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DesigningModelingNotationsReadersUnderstand
ThesisDirector:Prof.AlainWegmann14th October,2016
GeorgePopescuPublicThesisDefense
LAMS,EPFL
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ThesisinaNutshell
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ThesisinaNutshell
ITnotationdesigner
ITmodeler Model
Notation
Non-ITReader
“Whatdotheelementsrepresent?”“Whatisthesolutiontotheproblem?”
“Whathappens?”
Workshopimagetakenfromhttp://www.legacyinnova.com/Fingerprintimagetakenfromhttp://www.desantisbreindel.com/wp-content/uploads/
Workshop
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ThesisinaNutshell
ITnotationdesigner
ITmodeler ProposedModel
ProposedNotation
Non-ITReader
“Whatdotheelementsrepresent?”=>Relationwithreality“Whatisthesolutiontotheproblem?”=>Rationale
“Whathappens?”=>Story
Storyimagetakenfromhttps://www.theodysseyonline.com/top-10-methods-coming-stories
1) ImprovingITnotations
2) ImprovingoneITnotation:SEAM
3) Proposingrecommendationsformodelcreation
4) Conclusionsandfuturework
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ThesisOutline
Context
Climax
Closure
Conflict
Story
1)IMPROVINGITNOTATIONS(CONTEXT)
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ResearchMethod
1)Context
DesignScienceinInformationSystemsResearch,Hevner,March,Park&Ram(2004)TheCraftofResearch,Booth,Colomb &Williams (1995)CaseStudyResearch:DesignandMethods,Yin(1994)
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1)Context
PracticalandResearchQuestions
HowdoI,asa SEAMmodeler,createaSEAMmodel,sothat
readers understandthestory thatIwanttotell?SEAM
modeler
ITmodeler
HowdoI,asamodeler,createamodel,sothatreaders understandthestory thatIwanttotell?
Practicalquestion
Researchquestion
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ResearchProcess
1)Context
BasicsofQualitativeResearch:TechniquesandProceduresforDevelopingGroundedTheory,Strauss&Corbin(1998)ContextualDesign:DefiningCustomer-CenteredSystems,Beyer&Holtzblatt (1997)InterViews:Anintroductiontoqualitativeresearchinterviewing,Kvale (1996)
Create/useaninitialmodelofaspecificsituation
Collectsuggestionsonhowtoimprovethemodelandthenotation
Implementsuggestionsinanewmodeliteration
Interviewreaderstoevaluatehowtheyunderstandthemodel
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3+i5+i
4+i
Modelsareco-createditerativelywith120participants
Understandhowpeoplecreatemodelsandexplorestoriesinmodels1
Modelsarecreatedseparatelyby80participants
Developprinciplesthatcapturetheidentityofthenotation6
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ModelsCreatedbyInterviewees
1)Context
Understandhowpeoplecreatemodelsandexplorestoriesinmodels0
2)IMPROVINGONEITNOTATION:SEAM(CONFLICT)
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Story:HowdoGeorgeandMonicahavetheircarserviced?
2)Conflict
FirstExample– SEAM
HowdoI,asaSEAMmodeler,createaSEAMmodel,sothatreaders
understandthestory thatIwanttotell?SEAM
modeler
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2)Conflict
SEAMModelExample
Modelinterpretation:Themodelshowsamarketsegmentwithfouractors:twosuppliers(AMAGandDelaisse)andtwocustomers(GeorgeandMonica).Eachofthesuppliersoffersaservicetothecustomers.GeorgeandMonicaneedtochooseoneofthetwodealerstoservicetheircar.Thetwocustomersformafamilyandeachofthemhavecertaincriteriainmind.Thesecriteriaarereflectedbytheserviceofferingsofthetwodealers.Thecustomersmakeachoiceusingtheassessmentofthetwoserviceofferings.Thecarisservicedandreturnedtothecustomers.
Constraints:Notext/audio/video
Implicit
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2)Conflict
QualitativeEmpiricalResearch
What?100interviewsWhen?2014-2016Who?Students,Secretaries,Analysts,Managers,...How?DiscussionsHowlong?30to60minutesInstructions:Explainthemodel
NB:Somereadersparticipatedinmultiplemodeliterations
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2)Conflict
FeedbackfromReaders
“Whatdotheelementsrepresent?”=> Relationwithreality
“Whatisthesolutiontotheproblem?”=> Rationale
“Whathappens?”=> Story
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2)Conflict
RelationwithReality– ActorsandState
Useappropriatephotos,icons andterminologytomodelthezoneofproximaldevelopmentbetweenthemodelerandthereaders’conceptualizations
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2)Conflict
RelationwithReality– FundamentalUnitsandStory
1000CHF
George’sviewpoint
Useappropriatephotos,icons andterminologytomodelthezoneofproximaldevelopmentbetweenthemodelerandthereaders’conceptualizations
DealerWhichdealer
tochoose?Thepricewasreasonable.
250 CHF
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2)Conflict
RelationwithReality– GoalsandBeliefs
Somedealerschargemorethanothers
Commutingtoworkwillbelonger
withoutacar
Ineedtoservicethecar
Ineedtocommutefast
towork
Useappropriatephotos,iconsandterminology tomodelthezoneofproximaldevelopmentbetweenthemodelerandthereaders’conceptualizations
Monica:Iwanttospendmax.10
minutestocommutetoandfromworkduringweekdays
George:Iwanttopayalowpricetoahigh-qualitydealertohavemycarmaintained
Iwanttopayalowpricetomaintainandrepairmycarto
ahigh-qualitysupplier
Iwanttospendmax.10minutestocommutetoandfromworkduringweekdays
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2)Conflict
Rationale
Whichdealer?
Delaisse
AMAG
Price
Replacementcar
Duration
Question Options CriteriaPositive|Neutral |Negative
+2 +1 0 -1 -2
Satisficing
Accommodation
Questions,Options,andCriteria:ElementsofDesignSpaceAnalysis,Maclean,Young,Bellotti,Moran(1996)TheSciencesoftheArtificial,Simon(1969)Information,SystemsandInformationSystems- MakingSenseoftheField,Checkland,Holwell (1998)ResearchMethodsKnowledgeBase,Trochim (2016)
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2)Conflict
Rationale
QuestionOptionsCriteria
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2)Conflict
Story
Context:settingandcharacters
Climax:turningpoint Closure:resolutionorsolution
Conflict:challengeorproblem
Whatmakesagoodstory,AllyssaMcCabeandCarolePeterson(1984)5StagesofStorytelling,Kautzer (2012)
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3
2
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2)Conflict
Story
Context:settingandcharacters1
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2)Conflict
Story
Conflict:challengeorproblem2
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2)Conflict
Story
Conflict:challengeorproblem2
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2)Conflict
Story
Conflict:challengeorproblem2
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2)Conflict
Story
Climax:turningpoint3
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2)Conflict
Story
Climax:turningpoint3
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2)Conflict
Story
Closure:resolutionorsolution4
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ImprovingtheSEAMNotation
2)Conflict
3)PROPOSINGRECOMMENDATIONSFORMODELCREATION(CLIMAX)
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ModelCreationRecommendations
3)Climax
Howshoulda*modelercreateamodel,sothatreaders understandthe
story thathewantstotell?
Researchquestion
*e.g.SEAM/i*/BPMN/UML/ArchiMate
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RelationwithReality
3)Climax
Conceptualization Conceptualization
Model
ReadersModeler
ExtensionwithreadersoftheconceptualizationandmodelingframeworkfromTheLightswitch Approach- ASystemicParadigmforEarlyITSystemRequirementsBasedonRegulationPrinciples,Regev (2003)
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RelationwithReality
3)Climax
Model
Conceptualization Conceptualization
Zoneofproximaldevelopment
ReadersModeler
AdaptationofthelearningofchildrenfromadultstothelearningofreadersfrommodelersfromThoughtandLanguage,Vygotsky(1997)Useofembodiedcognitionforreaders(e.g.behavior/structure)fromGroundedCognition,Barsalou (2008)toexplainconcreteness
Embodiedcognition
Embodiedcognition
250CHF
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Rationale
3)Climax
Whichone?
Option2
Option1
Criteria2
Criteria1
Criteria3
Criteria4
Criteria5
Question Options Criteria
Positiveassessment
Negativeassessment
Option1
Satisficing
Accommodation
Positive|Neutral |Negative
+2 +1 0 -1 -2
Questions,Options,andCriteria:ElementsofDesignSpaceAnalysis,Maclean,Young,Bellotti,Moran(1996)TheSciencesoftheArtificial,Simon(1969)Information,SystemsandInformationSystems- MakingSenseoftheField,Checkland,Holwell (1998)ResearchMethodsKnowledgeBase,Trochim (2016)
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Story
3)Climax
Context
Climax
Closure
Conflict1-3model
instancesforeachstoryphaseby
exploringactor’sstates
Whatmakesagoodstory,AllyssaMcCabeandCarolePeterson(1984)5StagesofStorytelling,Kautzer (2012)
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ModelCreationRecommendations
3)Climax
1. Relationwithreality
ü Usethezoneofproximaldevelopmentbetweenthemodelerandthereaders’
conceptualizationstoshowconcretenessusingphotos,iconsandterminologythat
characterizeactors
2. Rationale
ü Showthemainquestion,theoptions,thecriteriaandtheassessmentsofcriteria
ü Use“satisficing”tomodeloptionsthatdonotfullysatisfycriteria
ü Use“accommodation”tomodelconflictinginterestsandconsensus
3. Story
ü Createmodelinstancesforeachstoryphase,e.g.,context,conflict,climaxandclosure
ü Foreachmodelinstanceexploretheactors’statestoshowchange
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3)Climax
Arethesemodelsusefulforyouwhencreatemodelswithotherpeople?
ü Before,duringandafterworkshop- communicationofbusinessstrategy
ü Identityofthenotation- importantfordesignerandmodelers,notreaders
ü Implicitelements- usefultolearnaboutreaders’perceptions
ü Trade-offbetweenabstraction(modelers)andconcreteness(readers)
Prof. Alain Wegmann, Professor at EPFL and ConsultantDr. Gil Regev, Senior Researcher at EPFL and Knowledge Manager at ITECORMr. Didier Rey Marchetti, Vice-President for Information Systems Delegate at EPFLMr. Giorgio Anastopoulos, Head of Information Systems Architecture at EPFLMr. Olivier Hayard, Vice-President Head of Knowledge Management at ITECORMr. Gaël de Fourmestraux, Head of Geneva Office at ITECOR
DiscussionofRecommendations
38ThemodelswerepresentedatEPFL’sFORUMITbyProfKarlAberer (VPSI)andProfessorAlainWegmann (IC)
3)Climax
Context:Situation
Climax:Businessorganizationandsegments Closure:Organization
Conflict:VDIorganization1 2
3 4
Impact– EPFLSI
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3)Climax
Context:Situation1
Impact– EPFLSI
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3)Climax
Conflict:VirtualDesktopInfrastructureorganization2
Impact– EPFLSI
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3)Climax
Climax:Businessorganization3
Impact– EPFLSI
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3)Climax
Climax:Businessorganization3
Impact– EPFLSI
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3)Climax
Closure:Organization4
Impact– EPFLSI
4)CONCLUSIONSANDFUTUREWORK(CLOSURE)
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ü WecreatedimprovedSEAMmodelsbasedoninterviewing200readers
ü Thisresearchisinter-disciplinary:systemsthinking,graphical
argumentation,interpretationofreality,learning,andstory-telling
ü Theoriginalityoftheresearchliesinunderstandingthereaders’
conceptualizationsinordertocreateimprovedmodels
ü Insteadofmultipledifferentmodelsofthesamesituation,wepropose
onemodelthatillustratesastory
4)Closure
Conclusions
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v Modelerscanapplyourrecommendationsto
v Modelothercontexts(e.g.,organizationalstrategy,servicedesign,enterprisearchitecture)
v ModelotherhierarchicallevelsandrefinementswithSEAM(e.g.,servicespecificationand
implementationwithbusiness/ITservicesandprocesses)
v Improvemodelscreatedwithothernotations
4)Closure
FutureWork
UML BPMN ArchiMate
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Thankyou