implementaciÓn de sistema cartogrÁfico en lÍnea mediante trabajos geodÉsicos y cartogrÁficos en...

8/8/2019 IMPLEMENTACIN DE SISTEMA CARTOGRFICO EN LNEA MEDIANTE TRABAJOS GEODSICOS Y CARTOGRFICOS EN

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\EKSLT_KMJM ML _JE]KJF@ ML OHKIL

CJO\I]JM ML KEFLEKLTJMLQJT]JBLE]@ ML KEFLEKLTJ FL@FTCKOJ

KBQILBLE]JOKE ML _K_]LBJ OJT]@FTCKO@ LE IELJ

BLMKJE]L ]TJDJN@_ FL@M_KO@_ [ OJT]@FTCKO@_ LE

LI BJTO@ ML IJ LXQLMKOKE QKTBKML 41:1 MLI

KE_]K]\]@ OHKILE@ ML OJBQ@_ ML HKLI@

LTKOG LM\JTM@ _EOHL^ OJ_]KII@

Qr`cls`r Fuj> Tle ^lplmj F`m`y

]rjdjn` ml tktuijoke prlsletjm` le

O`ec`rbkmjm j i`s rlqukskt`s pjrj

`dtlelr li ]tui` ml kefleklr` ml

lnlouoke le fl`blesurj.

_jetkjf` - Ohkil

41:1


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LTKOG LM\JTM@ _EOHL^ OJ_]KII@_l jut`rkzj ij rlpr`muooke pjrokji ` t tji ml lstj `drj, oè ckels jojmbko`s, p`r oujiquklr c`rbj, blmk` `

pròlmkbklet`, sklbprl y oujem` sl keoiuyj ij oktj dkdik`frckoj mli mòublet`.


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JFTJMLOKBKLE]@_

Lstj ltjpj ml bk vkmj hj skm` ue pjs` buy jolilrjm` y iile` ml eulv`s

mlsjc`s, i`frjr i` qul bk cjbkikj sklbprl s` y oubpikr ijs bltjs qul y`

bksb` bl hl pr`pulst` hj skm` kbpjfjdil, oè ue pò` ml lsculrz` y tleklem`

li jp`y` ml t`mj ij fletl qul bl r`mlj t`m` sl hkz` bs coki, ls frjtkckojetl

sjdlr qul tlrbkejr uej ojrrlrj le uej uekvlrskmjm qul sl vlj tje ilnjej hjol

jifue`s j`s ls p`skdil, e` kbp`rtjem` i`s pr`dilbjs qul surnje le li ojbke`.

Lstl pjs` tje kbp`rtjetl e` i` mk sì`, frjokjs j bks pjmrls, j bk

hlrbjej, j bk cjbkikj y j bk e`vkj puml o`bpiltjr ij ojrrlrj, pjsjem` p`r

b`blet`s buy mur`s y `tr`s buy clikols, y ils jfrjmlzo` ml t`m` o`rjze ojmj

pjijdrj ml jiklet` ` skbpilbletl ij prlsleokj nuet` j b.

]jbdke j bks jbkf`s, j i`s qul oèò le ij uekvlrskmjm y j i`s ml

sklbprl, sl jfrjmlol t`m` li jp`y`. J i`s pr`cls`rls ml ij ojrrlrj, frjokjs p`r

li tklbp` y ij mlmkojoke. Le lsplokji ji pr`cls`r N`s Njrj, qul flstkè ijrljikzjoke ml lstl trjdjn` ml ttui`, y ji pr`cls`r Tle ^lplmj, qul oìjd`r le

lstj tjrlj.

[ ji Kestktut` Ohkile` ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli`, buohjs frjokjs p`r ij

kevktjoke y p`r ij ijd`r rljikzjmj, qul su prlsleokj le ij Qjtjfèkj skfj

jubletjem` y surfklem` o`b` uej frje kestktuoke. [ Q@T _\Q\L_]@ J IJ

LXQLMKOKE QKTBKML 41:1!

Frjokjs j t`m`s!


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TL_\BLE

Li skfukletl trjdjn` ml ttui` ls pjrtl ml ij ijd`r mli Kestktut` Ohkile` mlOjbp`s ml Hkli`, li ouji tklel o`b` `dnltkv` ue lstumk` ml ue pr`ylot` turstko`ml ketlrlsls lsplokjils ml KEE@SJ-O@TC@, lstjdiloklem` rutjs y slemlr`sml trlggkef y ojbkejtj le hkli`, lsplockojbletl le li slot`r ml ij pleesuijmli Qkrbkml, udkojm` le li jools` slptletrkèji ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli` _ur.Nuet` oè i` jetlrk`r, sl mlsjrrìij uej rlm Fl`mskoj ml prlokske blmkjetltloeì`fjs FE__, ij ouji tklel o`b` `dnltkv` bjtlrkjikzjr puet`s ml rlclrleokjpjrj cuturjs jpikojokèls ml kevlstkfjoke y mlsjrrìi` turstko`, o`b` pjrj lilstjdilokbklet` ml djsls ml `plrjokèls le ij zèj ml lstumk`.

Le lstl trjdjn` sl prlsletje i`s pròlmkbklet`s utkikzjm`s pjrj ijoèstruooke ml ij rlm fl`mskoj y bs lsplockojbletl li `dnltkv` prkeokpji lsij uekckojoke y mlsjrrìi` o`bpilt` ml ue skstlbj _KF y ue skstlbj ojrt`frcko`VLD, li ouji plrbktl ij ketlrjooke ml ijs mkstketjs mksokpikejs qul hje trjdjnjm`le ij zèj, o`b` li rlj c`rlstji, fl`b`rcì`fj, jbdkletji y turstko`, nuet` oèli `dnltkv` bjy`r ml kbpilbletjr uej rutj ml jools` j trjvs mli hkli` hjokj ijdjsl kestjijmj p`r li KOOH le ijs olrojejs mli pjs` Bjroèk le pile` Ojbp`ml Hkli` _ur, iijbjmj Lmujrm` Fjroj _`t`. Lstj rutj ls ml frje kbp`rtjeokj,yj qul skfekckoj ij prkblrj jpr`xkbjoke p`r tklrrj j trjvs ml slemlr`s

turstko`s hjokj uej djsl Ohkilej le uej zèj fijokjr, pumklem` oè lii`mlsjrrìijr uej eulvj rlj loèbkoj, mlp`rtkvj y jvjezjem` hjokj ijscrètlrjs ketlrk`rls mli pjs.

Li p`mlr ketlfrjr ij ojrt`frjcj y i`s lstumk`s rljikzjm`s le ij zèj flelrjue eulv` bt`m` ml jolrojbklet` y lstjemjrkzjoke ml ij kec`rbjoke `dtlekmjj pr`muot`s ckejils rlqulrkm`s, ` tjbdke j eulv`s usujrk`s ml ij kec`rbjokefl`frckoj, qul pulmle letjdijr le su cuemjblet` ml t`bj ml mlokskèls ji_KF y su lxpi`rjm`r wld, mlckeklem` oè lii` uej cueokèjikmjm p`tleokjibletl

ekoj, sklem` ue bt`m` jpikojm` ji tjbj` y rlqulrkbklet`s mli usujrk`.

QJIJDTJ_ OIJSL_>

FQ_, T]G, JTOFK_, JTOFK_ _LTSLT.


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4.:.3 O@@TMLEJMJ_ FL@M_KOJ_ [ OJT]L_KJEJ_FL@OE]TKOJ_ .................................................................. :?

4.:.6 MJ]\B_ LE OHKIL .............................................................. :


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=.4.4 QIJEKCKOJOKE ]TJDJN@_ FL@M_KO@_ ...................... 3;=.? ML_JTT@II@ FI@DJI ML IJ LXQLMKOKE ........................... 81=.= TL_\BLE ML ]TJDJN@_ FL@M_KO@_ ................................ 8=

OJQK]\I@ S - QT@OL_JBKLE]@ [ JN\_]L - SLO]@TL_ FQ_ ............. 86 ........................................................................ 86


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8.:.4 TLQIJE]L@ MLI QTLMK@ KE_]K]\OK@EJI .................... ::68.:.? ML_JTT@II@ _KF ............................................................. ::88.:.= ML_JTT@II@ _K_]LBJ VLD .......................................... ::8

8.4 TLO@BLEMJOK@EL_ .............................................................. :41OJQK]\I@ KX - O@EOI\_K@EL_ .............................................................. :4?DKDIK@FTJCJ ........................................................................................... :4


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O\JMT@ ML CKF\TJ_

Ckfurj E 4-:> Likps`kml. .................................................................................... ;Ckfurj E 4-4> Je`bjij fl`kmji. ..................................................................... ::Ckfurj E 4-?> ]kp`s ml Mjtub ........................................................................ :4Ckfurj E 4-=> O``rmlejmjs Fl`mskojs ........................................................ :?Ckfurj E 4- O``rmlejmjs Ojrtlskjejs ........................................................ :=Ckfurj E 4-3> Lstjokèls _KTFJ_-O@E ......................................................... :6Ckfurj E 4-6> LFB4118 oujmr` ml sìuokèls fl`p`tleokjils fi`djils ....... :;Ckfurj E 4-8> Qrkeokpk` fl`btrko` mli skstlbj FQ_ ...................................... 4:Ckfurj E 4-;> Oèstlijoke FQ_ .................................................................... 44Ckfurj E 4-:1> _lfblet` ml oètrì FQ_ ...................................................... 4?Ckfurj E 4-::> _ljils FQ_ .......................................................................... 4=Ckfurj E 4-:4> O`rrlijoke omkf` O/J ........................................................... 4 Loujokèls ml b`mli` p`r omkf` FQ_. ................................ 46Ckfurj E 4-:=> FQ_ Mkclrleokji. ..................................................................... 46Ckfurj E 4-: Cjsl p`rtjm`rj. ...................................................................... 48Ckfurj E 4-:3> Loujoke ml cjsl p`rtjm`rj. ................................................... 4;Ckfurj E 4-:6> Loujokèls ml m`dils mkclrleokjs pjrj ue sjtiktl. ................ 4;Ckfurj E 4-:8> Mkjfrjbj fl`btrko` ml p`skoke M@Q. ................................. ?:Ckfurj E 4-:;> Lrr`rls jtb`scrko`s. .............................................................. ?4Ckfurj E 4-41> Buitktrjylot`rkj ml slji. ........................................................ ?4Ckfurj E 4-4:> _louleokj ml trjdjn` le pr`ylookèls ojrt`frckojs. ............. ?8Ckfurj E 4-44> Qr`ylooke ml Blrojt`r. ......................................................... ?;Ckfurj E 4-4?> Qr`ylooke trjesvlrsj ml Blrojt`r. ....................................... =1Ckfurj E 4-4=> Lsqulbj Hus` \]B............................................................... =4Ckfurj E 4-4 Mlckekoke pr`ylooke \]B. .................................................... =?Ckfurj E 4-43> lmkoke wld ml JTOFK_ slrvlr. ............................................. jrquktloturj ml JTOFK_ slrvlr. .............................................


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Ckfurj E 4-48> JTOFK_ slrvlr JQK. ............................................................... B`mli` ?M ml bèìkt` tkp` pjrj ij zèj mli pkrbkml. ............ 64Ckfurj E =-=> Tlm prlikbkejr ml trjdjn` le zèj ml ketlrs. .......................... 6=Ckfurj E =- pije` prlmk` mli Kestktut`. .......................................................... 63Ckfurj E =-3> mkbleskèls tlrrle` mli Kestktut`. ............................................. 63Ckfurj E =-6> Bt`m` T]G. ............................................................................. 66Ckfurj E =-8> Quet`s Vjyp`kets le s`ctwjrl Bjpsùrol. .............................. 68Ckfurj E =-;> Tutj le ]jogi`f le s`ctwjrl Bjpsùrol.................................. 6;Ckfurj E =-:1> _lot`rls Bjeokiij Ilvkoje. .................................................. 8:Ckfurj E =-::> Tlpijetl` mli prlmk` KOOH blmkjetl T]G. ............................ 84Ckfurj E =-:4> \dkojoke ojbpjblet` Djsl. ................................................ 8?Ckfurj E =-:?> Sjiil mli Qkrbkml. .................................................................. 8=Ckfurj E =-:=> Blmkokèls FQ_ Qkrbkml 41:1. ............................................ 83Ckfurj E Slot`rls FQ_ iòjils ske pròlsjr. ......................................... ;1Ckfurj E Slot`rls ijrf`s j lstjoke jotkvj ............................................. ;4Ckfurj E Kec`rbl ml Bmui`s ml oklrrl. .................................................. ;=Ckfurj E Bt`m`s ml ketlrpìjoke fl`kmji. ............................................ ;3Ckfurj E Ojrt`frjcj slot`r Qkrbkml le J\]@OJM OKSKI ?M. ............ :1 Oijskckojoke c`rlstji zèj ml ketlrs. .................................... :1 Tutjs y puet`s ml ketlrs le JTOFK_. .................................. :13Ckfurj E 3-=> puet`s fl`msko`s pkrbkml 41:1 le JTOFK_. ...................... :16


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Ckfurj E 3- _kstlbj ml kec`rbjoke fl`frckoj KOOH. .............................. :18Ckfurj E 6-:> pijtc`rb JTOFK_ slrvlr. ........................................................ :1;Ckfurj E 6-4> lstruoturj JTOFK_ slrvlr. ..................................................... ::1Ckfurj E 6-?> lstruoturj ml `el-bjohkel slrvlr. ......................................... :::Ckfurj E 6-=> _lrvkok` ml bjpjs le JTOFK_ slrvlr bjejflr. .................... ::4Ckfurj E 6- Qudikojoke mli bjpj le ojohl. ............................................. ::?Ckfurj E 6-3> Jpikojoke wld le JTOFK_ slrvlr bjejflr. ......................... ::=Ckfurj E 6-6> _kstlbj wld ojrt`frcko` le slrvkm`r i`oji IJE. .................... ::=


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O\JMT@ ML ]JDIJ_

]jdij E 4-:> Likps`kmls le Ohkil ..................................................................... :3]jdij E 4-4> Mkclrleokjs VF_ 8= _KTFJ_ ................................................. :;]jdij E 4-?> _kstlbjs FE__ ......................................................................... 41]jdij E 4-=> us`s ml lqukp`s FQ_. ................................................................ ? Ikstj ml pjrtkokpjetls lxplmkoke Qkrbkml 41:1. ...................... 33]jdij E =-4> Mkstjeokjs fl`frckojs ml ij lxplmkoke..................................... 38]jdij E =-?> Kestrubletji Fl`msko` y ojrt`frcko` utkikzjm`. ........................ 64]jdij E =-=> Ieljs FQ_ le ij z`ej ml lstumk`. ............................................ 8


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O\JMT@ ML MKJFTJBJ_

Mkjfrjbj E 4-:> Mkjfrjbj ml ue _KF. ........................................................... = _kstlbj ml kec`rbjoke. ...................................................... =3Mkjfrjbj E 4-?> _lrvkok`s ojrt`frcko`s VLD. .............................................. Lstruoturj ml trjdjn`s fl`msko`s. ..................................... 3;


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OJQK]\I@ K - KE]T@M\OOKE

:.: JE]LOLMLE]L_ FLELTJIL_

Li mlsjrrìi` ml lstl trjdjn` ml ttui`, surfl ml i`s ketlrlsls mli

KE_]K]\]@ OHKILE@ ML OJBQ@_ ML HKLI@, o`rp`rjoke prkvjmj ske ckels

ml iuor` qul rljikzj sus cueokèls le ij zèj Ohkilej ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli`,

o`bprlemkmjs p`r ijs XK rlfke ml Jyse y ij XKK rlfke ml Bjfjiijels,

ketlfrjem` kevlstkfjokèls okletckojs, lxplmkokèls y mlsjrrìi` tlrrkt`rkji,

pìtko` y turstko`, le cueoke ml ue bjy`r oèòkbklet` ml ij zèj y ml uej

s`dlrjej plrbjeletl le lstl tlrrkt`rk` mli sur ml Ohkil.

Le lstl oètlxt`, li KOOH p`sll vjrkjm`s pr`frjbjs ml ketlfrjoke y

mlsjrrìi`, letrl i`s oujils sl leouletrj li pr`frjbj OKLEOKJ N@SLE, li qul

tklel o`b` `dnltkv` plrbktkr j lstumkjetls ml prlfrjm` y p`stfrjm`, rljikzjr

protkojs pr`clskèjils ` tlsks ml frjm` oè tlbjs kbp`rtjetls pjrj ij zèj mllstumk`.

Li prlsletl trjdjn` sl flelrj mletr` ml ue pr`frjbj oèoursjdil

jskfejm` ji Kestktut` p`r KEE@SJ O@TC@ iijbjm` mlsjrrìi` ml slemlr`s

ketlrprltjtkv`s pjrj turksb` ml ketlrlsls lsplokjils le li tlrok` e`rtl ml

Ojbp`s ml Hkli` _ur li ouji blmkjetl uej lxplmkoke ml ue lqukp`

ketlrmksokpikejrk` ml pr`clskèjils y ml jiube`s mli pr`frjbj OKLEOKJ N@SLE,

plrbktkr mlsjrrìijr loèbkoj y turstkojbletl ijs rljs ml ketlrs mli

Kestktut` y ml ij o`buekmjm rlskmletl.

O`b` li Kestktut` Ohkile` ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli` p`sll ij ojpjokmjm ml

letrlfjr pudikojokèls okletckojs ml mkstketj emìl s`drl ij zèj ml lstumk`,


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4

surfl ij elolskmjm ml jfrupjr lstj kec`rbjoke y mjrij j oèòlr ml uej c`rbj

bjskvj y mkebkoj, qul plrbktj uej eulvj c`rbj ml lxpjeske ml ijs

kevlstkfjokèls j ij o`buekmjm o`b` j letkmjmls ketlrlsjmjs.

Oè lstl `dnltkv`, li Kestktut` mldl oètjr oè ue skstlbj ml flstke ml

kec`rbjoke, prkeokpjibletl ojrt`frckoj, pjrj p`mlr `rmlejr ml bjelrj rpkmj

i`s mkstket`s mjt`s letrlfjm`s p`r i`s pr`clskèjils qul sl mlslbplje le

lstl, o`b` kefleklr`s C`rlstjils, Kefleklr`s le jbdkletl, flfrjc`s,

Lo`turkstjs, bètjkstjs, dki`f`s, letrl `tr`s.

Ls le lstl sletkm` qul ij utkikzjoke ml ue skstlbj ml kec`rbjoke

fl`frcko` t`bj c`rbj o`b` ij hlrrjbkletj ml trjdjn` kmelj pjrj li bjeln`

ml ojrt`frjcj, y ue skstlbj ojrt`frcko` le ielj o`b` li bt`m` ml letrlfjr

pr`muot`s jsòkjm`s j i`s trjdjn`s pr`pk`s mli Kestktut` ml c`rbj mkfktji le ij

wld, prkblrjbletl ml c`rbj iòji, y iulf` le uej jpikojoke wld fi`dji.

I`s trjdjn`s fl`msko`s qul sl rlijokèje oè li Kestktut` c`rbje pjrtl mli

pr`ylot` Oè` _ur li ouji sl pr`pèl sleskdkikzjr li rlj ml keciuleokj ml

mkoh` pr`ylot` ml ?1.111 gb4 ml suplrckokl, blmkjetl ij oèstruooke ml eulvl

kestjijokèls le li tlrok` E`rtl ml Ojbp` ml Hkli` _ur y su plrkclrkj, `rkletjmjs

j slrvkr j su @dnltkv` Qlrbjeletl j trjvs mli jp`y` j ij kevlstkfjoke

okletckoj, turksb` ml ketlrlsls lsplokjils, lmuojoke jbdkletji y mlp`rtls ml

bètjj. Lst`s trjdjn`s mldle oètjr oè ue jp`y` fl`msko` oè li cke ml

jslfurjr li cueokèjbklet` j ijs cuturjs kevlstkfjokèls, ijs oujils

flelrjibletl òupje tloeì`fjs ml p`skokèjbklet` FE__. Q`r lstj

elolskmjm, surfl li trjdjn` le tlrrle` ml blmkoke ml vlot`rls FQ_, li ouji sl

rljikzj mletr` ml ij bksbj lxplmkoke QKTBKML 41:1.


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?

:.4 HKQ]L_K_

Ls p`skdil mlsjrrìijr ue skstlbj ml ojrt`frjcj wld (OV) y uej rlm ml

puet`s fl`msko`s le li slot`r ml ij Qleesuij mli Qkrbkml le Ojbp`s ml

Hkli` _ur, qul i`frl ketlfrjr ijs eulvjs rutjs turstkojs, mjt`s c`rlstjils,

jbdkletjils y fl`frcko`s, flelrjm`s le ij lxplmkoke 41:1 mli Kestktut`

Ohkile` ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli`, le djsl j uej rlm blmkmj oè tloeì`fj FE__

y mjt`s ml ejvlfjoke FQ_.

:.? @DNL]KS@_

:.?.: @DNL]KS@_ FLELTJIL_

Mlsjrrìijr uej rlm iòji ml prlokske le li slot`r mli vjiil mli Qkrbkml

bjtlrkjikzjem` puet`s fl`msko`s pjrj jpikojokèls cuturjs le ij zèj, y

oèclookèjr ue skstlbj qul plrbktj pudikojr ojrt`frjcj le ielj, letrlfjem`

ij ojpjokmjm ml jut`flstke y mlsjrrìi` pr`pk` ji Kestktut` Ohkile` ml Ojbp`s

ml Hkli` le li rlj ml ij Fl`blesurj, oè li cke ml letrlfjr vj wld y p`r

pr`muot`s mkfktjils, kec`rbjoke rlilvjetl j ij zèj ml lstumk`, tjils o`b`

rutjs turstkojs, puet`s ml ketlrs, zèkckojoke c`rlstji, lvjiujokèls

fl`frckojs, fl`b`rcìfkojs y puet`s fl`msko`s ml rlclrleokj, jmlbs ml

mkcuemkr i`s trjdjn`s pr`pk`s mli KOOH.

:.?.4 @DNL]KS@_ L_QLOCKO@_

Flelrjr kec`rbjoke ojrt`frckoj rpkmj, lckokletl y slfurj ml ijs rutjs, le

jp`y` ml i`s `dnltkv`s pr`pk`s mli pr`ylot` KEE@SJ - O@TC@, prkeokpjibletl

le li bdkt` turstko`, c`rlstji y fl`b`rcìfko`, t`m` lst` mletr` ml ij


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=

lxplmkoke QKTBKML 41:1, jmlbs ml letrlfjr jp`y` i`fstko` y tloeìfko`

o`b` Fl`bles`r le li mlsjrrìi` bksb` ml ij lxplmkoke.

Q`skokèjr y bjtlrkjikzjr puet`s ml `rmle fl`msko` le ijs zèjs ml

lstumk`, oè li cke ml lstjdilolr ue puet` ml oètrì j cuturjs `drjs ml

oèstruooke ml ue rlcufk` (pjrtl mli pr`ylot` Oè` _ur, jotujibletl le

mlsjrrìi` j ijrf` pijz` p`r pjrtl mli KOOH).

Tlpijetljr p`r blmkokèls FQ_ le bt`m` T]G li prlmk` udkojm` le ij

zèj mli drjz` mli ijf` Ohko`, lstjojem` ijs o``rmlejmjs ml i`s vrtkols mlitlrrle`, i` ouji pr`vllr j cutur` ml uej kemlplemleokj i`fstkoj skfekckojtkvj

pjrj lxplmkokèls cuturjs mli Kestktut`. Le lstl puet` sl letrlfjrje ijs

o``rmlejmjs rlpijetljmjs y ij udkojoke rlji ml i`s puet`s qul sl mlikbktjrè

le li slot`r.

:.= BL]@M@I@FJ MLI ]TJDJN@

Lstl trjdjn` ml ttui` sl oèoletrj le m`s ltjpjs, lxplmkoke y mlsjrrìi`,

kemkojem` le liijs li trjdjn` le tlrrle` y su p`stlrk`r jeiksks, mlspilfjem` i`s

`dnltkv`s pr`pulst`s.

:.=.: L]JQJ LXQLMKOKE>

Le lstl puet` sl lsplokckoje i`s mltjiils ml ij lxplmkoke QKTBKML

41:1, rljikzjmj le Lelr`-Cldrlr` mli bksb` j`, mletr` ml ij ouji li jut`r

c`rbj pjrtl ml i`s ketlfrjetls slilookèjm`s p`r li pr`ylot` OKLEOKJ N@SLE,

plrbktklem` ijs ijd`rls ml ojbp` mli prlsletl trjdjn` ml ttui`.


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TLO@QKIJOKE ML MJ]@_> li mlsjrrìi` mli pr`ylot` o`bklezj oè ij

`dtleoke y oijskckojoke ml i`s mkstket`s mjt`s qul plrbktkre oèclookèjr ij

ojrt`frjcj djsl pjrj ij kbpilbletjoke mli skstlbj, lst` ls>

` @dtlelr ojrtjs mltjiijmjs ml ij zèj le lsojij :>


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3

O@E_]T\OOKE ML _KF> Iulf` ml ij `dtleoke y oijskckojoke ml i`s

mjt`s, o`bklezj li pròls` ml oèstrukr ue skstlbj ml kec`rbjoke

fl`frcko` (_KF), qul keoiuyj ij t`tjikmjm ml i`s mjt`s `dtlekm`s, plrbktklem`

ue bjelnjr t`m` mletr` mli bksb` s`ctwjrl y `dtlelr rpkmjbletl

pr`muot`s ojrt`frcko`s y mkfktjils ml ij lxplmkoke y ml mjt`s lxtlre`s

jetlrk`rbletl rlo`pkijm`s p`r li KOOH.

OJT]@FTJCJ MKFK]JI LE IELJ> uej vlz oèstrukm` li skstlbj ml

kec`rbjoke fl`frckoj, sl oètkeuj oè ij bjtlrkjikzjoke ml ue bt`m`

mkfktji qul plrbktj ij pudikojoke ml ij ojrt`frjcj `dtlekmj, ij ouji letrl sus

oujikmjmls oètlemr ij kec`rbjoke mkclrleokjmj p`r ojpjs, bltjmjt`s y

jools` j ijs rutjs ml ij lxplmkoke ml bjelrj coki y rpkmj. _krvklem` ml

pijtjc`rbj pjrj cutur`s mjt`s ojrt`frcko`s.

L]JQJ JEIK_K_ [ LSJI\JOKE MLI QT@[LO]@> Le lstj ltjpj sl

oèclookèj ue jeiksks ml i`s mjt`s `dtlekm`s, li pròls` ml trjdjn` le ij

ltjpj ml lxplmkoke y le ij ltjpj ml pr`ylot`, y ijs oujikmjmls yojpjokmjmls o`bpjrjtkvjs mli trjdjn` mlsjrrìijm` le ijs jpikojokèls

orljmjs.


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6

OJQK]\I@ KK - JE]LOLMLE]L_ ]LTKO@_

Lstl ojptui` tklel p`r ckejikmjm mjr j oèòlr ijs tloeì`fjs y

blt`mì`fjs utkikzjmjs pjrj ij rljikzjoke ml lstl trjdjn` ml ttui`. Li

mlsjrrìi` ml lstl trjdjn` lst djsjm` le ijs okleokjs fl`mskojs y i`s

skstlbjs _KF o`b` djsl ml i`s `dnltkv`s pr`pulst`s. Ls p`r lst` qul sl

mltjiije j oètkeujoke i`s oèolpt`s bs kbp`rtjetls le rlijoke j i`s

skstlbjs FE__ y j ijs jpikojokèls _KF y j ijs pijtjc`rbjs VLD utkikzjmjs le

ijs ojrt`frjcjs mkfktjils le ielj.

4.: C\EMJBLE]@_ FL@M_KO@_

4.:.: FL@ML_KJ

_l mlckel fl`mlskj o`b` ij okleokj leojrfjmj ml ij mltlrbkejoke ml ij

c`rbj y mkbleskèls ml ij ]klrrj, utkikzjem` pjrj lii` bt`m`s bjtlbtko`s yblmkokèls cskojs, rlijokèjem` j lii` uej pòj mltlrbkejmj.

Ijs vjrkjdils qul kevìuorj ij fl`mlskj le su mlsjrrìi` sè ijs

blmkokèls mli ojbp` frjvktjokèji ml ij ]klrrj, ij mltlrbkejoke ml ijs

p`skokèls lxjotjs ml puet`s le ij suplrckokl tlrrlstrl, y ijs vjrkjokèls mli

òje` y ml i`s oètkeletls le rlijoke ji tklbp` y j i`s b`vkbklet`s ml lst`s.

]`m`s lst`s lilblet`s sl rlijokèje oè mkstketjs okleokjs ` mksokpikejs,

ijs qul plrbktle le mlckektkvj qul ij fl`mlskj surnj o`b` uej okleokj

buitkmksokpikejrkj y jpikojdil j ijs mkstketjs jrljs mli mlsjrrìi` hubje`.


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Ij Fl`mlskj Bjtlbtkoj, Fl`btrkoj, Cskoj, _jtliktji, Qijeltjrkj, Bjrkej,

Bkor` fl`mlskj, ojrt`frjcj, ojtjstr`, t`p`frjcj, kefleklrj, lto. lste ikfjmjs j

ij rlclrleokj ml ue skstlbj bjy`r, li ouji ls mlckekm` p`r ij fl`mlskj

fl`btrkoj, mltlrbkejem` ue kekok` le li mlsjrrìi` ml oujiquklr ketlrvleoke

`rmlejmj y skstlbtkoj le li mlsjrrìi` okletcko` y tloeìfko` mli pijeltj,

ketlfrjem` le su oènuet` ijs djsls pjrj kbpilbletjr i`s jvjeols

oètlbp`rel`s y fi`djikzjm`s qul sl hje mlsjrrìijm` hjstj jh`rj, y qul ske

mumj slfukre lsplokjikzem`sl le ue cutur` olroje`, iilfjem` j trjesc`rbjr j

ij fl`mlskj o`b` uej okleokj ml kec`rbjoke. Culetl> JIILEML, 4118.

4.:.4 FL@KML

Ls uej suplrckokl ml ekvli ` lqukp`tleokji frjvktjokèji ji ekvli blmk` mli

bjr. Ij c`rbjrje i`s òje`s kmljibletl lxtlemkm`s hjokj li oètkeletl, ls

mlokr, ls ij pr`ylooke mli ekvli blmk` mli bjr kfe`rjem` ijs jiturjs fl`frckojs

mli tlrrle` oètkeletji. Ls uej suplrckokl krrlfuijr mldkm` j ij mlskfujimjm le ij

mkstrkduoke ml ijs bjsjs le ij ]klrrj. Le ojmj puet` mli fl`kml ij pi`bjmj `

ielj ml frjvlmjm ls plrplemkouijr j liij. Li fl`kml ls uej suplrckokl ml

bjfektum cskoj fl`btrkojbletl buy o`bpilnj, rjze p`r ij qul sl usj li

likps`kml pjrj i`s oioui`s pijekbtrko`s, rlslrvjem` li fl`kml o`b` suplrckokl

mjtub pjrj ijs jiturjs.

4.:.? LIKQ_@KML

Li likps`kml ls uej suplrckokl bjtlbtkoj oèstrukmj le djsl j ij r`tjoke

ml uej likpsl ml rlclrleokj s`drl su lnl ble`r, jslblnjem` oè lst` ij c`rbj

ml ij ]klrrj.


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I`s oioui`s fl`msko`s e` sè mlsjrrìijm`s le ij suplrckokl tlrrlstrl, yj

qul e` sl plrbktl su b`mlijbklet` jejitko`. Ls p`r lst` qul li likps`kml ls

utkikzjm` o`b` mjtub pijekbtrko` pjrj ij `dtleoke ml o``rmlejmjs

fl`mskojs, (ijtktum y ièfktum). Jetkfujbletl ij tklrrj l rlprlsletjdj o`b`

lsclrj, plr` oè li jvjeol ml ij fl`mlskj, sl mltlrbkej ue johjtjbklet` le i`s

pì`s tlrrlstrls, y ls js o`b` sl lstjdilol qul ij ckfurj bs prxkbj ji fl`kml

ls li likps`kml.

Li likps`kml sl oèstruyl p`r uej likpsl le rlvìuoke, mlckeklem` m`s

pjrbltr`s fl`btrko`s, johjtjbklet` (c) y slbklnl bjy`r (j)>

_lbklnl bjy`r>

:

Qrkblrj Lxoletrkokmjm>

:

_lfuemj lxoletrkokmjm>

:

Ckfurj E 4-:> Likps`kml.Culetl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.

Ij utkikzjoke ml ue` u `tr` likps`kml pjrj mlckekr uej rlclrleokj le

oioui`s fl`msko`s, mlpleml mli bjro` ml rlclrleokj lstjdilokm` le li mjtub>


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Likps`kmls iòjils

Likps`kmls flòetrko`s

I`s likps`kmls iòjils sè mlckekm`s blmkjetl blmkokèls frjvkbtrkojs le

uej zèj pijej y jbpikj, oè li cke ml mltlrbkejr ue puet` ml o`keokmleokj

letrl li fl`kml y li likps`kml, mltlrbkejem` tjefleokj, jpr`xkbjem` i` bs

p`skdil li likps`kml ji fl`kml. Lst`s skstlbjs sì` tklele ue jiojeol mletr` ml

ue lspjok` fl`frcko` ` rlfke. _è buy h`b`fel`s le ijs pr`xkbkmjmls mli

puet` cuemjbletji, mèml Fl`kml y Likps`kml sè tjefletls, plr` j vjrj qul

sl jilnj ml mkoh` puet`, jubletj oèskmlrjdilbletl ij slpjrjoke letrl fl`kml

y likps`kml, ji bksb` tklbp` qul i` hjole ijs plrturdjokèls pr`muokmjs p`r ijs

je`bjijs ml ij frjvlmjm.

I`s likps`kmls flòetrko`s ` fi`djils, lste oletrjm`s le o`keokmleokj

oè li Oletr` ml Bjsj ml ij ]klrrj, p`r lst` li jnustl letrl likps`kml y fl`kml

sl pijetlj j ekvli fi`dji. _l ketletj qul li likps`kml ml rlvìuoke o`bplesl le

vìblels ijs èmuijokèls mli fl`kml.

4.:.= @EM\IJOKE FL@KMJI

Ij èmuijoke fl`kmji sl mlckel o`b` ij mkstjeokj letrl li likps`kml y li

fl`kml le ue mltlrbkejm` puet`. Lstj slpjrjoke sl pr`muol p`r ijs mkclrletls

je`bjijs frjvkbtrkojs qul oèc`rbje li fl`kml. Le ijs blmkokèls rljikzjmjs

le ij suplrckokl tlrrlstrl, sl mltlrbkej uej jiturj likps`kmji, mkstjeokj letrllikps`kml ml rlclrleokj y ij t`p`frjcj, plr` jmlbs ml lst` sl mldl rlijokèjr

ij jiturj likps`kmji oè ij o`tj `rt`btrkoj, mltlrbkejmj le li ekvli blmk` mli

bjr, pumklem` js rlijokèjr ijs blmkokèls j uej jiturj ml ekvli, y e` sì` j

uej suplrckokl bjtlbtkoj o`b` li likps`kml.


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Ij crbuij qul rlijokèj lst`s vji`rls ls>

_klem`>

h2 jiturj likps`kmji

H2 o`tj `rt`btrkoj

E2 èmuijoke fl`kmji

Ij èmuijoke fl`kmji ls mltlrbkejmj p`r blmkokèls frjvkbtrkojs, i`s

oujils b`mlije li fl`kml le ue rlj mltlrbkejmj, ` p`r blmkokèls sjtliktjils

ml je`bjijs frjvkbtrkojs, flelrjem` ue b`mli` fi`dji o`b` li LFB;3 `

LFB4118:. ]jbdke ls p`skdil rlpr`muokr ue b`mli` fl`kmji iòji oèòklem`

ij o`tj `rt`btrkoj ml i`s puet`s blmkm`s, jrrjstrjem` ue puet` ml ekvlijoke

ml rlclrleokj, pumklem` oè lst` ekvlijr ij blmkoke mli likps`kml hjstj li ekvli

blmk` mli bjr flelrjem` uej ketlrpìjoke ml i`s mjt`s ml èmuijoke fl`kmji.

Culetl> HLK_GJELE V. J, :;8 Je`bjij fl`kmji.Culetl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.

: LFB> Ljrth Frjvktjtkèji B`mli (b`mli` frjvktjokèji ml ij tklrrj) pudikojm` p`r ij jfleokj ejokèjifl`lspjokji l ketlikfleokj ml i`s Lstjm`s \ekm`s ml Jbrkoj. Culetl> EJ]K@EJI Fl`spjtkji-Ketliikfleol Jfleoy, 41:1.


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4.:.< MJ]\B FL@M_KO@_

I`s mjtub fl`msko`s sl mlckele o`b` li lstjdilokbklet` ml ue likps`kml

ml trjdjn`, su p`skoke le ue mltlrbkejm` puet` y ij mltlrbkejoke ml i`s

pjrbltr`s ml lstl, ml b`m` ml p`mlr trjdjnjr lilblet`s fl`msko`s

h`rkzètjils le djsl ji bksb`, ` ue mjtub vlrtkoji blmkjetl ij mltlrbkejoke

mli ekvli blmk` mli bjr, oè blmkokèls bjrl`frckojs.

Lxkstle mjtubs iòjils mlckekm`s jetkfujbletl blmkjetl p`skokèls

jstrèbkojs y mjtubs flòetrko`s fi`djils, i`s oujils sl rlijokèje j uejsuplrckokl ml ekvli fl`p`tleokji ml ij frjvlmjm tlrrlstrl, rljikzjem` blmkokèls

sjtliktjils qul j trjvs ml ij p`skoke rlijtkvj ml lst`s y ijs p`skokèls ml ijs

lstjokèls ml rjstrl` le li pijeltj, mltlrbkeje ue flòletr` ml bjsj (Ckfurj

E 4-?), li ouji p`skokèj ji likps`kml fi`djibletl, uekckojem` oè lii` i`s

trjdjn`s ml mkstketjs ijtktumls.

Ckfurj E 4-?> ]kp`s ml MjtubCuletl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.


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4.:.3 O@@TMLEJMJ_ FL@M_KOJ_ [ OJT]L_KJEJ_ FL@OE]TKOJ_

\ej vlz mlckekm` y p`skokèjm` li likps`kml ml rlclrleokj, ls p`skdil

`dtlelr ij udkojoke ml ue puet` le su suplrckokl, rlclrkm` j ue `rkfle

mltlrbkejm` ml c`rbj jefuijr, rlsuitjem` oè lst` ue skstlbj o``rmlejm`

fl`msko`.

Ijs o``rmlejmjs fl`mskojs sè o`bpulstjs p`r ij ijtktum y ièfktum

fl`mskoj, sklem` ij ijtktum li efui` mlckekm` p`r ij e`rbji ji likps`kml le ue

puet` mltlrbkejm`, hjstj ij ielj mli loujm`r, s`drl su pije` blrkmkje`. Ijièfktum fl`mskoj ls ij mkstjeokj jefuijr `dtlekmj p`r li efui` mklmr` letrl li

pije` blrkmkje` ml mkoh` puet`, y li pije` blrkmkje` ml rlclrleokj.

Ckfurj E 4-=> O``rmlejmjs Fl`mskojsCuletl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.

_l mlckel ue skstlbj ojrtlskje` flòetrko` mli skfukletl b`m`>

- @rkfle le li oletr` ml bjsjs ml ij ]klrrj, keoiuylem` òje`s y

jtbsclrj.


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- Lnl ^ ls pjrjili` j ij mkrlooke mli pì` blmk` mlckekm` p`r li DKH4

- Li lnl X ij ketlrslooke mli blrkmkje` `rkfle, Frllewkoh y li pije`

qul pjsj p`r li `rkfle y ls plrplemkouijr ji lnl ^, li blrkmkje` ml

rlclrleokj o`keokml oè li blrkmkje` olr` mli DKH. Tljibletl li

blrkmkje` `rkfle sl mlckel o`b` li KLT_ Tlclrleol Blrkmkje (KTB).

- Li lnl [ `rt`fèji j i`s jetlrk`rls, pjsjem` p`r li `rkfle.

- ]lrej rlotjefuijr mlxtr`sub. (Ckfurj E 4- KE_]K]\]@ Fl`frcko` Ejokèji ml Lspjj, 41:1.

Ij utkikzjoke ml ue` u `tr` skstlbj o``rmlejm` ls mltlrbkejetl le ijc`rbj ml trjdjnjr i`s mjt`s `dtlekm`s, y ml rljikzjr i`s oioui`s elolsjrk`s, yj

qul jpikojokèls b`mlrejs o`b` FQ_ utkikzj le su mlckekoke ue skstlbj

flòetrko`.

Ckfurj E 4- O``rmlejmjs OjrtlskjejsCuletl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.

4 DKH (Durlju Ketlrejtkèji ml i'Hlurl), `rfjeksb` leojrfjm` ml bèkt`rljr li b`vkbklet` pìjr y li tklbp`ketlrejokèji o``rmlejm`.


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:

Q_JM


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:3

]jdij E 4-:> Likps`kmls le Ohkil

Mjtub Likps`kml _lbk-Lnl Bjy`r Johjtjbklet` Jrlj ml \s`

Q_JM BJ]\TJEJ, 411 _KTFJ_, 41:1.

Li skstlbj _krfjs hj mlskfejm` ijs kestktuokèls ml i`s pjsls ojikckojmjs

pjrj p`skokèjr le su tlrrkt`rk` lstjokèls jotkvjs _KTFJ_-O@E, ijs oujils

bèkt`rlje li skstlbj, letrlfjem` kec`rbjoke qul ls pròlsjmj pjrj ij

`dtleoke ml i`s b`mli`s ml vliòkmjmls mli skstlbj, y jmlbs slrvkr ml


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uekckojoke ckeji pjrj li bjro` K]TC, flelrjem` jrohkv`s TKELX, _KELX y

letrlfjem` o``rmlejmjs jotujikzjmjs ml i`s puet`s blmkm`s.

Ckfurj E 4-3> Lstjokèls _KTFJ_-O@ECuletl> _KTFJ_, 41:1.

Lstjs lstjokèls jotkvjs lste le ikdrl mksp`skoke j i`s usujrk`s, y ls

p`skdil rljikzjr oioui`s fl`msko`s oè i`s mjt`s mlsojrfjm`s. Lstjs

o``rmlejmjs lste rlclrkmjs j KF_1


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sjtiktl, sklem` o`bpjtkdils oè VF_8=, y sklem` s`bltkmjs j

trjesc`rbjokèls tlbp`rjils (6 pjrbltr`s), ls p`skdil trjesc`rbjrijs j

K]TC4111.

4.:.; _K_]LBJ VF_8=

Li mlpjrtjblet` ml mlclesj ml i`s Lstjm`s \ekm`s lstjdilol j VF_ 8=

(V`rim Fl`mltko _ystlb :;8=) o`b` bjro` ml rlclrleokj pjrj sus jotkvkmjmls

fl`lspjokjils. VF_, cul ue` ml i`s prkblr`s skstlbjs fl`msko`s

lstjdilokm`s le li buem` qul oèt oè blmkokèls fl`cskojs pr`vlekletls ml

sjtiktls ]TJE_K], oè li skstlbj M`ppilr pjrj blmkr ij mkstjeokj j ijs

lstjokèls ml rlclrleokj, y oè blmkokèls frjvkbtrkojs ml vjrk`s bkiièls ml

puet`s le t`m` li buem`.

Lstjs blmkokèls `rkfkejrè li LFB (Ljrth Frjvkty Cklim B`mli), b`mli`

fl`p`tleokji ml frjvlmjm, qul plrbktl mltlrbkejr ij p`skoke mli likps`kml

VF_ 8= le li oletr` ml bjsjs ml ij ]klrrj, y j su vlz ojiouijr ijs p`skokèls

ml i`s sjtiktls le rlijoke j ijs lstjokèls ml oètrì ml FQ_, skstlbj

kbpilbletjm` pjrj VF_ 8=. (Ckfurj E 4-6).

Ij mkclrleokjoke letrl VF_ 8= y _KTFJ_ ` K]TC, rjmkoj le li us` ml ue

likps`kml mkstket`, yj qul ijs pòjs y bt`m`s ml oioui` ml ojmj skstlbj sè

mkstket`s, sklem` bs lxjot` y prloks` K]T_ le su blt`mì`fj ml blmkoke,

plr` e` kbpikojem` ojbdk`s skfekckojtkv`s le li tlrrle`, ek le ijs blmkokèlsvlot`rkjils. VF_ 8= hj skm` rlckejm` le i`s itkb`s j`s, pumklem` oè lii`

rlijokèjr ijs eulvjs blmkokèls mkrlotjbletl oè K]TC4111, yj qul ij

jotujikzjoke VF_-8= (F::


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y \_JC= vlrsus lstjokèls KF_, leojrfjmjs ml K]TC, i` ouji e` flelrj

mkclrleokjs skfekckojtkvjs pjrj oujiquklr jpikojoke FQ_ rlclrkmj j K]TC4111. (

Culetl> EJ]K@EJI Fl`spjtkji-Ketliikfleol Jfleoy, 4114.) I`s likps`kmls sl

mkclrleokje le ij 8 okcrj mlokbji.

]jdij E 4-4> Mkclrleokjs VF_ 8= _KTFJ_LIKQ_@KML VF_-8= LIKQ_@KML FT_-:;81

j (b) 3,?68,:?6.111 3,?68,:?6.111

:/c 4;8.4 EJ]K@EJI Fl`spjtkji-Ketliikfleol Jfleoy, 41:1.

4.4 _K_]LBJ_ FE__

I`s skstlbjs FE__ (Fi`dji Ejvkfjtkè _jtliiktl _ystlb) sè uej

tloeì`fj fi`dji djsjmj le oèstlijokèls ml sjtiktls qul lbktle sljils le

ue rjef` mltlrbkejm`, plrbktklem` li p`skokèjbklet` y iòjikzjoke le

oujiquklr pjrtl mli fi`d`, letrlfjem` o``rmlejmjs fl`mskojs, jitktum, y h`rj, j

oujiquklr rlolpt`r qul pulmj rlokdkr ij slji levkjmj, e` kbp`rtjem` ijs

= EFJ> Ejtkèji Fl`spjtkji-Ketliikfleol Jfleoy7 \_JC> \ektlm _tjtls Jkr C`rol.


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41

oèmkokèls oikbtkojs ek ij h`rj mli mj. I`s skstlbjs FE__ hje skm`

mlsjrrìijm`s p`r ijs bjy`rls p`tleokjs mli buem`, kbpilbletjem` ijs

skfukletls pijtjc`rbjs>

]jdij E 4-?> _kstlbjs FE___K_]LBJ QJ_ L_]JM@

FQ_ (Fi`dji Q`sktkèkef _ystlb) LL.\\. o`bpiltjbletl plrjtkv`

FI@EJ__ T\_KJ Qjrokjibletl `plrjtkv`

FJIKIL@ L\T@QJ @plrjtkv` le 41:4

O@BQJ__ OHKEJ @plrjtkv` le 4141

Culetl> KE_KML FE__, 41:1.

Ml t`m`s lst`s skstlbjs, li eko` oè o`dlrturj buemkji ls FQ_, p`r i`

ouji ls bjskvjbletl utkikzjm` oè ckels okvkils, le jpikojokèls fl`mskojs y ml

ejvlfjoke.

4.4.: _K_]LBJ FQ_

Li skstlbj ml p`skokèjbklet` fi`dji FQ_ (Fi`dji Q`sktkèkef _ystlb), ls

li prkblr FE__ le o`bpilt` cueokèjbklet` le djsl j uej oèstlijoke ml

sjtiktls `rdktjem` li pijeltj. Cul mlsjrrìijm` p`r li f`dklre` ml Lstjm`s

\ekm`s ml Jbrkoj, jmbkekstrjm` p`r ij Culrzj Jrlj y li Mlpjrtjblet` ml

Mlclesj mli bksb` pjs. Li `dnltkv` kekokji mli skstlbj cul oè ckels bkiktjrls, i`

qul p`stlrk`rbletl mlrkv le li mlsjrrìi` ml jpikojokèls okvkils y ml

fl`mlskj.

Li prkeokpk` fl`btrko` p`r li ouji sl djsj li cueokèjbklet` mli skstlbj

ls qul ls p`skdil letrlfjr o``rmlejmjs j ue puet` j trjvs ml blmkokèls j

puet`s oè o``rmlejmjs oèòkmjs. Lst` ls p`mlr blmkr ij mkstjeokj lxkstletl

letrl i`s rlolpt`rls FQ_ y i`s sjtiktls qul sè mltlotjm`s p`r lstl, jmlbs

ml oèòlr ij p`skoke mli sjtiktl le li b`blet` mltlrbkejm` le qul sl rljikzj


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ij blmkoke. Ml lstl b`m` ijs keofektjs j sjtkscjolr le li skstlbj mlplemlre

ml uej ojetkmjm ml sjtiktls oèòkm`s y mkstjeokjs ojiouijmjs oè ijs qul sl

ouletl.

Li skstlbj oèstj ml ? slfblet`s qul plrbktle su jpikojoke, li

slfblet` lspjokji, slfblet` ml oètrì y slfblet` ml usujrk`.

Ckfurj E 4-8> Qrkeokpk` fl`btrko` mli skstlbj FQ_Culetl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.

Li slfblet` lspjokji lst o`bpulst` p`r uej oèstlijoke ml 46

sjtiktls, 4= jotkv`s y ? ml rlspjim`, `rdktjem` ij ]klrrj, le ue plrk`m` :4 h`rjs,

j uej mkstjeokj jpr`xkbjmj ml 41.411 bltr`s s`drl li ekvli tlrrlstrl, oè uejmlcilxke ml `rdktj le


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lstjokèls ml oètrì, ijs oujils tjbdke skeorèkzje i`s rli`nls jtbko`s le li

pijeltj oè ij h`rj FQ_, mltlrbkeje ijs vjrkjdils elolsjrkjs pjrj li oioui` ml

ij rdktj ml ojmj sjtiktl, y nuet` oè lii` letrlfjr ijs lclbrkmls le li blesjnl

ml ejvlfjoke rlokdkm` p`r li usujrk`.

Ckfurj E 4-;> Oèstlijoke FQ_

Culetl> KE_KML FE__, 41:1.

Li slfblet` ml oètrì ls li leojrfjm` ml o``rmkejr ijs h`rjs mli

skstlbj, ml oètrìjr ijs `rdktjs ml i`s sjtiktls y prlmlokr sus trjylot`rkjs, y ml

o`rrlfkr i`s mjt`s rjmk`btrko`s y ml omkf` ml i`s sjtiktls, le ue rjstrl`

oètkeu` blmkjetl lstjokèls mkstrkdukmjs le t`m` li pijeltj. (Ckfurj E 4-:1).

Ckejibletl, li slfblet` ml usujrk`s ` rlolpt`rls, ls li leojrfjm` ml

rlokdkr ijs sljils lbktkmjs p`r ij oèstlijokè FQ_ y qul plrbktl li oioui` mlij p`skokè le li pijeltj. Ijs sljils lbktkmjs p`r i`s sjtliktls FQ_ sè èmjs

ml rjmk`, ijs oujils sl trjesbktle le crlouleokjs mltlrbkejmjs slfe li us` mli

skstlbj.


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Ckfurj E 4-:1> _lfblet` ml oètrì FQ_Culetl> EJ]K@EJI Fl`spjtkji-Ketliikfleol Jfleoy, 41:1.

Ij slji trjesbktkmj p`r i`s sjtiktls FQ_ ls ij rlspèsjdil ml

pr`p`rokèjr j i`s rlolpt`rls ml p`skoke y h`rj prloksj. Li cke prkeokpji mli

skstlbj FQ_ ls ij bjskckojoke mli us` ml ejvlfjm`rls qul letrlfule p`skoke

le o``rmlejmjs fi`djils y ml c`rbj rpkmj, tjet` pjrj usujrk`s okvkils y

bkiktjrls.

4.4.4 BLMKOKE Q@T B]@M@ JD_@I\]@ @ OMKF@

Li skstlbj FQ_ mlrkvj ml ij kmlj prkeokpji ml p`skokèjr mltlrbkejm`

rlolpt`r blmkjetl sljils lbktkmjs p`r i`s sjtiktls. Qlr` ijs sljils ml rjmk`

lbktkmjs p`r ij oèstlijoke mldle oubpikr oè uej slrkl ml oujikmjmls cskojs y

ml trjesbkske qul mlikbktje su crlouleokj j oklrtjs djemjs. Ls p`r lst` qul

i`s tkp`s ml sljils y ijs crlouleokjs ml lstjs sè le djsl j uej slrkl ml

prk`rkmjmls, tjils o`b`>

Ij slji mldl slr rlokdkmj blmkjetl jetlejs p`rttkils y p`r

jetlejs mkrlookèjils ml rjmk`crlouleokj.


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Bkekbkzjoke ml i`s rltrjs`s kè`scrko`s

Li oioui` ml ij vliòkmjm ml ij èmj mldl slr prlmlokdil. J

ble`rls crlouleokjs, bjy`r jitlrjoke ml vliòkmjm ml

pr`pjfjoke le ij jtb`sclrj.

Frje jeoh` ml djemj pjrj p`mlr b`muijr li blesjnl ml

ejvlfjoke, y i`s omkf`s QTE

Jitlrjoke p`r lclot`s oikbtko`s.

]leklem` le ouletj lst`s cjot`rls, ijs sljils lilfkmjs p`r li skstlbj

sè mli rjef` ml ijs bkor`èmjs, mle`bkejmjs djemj I, qul usje ijs

crlouleokjs ml :,< j 4,6 FHz Li cueokèjbklet` flelrji sl djsj le ij

b`muijoke ml ijs sljils p`rtjm`rjs cuemjbletjils, trjesbktklem` oè lii` i`s

rjefkef o`mls, ` omkf`s vjrkjdils, i`s qul plrbktle mltlrbkejr li tklbp` ml

rltjrm` ml ij èmj trjesbktkmj, ojiouijem` ij mkstjeokj sjtiktl rlolpt`r, y li

blesjnl ml ejvlfjoke mli sjtiktl, li ouji levj ij kec`rbjoke ml ijs

lclbrkmls y jibjejqul ml i`s sjtiktls, ijs o`rrlookèls ml rli`n y

kè`scrkojs, jmlbs ml ij kec`rbjoke mli lstjm` mli skstlbj.

Ckfurj E 4-::> _ljils FQ_Culetl> _EJQ Ijd, 4111.

I`s sjtiktls p`slle le su skstlbj ue rli`n jtbko` buy lstjdil y

plrkmko`, li ouji ls li flelrjm`r ml ij crlouleokj cuemjbletji :1,4? BHz, lstj


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o 2 vliòkmjm ml pr`pjfjoke ml èmj le li vjo`.M2 pslum`mkstjeokj

Ckfurj E 4-:4> O`rrlijoke omkf` O/J

Culetl> ^LQLMJ F`m`y, 411=.

Ij ièfktum ml ij èmj b`muijmj p`r li omkf` ls ml 4;? b, i` qul mjmj ij

rlsìuoke ml ij èmj lilotr`bjfetkoj, flelrj ue lrr`r ml mltlooke ml :/:11

< _l mle`bkeje ohkps ml omkf` mldkm` j qul e` flelrje kec`rbjoke, ske` ue lstemjr ml slji rlpltktkvj qulplrbktl su skeorèkzjoke oè i`s rlolpt`rls.


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vlols ij ièfktum ml su èmj, plr` oè ijs eulvjs flelrjokèls ml rlolpt`rls,

ij rlsìuoke rjmk`btrkoj sl rlmuol j :/:111 vlols ij ièfktum ml èmj, i` qul

su blmkoke p`skdil lxletj ml vjrkjdils jitlrejs ls ml 1.? b pjrj ijs

pslum`mkstjeokjs, i` qul nuet` oè i`s lrr`rls jtb`scrko`s kbpikoj uej sìuoke

ckeji ml ble`s ml < b pjrj ij p`skoke mli rlolpt`r.

@trj culetl kbp`rtjetl ml vjrkjoke le ij mltlrbkejoke ml o``rmlejmjs

ls li skeorèksb` ml i`s rli`nls mli sjtiktl oè i`s mli rlolpt`r, li ouji p`sll

uej prlokske ml :1-6 slfuem`s, mlnjem` uej mkclrleokj ml tklbp` mlsoèòkmj

letrl rlolpt`r y sjtiktl. Jmlbs li skeorèksb` letrl sjtiktls ls letrlfjm`mletr` mli blesjnl ml ejvlfjoke, y flelrj `trj mkclrleokj tlbp`rji ml ijs

sljils. ]`m` lst` jo`bpjjm` ml i`s lrr`rls ml rlcrjooke tr`p`scrkoj y

kè`scrkoj, y lrr`rls jiljt`rk`s le ijs blmkokèls.

Ijs loujokèls prkeokpjils mli b`mli` prlsletje = keofektjs, o`rrkfklem`

p`r rlmuemjeokj ijs keofektjs ml tklbp` mli rlolpt`r y ijs o`bpèletls ml

p`skoke, js li b`mli` oè = blmkmjs ml pslum`mkstjeokjs skbuiteljs, pulml

letrlfjr ij p`skoke mli rlolpt`r.

LI omkf` Q sl djsj le li bksb` b`mli` mli omkf` O/J, mkclrleokjem`

sìjbletl ij ièfktum ml èmj mli omkf` Q, :1,4? BHz, y li ijrf` ml ij slji

lbktkmj, pumklem` oè lii` i`frjr uej o`rrlijoke bjy`r y jubletjr ij prlokske

ml ijs sìuokèls cknjs j ojetkmjmls sudbtrkojs, sklbprl qul sl ouletl oè ue

mls-leorkptjm`r mli omkf` bkiktjr, yj qul lstl omkf` p`sll uej b`muijoke

rlslrvjmj pjrj lilblet`s bkiktjrls mli f`dklre` lstjmùekmlesl.


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Ckfurj E 4-:?> Loujokèls ml b`mli` p`r omkf` FQ_.Culetl> ^LQLMJ F`m`y, 411=.

J) FQ_ MKCLTLEOKJI

\ej c`rbj ml o`bplesjr ij prmkmj ml prlokske p`r lclot`s jtb`scrko`s

ls li bt`m` MFQ_ ` FQ_ Mkclrleokji, li ouji oèstj ml m`s rlolpt`rls

bkmklem` le uej zèj ml keciuleokj jtb`scrkoj o`be, pumklem` prlsokemkr ml

ij vjrkjdil jtb`scrkoj le li b`mli` ml loujokèls ml pslum`mkstjeokjs.

Ckfurj E 4-:=> FQ_ Mkclrleokji.Culetl> E@JJ, 41:1.


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4.4.? BLMKOKE Q@T CJ_L Q@T]JM@TJ

@tr` bt`m` ml blmkoke qul ls p`skdil rljikzjr le li skstlbj FQ_ ls li

blmkr ij cjsl p`rtjm`rj (ojrrklr).

Ckfurj E 4-: Cjsl p`rtjm`rj.Culetl> ^LQLMJ F`m`y, 411=.

Lstl bt`m` sl djsj le ij mlb`muijoke ml ij cjsl p`rtjm`rj, blmkjetl

rlolpt`rls lsplokjikzjm`s, y oè lii` p`mlr mltlrbkejr li eblr` ml okoi`s ml

èmj qul lxkstle letrl li rlolpt`r y li sjtiktl ojptjm`. Jmlbs oèòklem`

qul ij ièfktum ml ij èmj ml ij cjsl p`rtjm`rj ls ml 1,41 b, kbpikoj uej

prlokske lstkbjmj ml `rmle bkikbtrko` pjrj sìuokèls cknjs, o`rrlijokèjem`

ij èmj oè ij flelrjmj le li rlolpt`r.

Le li b`blet` ml rlokdkr ij slji lbktkmj p`r li sjtiktl, li rlolpt`r ojptj

ij crjooke ml èmj qul iilfj le lsl kestjetl, y iulf` o`bklezj j oètjr i`s

okoi`s suolskv`s ml ièfktum ml èmj qul rlokdl ml ijs sljils p`rtjm`rjs, yj

slj le skbpil crlouleokj (sìjbletl oè ij slji I:) ` m`dil crlouleokj (slji

I: y I4). Li eblr` ml okoi`s qul sl mlsoèòl, ls iijbjm` Jbdkflmjmletlrj ml ij cjsl, y ls ojiouijm` blmkjetl li b`mlijbklet` bjtlbtko` ml

jif`rktb`s qul ketlfrje ijs blmkokèls ml m`s rlolpt`rls skbuitel`s, yj qul

ue b`mli` jute`b` le blmkoke ml cjsl e` slrj ojiouijdil, ji p`sllr

bjy`rls keofektjs qul loujokèls ml rlsìuoke. Le ojbdk` ij rlsìuoke mli


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vlot`r ml p`skoke (flelrjm` p`r i`s m`s rlolpt`rls ml cjsl, o`bebletl

iijbjm`s Fl`msko`s), pulml slr b`mlijmj p`r vjrk`s bt`m`s bjtlbtko`s,

sklem` li bs utkikzjm` li ml m`dils mkclrleokjs ml ij èmj p`rtjm`rj.

Ckfurj E 4-:3> Loujoke ml cjsl p`rtjm`rj.Culetl> ^LQLMJ F`m`y, 411=.

Ckfurj E 4-:6> Loujokèls ml m`dils mkclrleokjs pjrj ue sjtiktl.Culetl> ^LQLMJ F`m`y, 411=.

Ijs sìuokèls ml jbdkflmjm sè sìuokèjmjs blmkjetl blmkokèls ml

mkstketjs pòjs `rdktjils, i` ouji rlquklrl ue tklbp` ml kekokjoke skbuitjel`,

oè bekb` oujtr` sjtiktls le o`be pjrj p`mlr letrlfjr ue rlsuitjm` ckn`

(CKX), ls mlokr oè ue eblr` ml jbdkflmjm letlr`, y e` uej sìuoke ci`tjetl

(CI@J]) oè jbdkflmjmls jpr`xkbjmjs, qul djnjrje ij prlokske mli vlot`r

ojiouijm` ml :` < ppb, j ?1 `


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Li vlot`r sìuoke letrl i`s rlolpt`rls oèstj ml uej prlokske buy jitj, ji

slr rlclrkm` j uej ièfktum ml cjsl ml 1,41 b. plr` ij ojrleokj ml rlclrleokj

lspjokji ml lstl vlot`r ls i` qul e` plrbktl li p`skokèjbklet` jute`b`

blmkjetl cjsl p`rtjm`rj, yj qul ijs p`skokèls letrlfjmjs p`r i`s rlolpt`rls

sè ojiouijmjs blmkjetl omkf` O/J, ktlrjem` ijs sìuokèls, iilfjem` j p`sllr

prlokskèls sudbtrkojs le ij jpr`xkbjoke ckeji, plr` ml t`m`s b`m`s ij

rlsìuoke mli vlot`r fl`msko` e` pulml slr rlclrkm` j jquliijs o``rmlejmjs,

p`r i` ouji mldl slr fl`rlclrleokjm` j ue bjro` ml rlclrleokj prloks`.

Ij utkikzjoke ml ijs m`s sljils p`rtjm`rjs, I: y I4, flelrje uejo`bpjrjoke ml ij vliòkmjm ml pr`pjfjoke ml ijs èmjs, i` qul plrbktl

rlmuokr ijs vjrkjdils jtb`scrkojs le li oioui` ml ijs jbdkflmjmls, y jmlbs

plrbktl uej bln`r ketlfrkmjm ml ij slji rlokdkmj, y letrlfjr sìuokèls cknjs

bs rpkmjbletl.

J) LTT@TL_ MLI _K_]LBJ

Ij utkikzjoke mli skstlbj FQ_ e` lst lxletj ml lrr`rls pr`vlekletls ml

bitkpils cjot`rls, i`s qul jclotje le ble`r ` bjy`r blmkmj ijs jpikojokèls

mlsljmjs, tjet` pjrj lclot`s ojrt`frcko`s, ejvlfjm`rls ` fl`msko`s.

Lrr`rls ml lclbrkmls y rli`nls7 _è i`s flelrjm`s p`r i`s oioui`s ml

ijs `rdktjs ml i`s sjtiktls, y p`r ijs cjiijs ml skeorèksb` letrl li tklbp` ml i`s

mkstket`s lilblet`s mli skstlbj, jbd`s lrr`rls sè skstlbtko`s y o`rrlfkdils,yj slj p`r ij mlsojrfj ml lclbrkmls prloksjs mlsml sktk`s wlds ml i`s

lilblet`s ml oètrì3, ` p`r ij blt`mì`fj ml FQ_ mkclrleokji. Ijs lclbrkmls

prloksjs y i`s jnustls ml rli`n mli skstlbj sè tkils le blmkokèls ml ijrfjs

3 Lclbrkmls prloksjs lbktkmjs p`r KF_, E@JJ, y `trjs letkmjmls. Bs kec`rbjoke lehttp>//www.efs.e`jj.f`v/`rdkts/


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mkstjeokjs, ijs oujils rlquklrle uej rlclrleokj ml i`s sjtiktls buoh` bs

mlckekmj, ml b`m` ml flelrjr uej pr`pjfjoke ml lrr`rls le i`s oioui`s ml

vlot`rls i` bs rlmuokmj p`skdil, letrlfjem` oè lii` vlot`rls FQ_ oè

prlokskèls jdsìutjs ble`rls j i`s ? bb 1.? QQB.

Mkiuoke ml ij prlokske7 Ij fl`bltrj lspjokji ml ij oèstlijoke ml

sjtiktls flelrj oklrt`s rjef`s ml prmkmj ml ij prlokske, ji lxkstkr tjetj

mkstjeokj letrl li pijeltj y ij rdktj sjtliktji le oklrt`s b`blet`s i`s sjtiktls

sl leouletrje fl`btrkojbletl buy olroje`s ue`s ml `tr`s, pr`muoklem` oè

lii` uej ckfurj pò` r`dustj, oèmuoklem` j uej bjy`r jbpiktum le ij sìuoke,tjet` pjrj rlolpt`rls ejvlfjm`rls o`b` pjrj rlolpt`rls ml cjsl.

Ckfurj E 4-:8> Mkjfrjbj fl`btrko` ml p`skoke [email protected]> \_ F`vlreblet - Mlpjrtjblet `c Mlclesl, 41:1.

Lrr`rls jtb`scrko`s7 j frjemls rjsf`s, i`s lrr`rls pr`muokm`s p`r ij

jtb`sclrj tlrrlstrl pr`vòje le ij blmkoke ue rltjrm` ml ij slji, mldkm` j ij

rlcrjooke ml ij slji pr`muokmj p`r ij mkclrleokjs ml mleskmjm le ijs ojpjs

jtb`scrkojs, prkeokpjibletl j i`s sjtiktls udkojm`s olroj ml ij bsojrj ml

lilvjoke mli rlolpt`r6

.

6 Bjsojrj ml lilvjoke> bjrfle jefuijr ml ijs p`skokèls ml i`s sjtiktls ml ij oèstlijoke le rlijoke jih`rkzètl mli rlolpt`r.


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Ckfurj E 4-:;> Lrr`rls jtb`scrko`s.Culetl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.

Ijs ketlrclrleokjs kè`scrkojs mli pijeltj flelrje ue rltjrm` jiljt`rk` le

ij èmj trjesbktkmj, p`r ijs jitlrjokèls lilotr`bjfetkojs pr`muokmjs p`r li sì

le ijs ojpjs jitjs ml ij jtb`sclrj.

Buitk trjylot`rkj7 Ij slji FQ_ ji slr pjrtl ml ij djemj I ml bkor`èmjs,

sl pr`pjfj uekmkrlookèjibletl, i` qul pr`vòj qul slj rlcilnjmj oè cjokikmjm

p`r suplrckokls pijejs, pr`muoklem` ue rltrjs` bjy`r ji b`blet` ml ojptjr ij

èmj. Lstl lclot` ls o`be le zèjs urdjejs mèml oèstruookèls ml jiturj

rlcilnje ij slji ji mksp`sktkv` le ue efui` mkstket` ji sljijm` le ij bsojrjml lilvjoke, y sì` ls lvktjdil pròurjem` blmkr le zèjs mlsplnjmjs ikdrls

ml lilblet`s qul p`mrje rlcilnjr ij slji.

Ckfurj E 4-41> Buitktrjylot`rkj ml slji.Culetl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.


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Kestjijoke y plrmkmjs ml slji7 ijs blmkokèls oè cjsl p`slle ue tklbp`

ortko` ml mltlooke ml okoi`s, i` qul hjol prkb`rmkji li oètjr oè uej slji

oèstjetl y oètkeuj ml i`s sjtiktls. _k lxkstle sjit`s ` qukldrls ml ij slji,

i`s s`ctwjrl ml p`st pròls` sè ojpjsls ml rlpikojr ijs cjiijs, plr` oè ue

ibktl bxkb` ml plmkmj, puet` le li ouji sl flelrjrj ij blrbj t`tji mli

oioui` ml jbdkflmjmls, y li tklbp` ml blmkoke o`blezjrj mlsml su kekok`.

@tr`s lrr`rls qul pulmle jclotjr ij prlokske ml ijs blmkmjs p`r cjsl

p`rtjm`rj ls ij kestjijoke mli rlolpt`r, yj qul oè ijs prlokskèls i`frjmjs p`rli skstlbj, le jifue`s ojs`s sl `dtklele mjt`s ml vjrkjoke keclrk`rls j : ob

p`r vlot`r, i` qul kbpikoj qul ij kestjijoke mli rlolpt`r mldl slr ij jmloujmj

pjrj lqukpjrjr mkohj bjfektum. Ls js o`b` le blmkokèls lsttkojs p`r

lnlbpi`, ij cjitj ml h`rkzètjikmjm y i`s lrr`rls ml blmkoke ji oletr` ml cjsl ml

ij jetlej p`mrje keciukr le uej mltlrbkejoke bs prloksj, sudslouletlbletl

oè lii` i`s bèìkt`s ml rlclrleokj tjbdke p`slle vjrkjokèls qul jrrjstrje

uej lrr`r le ij mltlrbkejoke ckeji, qul le rjef`s fl`msko`s oè vlot`rls mli

`rmle ml gkibltr`s e` mldle flelrjr lrr`rls suplrk`rls j i`s 4 ? QQB,

mlplemklem` ml i`s rlolpt`rls utkikzjm`s.

D) B]@M@_ ML BLMKOKE

Le cjsl p`rtjm`rj, lxkstle mkstket`s bt`m`s ml blmkoke qul sè

jpikojdils oè prlokskèls jitjs, lst`s sè le Q`st Qròls`, ` le ]klbp` Tlji.

Blmkokèls Q`st Qròls`>

Blmkoke lsttkoj / Cjst Lstjtko> Ij blmkoke ml puet`s fl`msko`s sl

rljikzj le uej p`skoke cknj, letrlfjem` o``rmlejmjs pjrj ue puet` ml


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?=

rlclrleokj. _è ijs utkikzjmjs pjrj ojbpjjs ml jitj prlokske y li tklbp` ml

blmkoke ls bjy`r, pjrj jslfurjr ij sìuoke cknj mli vlot`r FQ_.

Blmkoke Okelbtkoj p`st pròls`> Lstl bt`m` lbpilj ue rlolpt`r ckn`

o`b` djsl, y ue rlolpt`r mkebko` ` bvki, li ouji pulml rljikzjr blmkokèls

ml tlrrle` le b`vkbklet`, jpikojem` m`s sud bt`m`s, _t`p jem F` (blmkoke

ml puet`s ml tlrrle` kemkvkmujils, mlckekm`s p`r li usujrk`) y oètkeu` (blmkoke

ml puet`s j ue ketlrvji` ml tklbp` mltlrbkejm`, flelrjem` uej ielj oètkeuj

ml puet`s). Lstjs blmkokèls sè pròlsjmjs p`stlrk`rbletl, flelrjem` uej

eudl ml puet`s ` vlot`rls mlsml ij lstjoke djsl. Lstl bt`m` tklel ble`rprlokske ekojbletl p`r li b`vkbklet` mli rlolpt`r y cjitj ml vlrtkojikmjm le

o`bpjrjoke ji bt`m` lsttko`.

Blmkoke le tklbp` rlji>

Blmkoke T]G> Ij blmkoke le Tlji ]kbl Gkelbjtko, ls ue bt`m` qul

utkikzj ij trjesbkske ml ijs o`rrlookèls mkclrleokjils letrl i`s rlolpt`rlsblmkjetl èmjs ml rjmk`, lstl bt`m` plrbktl li rlpijetl` ml o``rmlejmjs le

tlrrle` oè ue bjrfle ml ue`s oletbltr`s, mlplemklem` ml ijs mkstjeokjs

letrl djsl y bvki. Le ij ]jdij E 4-= sl rlsuble i`s us`s y jpikojokèls

rlclrletls ji skstlbj FQ_.


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? us`s ml lqukp`s FQ_.

Culetl> BKEK_]LTK@ Ml @drjs Qdikojs, 411:.

4.4.= FL@BL]TJ ML TLML_ [ ]TJE_Q@T]L ML O@@TMLEJMJ_

Le ij blmkoke p`r cjsl p`rtjm`rj, li skstlbj FQ_ letrlfj ijs vjrkjokèls

ml o``rmlejmjs flòetrkojs ml ue vlot`r letrl i`s rlolpt`rls qul hje

blmkm`, ijs qul sl mldle fl`rrlclrleokjr blmkjetl jife puet` ml rlclrleokj

oè o``rmlejmjs oèòkmjs. Mldkm` j qul ijs sìuokèls vlot`rkjils mlplemle

ml ijs m`dils mkclrleokjs mli b`mli`, sk sl utkikzje blmkokèls oè 4 ` bs


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o`rrlfkm`s p`r uej oèstjetl ml èmuijoke, p`r i` ouji djstj oè oèòlr ij

o`tj `rt`btrkoj ml ue puet` mli oènuet` y o`rrlfkr i`s mlbs le rlijoke j

jquliij oèstjetl. Lstj sìuoke pulml slr vikmj sì` pjrj plquljs

lxtleskèls, pijejs, yj qul ij sìuoke ml ij o`rrlooke p`mrj mlckekrsl culrj

ml ij tìlrjeokj jitkbtrkoj ml i`s puet`s.

Mlckeklem` li fl`kml pije`, plr` keoikejm` rlsplot` ji likps`kml> sl

mltlrbkeje ijs jiturjs `rt`btrkojs ml bekb` ? puet`s, i`s oujils le pr`blmk`

flelrjrje ue pije` keoikejm`, rlckrklem` li fl`kml le rlijoke j lstl. Oè lst`

sl pulml jpr`xkbjr uej mltlrbkejoke bs prloksj ml jitkbltrj.

Mlckeklem` ue fl`kml iòji> blmkjetl lstl bt`m`, sl rlquklrl ij jiturj

fl`kmji y likps`kmji ml vjrk`s puet`s mli skstlbj, i`s oujils slre utkikzjm`s

o`b` bjiij ml rlclrleokj pjrj ij ketlrpìjoke ml ue b`mli` fl`kmji iòji,

mlckeklem` ijs vjrkjokèls jpr`xkbjmjs mli fl`kml le ij zèj ml trjdjn`. Lstl

bt`m` p`sll buy dulej prlokske rlsplot` j i`s mlbs, plr` rlquklrl

oèòlr bs mjt`s rlijtkv`s j uej ekvlijoke ml prlokske, jrrjstrjem`

o``rmlejmjs ml ue hkt` ml ekvli, p`r lnlbpi`.

Jpikojoke ml ue b`mli` fl`kmji fi`dji> li us` mli skstlbj FQ_ lst

ikfjm` ji b`mli` fl`kmji fi`dji, mlckeklem` uej bjiij ml puet`s rlijtkv`s ji

fl`kml, i`s oujils pulmle slr utkikzjm`s o`b` sìuoke j o`rrlookèls ml

èmuijoke fl`kmji. Ij prlokske ml lstl b`mli` ls vjrkjdil slfe li rjef` ml

frkiij utkikzjm`, y slfe ij pòj ml ij flelrjoke mli b`mli`, plr` sklbprl ls

bs jitj le rlijoke j uej ekvlijoke fl`btrkoj ml prlokske.


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?8

4.? O@EOLQ]@_ OJT]@FTCKO@_

Oujiquklr trjdjn` ml frjemls mkbleskèls, o`b` bjpjs, pr`ylot`s ml

kefleklrj, ejvlfjoke, rlquklrle jifuej c`rbj ml p`mlr b`strjr y trjdjnjr i`s

mjt`s, yj qul e` ls p`skdil trjdjnjr mkrlotjbletl s`drl li likps`kml, mldklem`

rlclrkr ij ckfurj tlrrlstrl le uej pije` le li qul pulmj slr jpikojdil jifuej

pr`ylooke ml ij rljikmjm, kevìuorjem` oè lst` jitlrjokèls qul mldle slr

b`mlijdils, y qul e` mltlrbkele uej prmkmj ml vlrjokmjm ml ij kec`rbjoke j

trjdjnjr, slfe slj li rlqulrkbklet` mli pr`muot` ckeji.

Ckfurj E 4-4:> _louleokj ml trjdjn` le pr`ylookèls ojrt`frckojs.Culetl> CTJEO@ Tly, :;;;.

Lxkstle mkvlrs`s bt`m`s ml pr`ylookèls le i` qul j ojrt`frjcj sl

rlcklrl, tleklem` le ouletj ijs p`skdils jitlrjokèls qul sl pr`muole,

mlckeklem` ? tkp`s ml pr`ylookèls ojrt`frckojs, djsjmjs le li oèolpt` mljejb`rc`sks, Ijs oujils sl oijskckoje ml joulrm` j li tkp` ml mlc`rbjoke qul

jclotj j ij pr`ylooke, o`b` ijs ikeljils, suplrckokjils ` jefuijrls.


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?;

4.?.: QT@[LOOK@EL_ OKIEMTKOJ_

Oèstj ml ue okikemr` qul sl p`skokèj tjefletl ji pijeltj, tjet` le ij

ielj mli loujm`r, o`b` le li blrkmkje` ml Frllewkoh (pr`ylookèls okiemrkojs

trjesvlrsjs). _l pr`ylotje i`s puet`s mli likps`kml s`drl lstl okikemr`, li ouji

sl mlsjrrìij, c`rbjem` ue pije` qul rlprlsletjrj ji pijeltj.

Qr`ylooke ml Blrojt`r> Lstj pr`ylooke oèslrvj ijs `rkletjokèls mli

likps`kml, b`mkckojem` ijs mkstjeokjs ml i`s pjrjili`s pr`ylotjm`s.

Ckfurj E 4-44> Qr`ylooke ml Blrojt`r.Culetl> \_F_, 41:1.

J) QT@[LOOK@EL_ OKIEMTKOJ_ ]TJE_SLT_J_

_l p`skokèj li okikemr` ml pr`ylooke tjefletl ji blrkmkje` oletrji.

\e lnlbpi` ml lii` ls ij Qr`ylooke trjesvlrsj ml Blrojt`r>


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=1

Ckfurj E 4-4?> Qr`ylooke trjesvlrsj ml Blrojt`r.

Culetl> \_F_, 41:1.

Qr`ylooke trjesvlrsj ml Blrojt`r> Cul ketr`muokmj p`r Ijbdlrt le li

j` :664, y hj sucrkm` mkvlrsjs b`mkckojokèls p`r Fjuss (:844, mjem` `rkfle

j ij jotuji \]B) y Gruflr (:;:4). Lstj pr`ylooke oèstktuyl ij djsl pjrj li

skstlbj \]B (\ekvlrsji ]rjesvlrsl Blrojt`r) Culetl> CTJEO@ Tly, :;;;.. Ls

li skstlbj ml pr`ylooke bjy`rbletl utkikzjm` le zèjs ml blmkjs ijtktumls, y

ls mli tkp` oèc`rbl. Jmlbs ls uej pr`ylooke o`bpulstj7 ij lsclrj sl

rlprlsletj le tr`z`s, e` letlrj. Qjrj lii` sl mkvkml ij ]klrrj le hus`s ml 3 ml

ièfktum ojmj ue`, flelrjem` i`s Hus`s \]B.

]jbdke lxkstle `trjs c`rbjs ml pr`ylookèls, utkikzjmjs pjrj zèjs ml

ijtktumls lxtrlbjs y ml tlrrkt`rk` lxtles`, ijs oujils p`r su lxolpoke

fl`btrkoj e` sè fi`djils ek lstjemjrkzjmjs bjskvjbletl o`b` ijs

pr`ylookèls oekojs, `dikoujs, `dikouj ml Blrojt`r, jzkbutjils, letrl `trjs.

4.?.4 QT@[LOOKE \]B

Ij pr`ylooke \.].B. (\ekvlrsji ]rjesvlrsl Blrojt`r), ls uej pr`ylooke

okiemrkoj, o`b` sl bleokè jetlrk`rbletl, y pr`vlekletl ml ij


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=:

cuemjbletjoke ml ij pr`ylooke Blrojt`r, qul ls oèc`rbl ` ksfèj, ls

mlokr, sl oèslrvje i`s efui`s e` js ijs mkstjeokjs qul sè mlc`rbjmjs p`r

ue cjot`r ml lsojij. \tkikzj ue okikemr` slojetl trjesvlrsji m`s ieljs j ojmj

ijm` mli blrkmkje` oletrji.

_l bleokèj ue blrkmkje` oletrji yj qul ijs mlc`rbjokèls jubletje

oèc`rbl ij mkstjeokj mlsml lstl blrkmkje` hjokj i`s lxtrlb`s mli okikemr` sl

jitlrj ijs `rkletjokèls le uej c`rbj ketìlrjdil ji trjdjn` ojrt`frcko`, p`r i`

ouji sl mlckele Hus`s \]B, ` slookèls ml okikemr` qul pr`ylotje

o`bpiltjbletl li likps`kml le su oènuet`. Js sl plrbktl oudrkr ue rlj ml 3ml ièfktum ske pr`muokr mlc`rbjokèls lxolskvjs. (Ckfurj E 4-4=).

Ijs ieljs ml slojeokj tlemre ue cjot`r ml lsojij kfuji j : y sl

leouletrje jpr`xkbjmjbletl j :81 Gb ml mkstjeokj le li loujm`r. Li

blrkmkje` oletrji udkojm` ji oletr` ml ijs ieljs ml slojeokj, tklel p`r

oèstruooke ue cjot`r ml lsojij kfuji j 1.;;;3. Ojmj okikemr` flelrj m`s

zèjs, e`rtl y sur, ml pr`ylooke \]B, le t`tji sl rlquklrle 31 zèjs oè ?1

okikemr`s pr`ylotjm`s pjrj t`m` li pijeltj. Ij prkblrj sl leouletrj ikbktjmj p`r

i`s blrkmkje`s :81 y :6=V, sklem` su blrkmkje` oletrji li :66V,

oètkeujem` su eublrjoke jvjezjem` hjokj li lstl. Culetl> JIILEML, 4118.

Le ohkil oètkeletji i`s Hus`s utkikzjm`s sè li :8 y :; sur, mlplemklem`

ml ij ijtktum ml trjdjn`. Ij ojrt`frjcj djsl mli KFB oèstj ml ij pr`ylooke

\]B pjrj sus pudikojokèls le t`mjs sus lsojijs, i` ouji plrbktl uekckojr

kelquvòjbletl li bjpl` tlrrkt`rkji le ue skstlbj oèsìkmjm`, y qul hjol

cjotkdil ij blmkoke mkrlotj ml mkstjeokjs s`drl ijs ojrtjs.


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=4

Ckfurj E 4-4=> Lsqulbj Hus` \]B.Culetl> CTJEO@ Tly, :;;;.


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=?

Ckfurj E 4-4 Mlckekoke pr`ylooke \]B.Culetl> BKEK_]LTK@ Ml @drjs Qdikojs, 411:.

Li ibktl ml cjotkdkikmjm ml us` ml ij pr`ylooke \]B rjmkoj le qul sl

flelrje mlc`rbjok`els o`ec`rbl sl jilnj mlsml ijs ieljs slojetls mli Hus`,

i` qul le lsojijs plquljs (:>4


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==

mkstket`s skstlbjs hje skm` uekckojm`s oè li tklbp`, vìoem`sl le uej

hlrrjbkletj mkebkoj l ketlfrjmj, qul plrbktj letrlfjr kec`rbjoke ml i`s

lilblet`s fl`frcko`s utkikzjm`s, jmlbs ml rljikzjr oè jqulii`s mjt`s

mkvlrs`s pròlmkbklet`s qul plrbktje jejikzjr i`s mjt`s rlckrkem`sl j vjrkjdils

fl`frckojs, t`p`frckojs, tlbp`rjils, oikbtkojs y buohjs bs.

Lst`s sè i`s _kstlbjs ml Kec`rbjoke Fl`frckoj, i`s oujils nuet` oè

ijs hlrrjbkletjs ojrt`frckojs prlsletls le ij jotujikmjm, hje mlsjrrìijm`

jbpikjbletl ij trjesbkske ml kec`rbjoke tlrrkt`rkji le li buem`, flelrjemòè lii` pròls`s y t`bjs ml mlokskèls sikmjs y djsjmjs le ue skstlbj

fl`rlclrleokjm`, mlnjem` ml ijm` ijs jbdkflmjmls pr`muokmjs p`r

mlsoèòkbklet` p`skokèji ` cjitj ml lxjotktum le i`s bt`m`s ml pr`splooke

` le ij `dtleoke ml ojrt`frjcj mltlrbkejmj.

Li skstlbj _KF flelrj ue ske eblr` ml bt`m`s ml jeiksks y ml

hlrrjbkletjs utkikzjdils slfe slj ij elolskmjm mli pr`ylot` le oulstke, ls

p`r lst` qul sl rlquklrl mlikbktjr i`s `dnltkv`s mli trjdjn`, y su rlijoke oè i`s

pr`muot`s lsplrjm`s.

O`b` bt`m` jitlre`, ls p`skdil flelrjr pròls`s y pr`muot`s mkstket`s j

i`s rlclrkm`s, ske mlnjr ml ijm` ij vjrkjdil lspjokji ml lii`s. Lst` ls uej ml ijs

oujikmjmls bs kbp`rtjetls ml i`s trjdjn`s le ue skstlbj _KF, li qul plrbktl

ij uekckojoke y pròlsjbklet` cutur` slfe i`s `dnltkv`s i` rlquklrje. Ij

lstruoturj ml ue _KF sl rlprlsletj le li Mkjfrjbj E 4-:.


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= Mkjfrjbj ml ue _KF.Culetl> L_TK, 41:1.

4.=.: C\EOK@EJBKLE]@ ML \E _KF

I`s skstlbjs ml kec`rbjoke fl`frckoj sl mlsjrrìije le djsl j

lilblet`s frcko`s, rlprlsletjtkv`s ml uej djsl ml mjt`s oè jtrkdut`s

kemkvkmujils pjrj ojmj lilblet` mlsorkt`. Lstj cueokèjikmjm plrbktl leijzjr i`s

pjrbltr`s ml udkojoke lspjokji (c`rbjt`s vlot`rkjils ` rjstlr) oè uej

kec`rbjoke lxtlrej, slfe sl rlquklrj.

Ml lstl b`m`, slilookèjem` ue lilblet` frcko` le li b`mli`, sl

`dtlemr ij kec`rbjoke jtrkdutjmj j jquli lilblet`, ijs oujils sl pulmle

oijskckojr le mkstketjs ojpjs, qul oèc`rbje ckejibletl i`s lilblet`s

oèstruotkv`s mli _KF.


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=3

Ij djsl ml mjt`s kefrlsjmj le li b`mli` pulml pr`vlekr ml mkstketjs

culetls, i` bksb` qul i`s lilblet`s frcko`s rlprlsletjm`s. Ls p`r lst` qul sl

mldl oèc`rbjr ue lsqulbj ml trjdjn` qul plrbktj ij kmletkckojoke lstemjr

ml ijs mkvlrsjs culetls ml kec`rbjoke, y oè lii` rlprlsletjr `rmlejmjbletl

su oijskckojoke. Li bt`m` ml oèlxke letrl ijs djsls ml mjt`s y i`s

lilblet`s frcko`s mlpleml mli s`ctwjrl utkikzjm`, kbpikojem` oè lii` mkvlrsjs

c`rbjs ml trjdjn` slfe ij pijtjc`rbj utkikzjmj.

I`s b`mli`s utkikzjm`s le li cueokèjbklet` ml ue _KF sè mlckekm`s p`rijs elolskmjmls mli pr`ylot` ` slfe ij kec`rbjoke bjelnjmj. Ojmj skstlbj

pulml oètjr oè i`s mjt`s y rlprlsletjokèls frjckojs qul sl rlquklrje,

skbpilbletl sl mldl mlckekr li `dnltkv` ji ouji sl quklrl iilfjr oè ij

kec`rbjoke, kevìuorjem` oè lii` ij lstruoturj ml trjdjn` prkeokpji le t`m`

pr`ylot`, ij ouji slrj>

Mkjfrjbj E 4-4> _kstlbj ml kec`rbjoke.Culetl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.

_kstlbjmlkec`rbjoke

b`m.oèolptuji

mjt`sfrjcko`s djslmlmjt`s


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=6

Ls p`r lst` qul ij lstruoturj mli _KF mlpleml ml i`s mjt`s bjelnjm`s y

mli pr`muot` ckeji, ml lstl b`m` sl pulml trjdjnjr levkjem` t`m`s i`s

lilblet`s hjokj uej mksp`skoke lsplockoj, `rmlejem` ij ijd`r ml ij letrlfj ml

kec`rbjoke ckeji.

4.< _K_]LBJ_ OJT]@FTCKO@_ VLD

I`s skstlbjs _KF sè cuemjbletjils pjrj li trjdjn` ml ij kec`rbjoke

fl`frckoj, le lii`s sl mlsjrrìije i`s pjs`s elolsjrk`s pjrj orljr li b`mli`

kec`rbtko` qul slj ojpjz ml lefi`djr i`s mjt`s ojrt`frcko`s o`b` i`s

turstko`s c`rlstjils ` fl`msko`s le ue sì` skstlbj, jslfurjem` ij

ketlr`plrjdkikmjm ml lii`s.

Li pjs` skfukletl ls letrlfjr ij kec`rbjoke, yj qul i`s pr`muot`s

flelrjm`s p`r ue _KF pulmle slr trjdjnjm`s mletr` ml lstl, plr` e` sl

lsplokckoj ue skstlbj ml trjesbkske ml i`s mjt`s j i`s mkstket`s usujrk`s, ske`

qul sl flelrje pr`muot`s ckejils qul slrje i`s pudikojm`s o`b` li `dnltkv`

ckeji.

Li jvjeol ml ijs eulvjs tloeì`fjs hj plrbktkm` ij o`bpilbletjrklmjm

ml i`s mjt`s ml ue _KF oè i`s skstlbjs VLD, qul sè i`s ji`njm`s le ketlrelt.

Lst`s eulv`s skstlbjs o`bpilbletje uej c`rbj ml jools` j ij kec`rbjoke ml

bjelrj skbpil y `rmlejmj, ml b`m` ml pudikojr i`s mjt`s qul sè rlqulrkm`s

pjrj ijs mkstketjs mksokpikejs y mli bksb` b`m` plrbktle uej jplrturj ml i`soètlekm`s j eulv`s usujrk`s qul rlquklrje ij udkojoke lspjokji y i`s

bltjmjt`s flelrjm`s.

Lstjs eulvjs hlrrjbkletjs hje skm` mlsjrrìijmjs jbpikjbletl p`r

mkstketjs kestktuokèls j i` ijrf` mli pijeltj, mkvlrskckojem` oè lii` ij


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=8

kec`rbjoke fl`frckoj mletr` ml ijs bksbjs y plrbktklem` ij o`buekojoke

`p`rtuej ml i`s eulv`s rlours`s flelrjm`s.

Lxkstle bt`m`s buy vjrkjm`s ml kbpilbletjoke ml ue slrvkok`

ojrt`frcko` wld, mlstjojem` letrl lii`s bt`m`s ml trjdjn` y trjspjs` ml

kec`rbjoke mlplemklem` ml i`s ekvlils ml ij kec`rbjoke bjelnjmj, y mli

`dnltkv` ckeji ml ij pudikojoke ` trjesclrleokj ml ij kec`rbjoke.

_l kmletkckoje slrvkok`s VLD BJQQKEF cuemjbletjibletl ml ? tkp`s>

Oikletls crllwjrl (jppilt), ` ml kestjijoke oè s`ctwjrl

lxpi`rjm`r-o`bpkijm`r ikvkje`. Lstl bt`m` rlquklrl ij kestjijoke ml ue

ilot`r ` ue pr`frjbj o`bpkijm`r ml jrohkv`s ojrt`frcko`s le c`rbjt`s

vlot`rkjils (shjpls, mwf), trjmuokm`s j omkf`s o`bprkbkm`s (H]BI, XBI,

_SF) ` oèlotjr j slrvkm`rls ml djsls ml mjt`s _ZI ` skbkijrls ijs

oujils letrlfje i`s mjt`s bjpljm`s le ojohls rlijtkvjs j pltkokèls mli

s`ctwjrl y oèmuole j ij letrlfj ikvkjej ml kec`rbjoke le ue usujrk`

iòji, jibjolejem` y pròlsjem` ij kec`rbjoke mletr` mli oikletl.

Oikletls ml slrvkm`r, lstl skstlbj prlsletj uej rlijoke mkstketj

letrl li bjeln` ml ij kec`rbjoke y ij `dtleoke ml i`s mjt`s, yj qul

mltlrbkej ij elolskmjm ml o`buekojoke plrbjeletl letrl ue slrvkm`r

wld ` h`stkef, ue oètrì ml jpikojokèls ml dkdik`tlojs (JQK), y ijs

elolskmjmls mli oikletl, li ouji mltlrbkej slfe ijs pltkokèls mli

dr`wslr ` dusojm`r, i` qul ls letrlfjm` p`r li slrvkm`r y i` qul ls

flelrjm` le ij wldJQK mltlrbkejmj. Lstl skstlbj ls kbpilbletjm` le ue

ilefujnl ml trjesclrleokj pr`pk` ml i`s orljm`rls ml s`ctwjrl, plr`

lstjdilole lstemjrls pjrj ij `plrjtkvkmjm letrl li dusojm`r y li slrvkm`r,


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=;

mksljem` oè lii` uej jrquktloturj mlsoletrjikzjmj y e` rlclrletl j ij

utkikzjoke ml pròls`s iòjils.

Oikletls hdrkm`s, sè o`bdkejm`s blmkjetl rlqulrkbklet`s ml

oètrìjm`rls mli skstlbj, li blmk` ml pudikojoke, y li oètlelm`r ml

kec`rbjoke. Lst`s skstlbjs mlsjrrìije le su jrquktloturj ij cueokèjikmjm

rlpjrtkmj ml ijs oujikmjmls mli bjpj wld, pumklem` oè lii` o`bdkejr

jrquktloturjs ml oikletls ikvkje`s, slrvkm`rls y oètrìjm`rls mli _KF.

_l pulml jprlokjr ue mkjfrjbj ml `plrjoke djsjm` le trls lilblet`scuemjbletjils (Mkjfrjbj E 4-?), li _KF, li slrvkm`r VLD y li usujrk` VLD.

Lst`s lilblet`s mlckele ij `plrjoke ckeji, plrbktklem` ij `dtleoke ml

mjt`s mli _KF plr` le ue let`re` skbpikckojm` y ml coki jools`, tleklem` le

ouletj qul li usujrk` sìjbletl rlquklrl `dtlelr kec`rbjoke ml ij ojrt`frjcj

orljmj, y jmlbs ml ij pr`vlekletl ml ij djsl ml mjt`s jsòkjmj j liij.

Ij orljoke y trjesbkske ml i`s mjt`s ojrt`frcko`s ls mltlrbkejmj p`r li

bt`m` ml oèsuitjs qul lstjdilol li slrvkok` wld crletl j ij kec`rbjoke

vlot`rkji y/` rjstlr jibjolejmj le li slrvkm`r, lst` quklrl mlokr qul pulml

flelrjrsl bjpjs lsttko`s, lsttko`s slesktkv`s, mkebko`s, oioui`s mkebko`s,

jpikojokèls ml flò`mkef, pr`splooke lspjokji, jeiksks ?M, y buoh`s bs

slfe slje i`s `dnltkv`s rlqulrkm`s.


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_lrvkok`s ojrt`frcko`s VLD.

Culetl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.

Ij kbpilbletjoke mli slrvkok` wld sl djsj le li s`ctwjrl JTOFK_

_LTSLT, pijtjc`rbj oèsìkmjmj ml ij o`bpjj L_TK, ij ouji oèc`rbj ue

skstlbj ketlfrjm` ml slrvkm`r, oètrì FK_, y mlsjrrìijm`r ml wldJQKs, i`s

oujils oèmkokèje uej ketlr`plrjdkikmjm ml i`s mjt`s suplrk`r crletl j

tloeì`fjs `plesùrol ` ml omkf` jdklrt`, yj qul o`b` cueokèjikmjm ml

pijtjc`rbj ls skbkijr, plr` rlquklrl ij utkikzjoke ml lilblet`s mkstket`s pjrj

ojmj ltjpj mli trjdjn`, i` qul mlbulstrj ij vletjnj ml JTOFK_ _LTSLT.

Li b`mli` mli skstlbj ls oèskstletl j i`s rlqulrkbklet`s mli oikletl wld,

lstjdilokm`s p`r li mksl` ml ij jpikojoke ml dsqulmj wld (JQK). Lxkstl ue

mlsjrrìi` pr`pk` mli skstlbj y uej slouleokj ifkoj ml trjdjn` qul plrbktl ij

rlijoke coki y rpkmj letrl ij pudikojoke y li trjdjn` mli _KF, ml b`m` ml

bjetlelr ij kec`rbjoke jotujikzjmj y lstjdilolr eulvjs hlrrjbkletjs slfe

slj ij vjrkjdkikmjm mli skstlbj.

]`m` lst` sl uekckoj oè ue jmbkekstrjm`r ml pr`ylot`s wld, li ouji

ketlfrj j JTOFK_ slrvlr oè JTOKEC@ y oè li gkt wld ml ijs JQKs rlqulrkmjs,

ml b`m` ml `ptkbkzjr li trjspjs` ml ue pr`ylot` iòji j ue` wld skbpilbletl

ketlrjotujem` letrl i`s o`bpèletls.

_KF

slrvkok wld

usujrk`wld


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lmkoke wld ml JTOFK_ slrvlr.Culetl> L_TK, 41:1.

Li skstlbj plrbktl li trjdjn` ml jrquktloturjs cueok`ejils slfe li tjbj`

mli slrvkok` pr`pulst` y ij ojetkmjm ml oikletls mkspulst`s, ls p`r lst` qul sl

lstjdilole bmui`s ml trjdjn`, rlpjrtkm`s letrl li `plrjm`r _KF, li o`etlelm`r

y jmbkekstrjm`r ml `dnlt`s pudikojm`s (_@O y _@B), y li jmbkekstrjm`r wld.

Ckfurj E 4-46.


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jrquktloturj ml JTOFK_ slrvlr.Culetl> L_TK, 41:1.


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//fl`p`rtji.b`p.f`v.oi/vkjikmjm/, http>//www.fl`p`rtji.oi/Q`rtji/, http>//411.


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Li 14 ml Cldrlr` ml :;;3 li Kestktut` kekok ij bjtlrkjikzjoke ml su

prkblr pr`ylot` bjtrkz mle`bkejm` Bjrsli (Bjr y _livj), Qr`ylot` ml

lxpi`rjoke ml ij vlrtkletl mli Qjocko` y Qjtjfekoj ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli` _ur,

pjrj udkojr rutjs ml pleltrjoke j lsj zèj hlijmj. _u oèoiuske le :;;;

plrbktk lijd`rjr li slfuem` pr`ylot` bjtrkz.

Li :< ml Mkoklbdrl ml :;;; li Kestktut` rlokdk mli Bkekstlrk` ml DklelsEjokèjils li mlpjrtjblet` qul il skrvl ml slml.

Li 46 ml E`vklbdrl ml 4111 li Kestktut` prlslet su 4 pr`ylot` bjtrkz

mle`bkejm` Gjwlsqjr (: lstjoke ohkilej le Ojbp` ml Hkli` _ur) ji

Qrlskmletl Ijf`s, l kekok li prkblr ketlet` ohkile` ml òupjr lstjdilbletl

OH_ y jdrkri` j ij jotkvkmjm okletckoj, ji turksb` ml ketlrlsls lsplokjils y j i`s

mlp`rtls ml bètjj, oè lstemjrls buemkjils ml slfurkmjm, oèc`rt y

loè`bj.

]rkefui` le li Hkli`. Ls li tlrolr pr`ylot` bjtrkz mli Kestktut` Ohkile`

ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli`, li ouji lst le bjrohj y su :j Lstjoke ml Bèkt`rl`

Okletcko` ml trls (Gjwlsqjr) le oèmkokèls ml us` oè ue 61% ml jvjeol.

Lstl pr`ylot` slr tlrbkejm` j prkeokpk`s mli j` 41:1.

Li 41 ml Nuik` ml 4114 li Kestktut` kekok rlijokèls oè li Lnrokt`, le

pjrtkouijr oè ij KS. Mkvkske ml Lnrokt` pjrj rljikzjr trjdjn`s oènuet`s le li

rlj.

:1 Hkst`rkj y i`fr`s mli Kestktut`. Culetl> KE_]K]\]@ Ohkile` Ml Ojbp`s Ml Hkli`, 41:1.


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Dusojem` ij plrclooke ovkoj pjrj

slrvkr j Ohkil oè jb`r, eulstr`s prkeokpk`s sè i`s skfukletls>

Kmletkmjm/ @dnltkv`/ \ekmjm / Tlspèsjdkikmjm/ Hèlstkmjm /

Slrjokmjm/ _lfurkmjm / Ketlfrjoke /O``plrjoke / Okleokj y

]loeì`fj. Culetl> KE_]K]\]@ Ohkile` ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli`,

41:1.


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31

Li j` :;;= li Lnrokt` ml Ohkil prlslet li rlsuitjm` ml uej ijrfj

kevlstkfjoke mle`bkejmj Crètlrjs Ketlrk`rls, qul sl rlclrj j i`s lspjok`s

qul, plrtleloklem` j ij s`dlrjej ejokèji, tleje kbp`rtjetls rlstrkookèls ml

jools` pjrj su us` pile` y ue frjm` buy kbp`rtjetl ml mlplemleokj vlokeji.

Ij sktujoke ml ijs Crètlrjs Ketlrk`rls le ij bjor` zèj justrji ls ml

4


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3:

Ckfurj E ?-:> Cr`etlrjs ketlrk`rls ml Ohkil.Culetl> KE_]K]\]@ Ohkile` ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli`, 41:1.


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34

?.= QT@[LO]@_

Li Kestktut` Ohkile` ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli` p`sll le mlsjrrìi` uej fjbj ml

pr`pulstjs y pr`ylot`s jpikojm`s le ij zèj ml lstumk`, i`s oujils sl

oèoletrje o`bpilbletjrkjbletl ji pr`ylot` bjtrkz Oè` _ur.

Qr`ylot` oè` sur> _lemlr`s ketlrprltjtkv`s, Kecrjlstruoturj,

E`m` tloeìfko`.

Lxplmkokèls mlp`rtkvjs> @rfjekzjoke ml lxplmkokèls, Jp`yì`fstko`, Mlsjrrìi` ml lxplmkokèls.

Qr`frjbj ml kevlstkfjoke y vji`rkzjoke ml ojbp` ml hkli`

sur> Jotkvkmjmls ml kevlstkfjoke ml frjm` y p`stfrjm`,

Kevlstkfjoke ml flòkleokj y blmk`jbdkletl, Lmuojoke

jbdkletji.

Qr`ylot`s jsòkjm`s> Mlsjrrìi` ml lsoulij ml bètjj KOOH,

Qr`ylot` lmuojtkv`, Kevlstkfjokèls.

Ij lxplmkoke pkrbkml 41:1 sl oèoletrj le li pr`ylot` O@TC@

KEE@SJ ML_JTT@II@ ML _LEMLT@_ ]\T_]KO@_ ML KE]LTL_L_

L_QLOKJIL_ QJTJ LI ]LTOK@ E@T]L ML OJBQ@_ ML HKLI@ _\T. Li

ouji `t`rfj uej p`tleokjikmjm ekoj ml p`mlr mlsjrrìijr jotkvkmjmls

loèbkojbletl sustletjdils y ml kevlstkfjoke le ltjpjs cuturjs, nuet` oè ij

prlsleokj plrbjeletl mli KOOH le Ojbp`s ml Hkli`, ketlfrjem` ijs djsls

lqukpjmjs y ijs lxplmkokèls j rljikzjr.


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3?

Ckfurj E ?-4> Bjor` z`ej Justrji y ^`ej ml ketlrs.Culetl> KE_]K]\]@ Ohkile` ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli`, 41:1.


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3=

OJQK]\I@ KS - LXQLMKOKE QKTBKML 41:1

=.: KE]T@M\OOKE

J ckels mli j` 411;, li Kestktut` ohkile` ml ojbp`s ml hkli` kekok i`s

prlpjrjtkv`s pjrj rljikzjr uej lxplmkoke j ij zèj slptletrkèji ml ojbp`s ml

hkli` sur, le li tlrok` e`rtl ml ij zèj fijokjr, le li bjro` mli pr`ylot`

KEE@SJ-O@TC@ iijbjm` mlsjrrìi` ml slemlr`s ketlrprltjtkv`s pjrj turksb`

ml ketlrlsls lsplokjils le li tlrok` e`rtl ml Ojbp`s ml Hkli` _ur.

Le lstj lxplmkoke, o`b` sl hj bleokèjm` jetlrk`rbletl le lstl

mòublet`, sl lstjdilole `dnltkv`s flelrjils y lsplocko`s pjrj ijs mkstketjs

mksokpikejs kbpikojmjs le li vkjnl y le li trjdjn` fi`dji mli Kestktut`, mletr` ml ijs

oujils sl keoiuyl li trjdjn` ml fl`mlskj y ojrt`frjcj, pr`pk` ml lstl trjdjn` ml

ttui`.

Li vkjnl pr`frjbjm` sl mlsjrrìij le li vlrje` mli j` 41:1, tleklem` ue

orè`frjbj mltlrbkejm` ml ?4 mjs o`rrkm`s ml vkjnl mlsml _jetkjf`, pjsjem`

p`r pulrt` Bètt, pulrt` Ohjojduo`, O`yhjkqul, Oòhrjel y Skiij @Hkffkes,

iilfjem` iulf` j ij zèj ml ketlrs, ij ouji sl iòjikzj le ij pleesuij mli

pkrbkml (Ckfurj E =-:), udkojmj j 6< Gb jpr`xkbjmjbletl ml ejvlfjoke

p`r li Ijf` @Hkffkes, zjrpjem` le djhj Djjbèmls, lbdjrojmlr` olroje` j

vkiij @Hkffkes.

\e` ml i`s `dnltkv`s ketreslo`s le ij lxplmkoke, jmlbs ml ijs ijd`rls

ml kevlstkfjoke y mlsjrrìi` okletcko`, ls li p`mlr rljikzjr uej rutj eulvj

etlfrjbletl p`r tlrrkt`rk` ohkile` hjokj li rlcufk` Lmujrm` Fjroj _`t`,

udkojm` le ijs olrojejs ji bètl Cktz T`y, le pile` Ojbp` ml Hkli` sur. Lstj


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3 trjylot`rkjs kekokjils ml ij lxplmkoke p`r ij z`ej ml ketlrs.

Culetl> F@@FIL Ljrth Keo., 41:1.

\ej vlz mlsjrr`iijmj ij rutj, li rlfrls` mldl slr p`r li bksb` rlo`rrkm`

kekokji, iilfjem` ji ojbpjblet` djsl ml ij lxplmkoke y p`stlrk`rbletl rlt`rejr

hjokj Skiij @'Hkffkes.


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33

Le ij lxplmkoke pjrtkokpjrè i`s skfukletls pr`clskèjils>

]jdij E =-:> Ikstj ml pjrtkokpjetls lxplmkoke Qkrbkml 41:1.

E E@BDTL KE_]K]\OKE QT@CL_KE: NJSKLT JEMT_ B\@^ SJILE^\LIJ \EJD Lo`turksb`4 SO]@T H\F@ DTJS@ T@NJ_ \. O_H Qlm. Hkst`rkj y fl`.? OHTK_]KJEL HLT][ \. T`ttledurf Kef. C`rlstji= LETKZ\L ^JB@TJ B@EMJOJ KOOH Flfrjc`< BJTJ ]LTL_J F@EÎL^ B. KOOH Kef. C`rlstji3 JIKOKJ QKIJT B@IKEJ B@IKEJ KOOH Leclrblrj6 N\JE HLTTLTJ SKIILEJ KOOH Flfrjc`8 OTK_]DJI BLIIJM@ KIJDJOJ \EJD Lo`turksb`; CLTEJEM@ SKOLE]L QJMKIIJ QJT@] \EJD Lo`turksb`

:1 _@CJ JILNJEMTJ @ILJ Q@QLKGJ \EJD Lo`turksb`:: CO@. NJSKLT B\@^ BJEMK@IJ \. ]lbuo` Kef. Jbdkletji:4 QJ\IJ EKO@IL K^Z\KLTM@ @__JEM@E \. ]jioj Kef. C`rlstji:? LTKOG LM\JTM@ _EOHL^ OJ_]KII@ \_JOH Kef. Fl`bles`r:< N\JE SLJ_ KS MKSK_KE Bkiktjr:3 IL@EJTM@ NJ\TL_ KS MKSK_KE Bkiktjr

:6 N@_ C\LE]L_ KS MKSK_KE Bkiktjr:8 N\JE OJTI@_ MLIFJMKII@ KOOH Bètjkstj:; T@MEL[ JILNJEMT@ F@EÎL^ JIKJFJ KOOH Bètjkstj

41 HLET[ _JBB[ JTOL QJTTJ KOOH BètjkstjCuletl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj, 41:1.

=.4 QIJEKCKOJOKE [ I@F_]KOJ

=.4.: QIJEKCKOJOKE FLELTJI ML LXQLMKOKE

Ij lxplmkoke pkrbkml 41:1 kbpikoj le s bksbj uej pijekckojoke

mltjiijmj ml kesub`s, lilblet`s ml slfurkmjm y ml tklbp`s ml mlspijzjbklet`,

oè li `dnltkv` ml bkekbkzjr i`s fjst`s flelrjils y p`mlr i`frjr i`s `dnltkv`s

pijetljm`s ml uej c`rbj oijrj y oèoksj. Ij pijekckojoke y ij i`fstkoj ml ij

lxplmkoke sl mkvkmklrè le jrljs mltlrbkejmjs, ijs oujils culrè>


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36

Kestruooke j lxplmkokèjrk`s> Lqukpjbklet` l kestruooke ml bètjj y

o`buekojoke, Lilblet`s ml prlvleoke ml rklsf`s y prkblr`s juxkik`s,

Kestruooke ml o`bp`rtjbklet` jbdkletji y oukmjm` ml ci`rj y cjuej (E@I_ y

bekb` kbpjot`::).

Qrlpjrjoke ml kesub`s y pr`vkskèls> Lbpjqul ml jikblet`s y

rjokèls, Mkstrkduoke ml lqukp` ml bètjj.

Lilblet`s okletcko`s pr`pk`s ml ij lxplmkoke> Mltlrbkejoke ml

kestrublet`s fl`msko`s y ojrt`frcko`s, Mltlrbkejoke ml kestrublet`sc`rlstjils y turstko`s Jrrklem` y o`bprj ml kestrubletji.

Mltlrbkejoke ml orè`frjbj ml trjdjn`> Mlckekoke ml mjs ml vkjnl,

h`splmjnls y trjesp`rtl, Tlslrvjs y oètjot`s le ij rutj.

O``rmkejoke ml o`buekojokèls y lblrfleokjs> O`buekojoke letrl

ij lxplmkoke y drkfjmjs ml rlsojtl, O``rmkejokèls oè li Lnrokt` ml Ohkil y

iufjrl`s.

Le ij ]jdij E =-4 sl jprlokj li mlspijzjbklet` qul sl mldl lclotujr

pjrj iilfjr j ij zèj ml lstumk`, j i` ouji sl mldl subjr li oikbj o`b` cjot`r

prkb`rmkji le ij pijekckojoke, yj qul ij iiuvkj y li vklet` sè i`s prkeokpjils

keoèvlekletls oè i`s qul sl mldl ikmkjr, pjrj p`mlr jslfurjr ue

mlspijzjbklet` slfur` ml t`m`s i`s ketlfrjetls, y ml ij ojrfj, qul le t`tji ls

bs ml uej tèlijmj, y le liij vje ijs pr`vkskèls y i`s kestrublet`s

fl`msko`s y ml o`buekojoke, i`s oujils sè buy mlikojm`s j ij hublmjm.

:: E@I_ y bekb` kbpjot`> toekojs ml o`bp`rtjbklet` le zèjs skivlstrls p`r plrk`m`s prìèfjm`s qultklele p`r ckejikmjm rlmuokr ij jitlrjoke ml ij prkstkekmjm mli pjrjnl y mli jbdkletl. Culetl> EJ]K@EJI @utm``rIljmlrshkp _oh`ì, 41:1.


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38

]jdij E =-4> Mkstjeokjs fl`frckojs ml ij lxplmkoke.

Culetl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj, 41:1.

Ml c`rbj prlikbkejr, i`s plrk`m`s ml vkjnls y ml trjdjn` sè vjrkjdils oè

oklrt` bjrfle ml ojbdk`, yj qul li oikbj, ij fl`frjcj y ijs oèmkokèls mli

vkjnl e` sè o`buels y prlsletje uej keolrtkmubdrl qul pulml jitlrjr ij

pijekckojoke qul i`s nlcls ml lxplmkoke y nlcl ml pr`ylot` hje pijsbjm` le ij

ojrtj Fjett le li jelx` :1.:.

]`mj ij prlpjrjoke mli vkjnl sl rljikzj p`r ij mkrlotkvj mli KOOH, le

o``rmkejoke oè i`s mkclrletls pjrtkokpjetls mlsml _jetkjf`, plr` ]jbdke le

ij okumjm ml O`yhjkqul sl `rfjekzj y o``rmkeje i`s itkb`s mltjiils nuet` oè

i`s lclotkv`s ml ij ? mkvkske ml bètjj mli Tlfkbklet` Tlc`rzjm` E :=

Jyse. Le lstj rlueke sl lxpèle ijs ijd`rls ml i`s cueokèjrk`s ml ij

mkvkske ml bètjj le t`m` li tlrrkt`rk` ml ij rlfke, o`b` ls ojbp`s ml Hkli`

E`rtl y sur, ij kbp`rtjeokj qul susorkdl lstl tlrrkt`rk` pjrj li pjs le rlijoke ji

lnrokt` y i`s hjdktjetls.


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3;

Jmlbs sl mltjiije i`s `dnltkv`s, tjrljs y cueokèls ml ojmj

lxplmkokèjrk`, o`b` sl lecrletjre i`s kbprlvkst`s qul p`skdilbletl surfkre

le li trjylot`, y ijs itkbjs o``rmkejokèls ml o`buekojoke letrl i`s

leojrfjm`s ml ij lxplmkoke, li puletl ml leijol rjmkji (SHC, HC, y tlicè`

sjtliktji) le ij okumjm ml Oòhrjel, y li rlfkbklet` le O`yhjkqul.

=.4.4 QIJEKCKOJOKE ]TJDJN@_ FL@M_KO@_

I`s `dnltkv`s ml i`s trjdjn`s fl`msko`s yj mkspulst`s le li kekok` ml lstl

mòublet` culrè lstjdilokm`s le lstj ltjpj, ml c`rbj ml p`mlr rljikzjr j

p`stlrk`rk uej pudikojoke oè i`s mjt`s `dtlekm`s ml ij lxplmkoke.

Ls p`r lst` qul i` prkb`rmkji le ijd`rls fl`mskojs ls p`skokèjr puet`s

ml `rmle fl`msko` le li vjiil mli pkrbkml, rlpijetljr li prlmk` ml pr`pklmjm

mli Kestktut`, jp`yjr li trjdjn` ml ijs `trjs mksokpikejs le li jibjolejbklet` ml

wjyp`kets, y ckejibletl li jibjolejbklet` y ohlqul` ml ijs rutjs ml

mlspijzjbklet` rljikzjmjs p`r li frup` hkli`, o`b` li frup` pkrbkml.

Mkjfrjbj E =-:> Lstruoturj ml trjdjn`s fl`msko`s.Culetl> Lijd`rjoke pr`pkj.

puet`sfl`msko`s

rlpijetl`prlmk`mlikestktut`

wjyp`ketsml`trjsmkokpikejs

rutjsmlmlspijzjbklet`

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