lorenzo da ponte

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Lorenzo Da Ponte

Lorenzo Da Ponte

Engraving by Michele Pekenino after Nathaniel

Rogers

Lorenzo Da Ponte (10 March 174917 August 1838) was a Venetian

opera librettist and poet. He wrote the librettos for 28 operas by 11

composers, including three of Mozart's greatest operas, Don Giovanni,

The Marriage of Figaro and Cos fan tutte.

Early career

Lorenzo Da Ponte was born Emanuele Conegliano in Ceneda, in the

Republic of Venice (now Vittorio Veneto, Italy). He was Jewish by

birth, the eldest of three sons. In 1764, his father, the widower

Geronimo Conegliano, converted himself and his family to Roman

Catholicism in order to remarry. Emanuele, as was the custom, took

the name of Lorenzo Da Ponte from the Bishop of Ceneda who

baptised him. Thanks to the bishop, the three brothers studied at the

Ceneda seminary. The bishop died in 1768, after which Lorenzo

moved to the seminary at Portogruaro, where he took Minor Orders in

1770 and became Professor of Literature, and was ordained a priest in

1773. He began at this period writing poetry in Italian and Latin,

including an ode to wine,Ditirambo sopra gli odori.[1]

In 1773 he moved to Venice, where he made a living as a teacher of Latin, Italian and French. Although he was a

Catholic priest, the young man led a dissolute life. While priest of the church of San Luca, he took a mistress, with

whom he had two children. At his 1779 trial, where he was charged with "public concubinage" and "abduction of a

respectable woman", it was alleged that he had been living in a brothel and organizing the entertainments there. He

was found guilty and banished for fifteen years from Venice.[2]

Vienna and London

Lorenzo Da Ponte moved to Gorizia, then part of Austria, where he lived as a writer, attaching himself to the leading

noblemen and cultural patrons of the city. In 1781 he believed (falsely) that he had an invitation from his friend

Caterino Mazzol, the poet of the Saxon court, to take up a post at Dresden, only to be disabused when he arrived

there. Mazzol however offered him work at the theatre translating libretti and recommended that he seek to develop

writing skills. He also gave him a letter of introduction to the composer Antonio Salieri.[3]

With the help of Salieri, Da Ponte applied for and obtained the post of librettist to the Italian Theatre in Vienna. Here

he also found a patron in the banker Raimund Wetzlar von Plankenstern, benefactor of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

As court librettist in Vienna, he collaborated with Mozart, Salieri and Vicente Martn y Soler. Da Ponte wrote the

libretti for Mozart's most popular Italian operas, The Marriage of Figaro (1786),Don Giovanni (1787), and Cos fan

tutte (1790), and Soler's Una cosa rara. All of Da Ponte's works were adaptations of pre-existing plots, as was

common among librettists of the time, with the exceptions ofL'arbore di Diana with Soler, and Cos fan tutte, which

he began with Salieri, but completed with Mozart. However the quality of his elaboration gave them new life.

In the case ofFigaro, Da Ponte included a preface to the libretto that hints at his technique and objectives in libretto

writing, as well as his close working with the composer:

[...] I have not made a translation [of Beaumarchais], but rather an imitation, or let us say an extract [...]I was compelled to reduce the sixteen original characters to eleven, two of which can be played by a
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Beaumarchaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Beaumarchaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27arbore_di_Dianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Una_cosa_rarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cos%C3%AC_fan_tuttehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cos%C3%AC_fan_tuttehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Giovannihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Marriage_of_Figarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Mart%C3%ADn_y_Solerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Salierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dresdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Saxonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goriziahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minor_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portogruarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baptismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vittorio_Venetohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishophttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vittorio_Venetohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Venicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vittorio_Venetohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cos%C3%AC_fan_tuttehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Marriage_of_Figarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Giovannihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Librettohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Venicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALorenzo_da_Ponte.jpg


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single actor and to omit , in addition to one whole act, many effective scenes [...] In spite, however, of

all the zeal and care on the part of both the composer and myself to be brief, the opera will not be one of

the shortest [...] Our excuse will be the variety of development of this drama,[...] to paint faithfully and

in full colour the divers passions that are aroused, and [...] to offer a new type of spectacle [...][4]

Only one address of Da Ponte's during his stay in Vienna is known: in 1788 he lived in the house Heidenschu 316

(today the street area between Freyung and Hof), which belonged to the Viennese archbishop. There he rented athree-room-apartment for 200 Gulden.

[5]

With the death of Austrian Emperor Joseph II in 1792, Da Ponte lost his patron he had already been formally

dismissed from the Imperial Service in 1791, due to intrigues. He received no support from the new Emperor,

Leopold. He could not return to Venice, from which he had been banished until the end of 1794. In 1792 Da Ponte

travelled via Prague to London, accompanied by his companion Nancy Grahl (with whom he eventually had four

children); in 1803 he became librettist at the King's Theatre, London. He remained based in London undertaking

various theatrical and publishing activities until 1805, when debt and bankruptcy caused him to flee to the United

States in 1805 with Grahl and his children.

American career

In the United States, Da Ponte settled in New York first, then Sunbury, Pennsylvania, where he briefly ran a grocery

store and gave private Italian lessons. He returned to New York to open a bookstore. He became friends with

Clement Clarke Moore, and, through him, gained an appointment as the first professor of Italian literature at

Columbia College. He was the first Roman Catholic priest to be appointed to the faculty, and he was also the first to

have been born a Jew. In New York he introduced opera and produced a performance ofDon Giovanni (1825). He

also introduced Gioachino Rossini's music in the U.S., through a concert tour with his niece Giulia Da Ponte.

In 1807 he began to write his Memoirs (published in 1823), described by Charles Rosen as "not an intimate

exploration of his own identity and character, but rather a picaresque adventure story."[6]

In 1828, at the age of 79, Lorenzo Da Ponte became a naturalized U.S. citizen. In 1833, at the age of eighty-four, he

founded the first opera house in the United States, the New York Opera Company. Owing to his lack of business

acumen, however, it lasted only two seasons before the company had to be disbanded and the theater sold to pay the

company's debts. It was, however, the predecessor of the New York Academy of Music and of the New York

Metropolitan Opera.

Lorenzo Da Ponte died in 1838 in New York; an enormous funeral ceremony was held in New York's old St.

Patrick's Cathedral on Mulberry Street. Some sources state that Da Ponte is buried in Calvary Cemetery in Queens,

but that cemetery did not exist before 1848. Other sources say Da Ponte was buried in lower Manhattan. Calvary

Cemetery does contain a stone marker to serve as a memorial to Da Ponte.

In 2009 the Spanish director Carlos Saura released his Italian film Io, Don Giovanni, a somewhat fictionalized

account of Da Ponte, which attempted to link his life with his libretto for Don Giovanni.

Da Ponte's libretti

The nature of Da Ponte's contribution to the art of libretto-writing has been much discussed. In The New Grove

Dictionary of Music and Musicians, it is pointed out that "the portrayal of grand passions was not his strength", but

that he worked particularly closely with his composers to bring out their strengths, especially where it was a matter

of sharp characterization or humorous or satirical passages. Richard Taruskin notes that Mozart, in letters to his

father Leopold, had expressed concern to secure Da Ponte, but was worried that the Italian composers in town (e.g.

Salieri) were trying to keep him for themselves. He specifically wished to create a buffa comedy opera which

included a seria female part for contrast; Taruskin suggests that "Da Ponte's special gift for was that of forging this

virtual smorgasbord of idioms into a vivid dramatic shape."[7]

David Cairns examines Da Ponte's reworking of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opera_seriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smorgasbordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Cairns_%28writer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smorgasbordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Cairns_%28writer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opera_buffahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opera_seriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smorgasbordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Cairns_%28writer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Cairns_%28writer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smorgasbordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opera_seriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opera_buffahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Taruskinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Saurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calvary_Cemetery%2C_Queenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulberry_Street_%28Manhattan%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Patrick%27s_Old_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Patrick%27s_Old_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Operahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Music_%28New_York_City%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naturalizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picaresquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rosenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gioachino_Rossinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Giovannihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clement_Clarke_Moorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunbury%2C_Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor


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scenario for Don Giovanni, (originally written by Giovanni Bertati and performed in Venice as Don Giovanni

Tenorio, with music by Gazzaniga, in 1787). Cairns points out that "the verbal borrowings are few", and that Da

Ponte is at every point "wittier, more stylish, more concise and more effective." Moreover, Da Ponte's restructuring

of the action enables a tighter format giving better opportunities for Mozart's musical structures.[8]

David Conway

suggests that Da Ponte's own life 'in disguise' (as a Jew/priest/womaniser) enabled him to infuse the operatic cliche

of disguise with a sense of Romantic irony.[9]

Works

Opera libretti:

La Scuola de' gelosi (1783)composer Antonio Salieri

Il ricco d'un giorno (1784)composer Antonio Salieri

Il burbero di buon cuore (1786, from the play by Carlo Goldoni)composer Vicente Martn y Soler

Il Demogorgone ovvero Il filosofo confuso (1786)composer Vincenzo Righini

Il finto cieco (1786)composer Giuseppe Gazzaniga

Le nozze di Figaro (1786, from the play by Pierre Beaumarchais)composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Una cosa rara (1786, from the comedyLa Luna della Sierra by Luis Vlez de Guevara)composer Vicente

Martn y Soler

Gli equivoci (1786)composer Stephen Storace

L'arbore di Diana (1787)composer Vicente Martn y Soler

Il dissoluto punito o sia Il Don Giovanni (1787, from the opera by Giuseppe Gazzaniga)composer Wolfgang

Amadeus Mozart

Axur, re d'Ormus (1787/88, translation of the libretto Tarare by Pierre Beaumarchais)composer Antonio

Salieri

Il Talismano (1788, from Carlo Goldoni)composer Antonio Salieri

Il Bertoldo (1788)composer Antonio Brunetti (it)

L'Ape musicale (1789)Pasticcio of works by various composers

Il Pastor fido (1789, from the pastoral by Giovanni Battista Guarini)composer Antonio Salieri

La cifra (1789)composer Antonio Salieri

Cos fan tutte (1789/90)composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

La Caffettiera bizzarra (1790)composer Joseph Weigl

La Capricciosa corretta (1795)composer Vicente Martn y Soler

Antigona (1796)composer Francesco Bianchi

Il consiglio imprudente (1796)composer Giuseppe Francesco Bianchi

Merope (1797)composer Giuseppe Francesco Bianchi

Cinna (1798)composer Giuseppe Francesco Bianchi

Armida (1802)composer Giuseppe Francesco Bianchi

La grotta di Calipso (1803)composer Peter Winter

Il trionfo dell'amor fraterno (1804)composer Peter Winter

Il ratto di Proserpina (1804)composer Peter Winter

Cantatas and oratorios:

Per la ricuperata salute di Ofelia (1785)composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Antonio Salieri and

"Cornetti" (lost)

Il Davidde (1791)Pasticcio from works by various composers

Hymn to Americacomposer Antonio Bagioli

Poetry:

Letter of complaint in blank verse to Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor[10]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Bagiolihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Winterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Bianchi_%28composer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Weiglhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cos%C3%AC_fan_tuttehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_cifrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Battista_Guarinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pastoralhttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Brunetti_(compositore)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Brunettihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tararehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axur%2C_re_d%27Ormushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Giovannihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27arbore_di_Dianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Storacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gli_equivocihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_V%C3%A9lez_de_Guevarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Una_cosa_rarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Beaumarchaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Marriage_of_Figarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Gazzanigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincenzo_Righinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Mart%C3%ADn_y_Solerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Goldonihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_burbero_di_buon_cuorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Il_ricco_d%27un_giornohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Salierihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gazzanigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Giovanni_Tenoriohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Giovanni_Tenoriohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Bertati


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18 sonnets in commemoration of his wife (1832)

Other

translations from English into Italian.

several books of elementary instruction in the Italian language

Memorie (autobiography)

History of the Florentine Republic and the Medici (2 vols., 1833).

References

Notes

[1][1] Angermller (1990)

[2] Holden (2006), 349

[3] Holden (2006), 505

[4][4] cited in Einstein (1962), 430

[5] Michael Lorenz, "Mozart's Apartment on the Alsergrund" (http://homepage. univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/alsergrund) (Vienna, 2009),

published in print in:Newsletter of the Mozart Society of America, Vol. XIV, No. 2 (http://mozartsocietyofamerica.org/publications/

newsletter/archive/MSA-AUG-10.pdf) (27 August 2010)

[6] Da Ponte (2000), ix

x

[7] Taruskin (2010), 4767

[8] Cairns (2006), 147151

[9] Conway (2012), 523

[10] Anthony Holden, pp. 1136

Sources

Angermller, Rudolph (de), "Da Ponte, Lorenzo", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed.

Stanley Sadie, London: Macmillan, 1990 ISBN 0333231112

Cairns, David,Mozart and his Operas. London: Penguin, 2006. ISBN 9780713994919

Conway, David,Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press (2012). ISBN 9781107015388 Da Ponte, Lorenzo, tr. E. Abbott, intr. Charles Rosen, ed. A. LivingstoneMemoirs. New York: New York Review

of Books, 2000. ISBN 9780940322356

Einstein, Alfred, tr. A. Mendel and N. Broder,Mozart: His Character, His Work. Oxford: Oxford University

Press (1962). ISBN 0195007328

Holden, Anthony, The Man Who Wrote Mozart: The Extraordinary Life of Lorenzo Da Ponte, London: Orion

Publishing Company, 2007 ISBN 0-7538-2180-X

Taruskin, Richard,Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2010)

ISBN 9780195384826

Other reading

Bolt, Rodney, The Librettist of Venice: The Remarkable Life of Lorenzo Da Ponte

Mozart's Poet, Casanova's

Friend, and Italian Opera's Impresario in America, New York: Bloomsbury, 2006 ISBN 1-59691-118-2

Hodges, Sheila,Lorenzo Da Ponte: The Life and Times of Mozart's Librettist, Madison: University of Wisconsin

Press, 2002 ISBN 0-299-17874-9

Jewish Museum Vienna (pub.),Lorenzo Da Ponte Challenging the New World, exhibition catalogue from the

Jewish Museum ISBN 978-3-7757-1748-9, ISBN 3-7757-1748-X

Steptoe, Anthony,MozartDa Ponte Operas: The Cultural and Musical Background to "Le nozze di Figaro",

"Don Giovanni", and "Cos fan tutte", New York: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press, 1988 ISBN

0-19-313215-X
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Museum_Viennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Taruskinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Holdenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rosenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Cairns_%28writer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Sadiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicianshttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Angerm%EC%AC%ACerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_Angerm%C3%BCllerhttp://mozartsocietyofamerica.org/publications/newsletter/archive/MSA-AUG-10.pdfhttp://mozartsocietyofamerica.org/publications/newsletter/archive/MSA-AUG-10.pdfhttp://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/alsergrundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Lorenz_%28musicologist%29


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External links

"Nights At The Opera: The Life of the Man who put Words to Mozart" (http://www.newyorker.com/arts/

critics/books/2007/01/08/070108crbo_books_acocella) by Joan Acocella, The New Yorker, 8 January 2007

"The phoenix" (http://arts.guardian.co.uk/mozart/story/0,,1683327,00.html) by Anthony Holden, The

Guardian (London), 7 January 2007

"Lorenzo's Toil" (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/13/AR2006071301033.

html), review of Rodney Bolt's The Librettist of Venice, by Jonathon Keats, The Washington Post, 16 July 2006

"Lorenzo Da Ponte". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.

Michael Lorenz: "Lorenzo Da Ponte's Viennese Residence in 1788" (http://michaelorenz.blogspot.co.at/2013/

02/lorenzo-da-pontes-viennese-residence-in.html) (Vienna 2013)
http://michaelorenz.blogspot.co.at/2013/02/lorenzo-da-pontes-viennese-residence-in.htmlhttp://michaelorenz.blogspot.co.at/2013/02/lorenzo-da-pontes-viennese-residence-in.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Lorenzo_Da_Pontehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Washington_Posthttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/13/AR2006071301033.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/13/AR2006071301033.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Guardianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Guardianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Holdenhttp://arts.guardian.co.uk/mozart/story/0,,1683327,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Yorkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joan_Acocellahttp://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/01/08/070108crbo_books_acocellahttp://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/01/08/070108crbo_books_acocella


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Article Sources and Contributors 6

Article Sources and ContributorsLorenzo Da Ponte Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=575966652 Contributors: 2002:1814:17F3:1234:226:8FF:FEE2:BADD, 4stones, 5-HT8, Acroterion, Adrecaled,

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Bednarek, Mike hayes, Monegasque, Monkeycounter, Necrothesp, Oberdorfj, Opus33, PBS-AWB, PJinBoston, PaulHanson, Philip Cross, Ponyo, Refertofante, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ),

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Lorenzo da Ponte.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lorenzo_da_Ponte.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Michele Pekenino (engraver, 19th century)

after Nathaniel Rogers (American, 1788-1844)

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