políticas públicas en contextos multiculturales. el artículo 2o. de la constitución política...
TRANSCRIPT
Políticas Públicas en Políticas Públicas en
contextos multiculturalescontextos multiculturales
El Artículo 2o. de la Constitución Política establece:
“La Nación mexicana es única e indivisible
La Nación tiene una composición pluricultural sustentada originalmente en sus pueblos indígenas que son aquellos que descienden de poblaciones que habitaban el territorio actual del país al iniciarse la colonización y que conservan sus propias instituciones sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas, o parte de ellas. La conciencia de su identidad indígena deberá ser criterio fundamental para determinar a quienes se aplican las disposiciones sobre pueblos indígenas.
¿Quienes son los indígenas de México?
Son comunidades integrantes de un pueblo indígena auqellas que formen una unidad social, económica y cultural asentadas en un territorio y que reconocen autoridades propias de acuerdo con sus usos y costumbres [...]”
Población total en México: 97 483 412
Población Indígena: 15.7 millones de personas
11.1 millones viven en hogares indígenas
Población que habla lengua indígena 6.9 millones
Población que no habla español un millón
Total de municipios de México: 2 443
Total de municipios con población indígena: 871
Viven en 64 mil localidades
La población indígena
Distribución de la población indígena en México
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Lengua predominante en localidades con 40% y más de población indígena,
según el volumen de hablantes, México, 2000
100 0 100 200 300 km
#S Amuzgo
#S Cora
#S Chatino
#S Chontal de Tabasco
#S Huichol
$T Mayo
$T Popoluca
$T Tarahumara
$T Tepehuán
%U Tlapaneco
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%U Triqui
%U Zoque
De 20,000 a 100,000 hablantes
# Lenguas chinantecas
# Chol
# Huasteco
# Maya
# Mazahua
$ Mazateco
$ Mixe
$ Lenguas mixtecas
$ Náhuatl
$ Otomí
% Purépecha% Totonaca
% Tzeltal
% Tzotzil
% Lenguas zapotecas
Mayores a 100,000 hablantes
ÊÚ Cakchiquel
ÊÚ Cochimí
ÊÚ Cucapá
ÊÚ Chichimeca Jonaz
ÊÚ Chocho
ÊÚ Chontal de Oaxaca
ÊÚ Chuj
ÊÚ Guarijío
ÊÚ Ixcateco
ÊÚ Jacalteco
ÊÚ Kekchi
ÊÚ kikapú
ÊÚ Kiliwa
Menores de 20,000 hablantes
AguacatecoÊÚ
CuicatecoÊÚ
HuaveÊÚ
IxilÊÚ
KanjobalÊÚ
ÊÚ Kumiai
ÊÚ Matlatzinca
ÊÚ Ocuilteco
ÊÚ Paipai
ÊÚ Pame
ÊÚ Pima
ÊÚ Popoloca
ÊÚ Seri
ÊÚ Tacuate
ÊÚ Tepehua
PápagoÊÚ
LacandónÊÚMameÊÚ
MotozintlecoÊÚ
QuichéÊÚ
YaquiÊÚ
Fuente: Robinson, Scott, Reubicación y desarrollo. La construcción de presas en México. INEGI, división estatal, municipal y localidades, 2000.
En México se hablan más de 68 lenguas indígenas, distribuidas en gran parte
del territorio nacional
¿Cuál es el patrimonio de los pueblos indígenas de México?
México ocupa el octavo lugar en el mundo, entre los países con la mayor cantidad de pueblos indígenas.
En México se hablan 68 grupos de lenguas,
Nuestro país tiene una superficie de casi 2 millones de kilómetros cuadrados. Los mexicanos indígenas poseen, en las regiones en las que viven, una superficie que abarca la quinta parte del territorio nacional.
El 70% de los recursos petroleros se extrae de yacimientos marinos y terrestres del trópico mexicano. Los más importantes corresponden a los estados de Campeche, Tabasco y Chiapas, en municipios con una fuerte presencia indígena.
Las principales presas hidroeléctricas del país: La Angostura, Malpaso, Chicoasén, Aguamilpa y Presidente Alemán se ubican y abastecen de agua de los territorios indígenas.
Los pueblos indígenas aportan el 67% de su población ocupada a las actividades agrícolas, mientras que el resto de la nación sólo colabora con menos del 22% de ella.
La mayor parte de la población indígena vive en las regiones biogeográficas más ricas de México.
Los ejidos y comunidades agrarias en municipios indígenas tienen en propiedad el 60% de la vegetación arbolada del país, principalmente de bosques templados y selvas húmedas y subhúmedas.
Las principales áreas naturales protegidas se encuentran en municipios indígenas. Muchas de ellas son territorios sagrados y ceremoniales, con zonas arqueológicas que los pueblos indígenas reclaman como suyas.
La explotación forestal ilegal y la contaminación de ríos, lagunas, lagos, presas y mantos freáticos ha provocado una drástica modificación de las condiciones de vida de los habitantes de estas regiones.
Medio ambiente y regiones indígenasMedio ambiente y regiones indígenas
Actividades económicasActividades económicas
¿Cuáles son las principales características de los pueblos indígenas?
El 43 % de la población indígena ocupada se dedica a actividades agrícolas, ganaderas y pesqueras.
El 22% labora en la industria, principalmente en la construcción y más recientemente en las maquiladoras.
El 35% se dedica al sector del comercio y los servicios.
De casi 20 millones de viviendas que existen en el país, 75% disponen de drenaje. Entre las viviendas indígenas, sólo el 34% cuenta con este servicio.
El 93% de las viviendas tiene energía eléctrica; en tanto que casi la cuarta parte de las viviendas de la población indígena no cuenta con este servicio, representan la tercera parte de la población mexicana sin energía eléctrica.
El 58% de los indígenas mexicanos con ingresos, perciben un salario menor a 90 pesos (6.4 euros) al día.
El 28% de los niños indígenas en edad escolar no asiste a la escuela.
39 % vive en pobreza extrema
En México, poco más de 16.5 millones de viviendas (85.6%) disponen de agua; en contraste, entre los indígenas sólo el 70% de las viviendas cuentan con este servicio.
La pobrezaLa pobreza
113o
110o 104
o
27o
30o
33o
116o
107o
98o
95o
92o
89o
86o
33o
30o
27o
24o
21o
18o
15o
101o
21o
24o
18o
15o
89o
92o
95o
98o
101o
104o
107o
116o
113o 110
o
90 0 90 180 270 kmFuente: INI-CONAPO. Estimación de la población indígena a partir de la base de datos del XII Censo de poblac ión y viv ienda, México, 2000. INEGI; Conapo, grado de marginación, 2000
MarginaciónMuy bajaBajaMediaAltaMuy alta
MunicipiosCon 5 000 o más indígenasDe 40% y más de población indígena
División estatal
Municipios con 40% y más de población indígena según grado de marginación, México, 2000
Marginación de la población indígenaMarginación de la población indígena
Grado de marginación de los municipios indígenas
Salud y nutriciónSalud y nutrición
El 41% no tiene derechohabiencia a la salud El 31% de los niños tiene defict de talla
El principal problema de salud entre la población infantil es la desnutrición crónica, entre la población indígena llega al 44%, mientras a nivel nacional es del 17.7%
La anemia afecta al 36% de los niños indígenas.
El 40% de las mujeres embarazadas y en etapa de lactancia presentan anemia, lo cual contrasta con el indicador a nivel nacional que es del 26.4%
El riesgo de muerte materna es nueve veces el promedio nacional
A nivel nacional: existen 0.79 médicos por cada 10 mil habitantes, lo cual contrasta con el 0.07, 0.11 y 0.19 en zonas indígenas de Oaxaca, Veracruz y Puebla, respectivamente.
La diversidad lingüísticaLa diversidad lingüística
En México existen 68 grupos de lenguas y con 364 variantes
16.5% de los indígenas son monolingües, de cuales el 63% son mujeres.
La proporción de hablantes de lengua indígena es desigual. Mientras que 9 lenguas concentran el 74% de los hablantes, 12 de ellas sólo cuenta con el 0.02% de hablantes.
Las lenguas con menor número de hablantes son las que se encuentran en situación mayor de riesgo de desaparecer:
64 variantes lingüísticas esta a punto de desaparecer
De casi 20 millones de viviendas que existen en el país, 75% disponen de drenaje. Entre las viviendas indígenas, sólo el 34% cuenta con este servicio.
El 93% de las viviendas tiene energía eléctrica; en tanto que casi la cuarta parte de las viviendas de la población indígena no cuenta con este servicio, representan la tercera parte de la población mexicana sin energía eléctrica.
El 58% de los indígenas mexicanos con ingresos, perciben un salario menor a 90 pesos (6.4 euros) al día.
El 28% de los niños indígenas en edad escolar no asiste a la escuela.
39 % vive en pobreza extrema
En México, poco más de 16.5 millones de viviendas (85.6%) disponen de agua; en contraste, entre los indígenas sólo el 62% de las viviendas cuentan con este servicio.
La pobrezaLa pobreza
El 21.5 % es analfabeta
El 20 % no tiene ningún grado escolar
EscolaridadEscolaridad
HActualmente existen cuatro tipos de asentamientos indígenas:
Rregiones indígenas tradicionales.
Rregiones de desarrollo agroindustrial y su periferia (Sinaloa, Sonora, Baja California).
Cciudades grandes, medianas y pequeñas de México.
Ccampos y ciudades de Estados Unidos y Canadá, incluidos territorios tan alejados como Alaska.
Migración Migración
¿Cuáles son los derechos de los indígenas en México?
En su texto Constitucional, la nación mexicana reconoce el derecho de los pueblos indígenas a la libre determinación para:
Decidir sus formas internas de convivencia y organización
Aplicar sus propios sistemas normativos en la regulación y solución de sus conflictos internos
Elegir a sus representantes
Preservar y enriquecer sus lenguas
Conservar y mejorar el hábitat y preservar la integridad de sus tierras
Acceder plenamente a la jurisdicción del Estado.
¿Cuáles son los derechos de los indígenas en México?
Derecho a comunicarse en la lengua que es hablante
A ser asistidos gratuitamente en todo tiempo por intérpretes y defensores con conocimientos de la lengua y la cultura
Garantizar que se tenga acceso a la educación obligatoria, bilingüe e intercultural
Impulsar el desarrollo regional de las zonas indígenas
Garantizar e incrementar los niveles de escolaridad
Asegurar el acceso efectivo a los servicios de salud
Propiciar la incorporación de las mujeres indígenas al desarrollo
Extender la red de comunicaciones que permita la integración de las comunidades.
Asimismo, el Artículo 2o. en su fracción B establece la obligación de las autoridades federales, estatales y municipales para abatir las carencias de las comunidades indígenas debiendo:
Apoyar las actividades productivas y de desarrollo sustentable de los pueblos indígenas
Proteger a los migrantes indígenas
Consultar a los pueblos indígenas para la elaboración de Planes de Desarrollo
¿En qué consiste las Políticas Públicas orientadas a los Pueblos Indígenas?
Identificación y descripción de las políticas
Reconocimiento de una nación pluricultural
Transversalidad institucional
Reconocimiento de la normatividad interna de las comunidades indígenas
Reconocimiento lingüístico
Reconocimiento de representación electoral
Tenencia de la tierra
Contra la discriminación
Educación
Salud
Infraestructura social básica
Mujeres
Comunicaciones y telecomunicación
Desarrollo productivo y sustentable
Migrantes e indígenas urbanos
Consulta
Pertinencia cultural de las políticas
Se llevan a cabo diversos programas que, si bien parten de políticas dirigidas al conjunto de la población nacional, han sido diseñados con criterios de pertinencia cultural para atender a la población indígena.
Modelo de Educación Intercultural BilingüeSalud InterculturalOrganización y capacitación socialImpulso a Proyectos Sustentables en Zonas Indígenas
Acceso a la oferta pública
Mecanismos de discriminación positiva:
Programas cuyos criterios de elegibilidad discriminan positivamente a los individuos y comunidades indígenas:
Albergues Escolares IndígenasDesarrollo Académico de Jóvenes Indígenas Programa de Infraestructura Básica
Mecanismos de acceso especial:
El Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA) instituyó, en 1993, el Premio Nezahualcóyotl de Literatura, con el propósito de reconocer y estimular la creatividad literaria de los escritores indígenas de México.
2Enfoques y metodologías
Programa Nacional de Educación
Impulso a la educación intercultural bilingüe y mejorar la oferta educativa a las poblaciones indígenas
Adecuación de los planes y programas de educación primaria para incorporar la lengua indígena como asignatura en esta modalidad
Desarrollo de sistemas de formación inicial de docentes bilingües y fortalecer la actualización permanente de docentes y directivos bilingües
Desarrollo de formas de atención pertinente, de naturaleza intercultural, a los niños y jóvenes indígenas que asisten a escuelas regulares, tanto rurales como urbanas, de educación básica
Programa Nacional de Salud
Creación de programas locales y regionales de comunicación educativa en salud y nutrición
Capacitación a los médicos, enfermeras y personal comunitario que trabaja en los municipios indígenas en el manejo de un enfoque transcultural que permita conocer la cosmovisión y concepción del proceso salud enfermedad de estas poblaciones.
Programa de Salud y Nutrición para Pueblos Indígenas de la Coordinación de Salud para los Pueblos Indígenas de la Secretaría de Salud
Promoción de la salud mediante la incorporación de aspectos culturales y sociales en el diseño de materiales de educación para la salud; mejoramiento nutricional y prevención de adicciones.
Programa Sectorial de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación
Apoyo a la capitalización de las unidades de producción rural de los productores indígenas para generar alternativas de empleo e ingreso y la reconversión productiva, que permita su integración a las cadenas productivas.
Más del 40% del total de los recursos de la SAGARPA se orientan a la atención de las regiones con alto índices de marginación, en las que se encuentran los grupos indígenas.
Programa Especial para los Pueblos Indígenas de la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales
Reconocimiento a las propias capacidades de las comunidades indígenas para definir propuestas de desarrollo sustentable.
Promoción del manejo y aprovechamiento sustentable de sus recursos naturales y la conservación de la biodiversidad existente en sus territorios, revalorando sus conocimientos y respetando y protegiendo su propiedad intelectual.
Instrumentación de acciones de planeación comunitaria y apoyo a procesos organizativos y de autogestión.
Programa Nacional de Cultura
Coadyuvar a la construcción de un nuevo orden social sustentado en la interculturalidad en condiciones de mayor equidad, propiciando que los pueblos indígenas puedan acceder a los diversos significados y recursos culturales existentes, y contar con medios adecuados para el desarrollo de sus propias manifestaciones estéticas.
