juan josé castelli

8/13/2019 Juan Jos Castelli

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Juan Jos Castelli 1

Juan Jos Castelli

Juan Jos Castelli

Committee member of the Primera Junta

In office

May 25, 1810 June 9, 1811

Serving with Manuel Alberti, Miguel de Azcunaga, Manuel Belgrano, Domingo Matheu, Juan Larrea

Personal details

Born July 19, 1764

Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty of Per

Died October 12, 1812 (aged 48)

Buenos Aires, United Provinces of the Ro de la Plata

Resting place San Ignacio church

Nationality Argentina

Political party Carlotism, Patriot

Spouse(s) Mara Rosa Lynch

Alma mater University of Chuquisaca

Profession Lawyer

Religion Catholic

Signature

Military service

Allegiance United Provinces of South America

Years of service 18101811

Commands Army of the North

Battles/wars First Upper Peru campaign

Juan Jos Castelli (July 19, 1764 October 12, 1812) was an Argentine lawyer. He was one of the leaders of the

May Revolution, which started the Argentine War of Independence. He led an ill-fated military campaign in Upper

Peru.
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Juan Jos Castelli 2

Juan Jos Castelli was born in Buenos Aires, and went to school at the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires

and Monserrat College in the city of Crdoba, Argentina. He graduated as a lawyer from the University of Charcas,

in Upper Peru. His cousin, Manuel Belgrano, introduced him to the public administration of the Viceroyalty of the

Rio de la Plata. Along with Belgrano, Nicols Rodrguez Pea, and Hiplito Vieytes, Castelli planned a revolution to

replace the absolute monarchy with the new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment. He led the Buenos Aires patriots

during the May Revolution, which ended with the removal of viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from power. He

is known as the "Speaker of the Revolution" for his speech during the open cabildo held in Buenos Aires on May 22,

1810.

Castelli was appointed a Committee member of the Primera Junta and was sent to Crdoba to end Santiago de

Liniers's counter-revolution. He succeeded, and ordered the execution of Liniers and his supporters. He then

commanded the establishment of a revolutionary government in Upper Peru (today's Bolivia) with the aim of freeing

the indigenous peoples and African slaves. In 1811 Castelli signed a truce with the Spanish in Upper Peru, but they

betrayed him and caught the Northern Army unprepared. As a result, the Argentines suffered a major loss in the

Battle of Huaqui on June 20, 1811. When Castelli returned to Buenos Aires, the First Triumvirate imprisoned him

for losing the battle, and Castelli died shortly afterwards from tongue cancer.

Biography

Early life and studies

Castelli was born in Buenos Aires in 1764. He was the first of eight children born to a Venetian doctor, ngel

Castelli Salomn, and Josefa Villarino, who was a relative of Manuel Belgrano. He was trained by the Jesuits shortly

before their expulsion, and attended the Real Colegio de San Carlos in Buenos Aires. As was customary, one of the

children of the Castelli family was ordained into the priesthood, and Juan Jos was chosen for this. He was sent to

study at the Colegio Monserrat, part of the University of Crdoba. He was influenced by the works of Voltaire and

Diderot, and especially by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract. He was a fellow student of men who would

later have influence in the public life of South America, including Saturnino Rodrguez Pea, Juan Jos Paso,

Manuel Alberti, Pedro Medrano, and Juan Martnez de Rozas, among others. He focused on studying philosophy and

theology, but when his father died in 1785, he abandoned his career in the priesthood, for which he felt no strong

vocation.[1]

Rejecting his mother's proposal of sending him to study in Spain, he enrolled in jurisprudence studies alongside his

cousin, Manuel Belgrano, at the University of Salamanca and Alcal de Henares. He enrolled in the University of

Chuquisaca, in the Upper Peru (modern Bolivia). There, he learned about the ongoing French Revolution, and the

new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment. He also learned about the 1782 Rebellion of Tpac Amaru II and the

oppression of the indigenous peoples, which influenced his actions in his future Upper Peru campaign. Before

returning to Buenos Aires, he visited Potos and witnessed the use of slave labor in the mines.

[2]

Castelli returned to Buenos Aires and established a legal firm in his family home. He represented the University of

Crdoba in various causes, as well as his uncle, Domingo Belgrano Peri. Through his associations with Saturnino

Rodrguez Pea, he also met and befriended his brother, Nicols Rodrguez Pea, and his associate, Hiplito Vieytes.

Castelli married Mara Rosa Lynch in 1794, and they had seven children: Angela, Pedro, Luciano, Alejandro,

Francisco Jos, and Juana.[3]
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Juan Jos Castelli 3

First political steps

Manuel Belgrano, Castelli's cousin, worked with

him at the consulate and in local newspapers.

The intellectuals of the viceroyalty received and secretly distributed a

copy of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen,

promulgated by the French Revolution in 1789. Meanwhile, Belgrano

returned from his studies in Europe, and was appointed as Perpetual

Secretary of the new Consulate of Commerce of Buenos Aires.Belgrano and Castelli shared similar ideas about the Spanish trade

monopoly and the rights of the natives. Belgrano attempted to appoint

Castelli as interim Secretary of the Consulate as his assistant, but faced

strong opposition from the peninsular merchants, who delayed the

appointment until 1796. Belgrano became ill during his stay in Europe,

which forced him to take extended leaves from work, and wanted

Castelli to be his successor if he resigned.[4]

There was a similar opposition during the 1799 election of delegates to

the Buenos Aires Cabildo: Castelli was elected as third Regidor, butwas rejected by merchants associated with the port of Cdiz. The

conflict lasted a year, until the prominent local merchant Cornelio

Saavedra wrote a memorandum recommending Castelli. Viceroy

Avils finally confirmed him in office by royal decree, in May 1800.

Castelli, however, rejected the post because of his high workload in the

Consulate. This was seen as an insult by peninsular merchants such as Martn de lzaga, who was influential in the

Cabildo.[5]

Castelli and Belgrano backed a pair of projects from Francisco Cabello y Mesa, who had just arrived from Spain.

Cabello proposed the creation of a "Patriotic, Literary and Economic Society" lodge and the publication of a

newspaper. This newspaper, the first one published in Buenos Aires, was named Telgrafo Mercantil. However, bothprojects were short-lived: the lodge was never established and its activities were banned by royal decree, and the

Consulate was instructed to withdraw support for the newspaper, which was then closed. Published by Castelli,

Cabello, and Belgrano (secretary of the publication), as well as Jos Manuel Lavardn, Miguel de Azcunaga and

Fray Cayetano Rodrguez, the Telegraph was the first journal to advance the concept of fatherland, and the first to

speak of the inhabitants as "Argentines."[6]

Nevertheless, Hiplito Vieytes released a new newspaper shortly afterwards, the Agriculture, Trade and Industry

Weekly, with Castelli in the staff. The editorial staff had meetings at the house of Saturnino Rodrguez Pea,

discussing ideas for technical improvements in agriculture, removal of trade restrictions, development,

manufacturing, and other topics. The newspaper also published the biographies of some Founding Fathers of theUnited States, such as Benjamin Franklin.[7]

The British invasions

Rodriguez Pea introduced Castelli to James Florence Burke, who claimed to represent the British Empire in support

of proposals published by Francisco de Miranda, which aimed to emancipate the Latin American colonies. Burke

was actually a British spy, gathering information about the Spanish colonies. Bearing promises of British support, he

created the first native secret society organized for such purposes. It would henceforth be known as "party of

independence", and included Castelli, Burke and major contributors of Vieytes's newspaper. The spy was eventually

discovered by Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte and expelled from the viceroyalty, but his duplicity was not disclosed

to his unaware associates.[8]
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Juan Jos Castelli 4

Castelli moved to a farm in modern the Buenos Aires neighborhood of Nez. The farm had some agriculture fields

and a small brick factory. He lived next to other influential people like Cornelio Saavedra, Juan Larrea, Miguel de

Azcunaga, and attorney Jos Darragueira. The meetings of the secret society continued, unaffected by the departure

of Burke. On June 2, 1806, Castelli's mother died, and he was still in mourning when the city learned of a British

landing in Quilmes.[9]

The "party of independence" was caught by surprise by the invasion, as the British proclaimed respect for religion,ownership, order, freedom, and tradebut made no mention concerning Miranda's ideals. They arranged an

interview with the British Viscount William Carr Beresford, asking for a clarification on whether the promises of

Burke were still standing. They also asked if the British government would support an independentist attempt.

Beresford gave evasive answers, saying he had no instructions to that effect. He explained that with the recent death

of Prime Minister William Pitt and the rise of the Liberals to power, he needed further orders. [10]

Castelli understood that the British force only aspired to annex the city to the British Empire, and resigned to avoid

swearing allegiance to Britain.[11] Santiago de Liniers liberated Buenos Aires a short time later, but Saturnino

Rodrguez Pea helped Beresford escape, hoping to influence an eventual second invasion to implement reforms

supported by Burke and Miranda. The second British invasion, however, ended the patriot's hopes of British support,

and they fought against their former allies.[12]

After the successful defense of the city in 1807, the local criollos increased their political power with their higher

military role. There was a dispute between the newly appointed Viceroy, Santiago de Liniers, and the Buenos Aires

Cabildo, led by Martn de lzaga. Both attempted to take advantage of the new situation, and influence the criollos

to support them. lzaga refrained from accusing Rodrguez Pea for aiding in Beresford's escape, and Liniers kept

the criollo military bodies armed.[13]

Carlotism

Charlotte of Spain sought to rule the Ro de la

Plata as regent.

Napoleon invaded Spain in 1807, starting the Peninsular War. King

Charles IV of Spain abdicated in favor of his son Ferdinand VII, butNapoleon captured him and appointed his own brother, Joseph

Bonaparte, as king of Spain instead, in a series of transfers of the

Spanish crown known as the abdications of Bayonne. The Spanish

people organized Government Juntas to resist against the French

occupation, and within months the Junta Central of Seville claimed

supreme authority over Spain and the colonies. This situation

encouraged the Princess Charlotte of Spain to claim the regency of the

Spanish American colonies.[14]

In this context, Castelli and lzaga plotted to oust Liniers and

constitute a local government Junta, similar to those of the metropoli.

This project was not shared by most of the natives or by the head of the

Regiment of Patricians, Cornelio Saavedra.[15] Manuel Belgrano

proposed as an alternative to support the plans of Princess Charlotte,

which were supported by Castelli and other criollos. Belgrano, who

held monarchist ideas, argued that the Carlotist project would be the

most practical means of achieving independence from Spain in the circumstances. On September 20, 1808, Castelli

wrote a letter to Charlotte, with the signatures of Antonio Beruti, Hiplito Vieytes, Belgrano, and Nicols Rodrguez

Pea.[16]

Charlotte rejected this support: the party of independence sought to establish a constitutional monarchy headed byCharlotte, but she preferred to retain the power of an absolutist monarchy. Consequently she denounced the letter
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Juan Jos Castelli 5

and organized the detention of Diego Paroissien. Paroissien, who had several letters to the criollos, was charged with

high treason. Castelli was his lawyer.[17]

Castelli won Paroissien's acquittal by invoking the doctrine of the retroversion of the sovereignty of the people,

which claimed that the Spanish American lands were a personal possession of the King of Spain but not a Spanish

colony. That approach was already old, and it was used to legislate in both districts, but in this context Castelli

argued that neither the Council of Regency or any other power of Spain

other than the rightful King

had authorityover Spanish America. Castelli said that "the will of the people of Spain is not enough to bring the Indies to

obedience".[18] Under these premises, Castelli argued successfully that the regency offered to the sister of the captive

king, while not denying the legitimacy of Ferdinand VII, was not an act of treason, but a legitimate political project

that should be resolved by the Spanish American people without the intervention of the peninsular Spanish.

On January 1, 1809, Martn de lzaga rallied most peninsular battalions to Plaza de Mayo and attempted a mutiny

against Liniers. A few criollos, such as Mariano Moreno, laid their hopes for independence in this attempt, but most

did not. The battalions still faithful to Liniers the Regiment of Patricians, the other criollo battalions, and the

remaining peninsular ones conquered the Plaza and ordered the mutinying forces to withdraw. Castelli supported

Liniers, accusing lzaga of independentism. Though Castelli was himself an independentist, and had also sought to

remove Liniers, he opposed lzaga for other reasons: lzaga was hoping to maintaining the social dominance of thepeninsulares over the criollos once the viceroy, who opposed his interests, was deposed. lzaga was defeated, and

the power of the criollos was increased: Sentenach and lzaga were banished to Carmen de Patagones and the

Spanish militias who attempted the coup were disbanded.[19]

A new viceroy, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, arrived in July to replace Liniers, and the independentist group did not

agree on how to react. Castelli proposed a resumption of lzaga's idea of creating a governing Junta, but not headed

by the Spanish. Belgrano insisted on the plan to appoint Charlotte as regent of a constitutional monarchy, and

Rodriguez Pea proposed a military coup, with or without Liniers at the head. They finally accepted the perspective

of Cornelio Saavedra, and delayed taking action until a better opportunity.[20]

May Revolution
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Juan Jos Castelli 6

This bas-relief by Gustavo Everlein depicts

Castelli demanding that the viceroy Baltasar

Hidalgo de Cisneros allow an open cabildo.

When the news of the fall of the Junta of Seville arrived, the group

headed by Castelli and Belgrano led the process leading to the May

Revolution. Castelli and Saavedra were the most important leaders of

the time, and first discarded Martn Rodrguez's plan to expel Cisneros

in a coup d'tat. After several discussions, they decided to request an

open cabildo, an emergency popular assembly. Castelli and Belgranonegotiated with the senior alcalde and nobleman, Juan de Lezica, and

the procurator, Julin de Leiva. Although they convinced them, they

still needed the permission of Cisneros himself, for which Castelli and

Rodriguez went to his office at the Fort of Buenos Aires. Previously,

Cornelio Saavedra had denied Cisneros the support of the Regiment of

Patricians, on the premise that with the disappearance of the Junta of

Sevillewho had appointed him as viceroyhe no longer had the

right to hold that position.[21]

Cisneros was outraged by the appearance of Castelli and Rodrguez,

who came armed and without an appointment. They reacted harshly

and demanded an immediate reply to the request for an open cabildo.

After a brief private conversation with the prosecutor, Caspe, Cisneros

gave his consent. When they were leaving, Cisneros inquired about his

personal safety, to which Castelli said: "Lord, Your Excellency's

person and your family are among Americans, and this should reassure you". [22] After the interview they returned to

the house of Rodrguez Pea, to inform their supporters of the new situation. [23]

Besides his oratory, Castelli is known as the "Speaker of the Revolution" because of his great activity during the

"May week". The memoirs of witnesses and participants mention him at many venues, taking part in many activities.

He negotiated with the Cabildo and visited the Fort several times until the viceroy gave in to the pressure. At thesame time, he held secret meetings with other criollos at the house of Rodrguez Pea, planning their actions, and he

harangued the criollo militias at the barracks. Cisneros himself, describing the events the Council of Regency, called

Castelli "the most interested one in the novelty", i.e., in the revolution.[24]

The open cabildo of May 22, 1810

The open cabildo was held on May 22, 1810; it was debated whether

the viceroy should continue in office, and if not, who should replace

him. The first opinion was from Bishop Benito Lue y Riega, who held

that Cisneros should continue and that, if all of Spain was conquered

by France, peninsulars were meant to rule in the Americas. Castelli

made a counter-argument, based on the doctrine of the retroversion of

the sovereignty of the people that he had already employed in the

defense of Paroissien. He insisted that in the absence of a legitimate

authority, sovereignty should be returned to the people; they should

govern themselves. The idea of dismissing the viceroy ultimately

prevailed, but as Buenos Aires had no authority to decide unilaterally

the new form of government, they would elect a provisional government. A congress of deputies called from all

other cities would take the final decision. However, there were disputes over who should exercise the provisional

government: some argued that the Cabildo should do so, and others that it should be a Junta. Castelli bowed to

Saavedra's proposal to form a Junta, but with the proviso that the procurator of the Cabildo, Julin de Leiva, had a

decisive vote in the appointment. By adding this proviso, Castelli sought to add the former supporters of Martn de

lzaga, such as Mariano Moreno, Domingo Matheu, and Leiva himself.[25]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Matheuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Morenohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_%C3%81lzagahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_%C3%81lzagahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junta_%28Peninsular_War%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabildo_of_Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retroversion_of_the_sovereignty_of_the_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retroversion_of_the_sovereignty_of_the_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benito_Lue_y_Riegahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACabildoabierto-Subercaseaux-edit.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_speakinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_of_Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noblemanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcaldehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_cabildohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coup_d%27%C3%A9tathttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%28politician%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junta_of_Sevillehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACastelli_y_Cisneros.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_cabildohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltasar_Hidalgo_de_Cisneroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltasar_Hidalgo_de_Cisneroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Everlein


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Juan Jos Castelli 7

However, this power allowed Leiva to perform a maneuver that Castelli had not anticipated. A lthough he approved

the end of Cisneros' rule as viceroy, Leiva formed a Junta with Cisneros as its president; Cisneros would stay in

power. The other members of the Junta would have been two peninsulars, the priest Juan Nepomuceno Sol and the

merchant Jos Santos Inchaurregui, and two criollos, Saavedra and Castelli. The bulk of the natives rejected the

proposal: they did not accept that Cisneros should remain in power, even under a different title. They were

suspicious of the intentions of Saavedra, and believed that with Castelli alone in the Junta, little or nothing could be

achieved. Castelli and Saavedra resigned that same day to put pressure on Cisneros and force him to resign, and the

Junta never came into power.[26]

Mariano Moreno shared Castelli's political views.

That same night, the criollos gathered at the home of Rodriguez Pena

and compiled a list of members for a governing Junta that was

presented on 25 May. Meanwhile, Domingo French, Antonio Beruti,

Aparicio, Donado, and other armed men occupied the Plaza and its

access points. The list included a balance of representatives from

different extractions of local politics. Lezica finally reported to

Cisneros that he was no longer in command, and the Primera Junta

assumed power.[27]

Castelli and Mariano Moreno led the more radical positions of the

Junta. They became close friends, visiting each other daily. Julio Csar

Chvez described them as associates, sharing projects of a deep

political, social and economic revolution, based in higher freedom for

the Spanish American criollos. He described them as pragmatic men,

willing to reward the allies and punish the enemies of the revolution,

even if it meant using capital punishments.[28] They were called "Jacobins", comparing their actions with those of the

Reign of Terror of the French Revolution, but they were not Francophiles or afrancesados. [29] Besides this, the

similarities between the revolutions at France and Buenos Aires were largely superficial.[30]

One of the first steps of Castelli and the Junta was the expulsion of Cisneros and the judges of the Royal Audiencia,

who were shipped off to Spain under the pretext that their lives were in danger. [31]

Execution of Liniers

The execution of Santiago de Liniers

Upon hearing the news of the change of government, former viceroy

Santiago de Liniers prepared a counter-revolution from the city of

Crdoba, but Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo routed his militia and

captured all the leaders in just a couple of skirmishes. The initial orders

were to send them to Buenos Aires, but after their capture the Junta

decided to execute them. This decision was taken in a resolution signed

by all members of the Junta, excepting Manuel Alberti, because as a

priest, he could not give consent to the death penalty. The measure

found strong popular resistance in Crdoba, as Liniers and the

governor Juan Gutierrez de la Concha were popular and the execution of a priest (Rodrigo de Orellana, another

leader of the counter-revolution) was rejected as heretical. Ocampo and Chiclana decided to carry on with the

original orders, and transferred the prisoners to Buenos Aires. [32]

The Junta reconfirmed the order, but excluded the bishop of Crdoba, Rodrigo de Orellana, who was banished

instead. Castelli was commissioned by the Junta to enforce the execution order. Mariano Moreno said, "Go, Castelli,

and I hope you will not incur the same weakness as our general, if not yet fulfilled the determination, Larrea will go,and finally I'll go myself if necessary".[33] Ocampo and Chiclana were demoted. Castelli's assistants were Nicols
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Morenohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Pe%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Morenohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_de_Orellanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Gutierrez_de_la_Conchahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_penaltyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Albertihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ortiz_de_Ocampohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMuerte_de_Liniers.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_de_Liniershttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrancesadohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francophilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terrorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacobin_%28politics%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Berutihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Frenchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMariano_Moreno_en_su_mesa_de_trabajo.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Morenohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Inchaurreguihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Nepomuceno_Sol%C3%A1


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Juan Jos Castelli 8

Rodrguez Pea, elected as secretary, his former client Diego Paroissien as a campaign doctor, and Domingo French

as head of the escort.[34]

Right after finding the prisoners, he ordered and presided over their execution: the governor of Crdoba, Juan

Gutirrez de la Concha, the former Viceroy, Santiago de Liniers, former Governor Santiago Alejo de Allende, the

adviser Victorino Rodriguez, and the accountant Moreno. The execution took place at Cabeza de Tigre, in the

boundary between Santa Fe and Crdoba. The bishop Orellana was not shot, but was compelled to give spiritualassistance to those convicted and to witness the execution. Domingo French was commissioned to execute the

verdict.[35]

After shooting Liniers, Castelli returned briefly to Buenos Aires and met Moreno. The secretary of war congratulated

him for his conduct, andappointed him as a member representing the Junta, with full power to direct the operations

to La Paz. He also left a series of instructions: Castelli was to put the government in the hands of patriots, earn the

native's support, and shoot president Nieto, governor Sanz, and the Bishop of La Paz, in the case of their capture. He

received similar orders to capture and execute Jos Manuel de Goyeneche, who had already defeated the rebels of La

Paz revolution (a rebellion similar to the May Revolution, which took place at La Paz, modern Bolivia). Castelli was

also instructed to rescue and draft to the Auxiliary Army the Arribeos and Patricians soldiers that, under the

command of Vicente Nieto, had left Buenos Aires in 1809 to suppress revolutions in Chuquisaca and La Paz.Suspicious of those soldiers, Nieto had them disarmed and sent as prisoners to the mines of Potosi, under the

supervision of Francisco de Paula Sanz. More than a third of the soldiers died within a month of work in the mines.

Campaign in Upper Peru

The command of the royalist viceroy, calling for a

denial of recognition of the Primera Junta

Castelli was not well received in Crdoba, where Liniers was

popular, but he was in San Miguel de Tucumn. In Salta, despite a

formal good reception, he had difficulty obtaining troops, mules,

food, money, or guns. He took political leadership of the

expedition to Upper Peru, displacing Hiplito Vieytes, and

replaced Ocampo with Colonel Antonio Gonzlez Balcarce. He

was informed that Cochabamba revolted in support of the Junta,

but was threatened by royalist forces from La Paz. Castelli

intercepted a letter from Nieto to Gutirrez de la Concha, governor

of Crdoba, who was already executed for his support of Liniers.

This letter mentioned a royalist army led by Goyeneche marching

to Jujuy. Balcarce, who had advanced to Potosi, was defeated by

Nieto in the Battle of Cotagaita, so Castelli sent two hundred men and two cannon to strengthen his forces. With

these reinforcements, Balcarce achieved victory at the Battle of Suipacha, [36] which allowed patriots to control all of

Upper Peru unopposed. One of the men sent was Martn Miguel de Gemes, who would eventually lead the GuerraGaucha in Salta years later.[37]

At Villa Imperial, one of the richest cities of Upper Peru, an open cabildo called on Goyeneche to withdraw from

their territory. He obeyed, as he did not have the military strength to prevail. The Bishop of La Paz, Remigio La

Santa y Ortega, fled with him. Castelli was received in Potos and requesting that the locals swear allegiance to the

Junta. He also requested that the royalist generals Francisco de Paula Sanz and Jos de Crdoba y Rojas submit to

him. He made arrangements that the operation to capture Vicente Nieto should be carried out exclusively by the

surviving members of the Regiment of Patricians from the mines of Potosi, who had been incorporated with honors

into the Army of the North. Sanz, Nieto, and Crdoba were executed at the Plaza of Potos. Nieto claimed that he

died happy, because it was under the Spanish flag.[38] Goyeneche and Ortega, on the other hand, were safe on

royalist land. Bernardo Monteagudo, inmate at the Jail of the Court of Chuquisaca for his participation in the

revolution of 1809, escaped to join the ranks of the army. Castelli, who already knew Monteagudo's background,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regiment_of_Patricianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_the_Northhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Monteagudohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regiment_of_Patricianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_the_Northhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Monteagudohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Monteagudohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_the_Northhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regiment_of_Patricianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Nietohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_y_Rojashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Paula_Sanzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remigio_La_Santa_y_Ortegahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remigio_La_Santa_y_Ortegahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_cabildohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guerra_Gauchahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guerra_Gauchahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_Miguel_de_G%C3%BCemeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Suipachahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Cotagaitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jujuyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hip%C3%B3lito_Vieyteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saltahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Miguel_de_Tucum%C3%A1nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABando_realista.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primera_Juntahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sucrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Paz_revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Paz_revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_de_Goyeneche%2C_1st_Count_of_Guaquihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Frenchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victorino_Rodriguezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Alejo_de_Allendehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_la_Conchahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_la_Conchahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Paroissienhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Pe%C3%B1a


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Juan Jos Castelli 9

appointed him his secretary.[39]

Castelli set up his government in Chuquisaca, where he presided over the change of regime for the entire region. He

planned the reorganization of the Mines of Potosi, and a reform at the University of Charcas. He proclaimed the end

of native slavery and servitude in Upper Peru, and the natives were granted political rights equal to those of the

criollos. Castelli forbade the establishment of new convents and parishes to avoid the common practice that, under

the guise of spreading Christian doctrine, the natives were forced into servitude by religious orders. He authorizedfree trade and redistributed land expropriated from the former workers of the mills. The decree was published in

Spanish, Guarani, Quechua, and Aymara; he established several bilingual schools as well.[40] Several Indian chiefs

participated in the first anniversary of the May Revolution, celebrated in Tiahuanaco, where Castelli paid tribute to

the ancient Incas and encouraged the people to rise against the Spanish. Despite their welcome, however, Castelli

was aware that most of the aristocracy supported the auxiliary army out of fear instead of genuine support.

In November 1810 he requested authorization from the Junta for a military operation: to cross the Desaguadero river,

the border between the two viceroyalties, and take control of the Peruvian cities of Puno, Cuzco, and Arequipa.

Castelli argued that it was urgent to rise against Lima because its economy depended largely on those districts, and if

they lost power over that area, the main royalist stronghold would be threatened. The plan was rejected as too risky,

and Castelli complied with the original orders.[41]

In December, fifty-three peninsulars were banished to Salta, and the decision was sent to the Junta for approval. The

vocal Domingo Matheu, who had business associations with Tulla and Pedro Salvador Casas, arranged the

annulment of the act, arguing that Castelli had been influenced by slander and unfounded accusations.[42] Support for

Castelli began to decline, mainly due to the favourable treatment of natives and the determined opposition of the

church, which attacked the public atheism of Bernardo Monteagudo, Castelli's secretary. Both royalists in Lima and

Saavedra in Buenos Aires compared them with Maximilien Robespierre, leader of the Reign of Terror of the French

Revolution.

Castelli also abolished the mita in Upper Peru, a mandatory form of public service that bordered on slavery.[43]

Mariano Moreno has also wished to end the mita, but Moreno had resigned from the Junta by this point. Without

Castelli being in Buenos Aires to mediate between them, the disputes between Moreno and Saavedra had worsened.

The Junta requested that Castelli should moderate his actions, but he went ahead with the positions he shared with

Moreno. Several Saavedrist officers, such as Jos Mara Echaurri, Jos Len Domnguez, Matas Balbastro, chaplain

Manuel Antonio Azcurra, and sergeant major Toribio de Luzuriaga, planned to kidnap Castelli, deliver him to

Buenos Aires for trial, and give command of the Army of the North to Juan Jose Viamonte. However, Viamonte did

not accept the plan when he was informed by the conspirators, and did not attempt to carry it out. [44] When Castelli

knew about Moreno's resignation, he wrote a letter to Vieytes, Rodriguez Pea, Larrea, and Azcunaga, asking them

to move to Upper Peru. If they defeated Goyeneche, they planned to march back to Buenos Aires. However, the

letter was sent via the common postal service, and the postmaster of Crdoba, Jose de Paz, decided to send it instead

to Cornelio Saavedra.

[45]

The Morenist members of the Junta had already been ousted and exiled by that point.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jose_Viamontehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mita_%28Inca%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reign_of_Terrorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_Robespierrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atheismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domingo_Matheuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arequipahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuzcohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desaguadero_River_%28Bolivia%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aymara_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quechua_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guarani_language


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Juan Jos Castelli 10

The Battle of Huaqui

Jos Manuel de Goyeneche, victor of the Battleof Huaqui

The order of the Junta not to proceed to the Viceroyalty of Peru was a

de facto truce that would last while Castelli did not attack Goyeneche's

army. Castelli tried to turn the situation into a formal agreement, which

would imply recognition of the Junta as a legitimate interlocutor.

Goyeneche agreed to sign an armistice for 40 days to allow time forLima to ratify the agreement, but he actually used the time to reinforce

his army. On 19 June, with the truce still in effect, an advanced royalist

troop attacked positions at Juraicoragua. Castelli declared the truce

broken and declared war on Peru.[46]

The royalist army crossed the Desaguadero on June 20, 1811, starting

the Battle of Huaqui. The army waited near Huaqui, between the plains

of Azapanal and Lake Titicaca. The patriotic left wing, commanded by

Diaz Velez, faced the bulk of the royalist forces, while the center was

hit by the soldiers of Pio Tristan. Many patriotic soldiers recruited at

Upper Peru surrendered or fled, and many of the recruits from La Paz

switched sides during the battle. The Saavedrist Juan Jos Viamonte

helped ensure Castelli's defeat by refusing to join the conflict.[47]

Although the casualties of the Army of the North were not substantial, it was left demoralized and disbanded.

Goyeneche pursued the fleeing patriots, and captured Huaqui after his victory. The inhabitants of Upper Peru

welcomed the royalists back, so the army had to quickly leave those provinces. However, the resistance of

Cochabamba prevented the royalists from proceeding to Buenos Aires.[48] Castelli moved to the post of Quirbe, and

received orders to return to Buenos Aires for trial. However, by the time he was notified, new orders had been

issued: Castelli should be confined at Catamarca, while Saavedra himself took charge of the Army of the North.

Saavedra was deposed as soon as he left Buenos Aires, and was confined to San Juan. The First Triumvirate, whichhad commenced governing by then, required Castelli to return.

Once in Buenos Aires, Castelli found himself in political isolation. The triumvirate and the newspaper La Gazeta

blamed him for the defeat at Huaqui, and sought punishment as a deterrent. His former supporters were divided

between those who supported the ideas of the Triumvirate and those no longer able to help. Castelli suffered from

tongue cancer during the long trial, which made it progressively more difficult for him to speak. He died on October

12, 1812, while the trial was still underway.[49]

Legacy

Castelli is largely ignored in the historiography of Argentina. Most historians focus instead on the disputes betweenMariano Moreno and Cornelio Saavedra in the Junta, with Castelli described in passing as a supporter of Moreno.[50]

Despite of his role in the May Revolution, he was not the clear leader of it, as Jos Gervasio Artigas was for the Cry

of Asencio or Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla for the Cry of Dolores. The May Revolution was instead the result of the

convergence of diverse factions that shared the desire to remove the viceroy, and different historians highlight

different specific factions.[51] Castelli is largely ignored in Bolivia as well. His support of indigenous rightsstill an

ongoing issue in the countryand his religious ideas strongly affect the way he is perceived there.[52]

The most notable biography of Castelli was Castelli, el adalid de Mayo (Spanish: Castelli, the champion of May),

written by the Paraguayan Julio Csar Chaves. Andrs Rivera increased the public awareness about Castelli with the

historical novel La revolucin es un sueo eterno (Spanish: The revolution is an eternal dream). The famous

divulgator Felipe Pigna wrote a whole chapter about Castelli at the book Los mitos de la historia argentina, which

was then moved to television in the documentary filmAlgo habrn hecho por la historia argentina.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Pignahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_mitos_de_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algo_habr%C3%A1n_hecho_por_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algo_habr%C3%A1n_hecho_por_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_mitos_de_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algo_habr%C3%A1n_hecho_por_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_mitos_de_la_historia_argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felipe_Pignahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_revoluci%C3%B3n_es_un_sue%C3%B1o_eternohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_novelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_Riverahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Chaveshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castelli%2C_el_adalid_de_Mayohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grito_de_Doloreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costillahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cry_of_Asenciohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cry_of_Asenciohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelio_Saavedrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Morenohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Triumvirate_%28Argentina%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_of_the_Northhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Viamontehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Titicacahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huaquihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viceroyalty_of_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ATeniente_General_Jose_Manuel_de_Goyeneche.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huaquihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Huaquihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_de_Goyeneche


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References

[1] Luna (2001), pp. 1113

[2] Luna (2001), pp. 1316

[3][3] Luna (2001), p. 16

[4][4] Luna (2004), p. 21

[5][5] Luna (2001), p. 19

[6] Luna (2001), pp. 2021[7][7] Luna (2001), p. 21

[8] Luna (2001), pp. 2429

[9] Luna (2001), pp. 3133

[10] Luna (2001), pp. 3335

[11][11] Luna (2001), p. 36

[12] Luna (2001), pp. 3543

[13] Luna (2001), pp. 4344

[14] Luna (2001), pp. 4447

[15][15] Luna (2001), p. 47

[16] Luna (2001), pp. 4648

[17] Luna (2001), pp. 4950

[18][18] Luna (2001), p. 51

[19] Luna (2001), pp. 5457

[20] Luna (2001), pp. 5759

[21][21] Luna (2001), p. 70

[22][22] Luna (2001), p. 71

[23] Luna (2001), pp. 7071

[24] Luna (2001), pp. 7374

[25] Luna (2001), pp. 7478

[26] Luna (2001), pp. 7881

[27] Luna (2001), pp. 8182

[28][28] Luna (2001), p. 80

[29][29] Scenna, p. 60

[30][30] Scenna, pp. 80-81

[31][31] Luna (2001), p. 85[32] Luna (2001), pp. 8593

[33][33] Luna (2001), p. 95

[34] Luna (2001), pp.9396

[35][35] Luna (2001), p. 96

[36][36] National..., p. 76

[37] Luna (2001), pp. 98102

[38][38] Galasso, p. 110

[39][39] National..., p. 334

[40] Galasso, p. 7880

[41] Galasso, p. 8687

[42][42] Galasso, p. 118

[43][43] Galasso, p. 80[44] Galasso, p. 110111

[45][45] Galasso, p. 128

[46] National..., p. 209210

[47] Galasso, p. 128129

[48][48] National..., p. 210

[49][49] National... p. 114

[50][50] Scenna, pp. 5-10

[51][51] Gelman, pp. 13-20

[52][52] Lapolla


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Bibliography

Gelman, Jorge; Ral Fradkin (2010).Doscientos aos pensando la Revolucin de Mayo. Buenos Aires:

Sudamericana. ISBN 978-950-07-3179-9.

Luna, Flix (2001). Grandes protagonistas de la Historia Argentina: Juan Jos Castelli (in Spanish). Buenos

Aires: Grupo Editorial Planeta. ISBN 950-49-0656-7.

Luna, Flix (2004). "El contrabando, una singular forma de comercio en las colonias". Grandes protagonistas dela Historia Argentina: Manuel Belgrano (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Grupo Editorial Planeta.

ISBN 950-49-1247-8.

Galasso, Norberto (2004).Mariano Moreno, "El sabiecito del sur" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina:

Colihue. ISBN 950-581-799-1.

Alberto Lapolla (06/05/2008). "El hroe maldito: Juan Jos Castelli" [The cursed hero: Juan Jos Castelli] (http://

www.avizora.com/atajo/colaboradores/textos_alberto_lapolla/0021_heroe_maldito_juan_jose_castelli.htm).

El Sol del 25 viene asomando, apuntes para repensar Mayo (in Spanish). Avizora. Retrieved October 28, 2011.

National Academy of History of Argentina (2010).Revolucin en el Plata (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emece.

ISBN 978-950-04-3258-0.

Scenna, Miguel ngel (2009).Mariano Moreno (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: H. Garetto Editor. ISBN978-987-1494-05-4.

External links

Biography at Argentina.ar (http://www.argentina.ar/_es/pais/personalidades/C2499-juan-jose-castelli.php)

(Spanish)

Biography at El Historiador (http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/c/castelli.php) (Spanish)
http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/biografias/c/castelli.phphttp://www.argentina.ar/_es/pais/personalidades/C2499-juan-jose-castelli.phphttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources/978-987-1494-05-4https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources/978-987-1494-05-4https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-950-04-3258-0https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_History_of_Argentinahttp://www.avizora.com/atajo/colaboradores/textos_alberto_lapolla/0021_heroe_maldito_juan_jose_castelli.htmhttp://www.avizora.com/atajo/colaboradores/textos_alberto_lapolla/0021_heroe_maldito_juan_jose_castelli.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/950-581-799-1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norberto_Galassohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/950-49-1247-8https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/950-49-0656-7https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Lunahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-950-07-3179-9https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Gelman


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Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsJuan Jos Castelli Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=577093889 Contributors: Alexf, Bolivian Unicyclist, BritishWatcher, Cambalachero, Colonies Chris, DagosNavy,Darklilac, Diannaa, Filiep, Furgonero, GoingBatty, Hubschrauber729, IANVS, Isinbill, Jaqen, John of Reading, Joseph Solis in Australia, Khazar, Khazar2, King of the North East, LilHelpa,Maashatra11, Meister, Mtiedemann, Neo139, Nick Number, Pjoef, ProudIrishAspie, Quadell, Rosiestep, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, ShelfSkewed, Sherlock4000, Tassedethe, Waacstats,Wavelength, Woohookitty, Yellowcrocus, 5 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Castelli.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Castelli.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Grabado annimo

File:Firma de Castelli.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Firma_de_Castelli.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Juan Jos Castelli

File:Flag of Argentina (alternative).svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Argentina_(alternative).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Manuel Belgrano(1770-1820)

File:Manuel Belgrano.JPG Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Manuel_Belgrano.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Francois Casimir Carbonnier

File:Carlota Joaquina.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Carlota_Joaquina.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Brian Boru, Cambalachero, Dantadd,Ecummenic, Joseolgon, Merope, NeverDoING, Nuno Tavares, Shakko, Williamsongate

File:Castelli y Cisneros.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Castelli_y_Cisneros.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bajorrelieve creado por Gustavo Eberlein(1847-1926)

File:Cabildoabierto-Subercaseaux-edit.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cabildoabierto-Subercaseaux-edit.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: PedroSubercaseaux. Died in 1954. Uploaded to commons by Belgrano. Cleaned by Julielangford

File:Mariano Moreno en su mesa de trabajo.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mariano_Moreno_en_su_mesa_de_trabajo.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:El pintor chileno Fray Pedro Subercaseaux Errzuriz (1880-1956)

File:Muerte de Liniers.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Muerte_de_Liniers.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Franz Van Riel

File:Bando realista.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bando_realista.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Jos Fernando de Abascal

File:Teniente General Jose Manuel de Goyeneche.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Teniente_General_Jose_Manuel_de_Goyeneche.jpg License: Public DomainContributors: Albertomos, Cambalachero, Ecummenic, Israel soliz, JC, 4 anonymous edits

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juan josé castelli

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