;f;F ey;yth;f;F ey;yth;f;F ey;yth;f;F ehqkehqkehqkehqk ; nfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghoaJ; nfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghoaJ; nfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghoaJ; nfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghoaJ “ntapU njhsp g';fd;” “fhjyhfp frpe;J fz;zPh; ky;fp” rpwg;g[fs; :rpwg;g[fs; :rpwg;g[fs; :rpwg;g[fs; : -fphpia vd;w rw;g[j;jpu khh;f;fk; -ahH;kwp ghoath; -,aw;ifia mjpfkhg; ghoath;

-Mjpr';fuh; jk; E]yhd “brse;jh;ayfhp”ய�y; jpU"hd rk;ge;j�ij ‘jpuhtpl rpR’ vd;W

g[fH;e;J�ளா�.ெபGய<ராண� ப��ைள பாதி <ராண� பாதி எ*� அைழ�க�ப8கிற.நாS� இ*ன4ைசயா� தமி= பர�<� ஞானச�ப(த* எ*� <க=(தவ� Re;juh;. jpUeht[f;furh;jpUeht[f;furh;jpUeht[f;furh;jpUeht[f;furh; ,aw;bgah; - kUs; ePf;fpahh;

ntW bgah; : jpUeht[furh;,thrPfh;/ mg;gh;/ MSil

muR/ jhz;lf nte;jh; jUknrdh;.

bgw;nwhh: ; g[fHdhh; - khjphpahh; jkf;if – jpyftjpahh; gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth_h; -gjpfj; bjhil ghoa ghd;ikahy; eht[f;furh; vdg;gl;lhh;. jpUtjpifapy; rptdhy; eht[f;furh; vd miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. - rkz rkaj;jpy; “jUknrdh;” vd;w bgahpy; tps';fpdhh;. -jpUeht[f;furh; rhpia vd;Dk; jhrkhh;fj;jpdh;. nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; : “Tw;whapd thW” - Kjy; gjpfk; ‘khrpy; tPiz khiy kjpaKk;” -ehkhh;Fk; Foapy;nthk; ekid m";nrhk;” - ,d;gnk ve;ehSk; Jd;gk; ,y;iy”. -Kd;dk; mtDila ehkk; nfl;gpd; - vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj -jkpnHhL ,irg;ghly; kwe;jwpnad; -Ml;Ltpj;jhy; MbuhUth; Mlhjhnu mlf;Ftpj;jhy; MbuhUth; ml';fhjhnu” Re;juh; :Re;juh; :Re;juh; :Re;juh; : -fapyhaj;jpy; ,tUf;F MyhyRe;judhh; vd;W bgah; - jpUehtY]h; - td; bjhz;lh;/ jk;gpuhd; njhHh; -,iwtndna kidtpaplk; J]J mDg;gpath; -,iwtDf;F njhHd; - jk;gpuhd; njhHd;. -guit - r';fpypahh;- ,tuJ kidtpfs;. -,th; ghoa jpUj;bjhz;ilj; bjhif bghpa g[uhzj;jpy; _y E]y;. - mjd; Kjyo “jpy;iy thH; me;jzh; jk; moahh;f;Fk; monad;” -Re;jUld; el;g[ bfhz;oUe;j MH;thh; jpUk';if MH;thh;” - ,th; nahf Kiw vd;w rfkhh;fj;jpdh;. nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :nkw;nfhs; :

-gpj;jh ப�ைற ;' ெப�மாேன அ�ளாளா– Kjw;ghly; - bghd;dhh; nkdpand g[ypj;njhiy miuf;flj;J - “jk;khid mwpahj rhjpahUk; csnuh”

மாணி�கவாசக�: இய�ெபய� ெதGயவ��ைல. பா�'ய* அGம��தன பா�'யன4ட� அைமUசரா� இ�(த ேபா ெத*னவ* ப�ர�மராய� எ*� அைழ�க�பCடா�.தி�வாதgரா�,அ��



வாசக�,மாண��கவாசக� எ*� அைழ�க�பCடா�.பா�'ய ம*னனா� �திைர வா9க அ[�ப�பCட இவ� பாதி வழிய�� சிவன4* தி�வ�ைளயாடலா� ேகாய�� கC'னா�.இவ��காக சிவ* நGைய பGயா�கினா�(�திைர). இள9ேகாவ�� ப�* நாC8�<ற பாட� வ'வ�தி�� 6�கிய�வ� ெகா8�தவ�. 63நாய*மா�கS� இவ� இட�ெபறவ��ைல. அ�மாைன, ெபா�:�ண�, Fவ�லி, ஊச�,�ப�,ெத�ேளண�,ேதாேணா�க�,சாழ�,-இைவ மகள4G* ஆCட9க�. இவ� எ,திய தி�வ�பாைவ மா�கழி மாத�தி� ைசவ�களா� பாட�ப8கிற. பாைவ பா'ய வாயா� ேகாைவ பா8க எ*� இைறவ* �றி�ப�Cடதா� தி��ேகாைவ எ*ற தி�Uசி�ற�பல�ேகாைவ பா'னா�.இதி� நாயக* நாயகி பாவ�தி� பாட�பCட அக இல�கியமாக அைம( இ��. மாண��கவாசகG* தி�வாசக� ப�றி ஜி.M.ேபா� அவ�க� தி�வாசக�தி�� உ�கா� ஒ�வாசக�தி�� உ�கா� எ*கிறா�. ேம$ேகா4: -நம�சிவாய� வா�க நாத5 தா4 வா�க

-ஆதி3� அ�த0� இ�லா அ�;ெப�Fேசாதி -ெத5னா9ைடய சிவேன ேபா$றி ---- ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; ve;ehl;lth;f;Fk; இைறவா nghw;wp”nghw;wp”nghw;wp”nghw;wp” ---- thdhfp kz;zhfp tspahfp xspahfpthdhfp kz;zhfp tspahfp xspahfpthdhfp kz;zhfp tspahfp xspahfpthdhfp kz;zhfp tspahfp xspahfp ---- cw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld; ngh; ntz;nld; cw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld; ngh; ntz;nld; cw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld; ngh; ntz;nld; cw;whiu ahd; ntz;nld; ngh; ntz;nld; ----mk;ikna mg;gh xg;gpyh kzpnamk;ikna mg;gh xg;gpyh kzpnamk;ikna mg;gh xg;gpyh kzpnamk;ikna mg;gh xg;gpyh kzpna ----g[y;yhfpg; g{lhfpg; g[Gthfp kug[y;yhfpg; g{lhfpg; g[Gthfp kug[y;yhfpg; g{lhfpg; g[Gthfp kug[y;yhfpg; g{lhfpg; g[Gthfp kukhfpg; gy; kpUfk; khfpg; gy; kpUfk; khfpg; gy; kpUfk; khfpg; gy; kpUfk; gwitaha; ghk;ghfpgwitaha; ghk;ghfpgwitaha; ghk;ghfpgwitaha; ghk;ghfp ,th; ghoa jpUr;rpw;wrpyf; nfhit ,th; ghoa jpUr;rpw;wrpyf; nfhit ,th; ghoa jpUr;rpw;wrpyf; nfhit ,th; ghoa jpUr;rpw;wrpyf; nfhit ---- ehafd; ehafp ehafd; ehafp ehafd; ehafp ehafd; ehafp ghtk;ghtk;ghtk;ghtk; bfhz;lJ.bfhz;lJ.bfhz;lJ.bfhz;lJ. gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk;gpd;gw;wpa khh;f;fk; jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; - rj;g[ju khh;f;fk; - fphpia jpUeht[f;furh; - (moik) jhrkhh;f;fk; - rhpia Re;juh; (nrhH) rfkhh;f;fk; - nahf khh;f;fk; khzpf;fthrfh; - (rw;FU (khzt rd; khh;f;fk; - "hdk; khh;f;fk;. 10101010----k; jpUKiw :k; jpUKiw :k; jpUKiw :k; jpUKiw : jpU_yh;jpU_yh;jpU_yh;jpU_yh; - xd;nw Fyk; XUtnd njtd; -clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd அ*<� சிவ6� இர�ெட*ப� அறிவ�லா� அ*ேப சிவமாவ யா�� அறிகிலா� அ*ேப சிவமாவ யா�� அறி(தப�*

அ*ேப சிவமா� அம�(தி�(தாேர Fynrfu MH;thh;Fynrfu MH;thh;Fynrfu MH;thh;Fynrfu MH;thh;

Ch; - nruehl;Lj; jpUt";irf;fள k; - jpUtujd; vd;w kd;ddpd; kfd;. - bfhy;ypf; fhtyd;/ Tly; ehafd;/ nfhHpf;nfhd; vdf; Twpf;bfhs;tjhy; ghz;o/ nrhHehLfSf;Fk; jiytuha; ,Ue;jhh; vdj; bjhpfpwJ. jpUkhy; gf;jpahy; muR Jwe;jhh;. - mjw;Fk; gygo nkny brd;W jpUnt';flkiyapy;; gwitaha;/ kPdha;/ Mwha; bfhokukha;/ goaha; gpwf;Fk; ngW fpilf;f ntz;Lk; vd ntz;Lfpwhh;

- ,th; jkpHpy; bgUkhs; jpUெமாழிa[k; - tlbkhHpapy; K�e;j khiya[k; bra;Js;shh;. - ,uhkDf;F jhyhl;Lg; ghoath; FynrfuhH;thh; - fz;zdplk; gf;jp bfhz;lth; bghpahH;thh; - bgUk;ghyhd MH;thh;fs; fz;zdplk; gf;jp

bfhz;lவ�க�

njk;njk;njk;njk;பாttttzpzpzpzp

Mrphpah; - tPukhh Kdpth; ,aw;bgah; : fhd!;lhd;oa[!; n#hrg; bg!;fp ntW bgah; - ijhpa ehjh; E]w;bgah;f;F fhuzk; : ,naRtpd; je;ijahfnt Nirf;F ,l;l bgauhfpa njk;ghtzp vd;Dk; bganu E]Yf;F

Mapw;W. njk;gh+mzp-njk;ghtzp -thlhjkhiy. Nைசapd; ifapy; ,Ue;j nfhy; mtuJ epiwapd; fhuzkhf thlhJ (njk;ghJ) ,Ue;jJ (Nir vd;gJ tsd; vd;W khw;wpdhh; tPukh ;Kdpth;) 3 fhz;l';fs; 3615 ghly;fs; 36 gly';fs; bfhz;L tpUj;jg;gh bfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ.

-tPukh Kdpt�; இய�ெபய�;- fhd;!;lhd;od; n#hrg;

bg!;fp ,j;jhypbkhHpapy; fhd;!;lhd;od; vd;w bgaUf;F ijhpa ehjh; vd;W jkpH;bkhHpapy; khw;wpf;

bfhz;lhh;. jkpHரwp"h;fs; ijhpaehjh; vd;w bgaiu

tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wp itj;தன�.

rPwhg;g[uhzk; :rPwhg;g[uhzk; :rPwhg;g[uhzk; :rPwhg;g[uhzk; :---- rPwh vd;gjw;F thH;f;if vd;gJ bghUs;. g[uhzk; vd;gJ tuhW vdnt rPwhg; g[uhzk; vd;gjw;F egpfs; ehafj;jpd; thH;f;if tuyhW vdyhk;. ,e;E]y; tpthjj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ Eg[t;thj;Jf; fhz;lk;/ Ap#;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; vd;w _d;W bgU';fhz;l';fisa[k; 92 gly';fisa[k; 5027 tpUj;jghf;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ. rPwhg; g[uzhj;jpy;



egpfs; ehafj;jpd; thH:t[ Kw;wpYkhf gho epiwt[ bra;ag;gltpy;iy. -rPwhg;g[uzhj;ij ,aw;wpath; ckWg;g[yth; ,th; vl;lag[uk; foif KJ;Jg; g[ythpd; khzth;. bra;F mg;Jy; fhjph; kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy; rPjjf;fhjpapd; ntz;Lnfhspd; tz;zgnk ckWg;g[yth; rPwhg;g[uhzj;ij vGj;j bjhl';fpdhh;. E]y; Kw;Wg; bgWk;Kd;dnu rPjfhjp kiwe;jhh;. gpd;dh; mg[y;fhrPk; vd;w ts;sydp; cjtpahy; rPwhg;g[uhzk; epiwt[ bgw;wJ. -ckWg;g[yh; KJbkhHp khiy vd;w vz;gJ ghf;fshy; Mfpa E]iya[k; gilj;Js;shh;. rpd;dr; rPwh :

gD] mfkJ kiuf;காயh; vd;gth;egpfs; ehaj;jpd; jpUthH;t[ KGtija[k;gho Koj;jhh;. m~J rpd;dr; rPwh vd;W tH';fg;gLfpwJ. vr;.V. fpUvr;.V. fpUvr;.V. fpUvr;.V. fpU\\\\;zg;gps;is;zg;gps;is;zg;gps;is;zg;gps;is KGg;bgah; : bAd;wp My;gpul; fpU\;zg;gps;is jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lk; fiuapUg;g[ vd;Dk; Chpy; 1827 y; gpwe;jhh;.

bgw;nwhh; : r';fu ehuhaz gps;is - bja;t ehafpak;ik ,th; vGjpa E]y;fs; : nghw;wpj; jpUtfty;/ ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;/ ,ul;rz;a kndhfuk;/ ,ul;rzpaf;Fws;/ ,ul;rzpa ghy nghjid -fpwpj;jth; fk;gh; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;.

-#hd; gdpad; vGjpa “Pilgrims Progress”

vd;w E]ypd; jGty; ,ul;rz;a ahj;jphpfk;.இவ� எ,திய இரCசண�ய மேனாகர� எ*ற A� கிறி�தவ ேதவார� எ*� அைழ�க�ப8கிற.

இ –ப�தி jkpH; mwp"h;fSk; jkpH;j; bjhz;Lk; jkpH; mwp"h;fSk; jkpH;j; bjhz;Lk; jkpH; mwp"h;fSk; jkpH;j; bjhz;Lk; jkpH; mwp"h;fSk; jkpH;j; bjhz;Lk;

ghujpahh; : ghujpahh; : ghujpahh; : ghujpahh; : ---- ,aw;bgah;,aw;bgah;,aw;bgah;,aw;bgah; Rg;gpukzpak; - Rg;igah vd miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : ---- rpd;drhkp Iah; - yl;Rkp mk;khs; Ch; Ch; Ch; Ch; ---- vl;lag[uk;

fhyk; fhyk; fhyk; fhyk; ---- 11.12.1882 Kjy; 11.09.1921 - 39 Mz;Lfs; - ghujp gl;lk; vl;lag[ug[uk; - rk!;jhdg; g[yth;fshy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. - b\y;ypjhrd; vd;W jd;id miHj;Jf; bfhz;lth;. g[idg;bgah;fs; : g[idg;bgah;fs; : g[idg;bgah;fs; : g[idg;bgah;fs; : ---- xh; cj;jk njrgpkhdp/ rhtpj;jphp - trd ftpij vGjpath;

- ,thpd; Kd;ndho thy;l; tpl;nமd; (trdf; ftpijapy;) - ghujpf;F kfhftp gl;lk; bfhLj;jth; t.uh. (t.uhkrhkp Ia';fhh; - ghujpapd; ciueil thhpR) - 1905;y; rf;futh;j;jpdp vd;w ,jH; bjhl';fpdhh;. - ,e;jpah vd;w ,jHpd; Mrphpah;. - RnjrKj;jpudpy; Jiz Mrphpauha; gzpahw;wpdhh;. ghujpapd; Kg;bgUk; J]tpa';fs; : ghujpapd; Kg;bgUk; J]tpa';fs; : ghujpapd; Kg;bgUk; J]tpa';fs; : ghujpapd; Kg;bgUk; J]tpa';fs; : ---- fz;zd; ghl;L/ Fapy;ghl;L/ gh";rhyp rgjk;. - ghujp r';fj;ij njhw;Wtpj;jth; fy;fp

- "hdujk;/ re;jphpifapd; fij/ juhR -ciueil

,yf;fpak; vGjpa[s;shh;. rpwg;g[ : rpwg;g[ : rpwg;g[ : rpwg;g[ : ---- ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytd;/ ePLJapy; ePf;fg;gho te;j epyh (ghujpjhrd; ghuhl;oaJ)

jw;fhy,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpobtsள4, ; njrpaf;ftp/

kfhftp ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ---- ,aw;bgah,aw;bgah,aw;bgah,aw;bgah; : Rg;g[uj;jpdk; bgw;nwhh; :bgw;nwhh; :bgw;nwhh; :bgw;nwhh; : fdrig – yl;Rkp mk;khs; Ch; :Ch; :Ch; :Ch; : g[Jr;nrhp thH;ehs; :thH;ehs; :thH;ehs; :thH;ehs; : 29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu ,thpd; Kjy; ghly; : ,thpd; Kjy; ghly; : ,thpd; Kjy; ghly; : ,thpd; Kjy; ghly; : ---- “v';bf';F fhzpDk; rj;jpalh - jk;gp

ஏ,fly; mts; வ�ணமடா” E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : ----

ghz;oad; ghpR, vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk;/ nrujhz;ltk;/ mHfpd; rphpg;g[/ FLk;g tpsf;F ,Uz;l tPL/ Fwp";rpj;jpul;L/ fz;zfp/ g[ul;rpf; fhg;gpak;/ kzpnkfiy btz;gh/ fhjy; epidt[fs; fiHf;Tj;jpapd; fhjy;/ jkpHr;rpapd; fj;jp/ mikjp



,is"h; ,yf;fpak;/ brskpad;/ ey;y jPh;g;g[/ jkpH; ,af;fk;/ ,uz;ad; my;yJ ,izaw;w tPud;/ fhjyh? flikah? r";rPtp gh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;.

- ,thpd; gprpuhe;ijயா� நாவ�(நாடக�) ;/ 1969y; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;wJ. - Fapy; vd;w ,jiH elj;jpdhh;.

ftpkzp njrpa tpehafk; gps;isftpkzp njrpa tpehafk; gps;isftpkzp njrpa tpehafk; gps;isftpkzp njrpa tpehafk; gps;is

bgw;nwhh; bgw;nwhh; bgw;nwhh; bgw;nwhh; ---- rptjhQgps;is/ Mjpyl;Rkp Ch; Ch; Ch; Ch; ---- nj%h; (ehfh;nfhapy; mUfpy;) thH;ehs; : thH;ehs; : thH;ehs; : thH;ehs; : 27.08.1876 Kjy; 26.09.1954 tiu ,thpd; Mrphpah; rhe;jyp';f jk;gpuhd; E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : ---- kyUk; khiya[k;/ Mrpa n#hjp/ eh";rpy; ehl;L kUkf;fs; tHp khd;kpak;/ fhe;jqh; rhiy/ njtpapd; fPh;j;jidfs;/ ck;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;. - Mh;dhy;l; vGjpa “iyl; Mg; Mrpah” vd;w E]ypd; bkhHpbgah;g;g[ Mrpa n#hjp. - ghurPf bkhHpapy; ckh;fa;ahk; ghoa %ghajpd; bkhHpbgah;g;g[ vl;th;l; ghl;!; b#uhy;od; M';fpy bkhHpbgah;g;g[ mjidj; jGtp vGe;jJ ckh;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;.

- 1940y; ‘ftpkzp’ gl;lk; bgw;whh;. ehம�க� கவிஞ� ெவ.இராமலிKக� பி4ைள(அ�ேடாப� 19, 1888 - ஆகLC 24,

1972) தமிழறிஞ��, கவ�ஞ�� ஆவா� .“க�திய�*றி இர�தமி*றி M�தெமா*� வ��” ேபா*ற ேதசப�தி பாட�கைள� பா'ய இவ� ேதசிய�ைதM�,

கா(திய�ைதMM� ேபா�றியவ� .. அரசைவ� கவ�ஞ�’

பதவ�M�, `ப�ம Fஷ�’ பCட6� ெப�றவ�.சாகி�ய அகாடமிய�* தமி= ப�ரதிநிதியா� பண�யா�றியவ�.

,க�ெப$ற ேம$ேகா4க4

• 'க�திய�*றி ர�தமி*றி M�தெமா*� வ��'

• தமிழ* எ*ேறா� இன6*� தன4ேய அத�ேகா� �ண6�8'

• 'தமிழ* எ*� ெசா�லடா தைலநிமி�( நி�லடா'

• 'ைக�ெதாழி� ஒ*ைற க��ெகா�,கவைல உன�கி�ைல ஒ��ெகா�”

எ'திய Q�க4

• மைல�க�ள* (நாவ�) • காணாம� ேபான க�யாண� ெப� (நாவ�) • ப�ரா��தைன (கவ�ைத)

• நாம�க� கவ�ஞ� பாட�க�

• தி��றS� பGேமலழக��

• தி�வ�Sவ� தி8�கி8வா�

• தி��ற� < உைர

• க�ப[� வா�மdகிM�

• க�ப* கவ�ைத இ*ப� �வ�ய�

• எ*கைத (:யசGத�) • அவ[� அவS� (கவ�ைத) • ச9ெகாலி (கவ�ைத) • மாம* மக� (நாடக�) • அரவைண :(தர� (நாடக�)

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 2222

kug[f; ftpij : kug[f; ftpij : kug[f; ftpij : kug[f; ftpij : ---- Koaurd; : Koaurd; : Koaurd; : Koaurd; : ---- ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; Jiuuh#; jpuhtpl ,af;ff; ftp"h;. E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : ---- Koaurd; ftpijfs;/ fhg;gpag; ghit/ g{';bfho (jkpH; ,af;fg; nghuhl;l tuyhW) ehlfk; : ehlfk; : ehlfk; : ehlfk; : ---- Cd;Wnfhy; (gz;ojkzp fjpnur brl;oahh; gw;wpaJ) g{';bfho jkpHf murpd; tpUJ bgw;wJ. thzpjhrd;: thzpjhrd;: thzpjhrd;: thzpjhrd;: ---- ,aw;bgah;,aw;bgah;,aw;bgah;,aw;bgah; vj;jpuh#; (v) mu';rhkp ghujpjhrd; guk;giu/ ukp vd;W g[idg;bgah; cz;L. E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : ---- jkpHr;rp/ bfhoKy;iy/ vHpnyhtpak;/ jPh;j;jahj;jpiu/ ,d;g ,yf;fpak;/ bgh';fy;/ ghpR/

,u� tutpy;iy/ rphpj;j Ezh/ ,dpf;Fk; ghl;L vHpy; tpUj;jk;/ bjhLthdk;.

- g[ytnuW, கவ�ஞேற�,பாவல� மண� vd;w gl;lk;

bgw;wth;.

:ரதா: (நவ�ப� 23, 1921 - ஜூ* 19, 2006) தமிழக� கவ�ஞ��

எ,�தாள�� ஆவா�. <ரCசி� கவ�ஞ� பாரதிதாசன4ட�

ெகா�ட ப��தலா� பாரதிதாசன4* இய�ெபயராகிய :�<ர�தின� எ*பதி* அ'�பைடய�� த* ெபயைர

8+,ர#தினதாச5 எ*� மா�றி�ெகா�டா�. த* மா��ெபயG* :��கமாக :ரதா எ*[� ெபயG� பல



மர<�கவ�ைத� ெதா��<க� த(தவ�. ெச�M� மர<

மாறாம� எ,திவ(த இவ� உவைமக� த�வதி� தன4�<க= ஈC'யவ�. இதனா� இவைர உவைம� கவ�ஞ�

எ*� சிற�ப�� R�வ�. :ரதாவ�* 6த� A� சாவ�* 6�த�. 1955 இ� காவ�ய� எ*ற வார இதைழ� ெதாட9கினா�. இ]வ�தைழ� ெதாட�( இல�கிய�(1958),

ஊ�வல�(1963), வ��மd*(1964), :ரதா(1988) என� கவ�ைத

வள�Uசி�� பல இத=கைள ெவள4ய�Cடா�. :ரதாவ�* பைட�<க�

• ேத*மைழ (கவ�ைத� ெதா��<, 1986)

• ைற6க� (பாட� ெதா��<, 1976)

• சிG�ப�* நிழ� (பாட� ெதா��<) • :வ�� :�ணா�<� (பாட� ெதா��<, 1974)

• அ6� ேத[�, 1983

• பாரதிதாச* பர�பைர (ெதா.ஆ), 1991

• வ�னா�கS� :ரதாவ�* வ�ைடகS�

• உதC'� உத8

• எUசி� இர�

• எ�ேபா� இ��பவ�க�

• கைலஞைர� ப�றி உவைம� கவ�ஞ�

• சாவ�* 6�த�

• சிற(த ெசா�ெபாழி�க�

• :ரதா கவ�ைதக� (ைகயட�க� பதி�<) • :வ�� :�ணா�<�

• ெசா*னா�க�

• தமி=U ெசா�லா�க�

• ெதாடாத வாலிப�

• ெந+சி� நி��9க�

• பCட�தரசி • பாேவ(தG* காளேமக�

• <க=மாைல

• ம9ைகய��கரசி • 6*[� ப�*[�

• வா��ைத வாச�

• வ�னா�கS� :ரதாவ�* வ�ைடகS�

• ெவCட ெவள4Uச�

fz;zjhrd; : fz;zjhrd; : fz;zjhrd; : fz;zjhrd; : ---- ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; ---- Kj;ijah bgw;nwhh; bgw;nwhh; bgw;nwhh; bgw;nwhh; ---- rhj;jg;gd;/ tprhyl;rp Ch; Ch; Ch; Ch; ---- rpWTlw;gl;o (fhiuf;Fo mUfpy;) thH;ehs; : thH;ehs; : thH;ehs; : thH;ehs; : 24.06.1927 Kjy; 17.10.1981 tiu -54 taJ

.ryfz;lg[uk; fz;zd;jhrd; (gh. fz;zd; - ehlf

Mrphpah;) vd;gnj fz;zjhrd;. g[idg;bgah;fs;: g[idg;bgah;fs;: g[idg;bgah;fs;: g[idg;bgah;fs;: ---- fhiuKj;Jg; g[yth; - tz';fhKo/ fkfg;gphpah/ Jg;ghf;fp.

,jH;fs; : ,jH;fs; : ,jH;fs; : ,jH;fs; : bjd;wy;/ Ky;iy/ fz;zjhrd;/ fojk;/ jkpH;kyh;. E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : ---- kh';fdp/ mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jrkak; gilj;jth;. kh'fdp/ Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp - FW';fhg;gpa';fs; (kh';fdp - jpUr;rp rpiwapy;) Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp ( Mjpke;jp - fhpfhyd; kfs) Ml;ldj;jp nrukd;dd; ,ilna cs;s fhjy; - ,naR fhtpak; - jd; thH;ehspd; filrpf; fhtpak;. - ,uhrjz;lid - ehlfk; ( fk;gh; - mk;gpfhgjp tuyhW) ehty;fs; : ehty;fs; : ehty;fs; : ehty;fs; : ---- - Fkhpf; fhz;lk; - Mapuk; jPt[ m';faw;fz;zp/ - nrukhd; fhjyp ( rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ -1980 )

nts9Foj; jpUtpHh/ Cikad; nfhl;il/ tpsf;F kl;Lkh rptg;g[/ Mapu';fhy; kz;lgk;/ rp';fhhp ghh;j;j

brd;id/ rptf';ifr; rPைம;/ uh#

jz;lid/ghhpkiyf;bfho,mdhh;fyp,rptf';ifr; rPik/ kiythrk; cl;gl 60 E]y;fs; vGjpa[s;shh;. mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk; vGjpath;. jd;tuyhw;W E]y; : jd;tuyhw;W E]y; : jd;tuyhw;W E]y; : jd;tuyhw;W E]y; : ---- tdthrk;/ kdthrk; - jpiu ,irg;ghly; _yk; g[fH; bgw;wth;. cLkiy ehuhazftp : cLkiy ehuhazftp : cLkiy ehuhazftp : cLkiy ehuhazftp : ---- - fiythzh; vd;. v!;. fpU\;zdhy; jpiu cyfpw;F te;jth;. - ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly; bkl;Lfis jpiug;glj;jpy; mwpKfk; bra;jth;. - jpuhtpl ,af;ff; ftp"h;. - ftpuhah; gl;lk; bgw;wth; - gFj;jwpt[f; ftp"h;. gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; : gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; : gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; : gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk; : ---- - bghJcilikf; fUj;Jf;fis jpiug;glg; ghlypy; g[Fj;jpath;. - vdJ tyJif vd;W ghujpjhrdhy; g[fHg; gl;lth;. mth; nfhl;il ehd; ngl;il vd;W ntof;ifahfr; brhd;dth; cLkiy ehuhazftp.

fhyk; : fhyk; : fhyk; : fhyk; : ---- 13.04.1930 - 08.10.1959 - kf;fs; ftp"h; vd;W g[fHg;gl;lth;. bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : ---- mUzhr;ryk; gps;is - tprhyhl;rp mk;khs; Ch; : Ch; : Ch; : Ch; : ---- br';fg;gLj;jhd; fhL/ g[Jf;nfhl;il jhYf;fh/



- ghujpahuhy; elj;jg;gl;l Fapy; gj;jphpf;ifapy;

gzpahw;wpdhh;. bghJt[ilikf; ftp"h;, kf;fs; ftp"h; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lth;. kUjfhrp : kUjfhrp : kUjfhrp : kUjfhrp : ---- ,thpd; Mrphpah; ghgehrk; rptdpd; rnfhjuh; uh#nfhghiyah;. - jpiu ,irg;ghly;fs; vGJtjpy; g[fH;bgw;wth;. - khlh;d; jpnal;lhpd; ,ul;ilf; ftp"h;fs;

kUjfhசி - fh.K. b\hpg; - jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk; vd;w gl;lk; bgw;wth;.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 3333 g[Jf;ftpij : g[Jf;ftpij : g[Jf;ftpij : g[Jf;ftpij : ---- “ tpUe;nj jhDk; g[JtJ fpse;j ahg;gpd; nkw;nw” vd;w bjhy;fhg;gpah; TWk; tdg;gpd; 8y; xd;whd tpUe;jpd; fPH; TWth;. - Kjd; Kjypy; g[Jf;ftpij vGjpath; thy;l; tpl;kd; ( g[y;ypd; ,jH;fs; vd;w E]y;) - jkpHpy; Kjy; Kaw;rp - ghujpahh; - trdf; ftpij vd;gh;. - jkpH;g; g[Jf;ftpijapd; je;ij e.gpr;r_h;j;jp Kjypy; g[Jf; ftpijia btspapl;l ,jH; kzpf;bfho. e. gpr;r_h;j;jp : e. gpr;r_h;j;jp : e. gpr;r_h;j;jp : e. gpr;r_h;j;jp : ---- ,aw;bgah; : ,aw;bgah; : ,aw;bgah; : ,aw;bgah; : e.nt';fl kfhyp';fk; Ch; : Ch; : Ch; : Ch; : Fk;gnfhzk; fhyk; : fhyk; : fhyk; : fhyk; : 15.08.1900 - 04.12.1976 tiu E]y;fs; :E]y;fs; :E]y;fs; :E]y;fs; : fpspf;F";R/ g{f;fhhp/ tHpj;Jiz/ fpspf;Tz;L - jkpH;g;g[Jf; ftpijapd; je;ij/ Kd;ndho - kzpf;bfhoapy; vGjpath;. rp.R. bry;yg;gh : rp.R. bry;yg;gh : rp.R. bry;yg;gh : rp.R. bry;yg;gh : ---- kzpf;bfho ,jHpy; vGjpath;. ---- vGj;J ,jiH 1959y; bjhl';fpdhh;. E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : ---- khw;W ,jak;/ eP ,d;W ,Ue;jhy;/ g[Jf;Fuy;. jUK rptuhK : jUK rptuhK : jUK rptuhK : jUK rptuhK : ----

vGj;J fhyfl;lk;/ kWkyh;r;rp fhy

g[Jf;ftp"h;. ifg;gpoast[ fly;/ nky; nehf;fpa gazk;, fz;zhoa[s;spUe;J - gilg;g[fs;.

vGj;Jfhy ftp"h;fs; : vGj;Jfhy ftp"h;fs; : vGj;Jfhy ftp"h;fs; : vGj;Jfhy ftp"h;fs; : ---- gpr;r_h;j;jp/ jUK rptuhK/ itjP!;tud;/ f/eh/

Rg;gpukzpak;/ grta;யா/ ntQnfhghyd;/ rp.R. bry;yg;gh/ eFyd;.

gRta;ah : gRta;ah : gRta;ah : gRta;ah : ---- ,aw;bgah; Re;ju uhkrhkp. - ,thpd; gilg;g[fs;-eLeprp eh�fs;/ ahnuhxUtDf;fhf -

,thpd; gilg;g[fs;

இரா.மdனாCசி:

கவ�ஞ� இரா .மீனா;சி (R.Meenakshi) ஒ� தமி=� கவ�ஞ� . <�கவ�ைத� பைட�ப�� றி�ப�ட�த�கவ�. எ,�’ கால�தி� இ�( எ,த� ெதாட9கி இ*�வைர ெதாட�( எ,தி வ�பவ� .த�ேபா ஆேராவ�� ச�வேதச நகர�தி� ெதா�டா�றி வ�கிறா� .இவ� எ,திய “உதய நகGலி�(” எ[� A� தமி= வள�Uசி� ைறய�* 2006

ஆ� ஆ�8�கான சிற(த A�கள4� <�கவ�ைத எ[� வைக�பாC'� பG: ெப�றி��கிற. [1]

பைட�<க�: • ெந�+சி,:8F�க� , தEபாவள4� பக�,

ம�பயண�, மdனாCசி கவ�ைதக�, வாசைன� <�, உதயநகGலி�(, ெகா'வ�ள��, ெச�ம� மட�க�

rpw;gp :rpw;gp :rpw;gp :rpw;gp : kug[f; ftpijapy; ,Ue;J g[Jf; ftpijf;F te;jth;. ,aw;bgah; : ,aw;bgah; : ,aw;bgah; : ,aw;bgah; : ghyRg;gpukzpad;

E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : epyt[g; g{, rphpj;j Kj;Jfs;/ rh;g;gahfk;/

bksd kaf;f';fs;/ R{hpa epHy;/ Mjpiu/ xU fpuhkj;J ejp - rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ( 2002) rp. kzp : rp. kzp : rp. kzp : rp. kzp : ---- kWkyh;r;rp fhy vGj;jhsh;/ thH;f;ifapy; midj;J epfH;t[fisa[k; ftpijahf;Fk; gh';F ,thplk; cz;L. - beL';ftpij/ tUk;nghFk;/ Xspr;nrh;f;if. fy;ahd;#pfy;ahd;#pfy;ahd;#pfy;ahd;#p : ,aw;bgah; fy;ahzRe;juk; - gilg;g[fs; - epfH;fhyk; vg;goapUf;fpwJ/ vjph;fhyk; ,Ushfg; nghapd. vit fz;zpw;Fj; bjhpa[k;.



கலா�Gயா: brhe;jg; bgah; - nrhk

Re;juk;.கலா�ப�Gயா எ,திய ��ட� ப�ள4ய�� ெகா'ேய�ற�, g[Jf; ftpijapd; bry;thf;fhd fhyj;jpy; ftpij vGj te;jth;. - kdpj ,dj;jpd; mHf;ifj; njhYhpj;Jf; fhl;Ltdthf ,tuJ ftpijfs; cs;sd

ஞான�R�த*:

பைட�<க�;இரCைட நிழ�,தி��தி,அைலக� இ,�த Fமாைல,ந�ைம அ த�பாேதா?,ெசா*னைத� ேகCட ச*ன� கவ�ைத,இ*[ெமா� <�தக�,\�க�தி� அ,ைக.

ேதவேதவ5: ேதவேதவ5 எ*ற <ைன�ெபயரா� அறிய�பCட பி�8மணி ைகவ�ய� ஒ� நவ Eன� தமி=

கவ�ஞ� ஆவா�. ப�U:மண� ைகவ�ய� எ*ற� ெபயG� கைதகைளM� எ,தி வ�கி*றா�. இவ� எ,திய

"ேதவேதவ* கவ�ைதக�" எ[� A� தமி=நா8 அரசி*

தமி= வள�Uசி� ைறய�* 2005 ஆ� ஆ�8�கான சிற(த A�கள4� <�கவ�ைத எ[� வைக�பாC'� பG: ெப�றி��கிற.[1 ைகவ�ய�தி* 6த�கவ�ைத� ெதா��<

�ள4�� கைரேயறாத ேகாப�ய�க� 1982 ஆ� ஆ�8 ெவள4வ(த. இர�டாவ ெதா��< மி*ன�ெபா,ேத \ர�,மா�ற�படாத வ E8,. 2005 ஆ� ஆ�8 அவர கவ�ைதகS�கான 6,�ெதா��< ேதவேதவ* கவ�ைதக�

எ*ற ெபய�ட* ெவள4ய�ட�பCட. ேதவேதவ*

கவ�ைதப�றி எ*ற உைரயாட� AைலM� அலிபாப�� ேமா�ஜியானா�� எ*ற நாடக AைலM� எ,தி ெவள4ய�C'��கிறா�.

1970-80 கள4� \��'ய�� கைல�பட9கS�கான திைர�பட ச9க� ஒ*ைறM� நட�திவ(தா�.

தமிழக அரசி* தமி=வள�Uசி�கழக வ�� ெப�றவ�.

ேதவேதவைன� ப�றி ெஜயேமாக* 6,ைமயான திறனா�� A� ஒ*ைற எ,திய��கிறா�. நவ Eன�வ�தி�� ப�* தமி=� கவ�ைத-ேதவேதவைன 6*ைவ� எ*ற அ(A� கவ�தா பதி�பக�தா� 1998 ஆ� ஆ�8 ெவள4ய�ட�பCட.

தமிழின4 ெவள4யuடாக ெஜ.�ரா*ஸிL கி�பா இய�க�தி� ேதவேதவைன�ப�றி யா� ஊேர யா� ேகள4� எ*ற ெச�தி�பட� 2007 ஆ� ஆ�8 ெவள4ய�ட�பC8�ள.

சாலினி இள�திைரய5: இய�ெபய� கனகச�(தG

பைட�<க�: இர�8 �ர�க�, தமி=� கன4க�, தமிழேன தைலமக*, தமி= த(த ெப�க�,வா=�ைக வரலா�� இல�கிய�,ப�பாC'* ப8�ழி,எ(திர�கல�ைப,<திய தட9க�.ச9க�தமிழG* மன4த ேநய மண�ெநறிக�.

K. nkj;jh : K. nkj;jh : K. nkj;jh : K. nkj;jh : ---- KGg; bgah; Kfk;kJ nkj;jh gokf; ftp"h; g[Jf; ftpij/ tuyhw;W ehtpy; vdg;gyJiwfspYk; g[fH; bgw;wth;.

- fz;zPh; g{f;fs;/ ehak; xU fhtpak; Kjypa bjhFg;g[fisj; je;jth;. - thdk;gho ,af;fj;jth;. - Mfhrj;Jf;F mLj;jtPL vd;w gilg;g[f;F rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shh; ( 2006) E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : E]y;fs; : ---- fz;zPh;g; g{f;fs;/ Ch;tyk;/ kdr;rpwF/ Kfj;Jf;F Kfk;/ btspr;rk; btspna ,y;iy/ mth;fs; tUfpwhh;fs;/ ele;j ehlfk;/ fhj;jpUe;j fhw;W/ jpUtpHhtpy; xU bjUg;ghlfd;/ ee;jtd ehl;fs;/ xU thdk; ,U rpwF/ ,jaj;jpd; ehw;fhyp. tuyhw;W ehty; : tuyhw;W ehty; : tuyhw;W ehty; : tuyhw;W ehty; : ---- nrhH epyh <nuhL jkpHd;gd; :<nuhL jkpHd;gd; :<nuhL jkpHd;gd; :<nuhL jkpHd;gd; : ,aw;bgah; b#fjPrd; -kugpy; g{j;Jg;g[Jikapy; fdpe;jth; gilg;g[fs; : gilg;g[fs; : gilg;g[fs; : gilg;g[fs; : ---- njhzp tUfpwJ/ tpoay; bghGJfs;/ R{hpag; gwitfs;/ ee;jid vhpj;j beUg;gpd; kpr;rk;/ fhyj;jpw;F xU ehs; Ke;jp/ xU tz;o brd;hpa{ tzf;fk; ts;St ,thpd; gilg;g[fs;. - tzf;fk; ts;St g[Jf; ftpijapy; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; E]y; - (2004k; Mz;L) mg;Jy;uFkhd; : mg;Jy;uFkhd; : mg;Jy;uFkhd; : mg;Jy;uFkhd; : ---- thdk;ghof; ftp"h; - thzpak;gho ,!;yhkpaf; fy;Y]hpg; nguhrphpauhf tps';fpath;. kugpy; nth; ghh;j;J g[Jikapy; ftp ghh;j;jth;. - ftpf;nfh vd;w gl;lk; bgw;wth;. - gokf; ftp"h;. E]y;fs; :E]y;fs; :E]y;fs; :E]y;fs; : ghy;tPjp/ neah; tpUg;gk;/ Rl;Ltpuy;/ Myhgid/ brhe;j rpiwfs;/ gpj;jd;/ Kl;ilthrpfs;/ mtSf;F epyh vd;W bgah;. 1971- Mnyhaid rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ.



rhiy ,se;jpiuad; : rhiy ,se;jpiuad; : rhiy ,se;jpiuad; : rhiy ,se;jpiuad; : ---- bgw;nwhh; ,uhikah bgw;nwhh; ,uhikah bgw;nwhh; ,uhikah bgw;nwhh; ,uhikah - md;dyl;Rkp Ch; Ch; Ch; Ch; ---- jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s rhiy eapdhh; gs;spthry;. - jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; jkpH;j;Jiw tphpt[iuahsuhf jkpH;j;Jiw jiytuha; gzpahw;wpdhh;. fhyk; :fhyk; :fhyk; :fhyk; : 06.09.1930 - 04.10.1998 - 1991y; jkpHf murpd; ghnte;jh; tpUJ bgw;whh;. gilg;g[fs; : gilg;g[fs; : gilg;g[fs; : gilg;g[fs; : ---- g{j;jJ khDlk; g[ul;rp KGf;fk;/ ciutPr;R Mye;J]h; nfh. nkhfdu';fd; : Mye;J]h; nfh. nkhfdu';fd; : Mye;J]h; nfh. nkhfdu';fd; : Mye;J]h; nfh. nkhfdu';fd; : ---- 01.06.1942y; brd;idia mLj;j Mye;J]hpy; gpwe;jth;. bgw;nwhh; bgw;nwhh; bgw;nwhh; bgw;nwhh; : k. nfhghy; - kPdhk;ghs;. - vz;zw;w ,irg;ghly;fisa[k; ftpij ehlf';fisa[k; gilj;Js;shh;. - ‘,kak; v';fs; fhyoapy;’ - ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ E]y; murpd; tpUJ - ‘ey;y cyfk; ehis kyUk;’ vd;w ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ E]y; ,tUilaJ.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 4444

jkpHf foj ,yf;fpak; : jkpHf foj ,yf;fpak; : jkpHf foj ,yf;fpak; : jkpHf foj ,yf;fpak; : ----

neU : neU : neU : neU : ---- neU jd; kfs; ,e;jpufhe;jpf;F tiue;j kly;fs; cyf tuyhwhf cjt[fpwJ. fhe;jp : fhe;jp : fhe;jp : fhe;jp : ---- fhe;jp vGjpa foj';fs; bjhFj;J btspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. K.t. : K.t. : K.t. : K.t. : ---- md;idf;F/ jk;gpf;F/ j';iff;F/ ez;gh;f;F vd mwp"h; K.t. vGjpa foj';fs; foj ,yf;fpa';fs; vdg;nghw;wj;jf;fd/ r_f thH;tpaypy; rpf;ifiyj; jPh;f;Fk; rpe;jid nehf;fpy; tiuag;gl;lit. mwp"h; mz;zh : mwp"h; mz;zh : mwp"h; mz;zh : mwp"h; mz;zh : ---- mwp"h; mz;zh jk;gpf;F tiue;j foj';fs; ,is"h;fisj; jl;o vGg;g ty;yd. Mde;ju';fk; gps;is : Mde;ju';fk; gps;is : Mde;ju';fk; gps;is : Mde;ju';fk; gps;is : ---- - brd;id bguk;g{hpy; (gpuk;g{hpy;) 1709k; Mz;L khh;r; 30y; gpwe;jhh;. - _d;W tajpy; jhahh; kiwt[ - vd;ghh; vd;gthplk; fy;tp gapd;whh;.

- ,thpd; je;ij jpUnt';flk; g[Jitapy; Fonawpdhh;. gpd; jpthdhfg; gjtp cah;t[ bgw;whh;.

- Ja;g;bsf;!; (Duplex) ;Msehd; bkhHp bgah;g;ghdhh;. ,we;J nghdjhy; Mde;ju';fk; gps;is mkh;j;jk; gl;lhh;. bkhHp bgah;g;ghsh; (Jghrp)ahf gjtp Cw;whh;. - Jghrpahfg; gzpahw;wpa fhyj;jpy; 1730 Kjy; 1761 tiu ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGjpa[s;shh;. - ,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. ehl;Fwpg;g[ nte;jh; vdt[k; nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 5555 ehlff; fiy ehlff; fiy ehlff; fiy ehlff; fiy ---- ,irf;f,irf;f,irf;f,irf;fiy bjhlh;ghd bra;jpfs; : iy bjhlh;ghd bra;jpfs; : iy bjhlh;ghd bra;jpfs; : iy bjhlh;ghd bra;jpfs; : ---- - jkpH; ,aw;wkpH; / ,irj; jkpH/ ehlfj;jkpH; vd Kg;bgUk; ghFghL bfhz;lJ. ehlfk; : ehlfk; : ehlfk; : ehlfk; : ---- ehL +mfk; - ehl;il mfj;jpy; bfhz;lJ ehlfk;. fijia epfH;r;rpia/ czh;it eoj;Jf; fhl;LtJk; Tj;jhf Mof;fhl;LtJk; ehlfk; vd;gh;. ,jw;F Tj;Jf;fiy vd;Dk; bgaUk; cz;L. - gz;ila kug;ghitf; Tj;J bkhk;kyhl;lk; tsh;r;rpaile;j gpd;dh; njhy;ghitf; Tj;J/ epHw;ghitf; Tj;J Mfpad kf;fspilna tHf;fpy; ,Ue;jd.

,yf;fpa';fspy; ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fs; : ,yf;fpa';fspy; ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fs; : ,yf;fpa';fspy; ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fs; : ,yf;fpa';fspy; ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fs; : ----

bjhy;fhg;gpa bka;g;ghl;oapy;/ ehlfg; gh';fpyhd czh;t[fSf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;J ,Uf;fpwJ. “Tj;jhl;litf; FHhj;jw;nw” vd;Dk; Fws; tHpahf ehlf mu';fk; ,Ue;j bra;jp bjhpa tUfpwJ. - rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ‘ehlfnkj;Jk; ehlff; fzpif’ vd;W ehl;oakhFk; khjtpiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ehlf ,yf;fz E]y;fs; : ehlf ,yf;fz E]y;fs; : ehlf ,yf;fz E]y;fs; : ehlf ,yf;fz E]y;fs; : ---- KWty;/ rae;jk;/ brapw;wpak;/ kjpthzh; ehlfj; jkpH;/ tpsf;fj;jhh; Tj;J/ FzE]y;/ Tj;J E]y; Kjypa gy ehlfE]y;fs; ehl;oaj;jpw;Fk; ehlfj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;sd. rpyg;gjpfhuk; ehlfj;jpd; jpiur;rPiyfs; gad;gLj;jd gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. - xU Kf vHpdp/ bghUKf vHpdp/ fue;Jtuy; vHpdp vd;w jpiur;rPiyfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.



- Rthkp tpg[yhde;jhpd; kj';f R{shkzpa[k; kiwkiyaofspd; rhFe;jyKk; ehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp E]y;fs;. - ehlf Mrphpah; gk;ky; rk;ke;jdhh; jk; ehlfj; jkpH; vd;Dk; E]ypy; bjhHpy;Kiw mu';Ffisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

fhyk; njhWk; ehlff; fiy : fhyk; njhWk; ehlff; fiy : fhyk; njhWk; ehlff; fiy : fhyk; njhWk; ehlff; fiy : ----

- VHhk; E]w;whz;oy; knfe;jputh;kdpd; மj;j tpyhrk; vd;Dk; E]y;. - gjpndhwhk; E]w;whz;oy; ,uhruhrnrhHd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,uhruhnrf;fu ehlfk;. - kuhj;jpa kd;dh;fs; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; j";irapy; ehlf';fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. - ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; Fwt";rp/ gs;S ehlf';fs; - gjpndHhk; E]w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; K!;yPk; kjj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; behz;o ehlf';fs;. - 18k; E]w;whz;oy; mUzhryf; ftpuhahpd; uhk ehlfk;/ nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahhpd; ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuk;. - fhrp tpRtehj Kjypahhpd; lk;ghr;rhhp tpyhrk; jkpHpd; Kjy; r_f ehlfk;. - ypl;ld; vGjpa kiwtHpiaj; jGtp Re;judhh; mth;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l knzhd; kzpak;. - fjhpd; btw;wp jkpHfj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l Kjy; njrpa rKjha ehlfk; ( fpU\;zrhkpg; ghtd;) r';fujhR Rthkpfs; : 1867 r';fujhR Rthkpfs; : 1867 r';fujhR Rthkpfs; : 1867 r';fujhR Rthkpfs; : 1867 ----1922 tiu :1922 tiu :1922 tiu :1922 tiu :---- - ehlf cyfpd; ,kakiy/ jkpH;ehlfj; jiyik Mrphpah;. - gpufyhjd;/ rpWj;bjhz;lh;/ ,ytFrh/ gtsf;bfho mgpkd;a[ Re;jhp/ ts;sp jpUkzk;/ rj;jpathd; rhtpj;jhp - rkur rd;khh;f;f rig/ gha;!; fk;bgdp - ehlff;FGf;fs; gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; : gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; : gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; : gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh; : ---- KGg;bgah; jpU"hdrk;ge;jk;. - jkpH; ehlfj; je;ij - nrf;!;gpahpd; ehlf';fis bkhHpbgah;e;Js;shh;. - Tj;jhofs; vd;w bgaiu fiy"h;fs; vd;W khwf; fhuzkhdth;. - RFz tpyhr rig - ehlff; FG ,aw;wpa ehlf';fs; : ,aw;wpa ehlf';fs; : ,aw;wpa ehlf';fs; : ,aw;wpa ehlf';fs; : ---- gpwbkhHpj;gpwbkhHpj;gpwbkhHpj;gpwbkhHpj; jGty; : jGty; : jGty; : jGty; : ----

fhspjhrdpd; rhFe;jiy/ khstpfhf;ன4kpj;uk;/ Ah;!th;j;jdhpd; ,ரj;jpdhtsp/ nrf;!;gpahpd; nAk;byl; - mkyhjpj;jdhf/ nkf;gj; - nkfgjpahf

btdp!; bkh;r;rd;l; - thzpg[uj;J tzpfd; ஆக te;jJ ,thpd; vs;sy; ehlf';fs; : ,thpd; vs;sy; ehlf';fs; : ,thpd; vs;sy; ehlf';fs; : ,thpd; vs;sy; ehlf';fs; : ---- rghgjp/ Vkhe;j ,U jpUlh;fs;/ rjprf;jp/ itFz;l thj;jpahh;. Jz;oay; ehlf';fs; : Jz;oay; ehlf';fs; : Jz;oay; ehlf';fs; : Jz;oay; ehlf';fs; : ---- kndhfuh/ ,U ez;gh;fs; . gphpjpkhw; fiy"h; :gphpjpkhw; fiy"h; :gphpjpkhw; fiy"h; :gphpjpkhw; fiy"h; :---- ehlfg; nguhrphpah; ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; : R{hpa ehuhaz rh!;jphp thH;f;if: thH;f;if: thH;f;if: thH;f;if: 1870 - 1903. ,th; vGjpa ehlf ,yf;fz E]y;/ ehlftpay; ehlf';fs; : ehlf';fs; : ehlf';fs; : ehlf';fs; : %ghtjp/ fyhtjp/ khdtp#ak;/ R{h;g;g eif. %ghtjp - mwf;fUj;J epiwe;jJ. fyhtjp - ehlftpaYf;F ,yf;fpak; khdtp#ak; - fstHp ehw;gjpd; jGty; ehlf kWkyh;r;rp je;ij : ehlf kWkyh;r;rp je;ij : ehlf kWkyh;r;rp je;ij : ehlf kWkyh;r;rp je;ij : ---- fe;jrhkp mth;fs; mwp"h; mz;zh :mwp"h; mz;zh :mwp"h; mz;zh :mwp"h; mz;zh :---- re;jpnuhjak; - Kjy; ehlfk;/ Xh; ,ut[/ ntiyf;fhhp/ ePjpnjtd; kaf;fk;/ ey;yjk;gp/ rpth#p fz;l ,e;J rhk;uh#;ak;. Mh;. v!;.kndhfud; : Mh;. v!;.kndhfud; : Mh;. v!;.kndhfud; : Mh;. v!;.kndhfud; : ---- rhzf;fpa rgjk;/ y';nf!;tud; nf. ghyre;jh; : nf. ghyre;jh; : nf. ghyre;jh; : nf. ghyre;jh; : ---- ePh;f;FkpHp/ bkGFth;j;jp/ vjph;ePr;ry;/ ehzy;/ nk#h; re;jpufhe;j/ rh;th; Re;juk;/ #d;dy;fs;/ rJu';fk;. ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ghujpjhrd; : ---- ,uz;ad; my;yJ ,izaw;w tPud;/

brskpad;, fw;fz;L/ gof;fhj bgz;fs;/ fiHf; Tj;jhoapd; fhjy;/ nrujhz;ltk;/ gprpuhe;ijahh;. o.nf.v!;. rnfhjuh;fs; : o.nf.v!;. rnfhjuh;fs; : o.nf.v!;. rnfhjuh;fs; : o.nf.v!;. rnfhjuh;fs; : ---- Kj;Jrhkp r';fud;/ rz;Kfk;/ gftjp $ghy rz;Kfhde;jrgh/

bj.bgh. fpUbj.bgh. fpUbj.bgh. fpUbj.bgh. fpU\\\\;zrhkpg; ghtyh;zrhkpg; ghtyh;zrhkpg; ghtyh;zrhkpg; ghtyh;: fjhpd; btw;wp/ njrpaf; bfho, gk;gha; bkapy;. ,irf;fiy : ,irf;fiy : ,irf;fiy : ,irf;fiy : ---- bjhy; fhg;gpaj;bjhy; fhg;gpaj;bjhy; fhg;gpaj;bjhy; fhg;gpaj;திy; ,ir : y; ,ir : y; ,ir : y; ,ir : ----



btz;gh/ Mrphpag;gh fலிg;gh/ t";rpg;gh

vd;Dk; ehy;tifg; ghf;fis[Mk; gy;ntW tz;z';fis[ak; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. r';f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,ir : r';f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,ir : r';f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,ir : r';f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,ir : ----

Fரy;/ Jj;jk;/ ைக� ;fpis/ ciH/ ,sp/ tpshp/ jhuk; vd ,irfs; VHhfj; jkpHh; tiuaiw bra;jpUe;jdh;. Tj;juhw;Wg;gil ,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

njhy; fUtp :njhy; fUtp :njhy; fUtp :njhy; fUtp :---- Kழt[/ gjiy/ MFsp Jisf; fUtp : Jisf; fUtp : Jisf; fUtp : Jisf; fUtp : ---- FHy;/ nfhL/ J]k;g[ euk;g[f; fUtp : euk;g[f; fUtp : euk;g[f; fUtp : euk;g[f; fUtp : ---- ahH; f";rf; fUtp : f";rf; fUtp : f";rf; fUtp : f";rf; fUtp : ---- ghz;oy; ahHpd; cWg;g[fshf gr;ir brwpJis/ nghh;it tWthya;/ fitfil/ euk;g[/ nfhL/ jpt;t[ vd;w vl;L cWg;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. rpyk;gpy; ,ir : rpyk;gpy; ,ir : rpyk;gpy; ,ir : rpyk;gpy; ,ir : ---- Mw;Wthp/ fhdy; thp/ Cry; thp/ ntl;Lt tphpg;ghly;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; ,ir : gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; ,ir : gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; ,ir : gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; ,ir : ---- knfe;jputh;kd; r';fPuzk; vd;Dk; jhsj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jjhy; r';fPuz rhjp vdg;gl;lhd;. ghpthjpdp vd;Dk; tPizapYk; ty;ytdhf tps';fpdhd;.

- F8kpahd; kiyapy; knfe;jputh;மன4* ,irf; fy;btl;L cs;sJ. - ,uhrrpk;kd; tPzh ehujd;/ thj;jpa tpj;jpahjud; vdg;g[fHg;gl;lhd;. nrhHh; fhyj;jpy; ,ir :nrhHh; fhyj;jpy; ,ir :nrhHh; fhyj;jpy; ,ir :nrhHh; fhyj;jpy; ,ir :---- Mdha ehadhhpd; ,iriaf; nfl;L ku';fSk;/ kiyaUtpfSk; fhd;ahWk; flYk;/ ,oa[k; KfpYk; Tl mirtw;W epd;wjhfr; nrf;fpHhh; TWfpwhh;. - rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; Ruk";rhp ,yk;gfKk; fhe;jtUjj;ijahh; ,yk;gfKk; ,ir El;g';fis tpthpf;fpd;wd. kuhl;oah; fhyj;jpy; ,ir : kuhl;oah; fhyj;jpy; ,ir : kuhl;oah; fhyj;jpy; ,ir : kuhl;oah; fhyj;jpy; ,ir : ---- jpUg;g[fH; ghoa mUzfhphp ehjh; 1008 nksfh;j;jh gz;fSf;Fk; jpUg;g[fH; ghoa[s;shh;. fPh;jidfspy; ,ir : fPh;jidfspy; ,ir : fPh;jidfspy; ,ir : fPh;jidfspy; ,ir : ----

Kj;Jj; jhz;lthpd; jpy;iyj; jpUj;jyf; fPh;j;jid/ mUzhryf; ftpuhahpd; ,uhkehlff; fPh;j;jid- gHikahd fPh;j;jidfs;. - nfhghy fpU\;z ghujpahhpd; jpUePyfz;l ehadhh; fPh;j;jid/ ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuf; fPh;j;jid/ ,aw;gif ehadhh; rhpj;jpuf; fPh;j;jidfs;. - mz;zhkiy bul;oahhpd; fhtor; rpe;J. - kha{uk; ntjehafk; gps;isapd; rh;t rka rkurf; fPh;j;jid. ,irj; jkpH; rhd;nwhh; : ,irj; jkpH; rhd;nwhh; : ,irj; jkpH; rhd;nwhh; : ,irj; jkpH; rhd;nwhh; : ---- - j";ir Mgpufhk; gz;ojhpd; fUzhkph;j rhfuk;. - mtuJ kfd; tuFzghz;oadpd; ‘ghzh; iftHp vdg;gLk; ahH;E]y;” - tpg[yhde;jhpd; ahH;E]y; - jkpHpir ,af;fk; : - 1943ty; uh#h rh; mz;zhkiyr; brl;oahhpd; jkpHpirr; r';fk;. - “bts;is thuzdhh; jw;fhy mfj;jpah;” kiwe;J nghd ,ir E]y;fs; : kiwe;J nghd ,ir E]y;fs; : kiwe;J nghd ,ir E]y;fs; : kiwe;J nghd ,ir E]y;fs; : ---- ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuapd; _yk;/

6ehiu/ KJFUF/ bgUehiu/ bgU';FUF/ g";r

ghujPak;/ rpw;wpif/ nghpir/ ,ir a[f;fk; nghd;w E]y;fspd; bgah;fis mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ. jkpHpy; rpWfijfs; : jkpHpy; rpWfijfs; : jkpHpy; rpWfijfs; : jkpHpy; rpWfijfs; : ---- rpWfijf;fhd ,yf;fzk; : rpWfijf;fhd ,yf;fzk; : rpWfijf;fhd ,yf;fzk; : rpWfijf;fhd ,yf;fzk; : ---- - mkh;e;J xnu _r;rpy; gof;ff; Toad. - bjhlf;fKk; Kot[k; tpWtpWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; - njitaw;w brhw;fs; TlhJ. - kdpj thH;tpd; rpwpa gFjpiaf; fhl;Lk;. - xUthpd; kdij rd;dy; _yk; btspna ,Ug;gJ ghh;g;gJ nghy; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. - rpWfijapd; Kd;ndho vl;fh; Myd;ngh. - jkpH;r; rpWfijapd; Kd;ndho tPukhKdpth; t.nt.R.Iah : t.nt.R.Iah : t.nt.R.Iah : t.nt.R.Iah : ---- tufndhp nt';fl Rg;gpukzpa Iah;. - jkpHpy; Kjy; rpWfijahd “Fsj;j';fiu muR kuk;” 1913y; vGjpdhh;. ,J “k';ifah;f;furpapd; fhjy;” vd;w E]ypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ. - iyyhk#;D/ mdhh;f;fyp fhjiy Kjypy; jkpHpy; vGjpath;.- jkpH; rpWfijapd; je;ij. g[Jikg;gpj;jd; : g[Jikg;gpj;jd; : g[Jikg;gpj;jd; : g[Jikg;gpj;jd; : ---- - ,aw;bgah; nrh. tpUj;jhryk;.



- rpWfijj; bjhFjpfs; : fghlg[uk;/ g[jpa xsp/ rpj;jp/ Mz;ik/ md;W ,ut[/ g[Jikg;gppj;jd; rpWfijfs; rpWfijfs; : rpWfijfs; : rpWfijfs; : rpWfijfs; : ---- - flt[Sk; fe;jrhkpg; gps;isa[k;. - mfy;ia/ rhg tpnkhrdk;/ Jd;gf; nfzp/ kdpjae;jpuk;/ rpw;gpapd; eufk;/ jpahf _h;j;jp/bghd;dfuk;/ fapw;wut[/ fy;ahzp/ epidt[g;ghij ntjhsk; brhd;d fij. - ednthil cj;jpiag; gad;gLj;jpath;. - jkpHfj;jd; khg;grhd;. - rpWfij kd;dd;. b#afhe;jd; : b#afhe;jd; : b#afhe;jd; : b#afhe;jd; : ---- cjak;/ xUgpor; nrhW/ ,dpg;g[k; fhpg;g[k;/ njtd; tUthuh/ Rikjh';fp/ a[frf;jp/ g[jpa thh;g;g[fs;/ Rajhprdk;/ FugPlk;/ g[JbrUg;g[f; fof;Fk;/ cz;ik RLk;/ xU gponrhW/ ,Uisj; njo/ jphpr';F brhh;f;fk;/ ,utpy;. - bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; khg;grhd;. R. rKj;jpuk; : R. rKj;jpuk; : R. rKj;jpuk; : R. rKj;jpuk; : ---- Kjy; rpWfij - “m';nf fy;ahzk; ,';nf fyhl;lh” nghJk; c';f cgrhuk;/ xnu xU nuh#h/ ,yt[ fhj;j fpsp/ gyntrk;. F.g.uh#nfhghyd; (v) F.g.uh : F.g.uh#nfhghyd; (v) F.g.uh : F.g.uh#nfhghyd; (v) F.g.uh : F.g.uh#nfhghyd; (v) F.g.uh : ---- Kjy; rpWfij Kjy; rpWfij Kjy; rpWfij Kjy; rpWfij ---- E]Ud;dp!hE]Ud;dp!hE]Ud;dp!hE]Ud;dp!h - g[dh; b#d;kk;/ fhzhkny fhjy;/ fdfhk;guk;/ fh";rd khiy/ rpwpJ btspr;rk;/ tpoa[kh/ jpiu. fy;fp : fy;fp : fy;fp : fy;fp : ---- fy;fp ,uh. fpU\;z_h;j;jp - jpU. tp.f.tpd; kPJ bfhz;lgw;wpdhy; fy;fp vd itj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;. - nfjhhpapd; jhahh;/ fhhpUspy; xU kpd;dy;/ miyapd; fz;zPh;/ khlj;njtd; Rid/ tPizthzp/ fizahHpapd; fdt[/ jpUbtGe;J]h; rptf;bfhGe;J !;tg;gd nyhfk;/ tPidgthdp. mwp"h; mz;zh : mwp"h; mz;zh : mwp"h; mz;zh : mwp"h; mz;zh : ---- gyhgyd;/ fL_";rp/ md;djhdk;/ nga; xog; nghr;rp/ ,U guk;giufs;/ R{jho/ brt;thiH/ j";ir tPH;r;rp/ gpo rhk;gy;/ g[yp efk;/ uh#hjpuh#h/ brhf;fj;jpy; eufk;.

fp. uh#ehuhazd; : fp. uh#ehuhazd; : fp. uh#ehuhazd; : fp. uh#ehuhazd; : ---- fjt[/ fd;dpik/ ntl;o/ mk;kh gps;is/ mg;gh gps;is/ ehw;fhyp. - fhpry; fijfspd; je;ij - tl;lhuf; fijfspd; je;ij. ,thpd; nfhgy;yg[uj;J kf;fs; ehty; 1991y; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;wJ. bksdp : bksdp : bksdp : bksdp : ---- jkpHr; rpWfijapd; jpU_yh;. ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; ,aw;bgah; : - Rg;gpukzp mHpahr;Rlh;/ kzf;nfhyk;/ fhjy; miy/ khWjy; gpug";r fhdk;/ kdj;njh;/ rhtpy; gpwe;j rpU\;kp. gp.v!;. uhikah : gp.v!;. uhikah : gp.v!;. uhikah : gp.v!;. uhikah : ---- kzpf;bfho ,jiHr; rpWfij ,jHhf khw;wpath; - gzk; gpiHj;jJ/ jGk;g[/ epidt[ Kfk;/ kwf;ftpy;iy/ fhkjfdk;/ el;rj;jpuf; FHe;ij/ bfhj;jdhh; nfhapy;. - kzpf;bfhof;fhyk; 1982 y; rhfp;ja mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;wJ. - ,tUila vy;yhf; fijfspYk; tUk; xU ghj;jpuk; F';Fkg; bghl;Lf; Fkhurhkp. F. mHfphprhkp :F. mHfphprhkp :F. mHfphprhkp :F. mHfphprhkp :---- Kjy; rpWfij - cwf;fk; brhs;thd;. rpf;ftpy;iy/ jtg;gad;/ fhyfz;o/ bja;tk; gpwe;jJ. ,U rnfhjuh;fs;/ fw;gf tpUl;rk; tug;gpurhjk;/ md;gspg;g[. - Mz;kfd;/ g[Jcyfk;/ jphpg[uk;/ ,Ubgz;fs;/ jphpntzp/ "hgfh;j;jk;. - ,thpd; md;gspg;g[ 1970y; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;wJ. uh#h#p : uh#h#p : uh#h#p : uh#h#p : ---- uh#nfhghyhr;rhhp epue;jubry;tk;/ gps;isahh; fhg;ghw;wpdhh;/ fw;gidf; fhL/ jpf;fw;w ghh;tjp. - 1958y; rf;futh;j;jpj; jpUkfd; (ehty;) - rhfpj;a mfhlkp tpUJ. tpahrh; tpUe;J. rp.R. bry;yg;gh : rp.R. bry;yg;gh : rp.R. bry;yg;gh : rp.R. bry;yg;gh : ----

rurhtpd; bghk;ik/ kzy; tPL, mWgJ/

rj;ahfpufp/ bts;is. ehty; :ehty; :ehty; :ehty; : thothry; ty;ypf; fz;zd; : ty;ypf; fz;zd; : ty;ypf; fz;zd; : ty;ypf; fz;zd; : ---- Kjy; rpWfij - re;jpufhe;jf;fy;/ ehl;oaf;fhhp/ bghpa kD\p/ ftpij thH;t[/ jj;Jt jhprdk;/ Mz; rp';fk;/ thH tpUk;gpatd;.



7. fiyfs; 7. fiyfs; 7. fiyfs; 7. fiyfs; ---- rpw;gk; rpw;gk; rpw;gk; rpw;gk; ----Xtpk; Xtpk; Xtpk; Xtpk; ---- ngr;Rngr;Rngr;Rngr;R jpiug;glf;fiy : jpiug;glf;fiy : jpiug;glf;fiy : jpiug;glf;fiy : ---- rpw;gf;fiy : rpw;gf;fiy : rpw;gf;fiy : rpw;gf;fiy : ---- ---- jkpHyf;fpa';fs; rpw;g';fs; bra;a[k; Kiw bjhlh;e;J tHf;fpy; ,Ue;jd vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. bfhy;ypg;ghit/ fz;zfp rpiy/ bgUk; khspiffspy; Rij cUt';fs; mikj;jy; Mfpatw;iw cjhuzkha; Twyhk;. r';ffhyj;jpy; kz;zPl;lhsh; vd;w fiy"h;fs; kz; cUt';fisr; bra;jdh;. gy;yth; gy;yth; gy;yth; gy;yth; fhye;bjhl;L/ nfhapy;fspy; gy;tifahd rpw;g';fisf; fhzKofpwJ. flt[sh;fspd; jpUt[Ut';fs;/ mf;fhyj;jpa kf;fspd; cUt';fs; kw;Wk; tpy';fpd';fs; gwitapd';fs; Mfpatw;wpd; cUt';fshFk;.tpy';fpd';fspy; Fwpg;ghf ahidfspd; cUtj;ijr; brJf;Ftjpy; gy;yth;fhyr; rpw;gpfs; if njh;e;jth;fshf tps';fpapUf;fp d;wdh;. - gy;yth; fhyr;Rijf; nfhapy;fspy; Rijrpw;g';fs; ,Ue;jd (Rij rpw;g';fs; vd;gJ Rz;zhg;ig ed;F miuj;Jf; fUk;g[rhW/ bty;yr;rhW/ bey;ypf;fhapd; rhW Kjypatw;iw Cw;wp tr;rpuk; nghy; bra;J mijf; bfhz;L cUtk; bra;jy;. - br';fw;fshy; Rth;fis vGg;gp mtw;wpd; g[w';fspy; fijahyhd cUt';fis mikg;gJ kug[. (c.k;) jpUtjpiff; nfhapy;. fw;rpw;g';fs; : fw;rpw;g';fs; : fw;rpw;g';fs; : fw;rpw;g';fs; : ---- - r';ffhyj;jpy; ,we;j tPuh;fSf;F fy;ypy; cUtk; brJf;fp tHpgl;ldh; (eLfy;) - fz;zfp cUtr; rpiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ gw;wp rpyg;gjpfhuk; TWfpwJ. - jkpHfj;jpy; fw;rpw;g';fisj; bjhl';fp itj;j bgUik gy;yth;fSf;F chpaJ. - gy;yth;fs; fl;oa Filtiuf; nfhapy;fspYk; fl;Lkhdf; nfhapy;fspYk; vz;zw;w rpw;g cUt';fs; cs;sd. fl;olk; ntW rpw;gk; ntW

vd;W ghpj;jwpa Koahj jd;ik ,f;fhyr; rpwg;g[ (g[ilg;g[r; rpw;g';fs; ) - knfe;jputh;kzhy; bra;ag;gl;l Fiff;nfhapy;fspy; cs;s thapw;fhtyh; cUt';fs;/ rp';fk; Rke;j J]z;fs; ,f;fhyr; rpw;gf; fiyf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs;. khky;yg[ur; rpw;g';fs; :khky;yg[ur; rpw;g';fs; :khky;yg[ur; rpw;g';fs; :khky;yg[ur; rpw;g';fs; : Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kd; fhyk;

kfplhRukh;j;jdp Fif/ Mjptuhகh; kz;lgk;/ Kk;_h;j;jp kz;lgtk;/ tuhfh; Fif Mfpait g[fH;bgw;wit. - ghiwr; rpw;g';fspy; mh;r;Rdd; my;yJ gfPujd; jtk; rpwg;ghdJ. nfhtpy;fspy; rpw;gk; : nfhtpy;fspy; rpw;gk; : nfhtpy;fspy; rpw;gk; : nfhtpy;fspy; rpw;gk; : ---- fh";rpg[uk; ,uz;lhk; eurpk;kd; (v) uh#rpk;kd; ifyhrehjh; nfhtpypy; rptd; gy;ntW njhw;w';fnshL cs;shh;. njtpah;fspd;; gy;tz;zj;njhw;wKk;/ jpUkhy;l/ ehz;Kfd;/ KUfd; bfhw;wit cUt';fspd; gy;tz;zj; njhw;w';fSk; ,';Fs;sd. ,Jnghd;w fiymikg;g[ itFe;jg; bgUkhs; / ,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;kd; nfhtpYk; cs;sJ. ghz;oah; fhyr; rpw;gk; : ghz;oah; fhyr; rpw;gk; : ghz;oah; fhyr; rpw;gk; : ghz;oah; fhyr; rpw;gk; : ---- fp.gp. 6/7/8 k; E]w;whz;oy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jpUbka;ak;/ gps;isahh;gl;o/ Fd;wf;Fo/ jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; vDk; ,l';fspy; ,tw;iwf; fhzyhk;. fpgp 8k; E]w;whz;oy; fGFkiy xw;iwf; fy; nfhapy; ghz;oah; fhy cd;dj jd;ikiaf; fhzyhk;. - mjpakhd; ftpd; rpw;gj;ij ehkf;fy; Filtiuf; nfhtpypy; fhzyhk;. nrhHh; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; : nrhHh; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; : nrhHh; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; : nrhHh; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; : ---- Fle;ijf; fPH;f;nfhl;lk;/ rPdpthr ey;Y]h; Fu';fehjh; nfhtpy;/ gRgjp nfhtpy;/ jpUth%h; mwbewpr;ruk; Mfpatw;wpy; ,th;fs; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; cs;sd. - gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; rpw;g';fs; nfhapw;

Rth;fspnyna <ilg;g[r; rpw;g';fshfr; brJf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; nrhHh; fhyj;jpy; rpw;g';fs; jdpna bra;ag;gl;L mtw;Wf;bfd Rthpy; mike;j nfhl;lj;jpy; bghUj;jg;gl;ld.



- ,uh#uh#d; thdsht[k; fl;olj;ij fU';fy;yhy; fl;odhd; mtd; fl;Ltpj;j nfhg[u';fisa[k; tpkhd';fisa[k; Vuhskhd rpw;g';fs; my';fhpj;j nghjpYk; mit fl;olj;jpw;F m';fkhf fl;olj;jpd;

bபUkpjj;jpy; kiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,njepiy jhd; mtd; kfd; vGg;gpa f';if bfhz;l nrhHg[uj;Jr; rpwg';fSf;Fk;. - vdpDk; f';if bfhz;l nrhHg[uj;J bghpa nfhtpypy; fiykfs; rpw;gKk;/ rz;of;F rptd; mUs;g[hpa[k; rz;Ofg;gjk; gw;wpa rpw;g';fSk; jdpj;jd;ik bfhz;L jpfH;fpd;wd. - jhuhRuj;J IuhtjP!;tuh; nfhapy; rpw;g';fs; jpy;iyf; nfhg[ur; rpw;g';fSk; mHFilad vdpDk; fl;olj;jpd; mHfpy; kaf;fk; bgWfpd;wd. tpraefuj;jhh; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; : tpraefuj;jhh; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; : tpraefuj;jhh; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; : tpraefuj;jhh; fhyr; rpw;g';fs; : ---- - Mapu';fhy; kz;lg';fSk; fy;ahz kz;lgk; g[fH;bgw;wJ. - Fjpiuapd; Kd; fhiyj; J]f;Fk; epiyapy; cs;s rpw;g';fs;. - bgz;fspd; khh;gf';fs; ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; Jzpahy; nghh;j;jg;gl;l epiyapy; miktijf; fhzyhk;.

- mhpaehj Kjypயா�; fhl;oa Mapu9 ;fhy; kz;lgKk; g[Jkz;lKk;/ kPdhl;rp nfhapYk; ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; bgUikiaf; fhl;Ltd. - kJiu kPdhl;rp nfhapypy; gpl;rhldh;/ nkhfpdp/ fhspapd; eldk;/ rptDila CHpf;Tj;J/

jpUf;fypயான fhl;rp ,tw;iw Fwpf;Fk; rpw;gj; J]z;fs; mHFld; tps';Fk;. - Mapu';fhy; kz;lgj;jpy; Kfg;g[j; J]z;fspy; cs;s mhpr;re;jpud;/ Fwtd;/ Fwj;jp gw;wpa rpw;g';fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. -ghisa';nfhl;ilaUnfa[s;s fpU\;zhg[uj;jpy; jpUnt';flehjh; nfhapypy; cs;s Fwtd; Fwj;jp rpw;g';fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ghz;oa ehl;oy; jpUtpisahly; g[uhz epfHr;rpfisf; Fwpf;Fk; rpw;g';fs; ehaf;fh;fs; fhyj;jpy; jhd; Vw;gl;ld.

xtpaf;fiyxtpaf;fiyxtpaf;fiyxtpaf;fiy

gH';fhy kf;fs;/ jk; cs;sf; fUj;Jfisg; g[yg;gLj;j ghiwfspYk; FifspYk; fPwp vGjpdh;. jk; vz;zj;ijr; rpj;jpuk; tiue;J btspg;gLj;jpdhh;. - jkpHfj;jpy; ,Ugj;ije;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;l ,l';fspy; (khd;/ nghh;/ bra;jy;/ tpy';F ntl;il) Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; Fif Xtpa';fs; fz;Lgpof;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

- bjhy;fhg;gpak; eLjy; tzf;Fk; gw;wpf; TWfpwJ.

eLfy;லிy; nghhpy; tPukuzk; va;jpa tPudJ cUtk;/ bgah;/ bgUikf; Fhpa bray; Kjypadtw;iwg; bghwpf;Fk; gHf;fk; ,Ue;jJ. rpw;gp jhd; brJf;ftpUe;j cUtj;ij tiue;J ghh;j;j gpd;dnu brJf;fpa kug[ cz;L. - xtpaf; fiy/ Xt[/ Xtk;/ Xtpak;/ rpj;jpuk;/ glk;/ glhk;/ tl;oifr; bra;jp vdg;gy bgah;fshy; tH';fg;bgWfpwJ. - Xtpaf; fiy"d; Xtpah;/ Xtpag;g[ytd;/ fz;Qs; tpid"d;/ rpj;jpuf;fhuh;/ tpj;jf tpid"d;/ tpj;jfh;/ fpstp ty;nyhd; vd miHf;g;gl;lhh;.- xtpaf; fiy"h; FGit Xtpakhf;fs; vd;W miHj;jdh;. Mz;; Xtpah; rpj;jpuh';fjd; vdt[k; bgz; Xtpah; rpj;jpunrdh vdt[k; bgah; bgw;W ,Ue;jdh;. tiufUtpfs; :tiufUtpfs; :tiufUtpfs; :tiufUtpfs; : nfhy; J]hpif/ Jfpypif/ tl;oif/ tz;z';fs; FHg;g[k; gyiff;F tl;oifg; gyif vdg;bgah;. Xtpa';fs; tiua[kpl';fs; : Xtpa';fs; tiua[kpl';fs; : Xtpa';fs; tiua[kpl';fs; : Xtpa';fs; tiua[kpl';fs; : ----

rpj;jpuf;Tlk;/rpj;jpukhlk;/v,epiy kz;lgk;/ vGbjHpy; mk;gyk;.

- g[wehD]w;wpy; Xtj;jida இlDil tdg;g[ vd tPl;od; mHif xtpaj;jpw;F xg;g[ikaha; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. - tz;zfhl;rpfs; jPl;lg;gl;l jPiur;rPiyfs; “Xtpa vHpdp” vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ.

- tz;z';fythமy; fhpj;Jz;Lfshy; totk; kl;Lk; tiutjidg; g[idah xtpak; vd;gh;. - ML Kjyhd gz;zpuz;L ,uhrpfisa[k;/ tpz;kPd;fisa[k; tiue;j bra;jp beLey; thil Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gy;yth; fhyk; : gy;yth; fhyk; : gy;yth; fhyk; : gy;yth; fhyk; : ---- knfe;jputh;k gy;ytd; rpj;jpuf; fhug; g[yp vd miHf;fg;gLfpwhd;. jl;rpzrpj;jpuk; vd;w Xtpa E]Yf;F ciu vGjpa[s;shd;. - gdkiy/ jpUkiy/ khky;yg[uf; Fiff; nfhtpy;/khkz;^h;/ fh";rpf; ifyhrehjh; nfhapy; nghd;wtw;wpy; gy;yth; fhy Xtpa';fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. - nruh; fhy Xtpa';fs; jpUee;jpf; fiuapy; fpilj;Js;sd. - rpj;jd;dthry;/ g[Jf;nfhl;ilf;F mUnf cs;sJ.rpj;jd;dthry;/ g[Jf;nfhl;ilf;F mUnf cs;sJ.rpj;jd;dthry;/ g[Jf;nfhl;ilf;F mUnf cs;sJ.rpj;jd;dthry;/ g[Jf;nfhl;ilf;F mUnf cs;sJ.



,';F cs;s Xtpa';fs; fpgp 9k;. E]w;whz;oy; mtdpg nrfu $ty;ygdmtdpg nrfu $ty;ygdmtdpg nrfu $ty;ygdmtdpg nrfu $ty;ygd; vd;w ghz;oa kd;dh; fhyj;jpy; kJiu Mrphpah; ,sk;bfsjkd; ,t;nthtpa';fis tiue;jhh;. nrhHh; fhy Xtpa';fs; : nrhHh; fhy Xtpa';fs; : nrhHh; fhy Xtpa';fs; : nrhHh; fhy Xtpa';fs; : ---- j";irg; bghpa nfhtpypy; fhzyhk;. -ftpd;kpF fapiyf; fhl;rp fz;fSf;F tpUe;jspg;gd. nrukhd;/ Re;juh; fapiy bry;Yk;

fhl;rp/ rptbgUkhd; Kg;g[uk; vhpj;j fhl;rp/ Re;juiர jLj;jhSk; nfhyk;. ehl;oa kfsph;/ khkd;dh; ,uhruhrd;/ fUt{h;j;njth; Kjypa Xtpa';fs; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jfpd;wd. tp#aefu ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; xtpa';fs; : tp#aefu ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; xtpa';fs; : tp#aefu ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; xtpa';fs; : tp#aefu ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; xtpa';fs; : ---- jpUtu';fk;/ jpUg;gjp/ jpy;iy jpUth%h;/ Fle;ij kJiu/ fh";rp Kjypa ,l';fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngr;Rf; fiyngr;Rf; fiyngr;Rf; fiyngr;Rf; fiy : : : : ---- Mafiy mWgj;J ehd;fpy; ngr;Rf; fiya[k; xd;Wk;. - ngr;Rk; nkilg;ngr;Rk; ntW ntwhdJ. ngr;rpy; czh;e;jij czh;e;jthW bjhptpj;jhy; nghJkhdJ Mdhy; nkilg; ngr;rpnyh czh;e;jij czh;j;Jk;’ tifapy; bjhptpf;fntz;Lk;. - ngr;rhshpd; be";rpy; cs;s fUj;J nfl;ghhpd; be";rpy; ghantz;Lk;. kpd;rhuk; ghaf; fk;kp fUtpahf cs;sJ nghyf; fUj;ij tpsf;f bkhHp fUtpahf cs;sJ. - brhy;iy Muha;e;J bjspthfg; ngr ntz;Lk;. Kf;TWfs; : Kf;TWfs; : Kf;TWfs; : Kf;TWfs; : ----

ngRk; bghUis xG';F6iwf;Ff; fl;LgLj;jpj; bjhlf;fk;/ ,ilg;gFjp/ Kot[

vdg;gFj;J ngRtijna ngr;R6iw vd;fpnwhk;. ,jid vLj;jy;/ bjhLj;jy;/ Koj;jy; vdt[k; Twyhk;. vLj;jy; : vLj;jy; : vLj;jy; : vLj;jy; : ---- ngr;ir bjhl';FtJ vLg;g[/ ngr;rpd;

bjhlf;fk; ed;whf ,Ue;jhy; jhd; nfl;fpwவGd; cs;s';fisf; ftUk;. bjhLj;jy; Kiw : bjhLj;jy; Kiw : bjhLj;jy; Kiw : bjhLj;jy; Kiw : ----

bjhlf;f ciuf;Fg; gpwF/ bghUis tphpj;J ngRk; Kiw bjhLj;jy; vdg;gLk;. md;wyh;e;j kyiu mHFgl khiyahfj; bjhLj;Jk; nghd;W ,ilapilna Rit kpf;f brhw;fSk; Fzkpf;f

fUj;Jf;fSk; gpizj;�; ngRtnj bதhLj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs; : ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs; : ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs; : ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs; : ---- xU ngr;Rf;Ff; fUj;Jg; bghypt[k; Funyhira[k; kl;Lnk nghjpad my;y. ,ilapilna nfl;nghh; Ritf;fj;jf;f ctikfs;/ vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; brhy;yhl;rpfs;/ gy;ntW tifahd eilfs;/ rpWrpW fijfs; Kjypad mikag; ngRtnj rpwe;j ngr;rhFk czh;j;Jk; jpwd; : czh;j;Jk; jpwd; : czh;j;Jk; jpwd; : czh;j;Jk; jpwd; : ---- brhy;yf; fUJk; bra;jpia Ritgl/ epuy;gl/ jpwk;gl kw;Wk; bjspthft[k; brhy;y ntz;Lk;.

czh;r;rp cs;s ngr;nr capU�ள ngr;rhFk;. mg;ngr;nr nfl;nghh; cs;sj;jpy; CLUtpr; brd;W/ nfl;gth;fSila cs;sj;ijg; gzpf;Fk; Mw;wy; tha;e;jjhf mika[k;. KojKojKojKoj;jy; : ;jy; : ;jy; : ;jy; : ---- ngr;irj; bjhl';FtjpYk; bghUis tphpg;gjpYk; brYj;Jk; ftdj;ij mHFwg; ngr;ir Kog;gjpYk; ftdk; brYj;j ntz;Lk;. - nkilg;ngr;rpy; ey;y jkpiHf; bfhz;L kf;fis <h;j;njhh; jkpH;j; bjd;wy; jpU.tp.f. nguwp"h; mz;zh/ uh.gp. nrJg;gps;is/ ehtyh; nrhkRe;ju ghujpahh;/ Fd;wf;Fo mofshh; nghd;nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;.

jpiug;glf; fiyjpiug;glf; fiyjpiug;glf; fiyjpiug;glf; fiy : : : : ---- - xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; fUtp 1830y; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. vl;th;L ikgphpl;R vd;w M';fpnyah; Kjypy; xLk; Fjpiuia ,af;fg;glkhf vLj;J btw;wp bgw;whh;. - <!;l;kd; vd;gth; glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. - vord; xUth; kl;Lk; ghh;f;Fk; glf;fUtpiaf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. - gpuhd;rp!; brd;fpd;R vd;w mbkhpf;f 1894y;

hpU;kz;l; vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,af;fg;gடj;ijg; gyUk; ghh;f;Fk; tifapy; totikj;jhh;.

- jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; glr;R3s;

bry;Yலா�8 vd;w bghUshy; MdJ. glk;



vLf;fg; gad;gLk; RUs;/ vjph;r;RUs; vdg;gLk;. xyp/ xspg; gjpt[fis jdpj; jdp Rus;fspy; mikg;gh;. - glg;gpog;g[f;fUtpapy; xuo ePsKs;s glr;RUspy; gjpdhW gl';fs; tPjk; xd;wd; gpd; xd;whfj; bjhlh;r;rpahf vLf;fg;gLk;. fUj;Jg;glk; : fUj;Jg;glk; : fUj;Jg;glk; : fUj;Jg;glk; : ---- Kjypy; fUj;Jg;glk; mikj;jth; thy;l; o!;dp.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 8888 jkpHpd; bjhd;ik : jkpHpd; bjhd;ik : jkpHpd; bjhd;ik : jkpHpd; bjhd;ik : ---- tPWil brk;bkhHp jkpH;bkhHp cyfk;

nt%d;wpய; ehs; Kjy; caph;bkhHp vd;W jkpHpd; bgUikiag; giw rhw;Wthh; ghtynuW bgU";rpj;jpudhh;.

- jpU(;jpa gz;g[k;/ rPh;j;j ehfhPfKk; bghUe;jpa J]a;bkhHp jkpH;r; brk;bkhHpahk; vd;W ghpjpkhw;fiy"h; brk;bkhHpf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shh;. - bjhz;ik/ Kd;ik/ Ez;ik/ jpz;ik/ vd;ik/ xz;ik/ ,dpik/ jdpik/ ,sik/ tsik/jha;ik/ J]a;ik/ Kk;ik/ brk;ik/ ,ad;ik/tpad;ik vd tUk; gjpdhW brt;tpay; jd;ikfisf; bfhz;lJ brk;bkhHp : mJnt ek;bkhHp vd;ghh; ghthzh;. epiyj;j bkhHp : epiyj;j bkhHp : epiyj;j bkhHp : epiyj;j bkhHp : ---- cyfpy; <uhapukhz;Lfl;Fk; nkw;gl;l tuythw;Wj; bjhd;ika[ila bkhHp rpynt. mit jkpH;/ rPik/ rkw;fpUjk;/ ,yj;jPd;/ <g;U/ fpnuf;fk;/ Mfpad. ,tw;wpd; yj;jPDk; <g;Ut[k; tHf;F xHpe;jd. brk;bkhHpj; jFjpg;ghLfs; : brk;bkhHpj; jFjpg;ghLfs; : brk;bkhHpj; jFjpg;ghLfs; : brk;bkhHpj; jFjpg;ghLfs; : ---- 1. bjd;ik 2. gpwbkhHpj; jhf;fkpd;ik 3. jha;ik 4. jdpj;jd;ik 5. ,yf;fpatsk; 6. bghJikg;gz;g[ 7. eLt[epiyik 8. gz;ghL/ fiy gl;lwpt[

9. cah;rpe;jid 10. fiy ,yf;fpaj;jdpj; jd;ik btspg;ghL 11. bkhHpf; nfhl;ghL vd gjpbdhU jFjpf; nfhl;ghLfis mwptpay; jkpHpwp"h; KRj;jght[k; bkhHpty;Yeh;fSk; tiuaWj;Js;shh;fs;. bjhd;ik : bjhd;ik : bjhd;ik : bjhd;ik : ---- cyfk; njhd;wpanghnj njhd;wpa jkpiH mjd; bjhd;ik fUjp fk;gh; “ vd;WKs bjd;jkpH;” vd;fpwhh;. gpwbkhHpj;jhf;fkpd;ik : - gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fis ePf;fpdhYk; jdpj;J ,a';Fk; jd;ik bgw;wJ. jha;ik : jha;ik : jha;ik : jha;ik : ---- jpuhtpl bkhHpfshd fd;dlk;/ bjY';F/ kiyahsk;/ JStk; Kjypa bkhHpfSf;Fj;

jha;bkhHp. gpuhFap Kjypa tlg[ybkhHpfSf;Fk; jha;bkhHp vd;fpwhh; fhy;Lbty;. Mapuj;bjz;Q]W bkhHpfSf;F nth;r; brhy;fisa[k;/ E]w;bwd;gJ bkhHpfSf;F cwt[g;bgah;fisa[k; je;Js;sJ jkpH;.

jdpj;jjdpj;jjdpj;jjdpj;j*ik : ik : ik : ik : ---- ,ay;/ ,ir ehlfk; vd;w Kg;bgUk; gphpt[fisf; bfhz;lJ jkpH;/ jkpHh; mfk;/ g[wk; vd;W thH;tpaYf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jdh;. ,yf;fpa tsk;/ ,yf;fzr; rpwg;g[ : ,yf;fpa tsk;/ ,yf;fzr; rpwg;g[ : ,yf;fpa tsk;/ ,yf;fzr; rpwg;g[ : ,yf;fpa tsk;/ ,yf;fzr; rpwg;g[ : ---- r';f ,yf;fpa';fs; jkpHh;fspd; brhj;J/ ,J

26,350 mofisf; bfhz;lJ/ mf;fhyj;nj ,t;tstpw;F tphpthf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpa';fs; ntW ve;j bkhHpapYk; ,y;iy vd;fpwhh; brf; ehl;L

bkhHp mwp"h; fkpy;Rtygpy;. khf;Rky;yh; (brUkd;) jkpnH kpft[k; gz;gl;l bkhHpbad;Wk; jdf;nf chpa ,yf;fpar; bry;t';fisg; bgw;wpUf;Fk; bkhHpbad;Wk; ghuhl;oapUf;fpwhh; r';f ,yf;fpa';fis kf;fs; ,yf;fpak; vdyhk;. bghJikg; gz;g[ : bghJikg; gz;g[ : bghJikg; gz;g[ : bghJikg; gz;g[ : ----

jkpHh; jkf;bfd thHhJ gpwh;f;Fhpatைர

ஏ�றன�;/ xd;nw Fyk;/ jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh, brk;g[yg;bgay; ePh; nghy md;g[s;sk; bfhz;ldh;.



eLt[epiyik : eLt[epiyik : eLt[epiyik : eLt[epiyik : ---- r';f ,yf;fpa';fs; ,dk; bkhHp/ kjk; fle;jit. ,aw;ifnahL ,ae;jit : cyfj;jhh; Vw;Fk; bghJf; fUj;Jf;fs; cilait. eLtzuR 2004 mf;nlhghpy; jkpiH ,e;jpahtpd; brk;bkhHpahf mwptpj;jJ. jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : ---- ,e;jpahtpy; ngrg;gLk; bkhHpf; FLk;g';fs; ,e;njh - Mrpa bkhHpfs;/ jpuhtpl bkhHpfs;/ M!;jpnuh - Mrpa bkhHpfs;/ rPd-jpbgj;jpy; bkhHpfs; vd ehd;F bkhHpf; FLk;gj;jpy;

ml9Ftd. - ,e;jpahtpy; Mapuj;J Ke;E]Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l bkhHpfSk; mjd; fpis bkhHpfSk; ngrg;gLfpd;wd. Mjyhy; ,e;jpahit bkhHpfspd;

கhl;rpr; rhiy vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; r.mfj;jpayp';fk; jpuhtpl bkhHpf; FLk;g';fs; :jpuhtpl bkhHpf; FLk;g';fs; :jpuhtpl bkhHpf; FLk;g';fs; :jpuhtpl bkhHpf; FLk;g';fs; :---- 23f;F nkw;gl;l jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; cs;sd. ,k;bkhHpfisj; bjd; jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; eLj;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs;/ tljpuhtpl bkhHpfs; vd _tifaha;g; gphpg;ghh;. bjd;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : bjd;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : bjd;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : bjd;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : ---- jkpH;/ kiyahsk;/ fd;dlk;/ FlF JS/ njhlh;/ nfhj;jh/ bfhufh/ ,Ush eLj;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : eLj;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : eLj;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : eLj;jpuhtpl bkhHpfs; : ----

bjY';F/ nfhz;o/ nfhah/ Tap/ Rtp/ nfhyhkp

gh;#p/ fjgh/ nfhz;lh/ ehaf;fp/ bg';nfh/ ஜjg[. tljpuhtplbkhHpfs; : tljpuhtplbkhHpfs; : tljpuhtplbkhHpfs; : tljpuhtplbkhHpfs; : ---- F%f;/ khy;njh/ gpuhFa;. - jpuhtplk; vd;w brhy;iyg; gad;ghl;ow;Ff; bfhz;L te;jth; fhy;Lbty;. - jkpiHa[k; mjd; fpisbkhHpfshd kiyahsk;/ bjY';F/ fd;dlk; Mfpa bkhHpfis xU fhyj;jpy; jkpspapd; my;yJ jKypf; vd;w miHj;jdh;. - jpuhtplk; vd;w brhy;ny jkpHpypUe;J cUthdJ vd;fpwhh; <uh!; ghjphpahh;. - jkpH; - jpukps - jpuhtpl - jpuhtplk; vd;W cUthapw;W vd;fpwhh; <uh!; ghjphpahh;.

jpuhtplk; -jpuhtpl - jpukps- jkp= எ*�

உ�வான எ*கிறா� கா�8ெவ�.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ---- 9999 ciueil : ciueil : ciueil : ciueil : ---- kiw kiyaofs; : (1870 kiw kiyaofs; : (1870 kiw kiyaofs; : (1870 kiw kiyaofs; : (1870 ---- 1950 )1950 )1950 )1950 ) Rthkp ntjhryk; vd;w bgaiuj; jkpH;gw;wpd; fhuzkhf kiwkiyaofs; vd khw;wp itj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;. - jdpj;jkpH; ,yf;fk; njhw;Wtpj;jth;. - Ky;iyg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp/ gl;odg;ghiy Muha;r;rp Fwp";rpg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp/ jpUf;Fws; Muha;r;rp/ rpt"hdnghj Muha;r;rp/ khzpf;fthrfh; tuyhWk; fhyKk;/ jkpHh; kjk;/ jpUthrf tphpt[iu Kjyhd E]y;fis vGjpa[s;shh;. nfhfpyhk;ghs; fojk;/ ehfehl;lurp Kjyhd g[jpd';fs; rpwg;g[ kpf;fd. jhk; elj;jpa; "hdnrfuk;vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia mwpt[f; fly; vd;W khw;wp mikj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;. ghpjpkhw;fiy"h; : (1878 ghpjpkhw;fiy"h; : (1878 ghpjpkhw;fiy"h; : (1878 ghpjpkhw;fiy"h; : (1878 ---- 1903)1903)1903)1903) tp.nfh. R{hpa ehuhazrh!;jphpghh; vd;w bgaiu ghpjpkhw;fiy"h; vd;W khw;wp mikj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;. (jhk; ,aw;wpa jdpg;ghjuj; bjhif vd;w E]ypy; khw;wpdhh;) gpwg;g[ : gpwg;g[ : gpwg;g[ : gpwg;g[ : kJiuia mLj;j tpshr;nrhp. bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : nfhtpe;j rptdhh; - ,yl;Rkp mk;khs;. kJiuj; jkpH;r';fk; : kJiuj; jkpH;r';fk; : kJiuj; jkpH;r';fk; : kJiuj; jkpH;r';fk; : ---- 4k; jkpH;r';fk; gh!;funrJgjp jiyikapy; ghz;oj;Jiuj; njth; Kd;dpiyapy; cUthdJ. ghpjpkhw;fiy"h; c.nt.rh. ,uhftdhh; Mfpa nguhrphpah;fs; cjtp bra;jdh;. - ahH;g;ghzk; rpit. jhnkhjudhh; - jpuhtpl rh!;jphp vd;w gl;lj;ij tH';fpdhh;. - %ghtjp/ fyhtjp Kjypa ehlf';fis ,aw;wpait. - rpj;jpuf;ftp vd;Dk; E]iy ,aw;wpdhh;. - FkuFUguhpd; ePjpbewptpsf;fj;jpw;F ciu vGjpath;. - ghpjpkhw;fiy"h;/ K.rp. g{h;zyp';fj;jpdhy; bjhl';fp elj;jg;gl;l "hdnghjpdp vd;Dk; ,jiH elj;jpdhh;. "hdnghjpdpapYk; - tpntf rpe;jhkzpapYk; jhd; vGjpatw;iw jkpH; tpahr';fs; vd;w bgahpy; btspapl;lhh;.

e.K. nt';flrhkp ehl;lhh; : ( 1884 e.K. nt';flrhkp ehl;lhh; : ( 1884 e.K. nt';flrhkp ehl;lhh; : ( 1884 e.K. nt';flrhkp ehl;lhh; : ( 1884 ---- 1964) : 1964) : 1964) : 1964) : ---- rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ mfehD]W/ jpUtpisahlw; g[uhzk; Mfpa E]y;fSf;F ciu.



- ef;fPuh;/ mfj;jpah;/ fgpyh; Ma;t[ E]y;fs;. - fs;sh; rhpj;jpuk; vd;w ciueil E]y;.

uh.gp. nrJg;gps;is : (1896 uh.gp. nrJg;gps;is : (1896 uh.gp. nrJg;gps;is : (1896 uh.gp. nrJg;gps;is : (1896 ---- 1961) : 1961) : 1961) : 1961) : ----

- brhy;ypd; bry;th; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. CUk;

ngUk;/ bre;jkp,k; bfhLe;jkp,k;/ jkpHpd;gk;/ jpUts;Sth; E]y;eak;/ rpyg;gjpfhu E]y;eak;/ jkpH; tpUe;J/ ntYk; tpy;Yk;/ jkpH;ehl;L etkzpfs;. - jkpH; ,d;gk; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; E]y; (1955) jpU.tp.f : jpU.tp.f : jpU.tp.f : jpU.tp.f : ---- jkpH;j; bjd;wy;. gpwg;g[: gpwg;g[: gpwg;g[: gpwg;g[: ---- brd;idf;F mUfpy; Js;sk;. 17.09.1953 Kjy; 26.08.1983. bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : ---- tpUj;jhrydhh;/ rpd;dk;ik -fjpiuntyhplk; jkpH; ,yf;fpak;/ irt rpj;jhe;jk; gapd;whh;. -,tUf;F tha;e;j ciueil kiy vd cah;e;jJ vd;fpwhh; bj.bgh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;. ciueilE]y;fs; :ciueilE]y;fs; :ciueilE]y;fs; :ciueilE]y;fs; : kdpj thH;f;ifa[k; fhe;jpaofSk;/ bgz;zpd; bgUik my;yJ thH;f;ifj; Jizeyk;. ,kakiy my;yJ jpahdk; KUfd; my;yJ mHF/ irtj;Jwt[/ irtj;jpd; rkurk;/ flt[l;; rhl;rpa[k; jha[khdtUk;/ ,uhkyp';f Rthkpfs; jpUt[s;sk; jkpH;ehLk; ek;khH;thUk;/ ehad;khh; tuyhW/ jkpH; E]y;fspy; bgsj;jk;/ fhjyh? Koah? rPh;jpUj;jkh? vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj/ ,e;jpaht[k; tpLjiya[k; jkpH;r;nrhiy/ cs;bshsp/ bra;a[s; E]y;fs; :bra;a[s; E]y;fs; :bra;a[s; E]y;fs; :bra;a[s; E]y;fs; : KUfd; mUs;ntl;ly;/ jpUkhy; mUs; ntl;ly;/ fpwp!;Jtpd; mUs; ntl;ly;/ mUfd; mUnf chpik ntl;ly;/ bghJik ntl;ly;/ bghUSk; mUSk; my;yJ khh;f;fpaKk; fhe;jpaKk;. ,jH;fs; :,jH;fs; :,jH;fs; :,jH;fs; : njrgf;jd;/ etrf;jp -jhd; jsuhj tajpy; K.t. cjtpa[ld; tsh;r;rpa[k; thH;t[k; my;yJ gLf;if gpjw;wy; btwpapl;lhh;.

itahg[hpg;gps;is :itahg[hpg;gps;is :itahg[hpg;gps;is :itahg[hpg;gps;is :

- jkpH; ngufuhjp gjpg;gpw;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jth;. -g[wj;jpul;L vd;w E]ypd; Mrphpah;.

-Ma;t[ bewpKiwfisj; jkp,�;F mwpKfk; bra;jth;. -M';fpyj;jpy; jkpH;bkhHp ,yf;fpa tuyhW vGjpath;. gilg;g[fs; :gilg;g[fs; :gilg;g[fs; :gilg;g[fs; : ,yf;fpa jPgk;/ ,yf;fpa cjak;/ ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;/ brhw;fiy tpUe;J/ fhyh';fhyk;/ jkpH;r;Rlh; kzpfs;/ jkpHh; gz;ghL/ ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;/ cyf ,yf;fpa';fs;.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ----10101010

c.nt. rhkpehj Iah;, bj.bgh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;. rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; - jkpH;g;gzp bjhlh;ghd bra;jpfs;. c.nt. rhkpehj Iah; :c.nt. rhkpehj Iah; :c.nt. rhkpehj Iah; :c.nt. rhkpehj Iah; : gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth%h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s cj;jk jhdg[uk; - 19.02.1855 - 28.04.1942 tiu ,aw;bgah; - nt';fluj;jpdk; Mrphpah; bgah; - kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is. Mrphpah; itj;j bgah; - rhkpehjd; - Mjdhy; mth; cj;jkjhdg[uk; bt';flRg;g[tpd; kfdhh; rhkpehjd;

vd;gjd; RUf;fnk உ.nt.rh vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. gjpg;gpj;j E]y;fs; : vl;Lj;bjhif -8 J]J -6 gj;Jg;ghl;L -10 btz;gh E]y;fs; -13 rPtfrpe;jhkzp -1 me;jhjp -3 rpyg;gjpfhuk; -1 guzp -2 kzpnkfiy -1 Kk;kzpj;njhif -2 g[uhz';fs; -12 ,ul;il kzpkhiy -2 cyh -9 gpw gpuge;j';fs; -4 nfhit -6

Fwp";rpg;ghl;ilg; gjpg;gpf;Fk; nghJ njkh�F/

brk;kzpF, bgU_';fpw;g{ vd;Dk; thpfs;

rpije;jpU(த;d. jUkg[u Mjpd klj;jpypUe;J

bgUKaw;rpf;F gpwF fpilj;த VLFspd; _yk; c.nt.rh fz;lwpe;J gjpg;gpj;jhh;. -thH;f;if tuyhW - vd; ehpjk; vd;w bgahpy; vGjpdhh; (bjhluhf Mde;j tpfldpy; vGjpdhh;) -c.nt.rh mth;fspd; epidthf 1942 -y; brd;id bgrd;l; efhpy; c.nt.rh. E]y; epiyak; bjhl';fg;gl;lJ ,d;Wk; bray;gLfpwJ.



-eLtiuR 2006-k; Mz;L m";ry; jiy btspaplhJ. bj.bgh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; :bj.bgh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; :bj.bgh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; :bj.bgh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; : (fhyk; 1901-1981) bjd;gl;odk;/ fh";rpg[uk;

khtl;lk;, je;ij - bghd;Drhkp fpuhkzp

gilg;g[fs;gilg;g[fs;gilg;g[fs;gilg;g[fs;:fhdy;thp/Fynrfuh;/Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak, ; gpwe;jJ vg;gonah Kjyhd ,tuJ E]y;fs;/ -kJiu fhkuh#h; gy;fiyf; fHfj;jpd; Kjy; Jiznte;jh; (1966-1971)

-1976-y; gj;kg{சd; tpUJ bgw;whh;. -bkhHp tpsf;f ,ay;JiwapYk;

xg;gpyf;fpaJiwapYk; ஈ8பCடா�. rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; :- ,aw;bgah; . rp. ,yl;Rkzd; gpwg;g[ : 17.11.1909 - 03.09.1973 bgw;nwhh; : rp';fhuntyh; - ,uj;;jpdk; mk;ikahh; gpwe;j ,lk; : tha;nkL/ ntjuhz;ak; tl;lk;/ ehfg;gl;ozk; khtl;lk;. bgw;w gl;l';fs; :- Kj;jkpH; fhtyh; - bre;jkpH; khkzp/ gapw;rp

bkhHpf; fhtyh; jkpHh; jsgjp, ,yf;fzr; brk;ky;/

jkpH; mhpkh/ ,Ugjhk; E]w;whz;L bjhy; fhg;gpah;/

,uz;lhk;ef;fPuh;/,Ugjhk;E]w;whz;L,s';nfhtofs;,Fws; bewpf;fhtyh;.

இத�க4: ச9க இல�கிய�, சி�கைத வ'வ�Z� ஓர9க நாடக9களாக�� ச9க�பாட�கைள அறி6க� ெச�தா�

பைட�<க�:

• இல��வனாG* ெதா�கா�ப�ய ஆ�� ெமாழிெபய��<� • ச9க இல�கிய ஆ�� • �றSைர• இல��வனாG* கவ�ைத� பைட�<க�


njt neag; ghthzh; :njt neag; ghthzh; :njt neag; ghthzh; :njt neag; ghthzh; : jkpHpd; bjhd;ikia cyfwpar; bra;jth; fhy;Lbty;/ jdpj;jkpGf;F tpj;jpl;lth; ghpjp khw;fiy"h; jkpiHj; jiHf;f bra;j brk;ky; kiwkiyaofs;. jkpiH Mbyd tsh;j;J khz;g[wr; bra;jth; njtneag; ghthzh;.

-bkhHp "hapW , jdpj;jkpH; Cw;W/ bre;jkpH; "hapW, ,yf;fpag; bgl;lfk;,,yf;fzr ;brk;ky;,jkpH; khd'; fhj;jth; vd;w milbkhHpfshy; miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. -cyf Kjd;bkhHp jkpH; : ,e;jpa bkhHpfSf;F _yKk; ntUk; jkpH;/ jpuhtpl bkhHpfSf;Fj; jha;bkhHp jkpH; vd epWtpah;. -cyfpd; Kjy; khe;jd; jkpHd; : jkpHd; njhd;wpa

,lk; Fkhpf; fz;lnk vd;gJk; bkhf9rjhuh/ Aug;gh ehfhpfk; gHe;jkpHh; ehfhpfk; vd;gJk; ghthzhpd; Tw;W. -jkpiH tlbkhHp ty;yhz;ikapypUe;Jk; kPl;gjw;fhfnt ,iwtd; vd;idg; gilj;jhd; vd;W Twpdhh;. bgw;nwhh; : "hdKj;J bgw;nwhh; : "hdKj;J bgw;nwhh; : "hdKj;J bgw;nwhh; : "hdKj;J ---- ghpg{uzk;ghpg{uzk;ghpg{uzk;ghpg{uzk; Ch; Ch; Ch; Ch; ---- r';fud; nfhtpy;r';fud; nfhtpy;r';fud; nfhtpy;r';fud; nfhtpy; thH;f;if : 07.02.1902 Kjy; 15.01.1981 tiuthH;f;if : 07.02.1902 Kjy; 15.01.1981 tiuthH;f;if : 07.02.1902 Kjy; 15.01.1981 tiuthH;f;if : 07.02.1902 Kjy; 15.01.1981 tiu ----bre;jkpH;r; bry;th;/ bre;jkpH; "hapW/ bre;jkpH;r; bry;th;/ bre;jkpH; "hapW/ bre;jkpH;r; bry;th;/ bre;jkpH; "hapW/ bre;jkpH;r; bry;th;/ bre;jkpH; "hapW/ jkpH;g;bgU';fhtyh; vd 174 rpwg;g[jkpH;g;bgU';fhtyh; vd 174 rpwg;g[jkpH;g;bgU';fhtyh; vd 174 rpwg;g[jkpH;g;bgU';fhtyh; vd 174 rpwg;g[g; bgah;fs;.g; bgah;fs;.g; bgah;fs;.g; bgah;fs;. njt neag; ghthzhpd; gilg;g[fs;: jkpH; tuyhW/ Kjy; jha;bkhHp/ jkpH;ehl;L

tpisahl;Lகs;/ jkpHh; jpUkzk;/ tlbkhHp tuyhW, jkpHh; kjk;/ kz;zpny tpz;/ gz;ilj; jkpHh; ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk;/ cah;juf; fl;Liu ,yf;fz

brhy;yhuhar;rpf; fl;Liufs;/ jpU�;Fws; பug;g[iu -brhw;gpwg;gpay; mfu Kjyp bjhFg;g[fis btsp bfhzh;e;jhh;. -njt neag; ghthzh; bgahpy; brd;id mz;zhrhiyapy; khtl;l ika E]yfk; bray;gLfpwJ. -ghthzh; nfhl;lk;/ mth; KG cUtr; rpiy/ mth; bgahpy; E]yfk; nghd;wit mth; gzpahw;wpa ,uhr ghisaj;jpw;F mUfpy; Kwk;g[ vd;w ,lj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. -05.01.1981 md;W kJiuapy; eilbgw;w Ie;jhtJ cyfj; jkpH; khehl;oy; “khe;jd; njhw;wKk; jkpHh; kug[k;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; mth; Mw;wpa brhw;bghHpt[ mthpd; filrp brhw;bghHpt[.

பாtynuW bgU";rpj;jpudhhtynuW bgU";rpj;jpudhhtynuW bgU";rpj;jpudhhtynuW bgU";rpj;jpudhh;

,aw;bgah; : Jiu khzpf;fk; Ch; - nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rKj;jpuk; bgw;nwhh; - Jiurhkp - F";rk;khs;



fhyk; - 10.03.1933 - 11.06.1995 E]y;fs; : fdpr;rhW/ Iia/ bfha;ahf; fdp/ ghtpaf; bfhj;J/ gs;spg; gwitfs;/ E]whrphpak; -ghnte;jh; ghujpjhrdpd; jiy khzhf;fh; ,jH;fs; : njd;bkhHp/ jkpH;r;rPl;L/ jkpH; epyk; gs;spg;gwitfs; vd;w E]y; F";RfSf;F/ gs;spg;gwitfs; vd;w E]y; F";RfSf;F/ gs;spg;gwitfs; vd;w E]y; F";RfSf;F/ gs;spg;gwitfs; vd;w E]y; F";RfSf;F/ gwitfSf;F/ kzpbkhHp khiygwitfSf;F/ kzpbkhHp khiygwitfSf;F/ kzpbkhHp khiygwitfSf;F/ kzpbkhHp khiy vd;Dk; _d;W gphpt[fshf mike;Js;sJ.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ----12121212 #p.a[.nghg;#p.a[.nghg;#p.a[.nghg;#p.a[.nghg; jkpH;j;bjhz;L KGg;bgah; - #pahh;#; a[f;nsh nghg; bgw;nwhh; - #hd; nghg; - bfjhpd; a[shg;

fhyk; : 24.4.1820 - 11.02.1908ப�ற(த இட�: gpuhd;R ehl;L vl;th;L jPt[ (,d;W fdlh) nghg;gpd; jikadhh; fpwpj;jt rkaj;ij gug;g[k; rka FUthfg; gzpahw;wpath;. -1842 Kjy; 1849 k; Mz;L tiu fy;tpg; gzpa[k; rkag; gzpa[k; Mw;wpa nghg;/ ,';fpyhe;Jf;F brd;whh;. 1850 k; Mz;oy; jpUkzk; bra;J kPz;Lk; jkpHhfk; te;jJ j";rht{hpy; rkag; gzpahw;wpdhh;.

-,e;jயpd; r";rpif/ ,e;jpahtpd; bjhy;bghUs; Ma;t[ Kjyhd VLfspy; g[wehD]W/ g[wg;bghUs; btz;gh khiy/ jkpH;g;g[yth; tuyhW nghd;wtw;iw vGjpdhh;.

-Elementary Tamil Grammer vd;w jkpH;,yf;fz E]y; btspapl;lhh;. -jkpH; M';fpy mfuhjp/ M';fpy mfuhjp/ M';fpyk; - jkpH; mfuhjp btspapl;lhh;. - jpUf;Fws;/ ehyoahh;/ jpUthrfk; g[wg;gbghUs; btz;gh khiy/ kzpnkfiy/ rpt"hd nghjj;ij M';fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgah;j;jhh;. -jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfh;/ xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. -jdJ fy;yiwapy; ,';nf xU jkpH; khztd; cw';fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhd; vd vGj ntz;Lbkd

jdJ ,WjpKறிapy; (capy;) vGjp itj;jhh;. tPukh Kdpth; :tPukh Kdpth; :tPukh Kdpth; :tPukh Kdpth; : ,aw;bgah; :- fhd;!;lhz;od; n#hrg; bg!;fp gpwg;g[ - ,j;jhyp ehL.

jkpH; bkhHpg; gw;wpdhy; fhd;!;lhz;'* எ*ற ெபயைர ைதGயனாத� எ*� மா�றி ைவ�தா�,தமி= அறிஞ�க� இதைன tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wp itj;தன�. ;

-njk;ghtzp ghoath; (,naRtpd; tsh;g;g[j; je;ijahd J]atsdhh; kPjhd ghly;) -rJufuhjp vd;w mfuKjypia jkpGf;F Kjd;

Kjyhf tH';fpdhh;. (rJh; - ehd;F. bgah;/ bghUs;/ bjhif/ bjhil vd;Dk; ehd;� epiy ெகா�ட. ,jdhy; jkpH; mfuhjpfspd; Kd;ndho vd;W miHf;fg;gLth;. -jkpH; vGj;J thp totj;ij jpUj;jp vGj;J rPh;jpUj;jk; bra;jhh;. -Fl;oj;bjhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; bjhd;D]y; tpsf;fj;ijg; gilj;jhh;. ,jdhy; bre;jkpH; njrpfd; vd miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. -fyk;gfk; mk;khid KJypa rpw;wpypaf;f';fis ,aw;wpdhh;. jpUf;fhty}h;f fyk;gfk;/ fpj;njhpak;kd; mk;khid/ milf;fy ehafp btz; fypg;gh/

md;id m,';fy; me;jhjp/ fUzhfug; gjpfk; Kjyhd rpw;wpyf;fpa';fis ,aw;wpa[s;shh;. - gukhh;j;j FU fij vd;Dk;eifr;Rit kpFe;j

fijia vGjpdhh;. ,J jkpழி* Kjy; vs;sy; ,yf;fpak;. -ngr;Rj; jkpH; gw;wp bfhLe;jkpH; ,yf;fzk; gilj;jth;.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ----13131313 bghpahh; : bjhz;L bra;J gGj;j gHk; J]ajho khh;gpy; tpGk; kz;ilr; Rug;ig cyF bjhGk; kdf;Fifapy; rpWj;ij vGk;

vd;W bghpahh; gw;wp

ghnte;jh; ghujpjhrd; ghoனhh;.

-bgz;Qhpik/ bgz;fSf;F brhj;Jhpik, bgz;fSf;F muRg; gzp nghd;wtw;iw typa[Wj;jpdhh;. -_l ek;gpf;iffs; njitaw;w rl';Ffis vjph;j;jhh;. -kzf;bfhil kWg;g[/ ifk;ik xHpg;g[ ( tpjitfs; kWkzk;) nghd;wtw;iw typa[Wj;jpdhh;. -xGf;fbkd;gJk;/ fw;bgd;gJk; Mz;fs;/ bgz;fs;

இ�வ��;Fk; bghவாf ,U�fl;L�; vd;whh;.



mz;zh :mz;zh :mz;zh :mz;zh : -jpuhtpl Kd;ndw;wf; fHfj;ij bjhl';fpath; -1967 Kjy; 1969 tiu Kjyikr;rh; rpWfijfs; :-

gyhgyd;/ :L_";rp/ md;djhdk;/ nga;/

Xopg;nghr;R/ ,Uguk;giufs;/ Njho, brt;thiH

j";ir tPH;r;rp/ ப�o rhk;gy;/ g[yp efk;/ uh#hjp uh#h brhh;f;fj;jpy; eufk;. ehty;fs; :

Fkhpf;nfhl;lk; , ghh;tjp gp.V, ர'nfhd; uhjh/ கnghjpg[uf; fhjy;/Fமh!;jhtpd; bgz;/ fyp';fuhzp. ehlf';fs; : ePjp njtd;kaf;fk;/ re;jpunkhfd;/ Xh; ,ut[/ ntiyf;fhhp/ re;jpnuhjak;/ ,d;g xsp/ brhh;f;f thry;/ fz;zhapuj;jpd; cyfk;. foj ,yf;fpak; - jkgpf;F (K.t.t[k; jk;gpf;F vd

foj இலf;fpak; vGjpath;.) Ma;t[ E]y;fs; brhw;bghHpt[fs; : V jhH;e;j jkpHfnk: jkpHhpd; kWkyh;r;rp/ Nhpa khia/ nuhkhpg[hp uhzpfs;/ fk;gurd;/ jP gutl;Lk;. ,jH;fs; : jpuhtpl ehL/ fh";rp

gRk;bghd; Kj;Juhkyp';fj; njth;gRk;bghd; Kj;Juhkyp';fj; njth;gRk;bghd; Kj;Juhkyp';fj; njth;gRk;bghd; Kj;Juhkyp';fj; njth;

bgw;nwhh; : cf;fpu ghz;oad; - ,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahh; fhyk; : 30.10.1908 Kjy; 30.10.1963 Mrphpah; - Fiwtw thrpj;jhd; gps;is jkpH;/ M';fpyk; ty;yik bgw;wth;/ rpyk;gk; Fjpiu Vw;wk;/ Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;/ nrhjplk;/ kUj;Jtk; nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;wwpe;jth;. -epyf;fpHhh; xHpg;g[/ Mya EiHt[ nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kd;dpd;wth;. -rkge;jp Kiwia Cf;fkspj;jhh;. Fw;wg;guk;giur; rl;lj;ij ePf;fpg; ghLg;gl;lhh;. -M';fpnya muR tl ,e;jpahtpy; jpUfUf;F thag;g{l;Lr; rl;lk; nghllJ nghy; bjd;dhl;oy; jpyfUf;F ,l;lJ. -njrpak;fhj;j brk;ky; vd;W jpU.tp.fh ,tiug; ghuhl;oa[s;shh;.

-1937/ 1946/1952/1957/1962 njh;jy;fspy; btw;wp bgw;wth;. -bja;tPfk;/ njrpak; vd ,uz;ila[k; ,U fz;fshfg; nghw;wpath;. -ntjhe;j gh!;fh;/ gp[uzt nfrhp/ rd;khh;f;f

rz;lkhUj,; ,e;J g[j rka nkij vdg; ghuhl;L bgw;wth;. -tpntfhde;jhpd; J]juhf/ nejh#papd; jsgjpahf rj;jpa rPyuhf/. KUfgf;uhf/ Md;kPf g[j;uhf jkpHghLk; rpj;juhf/ bjd;ghz;or; rPikapd; KoNlh kd;duhf ePjp tHth neh;ikahsuhf/ g[yikapy; fgpyuhf typikapy; fhpfhydhf bfhilapy; fh;zzhf gf;jpapy; gukAk;ruhf ,e;jpaj; jhapd;

ed;மகனாக thH;e;jth; Kj;Juhkyp';fh;. kdpjdpd; kdepiyia ,Us;/ kUs;/ bjUs;/ mUs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mk;ngj;fh; :mk;ngj;fh; :mk;ngj;fh; :mk;ngj;fh; : ,aw;bgah; : gPkhuht; uhk;#P bgw;nwhh; : ,uhk;#p rf;ghy; - gPkhgha; fhyk; - 14.4.1891 - 6.12.1956 Kjy; chpikg; nghh; : 1927 khh;r; 20 kuhl;oaj;jpy; kfhj;Jk Fsj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l jz;zPh; vLf;Fk; nghuhl;lk; tl;lnkir khehL : 1930 Kjy; khel;oy; “miutapw;Wf; f";;rpf;F my;yw;gLk; Cikfspd; cWg;gpddhf ehd; ngRfpnwd;. vd;W jd; fUj;ijj; bjhl';fpdhh;. _d;W tl;lnkir khehLFspy; fye;J bfhz;lhh;. -murpay; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; vGth; FGtpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpw;fhd rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;. -1946-y; kf;fs; fy;tpf; fHfj;ijj; bjhl';fpdhh; ,d;W rpj;jhh;j;jh cah; fy;tp epiyakhf tsh;r;rp mile;Js;sJ. -,th; vGjpa “,e;jpahtpd; njrpa g';F tPjk;” vd;w E]y; bghUshjhuj;jpy; ,tUf;F cs;s g[yikia btspg;gLj;jpaJ. -mk;ngj;fh; cyfj; jiyth;fSs; xUth;. gFj;jpwt[r; brk;ky;. Muha;r;rpapd; rpfuk;/ kf;fspd; khbgUk; tHpfhl;o vd;W bghpahh; ghuhl;oa[s;shh;.



-1990 -k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR ghuj uj;dh tpUJ tH';fpaJ.

fhkuh#h;fhkuh#h;fhkuh#h;fhkuh#h; bgw;nwhh; : Fkhurhkp rptfhkp mk;ikahh; fhyk; - 15.07.1903 Kjy; 2.10.1972 bka;fz;lhd; g[j;jfrhiy vd;w E]y; epiyak;

brd;W ,bydpd;,fhpghy;o/beg;nghypad; Mfpnahhpd; thH;f;if tuyhw;iwg; goj;jhh;. -,sikapy; fh';fpurpy; nrh;e;jhh;. irkd; FG vjph;g;g[/ cg;g[ rj;jpahfpufk;/ bts;isand btspnaW Mfpa nghuhl;l';fspy; g';F bfhz;lhh;. -1939-y; jkpH;ehl;Lf; fh';fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiyth; -1945 -y; gpufhrk; mikr;ruit/ nk1947-y; xke;J]h;,uhkrhkp ,ikr;ruita[k; 1949 Fkhurhkp mikr;ruit cUthff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;. mjdhy; jiyth;fis cUThf;Fgth; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lhh;. -1954-y; Kjyikr;rh; gjtp 1963-y; gjtpia tpl;L tpyfpdhh; (fhkuhrh; jpl;lk; _yk;) bjhHpy; Kd;ndw;wk; : -fpz;o mk;gj;J]h;/ ,uhzpg;ngl;il Kjypa ,l';fspy; bjhHpw;nghl;ilfs; mikj;jy;. -bea;ntyp epyf;fhp Ru';fj; bjhHpw;rhiy/ ,e;J!;jhd; nghl;nlh gpypk; bjhHpw;rhiy/ fpz;o mWitr; rpfpf;irf; fUtpj;bjhHpw;rhiy/ rh;f;fiu Miy/ nrhlh cg;g[j; bjhHpw;rhiy/ rpbkz;l; bjhHpw;rhiy/ Mto ,uapy;nt thfdj; bjhHpw;rhiy/ nkl;^h;f; fhfpjj;bjhHpw;rhiy Kjypad ,tuJ Ml;rpapy; bjhl';fpd. -ntshz;ikf;bfd ghrd trjpfs; bra;ag;gl;ld. -,th; fhyj;jpy; Tl;Lwt[ ,af;fk; nt%d;wpaJ. fy;tpg; g[ul;rp : -bjhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; kjpa czt[j; jpl;lk; -gs;sp ntiy ehl;fs; 180-y;,Ue;J 200 ehl;fshf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. -gs;sp rPuikg;g[ khehLfs; -cah;epiyg; gs;sp tiu ,ytrf; fy;tp -xt;bthU khtl;lj;jpYk; bjhHpw; El;gf; fy;Y]hp bjhl';fg;gl;lJ. -j";rht{h;g; gz;izahs; ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lj;ij jpUj;jp rhFgo bra;a[k;bjhHpyhspf;F 60% g';F fpilf;f tHptif bra;jhh;.

-1963 -y; g[tndRth; khel;oy; mfpy ,e;jpa fh';fpuR jiyth;

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ----14141414 jkpHfk; jkpHfk; jkpHfk; jkpHfk; ---- CUk; ngUk;CUk; ngUk;CUk; ngUk;CUk; ngUk;

,aw;inahL ,iae;J thH;e;j jkpH; kf;fs; jh';fs; thH;e;j gFjpf;F Ch; vd;W bgahpl;ldh;. -ghgpnyhd; mUfpy; Ch; vd;Dk; bgahpy; xU efuKk; Ch; ek;K vd;Dk; CUk; cs;sJ. -epytiff; nfw;g fhl;^h;/ kiyas{h;/ kUJ]h;/ flY]h; vdg; bgahpl;ldh;. Fwp";rp epy Ch;fs; :Fwp";rp epy Ch;fs; :Fwp";rp epy Ch;fs; :Fwp";rp epy Ch;fs; :---- kiyapd; mUnf cs;s Ch;fSf;F Midkiy/ rpWkiy/ jpUtz;zhkiy/ ehfkiy/ ts;spkiy/ tpuhypkiy vdg; gy Ch;fs; cs;sd. Fd;iw mLj;Js;s Ch;fs; Fd;W]h; Fd;wj;J]h;/ Fd;wf;Fo vd tH';fg;gLfpwJFl;lg; ghiw/ rpg;gpg; ghiw/ g{k;ghiw/ kl;lg;ghiw/ kzg;ghiw thy;ghiw vdg; bgah;fs; cs;sd. -kiyia Fwpf;Fk; tlr;brhy; fphp. ,jidbahl;o fpU\;zfphp nfhj;jfphp/ rptfphp/ epyfphp vd cs;sd. -Fwp";rp epy kf;fs; gpw ,l';fspy; j';fpa nghJk; jk; epyg; bgaiu kwf;fhJ MH;thh;Fwpr;rp/ fy;ypilf; Fwpr;rp/ fs;sf;Fwpr;rp/ bkhlf; Fwpr;rp vdg; bgahpl;lLs;sdh;. Fwp";rp vd;Dk; brhy;ny kUtp Fwpr;rpahapw;W. Ky;iy epy Ch;fs; : mj;jp (Mh;) ku';fs; NHe;j Ch; Mh;f;fhL vdt[k;/ My ku';fs; epiwe;j Ch; My';fhL vdt[k; fshr; bro epiwe;j gFjp fshf;fhL ,nj nghy; kh';fhL/ gidag[uk;/ fhl;od; eLtpy; thH;e;j kf;fs; tpy';Ffspy; ,Ue;J jk;ikf; fhghgw;w ntyp fl;og; ghJfhj;jdh;. mt;t{h;fs; gl;o gho vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwJ. Ml;ilahk;gl;o/ fhspg;gl;o/ nfhtpy;gl;o/ rpWTly;gl;o/ rpd;d bfhy;gl;o/ bghpa bfhy;gl;o Kjypa Ch;fs; cs;sd. kUj epy Ch;fs; : epy tsKk; ePH; tsKk; gaph; tsKk; brwpe;j kUjeyf; FoapUg;g[k; Ch; vd;nw tH';fg;gl;lJ. -MW gha[k; Ch; Mw;W]h; ,J kUtp Mj;J]h; vd tH';FfpwJ.



-flk;gkuk; NH;e;j gFjp flk;g{h;/ flk;gj;J]h; -bjd;id NH;e;j gFjp bj';Th; g[spaku';fs; NH;e;j gFjp g[spa';Fo/ g[spa';Fsk;/ g[spak;gl;o vd;W cs;sJ. -Fsk; Vhp/ CUzp Kjypa ePh; epiyfis cUthf;fp mtw;nwhL Ch;g;bgah;ifs[ak; ,izj;jdh;. rPtyg;nghp/ g[spa';Fsk;/ nguht{uzp/ kh';Fsk;/ ntg;nghp vd;gd rpy. bea;jy; epy Ch;fs; : flw;fiuapy; cUthd ng%h;fs; gl;odk; vdt[k; rpw;W]h;fs; ghf;fk; vdt[k; bgah; bgw;wpUe;jd. beoa flw;fiuia cila efh;fs; fPHf;fiu/ nrhoaf;fiu ePyh';fiu vdg; bgah; bgw;wd. kPdth; thHkpl';fs; Fg;gk; vd;Dk; bgaiug; bgWfpd;wd. muRk; Ch;fSk; : nfhl;il/ NHtpUe;j Ch;fns fe;jh;tf;nfhl;il/ nfhl;il/ njtf;nfhl;il/ ehl;lurd;nfhl;il/ ePyf;nfhl;il/ gl;Lf;nfhl;il/ g[Jf;nfhl;il/ vdg; gy Ch;fs; cs;sd. jpir : jpirapd; go fPGh;/ nkY]h;/ bjd;gH";rp/ tlgH";rp ghisa';fs; : ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; 72 ghisa';fshf ehl;il Mz;ldh;. mjd;go Mug;ghisak;/ ,uhrg;ghisak;/ fzf;fk; ghisak;/ Fkhughisak;/ nkl;Lg;ghisak; vdt[k; gy. -fhyg;nghf;fpy; bgah;fs; gy rpije;J ngha[s;sd. -fy;btl;Lfspy; cs;s kjpiu kUijahf khwp kJiuahf khwpaJ. nfhtd;g[j;J]h; nfhak;g[j;J]h; Mf khwp,d;W nfhitahd khwpa[s;sJ.


cyfshtpa jkpHh;fs;cyfshtpa jkpHh;fs;cyfshtpa jkpHh;fs;cyfshtpa jkpHh;fs; fy njhd;wp kz;njhd;whf; fhyj;nj thbshL Kd;njhd;wp _j;j Fo

-g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy.

-154 ehLfspy; jkpHpdk; gutpa[s;sJ 20 ehLfspy; ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; nkw;gl;l jkpHh;fs; thH;fpd;wdh;. jkpHh; g[yk; bgauf; fhuz';fs; :

jpiuflnyhoa[k; jputpak; njL vd;whh;

xsitahh; rhJவd; thzpgk; bra;a[k; bghUl;L

fly; fle;J brd;w Fwpg;g[ kzpnkfiyapy; உ�ள. M';fpnyah;fs;/ gpyp"Rf;fhuh;fs; jkpHh;fis moikfshf;fp Typfshf gy ehLfSf;Fk; miHj;Jr; brd;wdh;. g";rj;jpd; fhuzkhft[k; me;epyg; gilbaLg;gpd; fhuzkhft[k; jkpHfj;ij tpl;LR; brd;whh;fs;. gz;ghl;L epiy : rp';fg;g{h;/ knyrpah/ gpdh';Fj;jPt[ Mfpa jPt[fspy; nfhtpy;fs; fl;o tHPghL bra;fpd;wdh;. rpwpa hPa{dpad; jPtpy; bgUk;ghd;ik jkpHh;fns mth;fs; gpbu";Rf;fhuhh;fshy; g[Jr;nrhp/ fhiuf;fhy; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J Foakh;j;jg;gl;lth;fs;. bkhHpepiy :

,y';ifapy; 95% f;F ngh; bjhlf;fg;gs;sp Kjy; gy;fiyf;fHfk; tiu jkpHpnyna fy;tp gapy;fpd;wdh;. g[Jr;nrhp/ rp';fg;g{h;/ bkhhprpaR/ knyurpah/ gp#pj;jPt[fs;/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/ fdlh/ gphpl;ld; Mfpa ehLfspy; jkpH; xU ghlkhff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. -mbkhpf;f ehl;Lg; nguhrphpah;fs; tp.v!.;,uh#d;. #hh;#;.vy;.Ahh;l;;/ bfsry;ah Ahh;l;/ rpk;.ypz;l; nAhk;/ ,e;jpuh/ ehh;kd;/ Ahy; rpg;nkd;/ lgps;a{/ Fnshj;jp/ n#k;!; gpuh';nfh/ kiwe;j nguhrphpah; V.nfh. ,uhkD#k; Kjypnahh;

jமி,�;Fj;bjhz;lhw;wp cs;sdh;. jkpH; Ml;rpbkhHp : ,y';if/ rp';fg;g{h;/ knyrpahtpy; Ml;rp bkhHpahf cs;sJ.


jkpH;bkhHpapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs; jkpH;bkhHpapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs; jkpH;bkhHpapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs; jkpH;bkhHpapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs;

Md;k ,ay; ngRk; jpUthrfk; வ��ண�யiya[k; ngRfpwJ.

“mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;fk;

msg;gUe;j jd;ik tsg;bgU';fhl;rp xd;wDf; bfhd;W ePd;bwHpy; gfhd;

E]w;bwhU nfhoapd; nkw;gl tphpe;jd”. ,e;jg;

ghlypy; bgUbtog;g[f; bfhs;ifapd; go nguz;lk; tphpe;J epw;gij khzpf;fthrfh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.



- cyfk; vd;w brhy; cyt[ vd;gjd; moahfg; gpwe;jJ. cyt[ vd;why; Rw;Wjy; vd;W bghUs; vydk; jd;ida[k; "hapiwa[k; Rw;wp tpLfpwJ. -"hyk; vd;w brhy; "hy; vd;Dk; brhy;ygoahfg; gpwe;jJ. ‘"hy;’ vd;why; bjh';Fjy; vd;W bghUs; cyfk; gw;Wf; nfhod;wp mz;lbtspapy; bjh';Ftij Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. -tytd; Vth thD]h;jp (g[wk; -27) tpkhdp ,y;yhj tpkhdj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J braw;iff; nfhshf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. -thdj;jpy; fhw;wpy;yhg; gFjpa[k; cz;L vd;gij “twpJ epiy ,a fhaKk;” (g[wk; 30) vd;w ghly; thp czh;j;Jk;. - fUk;igg; gpHptjw;Fk; ve;jpu';fs; ,Ue;jjhf gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; “jPk;gpHp ve;jpuk; ge;jy; tUe;j” vd;w thpapd; _yk; czuyhk;. - epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePiu cwp";rp ,iwf;Fk; MH;Jis fpzW me;jf; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;gij “me;jf; nfzpa[k; ve;jpuf; fpzWk;” vd;Dk; bgU';fij thpapd; _yk; czuyhk;. bgU';fijapy; tUk; ve;jpahid fpnuf;f bjhd;kj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ouha; nghUld; ,izj;Jg; ngrg;gLk; ve;jpuf; Fjpiua[ld; xj;jJ.

fdpkவ�ay; mwpt[ : rpyg;gjpfhuk; gy;tif kzpfisa[k; mjd; jd;ikfisa[k; tpsf;FfpwJ. Ch; fhz; fhijahy; “xUikj; njhw;wj;J IntW tdg;gpd; ,y';Ffjph; tpLck; ey';bfG kzpfSk;” vd;Dk; thpfspy; Itif kzpfSk; xsptpLk; jpwj;jdhy; btt;ntW bgah;fisg; bgw;whYk; mtw;wpd; _yg;bghUs; xd;nw. kz;zpay; mwpt[ : epwj;jpd; mog;gilapy; brk;kz; vd;Dk; (,jidr; brk;g[yg; bgay; ePh; nghy vd;Dk; FWe;bjhif thp czh;j;Jk;)cth; epyk;/ kpFe;j ePiug; bgw;wpUe;Jk; gad;jUtjpy;iy. ,jid “mfy;tply; bghHpe;Jk; cWkplj; Jjth cth;epyk;” vd;Dk; g[wehD]w;W thpfs; g[yg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vjw;F gad;glh epyk; fsh;epyk; ,jidg; gapthf; fsuidaph; fy;yhjth;” vd;fpwh; jpUts;qh; mDtpay; mwpt[ :

mQitg; gphpf;f Koa[k; vd;w fUj;J gy fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ng jkpHpy; ,lk; bgw;W cs;sJ. “xsit- mQitj; Jisj;J VH;fliyg; g[fl;o” vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. fk;gh; - Xh; mQtpidf; rj Twpl;l nfhzpDk; Cd;” vd;W Fwpg;gpLFpwhh;. ePhpay; mwpt[ : ePh; kiHahf kz;zpw;F tUtJk; Mtpahfp tpz;zpw;Fr; bry;tJkhd RHw;rp vf;fhyj;Jk; epfH;e;J bfhz;oUg;gJ ,jid jpUts;qth;. “beL';flYk; jd;dPh;ik Fd;Wk; joe;bjHpyp jhd;ey;fh jhfp tpod;”.

Fws; :17 vd;w Fwspy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh; kUj;Jt mwpt[ : “clk;gpd; mHptpd; capuhh; mHpth;” vd;ghh; jpU_yh;. “kUe;jhfpj;jg;gh kuj;jw;why;” vd;Dk; jpUf;Fws; thp/ jkpH; kUj;Jtj;jpd; bjhd;ikia vGj;jpak;g[k; kUe;bjd ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUe;jpahJ mw;wJ nghw;wp czpd; .

-Fws; .942 vd;w Fws; kUj;Jt cz;ikiaj; bjhptpf;fpwJ. mWit kUj;Jtk; : fz;zpke; jg;gpa fz;zg;gd; tuyhW CDf;F Cd; vd;w bra;jpiaa[k;/ “clk;gpil njhd;wpw; bwhd;iw mWj;jjd; cjpuk; Cw;w mly; cwr;Rl;L ntnwhh; kUe;jpdhy; Jauk; jPh;th;” vd;Dk; fk;gh; thf;F. mWit kUj;JTj;ij bka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. -kzpnkfiyapd; njhHp Rkjpapd; je;ijia khL Kl;oajhy; mthpd; Fly; rhpe;jJ rhpe;j Fliyg; g[j;jj; Jwtpah; rhp bra;j bra;jpia kzpnkfiy vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. -jpUthrf thpfspy; tUk; “g[y;yhfpg; g{lha;” vd;w thpfs; _yk; ghpzhk tsh;r;rp fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ----17171717 jkpH; kfsphpd; rpwg;g[ : md;dp bgrd;l; mk;ikahh;/ _tY]h; uhkhkph;jk;khs;/ lhf;lh;. Kj;Jyl;Rkp bul;o tpLjiyg; nghuhl;lj;jpy; kfsph; g';F (jpy;iyaho / ts;spak;ik/ uhzp k';fk;khs;. jpy;iyaho ts;spak;ik : bgw;nwhh; : KDrhkp - k';fsk;



KDrhkp - g[Jr;nrhpapy; thH;e;jth; k';fsk; - jpy;iyahoapy; gpwe;jth; KDrhkp - k';fsk; n#hfd;!;gh;f;/ bjd; Mg;ghpf;fh gpiHg;g[j; njor; brd;W fha;fwp fil elj;jpdh; ,th;fSf;F kfshf 1898 -y; ts;spak;ik gpwe;jhh;.

-fpwpj;jt kj rl;lg;go eilbgwhj தி�மண9க� ; bry;Yg;goahfhJ vd;W bjd;dhg;gphpf;f ePjpkd;wk; 1913-y; xU jPh;g;ig btspapl;lJ. ,jdhy; m';fpUe;j

,e;jpah;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,jid எதி�� நட(த ேபாராCட�ைத fhe;jpaofs; jiyiknaw;W elj;jpdh;. 23.12.1913-y; thyf;!;u!;l;thyf;!;u!;l;thyf;!;u!;l;thyf;!;u!;l; vd;w ,lj;jpy; eilbgw;w nguhl;lj;jpy; ts;spak;ik ifJ bra;ag;gl;L _d;W khj fL';fhty; jz;lid bgw;whh;. 1914 gpg;guthp 22 md;W jdJ 16 tajpy; kuzk; mile;jhh;. ,e;j kuzk; gw;wp fhe;jp Fwpg;gpLk; nghJ “vd;Dila rnfhjhpapd; kuzj;ij tplt[k; ts;spak;ikapd; kuzk; vdf;Fg; nghpoahf ,Ue;jJ” vd;W fhe;jpaofd; kdk; tUe;jpdhh;. -rj;jpaj;jpw;fhf cah;ePj;j mtUila cUtk; vd; fz;Kd; epw;fpwJ. ek;gpf;if jhd; mtuJ Ma[jk;” vd;W jpy;iyaho ts;spak;ik Fwpj;J ,e;jpa;d xg;gPdpad; ,jHpy; fhe;jpaofs; vGjpa[s;shh;. -bjd;dhg;gphpf;f tuyw;wpy; ts;spak;ikapd; bgah; vd;Wk; epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;W fhe;jpaofs;/ bjd;dhg;gphpf;f rj;jpah fpufk; vd;w E]ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,uhzp k';fk;khs;,uhzp k';fk;khs;,uhzp k';fk;khs;,uhzp k';fk;khs; jkpH;ehl;oy; ehaf;fh; kugpy; bgz;fs; Ko No Ml;rp bra;atpy;iy. Mdhy; fhghg;l;rahsuhf Ml;rpg[hpe;J cs;sdh;. ,jw;F ehd;whf cs;sth; ,uhzp k';fk;khs;. kJiuia Mz;l brhf;fehj ehaf;fhpd; kidtp ,uhzp k';fk;khs;. jdJ kfd; mu';f fpU\;zKj;J tPug;gDf;F cjtpahy; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf fztd; ,we;j gpd;g[ cld; fl;il Vwhky; ,Ue;jhh;. ,tuJ kfd; ,we;jgpd;g[ fp.gp.1688-y; bgaud; tprau';fr; brhf;fehjd; bgaustpy; mhpaizapy; Vw;wg;gl;lhd; ghl;o k';fk;khs; fhg;ghl;rpahsuhf Ml;rpg; bghWg;gpid Vw;whh;. k';fk;khs; mwr; bray;fs; :

kf;fs; eyk;ngQk; ey;y gzpfisf; k';fk;khs; bra;Js;shh;. kJiuapy; md;dr; rj;jpuk; fl;odhh;. g[jpa rhiyfs; gy mikj;jhh;. fd;dpaFkhhpf;F kJiuf;Fk; ,ilna mike;j beL";rhiy k';fk;khs; rhiy vd miHf;fg;LfpwJ Fjpiufs; gRf;fs;/ fhisfs; Kjypad ePh; mUe;Jtjw;F trjpahfr; rhiynahu';fspy; jz;zPh; bjhl;o jpwf;f Mizapl;lhh;. -kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; nfhtpypy; Mdpj; jp';fspy; C";ry; jpUtpHh eilbgw Vw;ghL bra;jhh;. -kj;jpar; re;ij/ kJiuf; fy;Y]hp cah;epiyg; gs;spf; fl;olk; ,uhkehjg[u khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiythpd; giHa mYtyfk; Kjypatw;iw k';fk;khs; fl;oajhff; TWth;. jkpHfj;jpd; md;dpbgrd;l;:jkpHfj;jpd; md;dpbgrd;l;:jkpHfj;jpd; md;dpbgrd;l;:jkpHfj;jpd; md;dpbgrd;l;: mwp"h; mz;zh mth;fshy; jkpHfj;jpd; md;dpbgrd;l; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lth; _tY]h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;. fhyk; - gpwg;g[ - 1883 ,wg;g[ - 27.06.1982 -njtjhrpfs; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. njtjhrp Kiwia xHpf;f mUk;ghLgl;lhh;. Rak;g[ vd;gtiu kze;jhh;. -1917 -y; Kjy; nghuhl;ly; - kapyhLJiwapy; njtjhrp Kiwia xHpf;f nghuhl;lk;. -njtjhrp Kiwia xHpf;f ,tUld; bghpahh;/ jpU.tp.f. tujuh#@Y/ jUkhk;khs;/ ePyhk;gpif/ kyh; Kfj;jk;ikahh;/ jhkiuf; fz;zpak;ikahh; nghd;nwhh; ,ize;J ghLg;gl;ldh;. 01938-y; bkhHpg;nghh; nguzpapy; ciwa{h; (jpUr;rp) Kjy; brd;id tiu fye;J bfhz;l xnu bgz; (42 ehs; eilgazk;) -1989 Kjy; _tY]h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikad; bgahpy; ViH bgz;fSf;fhd jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lk; bray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

0#(ல;8மி ெர;7

(1886 - ;ைல 22, 1968) <�ேகாCைட, தமி=நா8) இ(தியாவ�� ஒ� 6*ேனா'� ெப� ம��வ�, சTக� ேபாராள4,

தமிழா�வல�. இவ� 1912 ஆ� ஆ�8 ெச*ைன ம��வ� க�2Gய�� இ�( பCட� ெப�� ம��வU

ேசைவயா�றினா�

சNக+பணி

• 1926-ஆ� ஆ�8 43 நா8கள4* ப�ரதிநிதிக� கல( ெகா�ட அகில உலக� ெப�க� மாநா8, ப�ரா*: நாC8� தைலநக� பாwசி� நைடெப�ற .அதி�



இ(தியாவ�* சா�ப�� 6�லC:மி ெரC' கல(

ெகா�டா� .அ*ைறய ெச*ைன மாகாண சCடசைப�� 6�லC:மி ேத�(ெத8�க�பCடா� .

அத* Tல� சCடம*ற�� ேத�(ெத8�க�பCட 6த� ெப�மண� எ*ற ெப�ைம ெப�றா�.

• 1925-ஆ� ஆ�8 சCடசைப� ைண�தைலவராக� ேபாC'ய�*றி ேத�(ெத8�க�பCடா�.., ேதவதாசி 6ைற ஒழி�<, இ�தார தைடU சCட�,

ெப�கS��U ெசா�Gைம வழ9�� சCட�,

பா�ய வ�வாக9கைள தைட ெச�M� சCட�

ேபா*ற சCட9கள4ைன� ெகா�8வர பா8பCடா�.

• அனாைத �ழ(ைதகS�� ந�ல எதி�கால�ைத உ�வா�க அ]ைவ இ�ல� அைடயாறி� அைம�தவ� 6�லC:மி.

• அைடயா� <��ேநா� ம��வமைன��

ப�ரதம� ேந� 1952-ஆ� ஆ�8 அ�ேடாப� மாத�தி� அ'�க� நாC'னா�.

வி�(க4

6�லC:மிய�* ேசைவகS�காக ம�திய அர: ப�ம

Fஷ� வ�� ெகா8� ெகௗரவ��த.


jkpHh; tzpfk; jkpHh; tzpfk; jkpHh; tzpfk; jkpHh; tzpfk; ---- bjhy;ypay; Ma;t[fs; bjhy;ypay; Ma;t[fs; bjhy;ypay; Ma;t[fs; bjhy;ypay; Ma;t[fs; ---- flw;gaz';fs; jkpHhpd; flw;gaz';fs; jkpHhpd; flw;gaz';fs; jkpHhpd; flw;gaz';fs; jkpHhpd; flw;gzk;flw;gzk;flw;gzk;flw;gzk;

“jpiufly; Xoa[k; jputpak; njL” vd;w xsitahhpd; thf;F kw;Wk; fdpad; g{';Fd;wdhhpd; “ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;” vd;Dk; bkhHpa[k; jkpHh;fspd; cyfshtpa rpe;jidf;Fk; gd;dhl;LJ;bjhlh;g[f;Fk; rhd;Wfs;. -bjhy;fhg;gpak; flwgazj;ij “Ke;ePh; tHf;fk;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. bjhy;fhg;gpak; bghUsjpfhuj;jpy; bghUs;tapw;gphpt[ ,uz;L tifahd gphpthf fhy; (jiu tHpg;ghpjy;) fyj;jpy; (ePh;tHpg; gphpjy;) gphpt[ vd ,Utifahd gphptpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

-jkpHh;fs; nkw;nf கிhPR/ cnuhk;/ vfpg;J Kjy; fpHf;nf rPdk; tiuapy; fly;tHp tzpfj; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUe;jdh;. vfpg;J ghy!;jPdk;/ bkfgnlhkpah/ ghgpnyhdpah/ rPdk; Kjypa ehLfs; jkpHhpd; bghUl;fis tpUk;gpg; bgw;wd. VyKk; ,yt';fKk;

kpsFk; nkw;fhrpa ehLfspy; ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;fg;gl;ld. jkpHh; fpnuf;fiua[k; cnuhkhdpaiua[k; atdh; vd miHj;jdh;. fg;gy; : fyk; bra; fk;kpah; vd;w bjhHpyhsh;fs; fg;gy;fisf; fl;odh;. kUj epy murdJ nfhl;ilahdJ eLf;flypy; bry;Yk; fg;gYf;F ctikahf g[wehD]w;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. -MHp/ Mh;fy;/ Ke;ePh;/ thuzk;/ bgstk;/ ghiu g[zhp nghd;wit fliyf; Fwpf;Fk; jkpH;r; brhw;fs;. -fg;gy; / fyk;/ fl;Lkuk;/ ehtha;/ glF/ ghprpy;/ g[iz/ njhzp/ bjg;gk;/ jpkpy;/ mk;gp/ t'fk;/ kpjit g~wp/ xlk; vd;gJ - kuf;fyj;jpw;fhd jkpHpy; cs;s gy bgah;fs;. flypy; bry;Yk; ghpa fg;gy; ehtha; vdg;gLk;. g[fhh; eufj;jpy; epWj;jg;gll ehtha;fs;. miyfshy; miyg;g[z;L jwpapy; fl;lg;gl;l ahid mirtJ nghy; mire;jd vdt[k; mtw;wpd; cr;rpapy; bfhofs; mire;J Mod vd;W gl;odg;ghiy Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ----19191919 cznt kUe;Jcznt kUe;Jcznt kUe;Jcznt kUe;J

“grp வe;jplg gj;Jk; gwe;Jnghk;” vd;gJ cyfwpe;j

cz;ik. vdnt jhd;gprpapd; bfhLikiag; grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp vd;wJ kzpnkfiyf; fhg;gpak;. ,g;gpzf;F kUe;J cznt. Mjyhy; jhd; “cz;o bfhLj;njhh; caph; bfhLj;njhnu” vdg; g[wehD]Wk; kzpnkfiya[k; TWfpd;wd.

-jpUf;Fwspy; kUe;J எ*[�; mjpfhuj;jpy; cznt kUe;jhFk; jd;ikiaj; jpUts;qh; bjspthf vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;. cz;l czt[ brhpj;j gpd;dnu

மd�8� உ�ண ntz;Lbkd jpUts;qh; bjspthf vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;. “kUe;bjd ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUe;jpaJ mw;wJ nghw;wp czpd;”

jkpHfj;J czt[ bjhd;W bjhl;L kUj;Jt Kiwap�

சைம�க�ப8கிற.btg;g ehlhd ekJ ehl;Lf

md;whlr; rikaypy; Tl;Lவdtw;Ws; k";rs;/

be";rpYs;s rspia eP�Fk;. bfhj;jky;yp/

gpj;jj;ijg; nghf;Fk;. rPரfk; tapw;Wr; Nl;ilj;

jzpf;Fk;. kpsF/ bjhz;ilf fl;ilj; bjhiyf;Fk;

g{z;L வள4யக�றி (tha[it nghf;Fk; - grpia kpFf;Fk;) bt';fhak; Fsph;r;rpia cz;lhf;fpf; ��திைய�; (இர�த�ைத�) \�ைமயா��.



bgU';fhak; tspia btspnaw;Wk; (tha[itg;

nghf;Fk;) ,";rp gpj;jjij xL�;fp fhar;riyf;

fz;of;Fk; nj';fha; ePh;f;nfhitia ePf;Fk.; fwpntg;gpiy/ kz_l;o czt[ tpUg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;. ey;byz;bz; fz; Fspr;rpa[k; mwpt[j; bjspt[k; cz;lhf;Fk;. rPufk; g{z;L fye;j ePH;/ Nl;il jzpj;Jr; brhpkhd Mw;wiy mjpfhpf;Fk; clYf;F tYt{l;lt[k; fHt[ mfw;wt[k; fPiu ey;yJ Fsph;r;rp je;J gpj;jk; nghf;Fk; vYkpr;ir CWfhia nkhh;r; nrhw;Wld; cz;zyhk;. jtph;f;f ntz;oait : cg;g[ Fiwthf nrh;f;f ntz;Lk. cg;g[ epiwe;j bghUl;fshd CWfha;/ mg;gsk;/ tlhk;/ fUthL/ Ke;jphpg; gUg;g[/ tWj;j cUisr; rPty;/ thiHf;fha;r; rPty; g[spj;j nkhh; Kjyhtw;iw KGtJkhfj; jtph;j;jy; ntz;Lk;. -bfhGk;g[ epiwe;j ,iwr;rpfs;/ Kl;ilapd; k";rs; fU/ japh;/ bea;/ btz;bza;/ ghyhil/ gdpf;TH;/ ,dpg;g[f; fl;o Mfpatw;iw ePf;f ntz;Lk;. -behWf;Fj; jPdp tapw;Wf;Ff;nfL. -behW';fj;jpd;why; E]W taJ

ePhp*wikahJ cyF vd;gJ ts;Stk; ,jd;go cz;l czt[ FUjpa[ld; fyg;gjw;Fk;

FUjp J]�ik miltjw;Fk; clypYs;s fHpt[g; bghUs; btspnaWtjw;Fk; ePh; ,d;wpaikahjJ (ehbshd;Wf;F Fiwe;jJ _d;W ypl;lh;) czt[ cz;Qk;nghJ ,ilapy; jz;zPh; mUe;jf; TlhJ. rkr;rPh; czt[ : g[ujk;/ bfhGg;g[/ khr;rj;J (fhh;nghiAl;nul;) fdpk';fs;/ Ez;Q]l;lr; rj;Jfs; nrh;e;jnj rkr;rPh; czt[. cztpd; mstpy; nrhWk;;/ fha;fwpa[k;

miutapW ghy;/nkhh;/ eP� fhy;tapW/ fhy; tapW btw;wplkhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. tapW g[ilf;f

cz;ly Rடா.;. vdnt xsitahh; “kPJ]d; tpUk;ngy;” vd;fpwhh;. neha; jPh;f;Fk; _ypiffs; :neha; jPh;f;Fk; _ypiffs; :neha; jPh;f;Fk; _ypiffs; :neha; jPh;f;Fk; _ypiffs; :

ளசி : ,jd; ,iyfis ePhpypl;L bfhjpf;f tpl;L

Mtp ப�oj;jhy; khh;g;g[r; rsp/ ePh;f;nfhit/ jiytyp eP';Fk; ,jd; ,iyfis vYk;gpr;irg; gHr; rhWld; miuj;Jg; nghl gil eP';Fk;. ,jd; tpijfisg; bgho bra;J xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L fpuhk; cz;lhy; clw;NL/ ePbuhpr;ry; Kjyhd eP';Fk;.

fPHf;fha; bey;yp : fPHhbey;yp/ fPH;tha; bey;yp vd;Dk; ,jid miHg;gh;. k";rs; fhkhiy ey;y kUe;J ,jid fw;fz;Lld; nrh;j;J miuj;J cz;Qk; nghJ rpWePh;bjhlh;ghd neha;fs; eP';Fk; J]Jtis : ,U xU bfho tif. ,J J]Jis/ rp';f ty;yp vd;w bgah;fspy; tH';fg;gLk;. ,jid ey;byz;iza[k; rikj;J cz;lhy; Rthrfhrk; mfYk; (21 ehs;) ,isg;g[ ,Uky; nghFk; "hdg;gr;rpiy vd ts;syhh; ,jidg; nghw;Wfpwhh;. ,J Fuy; tsj;ij nkk;gLj;Jk;. Fg;ignkdp : er;RfofSf;F ey;y kUe;J. gLF;ifg;g[z; ,jd; ,iyfisf; fha itj;J bghoahf;fp g{rpdhy; FzkhFk;. -,jd; ,iyfis cz;lhy; kyg;g[Gf;Fs; btspnaWk; -,iyfSld; k";rs;/ cg;g[ nrh;j;J miuj;J g{rpdhy; brhwp/ rpu';F eP';Fk;. nkdp Jy';f Fg;ig nkdp vd;gJ gHbkhHp. fw;whiH : nrhw;Wf; fw;whiHna kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. Ko tsu _yr;NL Fiwa kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Fkhp vd;w ntW bgaUk; cz;L. fUg;ig rhh;e;j neha;fis ePf;Fk; Fkhp fz;l neha;f;F Fkhp bfhL vd;gh;. KU';if : KU';ifg; gl;ilia miuj;J g{r Khpe;j vYk;g[ tpiutpy; TLk;. tPf;fj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;. fz;ghh;itia xG';Fg;gLj;Jk;. ,Uk;g[r; rj;J epiwe;jJ. fwpntg;gpiy : tplf;fo kUe;J/ rPjngrp/ er;Rj;jd;ik kUe;J. fhprhy';fz;zp :fhprhy';fz;zp :fhprhy';fz;zp :fhprhy';fz;zp :

,uj;jnrhif/ brhpkhdf; nfhshW, k";rs; fhkhiyf;F ey;y kUe;J/ ,jw;F fhprhiy/ ifahe;jfiu/ gpU';fuhrk;/ njfuhrk; vd;w ntW bgah;fSk; cz;L. -kzj;jf;fhspf; fPiu tha;g;g[z;/ Flw;g[z;iz Fzthf;Fk;. -KRKRf;bfho ,Uky; eP';f ey;y kUe;J -mfj;jpf; fPiu gy; rhh;e;j nehaf;F kUe;J -ty;yhiu epidthw;wy; bgUf kUe;J



-ntg;g';bfhGe;jpid cz;L te;jhy; khh;g[r; rsp

eP';Fk;. ntg;gpiyia miuj;Jg; g{rpdhy;

mk;ikahy; te;j btg;g[ neha; mfY�. 20.20.20.20.

jpU.tp.f : jpU.tp.f : jpU.tp.f : jpU.tp.f : ----

jkpH;j; bjd;wy;,ராய�ேபCைட தமி=

6ன4வ�,ெதாழிலாள�கள4* த(ைத gpwg;g[: gpwg;g[: gpwg;g[: gpwg;g[: ---- brd;idf;F mUfpy; Js;sk;. 17.09.1953 Kjy; 26.08.1983. bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : bgw;nwhh; : ---- tpUj;jhrydhh;/ rpd;dk;ik -fjpiuntyhplk; jkpH; ,yf;fpak;/ irt rpj;jhe;jk; gapd;whh;. -,tUf;F tha;e;j ciueil kiy vd cah;e;jJ vd;fpwhh; bj.bgh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;. ciueilE]y;fs; :ciueilE]y;fs; :ciueilE]y;fs; :ciueilE]y;fs; : kdpj thH;f;ifa[k; fhe;jpaofSk;/ bgz;zpd; bgUik my;yJ thH;f;ifj; Jizeyk;. ,kakiy my;yJ jpahdk; KUfd; my;yJ mHF/ irtj;Jwt[/ irtj;jpd; rkurk;/ flt[l;; rhl;rpa[k; jha[khdtUk;/ ,uhkyp';f Rthkpfs; jpUt[s;sk; jkpH;ehLk; ek;khH;thUk;/ ehad;khh; tuyhW/ jkpH; E]y;fspy; bgsj;jk;/ fhjyh? Koah? rPh;jpUj;jkh? vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj/ ,e;jpaht[k; tpLjiya[k; jkpH;r;nrhiy/ cs;bshsp/ bra;a[s; E]y;fs; :bra;a[s; E]y;fs; :bra;a[s; E]y;fs; :bra;a[s; E]y;fs; : KUfd; mUs;ntl;ly;/ jpUkhy; mUs; ntl;ly;/ fpwp!;Jtpd; mUs; ntl;ly;/ mUfd; mUs; ntl;ly;/ chpik ntl;ly;/ bghJik ntl;ly;/ bghUSk; mUSk; my;yJ khh;f;fpaKk; fhe;jpaKk;. ,jH;fs; :,jH;fs; :,jH;fs; :,jH;fs; : njrgf;jd;/ etrf;jp -jhd; jsuhj tajpy; K.t. cjtpa[ld; tsh;r;rpa[k; thH;t[k; my;yJ gLf;if gpjw;wy; btwpapl;lhh;. ,uhkyp';f mofs; :,uhkyp';f mofs; :,uhkyp';f mofs; :,uhkyp';f mofs; : -kDKiw fz;l thrfk; #PtfhUz;l xGf;fk; ciueil E]y;fs;. -rd;khh;f;f r';fk;/ rj;jpa jUkrhiy/ rj;jpa "hd rig/ rpj;jp tshfk; nghd;wit epWtpa epWtd';fs;. -jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fs; kpfg; bghpa Mrphpa tpUj;jk; ghoath; - 1596 mofs; bfhz;l Mrphpak;.

-,tUf;F jpU.mUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W bgahpl;lth; bjhGt{h; ntyha[j Kjypahh; ,tnu jpUtUl;ghit bjhFj;jth; - -,tuJ ghl;il kUl;gh vd;wth; MWKf ehtyh;. - ,tiu g[ul;rpj; Jwtp vd;gh;. - ghujpahh; ,tiu g[J bewp fz;l g[yth; vd;W nghw;Wfpwhh;. nkw;nfhs; nkw;nfhs; nkw;nfhs; nkw;nfhs; -mUl;bgU";n#hjp/ jdpg; bgU';fUiz -“mg;gh ehd; ntz;Ljy; nfl;L mUs;g[hpa ntz;Lk;. - ‘cs;bshd;W itj;J g[wbkhdW ngRnthh; cs;sf; fythik ntz;Lk;. jha[khdth;jha[khdth;jha[khdth;jha[khdth; - tp#au';fehj brhf;fyp';f ehaf;fhplk; fzf;fuhf ,Ue;jth;. - cgepljf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jkpHpy; kpFjpahfg; ghoath; - rkuf rd;khh;f;f fUj;Jf;fis Kjypy; Twpath; gpd;dh; ,jid ts;syhh; tphpthff; Twpdhh;.

-இவர பாட�க�: guhguf; fz;zp/ ve;ehl;fz;zp/

Mde;jf; fspg;g[.

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