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8/6/2019 Magda Medina Migracion Eng

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The Impact ofIrregular Migration

on Boys, Girls, andAdolescents inCommunities of

Origin

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Context

Global economic crisis

Climate change

Violence

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Consequences

Increased human mobility internal and externalmovements.

Migration of parents, leaving girls, boys, and

adolescents unattended and not cared for by their

parents.

Migration of boys, girls, and adolescents, who becomemore vulnerable.

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Origin,

Transit, andDestination

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Origin

Girls, boys, and adolescents abandoning their home

and community to complement the family income in

times of crisis;

Abandoning the home to save on home expenses; Absent for several days or weeks;

Internal migration;

External migration.

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Transit

Children and adolescents from other

countries traveling through Guatemala on their

way to Mexico;

Boys, girls, and adolescents from Guatemala

traveling through the country on their way to

the Mexican border.

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Destination

Children and adolescents with other nationality arriving in

Guatemala intending to voluntarily stay in the country

temporarily or permanently;

Boys, girls, and adolescents arriving in Guatemala under

false pretenses or having been forced: Trafficking inPersons;

Internal migration, from rural to urban areas.

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Living inthe

country ofdestinatio

n

Familyreunifica-

tion

(countryofdestinatio

n)

Labormigration(internal)

Extendedstay in

thereceivingcountry

Children

and

Adolescents


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Questions

Migration and Development

1. Migration stimulates development

2. Migration hinders development

None of the above mentioned perspectives

consider the new vulnerabilities and the

material and psycho-social costs for migrantsand their families and communities of origin.

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A Multi-Dimensional Approach

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Migration &EconomyMitigating povertyIncome allocationInvestmentHuman capitalMitigating povertyIncome allocation

InvestmentHuman capital

SocialDevelopmentEducation, healthEmpowerment of

womenEducation, healthEmpowerment ofwomen

Children andAdolescentsPsycho-socialaspectsFamily dynamicsPsycho-socialaspectsFamily dynamics


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Migration and Economy:

Remittances

Remittances and Poverty Reduction

Help reduce the depth and severity of poverty

but do not eradicate poverty

Context of the current economic crisisRemittances, Resource Allocation, and Inequality

Create inequalities among homes receiving

remittances and those that do not receive any

remittancesRemittances and Investment

Consumption and investment

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Social Development

Migration as an alternative insurance

mechanism

An increase in the spheres of education

and health

Empowerment of women

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Children and Adolescents

Family migration

Emotional implications

Risk behavior Family disintegration

New family structures

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UNICEF-IOM Study

Within the framework on the Survey on

Remittances 2009 - IOM, UNICEF

established an agreement to include a

module about the impact on children andadolescents in families with migrants due

to the world economy crisis.

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Variables

Explored through the Survey

Amount and quality of food intake Acute and chronic malnutrition Absenteeism and dropping out of school Health

Child labor Migration The trend to enter couple relationships at an early age Domestic violence and mistreatment

Remittances and family consumption Effects of the crisis and strategies implemented Institutional networks for social protection

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Assumptions

Prior to the Survey

Families develop strategies to adjust their needs

according to the availability of resources.

Reducing access to services (health, education, and

protection) for boys, girls, adolescents, and pregnant women

and reducing the amount or quality of food intake.

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Assumptions

Prior to the Survey The need to generate income or reduce expenses

promotes a family behavior system that uses

mechanisms such as:

Temporary or permanent removal of boys and girls fromschool

Increasing child labor and risk of commercial sexualexploitation

Internal or external migration

Entering couple relationships at an early age(adolescents and young adults)

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The Economic Crisis:Income through Remittances

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R itt


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Remittances as aPercentage of the GDP

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THE IMPACT OFTHE ECONOMIC CRISIS ON

THE SITUATION OF

GIRLS, BOYS, AND

ADOLESCENTS

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B tf di d Alt ti F di


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Cows Milkand/or

Goats Milk

13.6%

Powdered

Milk

59.5%

Atole19.7%

Other

7.3%

Breastfeeding and Alternative Feeding:

Babies Under 7 Months of Age

BREASTFEEDING BABIESUNDER 7 MONTHS OF AGE

YES 72.5%

NO 27.5%

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Children Under 2 Years of Age Who are Fed

through Breastfeeding, together with other Food

Children under 2 years of age whoare fed through breastfeeding,

together with other food

YES 53.5%

NO(only food)

46.5%

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BOYS,24.4 %

GIRLS,

29.2%


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Reducing the Amount of Meals

and Deterioration of the Quality of Food

Families in all municipalities have reducedthe amount and/or quality of food intake.

Reducing the amount of meals. Basic food group: reducing the intake of

red meat, poultry, and dairy absent, inmost cases. Scarce knowledge about nutrition

alternatives or ways to prepare food topotentiate the use of wild foods and herbsin season.

In border municipalities linked throughcommercial corridors, consumption of foodsmuggled into the country (contraband).

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Ate Less

Food at each

Meal

32.9%

Reduced

Meals from ThreeTo Two

4.6%

Stopped Eating

Meat

29.9%

Stopped EatingDairy

2.3%

Went on a Diet

1.6% Other

28.7%

Reducing the Amount of Meals

and Deterioration of the Quality of Food

Under 17-year-olds whochanged their eating

habits

YES 3.2%

NO 96.8%

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EDUCATION OF

GIRLS, BOYS, AND

ADOLESCENTS

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172,095(13.8%)

1,074,9

53

(86.2%)

108,514

(8.7%)

89,368( 7

.2%)

524,180( 4

2.0%)

54,178(4.3%)

82,727(6

.6%)

550,773( 4

4.2%)

54,336( 4

.4%)

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

Total Girls Boys

Not in School In School Dropped out

Education of Boys and Girls 7-17 Years of Age Who are

Beneficiaries of Remittances, 2009

TOTAL 1,247,048 (100.0%)

GIRLS 613,548 (49.2%)

BOYS 633,500 (50.8%)

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WORKING

DURING CHILDHOOD AND

ADOLESCENCE

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Increasing Internal Migration

Associated to Child Labor

Migration of boys and girls 12 - 14 years of age:destination, main cities in the municipality or

region, within or outside the municipality of

origin.

Girls and Adolescents: household workers,

salesgirls in small businesses and food stands. Boys and Adolescents: low-income service

provision such as helping masons, shining

shoes, selling various products on the street.

Child labor follows a historical trend of

agricultural labor and household work. Seasonal work to harvest sugar cane and

coffee; harvesting fruits in season in some

municipalities.

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EMPLOYED GIRLS 31,045 (33.4%)

EMPLOYED BOYS 61,860 (66.6%)

TOTAL POPULATION, 7 - 17YEARS OF AGE

1,247,048

TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYED7 17-YEAR-OLDS

92,905 (7.4%)

Child Labor (Under 17 Years of Age)

by Primary Occupation

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UNQUALIFIED

WORKERS

30.3%

OPERATORS AND

WORKERS IN

INDUSTRIAL ARTS

AND OTHERS

18.4%

AGRICULTURE

AND

FISHING INDUSTRY

27.3%

SERVICE PROVIDERS

AND

SALESPERSONS

17.9%

OTHER

OCCUPATIONS6.1%


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ENTERING

COUPLE RELATIONSHIPS

DURING

ADOLESCENCE

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The Trend to Enter a

Couple Relationship at 10-17 Years of Age

YEAR 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

% 3.4 3.4 1.7 1.7 2.1 1.3

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0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total Male Female


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MIGRATION

DURING CHILDHOOD AND

ADOLESCENCE

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Populations Under 17 years of Age Living Abroad,by Gender and Age

Cause of Emigration Under-Age %

Total population under 17years old living abroad

98,810 100.0

Economic improvement 39,539 40.0

To find employment 38,455 38.9

Family reunification 10,588 10.7

Building a home 2,956 3.0

Social violence 2,046 2.1

Other 5,226 5.3

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1

,756

970

786

1,172

667

505

2,654

558

2,096

933

933

0 5,959

1,449

4,510

18,398

6,016

12,382

27,557

6,352

21,205

40,381

6,884

33,497

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

BoysandGirls

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Age

Total Girls Boys

Populations Under 17 Years of Age


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Populations Under 17 Years of AgeIntending to Travel within the Following 12 Months,

by Country of Destination and Gender

Population Under 17Years of Age

Population Under 17 Years ofAge Intending to Travel

% of Population Under 17 Yearsof Age

Intending to Travel

TOTAL 1,247,048 21,643 1.7

Girls 613,548 11,672 0.9

Boys 633,500 9,971 0.8unitefor

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18,416

9,655

8,761

300

0 300

387 3

870 1

,152

963 189

394

0 394 994 6

67327

-

2,000

4,0006,000

8,000

10,00012,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

United

States

(1.5%)

Mexico

(0.0%)

El Salvador

(0.0%)

Canada

(0.1%)

Spain

(0.0%)

Other

(0.1%)

Total Girls Boys

R t d P l ti U d 17 f A


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Returned Populations Under 17 of Age,

by Country and Gender

TOTAL 1,247,048 100.00%

Returned under 17-year-old 13,888 1.1Cause of Return

Financial crisis 1298 0.1

Deportation 584 0.0

Others 12006 1.0

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5,155

4,260 89

5

5,140

3,170

1,970

210

0 210

378

189

189

3,005

1,256

1,749

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

United

States (0.4%)

Mexico (0.4%) El Salvador

(0.0%)

Canada (0.0%) Others

(0.2%)

Total Girls Boys


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Direct Effects of the Crisis

Debt

Reduction in monetary income

Higher costs, especially of food

Reduced consumption and reduced quality Reduction of general expenses (clothes, shoes,

services)

Deterioration of health care

A higher impact on large and extremely poor families,widows, single mothers; alcoholism among heads of

families

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Strategies Used by Families

Engaging children in temporary or permanent child labor; Investing less money on food and education for boys,

girls, and adolescents;

Sending children away with adults to work in agriculture

outside their region and their country; Overloading boys, girls, and adolescents with domestic

chores and with taking care of other children;

Sending children to school without breakfast and without

any money for a snack at school; Moving boys, girls, and adolescents into the care of

uncles and aunts, grandparents, or other close relatives.

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Recommendations To implement efforts to strengthen the capabilities of

families to make good use of remittances, particularly intimes of crisis.

To support municipal governments in changing investment

priorities and developing specific municipal plans to address

the crisis.

To increase the coverage of conditioned monetary transfers.

To strengthen social protection for children, adolescents,

and women by reallocating resources to support these

population groups.

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To promote and exchange regional and Iberoamerican strategies based

on a human rights approach and in accordance with the Convention on

the Rights of the Child, including actions to promote the participation of

boys, girls, and adolescents in all matters pertaining to them, against

violence, mistreatment, abuse, teenage pregnancies, commercial sexual

exploitation, child labor, trafficking in persons, and migrant smuggling.

Paragraph from the X Iberoamerican Conference of Ministers and Responsible Authorities for

Children and Youth, San Salvador, June 19, 2008.

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All the rights

in all places, for allpersons


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THANK YOUFOR

YOUR ATTENTION

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