metodologia: gertaerei loturiko potentzialak · metodologia: gertaerei loturiko potentzialak...

Metodologia: Gertaerei Loturiko Potentzialak

Adam Zawiszewski, Kepa Erdocia & Mikel Santesteban

Hizkuntzalaritza eta Euskal Filologia Unibertsitate Masterra(UPV/EHU)

2012-02-14

Giltza-hitzak

ElektroentzefalogramaGarunak sortutako aktibitate elektrikoaren grabaketa: neuronen sinapsieksortutakoarena, alegia.

Gertaerei-Loturiko Potentziala (ERP)Kanpoko edo barneko estimuluak eraginda, estimulu horrekiko garunarenerantzun zuzena.

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials Aurrekariak - Giltza-hitzak 2/37

Giltza-hitzak

ElektroentzefalogramaGarunak sortutako aktibitate elektrikoaren grabaketa: neuronen sinapsieksortutakoarena, alegia.

Gertaerei-Loturiko Potentziala (ERP)Kanpoko edo barneko estimuluak eraginda, estimulu horrekiko garunarenerantzun zuzena.

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials Aurrekariak - Giltza-hitzak 2/37

Historia

Hans Berger (1873-1941) psikiatra alemaniarraizan zen gizakiengan elektroentzefalograma(EEG-a) grabatu zuen lehena. “Über dasElektrenkephalogramm des Menschen” (“Giza-entzefalogramari buruz”) izeneko artikuluan(1929) EEG neurriek prozesamendu kogniti-boarekin zerikusia dutela.

I Froga: EEGan somatzen diren aldaketak egoerakognitiboaren araberakoak dira

I Zehatzago: alfa izeneko erritmoa (8-12 Hz-kooszilazioak) arazoa “konpontzean” jaitsi egiten da;esna eta erlaxaturik gaudela, aldiz, igo egiten da

I Lehenengoetako EEG baten grabaketa (1924):goikoa EEGa da eta behekoa 10 Hzko seinalea

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials Aurrekariak - Historia 3/37

Source: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I. Schlesewsky, M. (2009). Processing syntax and morphology: A neurocognitive perspective.Oxford University Press

Historia

Neuronak: ikuspegi orokorra

� neuronek neuro-kinadak jaso etaeraman egiten dituzte, hori da eureneginkizun nagusia� soma: zelularen gorputza� dendritak: kinadak somarantzeramaten dituzte� axoia: somatik beste neuronabatera eramaten ditu kinadak

� video

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials Aurrekariak - Neuronak 4/37

Neuronak: mielina

I axoi gehienak mielina izeneko isolatzaileaz estalita daude - haren eginkizunaakzio-potentzialak eramaten erraztea da

I mielinak ia-ia osorik estaltzen du axoia, baina milimetro bakoitzeko espazio txikibat dago, korronteari pasatzen uzten diona

I akzio-potentziala nodoetan bertan gertatzen da eta ez euren artean;

Neuronen neurofisiologia

� video

� the EEG results from thesummed postsynaptic activity ofparalelly-oriented pyramidal cellsperpendicular to the surface ofthe scalp� the activity may be “invisible”to surface recording� the so-called “inverse prob-lem”: while the changes ofthe surface EEG can be pre-dicted if the source of the ac-tivity is known, the location of asource cannot be uniquely recon-structed from the surface pat-tern.� it cannot be unequivocallyconcluded that changes in sur-face EEG activity directly aboveBroca’s area are generated inthis region.

� video

� the EEG results from thesummed postsynaptic activity ofparalelly-oriented pyramidal cellsperpendicular to the surface ofthe scalp

� the activity may be “invisible”to surface recording� the so-called “inverse prob-lem”: while the changes ofthe surface EEG can be pre-dicted if the source of the ac-tivity is known, the location of asource cannot be uniquely recon-structed from the surface pat-tern.� it cannot be unequivocallyconcluded that changes in sur-face EEG activity directly aboveBroca’s area are generated inthis region.

� video

� the EEG results from thesummed postsynaptic activity ofparalelly-oriented pyramidal cellsperpendicular to the surface ofthe scalp� the activity may be “invisible”to surface recording

� the so-called “inverse prob-lem”: while the changes ofthe surface EEG can be pre-dicted if the source of the ac-tivity is known, the location of asource cannot be uniquely recon-structed from the surface pat-tern.� it cannot be unequivocallyconcluded that changes in sur-face EEG activity directly aboveBroca’s area are generated inthis region.

� video

� the EEG results from thesummed postsynaptic activity ofparalelly-oriented pyramidal cellsperpendicular to the surface ofthe scalp� the activity may be “invisible”to surface recording� the so-called “inverse prob-lem”: while the changes ofthe surface EEG can be pre-dicted if the source of the ac-tivity is known, the location of asource cannot be uniquely recon-structed from the surface pat-tern.

� it cannot be unequivocallyconcluded that changes in sur-face EEG activity directly aboveBroca’s area are generated inthis region.

� video

Garunaren elektrofisiologia

� ERPak elektroentzefalo-graman gertatzen diren po-tentzialen aldaketak dira,gertaera kognitiboei edo sentso-rialei loturikoak

� aldaketa hauek oso txikiakdira (hizkuntzarako 2-8 µVbitartean) garunaren berezkoaktibitate elektrikoarekin kon-paratuta (10-100 µV)� esperimentuan parte hartzenduen pertsona bakar batenERPetatik ezin da ondorioorokorrik atera manipulaziopsikolinguistikoei dagokienez� partaide bakoitzaren batazbesteko aktibitatea neurtuostean, “bataz besteko han-dia” egiten da, bataz bestekoguztietan oinarrituta dagoena

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials ERPen oinarriak - Garunaren elektrofisiologia 7/37

Source: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I. Schlesewsky, M. (2009). Processing syntax and morphology: A neurocognitive perspective. Oxford University Press

� ERPak elektroentzefalo-graman gertatzen diren po-tentzialen aldaketak dira,gertaera kognitiboei edo sentso-rialei loturikoak� aldaketa hauek oso txikiakdira (hizkuntzarako 2-8 µVbitartean) garunaren berezkoaktibitate elektrikoarekin kon-paratuta (10-100 µV)

� esperimentuan parte hartzenduen pertsona bakar batenERPetatik ezin da ondorioorokorrik atera manipulaziopsikolinguistikoei dagokienez� partaide bakoitzaren batazbesteko aktibitatea neurtuostean, “bataz besteko han-dia” egiten da, bataz bestekoguztietan oinarrituta dagoena

� ERPak elektroentzefalo-graman gertatzen diren po-tentzialen aldaketak dira,gertaera kognitiboei edo sentso-rialei loturikoak� aldaketa hauek oso txikiakdira (hizkuntzarako 2-8 µVbitartean) garunaren berezkoaktibitate elektrikoarekin kon-paratuta (10-100 µV)� esperimentuan parte hartzenduen pertsona bakar batenERPetatik ezin da ondorioorokorrik atera manipulaziopsikolinguistikoei dagokienez

� partaide bakoitzaren batazbesteko aktibitatea neurtuostean, “bataz besteko han-dia” egiten da, bataz bestekoguztietan oinarrituta dagoena

� ERPak elektroentzefalo-graman gertatzen diren po-tentzialen aldaketak dira,gertaera kognitiboei edo sentso-rialei loturikoak� aldaketa hauek oso txikiakdira (hizkuntzarako 2-8 µVbitartean) garunaren berezkoaktibitate elektrikoarekin kon-paratuta (10-100 µV)� esperimentuan parte hartzenduen pertsona bakar batenERPetatik ezin da ondorioorokorrik atera manipulaziopsikolinguistikoei dagokienez� partaide bakoitzaren batazbesteko aktibitatea neurtuostean, “bataz besteko han-dia” egiten da, bataz bestekoguztietan oinarrituta dagoena

Garunaren aktibitatea

� Beta: normal, waking con-sciousness; you are in the “betastate” as you read this (14 – 30Hz)

� Alpha: is relaxed, pleasurablefeeling of “floating”, associatedwith calm, lucid mental states(the “alpha state”). They arealso often detected during dreamsleep (9 – 13 Hz)� Theta: states of deep relax-ation, bursts of creative insight,twilight (“sleep”) learning andvivid mental imagery (4 – 8 Hz)� Delta: deep dreamless sleep(1 – 3 Hz)

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials ERPen oinarriak - EEGa: garunaren aktibitatea 12/37

� Beta: normal, waking con-sciousness; you are in the “betastate” as you read this (14 – 30Hz)� Alpha: is relaxed, pleasurablefeeling of “floating”, associatedwith calm, lucid mental states(the “alpha state”). They arealso often detected during dreamsleep (9 – 13 Hz)

� Theta: states of deep relax-ation, bursts of creative insight,twilight (“sleep”) learning andvivid mental imagery (4 – 8 Hz)� Delta: deep dreamless sleep(1 – 3 Hz)

� Beta: normal, waking con-sciousness; you are in the “betastate” as you read this (14 – 30Hz)� Alpha: is relaxed, pleasurablefeeling of “floating”, associatedwith calm, lucid mental states(the “alpha state”). They arealso often detected during dreamsleep (9 – 13 Hz)� Theta: states of deep relax-ation, bursts of creative insight,twilight (“sleep”) learning andvivid mental imagery (4 – 8 Hz)

� Delta: deep dreamless sleep(1 – 3 Hz)

� Beta: normal, waking con-sciousness; you are in the “betastate” as you read this (14 – 30Hz)� Alpha: is relaxed, pleasurablefeeling of “floating”, associatedwith calm, lucid mental states(the “alpha state”). They arealso often detected during dreamsleep (9 – 13 Hz)� Theta: states of deep relax-ation, bursts of creative insight,twilight (“sleep”) learning andvivid mental imagery (4 – 8 Hz)� Delta: deep dreamless sleep(1 – 3 Hz)

ERP osagarrien sailkapena

Denbora-tarteaThe time point (measured in ms) relative to critical stimulus onset at which the potentialchange is observable. Peak latency: the latency of the amplitude maximum; onset latency,the time point at which the critical condition begins to diverge from the control condition.

PolaritateaWhether the potential change in the critical condition is positive or negative relative to thecontrol condition.

TopografiaThe scalp distribution of an effect, usually defined with respect to groups of electrodes, so-called “regions of interest” (ROIs). Changes in topography between two effects are usuallyinterpreted as an indication that different neuronal populations are involved in their generation.

AnplitudeaThe “strength” of an effect (measured in µV). Amplitude increases are typically viewed asresulting from higher neural activity in the source population. In contrast to the other threeparameters discussed here, amplitude is not a defining factor of ERP components.

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials ERPen oinarriak - ERP osagarrien sailkapena 13/37

Electrodoak: banaketa eta ROIak

� EOGH: horizontal electro-oculogram� EOGV: vertical electro-oculogram – this activity leadsto artifacts in the EEG, whichmust either be excluded fromthe data analysis or corrected� A1 and A2: left andright mastoid bones – theseelectrodes are often usedas referene electrodes inlanguage-related EEG experi-ments.� shaded areas indicatesample regions of interes(ROIs) and illustrate thetypical nomenclature for thetopographical characterizationof ERP effects.

EEG metodoa MEG-arekin konparatuta

MEG only captures activity from tangential sources, i.e. sources orientedin parallel to the surface of the scalp (circled region). EEG, by contrast,primarily picks up on activity from radial sources but, depending on theexact positioning of electrodes, may also include some tangential activity.

N400: datu orokorrak

Deskribapen klasikoa: centro-parietalnegativity with a peak latency ofapproximately 400 ms.Interpretazioa: prozesamendulexiko-semantikoa; zentzudun testu-ingururako integrazio edo txertatzea

I N400 lehen aldiz Kutas &Hillyard-ek (1980) deskribatuzuten eta luzaroanprozesamendulexiko-semantikoaren islatzathartu izan da.

I haren anplitudea parametrolexiko-semantiko askokbaldintzatzen edo modulatzendute, hitzen maiztasuna esatebaterako: (oologist vs. pianist).

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials ERPak eta hizkuntza - N400 16/37

N400: ezaugarriak

N400 osagaia honako kinadek eraginda grabatu izan dira:I hitz ahoskatuak, idatziak, keinu-hitzak, ahoskatzeko moduko pseudo-hitzak

(adibidez: berkota) (Holcomb & Neville, 1990; Kutas, Neville, & Holcomb, 1987;Laszlo & Federmeier, 2008)

I hizkuntza ez diren baina esanahia duten inguruko soinuak (animalien soinuak,telefono-soinua (Chao, Nielsen-Bohlman, & Knight, 1995; Van Petten &Rheinfelder, 1995)

I marrazkiak (Ganis & Kutas, 2003; Ganis et al., 1996; Nigam, Hoffman, & Simons,1992)

I aurpegiak (Barrett & Rugg, 1989; Bobes, Valdes-Sosa, & Olivares, 1994)I pelikulak (Sitnikova et al., 2008)I keinuak (Kelly, Kravitz, & Hopkins, 2004; Wu & Coulson, 2005)

Source: Marta Kutas and Kara D. Federmeier (2009), Scholarpedia, 4(10):7790.

N400: ezaugarriak

I aurpegiak (Barrett & Rugg, 1989; Bobes, Valdes-Sosa, & Olivares, 1994)

I pelikulak (Sitnikova et al., 2008)I keinuak (Kelly, Kravitz, & Hopkins, 2004; Wu & Coulson, 2005)

N400: ezaugarriak

I aurpegiak (Barrett & Rugg, 1989; Bobes, Valdes-Sosa, & Olivares, 1994)I pelikulak (Sitnikova et al., 2008)

I keinuak (Kelly, Kravitz, & Hopkins, 2004; Wu & Coulson, 2005)

N400: ezaugarriak

N400: paradigma nagusiak

Priming izeneko teknikaRepetition paradigm: the prime and target are actually the same item; repetitionprovides a useful means of studying memory incidentally, as well as of comparing thesemantic processing associated with different types of stimuli under very similar taskconditions.

Non-identical targets and primes, related in many different ways: categorically,associatively, or otherwise semantically related as in cat-dog, phonologically relatedas in cough-rough, visually similar as in rough-dough, etc.Pairs may be presented simultaneously (e.g., written one above the other) or oneafter the other, either at a shorter (e.g., 0-300 ms) or longer (e.g., 500+ ms) interval.There can also be more than one prime in some cases – for example, in word triplets,where the critical, target word may be preceded by multiple, related words.

Priming teknikaren modalitateakReading or listening for comprehension, lexical decision, relatedness judgments, or,in the case of items presented in a list, monitoring for some particular stimulus orstimulus type. In some studies, the prime and target are forward or backward maskedsuch that people are unable to report what they sensed or in some cases even whethera stimulus was presented at all.

Priming izeneko teknikaRepetition paradigm: the prime and target are actually the same item; repetitionprovides a useful means of studying memory incidentally, as well as of comparing thesemantic processing associated with different types of stimuli under very similar taskconditions.Non-identical targets and primes, related in many different ways: categorically,associatively, or otherwise semantically related as in cat-dog, phonologically relatedas in cough-rough, visually similar as in rough-dough, etc.

Pairs may be presented simultaneously (e.g., written one above the other) or oneafter the other, either at a shorter (e.g., 0-300 ms) or longer (e.g., 500+ ms) interval.There can also be more than one prime in some cases – for example, in word triplets,where the critical, target word may be preceded by multiple, related words.

Priming izeneko teknikaRepetition paradigm: the prime and target are actually the same item; repetitionprovides a useful means of studying memory incidentally, as well as of comparing thesemantic processing associated with different types of stimuli under very similar taskconditions.Non-identical targets and primes, related in many different ways: categorically,associatively, or otherwise semantically related as in cat-dog, phonologically relatedas in cough-rough, visually similar as in rough-dough, etc.Pairs may be presented simultaneously (e.g., written one above the other) or oneafter the other, either at a shorter (e.g., 0-300 ms) or longer (e.g., 500+ ms) interval.There can also be more than one prime in some cases – for example, in word triplets,where the critical, target word may be preceded by multiple, related words.

N400: maiztasuna eta auzokide kopuruaren tamaina

MaiztasunaWords with higher frequency of use in a given language elicit N400s of smaller amplitude thanwords with lower frequency of use. These effects have been observed for words presented inlist format (Rugg, 1990) as well as for words in larger language structures when semantic andsyntactic constraints are minimal (e.g., at the beginnings of sentences (Van Petten & Kutas,1990)). Frequency effects, however, seem to fairly readily become overridden by other formsof contextual constraint, such that they are no longer evident, for example, in the middle andend positions of congruent sentences (Van Petten & Kutas, 1990).

OrtografiaThe size of a string’s orthographic neighborhood – that is, the number of words in the languagethat share all but one letter in common with that string affects N400 amplitude, with larger(more negative) N400s elicited by strings with larger orthographic neighborhoods (Holcombet al., 2002).

N400: maiztasuna eta auzokide kopuruaren tamaina

MaiztasunaWords with higher frequency of use in a given language elicit N400s of smaller amplitude thanwords with lower frequency of use. These effects have been observed for words presented inlist format (Rugg, 1990) as well as for words in larger language structures when semantic andsyntactic constraints are minimal (e.g., at the beginnings of sentences (Van Petten & Kutas,1990)). Frequency effects, however, seem to fairly readily become overridden by other formsof contextual constraint, such that they are no longer evident, for example, in the middle andend positions of congruent sentences (Van Petten & Kutas, 1990).

OrtografiaThe size of a string’s orthographic neighborhood – that is, the number of words in the languagethat share all but one letter in common with that string affects N400 amplitude, with larger(more negative) N400s elicited by strings with larger orthographic neighborhoods (Holcombet al., 2002).

N400: expectancy / cloze probability

Expectancy / cloze probability is one of the most important determiners of N400amplitude (Kutas & Hillyard, 1984), with high cloze probabilities leading to morestrongly reduced (positive) N400s.

I Constraints that arise at the discourse level also reduce N400 amplitudes (St. George,Mannes, & Hoffman, 1994; van Berkum, Hagoort, and Brown, 1999)

I In the sentence “Jane told her brother that he was exceptionally quick/slow thismorning,” the words quick and slow elicited N400s of approximately equal size.

á Galdera: Zer gertatuko litzateke lehengo esaldia irakurri aurretik honako hau irakurrikobagenu: “By five in the morning, Jane’s brother had already showered and had evengotten dressed.”?

N400: denbora-tarteari eragiten dioten faktoreak

Adina eta gaitasun-maila: the N400 to visually presented words generally peaks around 375ms in healthy young adults (Kutas & Iragui, 1998).

á It is observed later in children (Holcomb, Coffey, & Neville, 1992), and its latency decreaseswith age (and presumably language experience) to reach a minimum in early adulthood.á N400 responses have been observed to peak later in a bilingual’s nondominant than inhis/her dominant language (Ardal, Donald, Meuter, Muldrew, & et al., 1990).á N400 latency then increases again after young adulthood at a rate of just under 2 ms peryear (Kutas & Iragui, 1998)

N400 gaixoengan

á increased N400 latencies (relative to age-matched controls) have been noted in conjunctionwith neurological or psychiatric disorders.á delayed N400 responses have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (Iragui, Kutas, &Salmon, 1996; Olichney et al., 2002).á increased N400 latencies in patients with schizophrenia (Grillon, Ameli, & Glazer, 1991;Koyama, Nageishi, Shimokochi, Hokama, & et al., 1991).

Adina eta gaitasun-maila: the N400 to visually presented words generally peaks around 375ms in healthy young adults (Kutas & Iragui, 1998).á It is observed later in children (Holcomb, Coffey, & Neville, 1992), and its latency decreaseswith age (and presumably language experience) to reach a minimum in early adulthood.

á N400 responses have been observed to peak later in a bilingual’s nondominant than inhis/her dominant language (Ardal, Donald, Meuter, Muldrew, & et al., 1990).á N400 latency then increases again after young adulthood at a rate of just under 2 ms peryear (Kutas & Iragui, 1998)

N400 gaixoengan

Adina eta gaitasun-maila: the N400 to visually presented words generally peaks around 375ms in healthy young adults (Kutas & Iragui, 1998).á It is observed later in children (Holcomb, Coffey, & Neville, 1992), and its latency decreaseswith age (and presumably language experience) to reach a minimum in early adulthood.á N400 responses have been observed to peak later in a bilingual’s nondominant than inhis/her dominant language (Ardal, Donald, Meuter, Muldrew, & et al., 1990).

á N400 latency then increases again after young adulthood at a rate of just under 2 ms peryear (Kutas & Iragui, 1998)

N400 gaixoengan

Adina eta gaitasun-maila: the N400 to visually presented words generally peaks around 375ms in healthy young adults (Kutas & Iragui, 1998).á It is observed later in children (Holcomb, Coffey, & Neville, 1992), and its latency decreaseswith age (and presumably language experience) to reach a minimum in early adulthood.á N400 responses have been observed to peak later in a bilingual’s nondominant than inhis/her dominant language (Ardal, Donald, Meuter, Muldrew, & et al., 1990).á N400 latency then increases again after young adulthood at a rate of just under 2 ms peryear (Kutas & Iragui, 1998).

N400 gaixoengan

N400 gaixoenganá increased N400 latencies (relative to age-matched controls) have been noted in conjunctionwith neurological or psychiatric disorders.

á delayed N400 responses have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (Iragui, Kutas, &Salmon, 1996; Olichney et al., 2002).á increased N400 latencies in patients with schizophrenia (Grillon, Ameli, & Glazer, 1991;Koyama, Nageishi, Shimokochi, Hokama, & et al., 1991).

N400 gaixoenganá increased N400 latencies (relative to age-matched controls) have been noted in conjunctionwith neurological or psychiatric disorders.á delayed N400 responses have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (Iragui, Kutas, &Salmon, 1996; Olichney et al., 2002).

á increased N400 latencies in patients with schizophrenia (Grillon, Ameli, & Glazer, 1991;Koyama, Nageishi, Shimokochi, Hokama, & et al., 1991).

N400 gaixoenganá increased N400 latencies (relative to age-matched controls) have been noted in conjunctionwith neurological or psychiatric disorders.á delayed N400 responses have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (Iragui, Kutas, &Salmon, 1996; Olichney et al., 2002).á increased N400 latencies in patients with schizophrenia (Grillon, Ameli, & Glazer, 1991;Koyama, Nageishi, Shimokochi, Hokama, & et al., 1991).

N400: laburpena

1. N400 data has provided critical evidence for processing that is immediate, incremental,and graded.

2. The presence of an N400 within 200 ms of the onset of a word that is semanticallyunexpected in a sentence context is one of the strongest pieces of evidence against anytheoretical perspective according to which sentence interpretation is delayed or buffered;i.e., the N400 is a direct brain sign of the immediacy of language comprehension processesduring reading, listening, and even signing.

3. The fact that many variables affect the N400 – from lexical frequency through discourselevel contextual information – has offered the opportunity to examine when and howvarious aspects of the language comprehension system interact.

4. Works using the N400 has also contributed to the more general understanding of whenand how linguistic and nonlinguistic information come together and of the similarities anddifferences between language and other aspects of cognitive processing.

N400: laburpena

P600 (Syntactic Positive Shift)

DefinizioaThe P600 is a peak in electrical brain activity, thought to be elicited by hearing or readinggrammatical errors and other syntactic anomalies.

à The P600 can be elicited in both visual (reading) and auditory (listening) experiments, andis characterized as a positive-going deflection with an onset around 500 milliseconds after thestimulus that elicits it; it often reaches its peak around 600 milliseconds after presentation ofthe stimulus (hence its name), and lasts several hundred milliseconds.à It is typically thought of as appearing mostly on centro-parietal electrodes (i.e., over theposterior part of the center of the scalp), but frontal P600s have also been observed in severalstudies.

The P600 was first reported by Osterhout and Holcomb in 1992. It isalso sometimes called the Syntactic Positive Shift (SPS), since it has apositive polarity and is usually elicited by syntactic phenomena.

The P600 is elicited by ungrammatical stimuli, garden path sentences that require reanalysis,complex sentences with a large number of thematic roles, and the processing of filler-gapdependencies . . .

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials ERPak eta hizkuntza - P600 (Syntactic Positive Shift) 23/37

DefinizioaThe P600 is a peak in electrical brain activity, thought to be elicited by hearing or readinggrammatical errors and other syntactic anomalies.à The P600 can be elicited in both visual (reading) and auditory (listening) experiments, andis characterized as a positive-going deflection with an onset around 500 milliseconds after thestimulus that elicits it; it often reaches its peak around 600 milliseconds after presentation ofthe stimulus (hence its name), and lasts several hundred milliseconds.

à It is typically thought of as appearing mostly on centro-parietal electrodes (i.e., over theposterior part of the center of the scalp), but frontal P600s have also been observed in severalstudies.

DefinizioaThe P600 is a peak in electrical brain activity, thought to be elicited by hearing or readinggrammatical errors and other syntactic anomalies.à The P600 can be elicited in both visual (reading) and auditory (listening) experiments, andis characterized as a positive-going deflection with an onset around 500 milliseconds after thestimulus that elicits it; it often reaches its peak around 600 milliseconds after presentation ofthe stimulus (hence its name), and lasts several hundred milliseconds.à It is typically thought of as appearing mostly on centro-parietal electrodes (i.e., over theposterior part of the center of the scalp), but frontal P600s have also been observed in severalstudies.

P600 eragiten duten faktoreak: gramatika akatsak

A P600 may be elicited by several kinds of grammat-ical errors in sentences, such as problems in agree-ment (SV, OV, tense, gender, number, and case, aswell as phrase structure violations).

I Subjektu-aditz komunztadura (Hagoort et al., 1993):“The spoilt child *throw the toys on the ground.”

I Osagarri-aditz komunztadura (Zawiszewski & Friederici,2009):“Zuk ni etxera eraman *duzu goizean.”

I Denbora (Allen et al., 2003):“The man will *worked on the platform.”

I Generoa (Barber & Carreiras, 2005):“La *piano estaba . . . ”

I Numeroa (Barber & Carreiras, 2005):“Los *piano estaban . . . ”

I Kasua (Coulson et al., 1998):“The plane took *we to paradise and back.”

I Perpaus egitura (Gunter & Friederici, 1999):“Die weißen Zähne wurden vom *geputzt”.

P600: laberinto perpausak edo garden paths

Laberinto perpausakP600s are also known to occur when a sentence contains no outright grammatical error,but must be parsed in a different way than the reader originally expects. For example,Osterhout & Holcomb (1992) found P600s elicited by the word to in sentences suchas The broker persuaded to sell the stock was tall.

In sentences such as this, the preferredreading is to interpret “persuaded” asthe main verb of the sentence (i.e., “thebroker persuaded me”), and upon see-ing the word to the reader has to re-analyze the sentence to mean some-thing more like “the broker that waspersuaded to sell the stock, he was tall.”

P600: loturak eta konplexutasuna

Some studies have found a P600 elicited by words where there is no gram-matical error and no “garden path” (i.e., where the word is exactly whatthe reader would expect), but when the sentence is complex because thereare a number of noun phrases active. This has most often been the casewhen the reader has to “re-activate” a word that appeared earlier in thesentence. For example, in a sentence like “Who did you imitate?”, the wordwho appears in the beginning of the sentence but is actually the direct ob-ject of imitate, and must be interpreted in that way (i.e., as “you imitatedwho?”); several studies have found that after the reader sees the wordimitate he or she has a P600 response, possibly as a result of re-activatingwho. These sorts of P600s get stronger as the number of noun phrasesactive in the sentences increases, suggesting that the P600 generator issensitive to the level of complexity in a sentence.

P600: interpretazioa

Teoriakà it reflects processes of revision (i.e., trying to “rescue” the interpretation of a sen-tence that can’t be processed normally because of structural errors) and reanalysis (i.e.,trying to rearrange the structure of a sentence that has been interpreted incorrectlybecause of a garden path)

à other models suggest that the P600 may not reflect these processes in particular,but just the amount of time and effort in general it takes to build up coherent structurein a sentence . . .à . . . or the general processes of creating or destroying syntactic structure (not specif-ically because of repair)à another proposal is that the P600 does not necessarily reflect any linguistic processesper se, but is similar to the P300 in that it is triggered when a subject encounters“improbable” stimuli — since ungrammatical sentences are relatively rare in naturalspeech, a P600 may not be a linguistic response but simply an effect of the subject’s“surprise” upon encountering an unexpected stimulus.

Teoriakà it reflects processes of revision (i.e., trying to “rescue” the interpretation of a sen-tence that can’t be processed normally because of structural errors) and reanalysis (i.e.,trying to rearrange the structure of a sentence that has been interpreted incorrectlybecause of a garden path)à other models suggest that the P600 may not reflect these processes in particular,but just the amount of time and effort in general it takes to build up coherent structurein a sentence . . .

à . . . or the general processes of creating or destroying syntactic structure (not specif-ically because of repair)à another proposal is that the P600 does not necessarily reflect any linguistic processesper se, but is similar to the P300 in that it is triggered when a subject encounters“improbable” stimuli — since ungrammatical sentences are relatively rare in naturalspeech, a P600 may not be a linguistic response but simply an effect of the subject’s“surprise” upon encountering an unexpected stimulus.

Teoriakà it reflects processes of revision (i.e., trying to “rescue” the interpretation of a sen-tence that can’t be processed normally because of structural errors) and reanalysis (i.e.,trying to rearrange the structure of a sentence that has been interpreted incorrectlybecause of a garden path)à other models suggest that the P600 may not reflect these processes in particular,but just the amount of time and effort in general it takes to build up coherent structurein a sentence . . .à . . . or the general processes of creating or destroying syntactic structure (not specif-ically because of repair)

à another proposal is that the P600 does not necessarily reflect any linguistic processesper se, but is similar to the P300 in that it is triggered when a subject encounters“improbable” stimuli — since ungrammatical sentences are relatively rare in naturalspeech, a P600 may not be a linguistic response but simply an effect of the subject’s“surprise” upon encountering an unexpected stimulus.

Teoriakà it reflects processes of revision (i.e., trying to “rescue” the interpretation of a sen-tence that can’t be processed normally because of structural errors) and reanalysis (i.e.,trying to rearrange the structure of a sentence that has been interpreted incorrectlybecause of a garden path)à other models suggest that the P600 may not reflect these processes in particular,but just the amount of time and effort in general it takes to build up coherent structurein a sentence . . .à . . . or the general processes of creating or destroying syntactic structure (not specif-ically because of repair)à another proposal is that the P600 does not necessarily reflect any linguistic processesper se, but is similar to the P300 in that it is triggered when a subject encounters“improbable” stimuli — since ungrammatical sentences are relatively rare in naturalspeech, a P600 may not be a linguistic response but simply an effect of the subject’s“surprise” upon encountering an unexpected stimulus.

LAN (Left Anterior Negativity)

DefinizioaAs the name suggests, the LAN is a negativ-ity typically peaking between 300 and 500 msthat is most prominent at left-anterior scalppositions.

Testuingurua

à It has been associated with difficultywith morpho-syntactic agreement processes(Friederici, 2002). (but later LAN has alsobeen found for phrase structure violations)(Hagoort et al., 2003).à It has also been observed for grammat-ical violations (Kutas and Hillyard 1983;Friederici et al., 1993; Coulson et al., 1998),and, more rarely, for garden paths (Kaan andSwaab 2003).

Another controversy concerns thelanguage specificity of the LAN:whereas some researchers claimthat it reflects processes specificto syntax, others claim that it isa more general index of workingmemory load (Kluender and Ku-tas 1993; Coulson et al. 1998;Rösler et al. 1998).

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials ERPak eta hizkuntza - LAN (Left Anterior Negativity) 28/37

Testuinguruaà It has been associated with difficultywith morpho-syntactic agreement processes(Friederici, 2002). (but later LAN has alsobeen found for phrase structure violations)(Hagoort et al., 2003).

à It has also been observed for grammat-ical violations (Kutas and Hillyard 1983;Friederici et al., 1993; Coulson et al., 1998),and, more rarely, for garden paths (Kaan andSwaab 2003).

Testuinguruaà It has been associated with difficultywith morpho-syntactic agreement processes(Friederici, 2002). (but later LAN has alsobeen found for phrase structure violations)(Hagoort et al., 2003).à It has also been observed for grammat-ical violations (Kutas and Hillyard 1983;Friederici et al., 1993; Coulson et al., 1998),and, more rarely, for garden paths (Kaan andSwaab 2003).

ELAN (Early Left Anterior Negativity)

DefinizioaIt is characterized by a negative-going wavethat peaks around 200 milliseconds or less afterthe onset of a stimulus and most often occurs inresponse to linguistic stimuli that violate word-category or phrase structure rules.

Ezaugarriak

à The ELAN only appears when it is impossibleto build local phrase structure.à It appears between 100 and 300 millisecondsafter the onset of the grammatically incorrectstimulus.à The speed of the ELAN may also be affectedby characteristic of the violating stimuli; theELAN appears later to visual stimuli that arefuzzy or difficult to see, and may occur earlier inmorphologically complex spoken words wheremuch information about the meaning of theword precedes the word’s recognition point.

The ELAN has been re-ported in languages suchas English, German, Dutch,Chinese, and Japanese. Itis possible, though, that itis not a response specific tolanguage.

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials ERPak eta hizkuntza - ELAN (Early Left Anterior Negativity) 29/37

Ezaugarriakà The ELAN only appears when it is impossibleto build local phrase structure.

à It appears between 100 and 300 millisecondsafter the onset of the grammatically incorrectstimulus.à The speed of the ELAN may also be affectedby characteristic of the violating stimuli; theELAN appears later to visual stimuli that arefuzzy or difficult to see, and may occur earlier inmorphologically complex spoken words wheremuch information about the meaning of theword precedes the word’s recognition point.

Ezaugarriakà The ELAN only appears when it is impossibleto build local phrase structure.à It appears between 100 and 300 millisecondsafter the onset of the grammatically incorrectstimulus.

à The speed of the ELAN may also be affectedby characteristic of the violating stimuli; theELAN appears later to visual stimuli that arefuzzy or difficult to see, and may occur earlier inmorphologically complex spoken words wheremuch information about the meaning of theword precedes the word’s recognition point.

Ezaugarriakà The ELAN only appears when it is impossibleto build local phrase structure.à It appears between 100 and 300 millisecondsafter the onset of the grammatically incorrectstimulus.à The speed of the ELAN may also be affectedby characteristic of the violating stimuli; theELAN appears later to visual stimuli that arefuzzy or difficult to see, and may occur earlier inmorphologically complex spoken words wheremuch information about the meaning of theword precedes the word’s recognition point.

ERP osagarrien zerrenda

Component Description Interpretation

N400centro-parietal negativitywith a peak latency of400 ms

lexical-semantic processing;integration into a meaning-ful context

P600centro-parietal positivitywith a peak latency ofapproximately 600 ms

syntactic processing (e.g.reanalysis, complexity)

ELANleft-anterior negativitywith a peak latency ofapproximately 150 ms

word category-based phrasestructure processing

LAN focalleft-anterior negativitywith a peak latency ofapproximately 400 ms

morphosyntactic processing

sustainedleft-anterior negativ-ity with a duration ofapproximately ≥ 500 ms

working memory-relatedprocessing costs

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials Summary - ERP osagarrien zerrenda 30/37

Prozesu sintaktiko eta semantikoen gertatze denbora

Galdera esperimentala: What is thetime-course of semantic and syntacticprocesses in auditory comprehension?

Experiment 1å correct (baseline): Das Brot wurdegegessen. (The bread was eaten)å semantically incorrect: Der Vulkanwurde gegessen. (The volcano was eaten)å syntactically incorrect: Das Eis wurdeim gegessen. (The ice cream was in-theeaten)å sem. and syntactically incorrect: DasTürschloß wurde im gegessen. (The doorlock was in-the eaten)å fillers: Die Pizza wurde im Restaurantgegessen. (The pizza was in-the restau-rant eaten)

Predictions:

à semantic and syntactic processes are totallyindependent when occurring in temporal suc-cession. If this is the case, we expect a combi-nation of all three ERP components: an ELAN,an N400 and a P600.à if lexical–semantic information is used veryrapidly and in close interaction with syntac-tic information during sentence processing, onewould predict an early influence of the semanticproperties of the word, i.e. the ELAN shoulddiffer between the combined violation conditionand the pure syntactic violation conditionà if the processes of phrase structure buildingare independent of semantic aspects but notvice versa, one would predict (a) the ELANto be unaffected by the semantic violation,whereas (b) the subsequent semantic integra-tion processes reflected by the N400 should beaffected by the phrase structure error as lexi-cal integration is not licensed by the syntacticstructure

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials Summary - Sintaxia versus semantika 31/37

Source: Hahne, A. & Friederici, A.D. (2002). Differential task effects on semantic and syntactic processes as revealed by ERPs. Cognitive Brain Research 13, 339-356

Predictions:

à semantic and syntactic processes are totallyindependent when occurring in temporal suc-cession. If this is the case, we expect a combi-nation of all three ERP components: an ELAN,an N400 and a P600.à if lexical–semantic information is used veryrapidly and in close interaction with syntac-tic information during sentence processing, onewould predict an early influence of the semanticproperties of the word, i.e. the ELAN shoulddiffer between the combined violation conditionand the pure syntactic violation conditionà if the processes of phrase structure buildingare independent of semantic aspects but notvice versa, one would predict (a) the ELANto be unaffected by the semantic violation,whereas (b) the subsequent semantic integra-tion processes reflected by the N400 should beaffected by the phrase structure error as lexi-cal integration is not licensed by the syntacticstructure

Predictions:à semantic and syntactic processes are totallyindependent when occurring in temporal suc-cession. If this is the case, we expect a combi-nation of all three ERP components: an ELAN,an N400 and a P600.

à if lexical–semantic information is used veryrapidly and in close interaction with syntac-tic information during sentence processing, onewould predict an early influence of the semanticproperties of the word, i.e. the ELAN shoulddiffer between the combined violation conditionand the pure syntactic violation conditionà if the processes of phrase structure buildingare independent of semantic aspects but notvice versa, one would predict (a) the ELANto be unaffected by the semantic violation,whereas (b) the subsequent semantic integra-tion processes reflected by the N400 should beaffected by the phrase structure error as lexi-cal integration is not licensed by the syntacticstructure

Predictions:à semantic and syntactic processes are totallyindependent when occurring in temporal suc-cession. If this is the case, we expect a combi-nation of all three ERP components: an ELAN,an N400 and a P600.à if lexical–semantic information is used veryrapidly and in close interaction with syntac-tic information during sentence processing, onewould predict an early influence of the semanticproperties of the word, i.e. the ELAN shoulddiffer between the combined violation conditionand the pure syntactic violation condition

à if the processes of phrase structure buildingare independent of semantic aspects but notvice versa, one would predict (a) the ELANto be unaffected by the semantic violation,whereas (b) the subsequent semantic integra-tion processes reflected by the N400 should beaffected by the phrase structure error as lexi-cal integration is not licensed by the syntacticstructure

Predictions:à semantic and syntactic processes are totallyindependent when occurring in temporal suc-cession. If this is the case, we expect a combi-nation of all three ERP components: an ELAN,an N400 and a P600.à if lexical–semantic information is used veryrapidly and in close interaction with syntac-tic information during sentence processing, onewould predict an early influence of the semanticproperties of the word, i.e. the ELAN shoulddiffer between the combined violation conditionand the pure syntactic violation conditionà if the processes of phrase structure buildingare independent of semantic aspects but notvice versa, one would predict (a) the ELANto be unaffected by the semantic violation,whereas (b) the subsequent semantic integra-tion processes reflected by the N400 should beaffected by the phrase structure error as lexi-cal integration is not licensed by the syntacticstructure

Emaitzak:The results show that the processing of phrase structure in-formation has priority over that of lexical–semantic informa-tion and that the syntactic feature of an incorrect word cat-egory may block the semantic integration of that particularword.

ERPak eta 4 hilabeteko umeakExperimental question: Arebrain responses in 4-month-oldinfants already language spe-cific?

å Background: 1-4-month-olds candiscriminate melodic contours andstress patterns as well as language-independend phonetic contrastså Language specific discriminationhas been reported for phonetic con-trasts only for 6-12 month-olds

The study

à 50 native German and French in-fantsà ERPs: stress-pattern discrimina-tion (pseudowords bába vs. babá)à Results: a positive mismatch re-sponse (MMR) to deviant vs. base-line conditionà Conclusion: Brain responses arespecific to a particular language.

Zawiszewski — Event-Related Potentials Summary - ERPak eta 4 hilabeteko umeak 36/37

Source: Friederici et al. (2007). Brain responses in 4-month-old infants are already language specific. Current Biology 17, 1208-1211

å Background: 1-4-month-olds candiscriminate melodic contours andstress patterns as well as language-independend phonetic contrasts

å Language specific discriminationhas been reported for phonetic con-trasts only for 6-12 month-olds

The study

The studyà 50 native German and French in-fants

à ERPs: stress-pattern discrimina-tion (pseudowords bába vs. babá)à Results: a positive mismatch re-sponse (MMR) to deviant vs. base-line conditionà Conclusion: Brain responses arespecific to a particular language.

The studyà 50 native German and French in-fantsà ERPs: stress-pattern discrimina-tion (pseudowords bába vs. babá)

à Results: a positive mismatch re-sponse (MMR) to deviant vs. base-line conditionà Conclusion: Brain responses arespecific to a particular language.

The studyà 50 native German and French in-fantsà ERPs: stress-pattern discrimina-tion (pseudowords bába vs. babá)

à Results: a positive mismatch re-sponse (MMR) to deviant vs. base-line conditionà Conclusion: Brain responses arespecific to a particular language.

The studyà 50 native German and French in-fantsà ERPs: stress-pattern discrimina-tion (pseudowords bába vs. babá)à Results: a positive mismatch re-sponse (MMR) to deviant vs. base-line condition

à Conclusion: Brain responses arespecific to a particular language.

The studyà 50 native German and French in-fantsà ERPs: stress-pattern discrimina-tion (pseudowords bába vs. babá)à Results: a positive mismatch re-sponse (MMR) to deviant vs. base-line conditionà Conclusion: Brain responses arespecific to a particular language.

. . . DATORREN ASTEAN GEHIAGO. . .

metodologia: gertaerei loturiko potentzialak · metodologia: gertaerei loturiko potentzialak...

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