marx karl - la-llamada-acumulación-originaria-capitulo-xxiv-el-capital

8/12/2019 Marx Karl - La-Llamada-Acumulación-Originaria-Capitulo-XXIV-El-Capital

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LA LLAMADA ACUMULACIÓN ORIGINARIA (Capitulo XXIV El Capital)Carlos Marx

Ministerio del Poder Popular del Despacho de la Presidencia.

Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. Palacio de Miraflores

Caracas - Venezuela

www.presidencia.gob.ve

Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Comunicación y la Información.

Av. Universidad, Esq. El Chorro, Torre Ministerial, pisos 9 y 10.

Caracas - Venezuela

www.minci.gob.ve

Depósito Legal: lf53320089001536

Julio 2008. Impreso en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela



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7



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8



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9



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10



56D2CC@==@ 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? J 2 =2 =:3C6 6IA=@E24:X?56= 9@>3C6 A@C 6= 9@>3C6 &6C@ =@D 4232==6C@D 56=2 :?5FDEC:2 DX=@ 4@?D:8F:6C@? 56DA=2K2C A@C 4@>A=6E@ 2 =@D 4232==6C@D 56 =2 6DA252 6IA=@E2?5@DF46D@D 6? BF6 ?@ E6?V2? =2 >6?@C A2CE6 56 4F=A2)F3:6C@? J EC:F?72C@? A@C AC@465:>:6?E@D ?@>6?@D G:=6D BF6 =@D BF6 6? DF E:6>A@ 6>A=6X 6==:36CE@ C@>2?@ A2C2 4@?G6CE:CD6 6? D6W@C 56 DF

A2EC@?@

= AC@46D@ 56 5@?56 D2=:6C@? 6= @3C6C@ 2D2=2C:25@ J 6= 42A:E2=:DE2 EFG@ 4@>@ AF?E@ 56 A2CE:52=2 6D4=2G:K24:X? 56= @3C6C@ DE6 56D2CC@==@ 4@?D:DEV2 6? 6= 42>3:@ 56 =2 7@C>2 56 6D4=2G:K24:X? =2

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., =2 6C2 42A:E2=:DE2 DX=@ 52E2 6? C62=:525 56= D:8=@., ==V 5@?56 DFC86 6= 42A:E2=:D>@ 9246 J2 >F49@E:6>A@ BF6 D6 92 23@=:5@ =2 D6CG:5F>3C6 J BF6 6=AF?E@ 56 6DA=6?5@C 56 =2 525 #65:2 =2 6I:DE6?4:256 4:F5256D D@36C2?2D 92 564=:?25@ J A2=:564:5@

11



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AC@46D@ =2 6IAC@A:24:X? BF6 AC:G2 56 DF E:6CC2 2=AC@5F4E@C CFC2= 2= 42>A6D:?@ )F 9:DE@C:2 AC6D6?E2F?2 >@52=:525 5:G6CD2 6? 4252 A2VD J 6? 4252 F?@56 6==@D C64@CC6 =2D 5:76C6?E6D 72D6D 6? 5:DE:?E2 8C2524:X? J 6? UA@42D 9:DEXC:42D 5:G6CD2D (6G:DE6 DF7@C>2 4=TD:42 DX=@ 6? ?8=2E6CC2 A2VD BF6 2BFV

E@>2>@D A@C E2?E@ 4@>@ >@56=@

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12



BF6E2 76F52= 32;@ =2 BF6 @4F=E2D6? DF AC@A:6525? =2D 8C2?56D 7:?42D D6W@C:2=6D 6= 32:=:77 086C6?E656 7:?421 2?E6D D:6CG@ 923V2 D:5@ 56DA=2K25@ A@C 6=2CC6?52E2C:@ =:3C6 "@D ;@C?2=6C@D 28CV4@=2D 6C2? 6?A2CE6 42>A6D:?@D BF6 2AC@G649232? DF E:6>A@=:3C6 A2C2 EC232;2C 2 DF6=5@ 56 =@D 8C2?56D E6CC2E6?:6?E6D J 6? A2CE6 F?2 4=2D6 6DA64:2= C6=2E:G2 J23D@=FE2>6?E6 A@4@ ?F>6C@D2 56 G6C5256C@D

2D2=2C:25@D #TD E2>3:U? UDE@D 6C2? 56 9649@ 2 =2A2C BF6 ;@C?2=6C@D =23C25@C6D :?56A6?5:6?E6DAF6DE@ BF6 256>TD 56= D2=2C:@ D6 =6D 5232 42D2 J=23C2?K2 4@? F?2 423:52 56 J >TD 24C6D 56>TDE6?V2? 56C649@ 2 4@>A2CE:C 4@? =@D G6C5256C@D=23C25@C6D 6= 2AC@G6492>:6?E@ 56 =@D E6CC6?@D

4@>F?2=6D 6? =@D BF6 A2DE232? DFD 82?25@D JBF6 2= >:D>@ E:6>A@ =6D DF>:?:DEC232? =2 >256C2=2 =6W2 =2 EFC32 6E4 "2 AC@5F44:X? 76F52= D6 42C24E6C:K2 6? E@5@D =@D A2VD6D 56 FC@A2 A@C =25:G:D:X? 56= DF6=@ 6?EC6 6= >2J@C ?Y>6C@ A@D:3=656 EC:3FE2C:@D = A@56C 56= D6W@C 76F52= 4@>@ 6=

13

1 No debe olvidarse jamás que el mismo siervo no sólo era propietario, aunque sujeto a tri-

buto, de la parcela de tierra asignada a su casa, sino además copropietario de los terrenos

comunales. «Allí» (en Silesia), «el campesino vive sujeto a servidumbre». No obstante, estos

siervos poseen tierras comunes. «Hasta hoy, no ha sido posible convencer a los silesianos

de la conveniencia de dividir los terrenos comunales; en cambio, en las Nuevas Marcas no

hay apenas un solo pueblo en que no se haya efectuado con el mayor de los éxitos esta di-

visión» [Mirabeau. De la Monarchie Prussienne («De la monarquía prusiana»), Londres,

1788, t. II, pp. 125 y 126].



56 E@5@ D@36C2?@ ?@ 56D42?D232 D@=2>6?E6 6? =2=@?8:EF5 56 DF C@==@ 56 C6?E2D D:?@ 6? 6= ?Y>6C@56 DFD DY35:E@D BF6 2 DF G6K 56A6?5V2 56 =2 4:7C256 42>A6D:?@D :?56A6?5:6?E6D &@C 6D@ 2F?BF656DAFUD 56 =2 4@?BF:DE2 ?@C>2?52 6= DF6=@ :?8=UDD6 5:G:5:X 6? F?2D A@42D 32C@?V2D 8:82?E6D42D6?EC6 =2D BF6 923V2 2=8F?2D BF6 232C4232? A@C DV D@=2D 92DE2 =@C2K8@D 2?8=@D2;@?6D 2?E:8F@D

6DE232 D2=A:425@ 56 A6BF6W2D 6IA=@E24:@?6D 42>A6D:?2D :?E6CCF>A:52D DX=@ 56 G6K 6? 4F2?5@ A@C8C2?56D 7:?42D D6W@C:2=6D DE2D 4@?5:4:@?6D 4@>3:?252D 4@? 6= 6DA=6?5@C 56 =2D 4:F5256D 42C24E6CVDE:4@ 56= D:8=@ ., A6C>:EV2? BF6 D6 56D2CC@==2D62BF6==2 C:BF6K2 ?24:@?2= BF6 6= 42?4:==6C @CE6D4F6

56D4C:36 4@? E2?E2 6=@4F6?4:2 6? DF "2F5:3FD"68F> ?8=:26 N"2 DFA6C:@C:525 56 =2D =6J6D :?8=6D2DO A6C@ 46CC232? 6= A2D@ 2 =2 C:BF6K2 42A:E2=:DE2

= AC6=F5:@ 56 =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? BF6 923V2 56

6492C =@D 4:>:6?E@D A2C2 6= CU8:>6? 56 AC@5F44:X? 42A:E2=:DE2 4@:?4:56 4@? 6= Y=E:>@ E6C4:@ 56=D:8=@ ., J =@D AC:>6C@D 5646?:@D 56= ., = =:46?4:2>:6?E@ 56 =2D 9F6DE6D 76F52=6D LBF6 4@>@ 5:46246CE252>6?E6 ):C 2>6D )E6F2CE N==6?232? :?YE:=

14



>6?E6 6? E@52D A2CE6D 42D2D J A2E:@DO L =2?KX 2=>6C425@ 56 EC232;@ 2 F?2 >2D2 56 AC@=6E2C:@D=:3C6D J 56D96C6525@D = A@56C C62= AC@5F4E@E2>3:U? 56= 56D2CC@==@ 3FC8FUD 6? DF 56D6@ 564@?BF:DE2C =2 D@36C2?V2 23D@=FE2 246=6CX G:@=6?E2>6?E6 =2 5:D@=F4:X? 56 6DE2D 9F6DE6D 76F52=6DA6C@ ?@ 7F6 UD2 ?: >F49@ >6?@D =2 Y?:42 42FD2BF6 =2 AC@5F;@ "@D 8C2?56D D6W@C6D 76F52=6D

=6G2?ET?5@D6 E6?2K>6?E6 4@?EC2 =2 >@?2CBFV2 J6= A2C=2>6?E@ 4C62C@? F? AC@=6E2C:25@ :?4@>A2C23=6>6?E6 >2J@C 2= 2CC@;2C G:@=6?E2>6?E6 2 =@D42>A6D:?@D 56 =2D E:6CC2D BF6 4F=E:G232? J D@3C6=2D BF6 E6?V2? =@D >:D>@D EVEF=@D ;FCV5:4@D 76F52=6DBF6 6==@D J 2= FDFCA2C=6D DFD 3:6?6D 4@>F?2=6D =

7=@C64:>:6?E@ 56 =2D >2?F724EFC2D =2?6C2D 56 =2?56D J =2 4@?D:8F:6?E6 2=K2 56 =@D AC64:@D 56 =2 =2?27F6 =@ BF6 D:CG:X 56 24:42E6 5:C64E@ A2C2 6DE@ 6??8=2E6CC2 "2 2?E:8F2 2C:DE@4C24:2 923V2 D:5@ 56G@C252 A@C =2D 8F6CC2D 76F52=6D =2 ?F6G2 6C2 J2F?2 9:;2 56 DFD E:6>A@D 56 F?@D E:6>A@D 6? =@D

BF6 6= 5:?6C@ 6D =2 A@E6?4:2 56 =2D A@E6?4:2D &@C6D@ 6?2C3@=X 4@>@ 32?56C2 =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 56=2D E:6CC2D 56 =23@C 6? E6CC6?@D 56 A2DE@D A2C2 @G6;2D ? DF 6D4C:AE:@? @7 ?8=2?5 &C67:I65 E@

15

2 J. Steuart. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy («Investigación de los prin-

cipios de la Economía política»), Vol. I, Dublin, 1770, p. 52.



@=:?D965D 9C@?:4=6D N6D4C:A4:X? 56 ?8=2E6CC2?E6AF6DE2 2 =2D CX?:42D @=:?D965O 2CC:D@?56D4C:36 4X>@ =2 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 =@D A6BF6W@D28C:4F=E@C6D 2CCF:?2 2= A2VD N-92E 42C6 @FC 8C62E:?4C@2496CDO NM'FU D6 =6D 52 56 6DE@ 2 ?F6DEC@D8C2?56D FDFCA25@C6DO "2D 42D2D 56 =@D 42>A6D:?@D J =@D 4@EE286D 49@K2D 56 =@D @3C6C@D 7F6C@?G:@=6?E2>6?E6 2CC2D25@D @ 6?EC6825@D 2 =2 CF:?2

N@?DF=E2?5@ =@D G:6;@D :?G6?E2C:@D 56 =2D 7:?42D D6W@C:2=6DO L5:46 2CC:D@?L NG6>@D BF692? 56D2A2C64:5@ :??F>6C23=6D 42D2D J A6BF6W2D924:6?52D 56 42>A6D:?@D BF6 6= 42>A@ D@DE:6?62 >F492 >6?@D 86?E6 BF6 >F492D 4:F5256D D6

92? 2CCF:?25@ 2F?BF6 92J2? 7=@C64:5@ 2=8@ @EC2D?F6G2D *2>3:U? A@5CV2>@D 564:C 2=8@ 56 =2D4:F5256D J =@D AF63=@D 56DECF:5@D A2C2 4@?G6CE:C=@D 6? A2DE@D A2C2 @G6;2D J 6? =@D BF6 DX=@ BF652?6? A:6 =2D 42D2D 56 =@D D6W@C6DO

F?BF6 6I286C252D D:6>AC6 =2D =2>6?E24:@?6D 56 6DE2D G:6;2D 4CX?:42D 56D4C:36? 4@? E@526I24E:EF5 =2 :>AC6D:X? BF6 AC@5F4V2 6? =@D 9@>3C6D 56 =2 UA@42 =2 C6G@=F4:X? BF6 D6 6DE232 @A6C2?5@ 6? =2D 4@?5:4:@?6D 56 AC@5F44:X?

16



@>A2C2?5@ =2D @3C2D 56 *@>TD #@C@ 4@? =2D 56=42?4:==6C @CE6D4F6 6D 4@>@ >6;@C D6 G6 6= 23:D>@BF6 D6A2C2 2= D:8=@ ., 56= ., @>@ @3D6CG2 246CE252>6?E6 *9@C?E@? =2 4=2D6 @3C6C2 :?8=6D2 D6AC64:A:EX 5:C64E2>6?E6 D:? EC2?D:4:X? 56 =2 652556 @C@ 2 =2 6525 56 9:6CC@

"2 =68:D=24:X? D6 649X 2 E6>3=2C 2?E6 =2 EC2?D

7@C>24:X? BF6 D6 6DE232 @A6C2?5@ $@ 923V2==6825@ E@52GV2 2 6D6 2A@86@ 56 =2 4:G:=:K24:X? 6?BF6 =2 N-62=E9 @7 E96 $2E:@?O 0N=2 C:BF6K2 ?24:@?2=O1 6D 564:C =2 4C624:X? 56 42A:E2= J =2 56DA:25252 6IA=@E24:X? J 56A2FA6C24:X? 56 =2 >2D2 56=AF63=@ D6 4@?D:56C2 4@>@ =2 Y=E:>2 *9F=6 56

E@52 D23:5FCV2 A@=VE:42 ? DF 9:DE@C:2 56 ?C:BF6, 5:46 24@?

N&@C 2BF6==2 UA@42O N7F6C@? 924:U?5@D6 >TD 7C64F6?E6D =2D BF6;2D 4@?EC2 =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 56 =2D E:6CC2D 56 =23C2?K2 6? E6CC6?@D 56

A2DE@D A2DE@D 56 82?25@ =2?2C 6E4 7T4:=6D 562E6?56C 4@? F?@D 4F2?E@D A2DE@C6D =@D 2CC6?52>:6?E@D E6>A@C2=6D 56 A@C G:52 J A@C 2W@DO 56

17

3 Literalmente significa: la Tule extrema; frase, empleada en el sentido de «último extremo».

(Tule es un país insular situado, según opinión de los antiguos, en el extremo septentrional

de Europa.)



=@D BF6 G:GV2? F?2 8C2? A2CE6 56 =@D J6@>6? N7F6C@? 4@?G6CE:5@D 6? 7:?42D 5@>:?:42=6D DE@EC2;@ =2 564256?4:2 56= AF63=@ J 4@? 6==2 =2 564256?4:2 56 4:F5256D :8=6D:2D 5:6K>@D ? 2BF6==2UA@42 =2 D23:5FCV2 56= C6J J 56= A2C=2>6?E@ A2C24FC2C 6= >2= 7F6 G6C5256C2>6?E6 >2C2G:==@D2 :4E2C@? >65:52D 4@?EC2 6DE2 FDFCA24:X? BF6 6DE23256DA@3=2?5@ =@D E6CC6?@D 4@>F?2=6D 56A@AF=2

E:?8 :?4=@DFC6D J 4@?EC2 6= CU8:>6? 56DA@3=25@C56 =@D A2DE@D 56A@AF=2E:?8 A2DEFC286 BF6D68FV2 =2D 9F6==2D 56 2BFU==2O

+? 564C6E@ 56 ?C:BF6 , 5:4E25@ 6? AC@9:3:X =2 56DECF44:X? 56 E@52D =2D 42D2D 56 =2

3C25@C6D BF6 EFG:6D6? 2D:8?25@D >TD 56 24C6D56 E:6CC2 ?C:BF6 , 6= 24E@ 56= 2W@ 56 DF C6:?25@ 4@?7:C>2 =2 >:D>2 =6J ? 6DE6 564C6E@ D65:46 6?EC6 @EC2D 4@D2D BF6

ND6 24F>F=2? 6? A@42D >2?@D >F492D E:6CC2D

2CC6?5252D J 8C2?56D C632W@D 56 82?25@ AC:?4:A2=>6?E6 56 @G6;2D =@ BF6 9246 BF6 =2D C6?E2D 56=2 E:6CC2 DF32? >F49@ J =2 =23C2?K2 5642:82 6IEC2@C5:?2C:2>6?E6 BF6 D62? 56CCF:52D :8=6D:2D J

18

4 Pequeños campesinos libres en la Inglaterra feudal. (N. de la Edit.)



42D2D BF652?5@ 2D@>3C@D2D >2D2D 56 AF63=@ :?42A24:E252D A2C2 82?2CD6 DF G:52 J >2?E6?6C 2 DFD72>:=:2DO

? G:DE2 56 6DE@ =2 =6J @C56?2 BF6 D6 C6DE2FC6?=2D 8C2?;2D 2CCF:?252D 6DE23=646 =2 AC@A@C4:X? BF65636 8F2C52CD6 6?EC6 =2D E:6CC2D 56 =23C2?K2 J =@DE6CC6?@D 56 A2DE@D 6E4 +?2 =6J 56 D6 BF6;2

56 BF6 92J2 AC@A:6E2C:@D BF6 A@D66? 92DE2 4236K2D 56 82?25@ =2?2C J =:>:E2 6= ?Y>6C@ 56UDE2D 2 $: =2D BF6;2D 56= AF63=@ ?: =2 =68:D=24:X? AC@9:3:E:G2 BF6 4@>:6?K2 4@? ?C:BF6 , J5FC2 4:6?E@ 4:?4F6?E2 2W@D 4@?D:8F:6C@? 23D@=FE2>6?E6 ?252 4@?EC2 6= >@G:>:6?E@ 56 6IAC@A:2

4:X? 56 =@D A6BF6W@D 2CC6?52E2C:@D J 42>A6D:?@D24@? ?@D C6G6=2 D:? D236C=@ 6= D64C6E@ 56 6DE6 7C242D@

N= 564C6E@ 56 ?C:BF6 ,O L5:46 6? DFDDD2JD 4:G:= 2?5 >@C2= N?D2J@D 56 =@ 4:G:= J =@

>@C2= D64E L N6?46CC232 F? D6?E:5@ AC@7F?5@J >2C2G:==@D@ AF6DE@ BF6 4C6232 6IA=@E24:@?6D28CV4@=2D J 42D2D 56 =23C2?K2 56 F?2 56E6C>:?252

19

5 Tomás Moro habla en su Utopía, de un país singular en que «las ovejas devoran a los hom-

bres». Utopía, trad. de Robinson ed. Arber, London, 1869, p. 41



5:>6?D:X? ?@C>2= 6D 564:C =6D 82C2?E:K232 F?2AC@A@C4:X? 56 E:6CC2 BF6 =6D A6C>:EV2 EC26C 2=>F?5@ DY35:E@D DF7:4:6?E6>6?E6 C:4@D J D:? A@D:4:X? D6CG:= A@?:6?5@ 6= 2C25@ 6? >2?@D 56 AC@A:6E2C:@D J ?@ 56 86?E6D 2 DF6=5@O

&C64:D2>6?E6 =@ 4@?EC2C:@ 56 =@ BF6 6I:8V2A2C2 :?DE2=2CD6 6= D:DE6>2 42A:E2=:DE2 =2 DF;64:X?

D6CG:= 56 =2 >2D2 56= AF63=@ =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 56UDE6 6? F? EC@A6= 56 86?E6D 2 DF6=5@ J 56 DFD >65:@D 56 EC232;@ 6? 42A:E2= FC2?E6 6DE6 A6CV@5@ 56EC2?D:4:X? =2 =68:D=24:X? AC@4FCX E2>3:U? >2?E6?6C 6= =V>:E6 56 24C6D 56 E:6CC2 A2C2 =@D 4@EE286D56= ;@C?2=6C@ 56= 42>A@ AC@9:3:U?5@=6 >6E6C 6?

DF 42D2 86?E6D 2 DF6=5@ *@52GV2 6? C6:?2?5@2C=@D 7F6 4@?56?25@ F? (@86C C@4<6C 56 @?E>:== A@C 9236C 4@?DECF:5@ 6? 6= >2?@C 7:?42 56@?E>:== F? 4@EE286 D:? 2D:8?2C=6 4@>@ 2?6;@ A6C>2?6?E6 24C6D 56 E:6CC2 6? C6:?2?5@ 2Y?2C=@D D6 ?@>3CX F?2 4@>:D:X? C62= 6?42C8252

56 :>A@?6C =2 6;64F4:X? 56 =2D 2?E:8F2D =6J6D AC:?4:A2=>6?E6 =2 BF6 6I:8V2 =@D 24C6D 56 E:6CC2 4@>@>V?:>@ E@52GV2 C@>H6== AC@9V36 =2 4@?DECF44:X?56 42D2D 6? >:==2D 2 =2 C65@?52 56 "@?5C6D D:?5@E2C=2D 56 24C6D 56 E:6CC2 #TD E2C56 6? =2 AC:

20



>6C2 >:E25 56= D:8=@ ., D6 7@C>F=2? E@52GV2BF6;2D 4F2?5@ 6= 4@EE286 56 F? ;@C?2=6C@ 56=42>A@ ?@ E:6?6 2D:8?25@D A@C =@ >6?@D 56 2 24C6D @J 5V2 6= 3C246C@ 56= 42>A@ D6 52 A@CD2E:D7649@ 4@? E2= 56 E6?6C F?2 42D2 4@? 9F6CE@ @56 A@56C 2CC6?52C 5@D G2C2D 56 E:6CC2 2 C68F=2C 5:DE2?4:2

N*6CC2E6?:6?E6D J 2CC6?52E2C:@DO L5:46 6= CF?E6CL ND6 52? =2 >2?@ 6? 6DE6 AF?E@ &@4@D24C6D 56 E:6CC2 32DE2CV2? A2C2 BF6 6= ;@C?2=6C@ 56=42>A@ 5:D7CFE2D6 56 56>2D:252 :?56A6?56?4:2O

"2 (67@C>2 4@? DF DUBF:E@ 56 4@=@D2=6D

56AC6524:@?6D 56 =@D 3:6?6D 56 =2 8=6D:2 G:?@ 252C 6? 6= D:8=@ ., F? ?F6G@ J 6DA2?E@D@ :>AF=D@2= AC@46D@ G:@=6?E@ 56 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 =2 >2D2 56=AF63=@ = AC@5F4:CD6 =2 (67@C>2 =2 8=6D:2 42EX=:426C2 AC@A:6E2C:2 76F52= 56 F?2 8C2? A2CE6 56= DF6=@:?8=UD "2 A6CD64F4:X? 4@?EC2 =@D 4@?G6?E@D 6E4

EC2?D7@C>X 2 DFD >@C25@C6D 6? AC@=6E2C:25@

21

6 Dr. Hunter, Public Health, Seventh Report, 1864, («La salud pública. Informe 7, 1864»).

London, p. 1347 La Reforma, amplio movimiento social contra la Iglesia católica, se extendió en el siglo XVI

a Alemania, Suiza, Inglaterra, Francia, etc. La consecuencia religiosa de la Reforma en los

países en que ésta triunfó consistió en la formación de varias iglesias llamadas protestantes

(en Inglaterra, Escocia, los Países Bajos, una parte de Alemania y los países escandina-

vos).



#F49@D 56 =@D 3:6?6D 56 =2 8=6D:2 7F6C@? C682=25@D 2 F?@D 4F2?E@D C2A246D AC@E68:5@D 56= C6J @G6?5:5@D A@C F? AC64:@ :CC:D@C:@ 2 6DA64F=25@C6DCFC2=6D J 2 A6CD@?2D C6D:56?E6D 6? =2 4:F525 BF:6?6D C6F?:6?5@ DFD 6IA=@E24:@?6D 2CC@;2C@? 566==2D 6? >2D2 2 =@D 2?E:8F@D 2CC6?52E2C:@D BF6 =2DG6?V2? 4F=E:G2?5@ 56 A25C6D 2 9:;@D = 56C649@ 56=@D =23C25@C6D 6>A@3C64:5@D 2 A6C4:3:C F?2 A2CE6

56 =@D 5:6K>@D 56 =2 8=6D:2 56C649@ 82C2?E:K25@A@C =2 =6J 923V2 D:5@ J2 ET4:E2>6?E6 4@?7:D425@&2FA6C F3:BF6 ;246E 6I4=2>2 =2 C6:?2 D236= 56DAFUD 56 C64@CC6C ?8=2E6CC2 &@C 7:? 6? 6= 2W@ 56DF C6:?25@ 6= @3:6C?@ ?@ EFG@ >TD C6>65:@ BF652C 6DE25@ @7:4:2= 2= A2FA6C:D>@ 4C62?5@ 6=

:>AF6DE@ 56 A@3C6K2

N"@D 2FE@C6D 56 6DE2 =6J ?@ D6 2EC6G:6C@? 2 AC@4=2>2C DFD C2K@?6D J C@>A:6?5@ 4@? =2 EC25:4:X?56 D:6>AC6 =2 AC@>F=82C@? D:? ?:?8Y? AC6T>3F=@O 6IA@D:4:X? 56 >@E:G@D

&@C =2 =6J AC@>F=8252 2= 2W@ 56= C6:?25@ 562C=@D 6DE6 :>AF6DE@ 7F6 564=2C25@ A6CA6EF@ J

22

8 «Pauper ubique jacet» (los pobres son desheredados en todas partes), palabras de Los

Fastos de Ovidio, libro primero, verso 218.9 William Cobbett. A History of the Protestant Reformation («Historia de la Reforma protes-

tante»), §. 471.



DX=@ 2 A2CE:C 56 4@3CX F?2 7@C>2 ?F6G2 J >TDC:8FC@D2 &6C@ 6DE2D 4@?D64F6?4:2D :?>65:2E2D 56=2 (67@C>2 ?@ 7F6C@? =2D >TD A6CD:DE6?E6D = A2EC:>@?:@ 64=6D:TDE:4@ 6C2 6= 32=F2CE6 C6=:8:@D@ 56ECTD56= 4F2= D6 2EC:?496C232 6= CU8:>6? 2?E:8F@ 56AC@A:6525 E6CC:E@C:2= = 56CCF>32CD6 2BFU= UDE6E2>A@4@ A@5V2 >2?E6?6CD6 6? A:6

*@52GV2 6? =@D Y=E:>@D 5646?:@D 56= D:8=@ .,=2 J6@>2?CJ 4=2D6 56 42>A6D:?@D :?56A6?5:6?E6D6C2 >TD ?F>6C@D2 BF6 =2 4=2D6 56 =@D 2CC6?52E2C:@D "2 J6@>2?CJ 923V2 D:5@ 6= AF?E2= >TD 7:C>656 C@>H6== J 6= AC@A:@ #242F=2J 4@?7:6D2 BF66DE@D =23C25@C6D @7C64V2? F? 4@?EC2DE6 >FJ G6?

E2;@D@ 4@? 2BF6==@D 9:52=8Z6=@D 3@CC249@D J DFD=242J@D =@D 4FC2D CFC2=6D 4FJ2 >:D:X? 4@?D:DEV2 6?42D2C =2D N>@K2D AC65:=64E2DO *@52GV2 ?@ D6 923V256DA@;25@ 2 =@D ;@C?2=6C@D 56= 42>A@ 56 DF 56C649@ 56 4@AC@A:6525 D@3C6 =@D 3:6?6D 4@>F?2=6D=C6565@C 56 56D2A2C64:X =2 J6@>2?CJ J 6?

=@D Y=E:>@D 5646?:@D 56= D:8=@ ., D6 3@CC2C@?92DE2 =@D Y=E:>@D G6DE:8:@D 56 AC@A:6525 4@>F?2=56 =@D 28C:4F=E@C6D BFV AC6D4:?5:>@D 56 1@D 724E@C6D AFC2>6?E6 64@?X>:4@D BF6 :?E6CG:?:6C@? 6?=2 C6G@=F4:X? 56 =2 28C:4F=EFC2 J ?@D =:>:E2>@D 2:?5282C =@D 724E@C6D 56 G:@=6?4:2 BF6 =2 :>AF=D2

C@? 23



2;@ =2 C6DE2FC24:X? 56 =@D DEF2C5@D =@DE6CC2E6?:6?E6D :>AFD:6C@? =682=>6?E6 F?2 FDFCA24:X? BF6 6? E@5@ 6= 4@?E:?6?E6 D6 923V2 ==6G25@E2>3:U? 2 423@ D:? ?646D:525 56 =@D ECT>:E6D 56 =2=6J DE2 FDFCA24:X? 4@?D:DE:X 6? 23@=:C 6= CU8:>6?76F52= 56= DF6=@ 6D 564:C 6? EC2?D76C:C DFD 5636C6DEC:3FE2C:@D 2= DE25@ N:?56>?:K2?5@O 2 UDE6 A@C>65:@ 56 :>AF6DE@D D@3C6 =@D 42>A6D:?@D J 6=

C6DE@ 56 =2D >2D2D 56= AF63=@ C6:G:?5:42?5@ =2>@56C?2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 D@3C6 7:?42D 6? =2DBF6 DX=@ 2D:DEV2? 2 =@D E6CC2E6?:6?E6D EVEF=@D 76F52=6D J 7:?2=>6?E6 5:4E2?5@ 2BF6==2D =6J6D 56 C6D:56?4:2 BF6 >FE2E:D >FE2?5:D 04@? 42>3:@D4@CC6DA@?5:6?E6D1 6;6C4:6C@? D@3C6 =@D =23C25@C6D

:?8=6D6D =2 >:D>2 :?7=F6?4:2 BF6 6= 65:4E@ 56= ETCE2C@ @CVD @5F?@G D@3C6 =@D 42>A6D:?@D CFD@D

24

10 La restauración de los Estuardos es el período del segundo reinado de la dinastía de los

Estuardos en Inglaterra (1660-1689), derrocados por la revolución burguesa inglesa del siglo

XVII.11 Por lo visto, se trata del decreto sobre los campesinos fugitivos promulgado en 1597, du-

rante el reinado de Fiódor Ivánovich, cuando el auténtico gobernante de Rusia era Borís Go-

dunov. De acuerdo con ese decreto, los campesinos que habían huido del yugo insoportable

de los terratenientes se perseguían durante cinco años para ser devueltos por la fuerza a sus

amos.



"2 (6G@=F4:X? 8=@C:@D2 6?EC68X 61 A@56C 2=@4FA2C=@ F:==6C>@ 56 %C2?8 2 =@D E6CC2E6?:6?E6D J 42A:E2=:DE2D242A2C25@C6D DE@D 6=6>6?E@D4@?D28C2C@? =2 ?F6G2 6C2 6?EC68T?5@D6 6? F?26D42=2 8:82?E6D42 2= D2BF6@ 56 =@D E6CC6?@D 56 5@>:?:@ AY3=:4@ BF6 92DE2 6?E@?46D DX=@ D6 923V2AC24E:425@ 6? AC@A@C4:@?6D >FJ >@56DE2D DE@DE6CC6?@D 7F6C@? C682=25@D G6?5:5@D 2 AC64:@D :CC:

D@C:@D @ D:>A=6>6?E6 2?6I:@?25@D 2 @EC@D 56 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 D:? 6?4F3C:C =2 FDFCA24:X? 32;@7@C>2 2=8F?2 / E@5@ 6DE@ D6 ==6GX 2 423@ D:? >@=6DE2CD6 6? 4F3C:C ?: =2 >TD >V?:>2 2A2C:6?4:2=682= DE@D 3:6?6D 56= 5@>:?:@ AY3=:4@ 2AC@A:25@D 56 >@5@ E2? 7C2F5F=6?E@ 6? F?:X? 56 =@D

3:6?6D 56 BF6 D6 56DA@;X 2 =2 8=6D:2 L=@D BF6 ?@=6 923V2? D:5@ FDFCA25@D J2 A@C =2 C6G@=F4:X? C6AF3=:42?2L D@? =2 32D6 56 6D@D 5@>:?:@D AC:?4:A6D4@D BF6 9@J A@D66 =2 @=:82CBFV2 :?8=6D2 "@D42A:E2=:DE2D 3FC8F6D6D 72G@C64:6C@? 6DE2 @A6C24:X? 6?EC6 @EC2D 4@D2D A2C2 4@?G6CE:C 6= DF6=@ 6?

F? 2CEV4F=@ AFC2>6?E6 4@>6C4:2= 6IE6?56C =2 K@?256 =2D 8C2?56D 6IA=@E24:@?6D 28CV4@=2D 9246C BF62F>6?E2D6 =2 27=F6?4:2 2 =2 4:F525 56 AC@=6E2C:@D

25

12 Se dio el nombre de «Revolución gloriosa» en la historiografía burguesa inglesa al golpe

de Estado de 1688, con el que se derrocó la dinastía de los Estuardos y se instauró (1689)

la monarquía constitucional de Guillermo de Orange, régimen de compromiso entre la aris-

tocracia propietaria de tierras y la gran burguesía.



=:3C6D J 56D96C6525@D 56= 42>A@ 6E4 56>TD =2?F6G2 2C:DE@4C24:2 56 =2 E:6CC2 6C2 =2 2=:252 ?2EFC2=56 =2 ?F6G2 32?4@4C24:2 56 =2 2=E2 7:?2?K2 BF62423232 56 56;2C 6= 42D42CX? J 56 =@D 8C2?56D >2?F724EFC6C@D 2EC:?496C25@D A@C 2BF6= 6?E@?46D56ECTD 56= AC@E644:@?:D>@ 25F2?6C@ "2 3FC8F6DV2:?8=6D2 @3CX 6? 5676?D2 56 DFD :?E6C6D6D 4@? 6=>:D>@ 24:6CE@ 4@? BF6 =2 56 )F64:2 D:8F:6?5@ 6=

42>:?@ 4@?EC2C:@ J 924:U?5@D6 7F6CE6 6? DF 32=F2CE6 64@?X>:4@ 6= 42>A6D:?25@ 2A@JX 2 =@DC6J6D 56D56 J >TD E2C56 32;@ 2C=@D . J 2C=@D . J =6D 2JF5X 2 C6D42E2C A@C =2 7F6CK2 =@D 3:6?6D56 =2 @C@?2 56 >2?@D 56 =2 @=:82CBFV2

"@D 3:6?6D 4@>F?2=6D L4@>A=6E2>6?E6 5:DE:?E@D 56 =@D 3:6?6D 56 5@>:?:@ AY3=:4@ 2 BF6 24232>@D 56 C676C:C?@DL 6C2? F?2 :?DE:EF4:X? 56G:6;@ @C:86? 86C>T?:4@ BF6 D6 >2?E6?V2 6? G:8@C32;@ 6= >2?E@ 56= 76F52=:D>@ 6>@D G:DE@ BF6 =2FDFCA24:X? G:@=6?E2 56 6DE@D 3:6?6D 24@>A2W252

42D: D:6>AC6 A@C =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 56 =2D E:6CC2D 56=23@C 6? A2DE@D 4@>:6?K2 2 7:?6D 56= D:8=@ ., JAC@D:8F6 2 =@ =2C8@ 56= D:8=@ ., ):? 6>32C8@ 6?2BF6==@D E:6>A@D 6DE6 AC@46D@ C6G6DEV2 =2 7@C>2 56F?2 D6C:6 56 24E@D :?5:G:5F2=6D 56 G:@=6?4:2 4@?EC2

26



=@D BF6 =2 =68:D=24:X? =F49X :?7CF4EF@D2>6?E65FC2?E6 2W@D = AC@8C6D@ 2A@CE25@ A@C 6=D:8=@ ., 4@?D:DE6 6? BF6 29@C2 =2 AC@A:2 =6J D64@?G:6CE6 6? G69V4F=@ 56 6DE2 56AC6524:X? 56 =@D3:6?6D 56= AF63=@ 2F?BF6 =@D 8C2?56D 2CC6?52E2C:@D D:82? 6>A=62?5@ E2>3:U? 56 A2D@ DFDA6BF6W@D >UE@5@D A6CD@?2=6D 6 :?56A6?5:6?E6D "2 7@C>2 A2C=2>6?E2C:2 BF6 C6G:DE6 6DE6 56D

A@;@ 6D =2 56 =2D =6J6D D@3C6 6= 46C425@ 56 E6CC6?@D4@>F?2=6D 5:49@ 6? @EC@D EUC>:?@D 564C6E@D A@C>65:@ 56 =@D 4F2=6D =@D E6CC2E6?:6?E6D D6 C682=2? 2DV >:D>@D 6? AC@A:6525 AC:G252 =2D E:6CC2D 56= AF63=@ 564C6E@D 56 6IAC@A:24:X? 56= AF63=@ ):C #56? D6 4@?EC25:46 2 DV >:D>@ 6? 6= 2DEFE@ 2=682E@

4FC:2=6D4@ 6? BF6 AC@4FC2 6IA=:42C =2 AC@A:65254@>F?2= 4@>@ AC@A:6525 AC:G252 56 =@D 8C2?56DE6CC2E6?:6?E6D BF6 C64@86? =2 96C6?4:2 56 =@D D6W@C6D 76F52=6D 2= C64=2>2C F?2 N=6J 86?6C2= 56=&2C=2>6?E@ D@3C6 6= 56C649@ 2 46C42C =@D E6CC6?@D4@>F?2=6DO C64@?@4:6?5@ 4@? 6==@ BF6 =2 EC2?D

7@C>24:X? 56 6DE@D 3:6?6D 6? AC@A:6525 AC:G252

27

13 «Los arrendatarios prohiben a los cottagers (caseros) mantener a ninguna otra criatura vi-

viente, so pretexto de que, si criasen ganado o aves, robarían alimento del granero para ce-

barlas. Además, dicen: mantened a los cottagers en la pobreza, y serán más trabajadores.

Pero la verdadera realidad es que de este modo los arrendatarios usurpan el derecho íntegrosobre los terrenos comunales» [ A Political Inquiry into to the Consequences of Enclosing Waste Lands («Investigación política sobre las consecuencias del cercado de los baldíos»),

London, 1785, p. 75].



?@ AF656 AC@DA6C2C D:? F? 8@=A6 56 DE25@ A2C=2>6?E2C:@ 2 =2 A2C BF6 A:56 2 =2 =68:D=24:X? F?2 N:?56>?:K24:X? A2C2 =@D A@3C6D 6IAC@A:25@D

= A2D@ BF6 =@D J6@>6? :?56A6?5:6?E6D 6C2?DFDE:EF:5@D A@C =@D E6?2?ED2EH:== LA6BF6W@D4@=@?@D 4@? 4@?EC2E@ A@C F? 2W@ 6D 564:C F?249FD>2 D6CG:= D@>6E:52 2= 42AC:49@ 56 =@D E6CC2E6

?:6?E6DL 6= 56DA@;@ 56 =@D 3:6?6D 56= 5@>:?:@AY3=:4@ J D@3C6 E@5@ =2 56AC6524:X? D:DE6>TE:4256 =@D E6CC6?@D 4@>F?2=6D 2JF52C@? 2 :?4C6>6?E2C 6D2D 8C2?56D A@D6D:@?6D BF6 D6 4@?@4V2? 6?6= D:8=@ ., 4@? =@D ?@>3C6D 56 924:6?52D 42A:E2=6D @ 924:6?52D 56 4@>6C4:2?E6D J BF6 56;2C@? 2

=2 A@3=24:X? 42>A6D:?2 N5:DA@?:3=6O 4@>@ AC@=6E2C:25@ 2= D6CG:4:@ 56 =2 :?5FDEC:2

):? 6>32C8@ 6= D:8=@ ., E@52GV2 ?@ 2=42?K2 24@>AC6?56C 6? =2 >65:52 6? BF6 923V2 56 4@>AC6?56C=@ 6= .. =2 :56?E:525 6?EC6 =2 C:BF6K2

?24:@?2= J =2 A@3C6K2 56= AF63=@ &@C 6D@ 6? =@D=:3C@D 56 4@?@>V2 56 6DE2 UA@42 D6 AC@5F46 F?2G:@=6?EVD:>2 A@=U>:42 6? E@C?@ 2 =2 N:?4=@DFC6 @7 4@>>@?DO ?EC6D24@ F?@D 4F2?E@D A2D2;6D 56

28

14 Eden. The State of the Poor, Preface («La situación de los pobres») (p. XVII, XIX).



=@D >2E6C:2=6D 4@A:@DVD:>@D BF6 E6?8@ 2 =2 G:DE2A2C2 A@?6C 56 C6=:6G6 56 F? >@5@ >TD G:G@ =2D:EF24:X?

N? >F492D A2CC@BF:2D 56 6CE7@C5D9:C6O L6D4C:36 F?2 A=F>2 :?5:8?252L N 924:6?52D4252 F?2 56 =2D 4F2=6D 4@?E232 A@C EUC>:?@>65:@ 56 2 24C6D 56 6IE6?D:X? D6 92? 7F?

5:5@ A2C2 7@C>2C DX=@ O

N? $@CE92>AE@?D9:C6J ":?4@=?D9:C6 D6 92 :>AF6DE@ =2 ?@C>2 56 46C42C=@D E6CC6?@D 4@>F?2=6D J =2 >2J@CV2 56 =@D =@C2K8@D 4C625@D 56 6DE6 >@5@ D6 92? 4@?G6CE:5@ 6?A2DE:K2=6D 2 4@?D64F6?4:2 56 6==@ 92J >F49@D=@C2K8@D BF6 2?E6D =23C232? 24C6D J BF6 9@J

?@ =23C2? ?: "2D CF:?2D 56 =2D G:6;2D 42D2D 4F25C2D J 8C2?6C@DO D@? =@D Y?:4@D G6DE:8:@D 56 =@D 2?E:8F@D >@C25@C6D N? 2=8F?@D D:E:@D 4:6? 42D2D J72>:=:2D 92? BF6525@ C65F4:52D 2 X ? =2>2J@CV2 56 =2D A2CC@BF:2D 5@?56 DX=@ D6 92?4@>6?K25@ 2 46C42C =@D E6CC6?@D 4@>F?2=6D 56D56

9246 BF:?46 @ G6:?E6 2W@D =@D AC@A:6E2C:@D 56 E:6CC2 D@? 6? =2 24EF2=:525 A@BFVD:>@D 6? 4@>A2C24:X? 4@? =2D 4:7C2D 6I:DE6?E6D 4F2?5@ 6= DF6=@ D64F=E:G232 6? CU8:>6? 23:6CE@ D 32DE2?E6 7C6

29

15 Thomas Wright. A short address to the Public on the Monopoly of large farms. («Breve alo-

cución al público sobre el monopolio de las grandes granjas»), 1779, pp. 2, 3.



4F6?E6 6?4@?EC2CD6 4@? =@C2K8@D 6?E6C@D C64:6?E6>6?E6 46C425@D BF6 2?E6D D6 5:DEC:3FV2? 6?EC6 X 4@=@?@D J @EC@D E2?E@D A6BF6W@D =23C25@C6D J EC:3FE2C:@D BF6 9@J 6DET? FDFCA25@D A@C X 82?256C@D C:4@D *@5@D 2BF6==@D =23C25@C6D 7F6C@? 56D2=@;25@D 56 DFD E:6CC2D 6? F?:X? 56 DFD72>:=:2D J 56 >F492D @EC2D 2 =2D BF6 5232? EC232;@J DFDE6?E@O

"@D E6CC6?@D 2?6I:@?25@D A@C 6= E6CC2E6?:6?E64@=:?52?E6 32;@ AC6E6IE@ 56 46C42C=@D ?@ 6C2?D:6>AC6 E:6CC2D J6C>2D D:?@ E2>3:U? 4@? 7C64F6?4:2 E:6CC2D 4F=E:G252D >65:2?E6 F? EC:3FE@ 2= >F?:4:A:@ @ 4@>F?2=>6?E6

N#6 C67:6C@ 2BFV 2= 46C425@ 56 E6CC6?@D 23:6CE@D J 56 E:6CC2D J2 4F=E:G252D 2DE2 =@D 2FE@C6D BF6567:6?56? =2D :?4=@DFC6D C64@?@46? BF6 6DE@D 46C425@D C67F6CK2? 6= >@?@A@=:@ 56 =2D 8C2?56D8C2?;2D 9246? DF3:C 6= AC64:@ 56 =2D DF3D:DE6?4:2D

J 7@>6?E2? =2 56DA@3=24:X? *2>3:U? 2= 46C42C =@DE6CC6?@D J6C>@D 4@>@ 29@C2 D6 9246 D6 56DA@;2 2=@D A@3C6D 56 F?2 A2CE6 56 DFD >65:@D 56 DFD

30

16 Rev. Addington. Inquiry into the Reasons for and against Inclosing Open Fields («Investi-

gación de las razones en pro y en contra del cercado de terrenos»), London, 1779 pp. 37-

43 pass.



E6?E@ :?4C6>6?E2?5@ 924:6?52D BF6 D@? J2 56DFJ@ 92CE@ 8C2?56DO N): =2 E:6CC2O L5:46 6= C&C:46L N426 6? A@56C 56 F? AFW25@ 56 8C2?56D4@=@?@D =@D A6BF6W@D 2CC6?52E2C:@D 6? @EC@ D:E:@=@D ==2>2 NF?2 >F4965F>3C6 56 A6BF6W@D AC@A:6E2C:@D J 4@=@?@D BF6 D6 >2?E:6?6? 2 DV >:D>@DJ 2 DFD 72>:=:2D 4@? 6= AC@5F4E@ 56 =2 E:6CC2 EC232

;252 A@C 6==@D 4@? =2D @G6;2D =2D 2G6D =@D 46C5@D

6E4 BF6 >2?52? 2 A2DE2C 2 =@D E6CC6?2D 4@>F?2=6D ?@ ?646D:E2?5@ 2A6?2D A@C E2?E@ 4@>AC2CGVG6C6D A2C2 DF 4@?DF>@O ND6 G6CT? 4@?G6CE:5@D6? 9@>3C6D @3=:825@D 2 EC232;2C A2C2 @EC@D D:BF:6C6? 4@>6C J E6?5CT? BF6 :C 2= >6C425@ A2C2AC@G66CD6 56 4F2?E@ ?646D:E6? *2= G6K D6 EC232;6

>TD A@CBF6 =2 4@244:X? D6CT E2>3:U? >2J@C C646CT? =2D 4:F5256D J >2?F724EFC2D AF6D D6 G6CT6>AF;252 2 6==2D >TD 86?E6 6? 3FD42 56 EC232;@6 2BFV 6= 42>:?@ 924:2 6= BF6 =X8:42>6?E6 D6@C:6?E2 =2 4@?46?EC24:X? 56 =2 AC@A:6525 E6CC:E@C:2=J A@C 6= BF6 56D56 9246 >F49@D 2W@D D6 G:6?6

>2C492?5@ J2 6764E:G2>6?E6 6? 6DE6 C6:?@O

31

17 Dr. R. Price. Observations on Reversionary Payments («Observaciones sobre los pagos

reversibles»), 6 ed. By W. Morgan, London, 1803, v. II, p. 155.18 Dr. R. Price. Observations, etc., v. II, p. 147.



/ C6DF>6 =@D 6764E@D 86?6C2=6D 56 =2D :?4=@DFC6D 6? 6DE@D EUC>:?@D

N? 86?6C2= =2 D:EF24:X? 56 =2D 4=2D6D 9F>:=56D56= AF63=@ 92 6>A6@C25@ 6? 42D: E@5@D =@D D6?E:5@D =@D A6BF6W@D AC@A:6E2C:@D 56 E:6CC2D J 4@=@?@DD6 92? G:DE@ C65F4:5@D 2= ?:G6= 56 ;@C?2=6C@D J 2D2=2C:25@D 2 =2 A2C BF6 D6 =6D 9246 4252 G6K >TD

5:7V4:= 82?2CD6 =2 G:52 6? 6DE2 D:EF24:X?O

? 6764E@ =2 FDFCA24:X? 56 =2D E:6CC2D 4@>F?2=6D J =2 C6G@=F4:X? 28CV4@=2 BF6 =2 24@>A2W2326>A6@C2C@? 92DE2 E2= AF?E@ =2 D:EF24:X? 56 =@D@3C6C@D 28CV4@=2D BF6 D68Y? 6= AC@A:@ 56? 6?EC6

J DF D2=2C:@ 4@>6?KX 2 56D46?56C A@C5632;@ 56= ?:G6= >V?:>@ 924:U?5@D6 ?646D2C:@4@>A=6E2C=@ 4@? 6= D@4@CC@ @7:4:2= 56 A@3C6K2 )F

;@C?2= 5:46 56? N2=42?K232 2 5FC2D A6?2D 2 4F3C:CDFD ?646D:5256D >TD A6C6?E@C:2DO

%:82>@D 29@C2 F? :?DE2?E6 2 F? 5676?D@C 56=2D :?4=@DFC6D J 25G6CD2C:@ 56= C &C:46

32

19 Dr. R. Price. Observations, etc., p. 159.



N$@ 6D =X8:4@ :?76C:C BF6 6I:DE2 56DA@3=24:X?A@CBF6 J2 ?@ D6 G62 2 =2 86?E6 56CC@492C DF EC232;@ 6? 42>A@ 23:6CE@ ): 2= 4@?G6CE:C 2 =@D A6BF6W@D =23C25@C6D 6? A6CD@?2D @3=:8252D 2 EC232;2CA2C2 @EC@D D6 >@G:=:K2 >TD EC232;@ 6D UDE2 F?2G6?E2;2 BF6 =2 ?24:X?O 6?EC6 =2 BF6 ?@ 7:8FC2??2EFC2=>6?E6 =@D BF6 DF7C6? =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X?2AF?E252 NE:6?6 BF6 G6C 4@? 3F6?@D @;@D = AC@

5F4E@ D6CT >2J@C D: DF EC232;@ 4@>3:?25@ D66>A=62 6? F?2 D@=2 924:6?52 2DV D6 4C62CT F?D@3C2?E6 A2C2 =2D >2?F724EFC2D 924:6?5@ 56 6DE6>@5@ BF6 =2D >2?F724EFC2D F?2 56 =2D >:?2D 56@C@ 56 ?F6DEC2 ?24:X? 2F>6?E6? 6? AC@A@C4:X? 2=2 42?E:525 56 EC:8@ AC@5F4:5@O

):C # 56? >2E:K25@ 256>TD 56 E@CJ J 56 N7:=T?EC@A@O ?@D @7C646 A@C 4:6CE@ F? 6;6>A=@ 56 =2:>A2D:3:=:525 6DE@:42 4@? BF6 =@D 64@?@>:DE2D4@?E6>A=2? =2D G:@=24:@?6D >TD 56D42C252D 56=ND24C@D2?E@ 56C649@ 56 AC@A:6525O J =2 G:@=6?4:2

>TD 3CFE2= 4@?EC2 =2 A6CD@?2 4F2?5@ 6DE@ 6D ?646D2C:@ A2C2 6492C =@D 4:>:6?E@D 56= CU8:>6? 42A:E2=:DE2 56 AC@5F44:X? *@52 =2 D6C:6 56 56DA@;@D

33

20 [J. Arbuthnot.] An Inquiry into the Connection between the Present Price of Provisions etc.(«Investigación de la conexión entre el presente precio de los víveres y las dimensiones de

las granjas»), pp. 124, 129.



3CFE2=6D 9@CC@C6D J G6;24:@?6D BF6 ==6G2 2A2C6;25@D =2 6IAC@A:24:X? G:@=6?E2 56= AF63=@ 56D56 6=Y=E:>@ E6C4:@ 56= D:8=@ ., 92DE2 7:?6D 56= D:8=@ .,DX=@ =6 :?DA:C2 2 ?F6DEC@ 2FE@C 6DE2 N4@?7@CE23=6OC67=6I:X? 7:?2=

NC2 ?646D2C:@ C6DE23=646C =2 AC@A@C4:X?563:52 6?EC6 =2 E:6CC2 56 =23@C J =2 56DE:?252 2= 82

?25@ *@52GV2 5FC2?E6 E@5@ 6= D:8=@ ., J =2 >2J@CA2CE6 56= ., A@C 4252 24C6 565:425@ 2 82?256CV2923V2 5@D EC6D J 92DE2 4F2EC@ 565:425@D 2 =23C2?K2 >65:25@D 56= D:8=@ ., =2 AC@A@C4:X? 6C2 J2 565@D 24C6D 56 82?256CV2 A@C 5@D 56 =23C2?K2 J >TDE2C56 56 5@D 2 F?@ 92DE2 BF6 A@C Y=E:>@ D6 4@?

D:8F:X 6DE23=646C =2 AC@A@C4:X? 563:52 56 EC6D24C6D 56 A2DE:K2=6D A@C 4252 24C6 56 =23C2?K2O

? 6= D:8=@ .. D6 A:6C56 4@>@ 6D =X8:4@ 92DE26= C64F6C5@ 56 =2 4@?6I:X? 6I:DE6?E6 6?EC6 6= 28C:4F=E@C J =@D 3:6?6D 4@>F?2=6D &2C2 ?@ 923=2C 56

=@D E:6>A@D A@DE6C:@C6D 32DE2CT 564:C BF6 =2A@3=24:X? CFC2= ?@ @3EFG@ ?: F? 4U?E:>@ 56:?56>?:K24:@?6D A@C =@D 24C6D 56 E:6CC2D4@>F?2=6D BF6 6?EC6 =@D 2W@D 56 J =6

34



7F6C@? 2CC632E25@D J @7C64:5@D 4@>@ C682=@ 2 =@DE6CC2E6?:6?E6D A@C 6= A2C=2>6?E@ 56 E6CC2E6?:6?E6D

:?2=>6?E6 6= Y=E:>@ 8C2? AC@46D@ 56 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 =@D 28C:4F=E@C6D 6D =2 ==2>252 N=:>A:6K256 7:?42DO BF6 6? C62=:525 4@?D:DEV2 6? 32CC6C 566==2D 2 =@D 9@>3C6D *@5@D =@D >UE@5@D :?8=6D6D

BF6 96>@D G6?:5@ 6DEF5:2?5@ 4F=>:?2? 6? 6DE2N=:>A:6K2O @>@ G6V2>@D 2= 56D4C:3:C 6? =2 D644:X? 2?E6C:@C =2 D:EF24:X? >@56C?2 29@C2 BF6 J2?@ 923V2 =23C25@C6D :?56A6?5:6?E6D BF6 32CC6C =2DN=:>A:2DO ==682? 2 32CC6C =@D >:D>@D 4@EE286D ?@56;2?5@ 2 =@D 3C246C@D 56= 42>A@ D:E:@ D:BF:6C2

A2C2 2=@;2CD6 6? =2D E:6CC2D BF6 EC232;2? ):? 6>32C8@ A2C2 D236C =@ BF6 D:8?:7:42 6DE@ 56= 6DE@ 56=:>A:6K2 56 D2?8C6 6? 6= D6?E:5@ 6DEC:4E@ 56 =2 A2=23C2 E6?6>@D BF6 EC2D=252C?@D 2 =2 E:6CC2 56 AC@>:D:X? 56 =2 =:E6C2EFC2 ?@G6=6D42 >@56C?2 =2D>@?E2W2D 56 D4@4:2 D 2BFV 5@?56 6DE6 AC@46D@

2 BF6 ?@D C676C:>@D D6 5:DE:?8F6 A@C DF 42CT4E6CD:DE6>TE:4@ A@C =2 >28?:EF5 56 =2 6D42=2 6? BF6D6 @A6C2 56 8@=A6 6? C=2?52 9F3@ E6CC2E6?:6?E6DBF6 4@?D:8F:6C@? 32CC6C G2C:2D 2=562D 2 =2 G6K 6? =22=E2 D4@4:2 D6 EC2E2 56 6IE6?D:@?6D 56 =2 >28?:EF5

35



56 =@D 5F425@D 2=6>2?6D J 7:?2=>6?E6 A@C =27@C>2 6DA64:2= 56 =2 AC@A:6525 :?>F63=6 FDFCA252

"@D 46=E2D 56 2=E2 D4@4:2 6DE232? 5:G:5:5@D 6?4=2?6D J 4252 4=2? 6C2 AC@A:6E2C:@ 56 =@D E6CC6?@DA@C U= 4@=@?:K25@D = C6AC6D6?E2?E6 56= 4=2? DF

;676 @ N42F5:==@O ?@ 6C2 >TD BF6 F? D:>A=6 AC@A:6

E2C:@ E:EF=2C 56 6DE@D E6CC6?@D 56= >:D>@ >@5@BF6 =2 C6:?2 56 ?8=2E6CC2 =@ 6C2 56= DF6=@ 56 E@52=2 ?24:X? F2?5@ 6= @3:6C?@ :?8=UD 9F3@ 4@?D68F:5@ D@7@42C =2D 8F6CC2D :?E6C?2D 56 6DE@D N42F5:==@DO J DFD 4@?DE2?E6D :CCFA4:@?6D 6? =2D ==2?FC2D56 =2 32;2 D4@4:2 =@D ;676D 56 =@D 4=2?6D ?@ 232?

5@?2C@? ?: >F49@ >6?@D DF 2?E:8F@ @7:4:@ 5632?5@=6C@D D6 =:>:E2C@? 2 42>3:2C=@ 56 7@C>2 &@CDV J 2?E6 DV EC2?D7@C>2C@? DF 56C649@ E:EF=2C 56AC@A:6525 6? F? 56C649@ 56 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 J4@>@ =2D 86?E6D 56 =@D 4=2?6D @AFD:6C2? C6D:DE6?4:2 564:5:6C@? 56D2=@;2C=2D A@C =2 7F6CK2 56 DFD A@

D6D:@?6D

N@? 6= >:D>@ 56C649@O L5:46 6= AC@76D@C$6H>2?L NA@5CV2 F? C6J 56 ?8=2E6CC2 2EC6G6CD62 2CC@;2C 2 DFD DY35:E@D 2= >2CO

36



? =2D @3C2D 56 ):C 2>6D )E6F2CE J 2>6D ?56CD@? A@56>@D D68F:C =2D AC:>6C2D 72D6D 56 6DE2C6G@=F4:X? BF6 6? D4@4:2 4@>:6?K2 56DAFUD 56 =2Y=E:>2 :?E6?E@?2 56= AC6E6?5:6?E6 ? 6= D:8=@., 2 =@D 826=6D =2?K25@D 56 DFD E:6CC2D D6 =6DAC@9:3V2 2= >:D>@ E:6>A@ 6>:8C2C 56= A2VD A2C22DV 6>AF;2C=@D A@C =2 7F6CK2 2 =2D8@H J 2 @EC@D46?EC@D 723C:=6D 56 =2 C68:X? @>@ 6;6>A=@ 56=

>UE@5@ 56 6IAC@A:24:X? AC65@>:?2?E6 6? 6= D:8=@.. 32DE2CT 4:E2C =2D N=:>A:2DO ==6G252D 2 423@ A@C=2 5FBF6D2 56 )FE96C=2?5 DE2 D6W@C2 >FJ :?DECF:52 6? =2D 4F6DE:@?6D 56 4@?@>V2 A@=VE:42 564:5:X 2A6?2D 9F3@ 46W:5@ =2 4@C@?2 56 5FBF6D22A=:42C 2 DFD A@D6D:@?6D F? EC2E2>:6?E@ C25:42=

64@?X>:4@ 4@?G:CE:6?5@ E@5@ DF 4@?525@ L4FJ@D 923:E2?E6D >6C>25@D A@C F?2 D6C:6 56 AC@46D@D 2?E6C:@C6D D6>6;2?E6D 2 UDE6 923V2? :5@

37

21 Trátase de la insurrección de los partidarios de los Estuardos en 1745-1746, que exigían

el trono británico para Carlos Eduardo, el llamado «joven pretendiente». La insurrección re-

flejaba, a la vez, la protesta de las masas populares de Escocia y de Inglaterra contra la ex-

plotación terrateniente y la expulsión masiva de los campesinos de sus tierras. Después delaplastamiento de la insurrección por las tropas regulares de Inglaterra, comenzó a desinte-

grarse intensamente el sistema de clanes en la parte montañosa de Escocia, y la expulsión

de los campesinos de sus tierras adquirió un carácter todavía más enérgico.22 Los gaeles constituyen la población aborigen de las comarcas montañosas del Norte y del

Oeste de Escocia, son descendientes de los antiguos celtas.23 En 1860, se exportó al Canadá, con falsas promesas, a los campesinos violentamente ex-

propiados de sus tierras. Algunos huyeron a la montaña y a las islas más próximas. Perse-

guidos por la policía, le hicieron frente y lograron escapar.



BF652?5@ J2 C65F4:5@D 2 L 6? A2DE@D A2C2@G6;2D 6D56 92DE2 D6 56DA=68X F?242>A2W2 D:DE6>TE:42 56 6IAF=D:X? J 6IE6C>:?:@A2C2 BF:E2C 56 6? >65:@ 2 6DE@D 923:E2?E6DBF6 7@C>2CV2? 2AC@I:>252>6?E6 F?2D 72>:=:2D *@52D DFD 2=562D 7F6C@? 56DECF:52D J 2CC2D252D DFD 42>A@D 4@?G6CE:5@D E@5@D 6? E6CC6?@56 A2DE@D "2D EC@A2D 3C:ET?:42D 6?G:252D A@C 6= @

3:6C?@ A2C2 6;64FE2C =2D XC56?6D 56 =2 5FBF6D2 9:4:6C@? 7F68@ 4@?EC2 =@D 923:E2?E6D 6IAF=D25@D 56DFD E:6CC2D +?2 2?4:2?2 A6C64:X 23C2D252 6?EC6 =2D==2>2D 56 DF 49@K2 A@C ?682CD6 2 232?5@?2C=2 DV 4@?D:8F:X =2 D6W@C2 5FBF6D2 2AC@A:2CD6 56 24C6D 56 E:6CC2 A6CE6?64:6?E6D 2= 4=2?

56D56 E:6>A@D :?>6>@C:2=6D

=@D ?2EFC2=6D 56= A2VD 56D29F4:25@D =6D2D:8?X 6? =2 @C:==2 56= >2C F?@D 24C6D 2 C2KX?56 5@D A@C 72>:=:2 2DE2 =2 76492 6D@D 24C6D923V2? A6C>2?64:5@ J6C>@D D:? AC@5F4:C ?:?8F?2

C6?E2 2 DFD AC@A:6E2C:@D "=6G252 56 DF 2=ECF:D>@ =25FBF6D2 D6 5:8?X 2CC6?52C 6DE@D 6C:2=6D A@C F?2C6?E2 >65:2 56 496=:?6D J A6?:BF6D 4252 24C62 2BF6==@D >:D>@D >:6>3C@D 56= 4=2? BF6 923V2?G6CE:5@ DF D2?8C6 A@C DF 72>:=:2 56D56 924V2 D:8=@D

38



*@5@D =@D E6CC6?@D C@325@D 2= 4=2? 7F6C@? 5:G:5:5@D 6? 8C2?56D 8C2?;2D 56DE:?252D 2 =2 4CV2 56=2?2C6D 2E6?5:52 4252 F?2 56 6==2 A@C F?2 D@=2 72>:=:2 =@D A2DE@C6D 6C2? 6? DF >2J@CV2 3C246C@D 562CC6?52E2C:@D :?8=6D6D ? =@D 826=6D923V2? D:5@ DFDE:EF:5@D J2 A@C @G6;2D "@D23@CV86?6D 2CC@;25@D 2 =2 @C:==2 56= >2C AC@4FC232? 6?EC6E2?E@ >2?E6?6CD6 56 =2 A6D42 D6 4@?

G:CE:6C@? 6? 2?7:3:@D J G:GV2? D68Y? 5:46 F?6D4C:E@C :?8=UD 56 =2 UA@42 >:E25 6? E:6CC2 J >:E256? 6= >2C D:? G:G:C 6?EC6 E@5@ 6==@ >TD BF6 2>65:2D

&6C@ =@D 3C2G@D 826=6D 923V2? 56 A282C E@52GV2

>TD 42C2 2BF6==2 :5@=2ECV2 C@>T?E:42 56 >@?E2W6D6D A@C =@D N42F5:==@DO 56 =@D 4=2?6D = @=@C 56= A6D425@ =6D 5:@ 6? =2 ?2C:K 2 =@D D6W@C6D DE@D32CCF?E2?5@ 2=8@ 56 AC@G649@ 6? 2BF6==2D A=2J2D=2D 2CC6?52C@? 2 =2D 8C2?56D A6D4256CV2D 56 "@?5C6D J =@D 826=6D 7F6C@? 2CC@;25@D 56 DFD 42D2D A@C

D68F?52 G6K

39

24 Datos interesantes sobre este asunto del pescado se encuentran en David Urquhart. Véase

Portfolio, New Series («Carpeta, nueva serie»). Nassau W. Senior, en su obra póstuma citada

más arriba, llama al «procedimiento seguido en Sutherlandshire una de las «limpias» (clea-rings) más beneficiosas de que guarda recuerdo el hombre» [Journals, Conversations and Essays relating to Ireland («Revistas, conversaciones y ensayos acerca de Irlanda»), London,

1868].



A2?E@D2 "@D >@?E6D 56 42K2 ?@ AF656? 4@?G:G:C4@? =2 86?E6 +?@ 56 =@D 5@D E:6?6 BF6 32E:CD6 6?C6E:C252 J 232?5@?2C 6= 42>A@ ): 6? =@D ACXI:>@DG6:?E:4:?4@ 2W@D =@D 4@E@D 56 42K2 D:8F6? 4C64:6?5@ 6? =2D >:D>2D AC@A@C4:@?6D BF6 6? 6= Y=E:>@ 4F2CE@ 56 D:8=@ ?@ BF652CT ?: F? D@=@ 826=6? DF E:6CC2 ?2E2= DE6 >@G:>:6?E@ BF6 D6 92 56D2CC@==25@ 6?EC6 =@D AC@A:6E2C:@D 56 =2D 4@>2C42D

>@?DECF@D2D D6 5636 6? A2CE6 2 =2 >@52 2 =2>2?V2 2C:DE@4CTE:42 2 =2 27:4:X? 2 =2 42K2 6E4 A6C@92J E2>3:U? >F49@D BF6 6IA=@E2? 6DE@ 4@? =2>:C2 AF6DE2 6I4=FD:G2>6?E6 6? =2 82?2?4:2 AF6D6D :?5F523=6 BF6 >F492D G646D F? A652K@ 56>@?E2W2 4@?G6CE:5@ 6? 4@E@ 56 42K2 6D 32DE2?E6

>TD C6?E23=6 BF6 6>A=625@ 4@>@ E6CC6?@ 56 A2DE@D = 27:4:@?25@ BF6 3FD42 F? 4@E@ 56 42K2 ?@A@?6 2 DF 56D6@ >TD =V>:E6 BF6 =2 2?49FC2 56 DF3@=D2 )@3C6 =2 >@?E2W2 6D4@46D2 92? ==@G:5@ A6?2=:5256D ?@ >6?@D 4CF6=6D BF6 =2D :>AF6DE2D 2?8=2E6CC2 A@C =2 A@=VE:42 56 =@D C6J6D ?@C>2?5@D

=2 42K2 D6 =2 56;2 4@CC6C 6? =:36CE25 D:? E2D2C=6 6= E6CC6?@ 6? 42>3:@ 2 =2D A6CD@?2D D6 =2D 24@D2 J D6=2D >6E6 6? 72;2D 56 E:6CC2D 4252 G6K >TD 6DEC6492D = AF63=@ =6 7F6C@? 2CC632E252D F?2D =:36CE256D EC2D @EC2D / =2 @AC6D:X? 4C646 5:2C:2>6?E6

41



"@D AC@A:6E2C:@D D:8F6? =2 ?@C>2 56 5:6K>2C J 6IE6C>:?2C 2 =2 86?E6 4@>@ F? AC:?4:A:@ 7:;@ 4@>@F?2 ?646D:525 28CV4@=2 =@ >:D>@ BF6 D6 E2=2? =@DTC3@=6D J =2 >2=6K2 6? =2D 6DA6DFC2D 56 >UC:42 JFDEC2=:2 J 6DE2 @A6C24:X? D:8F6 DF >2C492 EC2?BF:=2 J 4@>6C4:2=O

"2 56AC6524:X? 56 =@D 3:6?6D 56 =2 8=6D:2 =2

6?2;6?24:X? 7C2F5F=6?E2 56 =2D E:6CC2D 56= 5@>:?:@AY3=:4@ 6= D2BF6@ 56 =@D E6CC6?@D 4@>F?2=6D =2>6E2>@C7@D:D ==6G252 2 423@ A@C =2 FDFCA24:X? J 6=E6CC@C:D>@ >TD :?9F>2?@ 56 =2 AC@A:6525 76F52=J 56= A2EC:>@?:@ 56= 4=2? 6? =2 >@56C?2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 96 29V @EC@D E2?E@D >UE@5@D :5V=:4@D

56 24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2 @? 6DE@D >UE@5@D D623C:X A2D@ 2 =2 28C:4F=EFC2 42A:E2=:DE2 D6 :?4@CA@CX6= 42A:E2= 2 =2 E:6CC2 J D6 4C62C@? =@D 4@?E:?86?E6D56 AC@=6E2C:@D =:3C6D J AC:G25@D 56 >65:@D 56 G:52BF6 ?646D:E232 =2 :?5FDEC:2 56 =2D 4:F5256D

42

25 Robert Somers. Letters from the Highlands; or, the Famine of 1817 («Cartas de alta Esco-

cia; o el hambre de 1847»), London, 1848, pp. 12-28 passim.



")"S$ )$($* %$*( "%).&(%&%) &(*( $) " )"% .,

"/) (+$% " )"(%

"@D 4@?E:?86?E6D 6IAF=D25@D 56 DFD E:6CC2D 2=5:D@=G6CD6 =2D 9F6DE6D 76F52=6D J D6C 6IAC@A:25@D 26>A6==@?6D J A@C =2 7F6CK2 7@C>232? F? AC@=6E2C:25@ =:3C6 J AC:G25@ 56 >65:@D 56 6I:DE6?4:2 BF6

?@ A@5V2 D6C 23D@C3:5@ A@C =2D >2?F724EFC2D 4@?=2 >:D>2 C2A:56K 4@? BF6 2A2C64V2 6? 6= >F?5@&@C @EC2 A2CE6 6DE@D D6C6D BF6 56 C6A6?E6 D6 G6V2?=2?K25@D 7F6C2 56 DF XC3:E2 24@DEF>3C252 56 G:52?@ A@5V2? 252AE2CD6 4@? =2 >:D>2 46=6C:525 2 =25:D4:A=:?2 56 DF ?F6G@ 6DE25@ / 2DV F?2 >2D2 56

6==@D 7F6 4@?G:CE:U?5@D6 6? >6?5:8@D D2=E625@C6DJ G2823F?5@D 2=8F?@D A@C :?4=:?24:X? A6C@ =@D>TD @3=:825@D A@C =2D 4:C4F?DE2?4:2D 6 2BFV BF62 7:?6D 56= D:8=@ ., J 5FC2?E6 E@5@ 6= D:8=@ ., D65:4E2D6 6? E@52 FC@A2 %44:56?E2= F?2 =68:D=24:X?D2?8C:6?E2 A6CD:8F:6?5@ 6= G2823F?52;6 6 6DE6

>@5@ =@D A25C6D 56 =2 4=2D6 @3C6C2 >@56C?2 6>A6K2C@? G:U?5@D6 42DE:825@D A@C 2=8@ 56 BF6 6==@D>:D>@D 6C2? GV4E:>2D A@C G6CD6 C65F4:5@D 2 G2823F?5@D J >6?5:8@D "2 =68:D=24:X? =@D EC2E232

43



4@>@ 2 56=:?4F6?E6D NG@=F?E2C:@DO 4@>@ D:56A6?5:6D6 56 DF 3F6?2 G@=F?E25 6= 4@?E:?F2CEC232;2?5@ 6? =2D G:6;2D 4@?5:4:@?6D J2 23@=:52D

? ?8=2E6CC2 6DE2 =68:D=24:X? 4@>6?KX 32;@ 6=C6:?25@ 56 ?C:BF6 ,

?C:BF6 , "@D >6?5:8@D G:6;@D 6 :?42

A24:E25@D A2C2 6= EC232;@ 5636CT? AC@G66CD6 56 =:46?4:2 A2C2 >6?5:82C &2C2 =@D G2823F?5@D42A246D 56 EC232;2C A@C 6= 4@?EC2C:@ 2K@E6D J C64=FD:X? )6 =6D 2E2CT 2 =2 A2CE6 EC2D6C2 56 F? 42CC@ JD6 =6D 2K@E2CT 92DE2 BF6 =2 D2?8C6 >2?6 56 DF4F6CA@ 56G@=G:U?5@=@D =F68@ 32;@ ;FC2>6?E@ 2 DF

AF63=@ ?2E2= @ 2= D:E:@ 6? BF6 92J2? C6D:5:5@ 5FC2?E6 =@D Y=E:>@D EC6D 2W@D A2C2 BF6 ND6 A@?82? 2EC232;2CO M'FU :C@?V2 E2? 4CF6= = 24E@ 56= 2W@ 56= C6:?25@ 56 ?C:BF6 , C6:E6C2 6= 6DE2EFE@ 2?E6C:@C A6C@ 4@? ?F6G2D 25:4:@?6D BF6 =@ 9246? E@52GV2 >TD C:8FC@D@ ? 42D@ 56 C6:?4:56?4:2 56

G2823F?52;6 5636CT 2K@E2CD6 56 ?F6G@ 2= 4F=A23=6 J 4@CE2C=6 >65:2 @C6;2 2 =2 E6C46C2 G6K BF6 D6 =64@;2 D6 =6 29@C42CT 4@>@ 4C:>:?2= A6=:8C@D@ J 6?6>:8@ 56 =2 D@4:6525

44



5F2C5@ , +? 6DE2EFE@ 5:4E25@ 6? 6= AC:>6C2W@ 56 DF C6:?25@ 6? @C56?2 BF6 D: 2=8F:6?D6 ?:682 2 EC232;2C D6 =6 2D:8?6 4@>@ 6D4=2G@ 2 =2A6CD@?2 BF6 =6 56?F?4:6 4@>@ 9@=82KT? = 5F6W@5636CT 2=:>6?E2C 2 DF 6D4=2G@ 4@? A2? J 28F2 3@5C:@ J =@D 56DA6C5:4:@D 56 42C?6 BF6 4C62 4@?G6?:6?E6 *:6?6 56C649@ 2 @3=:82C=6 2 BF6 C62=:464F2=BF:6C EC232;@ A@C >FJ C6A6=6?E6 BF6 D62 2K@

ET?5@=6 J 6?4256?T?5@=6 D: 7F6C2 ?646D2C:@ ): 6=6D4=2G@ 56D2A2C646 5FC2?E6 5@D D6>2?2D D6 =64@?56?2CT 2 6D4=2G:EF5 56 A@C G:52 >2C4T?5@=6 27F68@ 4@? F?2 ) 0))=2G6 6D4=2G@ 6? :?8=UD1 6? =27C6?E6 @ 6? F? 42CC:==@ D: 9FJ6 A@C E6C46C2 G6K D6 =629@C42CT 4@>@ C6@ 56 2=E2 EC2:4:X? )F 5F6W@

AF656 G6?56C=@ =682C=@ 2 DFD 96C656C@D @ 4656C=@4@>@ 6D4=2G@ 6I24E2>6?E6 :8F2= BF6 6= 82?25@ @4F2=BF:6C @3;6E@ >F63=6 "@D 6D4=2G@D BF6 D6 4@?723F=6? 4@?EC2 DFD 5F6W@D D6CT? E2>3:U? 29@C425@D "@D ;F646D 56 A2K D68F:CT? =2D 9F6==2D 2 =@DAV42C@D E2? AC@?E@ D6 =6D :?7@C>6 ): D6 2G6C:8F2

BF6 F? G2823F?5@ ==6G2 EC6D 5V2D D68F:5@D 92C282?62?5@ D6 =6 6IA65:CT 2 DF AF63=@ ?2E2= 4@?F?2 , >2C4252 2 7F68@ 6? 6= A649@ J =6 D242CT?4@? 4256?2D 2 =2 42==6 2 EC232;2C 6? =2 4@?DECF44:X?56 42CC6E6C2D @ 6>A=6T?5@=6 6? @EC@D D6CG:4:@D =

45



G2823F?5@ BF6 :?5:BF6 F? 72=D@ AF63=@ 56 ?24:>:6?E@ D6CT 42DE:825@ 2 BF652CD6 6? U= E@52 =2G:52 4@>@ 6D4=2G@ D62 56 =@D G64:?@D @ 56 =2 4@CA@C24:X? J D6 =6 >2C42CT 2 7F68@ 4@? F?2 ) *@5@6= >F?5@ E:6?6 56C649@ 2 BF:E2C=6 2= G2823F?5@DFD 9:;@D J E6?6C=@D 32;@ DF 4FDE@5:2 4@>@ 2AC6?5:46D =@D 9:;@D 92DE2 =@D G6:?E:4F2EC@ 2W@D =2D 9:;2D92DE2 =@D G6:?E6 ): D6 6D42A2? D6CT? 6?EC6825@D

4@>@ 6D4=2G@D 92DE2 5:492 6525 2 DFD >26DEC@DBF:6?6D A@5CT? 2K@E2C=@D 42C82C=@D 56 4256?2D6E4 2 DF =:3C6 2=365CV@ = >26DEC@ AF656 A@?6C 2DF 6D4=2G@ F? 2?:==@ 56 9:6CC@ 6? 6= 4F6==@ 6= 3C2K@@ =2 A:6C?2 A2C2 :56?E:7:42C=@ >6;@C J E6?6C=@ >TD2 >2?@ ? =2 Y=E:>2 A2CE6 56 6DE6 6DE2EFE@ D6 6D

E23=646 BF6 4:6CE@D A@3C6D A@5CT? D6C @3=:825@D 2EC232;2C A2C2 6= =F82C @ 6= :?5:G:5F@ BF6 =6D 5U 564@>6C J3636C J =6D 3FDBF6 EC232;@ DE2 4=2D6 566D4=2G@D A2CC@BF:2=6D DF3D:DE6 6? ?8=2E6CC2 92DE23:6? 6?EC25@ 6= D:8=@ .. 32;@ 6= ?@>3C6 56C@F?5D>6? C@?525@C6D

D236= "@D >6?5:8@D D:? =:46?4:2 J >2J@C6D 56 42E@C46 2W@D D6CT? 2K@E25@D D:? >:D6C:4@C5:2 J >2C425@D 4@? 9:6CC@ 42?56?E6 6? =2 @C6;2:KBF:6C52 42D@ 56 BF6 ?25:6 BF:6C2 E@>2C=@D 5F

46



C2?E6 5@D 2W@D 2 DF D6CG:4:@ ? 42D@ 56 C6:?4:56?4:2 D:6>AC6 BF6 D62? >2J@C6D 56 5:64:@49@ 2W@DJ ?25:6 BF:6C2 E@>2C=@D A@C 5@D 2W@D 2 DF D6CG:4:@D6CT? 29@C425@D = :?4:5:C A@C E6C46C2 G6K D6 =6D29@C42CT :CC6>:D:3=6>6?E6 4@>@ C6@D 56 2=E2 EC2:4:X? %EC@D 6DE2EFE@D D6>6;2?E6D 6= 56= 2W@ 56=C6:?25@ 56 D236= 4 J =2 =6J 56

24@3@ *@5@ 6= BF6 ?@ E6?82 6>A=6@ 7:;@ J D6565:BF6 2 >6?5:82C 6D 564=2C25@ G2823F?5@ "@D ;F646D 56 A2K 56 =2D &6EEJ )6DD:@?D BF652? 2FE@C:K25@D 2 >2?52C 2 2K@E2C=@D 6? AY3=:4@ J 2 C64=F:C=@D 6? =2 4TC46= 2 =2 AC:>6C2 G6K BF6 D6 =6DD@CAC6?52 A@C D6:D >6D6D 2 =2 D68F?52 A@C 5@D

2W@D FC2?E6 DF A6C>2?6?4:2 6? =2 4TC46= A@5CT?D6C 2K@E25@D E2?E2D G646D J 6? E2?E2 42?E:5254@>@ =@D ;F646D 56 A2K 4C62? 4@?G6?:6?E6 "@DG2823F?5@D A6=:8C@D@D 6 :?4@CC68:3=6D 5636CT?D6C >2C425@D 2 7F68@ 4@? F?2 ( 6? 6= 9@>3C@:KBF:6C5@ J DF;6E@D 2 EC232;@D 7@CK25@D J D: D6 =6D

D@CAC6?56 ?F6G2>6?E6 >6?5:82?5@ D6CT? 29@C425@D D:? >:D6C:4@C5:2 DE@D AC646AE@D BF6 4@?D6CG2? DF 7F6CK2 =682= 92DE2 =@D AC:>6C@D 2W@D 56=

47

26 Petty Sessions (pequeñas sesiones), reuniones de los tribunales de paz de Inglaterra,

encargados de examinar los asuntos de pequeña importancia, observándose un proceso

simplificado.



D:8=@ ., DX=@ 7F6C@? 56C@825@D A@C 6= C68=2>6?E@ 56= 2W@ 56= C6:?25@ 56 ?2

"6J6D A2C64:52D 2 UDE2D D6 5:4E2C@? E2>3:U? 6?C2?4:2 6? 4FJ2 42A:E2= D6 923V2 6DE23=64:5@ 2 >65:25@D 56= D:8=@ ., F? G6C5256C@ C6:?@ 56 G2823F?5@D C@J2F>6 56D ECF2?5D *@52GV2 6? =@DAC:>6C@D 2W@D 56= C6:?25@ 56 "F:D ., %C56?2?K2

56= 56 ;F=:@ 56 5:DA@?V2 =2 =6J BF6 D6>2?52D6 2 82=6C2D 2 E@52D =2D A6CD@?2D 56 5:64:DU:D 2 D6D6?E2 2W@D BF6 8@K2?5@ 56 D2=F5 42C64:6D6? 56 >65:@D 56 G:52 J ?@ 6;6C4:6D6? ?:?8F?2AC@76D:X? $@C>2D D6>6;2?E6D D6 4@?E6?V2? 6? 6=6DE2EFE@ 525@ A@C 2C=@D , 6? @4EF3C6 56

A2C2 =@D &2VD6D 2;@D 6? 6= AC:>6C 65:4E@ 56 =@D DE25@D J 4:F5256D 56 @=2?52 = 56 >2CK@ 56 6? 6= 32?5@ 56 =2D &C@G:?4:2D +?:52D 56

;F?:@ 56 6E4

,U2D6 AF6D 4X>@ 56DAFUD 56 D6C G:@=6?E2

>6?E6 6IAC@A:25@D J 6IAF=D25@D 56 DFD E:6CC2D J4@?G6CE:5@D 6? G2823F?5@D D6 6?42;232 2 =@D 2?E:8F@D 42>A6D:?@D >65:2?E6 =6J6D 8C@E6D42>6?E6 E6CC@C:DE2D 2 7F6CK2 56 A2=@D 56 >2C42D 27F68@ J 56 E@C>6?E@D 6? =2 5:D4:A=:?2 BF6 6I:8V2 6=D:DE6>2 56= EC232;@ 2D2=2C:25@

48



$@ 32DE2 4@? BF6 =2D 4@?5:4:@?6D 56 EC232;@4C:DE2=:46? 6? F?@ 56 =@D A@=@D 4@>@ 42A:E2= J 6?6= A@=@ 4@?EC2C:@ 4@>@ 9@>3C6D BF6 ?@ E:6?6??252 BF6 G6?56C >TD BF6 DF 7F6CK2 56 EC232;@ $:32DE2 E2>A@4@ 4@? @3=:82C 2 UDE@D 2 G6?56CD6 G@=F?E2C:2>6?E6 ? 6= EC2?D4FCD@ 56 =2 AC@5F44:X?42A:E2=:DE2 D6 G2 7@C>2?5@ F?2 4=2D6 @3C6C2 BF6 27F6CK2 56 65F424:X? 56 EC25:4:X? 56 4@DEF>3C6

D6 D@>6E6 2 =2D 6I:86?4:2D 56 6DE6 CU8:>6? 56 AC@5F44:X? 4@>@ 2 =2D >TD =X8:42D =6J6D ?2EFC2=6D "2@C82?:K24:X? 56= AC@46D@ 42A:E2=:DE2 56 AC@5F44:X? J2 56D2CC@==25@ G6?46 E@52D =2D C6D:DE6?4:2D=2 4C624:X? 4@?DE2?E6 56 F?2 DFA6CA@3=24:X? C6=2E:G2 >2?E:6?6 =2 =6J 56 =2 @76CE2 J =2 56>2?52 56

EC232;@ J A@C 6==@ 6= D2=2C:@ 2 E@?@ 4@? =2D ?646D:5256D 56 4C64:>:6?E@ 56= 42A:E2= J =2 AC6D:X? D@C5256 =2D 4@?5:4:@?6D 64@?X>:42D D6==2 6= A@56C 56>2?5@ 56= 42A:E2=:DE2 D@3C6 6= @3C6C@ *@52GV2 D66>A=62 56 G6K 6? 4F2?5@ =2 G:@=6?4:2 5:C64E2 6IEC264@?X>:42 A6C@ DX=@ 6? 42D@D 6I46A4:@?2=6D

6?EC@ 56 =2 >2C492 ?2EFC2= 56 =2D 4@D2D J2 AF65656;2CD6 2= @3C6C@ 2 >6C465 56 =2D N=6J6D ?2EFC2=6D56 =2 AC@5F44:X?O 6D 564:C AF6DE@ 6? 56A6?56?4:2 56= 42A:E2= 56A6?56?4:2 BF6 =2D AC@A:2D 4@?5:4:@?6D 56 AC@5F44:X? 6?86?5C2? 82C2?E:K2? J

49



A6CA6EY2? FC2?E6 =2 8U?6D:D 9:DEXC:42 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? 42A:E2=:DE2 ?@ @4FCC6 2Y? 2DV "2 3FC8F6DV2BF6 G2 2D46?5:6?5@ ?646D:E2 J 6>A=62 E@52GV2 6=A@56C 56= DE25@ A2C2 NC68F=2CO =@D D2=2C:@D 6D564:C A2C2 DF;6E2C=@D 56?EC@ 56 =@D =V>:E6D BF6 36?67:4:2? 2 =2 6IEC244:X? 56 A=FDG2=V2 J A2C2 2=2C82C=2 ;@C?252 56 EC232;@ J >2?E6?6C 2= >:D>@ @3C6C@6? 6= 8C25@ ?@C>2= 56 56A6?56?4:2 D UDE6 F?

724E@C 6D6?4:2= 56 =2 ==2>252 24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2

"2 4=2D6 56 =@D @3C6C@D 2D2=2C:25@D BF6 DFC8:X6? =2 D68F?52 >:E25 56= D:8=@ ., DX=@ C6AC6D6?E232 A@C 2BF6= 6?E@?46D J 5FC2?E6 6= D:8=@ D:

8F:6?E6 F?2 A2CE6 >FJ A6BF6W2 56 =2 A@3=24:X? JE6?V2 3:6? 4F3:6CE2 =2 6DA2=52 A@C =2 64@?@>V2 56=@D 42>A6D:?@D :?56A6?5:6?E6D 56 F?2 A2CE6 J 56@EC2 A@C =2 @C82?:K24:X? 8C6>:2= 56 =2D 4:F5256D

*2?E@ 6? =2 4:F525 4@>@ 6? 6= 42>A@ 923V2 F?24:6CE2 27:?:525 D@4:2= 6?EC6 A2EC@?@D J @3C6C@D "2

DFA65:E24:X? 56= EC232;@ 2= 42A:E2= 6C2 DX=@ 7@C>2=6D 564:C 6= >@5@ 56 AC@5F44:X? ?@ AC6D6?E2322Y? F? 42CT4E6C 6DA64V7:42>6?E6 42A:E2=:DE2 = 6=6>6?E@ G2C:23=6 56= 42A:E2= AC65@>:?232 4@?D:56C23=6>6?E6 D@3C6 6= 4@?DE2?E6 &@C 6D@ =2

50



= DE2EFE@ 56 %3C6C@D D6 5:4EX 2?E6 =2D 2AC6>:2?E6D BF6;2D 56 =2 T>2C2 56 =@D @>F?6D

N?E6DO L5:46 42?5@C@D2>6?E6 F? E@CJLN=@D A@3C6D 6I:8V2? F?@D ;@C?2=6D E2? 2=E@D BF6 A@?V2? 6? EC2?46 56 CF:?2 =2 :?5FDEC:2 J =2 C:BF6K2@J DFD D2=2C:@D D@? E2? 32;@D BF6 A@?6? E2>3:U?6? EC2?46 56 CF:?2 =2 :?5FDEC:2 J =2 C:BF6K2 A6C@ 56

@EC@ >@5@ J E2= G6K >TD 2>6?2K25@C2>6?E6 BF62?E6DO

? 6DE6 6DE2EFE@ D6 6DE23=646 F?2 E2C:72 =682=56 D2=2C:@D A2C2 6= 42>A@ J =2 4:F525 A@C A:6K2D JA@C 5V2D "@D @3C6C@D 56= 42>A@ 5636CT? 4@?EC2

E2CD6 A@C 2W@D =@D 56 =2 4:F525 N6? 6= >6C425@=:3C6O )6 AC@9:36 32;@ A6?2D 56 4TC46= 23@?2C ;@C?2=6D DFA6C:@C6D 2 =@D D6W2=25@D A@C 6= 6DE2EFE@A6C@ 6= 56=:E@ 56 A6C4:3:C E2=6D D2=2C:@D :=682=6D D642DE:82 4@? >2J@C 5FC6K2 BF6 6= 56=:E@ 56 23@?2C=@D ):8F:6?5@ 6DE2 ?@C>2 6? =2D D64 J 56=

DE2EFE@ 56 2AC6?5:46D 5:4E25@ A@C =2 C6:?2 D236=D6 42DE:82 4@? 5:6K 5V2D 56 4TC46= 2= BF6 23@?6 ;@C?2=6D 6I46D:G@D 6? 42>3:@ 2= BF6 =@D 4@3C6 D6

52

28 J. B. Byles. Sophisms of Free Trade. By a Barrister («Sofismas sobre el librecambismo».

Por un abogado), London, 1850, p. 206. Y añade, maliciosamente: «Nosotros hemos estado

siempre dispuestos, cuanto de ayudar al patrono se trataba. ¿No se podrá ahora hacer algo

por el obrero?»



=6 42DE:82 4@? G6:?E:F?@ +? 6DE2EFE@ 56 2F>6?E2 =2D A6?2D J 2FE@C:K2 :?4=FD@ 2= A2EC@?@ A2C2:>A@?6C >65:2?E6 42DE:8@D 4@CA@C2=6D 6= EC232;@A@C 6= D2=2C:@ E2C:725@ *@52D =2D 4@>3:?24:@?6D4@?EC2E@D ;FC2>6?E@D 6E4 4@? BF6 D6 @3=:82?6?EC6 DV =@D 2=32W:=6D J =@D 42CA:?E6C@D D@? 564=2C25@D ?F=@D 6D56 6= D:8=@ ., 92DE2 6= 2W@ 56=2 23@=:4:X? 56 =2D =6J6D 2?E:4@2=:4:@?:DE2D =2D 4@

2=:4:@?6D @3C6C2D D@? 4@?D:56C252D 4@>@ F? 8C2G64C:>6? FT= 6C2 6= 6DAVC:EF BF6 :?DA:C232 6= 6DE2EFE@ @3C6C@ 56 J DFD 96C>2?@D >6?@C6D D6G6 4=2C2>6?E6 4@? DX=@ 25G6CE:C BF6 6? U= D6 7:;232A@C :>A6C:@ 56= DE25@ F? D2=2C:@ >TI:>@ =@ BF6?@ D6 AC6D4C:3V2 ?: A@C 2D@>@ 6C2 F? D2=2C:@ >V

?:>@

FC2?E6 6= D:8=@ ., 6>A6@CX 4@?D:56C23=6>6?E6 4@>@ D6 D236 =2 D:EF24:X? 56 =@D @3C6C@D =D2=2C:@ 6? 5:?6C@ DF3:X A6C@ ?@ AC@A@C4:@?2=>6?E6 2 =2 56AC64:24:X? 56= 5:?6C@ J 2 =2 4@CC6D

A@?5:6?E6 DF3:52 56 =@D AC64:@D 56 =2D >6C42?4V2D

53

29 Las leyes anticoalicionistas, que prohibían la creación y la actividad de cualquier organi-

zación obrera, fueron promulgadas por el parlamento inglés en los años 1799 y 1800. En

1824, el parlamento las derogó, confirmando la derogación una vez más en 1825. Sin em-

bargo, incluso después de eso se limitó mucho la actividad de las uniones obreras. Hasta la

simple propaganda en favor de la adhesión de los obreros a las uniones y de la participación

en las huelgas se consideraba «coerción» y «violencia» y se punía como delito de derecho

común.



@C86 6?4@>:6?52 2 =@D ;F646D 56 A2K =2 C68=2>6?E24:X? 56= D2=2C:@ 56 =@D E6;65@C6D 6? D652 E@52GV2 6? 7F6C@? ?646D2C:@D 5@D 72==@D 56 =@DEC:3F?2=6D DFA6C:@C6D A2C2 564:5:C D: =2D XC56?6D 56=@D ;F646D 56 A2K D@3C6 D2=2C:@D C68V2? E2>3:U?A2C2 =@D @3C6C@D ?@ 28CV4@=2D 6? F?2 =6J 56=A2C=2>6?E@ 4@?7:C>2 BF6 6= D2=2C:@ 56 =@D @3C6C@D>:?6C@D 56 D4@4:2 D6 92==2 C68=2>6?E25@ A@C F?

6DE2EFE@ 56 =2 C6:?2 D236= J 5@D =6J6D 6D4@46D2D 56 J +? 6A:D@5:@ :?2F5:E@ AC@5F4:5@ 6?=2 T>2C2 56 =@D @>F?6D 56 ?8=2E6CC2 G:?@ 2 56>@DEC2C 92DE2 BFU AF?E@ 923V2? 42>3:25@ =2D4@D2D BFV 5@?56 5FC2?E6 >TD 56 2W@D D6 923V2? 6DE25@ 723C:42?5@ =6J6D D@3C6 =2 E2D2 >TI:>2

BF6 6? >@5@ 2=8F?@ A@5V2 C632D2C 6= D2=2C:@ A2825@ 2 F? @3C6C@ D6 =6G2?EX 6? F? 5:AFE25@-9:E3C625 A2C2 AC@A@?6C F? D2=2C:@ >V?:>@ A2C2=@D ;@C?2=6C@D 56= 42>A@ &:EE D6 @AFD@ 2 =2 AC@AF6DE2 2F?BF6 C64@?@4:6?5@ BF6 N=2 D:EF24:X? 56=@D A@3C6D 6C2 4CF6=O &@C 7:? 6? 7F6C@? 56C@

8252D =2D =6J6D D@3C6 C68=2>6?E24:X? 56 D2=2C:@DDE2D =6J6D 6C2? F?2 C:5V4F=2 2?@>2=V2 56D56 6=>@>6?E@ 6? BF6 6= 42A:E2=:DE2 C68V2 =2 7T3C:42 4@?DFD =6J6D AC:G252D 924:U?5@D6 ?646D2C:@ 4@>A=6E2C 6= D2=2C:@ 56= 3C246C@ 56= 42>A@ 4@? 6= EC:3FE@

55



56 A@3C6K2 A2C2 ==682C 2= >V?:>@ :?5:DA6?D23=6"2D ?@C>2D 56 =@D DE2EFE@D @3C6C@D D@3C6 =@D 4@?EC2E@D 6?EC6 6= A2EC@?@ J DFD ;@C?2=6C@D D@3C6 =@DA=2K@D 56 2G:D@ 6E4 =2D BF6 DX=@ A6C>:E6? 56>2?52C A@C =@ 4:G:= 4@?EC2 6= A2EC@?@ BF6 72=E2 2 DFD 5636C6D 4@?EC24EF2=6D A6C>:E:6?5@ 6? 42>3:@AC@46D2C A@C =@ 4C:>:?2= 2= @3C6C@ BF6 ?@ 4F>A=6=@D DFJ@D D:8F6? 6? A=6?@ G:8@C 92DE2 =2 76492

"2D 4CF6=6D =6J6D 4@?EC2 =2D 4@2=:4:@?6D 9F3:6C@? 56 56C@82CD6 6? 2?E6 =2 24E:EF5 2>6?2K25@C2 56= AC@=6E2C:25@ $@ @3DE2?E6 DX=@ 7F6C@?56C@8252D A2C4:2=>6?E6 2DE2 ?@ 56D2A2C64:6C@? 2=8F?@D 96C>@D@D G6DE:8:@D 56 =@D 2?E:8F@D

6DE2EFE@D :?2=>6?E6 =2 =6J G@E252 A@C 6= A2C=2>6?E@ 6= 56 ;F?:@ 56 AC@>6E:X 3@CC2C =2DY=E:>2D 9F6==2D 56 6DE2 =68:D=24:X? 56 4=2D6 >65:2?E6 6= C64@?@4:>:6?E@ =682= 56 =2D EC256F?:@?6D &6C@ @EC2 =6J A2C=2>6?E2C:2 56 =2 >:D>2 764924E@ A2C2 6?>6?52C =2 4C:>:?2= =6J 246C42 56 =2

G:@=6?4:2 =2D 2>6?2K2D J =2D G6;24:@?6D C6DE23=6466? C62=:525 6= 2?E:8F@ 6DE25@ 56 56C649@ 32;@ F?27@C>2 ?F6G2 #65:2?E6 6DE6 6D42>@E6@ A2C=2>6?E2C:@ =@D C64FCD@D 56 BF6 AF656? G2=6CD6 =@D @3C6C@D 6? 42D@ 56 9F6=82 @ =@4<@FE 9F6=82 56 =@D

56



?25@ A@C =2D >2D2D 56DAFUD 56 9236C 56D6>A6W25@ U= 5FC2?E6 4:?4@ D:8=@D 4@? 6= 68@VD>@ >TD56DG6C8@?K25@ 6= A2A6= 56 F?2 EC256F?:X? A6C>2?6?E6 56 =@D 42A:E2=:DE2D 4@?EC2 =@D @3C6C@D

? =@D >:D>@D 4@>:6?K@D 56 =2 E@C>6?E2 C6G@=F4:@?2C:2 =2 3FC8F6DV2 7C2?46D2 D6 2EC6G:X 2 2CC632E2C 56 ?F6G@ 2 =@D @3C6C@D 6= 56C649@ 56

2D@4:24:X? BF6 2423232? 56 4@?BF:DE2C &@C 564C6E@ 56= 56 ;F?:@ 56 564=2CX E@52D =2D 4@2=:4:@?6D @3C6C2D 4@>@ F? N2E6?E25@ 4@?EC2 =2=:36CE25 J =2 64=2C24:X? 56 =@D 6C649@D 56= @>3C6O D2?4:@?23=6 4@? F?2 >F=E2 56 =:3C2D JAC:G24:X? 56 =2 4:F5252?V2 24E:G2 5FC2?E6 F? 2W@

DE2 =6J BF6 A@?:6?5@ 2 4@?EC:3F4:X? 6= A@56C A@=:4V24@ 56= DE25@ AC@4FC2 6?42FK2C 56?EC@ 56 =@D=V>:E6D BF6 2= 42A:E2= =6 A=2K42? =2 =F492 56 4@?4FCC6?4:2 6?E23=252 6?EC6 6= 42A:E2= J 6= EC232;@ D@3C6G:G:X 2 E@52D =2D C6G@=F4:@?6D J 42>3:@D 565:?2DEV2 $: 6= >:D>@ CU8:>6? 56= E6CC@C D6 2EC6

G:X 2 E@42C=2 $@ D6 =2 3@CCX 56= X5:8@ A6?2= 92DE29246 >FJ A@4@ $252 >TD 6=@4F6?E6 BF6 6= AC6E6IE@ BF6 D6 5:@ 2= G@E2C =2 =6J A2C2 ;FDE:7:42C 6DE68@=A6 56 DE25@ 3FC8FUD NF?BF6 6D 56 56D62C

58

31 Trátase del Gobierno de la dictadura jacobina de Francia entre junio de 1793 y junio de

1794.



L5:46 6= A@?6?E6 56 =2 =6J "6 92A6=:6CL BF6 =@DD2=2C:@D DF32? A@C 6?4:>2 56 DF ?:G6= 24EF2= A2C2BF6 BF:6?6D =@D A6C4:36? AF652? DFDEC26CD6 2 6D256A6?56?4:2 23D@=FE2 BF6 DFA@?6 =2 42C6?4:2 56=@D >65:@D 56 G:52 >TD 6=6>6?E2=6D J BF6 6D 42D:=2 6D4=2G:EF5O 2 =@D @3C6C@D D6 =6D ?:682 6= 56C649@2 A@?6CD6 56 24F6C5@ D@3C6 DFD :?E6C6D6D 2 24EF2C4@?;F?E2>6?E6 J A@C E2?E@ 2 G6?46C 6D2 N56A6?

56?4:2 23D@=FE2 BF6 6D 42D: =2 6D4=2G:EF5O A@CBF64@? 6==@ 96C:CV2? N=2 =:36CE25 56 DFD 2?E6C:@C6D5F6W@D J 24EF2=6D A2EC@?@DO M=2 =:36CE25 56 >2?E6?6C 2 =@D @3C6C@D 6? =2 6D4=2G:EF5 J A@CBF6 6=4@2=:82CD6 4@?EC2 6= 56DA@E:D>@ 56 =@D 2?E:8F@D>26DEC@D 56 =2D 4@CA@C24:@?6D 6BF:G2=5CV2 LM25:

GV?6D6L 2 C6DE2FC2C =2D 4@CA@C24:@?6D 23@=:52DA@C =2 @?DE:EF4:X? 7C2?46D2

Q$)) " (($*(% &*")*

6DAFUD 56 6IA@?6C 6= AC@46D@ 56 G:@=6?E2

4C624:X? 56 =@D AC@=6E2C:@D =:3C6D J 56D96C6525@D6= CU8:>6? D2?8F:?2C:@ 4@? BF6 D6 =6D 4@?G:CE:X 6?@3C6C@D 2D2=2C:25@D =2D DF4:2D 2=E2D >65:52D 6DE2E2=6D BF6 2F>6?E2?5@ 6= 8C25@ 56 6IA=@E24:X?

59

32 Buchez et Roux. Histoire Parlementaire («Historia parlamentaria») t. X, pp. 193-195, pas-

sim



56= EC232;@ 6=6G232? 4@? >65:@D A@=:4V24@D =224F>F=24:X? 56= 42A:E2= 4F>A=6 AC68F?E2CPX>@ DFC8:6C@? =@D AC:>6C@D 42A:E2=:DE2D &F6D =26IAC@A:24:X? 56 =2 A@3=24:X? 42>A6D:?2 DX=@ 4C625:C64E2>6?E6 8C2?56D AC@A:6E2C:@D 56 E:6CC2 ?4F2?E@ 2 =2 8U?6D:D 56= 2CC6?52E2C:@ AF656 5:8T>@D=@ 2DV E@42CD6 4@? =2 >2?@ AF6D 4@?DE:EFJ6 F?AC@46D@ =6?E@ BF6 D6 2CC2DEC2 2 =@ =2C8@ 56 >F49@D

D:8=@D "@D AC@A:@D D:6CG@D J 4@? 6==@D =@D A6BF6W@DAC@A:6E2C:@D =:3C6D ?@ E6?V2? E@5@D ?: >F49@>6?@D =2 >:D>2 D:EF24:X? A2EC:>@?:2= D:6?5@ A@CE2?E@ 6>2?4:A25@D 6? 4@?5:4:@?2D 64@?X>:42D>FJ 5:DE:?E2D

? ?8=2E6CC2 =2 AC:>6C2 7@C>2 32;@ =2 BF6 D6AC6D6?E2 6= 2CC6?52E2C:@ 6D =2 56= 32:=:77 E2>3:U?D:6CG@ )F A@D:4:X? D6 A2C646 >F49@ 2 =2 56= G:==:4FD042A2E2K 56 6D4=2G@D1 56 =2 2?E:8F2 (@>2 2F?BF64@? F? C25:@ 56 244:X? >TD C65F4:5@ FC2?E6 =2D68F?52 >:E25 56= D:8=@ ., 6D DFDE:EF:5@ A@C F?

4@=@?@ @ 2CC6?52E2C:@ 2= BF6 6= D6W@C 56 =2 E:6CC2AC@G66 56 D:>:6?E6 82?25@ J 2A6C@D 56 =23C2?K2)F D:EF24:X? ?@ 5:7:6C6 8C2? 4@D2 56 =2 56= D:>A=642>A6D:?@ "2 Y?:42 5:76C6?4:2 6D BF6 6IA=@E2 >TDEC232;@ 2D2=2C:25@ &C@?E@ D6 4@?G:6CE6 6? >UE2J6C

60



02A2C46C@1 6? D6>:2CC6?52E2C:@ DE6 A@?6 F?2A2CE6 56= 42A:E2= 28CV4@=2 J 6= AC@A:6E2C:@ =2 @EC2"@D 7CFE@D D6 C6A2CE6? D68Y? =2 AC@A@C4:X? 7:;2526? 6= 4@?EC2E@ ? ?8=2E6CC2 6DE2 7@C>2 ?@ E2C526? 56D2A2C646C A2C2 4656C 6= AF6DE@ 2 =2 56= G6C5256C@ 2CC6?52E2C:@ BF6 6IA=@E2 DF AC@A:@ 42A:E2=6>A=62?5@ @3C6C@D 2D2=2C:25@D J 23@?2?5@ 2= E6CC2E6?:6?E6 4@>@ C6?E2 6? 5:?6C@ @ 6? 6DA64:6

F?2 A2CE6 56= A=FDAC@5F4E@

FC2?E6 6= D:8=@ ., >:6?EC2D 6= 42>A6D:?@ :?56A6?5:6?E6 J 6= @3C6C@ 28CV4@=2 BF6 256>TD 56EC232;2C 2 ;@C?2= A2C2 @EC@ 4F=E:G2 DF AC@A:2 E:6CC2D6 6?C:BF646? 4@? DF EC232;@ =2D 4@?5:4:@?6D 56

G:52 56= 2CC6?52E2C:@ J DF 42>A@ 56 AC@5F44:X??@ D2=6? 56 =2 >65:@4C:525 "2 C6G@=F4:X? 28CV4@=256= Y=E:>@ E6C4:@ 56= D:8=@ ., BF6 5FC2 42D: E@5@ 6=D:8=@ ., 2F?BF6 6I46AEF2?5@ =@D Y=E:>@D 5646?:@D 6?C:BF646 2= 2CC6?52E2C:@ 4@? =2 >:D>2 46=6C:525 4@? BF6 6>A@3C646 2 =2 A@3=24:X? CFC2= "2

FDFCA24:X? 56 =@D A2DE@D 4@>F?2=6D 6E4 =6 A6C>:E6 2F>6?E2C 4@?D:56C23=6>6?E6 42D: D:? 82DE@DDF 4@?E:?86?E6 56 82?25@ 2= A2D@ BF6 UDE6 =6 DF>:?:DEC2 23@?@ >TD 23F?52?E6 A2C2 4F=E:G2C =2 E:6CC2

61



? 6= D:8=@ ., G:6?6 2 2W25:CD6 2 UDE@D F? 724E@C 564:D:G@ "@D 4@?EC2E@D 56 2CC6?52>:6?E@ 6C2?6?E@?46D 4@?EC2E@D 2 =2C8@ A=2K@ 23F?52?5@ =@D56 ?@G6?E2 J ?F6G6 2W@D "2 4@?DE2?E6 56AC64:24:X? 56 =@D >6E2=6D AC64:@D@D J A@C E2?E@ 56= 5:?6C@ 7F6 A2C2 =@D 2CC6?52E2C:@D F?2 ==FG:2 56 @C@:K@ L2F? AC6D4:?5:6?5@ 56 E@52D =2D 4:C4F?DE2?4:2D J2 6IAF6DE2DL BF6 56D46?5:6D6? =@D D2=2C:@D

+?2 A2CE6 56 UDE@D A2DX 2 :?4C6>6?E2C =2D 82?2?4:2D 56= 2CC6?52E2C:@ = 2=K2 :?46D2?E6 56 =@D AC64:@D 56= EC:8@ 56 =2 =2?2 56 =2 42C?6 6? F?2 A2=23C256 E@5@D =@D AC@5F4E@D 28CV4@=2D G:?@ 2 9:?492CD:? :?E6CG6?4:X? DFJ2 6= 42A:E2= 6? 5:?6C@ 56=2CC6?52E2C:@ >:6?EC2D BF6 =2 C6?E2 56 =2 E:6CC2 BF6

U= E6?V2 BF6 23@?2C D6 4@?EC2V2 6? DF 2?E:8F@ G2=@C6? 5:?6C@ 6 6DE6 >@5@ D6 6?C:BF64V2 2 F?E:6>A@ >:D>@ 2 4@DE2 56 =@D ;@C?2=6C@D J 56= AC@A:6E2C:@ 56 =2 E:6CC2 $252 E:6?6 AF6D 56 6IEC2W@BF6 2 7:?6D 56= D:8=@ ., ?8=2E6CC2 4@?E2D6 4@?F?2 4=2D6 56 N2CC6?52E2C:@D 42A:E2=:DE2DO C:4@D A2C2

=@ BF6 D6 24@DEF>3C232 6? 2BF6==@D E:6>A@D

62



" $"+$ $,() " (,%"+S$(R%" )%( " $+)*(

%(#S$ " #(% $*(%( &(" &*" $+)*("

"2 6IAC@A:24:X? J 6= 56D29F4:@ 56 =2 A@3=24:X?42>A6D:?2 C62=:K25@D A@C CT7282D J 4@?DE2?E6>6?E6 C6?@G25@D 924V2 27=F:C 2 =2 :?5FDEC:2 56 =2D

4:F5256D 4@>@ 96>@D G:DE@ >2D2D 4252 G6K >TD?F>6C@D2D 56 AC@=6E2C:@D 56D=:825@D 6? 23D@=FE@56= CU8:>6? 8C6>:2= D23:2 4:C4F?DE2?4:2 BF6 92464C66C 2= G:6;@ ?56CD@? 2FE@C BF6 ?@ 56364@?7F?5:CD6 4@? 2>6D ?56CD@? 6? DF :DE@C:256= @>6C4:@ 6? F?2 :?E6CG6?4:X? 5:C64E2 56 =2

AC@G:56?4:2 6>@D 56 56E6?6C?@D F?@D :?DE2?E6D2 2?2=:K2C 6DE6 6=6>6?E@ 56 =2 24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2 = 6?C2C64:>:6?E@ 56 =2 A@3=24:X? CFC2= :?56A6?5:6?E6 BF6 EC232;2 DFD AC@A:2D E:6CC2D ?@DX=@ 4@CC6DA@?56 F?2 4@?56?D24:X? 56= AC@=6E2C:25@ :?5FDEC:2= 4@>@ 2= 6?C2C64:>:6?E@ 56 =2 >2

E6C:2 56= F?:G6CD@ 6? F?@D D:E:@D 4@CC6DA@?56D68Y? 6@77C@J )2:?E:=2:C6 DF 4@?56?D24:X? 6?@EC@D

63

33 A. Anderson. An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce, fromthe Earliest Accounts to the present Time («Ensayo histórico y cronológico del comercio

desde los primeros datos hasta el presente»). La primera edición salió en Londres en 1764.



656C:4@ 9:=232? E@5@D =:?@ 7F6 6IAC@A:252 G:@=6?E2>6?E6 J 2CC@;252 56 DFD E:6CC2D >:6?EC2D =@DC6DE2?E6D D6 4@?G6CEV2? 6? ;@C?2=6C@D 56 =@D 8C2?56D 2CC6?52E2C:@D ):>F=ET?62>6?E6 DFC86? 8C2?56D 7T3C:42D 56 9:=25@D 56 =:?@ J 56 E6;:5@D 6? =2DBF6 6?EC2? 2 EC232;2C A@C F? ;@C?2= =@D 3C2K2D BF692? BF6525@ N5:DA@?:3=6DO = =:?@ D:8F6 D:6?5@ 6=>:D>@ 56 2?E6D $@ 92 42>3:25@ 6? U= ?: F?2 D@=2

7:3C2 J D:? 6>32C8@ 6? DF 4F6CA@ D6 2=36C82 29@C2F?2 2=>2 D@4:2= ?F6G2 AF6D 6DE6 =:?@ 7@C>2 29@C2A2CE6 56= 42A:E2= 4@?DE2?E6 56= 5F6W@ 56 =2 >2?F724EFC2 ?E6D D6 5:DEC:3FV2 6?EC6 F? D:??Y>6C@ 56A6BF6W@D AC@5F4E@C6D BF6 =@ 4F=E:G232? A@C DV >:D>@D J =@ 9:=232? 6? A6BF6W2D 42?E:5256D 4@?

DFD 72>:=:2D 29@C2 D6 4@?46?EC2 6? >2?@D 56 F?D@=@ 42A:E2=:DE2 BF6 9246 BF6 @EC@D 9:=6? J E6;2?A2C2 U= ?E6D 6= EC232;@ DFA=6>6?E2C:@ BF6 D6 C6?5V2 6? 6= E2==6C 56 9:=25@ D6 EC25F4V2 6? F? :?8C6D@DFA=6>6?E2C:@ A2C2 :??F>6C23=6D 72>:=:2D 42>A6D:?2D @ E2>3:U? 32;@ 656C:4@ 6? :>AF6DE@D

A2C2 6= C6J 56 &CFD:2

9@C2 D6 EC25F46 6? 82?2?4:2 A2C2 F? AFW25@ 56 42A:E2=:DE2D "@D 9FD@D J =@DE6=2C6D BF6 2?E6D D6 5:DEC:3FV2? A@C E@52 =2 4@>2C42 D6 28=@>6C2? 29@C2 4@? =@D @3C6C@D J =2

65

34 En el sentido figurado, «cobrados por nada».



>2E6C:2 AC:>2 6? F?@D 4F2?E@D 4F2CE6=6D 56= EC232;@ / 56 >65:@D 56 G:52 :?56A6?5:6?E6 A2C2 9:=2?56C@D J E6;65@C6D =@D 9FD@D =@D E6=2C6D J =2>2E6C:2 AC:>2 D6 4@?G:6CE6? 6? >65:@D A2C2 D@>6E6C=@D 2= >2?5@ 56 @EC@ J A2C2 2CC2?42C=6D EC232;@ ?@ C6EC:3F:5@ $: 6? =2D 8C2?56D >2?F724EFC2D?: 6? =2D 8C2?56D 8C2?;2D 92J 2=8Y? D:8?@ 6IE6C:@CBF6 :?5:BF6 BF6 6? 6==2D D6 C6Y?6? >F49@D A6

BF6W@D 9@82C6D 56 AC@5F44:X? J BF6 5636? DF@C:86? 2 =2 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 >F49@D A6BF6W@DAC@5F4E@C6D :?56A6?5:6?E6D ):? 6>32C8@ 6= @;@:>A2C4:2= ?@ D6 56;2 6?82W2C E2? 7T4:=>6?E6 ?E:6>A@ 56 #:C2362F 6= E6CC:3=6 C6G@=F4:@?2C:@ =2D8C2?56D >2?F724EFC2D D6 ==2>232? E@52GV2 >2?F

724EFC6D CUF?:6D E2==6C6D C6F?:5@D 4@>@ 564:>@D56 =2D E:6CC2D 4F2?5@ D6 ;F?E2?

N)X=@ D6 G6?O L5:46 #:C2362FL N6D2D 8C2?56D >2?F724EFC2D 6? =2D BF6 EC232;2? 4:6?E@D 569@>3C6D 32;@ =2D XC56?6D 56 F? 5:C64E@C J BF6 D6

56?@>:?2? 86?6C2=>6?E6 >2?F724EFC2D C6F?:52D? 42>3:@ 2BF6==2D 6? =2D BF6 EC232;2? 5:D6>:?25@D 4252 4F2= A@C DF 4F6?E2 8C2? ?Y>6C@ 56@3C6C@D A2D2? 42D: :?25G6CE:52D )6 =2D C6=682 2 Y=E:>@ EUC>:?@ / 6DE@ 6D F? 6CC@C >FJ 8C2?56 AF6D

66



D@? UDE2D =2D BF6 7@C>2? =2 A2CE6 C62=>6?E6 >TD:>A@CE2?E6 56 =2 C:BF6K2 ?24:@?2= "2 7T3C:42C6F?:52 6?C:BF646CT 723F=@D2>6?E6 2 F?@ @ 5@D6>AC6D2C:@D A6C@ =@D @3C6C@D BF6 6? 6==2 EC232;2??@ D@? >TD BF6 ;@C?2=6C@D >6;@C @ A6@C A2825@DBF6 6? ?252 A2CE:4:A2? 56= 3:6?6DE2C 56= 723C:42?E6 ? 42>3:@ 6? =2D 7T3C:42D D6A2C252D ?25:6D6 6?C:BF646 A6C@ 8@K2? 56 3:6?6DE2C >F=E:EF5 56

@3C6C@D = ?Y>6C@ 56 =@D @3C6C@D 24E:G@D J 64@?X>:4@D 4C646CT A@CBF6 UDE@D G6? 6? =2 G:52 @C56?252 J 6? 6= EC232;@ F? >65:@ 56 >6;@C2C?@E23=6>6?E6 DF D:EF24:X? 6? G6K 56 @3E6?6C F?2A6BF6W2 >6;@C2 56 ;@C?2= BF6 ;2>TD 564:5:CT 56=A@CG6?:C J BF6 2 =@ DF>@ A6C>:E6 2= @3C6C@ G:G:C

F? A@4@ >6;@C A6C@ D:6>AC6 2= 5V2 "2D >2?F724EFC2D D6A2C252D 6 :?5:G:5F2=6D 4@>3:?252D 42D:D:6>AC6 4@? F? A@4@ 56 =23C2?K2 D@? =2D Y?:42D=:3C6DO

67

35 Mirabeau. De la Monarchie Prusienne («De la monarquía prusiana») v. III, pp. 20-109, pás-

sim. El que Mirabeau considere también a los talleres diseminados como más rentables y pro-

ductivos que los «reunidos», no viendo en estos más que plantas de estufa sostenidas

artificialmente con la ayuda del Estado, se debe a la situación en que entonces se encontraba

una gran parte de las manufacturas del continente.



"2 6IAC@A:24:X? J 6= 56D29F4:@ 56 F?2 A2CE656 =2 A@3=24:X? CFC2= ?@ DX=@ 56;2 2 =@D @3C6C@D DFD>65:@D 56 G:52 J DFD >2E6C:2=6D 56 EC232;@ 5:DA@?:3=6D A2C2 BF6 6= 42A:E2= :?5FDEC:2= =@D FE:=:46 D:?@BF6 256>TD 4C62 6= >6C425@ :?E6C:@C

? 6764E@ 6= >@G:>:6?E@ BF6 4@?G:6CE6 2 =@DA6BF6W@D =23C25@C6D 6? @3C6C@D 2D2=2C:25@D J 2

DFD >65:@D 56 G:52 J 56 EC232;@ 6? 6=6>6?E@D >2E6C:2=6D 56= 42A:E2= 4C62 A2C2 UDE6 A2C2=6=2>6?E6DF >6C425@ :?E6C:@C ?E6D =2 72>:=:2 42>A6D:?2AC@5F4V2 J 6=23@C232 =@D >65:@D 56 G:52 J =2D >2E6C:2D AC:>2D BF6 =F68@ 6C2? 4@?DF>:52D 6? DF>2J@C A2CE6 A@C 6==2 >:D>2 &F6D 3:6? 6DE2D >2

E6C:2D AC:>2D J 6DE@D >65:@D 56 G:52 D6 4@?G:6CE6?29@C2 6? >6C42?4V2D G6?5:52D A@C =@D 8C2?56D2CC6?52E2C:@D BF6 6?4F6?EC2? DF >6C425@ 6? =2D>2?F724EFC2D = 9:=@ 6= =:6?K@ =@D 2CEV4F=@D 32DE@D56 =2?2 @3;6E@D E@5@D 56 4FJ2 >2E6C:2 AC:>2 5:DA@?V2 4F2=BF:6C 72>:=:2 42>A6D:?2 J BF6 6==2 9:

=232 J E6;V2 A2C2 DF FD@ D6 4@?G:6CE6? 29@C2 6?2CEV4F=@D >2?F724EFC25@D BF6 E:6?6? DF >6C425@AC64:D2>6?E6 6? =@D 5:DEC:E@D CFC2=6D "2 ?F>6C@D24=:6?E6=2 5:D6>:?252 J 4@?EC@=252 92DE2 2BFV A@CF?2 >F4965F>3C6 56 A6BF6W@D AC@5F4E@C6D

68



BF6 EC232;232? A@C 4F6?E2 AC@A:2 D6 4@?46?EC229@C2 6? F? 8C2? >6C425@ 2E6?5:5@ A@C 6= 42A:E2=:?5FDEC:2= 6 6DE6 >@5@ 2 =2 A2C 4@? =2 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 =@D 2?E:8F@D =23C25@C6D :?56A6?5:6?E6D JDF 5:G@C4:@ 56 =@D >65:@D 56 AC@5F44:X? 2G2?K2 =256DECF44:X? 56 =2D :?5FDEC:2D CFC2=6D D64F?52C:2D6= AC@46D@ 56 5:76C6?4:24:X? 56 =2 :?5FDEC:2 J =228C:4F=EFC2 )X=@ =2 56DECF44:X? 56 =2 :?5FDEC:2 5@

>UDE:42 CFC2= AF656 52C 2= >6C425@ :?E6C:@C 56 F?A2VD =2D AC@A@C4:@?6D J =2 7:C>6K2 BF6 ?646D:E2 6=CU8:>6? 42A:E2=:DE2 56 AC@5F44:X?

):? 6>32C8@ 6= A6CV@5@ AC@A:2>6?E6 >2?F724EFC6C@ ?@ 2A@CE2 6? C62=:525 EC2?D7@C>24:X? C2

5:42= 2=8F?2 (64FUC56D6 BF6 =2 >2?F724EFC2 DX=@:?G256 =2 AC@5F44:X? ?24:@?2= 56 F? >@5@ 7C28>6?E2C:@ J D:6>AC6 D@3C6 6= G2DE@ A2?@C2>2 56=2CE6D2?25@ FC32?@ J 56 =2 :?5FDEC:2 D64F?52C:25@>UDE:4@CFC2= F?BF6 6=:>:?6 2 UDE2 32;@ 4:6CE2D 7@C>2D 6? 56E6C>:?252D C2>2D :?5FDEC:2=6D J

69

36 «Veinte libras de lana convertidas insensiblemente en vestidos para el uso de un año de

una familia obrera, elaboradas por ella misma en el tiempo que otros trabajos le dejan libre,

no son para causar asombro. Pero llevad la lana al mercado, enviadla a la fábrica, luego al

corredor, en seguida al comerciante, y tendréis grandes operaciones comerciales y un capital

nominal invertido en una cuantía que representa veinte veces su valor... Así se explota a la

clase trabajadora, para mantener en pie una población fabril depauperada, una clase para-

sitaria de tenderos y un sistema ficticio de comercio, de dinero y de finanzas» (David Urqu-

hart. Familiar Words («Palabras amistosas»), p. 120].



6? 2=8F?@D AF?E@D GF6=G6 2 A@?6C=2 6? A:6 6?@EC@D 6? BF6 J2 6DE232 56DECF:52 AF6D ?646D:E2 566==2 A2C2 EC2?D7@C>2C =2 >2E6C:2 AC:>2 92DE2 4:6CE@8C25@ 56 6=23@C24:X? "2 >2?F724EFC2 9246 3C@E2CA@C E2?E@ F?2 ?F6G2 4=2D6 56 A6BF6W@D 42>A6D:?@D BF6 DX=@ D6 565:42? 2 =2 28C:4F=EFC2 4@>@ 6>A=6@ D64F?52C:@ 6IA=@E2?5@ 4@>@ @7:4:@AC676C6?E6 F? EC232;@ :?5FDEC:2= A2C2 G6?56C DF

AC@5F4E@ 2 =2 >2?F724EFC2 J2 D62 5:C64E2>6?E6 @A@C >65:24:X? 56 F? 4@>6C4:2?E6 6 2BFV F?2 56=2D 42FD2D 2F?BF6 ?@ =2 7F?52>6?E2= 56 F? 76?X>6?@ BF6 2= AC:?4:A:@ 56D@C:6?E2 2 BF:6? 6DEF5:2=2 9:DE@C:2 56 ?8=2E6CC2 6D56 6= Y=E:>@ E6C4:@ 56=D:8=@ ., D6 6D4F492? 6? 6==2 BF6;2D 4@?DE2?E6D :?

E6CCF>A:52D DX=@ 2 :?E6CG2=@D D@3C6 =@D AC@8C6D@D56= 42A:E2=:D>@ 6? =2 28C:4F=EFC2 J =2 56DECF44:X?AC@8C6D:G2 56 =2 4=2D6 42>A6D:?2 &@C @EC2 A2CE66DE2 4=2D6 42>A6D:?2 C62A2C646 4@?DE2?E6>6?E62F?BF6 6? ?Y>6C@ >TD C65F4:5@ J 6? D:EF24:X?4252 G6K A6@C "2 C2KX? AC:?4:A2= 56 6DE@ 6DET 6?

BF6 6? ?8=2E6CC2 E2? AC@?E@ AC65@>:?2 =2 AC@5F44:X? 56 EC:8@ 4@>@ =2 82?256CV2 D68Y? =@D A6CV@5@D J 4@? 6= E:A@ 56 AC@5F44:X? @D4:=2 6=G@=F>6? 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? 42>A6D:?2 )X=@ =2 8C2?:?5FDEC:2 2A@CE2 4@? =2 >2BF:?2C:2 =2 32D6 4@?D

70



E2?E6 56 =2 28C:4F=EFC2 42A:E2=:DE2 6IAC@A:2 C25:42=>6?E6 2 =2 :?>6?D2 >2J@CV2 56 =2 A@3=24:X? 56=42>A@ J C6>2E2 6= 5:G@C4:@ 6?EC6 =2 28C:4F=EFC2 J =2:?5FDEC:2 5@>UDE:4@CFC2= 4FJ2D C2V46D L=2 :?5FDEC:2 56 9:=25@D J E6;:5@DL 2CC2?42 )X=@ 6==2 4@?BF:DE2 A@C E2?E@ A2C2 6= 42A:E2= :?5FDEC:2= 6=>6C425@ :?E6C:@C V?E68C@

Q$)) " &*")* $+)*("

"2 8U?6D:D 56= 42A:E2=:DE2 :?5FDEC:2= ?@ D656D2CC@==2 56 F? >@5@ E2? =6?E@ J A2F=2E:?@ 4@>@=2 56= 2CC6?52E2C:@ D :?5F523=6 BF6 4:6CE@D A6BF6W@D >26DEC@D 2CE6D2?@D J E@52GV2 >TD 4:6CE@D

A6BF6W@D 2CE6D2?@D :?56A6?5:6?E6D 6 :?4=FD@@3C6C@D 2D2=2C:25@D D6 4@?G:CE:6C@? 6? A6BF6W@D42A:E2=:DE2D J =F68@ >65:2?E6 =2 6IA=@E24:X? 56=EC232;@ 2D2=2C:25@ 6? F?2 6D42=2 4252 G6K >2J@C J=2 24F>F=24:X? 4@?D:8F:6?E6 6? 42A:E2=:DE2D D:? C6D6CG2D ? 6= A6CV@5@ 56 :?72?4:2 56 AC@5F44:X? 42

A:E2=:DE2 @4FCCV2 ?@ A@42D G646D =@ BF6 6? =@D 2W@D56 :?72?4:2 56 =2D 4:F5256D >65:6G2=6D 6? BF6 6=

71

37 Tuckett sabe que la gran industria lanera brota de la verdadera manufactura y de la des-

trucción de la manufactura rural o casera, con la introducción de la maquinaria [Tuckett. A.History etc. («Historia, etc.»), v. I., p. 144].38 La palabra «industrial» se emplea aquí por oposición a «agrícola». En el sentido de una

categoría económica, el arrendatario es tan capitalista industrial como el fabricante.



AC@3=6>2 56 D236C 4FT= 56 =@D D:6CG@D 9F:5@D ==682CV2 2 D6C 6= 2>@ J 4FT= 6= 4C:25@ D6 5:C:>V2 =2D >TD56 =2D G646D A@C 6= @C56? 56 76492D 6? BF6 D6 6D42A232? ):? 6>32C8@ =2 =6?E:EF5 56 6DE6 >UE@5@?@ C6DA@?5V2 6? >@5@ 2=8F?@ 2 =2D 6I:86?4:2D 4@>6C4:2=6D 56= ?F6G@ >6C425@ >F?5:2= 4C625@ A@C=@D 8C2?56D 56D4F3C:>:6?E@D 56 7:?6D 56= D:8=@ .,"2 525 #65:2 923V2 =6825@ 5@D 7@C>2D 5:DE:?E2D

56 42A:E2= BF6 2=42?K2C@? DF D2KX? 6? =2D >TD 5:G6CD2D 7@C>24:@?6D D@4:@64@?X>:42D J BF6 2?E6D56 ==682C =2 6C2 56= >@5@ 56 AC@5F44:X? 42A:E2=:DE26C2? 4@?D:56C252D 42A:E2= A@C 2?E@?@>2D:2 42A:E2= FDFC2C:@ J 42A:E2= 4@>6C4:2=

N? =2 24EF2=:525 E@52 =2 C:BF6K2 56 =2 D@4:6525D6 4@?46?EC2 AC:>6C2>6?E6 6? >2?@D 56= 42A:E2=:DE2 DE6 A282 =2 C6?E2 2= E6CC2E6?:6?E6 6= D2=2C:@2= @3C6C@ =@D :>AF6DE@D J 6= 5:6K>@ 2= C642F525@C56 4@?EC:3F4:@?6D BF65T?5@D6 A2C2 DV 4@? F?2A2CE6 8C2?56 BF6 6? C62=:525 6D =2 A2CE6 >2J@C J

BF6 256>TD E:6?56 2 4C646C 5:2C:2>6?E6 56= AC@5F4E@ 2?F2= 56= EC232;@ 9@C2 6= 42A:E2=:DE2 AF656D6C 4@?D:56C25@ 4@>@ 6= BF6 D6 2AC@A:2 56 AC:

72



>6C2 >2?@ E@52 =2 C:BF6K2 D@4:2= 2F?BF6 ?:?8F?2=6J =6 92 EC2?D76C:5@ 6DE6 56C649@ 56 2AC@A:24:X?DE6 42>3:@ 56 AC@A:6525 5636 DF @C:86? 2= 4@3C@56 :?E6C6D6D A@C 6= 42A:E2= J 6D 92CE@ 4FC:@D@ BF6=@D =68:D=25@C6D 56 E@52 FC@A2 92J2? BF6C:5@ 6G:E2C 6DE@ 4@? =6J6D 4@?EC2 =2 FDFC2 = A@56C 56= 42A:E2=:DE2 D@3C6 =2 C:BF6K2 E@52 56= A2VD 6D F?24@>A=6E2 C6G@=F4:X? 6? 6= 56C649@ 56 AC@A:6525

J PBFU =6J @ BFU D6C:6 56 =6J6D =2 @C:8:?XO

= 2FE@C 5636CV2 D236C BF6 =2D C6G@=F4:@?6D ?@D6 9246? 4@? =6J6D

= CU8:>6? 76F52= 6? 6= 42>A@ J 6? =2 4:F525

6= CU8:>6? 8C6>:2= :>A65V2? 2= 42A:E2=5:?6C@ 7@C>25@ 6? =2 FDFC2 J 6? 6= 4@>6C4:@ 4@?G6CE:CD6 6?42A:E2= :?5FDEC:2= DE2D 32CC6C2D 56D2A2C64:6C@?4@? 6= =:46?4:2>:6?E@ 56 =2D 9F6DE6D 76F52=6D J4@? =2 6IAC@A:24:X? J 56D29F4:@ A2C4:2=6D 56 =2A@3=24:X? 42>A6D:?2 "2D ?F6G2D >2?F724EFC2D

923V2? D:5@ 4@?DECF:52D 6? =@D AF6CE@D >2CVE:>@D56 6IA@CE24:X? @ 6? =F82C6D 56= 42>A@ 2=6;25@D

73

39 The Natural and Artificial Right of Property Contrasted («El derecho natural y el artificial de

propiedad contrastados»), London, 1832, pp. 98, 99. El autor de esta obra anónima es Th.

Hodgskin.



56= 4@?EC@= 56 =2D 4:F5256D 2?E:8F2D J 56 DF CU8:>6? 8C6>:2= 6 2BFV =2 =F492 C23:@D2 6?E23=2526? ?8=2E6CC2 6?EC6 =2D 4:F5256D 4@? CU8:>6? 4@CA@C2E:G@ 8C6>:2= J =@D ?F6G@D G:G6C@D :?5FDEC:2=6D

= 56D4F3C:>:6?E@ 56 =@D J24:>:6?E@D 56 @C@ JA=2E2 56 >UC:42 6= 6IE6C>:?:@ =2 6D4=2G:K24:X? J6= D6AF=E2>:6?E@ 6? =2D >:?2D 56 =2 A@3=24:X?

23@C:86? 6= 4@>:6?K@ 56 =2 4@?BF:DE2 J 6= D2BF6@56 =2D ?5:2D %C:6?E2=6D =2 4@?G6CD:X? 56= 4@?E:?6?E6 27C:42?@ 6? 42K256C@ 56 6D4=2G@D ?68C@DE2=6D D@? =@D 9649@D BF6 D6W2=2? =@D 2=3@C6D 56 =26C2 56 AC@5F44:X? 42A:E2=:DE2 DE@D AC@46D@D :5V=:4@D C6AC6D6?E2? @EC@D E2?E@D 724E@C6D 7F?52>6?

E2=6D 6? 6= >@G:>:6?E@ 56 =2 24F>F=24:X?@C:8:?2C:2 *C2D 6==@D A:D2?5@ DFD 9F6==2D G:6?6 =28F6CC2 4@>6C4:2= 56 =2D ?24:@?6D 6FC@A62D 4@? 6=A=2?6E2 6?E6C@ A@C 6D46?2C:@ (@>A6 6= 7F68@ 4@?6= 2=K2>:6?E@ 56 =@D &2VD6D 2;@D BF6 D6 D24F56?6= JF8@ 56 =2 5@>:?24:X? 6DA2W@=2 4@3C2 AC@

74

40 Los Países Bajos (el territorio de las actuales Bélgica y Holanda) se separaron de España

después de la revolución burguesa de 1566-1609; en la revolución se conjugaban la lucha

de la burguesía y las masas populares contra el feudalismo con la guerra de liberación na-

cional contra la dominación española. En 1609, tras varias derrotas, España se vio forzada

a reconocer la independencia de la república burguesa de Holanda. El territorio de la actual

Bélgica permaneció en manos de España hasta 1714.



A@C4:@?6D 8:82?E6D42D 6? ?8=2E6CC2 4@? =2 8F6CC22?E:;24@3:?2 D:8F6 G6?E:=T?5@D6 6? 9:?2 6? =2D8F6CC2D 56= @A:@ 6E4

"2D 5:G6CD2D 6E2A2D 56 =2 24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2 E:6?6? DF 46?EC@ 6? F? @C56? 4C@?@=X8:4@ >TD@ >6?@D AC64:D@ 6? DA2W2 &@CEF82= @=2?52C2?4:2 6 ?8=2E6CC2 D 2BFV 6? ?8=2E6CC2 5@?56 27:?6D 56= D:8=@ ., D6 C6DF>6? J D:?E6E:K2? D:DE6

>TE:42>6?E6 6? 6= D:DE6>2 4@=@?:2= 6= D:DE6>2 56=2 56F52 AY3=:42 6= >@56C?@ D:DE6>2 EC:3FE2C:@ J6= D:DE6>2 AC@E644:@?:DE2 ? A2CE6 6DE@D >UE@5@DD6 32D2? 4@>@ @4FCC6 4@? 6= D:DE6>2 4@=@?:2= 6?=2 >TD 3FC52 56 =2D G:@=6?4:2D &6C@ E@5@D 6==@D D6G2=6? 56= A@56C 56= DE25@ 56 =2 7F6CK2 4@?46?

EC252 J @C82?:K252 56 =2 D@4:6525 A2C2 246=6C2C 2A2D@D 28:82?E25@D 6= AC@46D@ 56 EC2?D7@C>24:X?56= >@5@ 76F52= 56 AC@5F44:X? 6? 6= >@5@ 42A:E2=:DE2 J 24@CE2C =2D EC2?D:4:@?6D "2 G:@=6?4:2 6D =2

75

41 Trátase de las guerras de Inglaterra contra Francia en el período de la revolución burguesafrancesa de fines del siglo XVIII. Durante estas contiendas, el Gobierno inglés estableció en

su país un brutal régimen de terror contra las masas trabajadoras. En particular, en dicho pe-

ríodo fueron aplastadas varias sublevaciones populares y se adoptaron leyes que prohibían

las uniones obreras.42 Las guerras del opio eran guerras de conquista contra China que sostuvo Inglaterra sola

en los años de 1839 a 1842 y en compañía de Francia en los años de 1856-1858 y 1860.

Sirvieron de pretexto para la primera guerra las medidas de las autoridades chinas para com-

batir el comercio de contrabando de opio organizado por los ingleses.



4@>25C@?2 56 E@52 D@4:6525 G:6;2 BF6 ==6G2 6?DFD 6?EC2W2D @EC2 ?F6G2 D 6==2 >:D>2 F?2 A@E6?4:2 64@?X>:42

6= D:DE6>2 4@=@?:2= 4C:DE:2?@ 5:46 F? 9@>3C6BF6 9246 56= 4C:DE:2?:D>@ DF AC@76D:X? - @H:EE

N"@D 24E@D 56 32C32C:6 J 56 56D2=>252 4CF6=

525 4@>6E:5@D A@C =2D C2K2D BF6 D6 ==2>2? 4C:DE:2?2D 6? E@52D =2D A2CE6D 56= >F?5@ J 4@?EC2 E@5@D=@D AF63=@D 56= @C36 BF6 AF5:6C@? DF3JF82C ?@6?4F6?EC2? AC64656?E6 6? ?:?8F?2 UA@42 56 =29:DE@C:2 F?:G6CD2= ?: 6? ?:?8F?2 C2K2 A@C D2=G2;6 6:?4F=E2 A@C 56DA:25252 J 4V?:42 BF6 6==2 D62O

"2 9:DE@C:2 56= CU8:>6? 4@=@?:2= 9@=2?5UD LJEU?82D6 6? 4F6?E2 BF6 @=2?52 6C2 =2 ?24:X? 42A:E2=:DE2 >@56=@ 56= D:8=@ .,L N9246 56D7:=2C2?E6 ?@D@EC@D F? 4F25C@ :?DFA6C23=6 56 EC2:4:@?6D4@9649@D 2D6D:?2E@D 6 :?72>:2DO $252 >TD 6=@

4F6?E6 BF6 6= D:DE6>2 56 C@3@ 56 9@>3C6D 2A=:425@ 6? =2 :D=2 56 U=636D A2C2 @3E6?6C 6D4=2G@D

76

43 William Howitt. Colonization and Christianity. A Popular History of the Treatment of the Na-tiles by the Europeans in all their Colonies («Colonización y cristiandad. Historia popular de

cómo los europeos tratan a los nativos en todas sus colonias»), London, 1838, p. 9.44 Thomas Stamford Raffles, late Lieut. Governor of Java. The History of Java («Historia de

Java»), London, 1817 [v. II, pp. CXC-CXCI, apéndice].



4@? 56DE:?@ 2 2G2 "@D =25C@?6D 56 9@>3C6D 6C2?2>26DEC25@D 4@?G6?:6?E6>6?E6 "@D 286?E6D AC:?4:A2=6D 56 6DE6 EC2E@ 6C2? 6= =25CX? 6= :?EUCAC6E6 J6= G6?565@C =@D ACV?4:A6D ?2E:G@D =@D G6?565@C6DAC:?4:A2=6D "@D >F49249@D C@325@D 6C2? 6D4@?5:5@D 6? =2D AC:D:@?6D D64C6E2D 56 U=636D 92DE2BF6 6DEFG:6D6? J2 >25FC@D A2C2 D6C 6>32C425@D4@? F? 42C82>6?E@ 56 6D4=2G@D ? F? :?7@C>6 @7:

4:2= =66>@D

NDE2 4:F525 56 #2<2DD2C A@C 6;6>A=@ 6DET==6?2 56 AC:D:@?6D D64C6E2D 2 4F2= >TD 6DA2?E@D2232CC@E252D 56 :?76=:46D GV4E:>2D 56 =2 4@5:4:2 J =2E:C2?V2 42C825@D 56 4256?2D 2CC2?425@D G:@=6?E2

>6?E6 2 DFD 72>:=:2DO

&2C2 2A@56C2CD6 56 #2=242 =@D 9@=2?56D6D D@3@C?2C@? 2= 8@36C?25@C A@CEF8FUD DE6 =6D 23C:X=2D AF6CE2D 56 =2 4:F525 6? "@D :?G2D@C6D 4@CC:6C@? 6? D68F:52 2 DF A2=24:@ J =6 2D6D:?2C@?

A2C2 56 6DE6 >@5@ A@56C NC6?F?4:2CO 2= A28@ 56=2 DF>2 4@?G6?:52 A@C 6= D6CG:4:@ BF6 6C2? =:3C2D 6DE6C=:?2D E@52D A2CE6D =6D D68FV2 =2 56G2DE24:X? J =2 56DA@3=24:X? 2?;FH2?8: AC@G:?4:2 562G2 BF6 6? 4@?E232 4@? >TD 56 92

77



3:E2?E6D BF65X C65F4:52 6? 2 6 2BFV 4X>@ D6 =2D 82DE2 6= 4@>6C4:@ :?@46?E6

@>@ 6D D23:5@ =2 @>A2WV2 :?8=6D2 56 =2D ?5:2D %C:6?E2=6D @3EFG@ 256>TD 56= A@56C A@=VE:4@ 6? 6DE2D ?5:2D 6= >@?@A@=:@ 56= 4@>6C4:@ 56EU J 56= 4@>6C4:@ 49:?@ 6? 86?6C2= 2DV 4@>@ 6= 56=EC2?DA@CE6 56 >6C42?4V2D 56 FC@A2 2 9:?2 J G:

46G6CD2 &6C@ 56= >@?@A@=:@ 56 =2 ?2G6824:X? 4@DE6C2 56 =2 ?5:2 J 6?EC6 =2D :D=2D J 56= 4@>6C4:@:?E6C:@C 56 =2 ?5:2 D6 2AC@A:2C@? =@D 2=E@D 7F?4:@?2C:@D 56 =2 @>A2WV2 "@D >@?@A@=:@D 56 =2 D2=56= @A:@ 56= 3UE6= J @EC2D >6C42?4V2D 6C2? 7:=@?6D:?28@E23=6D 56 C:BF6K2 "@D >:D>@D 7F?4:@?2C:@D

7:;232? =@D AC64:@D 2 DF 2?E@;@ J 6DBF:=>232?4@>@ =6D 5232 =2 82?2 2= :?76=:K :?5:@ = 8@36C?25@C 86?6C2= 56 =2D ?5:2D ==6G232 A2CE:4:A24:X? 6?6DE6 4@>6C4:@ AC:G25@ )FD 72G@C:E@D @3E6?V2? 4@?EC2E@D 6? 4@?5:4:@?6D BF6 =6D A6C>:EV2? >6;@C BF6=@D 2=BF:>:DE2D 9246C @C@ 56 =2 ?252 ? F? D@=@ 5V2

3C@E232? 4@>@ =@D 9@?8@D 8C2?56D 7@CEF?2D J =2

78

45 La Compañía de las Indias Orientales era una compañía inglesa de comercio (1600-1858),

instrumento de la política saqueadora colonial de Gran Bretaña en la India, China y otros pa-

íses de Asia. Durante mucho tiempo poseía el monopolio del comercio con la India, le per-

tenecían igualmente las principales funciones de gobierno en ese último país. La insurrección

de liberación nacional de 1857-1859 en la India obligó a Gran Bretaña a cambiar las formas

de dominación colonial y a liquidar la Compañía de las Indias Orientales.



24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2 2G2?K232 G:6?E@ 6? A@A2D:? 56D6>3@=D2C ?: F? 496=V? ? =2D 24E2D ;F5:4:2=6D56= -2CC6? 2DE:?8D 23F?52? 6;6>A=@D 56 6DE@6 2BFV F?@ +? E2= )F==:G2? @3E:6?6 F? 4@?EC2E@56 @A:@ 4F2?5@ D6 5:DA@?6 2 EC2D=252CD6 L6? 7F?4:X? 56 D6CG:4:@L 2 F?2 C68:X? 56 =2 ?5:2 >FJ2=6;252 56 =@D 5:DEC:E@D @A:6C@D )F==:G2? G6?56 DF4@?EC2E@ A@C =:3C2D 6DE6C=:?2D 2 F? E2= :??

BF6 =@ C6G6?56 6= >:D>@ 5V2 A@C J 6= Y=E:>@4@>AC25@C J 6;64FE@C 56= 4@?EC2E@ 564=2C2 BF6 @3EFG@ E@52GV2 F?2 82?2?4:2 723F=@D2 )68Y? F?2=:DE2 D@>6E:52 2= A2C=2>6?E@ =2 @>A2WV2 J DFD7F?4:@?2C:@D D6 9:4:6C@? C682=2C A@C =@D :?5:@D56D56 92DE2 M >:==@?6D 56 =:3C2D 6DE6C

=:?2D ?EC6 J =@D :?8=6D6D 723C:42C@? 2==V F?2 6A:56>:2 56 92>3C6 242A2C2?5@ E@5@ 6=2CC@K J ?68T?5@D6 2 G6?56C=@ D: ?@ =6D A28232?AC64:@D 723F=@D@D

? =2D A=2?E24:@?6D 56DE:?252D 6I4=FD:G2>6?E6

2= 4@>6C4:@ 56 6IA@CE24:X? 4@>@ 6? =2D ?5:2D %44:56?E2=6D J 6? =@D A2VD6D C:4@D J 56?D2>6?E6 A@3=25@D 6?EC6825@D 2= A:==2;6 J 2 =2 >2E2?K2 4@>@#UI:4@ J =2D ?5:2D %C:6?E2=6D 6C2 ?2EFC2=>6?E65@?56 6= EC2E@ 525@ 2 =@D :?5V86?2D C6G6DEV2 =2D 7@C

79



>2D >TD 4CF6=6D &6C@ E2>A@4@ 6? =2D G6C5256C2D4@=@?:2D D6 56D>6?EV2 6= 42CT4E6C 4C:DE:2?@ 56 =224F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2 BF6==@D 9@>3C6D G:CEF@D@D :?E24923=6D 56= AC@E6DE2?E:D>@ =@D AFC:E2?@D56 =2 $F6G2 ?8=2E6CC2 @E@C82C@? 6? A@C24F6C5@ 56 DF D2>3=62 "68:D=2E:G2 F? AC6>:@ 56 =:3C2D 6DE6C=:?2D A@C 4252 6D42=A@ 56 :?5:@ J A@C4252 A:6= C@;2 2AC6D25@ 6? 6= AC6>:@ 6C2 56

=:3C2D A@C 6D42=A@ 6? 56DAFUD 56 564=2C2C 6? C636=5V2 2 F?2 EC:3F 56 #2DD249FD6EED2J=@D AC6>:@D 6C2? =@D D:8F:6?E6D A@C =@D 6D42=A@D 56G2CX? 56D56 5@46 2W@D A2C2 2CC:32 =:3C2D 6DE6C=:?2D 56 ?F6G@ 4FW@ A@C 4252 9@>3C6 2AC6D25@ =:3C2D A@C 4252 >F;6C J 4252 ?:W@

=:3C2D MA@C 4252 6D42=A@ 56 >F;6C @ ?:W@ =:3C2D=8F?@D 5646?:@D >TD E2C56 6= D:DE6>2 4@=@?:2= :?8=UD 923V2 56 G6?82CD6 6? =@D 56D46?5:6?E6D C636=56D 56 =@D 56G@E@D A25C6D A6C68C:?@D BF642J6C@? E@>292H<625@D 32;@ =2 5:C644:X? J 2DF6=5@ 56 ?8=2E6CC2 = A2C=2>6?E@ 3C:ET?:4@ 56

4=2CX BF6 =2 42K2 56 9@>3C6D J 6= 6D42=A2C 6C2?NC64FCD@D BF6 :@D J =2 ?2EFC2=6K2 923V2? AF6DE@6? DFD >2?@DO

80



2;@ 6= D:DE6>2 4@=@?:2= AC@DA6C232? 4@>@A=2?E2 56 6DEF72 6= 4@>6C4:@ J =2 ?2G6824:X? "2DN)@4:65256D #@?@A@=:2DO "FE6C@ 6C2? A@56C@D2DA2=2?42D 56 4@?46?EC24:X? 56 42A:E2=6D "2D 4@=@?:2D 3C:?5232? 2 =2D ?F6G2D >2?F724EFC2D BF63C@E232? A@C E@52D A2CE6D >6C425@ A2C2 DFD AC@5F4E@D J F?2 24F>F=24:X? 56 42A:E2= :?E6?D:7:42528C24:2D 2= CU8:>6? 56 >@?@A@=:@ = 3@EV? 4@?BF:D

E25@ 7F6C2 56 FC@A2 >65:2?E6 6= D2BF6@ 56D42C25@ =2 6D4=2G:K24:X? J =2 >2E2?K2 C67=FV2? 2 =2>6ECXA@=: A2C2 4@?G6CE:CD6 2BFV 6? 42A:E2= @=2?52 AC:>6C A2VD 6? BF6 D6 56D2CC@==X A=6?2>6?E6 6= D:DE6>2 4@=@?:2= 923V2 ==6825@ J2 6? 2= 2A@86@ 56 DF 8C2?56K2 >6C42?E:= )6 92

==232 N6? A@D6D:X? 42D: 6I4=FD:G2 56= 4@>6C4:@ 56=2D ?5:2D %C:6?E2=6D J 56= ECT7:4@ 6?EC6 6= )FC@6DE6J 6= $@C56DE6 56 FC@A2 )FD A6DBF6CV2D DF >2C:?2J DFD >2?F724EFC2D D@3C6AF;232? 2 =2D 56 E@5@D=@D 56>TD A2VD6D "@D 42A:E2=6D 56 6DE2 C6AY3=:42DFA6C232? E2= G6K 2 =@D 56= C6DE@ 56 FC@A2

;F?E@O

81

46 Marx cita el trabajo de Gülich Geschichtliche Dartsellung des Handels, der Gewerbe und des Ackerbaus der bedeutendsten handeltreibenden Staaten unsrer Zeit («Descripción

histórica del comercio, la industria y la agricultura de los principales Estados comerciales de

nuestra época»). Bd. I, Jena, 1830, S. 371.



Z=:49 2FE@C 56 6DE2D =V?62D D6 @=G:52 56 2W25:CBF6 =2 >2D2 56= AF63=@ 9@=2?5UD D6 92==232 J2 6? >TD 28@E252 A@C 6= EC232;@ >TD 6>A@3C64:52 J >TD 3CFE2=>6?E6 @AC:>:52 BF6 =2 56= C6DE@56 FC@A2 ;F?E@

@J =2 DFAC6>24V2 :?5FDEC:2= ==6G2 4@?D:8@ =2DFAC6>24V2 4@>6C4:2= ? 6= G6C5256C@ A6CV@5@

>2?F724EFC6C@ DF465V2 =@ 4@?EC2C:@ 6C2 =2 DFAC6>24V2 4@>6C4:2= =2 BF6 5232 6= AC65@>:?:@ 6? 6=42>A@ 56 =2 :?5FDEC:2 6 2BFV 6= A2A6= AC65@>:?2?E6 BF6 6? 2BF6==@D E:6>A@D 56D6>A6W232 6=D:DE6>2 4@=@?:2= C2 6= N5:@D 6IEC2?;6C@O BF6 G6?V22 6?EC@?:K2CD6 6? 6= 2=E2C ;F?E@ 2 =@D G:6;@D V5@=@D

56 FC@A2 J BF6 F? 3F6? 5V2 =@D 6492CV2 2 E@5@D 2C@52C 56 F? 6>A6==X? DE6 5:@D AC@4=2>232 =224F>F=24:X? 56 A=FDG2=V2 4@>@ 6= 7:? Y=E:>@ JY?:4@ 56 =2 9F>2?:525

= D:DE6>2 56= 4CU5:E@ AY3=:4@ 6D 564:C 56 =2

56F52 56= DE25@ 4FJ@D @CV86?6D 56D4F3CV2>@DJ2 6? U?@G2 J 6? ,6?64:2 6? =2 525 #65:2 D625F6WX 56 E@52 FC@A2 5FC2?E6 6= A6CV@5@ >2?F724EFC6C@ = D:DE6>2 4@=@?:2= 4@? DF 4@>6C4:@ >2CVE:>@ J DFD 8F6CC2D 4@>6C4:2=6D =6 D:CG:X 56

82



24:42E6 &@C 6D@ 7F6 @=2?52 6= AC:>6C A2VD 6? BF62CC2:8X "2 56F52 AY3=:42 @ D62 =2 6?2;6?24:X? 56=DE25@ L23D@=FE@ 4@?DE:EF4:@?2= @ C6AF3=:42?@L :>AC:>6 DF D6==@ 2 =2 6C2 42A:E2=:DE2 "2 Y?:42 A2CE656 =2 ==2>252 C:BF6K2 ?24:@?2= BF6 6?EC2 C62= J G6C5256C2>6?E6 6? A@D6D:X? 4@=64E:G2 56 =@D AF63=@D >@56C?@D 6D =2 56F52 AY3=:42 &@C 6D@ 6DA6C764E2>6?E6 4@?D64F6?E6 6D2 E6@CV2 >@56C?2

D68Y? =2 4F2= F? AF63=@ 6D E2?E@ >TD C:4@ 4F2?E@>TD D6 42C82 56 56F52D = 4CU5:E@ AY3=:4@ D6 4@?G:6CE6 6? 4C65@ 56= 42A:E2=:DE2 / 2= DFC8:C =2D 56F52D56= DE25@ 6= A6425@ 4@?EC2 6= DAVC:EF )2?E@ A2C26= BF6 ?@ 92J C6>:D:X? 4656 6= AF6DE@ 2= A6C;FC:@4@?EC2 =2 56F52 AY3=:42

"2 56F52 AY3=:42 D6 4@?G:6CE6 6? F?2 56 =2DA2=2?42D >TD A@E6?E6D 56 =2 24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2 D 4@>@ F?2 G2C:E2 >T8:42 BF6 :?7F?56 G:CEF5AC@4C625@C2 2= 5:?6C@ :>AC@5F4E:G@ J =@ 4@?G:6CE66? 42A:E2= D:? 6IA@?6C=@ 2 =@D C:6D8@D ?: 2= 6D7F6CK@

BF6 D:6>AC6 ==6G2 4@?D:8@ =2 :?G6CD:X? :?5FDEC:2= 6:?4=FD@ =2 FDFC2C:2 ? C62=:525 =@D 24C665@C6D 56=DE25@ ?@ 6?EC682? ?252 AF6D =2 DF>2 AC6DE252D6 4@?G:6CE6 6? EVEF=@D 56 =2 56F52 AY3=:42 7T4:=>6?E6 ?68@4:23=6D BF6 D:8F6? 56D6>A6W2?5@6? DFD >2?@D 6= >:D>VD:>@ A2A6= 56= 5:?6C@ &6C@

83



2Y? AC6D4:?5:6?5@ 56 =2 4=2D6 56 C6?E:DE2D @4:@D@DBF6 2DV D6 4C62 J 56 =2 C:BF6K2 :>AC@G:D252 BF6 G22 A2C2C 2= C682K@ 56 =@D 7:?2?4:6C@D BF6 24EY2? 56>65:25@C6D 6?EC6 6= @3:6C?@ J 6= A2VD L2DV 4@>@56 =2 C:BF6K2 C682=252 2 =@D 2CC6?525@C6D 56 :>AF6DE@D 4@>6C4:2?E6D J 723C:42?E6D A2CE:4F=2C6D 24FJ@D 3@=D:==@D 27=FJ6 F?2 3F6?2 A2CE6 56 =@D 6>ACUDE:E@D 56= DE25@ 4@>@ F? 42A:E2= ==@G:5@ 56=

4:6=@L =2 56F52 AY3=:42 92 G6?:5@ 2 52C :>AF=D@2 =2D D@4:65256D 2?X?:>2D 2= ECT7:4@ 56 6764E@D ?68@4:23=6D 56 E@5@ 8U?6C@ 2= 28:@ 6? F?2 A2=23C22 =2 =@E6CV2 56 =2 3@=D2 J 2 =2 >@56C?2 32?4@4C24:2

6D56 6= >@>6?E@ >:D>@ 56 ?246C =@D 8C2?

56D 32?4@D 25@C?25@D 4@? EVEF=@D ?24:@?2=6D ?@7F6C@? ?F?42 >TD BF6 D@4:65256D 56 6DA64F=25@C6D AC:G25@D BF6 4@@A6C232? 4@? =@D 8@3:6C?@D JBF6 8C24:2D 2 =@D AC:G:=68:@D BF6 UDE@D =6D @E@C8232? 6DE232? 6? 4@?5:4:@?6D 56 256=2?E2C=6D 5:?6C@ &@C 6D@ =2 24F>F=24:X? 56 =2 56F52 AY3=:42

?@ E:6?6 32CX>6EC@ >TD :?72=:3=6 BF6 6= 2=K2 AC@8C6D:G2 56 =2D 244:@?6D 56 6DE@D 32?4@D 4FJ@A=6?@ 56D2CC@==@ 52E2 56 =2 7F?524:X? 56= 2?4@56 ?8=2E6CC2 6? DE6 Y=E:>@ 4@>6?KX AC6DE2?5@ DF 5:?6C@ 2= @3:6C?@ 2 F? A@C 56 :?

84



E6CUD 2= >:D>@ E:6>A@ BF65232 2FE@C:K25@ A@C 6=A2C=2>6?E@ A2C2 24FW2C 5:?6C@ 56= >:D>@ 42A:E2=G@=G:6?5@ 2 AC6DE2C=@ 2= AY3=:4@ 6? 7@C>2 56 3:==6E6D 56 32?4@ @? 6DE@D 3:==6E6D A@5V2 56D4@?E2C=6EC2D 23C:C 4CU5:E@D D@3C6 >6C42?4V2D J 4@>AC2C>6E2=6D AC64:@D@D $@ EC2?D4FCC:X >F49@ E:6>A@2?E6D 56 BF6 6DE6 >:D>@ 5:?6C@ 7:5F4:2C:@ 723C:425@ A@C U= =6 D:CG:6D6 56 >@?652 A2C2 D2=52C =@D

6>ACUDE:E@D 9649@D 2= DE25@ J A2C2 A282C =@D :?E6C6D6D 56 =2 56F52 AY3=:42 A@C 4F6?E2 56 UDE6 $@4@?E6?E@ 4@? 52C 4@? F?2 >2?@ A2C2 C64:3:C 4@? =2@EC2 >TD 56 =@ BF6 5232 D68FV2 D:6?5@ 2 A6D2C 56=@ BF6 D6 6>3@=D232 24C665@C A6CA6EF@ 56 =2 ?24:X? 92DE2 6= Y=E:>@ 4U?E:>@ 6?EC6825@ &@4@ 2

A@4@ 7F6 4@?G:CE:U?5@D6 6? 56A@D:E2C:@ :?DFDE:EF:3=6 56 =@D E6D@C@D >6ET=:4@D 56= A2VD J 6? 46?EC@56 8C2G:E24:X? 56 E@5@ 6= 4CU5:E@ 4@>6C4:2= &@C =@D2W@D 6? BF6 ?8=2E6CC2 56;232 56 BF6>2C 3CF;2D4@>6?K232 2 4@=82C 72=D:7:425@C6D 56 3:==6E6D 5632?4@ "2D @3C2D 56 2BF6==@D 2W@D A@C 6;6>A=@ =2D

56 @=:?83C@<6 >F6DEC2? BFU :>AC6D:X? AC@5F4V22 =2D 86?E6D 56 =2 UA@42 =2 DY3:E2 2A2C:4:X? 56 6DE6>@?DECF@ 56 32?4X4C2E2D 7:?2?4:6C@D C6?E:DE2D 4@CC65@C6D 286?E6D J =@3@D 56 3@=D2

85



@? =2 56F52 AY3=:42 DFC8:X F? D:DE6>2 :?E6C?24:@?2= 56 4CU5:E@ 56ECTD 56= BF6 D6 6D4@?56 4@?7C64F6?4:2 6? E2= @ 4F2= AF63=@ F?2 56 =2D 7F6?E6D56 =2 24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2 DV A@C 6;6>A=@ =2D:?72>:2D 56= D:DE6>2 56 C2A:W2 D68F:5@ 6? ,6?64:24@?DE:EFJ6? F?2 56 6D2D 32D6D @4F=E2D 56 =2 C:BF6K2 42A:E2=:DE2 56 @=2?52 2 BF:6? =2 ,6?64:2564256?E6 AC6DE232 8C2?56D DF>2D 56 5:?6C@

%EC@ E2?E@ 24@?E646 6?EC6 @=2?52 6 ?8=2E6CC2 /22 4@>:6?K@D 56= D:8=@ ., =2D >2?F724EFC2D 9@=2?56D2D D6 923V2? BF6525@ >FJ 2ECTD J @=2?52923V2 A6C5:5@ =2 DFAC6>24V2 4@>6C4:2= 6 :?5FDEC:2=&@C 6D@ 56D56 92DE2 F?@ 56 DFD ?68@4:@D AC:?4:A2=6D 4@?D:DE6 6? AC6DE2C 42A:E2=6D 8:

82?E6D4@D D@3C6 E@5@ 2 DF A@56C@D@ 4@>A6E:5@C2 ?8=2E6CC2 D =@ >:D>@ BF6 9@J @4FCC6 6?EC6 ?8=2E6CC2 J =@D DE25@D +?:5@D #F49@D 56 =@D 42A:E2=6D BF6 9@J 4@>A2C646? 6? $@CE62>UC:42 D:?4U5F=2 56 @C:86? D@? D2?8C6 :?72?E:= C64:U? 42A:E2=:K252 6? ?8=2E6CC2

@>@ =2 56F52 AY3=:42 E:6?6 BF6 D6C C6DA2=5252 A@C =@D :?8C6D@D 56= DE25@ BF6 92? 56 4F3C:C=@D :?E6C6D6D J 56>TD A28@D 2?F2=6D 6= D:DE6>2 56=@D 6>ACUDE:E@D AY3=:4@D E6?V2 BF6 D6C 7@CK@D2

86



>6?E6 6= 4@>A=6>6?E@ 56= >@56C?@ D:DE6>2 EC:3FE2C:@ "@D 6>ACUDE:E@D A6C>:E6? 2 =@D 8@3:6C?@D9246C 7C6?E6 2 82DE@D 6IEC2@C5:?2C:@D D:? BF6 6=4@?EC:3FJ6?E6 D6 5U 4F6?E2 56 >@>6?E@ A6C@AC@G@42? 2 =2 =2C82 F? C642C8@ 6? =@D EC:3FE@D DFG6K 6= C642C8@ 56 :>AF6DE@D BF6 EC26 4@?D:8@ =224F>F=24:X? 56 =2D 56F52D 4@?EC2V52D DF46D:G2>6?E6 @3=:82 2= @3:6C?@ 2 6>:E:C ?F6G@D 6>ACUD

E:E@D 6? 4F2?E@ D6 AC6D6?E2? ?F6G@D 82DE@D6IEC2@C5:?2C:@D = D:DE6>2 7:D42= >@56C?@ BF6 8:C2E@5@ U= 6? E@C?@ 2 =@D :>AF6DE@D D@3C6 =@D 2CEV4F=@D 56 AC:>6C2 ?646D:525 J A@C E2?E@ 2 DF 6?42C64:>:6?E@ ==6G2 6? DV >:D>@ 4@>@ D6 G6 6= C6D@CE6AC@AF=D@C 56 DF AC@8C6D:X? 2FE@>TE:42 = 6I46D:G@

8C2G2>6? :>A@D:E:G@ ?@ 6D F? 6A:D@5:@ A2D2;6C@D:?@ >TD 3:6? F? AC:?4:A:@ &@C 6D@ 6? @=2?52AC:>6C A2VD 6? BF6 D6 AFD@ 6? ACT4E:42 6DE6 D:DE6>2 6= 8C2? A2EC:@E2 6 -:EE =@ 6?D2=K2 6? DFD#TI:>2D 4@>@ 6= >6;@C D:DE6>2 :>28:?23=6 A2C29246C 2= @3C6C@ DF>:D@ 7CF82= 2A=:425@ J 28@

3:25@ 56 EC232;@ &6C@ 2BFV ?@ ?@D :?E6C6D2? E2?E@

87

47 Por lo visto, Marx se refiere aquí a la edición inglesa del libro Aanwysing der heilsame politike Gronden en Maximen van de Republike van Holland en West-Friesland («Indicación

de los más importantes principios y máximas de la República de Holanda y de Frisia Occi-

dental»), atribuido a Jan de Witt y publicado por vez primera en Leyden en 1622. Como se

ha establecido, a excepción de dos capítulos escritos por Jan de Witt, el autor del libro era

Pieter von der Hore (Pieter de la Court), economista y empresario holandés.



=@D 6764E@D 2?:BF:=25@C6D 56 6DE6 D:DE6>2 6?4F2?E@ 2 =2 D:EF24:X? 56 =@D @3C6C@D 2D2=2C:25@D4@>@ =2 6IAC@A:24:X? G:@=6?E2 BF6 DFA@?6 A2C2 6=42>A6D:?@ 6= 2CE6D2?@ 6? F?2 A2=23C2 A2C2 E@5@D=@D D64E@C6D 56 =2 A6BF6W2 4=2D6 >65:2 46C42 566DE@ ?@ 92J 5:D4C6A2?4:2 ?: D:BF:6C2 6?EC6 =@D 64@?@>:DE2D 3FC8F6D6D / 2 C67@CK2C =2 67:424:2 6IAC@A:25@C2 56 6DE6 >642?:D>@ A@C D: 2Y? 7F6D6 A@42

4@?EC:3FJ6 6= D:DE6>2 AC@E644:@?:DE2 BF6 6D F?256 =2D A:6K2D BF6 =@ :?E68C2?

"2 A2CE6 E2? 4@?D:56C23=6 BF6 E@42 2 =2 56F52AY3=:42 J 2= D:DE6>2 7:D42= 4@CC6DA@?5:6?E6 6? =242A:E2=:K24:X? 56 =2 C:BF6K2 J 6? =2 6IAC@A:24:X?

56 =2D >2D2D 92 9649@ BF6 >F=E:EF5 56 2FE@C6D4@>@ @336EE @F3=652J J @EC@D 3FDBF6? 2BFVD:? C2KX? =2 42FD2 AC:?4:A2= 56 =2 >:D6C:2 56 =@DAF63=@D >@56C?@D

= D:DE6>2 AC@E644:@?:DE2 7F6 F? >65:@ 2CE:7:4:2=

A2C2 723C:42C 723C:42?E6D 6IAC@A:2C 2 =@D @3C6C@D:?56A6?5:6?E6D 42A:E2=:K2C =@D >65:@D 56 AC@5F44:X? J 56 G:52 56 =2 ?24:X? J 23C6G:2C G:@=6?E2>6?E6 6= ECT?D:E@ 56= >@5@ 2?E:8F@ 2= >@5@>@56C?@ 56 AC@5F44:X? "@D DE25@D 6FC@A6@D D6

88



5:DAFE2C@? =2 A2E6?E6 56 6DE6 :?G6?E@ J F?2 G6KAF6DE@D 2= D6CG:4:@ 56 =@D 24F>F=25@C6D 56 A=FDG2=V2 23CF>2C@? 2 DF AC@A:@ AF63=@ J 2 =@D 6IEC2W@D A2C2 4@?D68F:C 2BF6==2 7:?2=:525 4@? =2 42C82:?5:C64E2 56 =@D 2C2?46=6D AC@E64E@C6D 4@? 6= 72C5@5:C64E@ 56 =2D AC:>2D 56 6IA@CE24:X? 6E4 ? =@D A2VD6D D64F?52C:@D 56A6?5:6?E6D G64:?@D D6 6IE6C>:?X G:@=6?E2>6?E6 E@52 =2 :?5FDEC:2 4@>@ 9:K@

A@C 6;6>A=@ ?8=2E6CC2 4@? =2D >2?F724EFC2D =2?6C2D 6? C=2?52 ? 6= 4@?E:?6?E6 6FC@A6@ G:?@ 2D:>A=:7:42C ?@E23=6>6?E6 6DE6 AC@46D@ 6= AC64656?E6 56 @=36CE BFV F?2 A2CE6 56= 42A:E2= @C:8:?2C:@ 56 =@D :?5FDEC:2=6D D2=6 5:C64E2>6?E6 56=6C2C:@ AY3=:4@

NP&2C2 BFUO L6I4=2>2 #:C2362FL N:C 2 3FD42C E2? =6;@D =2 42FD2 56= 6DA=6?5@C >2?F724EFC6C@56 )2;@?:2 2?E6D 56 =2 8F6CC2 56 =@D ):6E6 2W@DM >:==@?6D 56 56F52 AY3=:42O

= D:DE6>2 4@=@?:2= =2 56F52 AY3=:42 =2 >@?E2W2 56 :>AF6DE@D 6= AC@E644:@?:D>@ =2D 8F6CC2D4@>6C4:2=6D 6E4 E@5@D 6DE@D GTDE28@D 56= G6C5256C@ A6CV@5@ >2?F724EFC6C@ D6 56D2CC@==2C@? 6?

89

48 Mirabeau. De la Monarchie Prusienne («De la monarquía prusiana»), t. VI, p. 101.



AC@A@C4:@?6D 8:82?E6D42D 5FC2?E6 =@D 2W@D 56 :?72?4:2 56 =2 8C2? :?5FDEC:2 = ?24:>:6?E@ 56 6DE2:?5FDEC:2 6D 76DE6;25@ 4@? =2 8C2? 4CFK252 96CX5:4256= C2AE@ 56 ?:W@D "2D 7T3C:42D C64=FE2? DF A6CD@?2= 4@>@ =2 #2C:?2 C62= A@C >65:@ 56 =2 AC6?D2 ):C # 56? 2= BF6 E2?E@ 6?@C8F==646? =2D 2EC@4:5256D 56 =2 42>A2W2 =:3C252 56D56 6= Y=E:>@ E6C4:@56= D:8=@ ., 92DE2 DF UA@42 7:?6D 56= D:8=@ .,

A2C2 6IAC@A:2C 56 DFD E:6CC2D 2 =2 A@3=24:X? 56=42>A@ BF6 E2?E@ D6 4@>A=246 6? 6?D2=K2C 6DE6AC@46D@ 9:DEXC:4@ 4@>@ F? AC@46D@ N?646D2C:@OA2C2 23C:C A2D@ 2 =2 28C:4F=EFC2 42A:E2=:DE2 6 N:?DE2FC2C =2 AC@A@C4:X? ;FDE2 6?EC6 =2 E:6CC2 56 =23@C J=2 56DE:?252 2= 82?25@O ?@ 24C65:E2 =2 >:D>2 A6CD

A:424:2 64@?X>:42 4F2?5@ D6 EC2E2 56 C64@?@46C =2?646D:525 56= C@3@ 56 ?:W@D J 56 =2 6D4=2G:EF5 :?72?E:= A2C2 23C:C A2D@ 2 =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 56 =2 >2?F724EFC2 6? :?5FDEC:2 723C:= 6 :?DE2FC2C =2AC@A@C4:X? ;FDE2 6?EC6 6= 42A:E2= J =2 7F6CK2 56 EC232;@

N#6C646 E2= G6K =2 A6?2O L5:46 6DE6 2FE@CLNBF6 6= AY3=:4@ D6 A2C6 2 A6?D2C D: F?2 >2?F724EFC2 4F2=BF:6C2 BF6 A2C2 A@56C EC232;2C ACXDA6C2>6?E6 ?646D:E2 D2BF62C 4@EE686D J 2D:=@D

90



3FD42?5@ =@D ?:W@D A@3C6D A2C2 =F68@ 924:6?5@56D7:=2C 2 F? EC@A6= EC2D @EC@ >2CE:C:K2C=@D J C@32C=6D6= 56D42?D@ 5FC2?E6 =2 >2J@C A2CE6 56 =2 ?@496F?2 >2?F724EFC2 BF6 256>TD >6K4=2 J C6GF6=G62 >@?E@?6D 56 A6CD@?2D 56 2>3@D D6I@D 56 5:G6CD2D 65256D 6 :?4=:?24:@?6D 6? E2= >6K4@=2?K2BF6 6= 4@?E28:@ 56= 6;6>A=@ E:6?6 7@CK@D2>6?E6BF6 4@?5F4:C 2 =2 56AC2G24:X? J 2= =:36CE:?2;6 D:

6DE2 >2?F724EFC2 564:>@D AF656 6?C:BF646C 6?2=8@ =2 DF>2 56= 3:6?6DE2C ?24:@?2= 6 :?5:G:5F2=O

N? 6C3JD9:C6 $@EE:?892>D9:C6 J D@3C6 E@5@ 6?"2?42D9:C6O L5:46 :6=56?L N=2 >2BF:?2C:2 C64:U? :?G6?E252 7F6 6>A=6252 6? 8C2?56D 7T3C:42D4@?DECF:52D ;F?E@ 2 CV@D 42A246D 56 >@G6C =2 CF652

9:5CTF=:42 ? 6DE@D 46?EC@D =6;@D 56 =2D 4:F5256DD6 ?646D:E2C@? 56 AC@?E@ >:=6D 56 3C2K@D "2?42D9:C6 D@3C6 E@5@ BF6 92DE2 6?E@?46D 923V2 D:5@ C6=2E:G2>6?E6 A@4@ A@3=25@ 6 :>AC@5F4E:G@ 2EC2;@924:2 DV F?2 6?@C>6 A@3=24:X? )6 C6BF:D232?AC:?4:A2=>6?E6 =2D >2?@D 56 565@D 7:?@D J =:86C@D

?>65:2E2>6?E6 D6 :>AFD@ =2 4@DEF>3C6 56 EC26C2AC6?5:46D 56 =@D 5:76C6?E6D 2D:=@D A2CC@BF:2=6D56 "@?5C6D :C>:?892> J @EC@D D:E:@D DV 7F6C@?6IA65:5@D 2= $@CE6 >:=6D J >:=6D 56 4C:2EFC:E2D :>

91

49 Eden. The State of the Poor («La situación de los pobres»), t. II, cap. I p. 421.



A@E6?E6D 56D56 =@D D:6E6 92DE2 =@D EC646 @ =@D 42E@C46 2W@D "@D A2EC@?@DO 6D 564:C =@D =25C@?6D 56?:W@D ND@=V2? G6DE:C J 52C 56 4@>6C 2 DFD GV4E:>2D2=@;T?5@=@D 6? =2D N42D2D 56 2AC6?5:46DO 46C42 56=2 7T3C:42 )6 ?@>3C232? G:8:=2?E6D 6?42C825@D 567:D42=:K2C 6= EC232;@ 56 =@D >F49249@D DE@D 42A2E246D 56 6D4=2G@D 6DE232? :?E6C6D25@D 6? BF6 =@D2AC6?5:46D D6 >2E2D6? EC232;2?5@ AF6D DF DF6=5@

6C2 AC@A@C4:@?2= 2 =2 42?E:525 56 AC@5F4E@ BF6 2=@D ?:W@D D6 =6D 2CC2?4232 = 6764E@ =X8:4@ 56 6DE@6C2 F?2 4CF6=525 6DA2?E@D2 ? >F49@D 5:DEC:E@D723C:=6D D@3C6 E@5@ 6? "2?42D9:C6 6DE2D 4C:2EFC2D:?@46?E6D J 56D8C24:252D 4@?D:8?252D 2= 723C:42?E6 6C2? D@>6E:52D 2 =2D >TD 9@CC:3=6D E@CEFC2D

)6 =2D >2E232 EC232;2?5@ D6 =2D 2K@E232 D6 =2D42C8232 56 4256?2D J D6 =2D 2E@C>6?E232 4@? =@D>TD 6D4@8:5@D C67:?2>:6?E@D 56 4CF6=525 6? >F492D 7T3C:42D 2?5232? >F6CE@D 56 92>3C6 J D6 =6D924V2 EC232;2C 2 =2E:82K@D ? 2=8F?@D 42D@D D6 =6D:>AF=D232 92DE2 2= DF:4:5:@ BF6==@D 96C>@D@D J

C@>T?E:4@D G2==6D 56 6C3JD9:C6 $@EE:?892>D9:C6J "2?42D9:C6 @4F=E@D 2 =2D >:C252D 56 =2 AF3=:4:525D6 4@?G:CE:6C@? 6? ATC2>@D :?76C?2=6D 56 E@CEFC2 J?@ A@42D G646D 56 >2E2?K2 "2D 82?2?4:2D 56 =@D723C:42?E6D 6C2? 6?@C>6D &6C@ 6==@ ?@ 924V2 >TD

92



BF6 27:=2C DFD 5:6?E6D 56 @8C@ )6 :>A=2?EX =2 ACT4E:42 56= EC232;@ ?@4EFC?@ 6D 564:C BF6 56DAFUD 56EF==:C EC232;2?5@ 5FC2?E6 E@5@ 6= 5V2 2 F? 8CFA@ 56@3C6C@D D6 2AC@G649232 =2 ?@496 A2C2 32=52C 2@EC@ 6= 8CFA@ 56 5V2 42V2 C6?5:5@ D@3C6 =2D 42>2D42=:6?E6D E@52GV2 56 =@D 4F6CA@D 56= 8CFA@ 56?@496 J G:46G6CD2 ? "2?42D9:C6 92J F? 5:49@ A@AF=2C D68Y? 6= 4F2= =2D 42>2D ?@ D6 6?7CV2?

?F?42O

@? =@D AC@8C6D@D 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? 42A:E2=:DE25FC2?E6 6= A6CV@5@ >2?F724EFC6C@ =2 @A:?:X? AY3=:42 56 FC@A2 A6C5:X =@D Y=E:>@D G6DE:8:@D 56AF5@C J 56 4@?4:6?4:2 BF6 2Y? =6 BF65232? "@D

5:G6CD@D A2VD6D D6 ;24E232? 4V?:42>6?E6 56 E@52D=2D :?72>:2D BF6 A@5V2? D6CG:C 56 >65:@D 56 24F>F=24:X? 56 42A:E2= 2DE2 =66C A@C 6;6>A=@ =@D :?86?F@D ?2=6D 56= @>6C4:@ 56= 7:=:DE6@ ?56CD@? ? 6==@D D6 AC@4=2>2 2 =@D 4F2EC@ G:6?E@D 4@>@ F? EC:F?7@ 56 =2 D23:5FCV2 A@=VE:42 56 ?

8=2E6CC2 BF6 6? =2 A2K 56 +EC649E 6DE6 A2VD2CC2?4X 2 =@D 6DA2W@=6D A@C 6= EC2E25@ 56 2D:6?E@6= AC:G:=68:@ 56 A@56C 6IA=@E2C E2>3:U? 6?EC67C:42 J =2 >UC:42 6DA2W@=2 =2 EC2E2 56 ?68C@D BF6

93

50 John Fielden. The Curse of the Factory System («La maldición del sistema fabril»), pp.

5, 6



92DE2 6?E@?46D DX=@ A@5V2 6IA=@E2C 6?EC6 7C:42 J=2D ?5:2D %44:56?E2=6D :?8=6D2D ?8=2E6CC2 @3EFG@6= AC:G:=68:@ 56 DF>:?:DEC2C 2 =2 >UC:42 6DA2W@=292DE2 ?68C@D 2= 2W@ DE6 4@>6C4:@ D6CGV2 2 =2 G6K 56 A236==X? @7:4:2= A2C2 4F3C:C 6= 4@?EC232?5@ 3C:ET?:4@ ":G6CA@@= D6 6?8C2?564:X8C24:2D 2= 4@>6C4:@ 56 6D4=2G@D DE6 4@>6C4:@ 6C2DF >UE@5@ 56 24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2 / 92DE2 9@J

=2 NC6DA6E23=6 D@4:6525O 56 ":G6CA@@= D:8F6 D:6?5@6= &V?52C@ 56 =2 EC2E2 56 6D4=2G@D BF6 LGU2D6 =24:E252 @3C2 56= C :<:? AF3=:4252 6? LN6I2=E2 92DE2 =2 A2D:X? 6= 6DAVC:EF 4@>6C4:2= J 6>AC6?565@C AC@5F46 72>@D@D ?2G682?E6D J 2CC@;26?@C>6D 36?67:4:@DO ? ":G6CA@@= 565:4232

32C4@D 2= 4@>6C4:@ 56 6D4=2G@D 6? 6C2?J2 6? 6? J 6?

=2 A2C BF6 :>A=2?E232 6? ?8=2E6CC2 =2 6D4=2G:EF5 :?72?E:= =2 :?5FDEC:2 2=8@5@?6C2 D6CGV2 56 24:42E6 A2C2 4@?G6CE:C =2 64@?@>V2 6D4=2G:DE2 >TD @

>6?@D A2EC:2C42= 56 =@D DE25@D +?:5@D 6? F? D:DE6>2 4@>6C4:2= 56 6IA=@E24:X? ? 86?6C2= =2 6D4=2G:EF5 6?4F3:6CE2 56 =@D @3C6C@D 2D2=2C:25@D 6?FC@A2 6I:8V2 4@>@ A656DE2= =2 6D4=2G:EF5 D:?C6D6CG2D 6? 6= $F6G@ #F?5@

94



*2?E26 >@=:D 6C2E 6= 52C DF6=E2 2 =2D N=6J6D ?2EFC2=6D J 6E6C?2DO 56= >@5@ 56 AC@5F44:X? 42A:E2=:DE2 6= 4@?DF>2C 6= AC@46D@ 56 5:G@C4:@ 6?EC6 =@D@3C6C@D J =2D 4@?5:4:@?6D 56 EC232;@ 6= EC2?D7@C>2C 6? F?@ 56 =@D A@=@D =@D >65:@D D@4:2=6D 56AC@5F44:X? J 56 G:52 6? 42A:E2= J 6? 6= A@=@ 4@?EC2C:@ =2 >2D2 56= AF63=@ 6? @3C6C@D 2D2=2C:25@D6? NA@3C6D EC232;25@C6DO =:3C6D 6DE6 AC@5F4E@ 2C

E:7:4:2= 56 =2 9:DE@C:2 >@56C?2 ): 6= 5:?6C@ D68Y?F8:6C N?246 4@? >2?492D ?2EFC2=6D 56 D2?8C66? F? 42CC:==@O 6= 42A:E2= G:6?6 2= >F?5@ 49@CC62?5@ D2?8C6 J =@5@ A@C E@5@D =@D A@C@D 56D56 =@DA:6D 92DE2 =2 4236K2

*$$ )*S( " +#+"S$&*")*

P BFU D6 C65F46 =2 24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2 56=42A:E2= 6D 564:C DF 8U?6D:D 9:DEXC:42 ? E2?E@ BF6?@ 6D =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 5:C64E2 56= 6D4=2G@ J 56=

D:6CG@ 56 =2 8=632 6? @3C6C@ 2D2=2C:25@ @ D62 F?D:>A=6 42>3:@ 56 7@C>2 =2 24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2

95

51 En 1790, en las Indias Occidentales inglesas había 10 esclavos por cada hombre libre; en

las Indias francesas, 14; en las holandesas, 23 [Henry Brougham. An Inquiry into the Colonial Policy of the European Powers («Investigación de la política colonial de las potencias euro-

peas»), Edinburgh, 1803, v. II., p. 74].52 Marie Augier. Du Crédit Public («Del crédito público»).



D:8?:7:42 D@=2>6?E6 =2 6IAC@A:24:X? 56= AC@5F4E@C5:C64E@ @ =@ BF6 6D =@ >:D>@ =2 56DECF44:X? 56 =2AC@A:6525 AC:G252 32D252 6? 6= EC232;@ AC@A:@

"2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 A@C @A@D:4:X? 2 =2 D@4:2=4@=64E:G2 DX=@ 6I:DE6 2==V 5@?56 =@D >65:@D 56 EC232;@ J =2D 4@?5:4:@?6D 6IE6C?2D 56 UDE6 A6CE6?646? 2 A2CE:4F=2C6D &6C@ 6= 42CT4E6C 56 =2 AC@A:6525

AC:G252 6D >FJ 5:DE:?E@ D68Y? BF6 6DE@D A2CE:4F=2C6D D62? =@D EC232;25@C6D @ =@D BF6 ?@ EC232;2?"2D :?7:?:E2D >@52=:5256D BF6 2 AC:>6C2 G:DE2 AC6D6?E2 =2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 ?@ 9246? >TD BF6 C67=6;2C =@D 6DE25@D :?E6C>65:@D D:EF25@D 6?EC6 6D@D5@D 6IEC6>@D

"2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 56= EC232;25@C D@3C6 DFD>65:@D 56 AC@5F44:X? 6D =2 32D6 56 =2 A6BF6W2AC@5F44:X? J UDE2 6D F?2 4@?5:4:X? ?646D2C:2 A2C26= 56D2CC@==@ 56 =2 AC@5F44:X? D@4:2= J 56 =2 =:3C6:?5:G:5F2=:525 56= AC@A:@ EC232;25@C :6CE@ 6D BF6

6DE6 >@5@ 56 AC@5F44:X? 6I:DE6 E2>3:U? 32;@ =26D4=2G:EF5 32;@ =2 D6CG:5F>3C6 56 =2 8=632 J 6?@EC2D C6=24:@?6D 56 56A6?56?4:2 &6C@ DX=@ 7=@C646DX=@ 56DA=:682 E@52D DFD 6?6C8V2D DX=@ 4@?BF:DE2=2 7@C>2 4=TD:42 2564F252 2==V 5@?56 6= EC232;25@C

96



6D AC@A:6E2C:@ AC:G25@ J =:3C6 56 =2D 4@?5:4:@?6D56 EC232;@ >2?6;252D A@C U= >:D>@ 6= 42>A6D:?@5F6W@ 56 =2 E:6CC2 BF6 EC232;2 6= 2CE6D2?@ 5F6W@56= :?DECF>6?E@ BF6 >2?6;2 4@>@ G:CEF@D@

DE6 >@5@ 56 AC@5F44:X? DFA@?6 6= 7C244:@?2>:6?E@ 56 =2 E:6CC2 J 56 =@D 56>TD >65:@D 56AC@5F44:X? I4=FJ6 =2 4@?46?EC24:X? 56 UDE@D J

6I4=FJ6 E2>3:U? =2 4@@A6C24:X? =2 5:G:D:X? 56= EC232;@ 56?EC@ 56 =@D >:D>@D AC@46D@D 56 AC@5F44:X? 6= 5@>:?:@ J =2 C68F=24:X? D@4:2= 56 =2?2EFC2=6K2 6= =:3C6 56D2CC@==@ 56 =2D 7F6CK2D AC@5F4E:G2D 56 =2 D@4:6525 )X=@ 6D 4@>A2E:3=6 4@?F?@D =V>:E6D 6DEC649@D J AC:>:E:G@D 56 =2 AC@5F4

4:X? J 56 =2 D@4:6525 'F6C6C 6E6C?:K2C=@ 6BF:G2=5CV2 4@>@ 246CE252>6?E6 5:46 &64BF6FC 2N564C6E2C =2 >65:@4C:525 86?6C2=O &6C@ 2= ==682C2 F? 4:6CE@ 8C25@ 56 AC@8C6D@ U= >:D>@ 4C62 =@D>65:@D >2E6C:2=6D A2C2 DF 56DECF44:X? A2CE:C 566DE6 >@>6?E@ 6? 6= D6?@ 56 =2 D@4:6525 D6 28:E2?

7F6CK2D J A2D:@?6D BF6 D6 D:6?E6? 296CC@;252D A@CU= T46D6 ?646D2C:@ 56DECF:C=@ J 6D 56DECF:5@ )F56DECF44:X? =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 56 =@D >65:@D 56

97

53 C. Pecqueur. Théorie nouvelle d'économie sociale et politiques, ou Études sur l'organisationdes sociétés («Nueva teoría de la economía social y política, o Estudios sobre la organización

de las sociedades»), Paris, 1842, p. 435.



AC@5F44:X? :?5:G:5F2=6D J 56DA6C5:825@D 6? >65:@D D@4:2=>6?E6 4@?46?EC25@D 56 AC@5F44:X? JA@C E2?E@ 56 =2 AC@A:6525 >:?YD4F=2 56 >F49@D6? AC@A:6525 8:82?E6D42 56 F?@D A@4@D =2 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 =2 8C2? >2D2 56= AF63=@ AC:GT?5@=2 56=2 E:6CC2 J 56 =@D >65:@D 56 G:52 6 :?DECF>6?E@D 56EC232;@ 6DE2 9@CC:3=6 J A6?@D2 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 =2>2D2 56= AF63=@ 7@C>2 =2 AC69:DE@C:2 56= 42A:E2=

32C42 E@52 F?2 D6C:6 56 >UE@5@D G:@=6?E@D 6?EC6=@D 4F2=6D DX=@ 96>@D A2D25@ C6G:DE2 2BFV 2 =@DBF6 92? 9649@ UA@42 4@>@ >UE@5@D 56 24F>F=24:X? @C:8:?2C:2 56= 42A:E2= "2 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 =@DAC@5F4E@C6D 5:C64E@D D6 ==6G2 2 423@ 4@? 6= >TD56DA:2525@ G2?52=:D>@ J 32;@ 6= 24:42E6 56 =2D A2

D:@?6D >TD :?72>6D CF:?6D >6KBF:?2D J @5:@D2D"2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 7CFE@ 56= AC@A:@ 6D7F6CK@ J32D252 A@C 564:C=@ 2DV 6? =2 4@>A6?6EC24:X? 56=@3C6C@ :?5:G:5F2= 6 :?56A6?5:6?E6 4@? DFD 4@?5:4:@?6D 56 EC232;@ 6D 56DA=2K252 A@C =2 AC@A:6525AC:G252 42A:E2=:DE2 BF6 D6 32D2 6? =2 6IA=@E24:X?

56 =2 7F6CK2 56 EC232;@ 2;6?2 2F?BF6 7@C>2=>6?E6=:3C6

98

54 «Hemos entrado en un régimen social totalmente nuevo... tendemos a separar todo tipo

de propiedad de todo tipo de trabajo» [Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes de l'Économie Politique(«Nuevos principios de la Economía política,), t. II, Paris, 1827, p. 434].



+?2 G6K BF6 6DE6 AC@46D@ 56 EC2?D7@C>24:X?92 4@CC@V5@ DF7:4:6?E6>6?E6 6? AC@7F?5:525 J 6IE6?D:X? =2 D@4:6525 2?E:8F2 F?2 G6K BF6 =@D AC@5F4E@C6D D6 92? 4@?G6CE:5@ 6? AC@=6E2C:@D J DFD4@?5:4:@?6D 56 EC232;@ 6? 42A:E2= F?2 G6K BF6 6=>@5@ 42A:E2=:DE2 56 AC@5F44:X? D6 >F6G6 J2 A@CDFD AC@A:@D >65:@D 6= CF>3@ F=E6C:@C 56 =2 D@4:2=:K24:X? 56= EC232;@ J 56 =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 56 =2 E:6

CC2 J 56>TD >65:@D 56 AC@5F44:X? 6? >65:@D 56AC@5F44:X? 6IA=@E25@D D@4:2=>6?E6 6D 564:C D@4:2=6D J A@C E2?E@ =2 >2C492 F=E6C:@C 56 =2 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 =@D AC@A:6E2C:@D AC:G25@D 4@3C2 F?27@C>2 ?F6G2 9@C2 J2 ?@ 6D 6= EC232;25@C BF6 8@3:6C?2 DF 64@?@>V2 6= BF6 5636 D6C 6IAC@A:25@

D:?@ 6= 42A:E2=:DE2 BF6 6IA=@E2 2 ?F>6C@D@D @3C6C@D

DE2 6IAC@A:24:X? D6 ==6G2 2 423@ A@C 6= ;F68@56 =6J6D :?>2?6?E6D 56 =2 AC@A:2 AC@5F44:X? 42A:E2=:DE2 A@C =2 46?EC2=:K24:X? 56 =@D 42A:E2=6D +?

42A:E2=:DE2 56G@C2 2 >F49@D @EC@D &2C2=6=2>6?E6 26DE2 46?EC2=:K24:X? @ 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 F?2 >F=E:EF5 56 42A:E2=:DE2D A@C F?@D A@4@D D6 56D2CC@==24252 G6K 6? >2J@C 6D42=2 =2 7@C>2 4@@A6C2E:G2 56=AC@46D@ 56= EC232;@ D6 56D2CC@==2 =2 2A=:424:X? E64

99



?@=X8:42 4@?D4:6?E6 56 =2 4:6?4:2 =2 >6EX5:42 6IA=@E24:X? 56 =2 E:6CC2 =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 56 =@D >65:@D 56 EC232;@ 6? >65:@D 56 EC232;@ BF6 DX=@AF656? D6C FE:=:K25@D 6? 4@>Y? J =2 64@?@>V2 56E@5@D =@D >65:@D 56 AC@5F44:X? A@C D6C FE:=:K25@D4@>@ >65:@D 56 AC@5F44:X? 56= EC232;@ 4@>3:?25@ 56= EC232;@ D@4:2= 6= 6?=2K2>:6?E@ 56 E@5@D=@D AF63=@D A@C =2 C65 56= >6C425@ >F?5:2= J

4@>@ 4@?D64F6?4:2 56 6DE@ 6= 42CT4E6C :?E6C?24:@?2= 56= CU8:>6? 42A:E2=:DE2 =2 A2C 4@? =2 5:D>:?F4:X? 4@?DE2?E6 56= ?Y>6C@ 56 >28?2E6D 56=42A:E2= BF6 FDFCA2? J >@?@A@=:K2? E@52D =2D G6?E2;2D 56 6DE6 AC@46D@ 56 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 2F>6?E2=2 >2D2 56 =2 >:D6C:2 56 =2 @AC6D:X? 56 =2 6D4=2G:

EF5 56 =2 568C2524:X? J 56 =2 6IA=@E24:X? A6C@2F>6?E2 E2>3:U? =2 :?5:8?24:X? 56 =2 4=2D6@3C6C2 BF6 4@?DE2?E6>6?E6 4C646 6? ?Y>6C@ D6:?DECFJ6 F?:7:42 J @C82?:K2 A@C 6= AC@A:@ >642?:D>@ 56= AC@46D@ 42A:E2=:DE2 56 AC@5F44:X? =>@?@A@=:@ 56= 42A:E2= D6 4@?G:6CE6 6? EC232 56=

>@5@ 56 AC@5F44:X? BF6 92 7=@C64:5@ ;F?E@ 4@? U=J 32;@ DF 2>A2C@ "2 46?EC2=:K24:X? 56 =@D >65:@D56 AC@5F44:X? J =2 D@4:2=:K24:X? 56= EC232;@ ==682?2 E2= AF?E@ BF6 D6 9246? :?4@>A2E:3=6D 4@? DF 6?

100



G@=EFC2 42A:E2=:DE2 DE2 D6 C@>A6 "6 ==682 =2 9@C2 2=2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 42A:E2=:DE2 "@D 6IAC@A:25@C6DD@? 6IAC@A:25@D

= >@5@ 42A:E2=:DE2 56 2AC@A:24:X? BF6 3C@E256= >@5@ 42A:E2=:DE2 56 AC@5F44:X? J A@C E2?E@ =2AC@A:6525 AC:G252 42A:E2=:DE2 6D =2 AC:>6C2 ?6824:X? 56 =2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 :?5:G:5F2= 32D252 6?

6= EC232;@ AC@A:@ &6C@ =2 AC@5F44:X? 42A:E2=:DE2 6?86?5C2 4@? =2 7F6CK2 :?6I@C23=6 56 F? AC@46D@ 56=2 ?2EFC2=6K2 DF AC@A:2 ?6824:X? D =2 ?6824:X?56 =2 ?6824:X? DE2 ?@ C6DE2FC2 =2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 D:?@ =2 AC@A:6525 :?5:G:5F2= 32D252 6? =@DAC@8C6D@D 56 =2 6C2 42A:E2=:DE2 6? =2 4@@A6C24:X? J

6? =2 A@D6D:X? 4@=64E:G2 56 =2 E:6CC2 J 56 =@D >65:@D 56 AC@5F44:X? 4C625@D A@C 6= AC@A:@ EC232;@

"2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 56 =2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 5:DA6CD2 32D252 6? 6= EC232;@ A6CD@?2= 56= :?5:G:5F@6? AC@A:6525 AC:G252 42A:E2=:DE2 6D ?2EFC2=>6?E6

F? AC@46D@ >F49VD:>@ >TD =6?E@ >TD 5:7V4:= J >TDA6?@D@ 56 =@ BF6 D6CT =2 EC2?D7@C>24:X? 56 =2 AC@A:6525 AC:G252 42A:E2=:DE2 BF6 56 9649@ D6 32D2J2 6? F? AC@46D@ D@4:2= 56 AC@5F44:X? 6? AC@A:6525 D@4:2= ==V D6 EC2E232 56 =2 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 =2

101



>2D2 56= AF63=@ A@C F?@D 4F2?E@D FDFCA25@C6D2BFV 56 =2 6IAC@A:24:X? 56 F?@D 4F2?E@D FDFCA25@C6D A@C =2 >2D2 56= AF63=@

102



D4C:E@ A@C #2CI

&F3=:425@ A@C G6K AC:>6C2 6? 6= =:3C@ ! #2CI2D !2A:E2= !C:E:< 56C A@=:E:D496? %6<@?@>:6 CDE6C 2?5 2>3FC8

,6CD:X? 2= 42DE6==2?@ ?DE:EFE@ 56= #2CI:D>@"6?:?:D>@ 5:E@C:2= &C@8C6D@ #@D4Y *C25F4:5@

56= 2=6>T?

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marx karl - la-llamada-acumulación-originaria-capitulo-xxiv-el-capital

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