DesigningModelingNotationsReadersUnderstand

ThesisDirector:Prof.AlainWegmann14th October,2016

GeorgePopescuPublicThesisDefense

LAMS,EPFL

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ThesisinaNutshell

Firstimagesource:http://www.sixtree.com.au/images/posts/2012StandishResults-largevssmall.pngSecondimagesource:https://www.infoq.com/articles/standish-chaos-2015

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ThesisinaNutshell

ITnotationdesigner

ITmodeler Model

Notation

Non-ITReader

“Whatdotheelementsrepresent?”“Whatisthesolutiontotheproblem?”

“Whathappens?”

Workshopimagetakenfromhttp://www.legacyinnova.com/Fingerprintimagetakenfromhttp://www.desantisbreindel.com/wp-content/uploads/

Workshop

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ThesisinaNutshell

ITnotationdesigner

ITmodeler ProposedModel

ProposedNotation

Non-ITReader

“Whatdotheelementsrepresent?”=>Relationwithreality“Whatisthesolutiontotheproblem?”=>Rationale

“Whathappens?”=>Story

Storyimagetakenfromhttps://www.theodysseyonline.com/top-10-methods-coming-stories

1) ImprovingITnotations

2) ImprovingoneITnotation:SEAM

3) Proposingrecommendationsformodelcreation

4) Conclusionsandfuturework

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ThesisOutline

Context

Climax

Closure

Conflict

Story

1)IMPROVINGITNOTATIONS(CONTEXT)

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ResearchMethod

1)Context

DesignScienceinInformationSystemsResearch,Hevner,March,Park&Ram(2004)TheCraftofResearch,Booth,Colomb &Williams (1995)CaseStudyResearch:DesignandMethods,Yin(1994)

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1)Context

PracticalandResearchQuestions

HowdoI,asa SEAMmodeler,createaSEAMmodel,sothat

readers understandthestory thatIwanttotell?SEAM

modeler

ITmodeler

HowdoI,asamodeler,createamodel,sothatreaders understandthestory thatIwanttotell?

Practicalquestion

Researchquestion

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ResearchProcess

1)Context

BasicsofQualitativeResearch:TechniquesandProceduresforDevelopingGroundedTheory,Strauss&Corbin(1998)ContextualDesign:DefiningCustomer-CenteredSystems,Beyer&Holtzblatt (1997)InterViews:Anintroductiontoqualitativeresearchinterviewing,Kvale (1996)

Create/useaninitialmodelofaspecificsituation

Collectsuggestionsonhowtoimprovethemodelandthenotation

Implementsuggestionsinanewmodeliteration

Interviewreaderstoevaluatehowtheyunderstandthemodel

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3+i5+i

4+i

Modelsareco-createditerativelywith120participants

Understandhowpeoplecreatemodelsandexplorestoriesinmodels1

Modelsarecreatedseparatelyby80participants

Developprinciplesthatcapturetheidentityofthenotation6

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ModelsCreatedbyInterviewees

1)Context

Understandhowpeoplecreatemodelsandexplorestoriesinmodels0

2)IMPROVINGONEITNOTATION:SEAM(CONFLICT)

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Story:HowdoGeorgeandMonicahavetheircarserviced?

2)Conflict

FirstExample– SEAM

HowdoI,asaSEAMmodeler,createaSEAMmodel,sothatreaders

understandthestory thatIwanttotell?SEAM

modeler

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2)Conflict

SEAMModelExample

Modelinterpretation:Themodelshowsamarketsegmentwithfouractors:twosuppliers(AMAGandDelaisse)andtwocustomers(GeorgeandMonica).Eachofthesuppliersoffersaservicetothecustomers.GeorgeandMonicaneedtochooseoneofthetwodealerstoservicetheircar.Thetwocustomersformafamilyandeachofthemhavecertaincriteriainmind.Thesecriteriaarereflectedbytheserviceofferingsofthetwodealers.Thecustomersmakeachoiceusingtheassessmentofthetwoserviceofferings.Thecarisservicedandreturnedtothecustomers.

Constraints:Notext/audio/video

Implicit

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2)Conflict

QualitativeEmpiricalResearch

What?100interviewsWhen?2014-2016Who?Students,Secretaries,Analysts,Managers,...How?DiscussionsHowlong?30to60minutesInstructions:Explainthemodel

NB:Somereadersparticipatedinmultiplemodeliterations

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2)Conflict

FeedbackfromReaders

“Whatdotheelementsrepresent?”=> Relationwithreality

“Whatisthesolutiontotheproblem?”=> Rationale

“Whathappens?”=> Story

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2)Conflict

RelationwithReality– ActorsandState

Useappropriatephotos,icons andterminologytomodelthezoneofproximaldevelopmentbetweenthemodelerandthereaders’conceptualizations

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2)Conflict

RelationwithReality– FundamentalUnitsandStory

1000CHF

George’sviewpoint

Useappropriatephotos,icons andterminologytomodelthezoneofproximaldevelopmentbetweenthemodelerandthereaders’conceptualizations

DealerWhichdealer

tochoose?Thepricewasreasonable.

250 CHF

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2)Conflict

RelationwithReality– GoalsandBeliefs

Somedealerschargemorethanothers

Commutingtoworkwillbelonger

withoutacar

Ineedtoservicethecar

Ineedtocommutefast

towork

Useappropriatephotos,iconsandterminology tomodelthezoneofproximaldevelopmentbetweenthemodelerandthereaders’conceptualizations

Monica:Iwanttospendmax.10

minutestocommutetoandfromworkduringweekdays

George:Iwanttopayalowpricetoahigh-qualitydealertohavemycarmaintained

Iwanttopayalowpricetomaintainandrepairmycarto

ahigh-qualitysupplier

Iwanttospendmax.10minutestocommutetoandfromworkduringweekdays

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2)Conflict

Rationale

Whichdealer?

Delaisse

AMAG

Price

Replacementcar

Duration

Question Options CriteriaPositive|Neutral |Negative

+2 +1 0 -1 -2

Satisficing

Accommodation

Questions,Options,andCriteria:ElementsofDesignSpaceAnalysis,Maclean,Young,Bellotti,Moran(1996)TheSciencesoftheArtificial,Simon(1969)Information,SystemsandInformationSystems- MakingSenseoftheField,Checkland,Holwell (1998)ResearchMethodsKnowledgeBase,Trochim (2016)

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2)Conflict

Rationale

QuestionOptionsCriteria

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2)Conflict

Story

Context:settingandcharacters

Climax:turningpoint Closure:resolutionorsolution

Conflict:challengeorproblem

Whatmakesagoodstory,AllyssaMcCabeandCarolePeterson(1984)5StagesofStorytelling,Kautzer (2012)

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3

2

4

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2)Conflict

Story

Context:settingandcharacters1

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2)Conflict

Story

Conflict:challengeorproblem2

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2)Conflict

Story

Conflict:challengeorproblem2

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2)Conflict

Story

Conflict:challengeorproblem2

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2)Conflict

Story

Climax:turningpoint3

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2)Conflict

Story

Climax:turningpoint3

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2)Conflict

Story

Closure:resolutionorsolution4

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ImprovingtheSEAMNotation

2)Conflict

3)PROPOSINGRECOMMENDATIONSFORMODELCREATION(CLIMAX)

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ModelCreationRecommendations

3)Climax

Howshoulda*modelercreateamodel,sothatreaders understandthe

story thathewantstotell?

Researchquestion

*e.g.SEAM/i*/BPMN/UML/ArchiMate

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RelationwithReality

3)Climax

Conceptualization Conceptualization

Model

ReadersModeler

ExtensionwithreadersoftheconceptualizationandmodelingframeworkfromTheLightswitch Approach- ASystemicParadigmforEarlyITSystemRequirementsBasedonRegulationPrinciples,Regev (2003)

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RelationwithReality

3)Climax

Model

Conceptualization Conceptualization

Zoneofproximaldevelopment

ReadersModeler

AdaptationofthelearningofchildrenfromadultstothelearningofreadersfrommodelersfromThoughtandLanguage,Vygotsky(1997)Useofembodiedcognitionforreaders(e.g.behavior/structure)fromGroundedCognition,Barsalou (2008)toexplainconcreteness

Embodiedcognition

Embodiedcognition

250CHF

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Rationale

3)Climax

Whichone?

Option2

Option1

Criteria2

Criteria1

Criteria3

Criteria4

Criteria5

Question Options Criteria

Positiveassessment

Negativeassessment

Option1

Satisficing

Accommodation

Positive|Neutral |Negative

+2 +1 0 -1 -2

Questions,Options,andCriteria:ElementsofDesignSpaceAnalysis,Maclean,Young,Bellotti,Moran(1996)TheSciencesoftheArtificial,Simon(1969)Information,SystemsandInformationSystems- MakingSenseoftheField,Checkland,Holwell (1998)ResearchMethodsKnowledgeBase,Trochim (2016)

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Story

3)Climax

Context

Climax

Closure

Conflict1-3model

instancesforeachstoryphaseby

exploringactor’sstates

Whatmakesagoodstory,AllyssaMcCabeandCarolePeterson(1984)5StagesofStorytelling,Kautzer (2012)

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ModelCreationRecommendations

3)Climax

1. Relationwithreality

ü Usethezoneofproximaldevelopmentbetweenthemodelerandthereaders’

conceptualizationstoshowconcretenessusingphotos,iconsandterminologythat

characterizeactors

2. Rationale

ü Showthemainquestion,theoptions,thecriteriaandtheassessmentsofcriteria

ü Use“satisficing”tomodeloptionsthatdonotfullysatisfycriteria

ü Use“accommodation”tomodelconflictinginterestsandconsensus

3. Story

ü Createmodelinstancesforeachstoryphase,e.g.,context,conflict,climaxandclosure

ü Foreachmodelinstanceexploretheactors’statestoshowchange

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3)Climax

Arethesemodelsusefulforyouwhencreatemodelswithotherpeople?

ü Before,duringandafterworkshop- communicationofbusinessstrategy

ü Identityofthenotation- importantfordesignerandmodelers,notreaders

ü Implicitelements- usefultolearnaboutreaders’perceptions

ü Trade-offbetweenabstraction(modelers)andconcreteness(readers)

Prof. Alain Wegmann, Professor at EPFL and ConsultantDr. Gil Regev, Senior Researcher at EPFL and Knowledge Manager at ITECORMr. Didier Rey Marchetti, Vice-President for Information Systems Delegate at EPFLMr. Giorgio Anastopoulos, Head of Information Systems Architecture at EPFLMr. Olivier Hayard, Vice-President Head of Knowledge Management at ITECORMr. Gaël de Fourmestraux, Head of Geneva Office at ITECOR

DiscussionofRecommendations

38ThemodelswerepresentedatEPFL’sFORUMITbyProfKarlAberer (VPSI)andProfessorAlainWegmann (IC)

3)Climax

Context:Situation

Climax:Businessorganizationandsegments Closure:Organization

Conflict:VDIorganization1 2

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Impact– EPFLSI

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3)Climax

Context:Situation1

Impact– EPFLSI

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3)Climax

Conflict:VirtualDesktopInfrastructureorganization2

Impact– EPFLSI

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3)Climax

Climax:Businessorganization3

Impact– EPFLSI

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3)Climax

Climax:Businessorganization3

Impact– EPFLSI

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3)Climax

Closure:Organization4

Impact– EPFLSI

4)CONCLUSIONSANDFUTUREWORK(CLOSURE)

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ü WecreatedimprovedSEAMmodelsbasedoninterviewing200readers

ü Thisresearchisinter-disciplinary:systemsthinking,graphical

argumentation,interpretationofreality,learning,andstory-telling

ü Theoriginalityoftheresearchliesinunderstandingthereaders’

conceptualizationsinordertocreateimprovedmodels

ü Insteadofmultipledifferentmodelsofthesamesituation,wepropose

onemodelthatillustratesastory

4)Closure

Conclusions

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v Modelerscanapplyourrecommendationsto

v Modelothercontexts(e.g.,organizationalstrategy,servicedesign,enterprisearchitecture)

v ModelotherhierarchicallevelsandrefinementswithSEAM(e.g.,servicespecificationand

implementationwithbusiness/ITservicesandprocesses)

v Improvemodelscreatedwithothernotations

4)Closure

FutureWork

UML BPMN ArchiMate

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Thankyou