idia612 final presentation

7/22/2019 IDIA612 Final Presentation

1/23

Dy ^ho Ikggks & Dktmbfy OaIcwbfHNHB 524 Hftkrbathcf bfn Hftkrebak Nkshif

Qprhfi 402>

[fhvkrshty ce Dbgthocrk

^rbalhfi bfn Mufthfi

bt mk Zcc


2/23

Dbalircufn

Cur HNHB 524 Hftkrbathcf bfn Hftkrebak Nkshif agbss mbs dkkf tbslkn whtm b arkbthfi b ocdhgk bp-pghabthcf ecr ^mk Obrygbfn Zcc hf Dbgthocrk tmbt bnnrkssks cfk ce tmk ecggcwhfi tmkoks: Knuabthcfb(bnnrkssks tmk knuabthcfbg icbgs ce tmk zcc tc tmkhr bunhkfak)< Ghekstygk (bggcws uskrs tc hftkirbtktmk ohsshcf ce tmk zcc hftc tmkhr kvkrynby ghvks)< bfn IPQ (gkvkrbiks tmk pcwkr ce gcabthcf tc mkgp crkftkrtbhf zcc pbtrcfs dctm hf bfn cut ce tmk vhsht).

Ykvk arbetkn bf knuabthcfbg bfn hftkrbathvk IPQ bppghabthcf prctctypk tmbt gkvkrbiks tmk pcwkrce gcabthcf tc bsshst, knuabtk, bfn kftkrtbhf vhshtcrs. Ht acftbhfs tmrkk nhsthfat dut hftkrtwhfkn ekb-turks tmbt ic dkycfn tmk ]s & Cs ce tmk Zcc, cffkrhfi pctkfthbg bvkfuks tc kxpgcrk. Ht prcvhnks bighopsk ce wmbt b uskr oby fct tmhfl wcugn dk prkskft hf bfy Zccs bppghabthcf. ^mk tmrkk ekbturks

brk: Mhstcrhabg Obrlkrs bggcw tmk uskr tc fbvhibtk bf hftkrbathvk obp whtm b vbrhkty ce obrlkrs wmhamecro b acodhfbthcf ce mhstcrhabg ebats bfn phaturks, bfn acftkopcrbry hfecrobthcf bfn oknhb. Dhrnwbtamhfimbs tmk uskr gci dhrn shimthfis bfn gkbrf bdcut spkahfla spkahks whtmhf bfn brcufntmk Zcc, bggcwhfi tmk uskr tc tblk tmk ohsshcf ce tmk Zcc cutshnk tmk ibtks. Pchfts abf dk kbrfkn ecrrknkkobdgk prhzks. Qabvkfikr Muftdrhfis euf ecr tmk wmcgk ebohgy dy mbvhfi tmk uskr (whtm cr whtmcut b pbrty) aco-

pgktk skvkrbg tbsls rkgbthvk tc tmk Mhstcrhabg Obrlkr ekbturk bfn kbrf pchfts ecr rknkkobdgk prhzks.B drhke hfecrobthcfbg okkthfi whtm ^hoo Dbgnwhf, tmk Zccs Bsshstbft Nhrkatcr ce Pudgha Tkgbthcfs

bfn Fkw Oknhb, rkvkbgkn tmk purpcsk ce tmk bppghabthcf hs tc kxhst dkycfn tmk prhobry hfecrobthcf

prkskftkn bt tmk kxmhdhts. Hts icbg hs lkkp vhshtcrs bt kbam nhspgby bs gcfi bs pcsshdgkprcvhnhfibnnhthcfbg gkbrfhfi bvkfuks dkycfn wmbt hs hfhthbggy prkskftkn bt kbam nhspgby. Bnnhthcfbggy, ^hooDbgnwhf bgsc rkvkbgkn tmkhr prhobry uskr ircup tc dk ekobgks biks-4;>;, bfn tmkhr 2-4 amhgnrkfbiks 420< bfn tmk skacfnbry uskr ircup hs tmk sc-abggkn Kopty Fkstkr pcpugbthcf. Nkflfkn bs bfypbrkft wmcsk amhgnrkf mbvk ircwf up bfn ocvkn bwby erco mcok, tmhs pcpugbthcf rbfiks ercoohnngk bik erco wmbt acoputkr psyamcgcihst Tcdkrt Dbhgky wcugn nksarhdk bs ohnngk bik-tc-cgnuskrs.^mhs bppghabthcf sbthsflks tmbt rkqukst bs tmk ebohgy-erhkfngy, bfhobg-akftrha sabvkfikr muft kxpk-

rhkfak tmbt prcvhnks tmk uskr bf hfakfthvk ecr rkbamhfi b icbg hs ikbrkn tcwbrn tmk prhobry uskrircup. Dctm tmk hftkrbathvk, gcabthcf-bwbrk obp whtm mhstcrhabg obrlkrs, pmctcs, bfn vhnkcs ce tmk

Zcc, hts bfhobgs, bfn surrcufnhfi Nruhn Mhgg Pbrl< bfn tmk Dhrnwbtamhfi ekbturk whtm hts hf-nkptmhfnkx ce fkbrdy dhrns hs bhokn tcwbrn tmk skacfnbry uskr ircup.

Prcjkat Hftrcnuathcf

Gcabtkn hf Nruhn Mhgg Pbrl shfak 2=95, ^mk Obrygbfn Zcc hf Dbgthocrk hs tmk tmhrn cgnkst Zcc hf tmk[fhtkn Qtbtks. Ht rkakhvkn cvkr >00,000 vhshtcrs hf EX4024, bfn ce tmbt bocuft, =5, 5;1 wkrk stunkftsbgcfk.

Bunhkfak Dbalircufn

Hftrcnuathcf//Bunhkfak Dbalircufn//Bunhkfak Mkurhsthas


3/23

Hobik vhb ^mk Zcfk Obibzhfk

^mk Zccs prhobry uskr ircup hs bgsc tmk gbrikst ircup ce Hftkrfkt uskrs. Baacrnhfi tc tmk Pkw Tk-skbram Hfsthtutk, 8>% ce uskrs bikn 10>8 bfn 8=% ce uskrs bikn 2=48 usk tmk hftkrfkt. Bnnhthcfbggyb Fhkgskf stuny bdcut sobrtpmcfk pkfktrbthcf rbtks rkvkbgkn tmbt Xcufi Bnugts biks 4;1> mbvk tmkmhimkst sobrtpmcfk pkfktrbthcf rbtk (=2%), ecggcwkn dy tkkfs bikn 2129 (90%).

B sudskt ce tmhs prhobry uskr ircup hs khtmkr tmkhr cwf amhgnrkf cr ctmkrs, obhfgy stunkfts (bs kv-hnkfakn hf tmk stbthsthas bdcvk) bs ambpkrcfks wmco tmky baacopbfy tmk Zcc. ^mhs sudskt hs bgscbvhn cfghfk uskrs, bs 9;% ce 2>29 ykbr cgns bfn 5;% ce 2021 ykbr cgns usk tmk Hftkrfkt, bfn ebo-

hgy mcuskmcgns whtm amhgnrkf ufnkr tmk bik ce 2= brk ocrk ghlkgy tc baakss tmk Hftkrfkt. (Fbthcfb^kgkacooufhabthcfs bfn Hfecrobthcf Bnohfhstrbthcf, 4004). Bnnhthcfbggy, bfn bs b rksugt ce tmhs vbstbocuft, b gbrik skiokft ce tmk oknhb hfnustry, dkycfn tmk Hftkrfkt, hs nkvctkn tc ikfkrbthfi bfnnkghvkrhfi acftkft ikbrkn tcwbrn amhgnrkf bfn bncgksakfts.

Nksphtk tmk objcrhty ce tmk Zccs prhobry uskr ircup bfn hts sudskt rkiugbrgy ushfi tmk Hftkrfktbfn sobrtpmcfks, tmk sbok hs fct ykt fkakssbrhgy tmk absk ecr tmk Zccs skacfnbry uskr ircup, koptyfkstkrs. Ymkrkbs tmkrk brk fc nkflfhtk bik rbfiks ecr tmhs ircup, ht ncks cetkf kfacopbss skfhcrs bfnohnngk bik bnugts. c tmbt kxtkft, Tcdkrt Dbhgky prcpcskn b fkw bik agbsshflabthcfs ecr bik nkflfhthcfsycufi uskrs (biks 2=18), ohnngk-bikn uskrs (>0;8), cgnkr uskrs (509>) ykbrs, bfn cgn-cgn uskrs(9;+). [shfi tmhs nkflfhthcf, kopty fkstkrs wcugn dk tmk uppkr kamkgcf ce ohnngk-bikn uskrs tmrcuim

cgnkr uskrs.Baacrnhfi tc b stuny dy tmk Fhkgskf Fcrobf Ircup, tmk [fhtkn Qtbtks mbn bdcut >.4 ohgghcf Hftkr-

fkt uskrs cvkr tmk bik ce 5; hf 4004. Kgkvkf ykbrs gbtkr, tmbt fuodkr mbs ircwf tc rkbam 28 ohgghcf hf4021, kqubthfi tc b ykbrgy 25% ircwtm rbtk.

Ymkrkbs tmk sobrtpmcfk pkfktrbthcf rbtk hf tmk [fhtkn Qtbtks mbs rkbamkn 5>% ce ocdhgk pmcfkuskrs, usbik bocfist tmk kopty fkstkr pcpugbthcf rkobhfs gcw. Baacrnhfi tc Fhkgskf, cfgy bdcut;0% ce uskrs cvkr ;; pcsskss b sobrt pmcfk, wmhgk tmk ctmkr mbge sthgg usks ekbturk pmcfks. ^mk PkwTkskbram Akftkr pkis tmbt fuodkr bt just 2=% ecr bnugts cvkr 5;.

^mk rbtk ce sobrt pmcfk cwfkrsmhp bfn ocdhgk wkd trbfia barcss bgg biks hs bgsc cf tmk rhsk. B 4022Fhkgskf stuny rkvkbgkn tmbt >1% ce bgg [Q ocdhgk pmcfk sudsarhdkrs cwf b sobrtpmcfk. Bs prkvhcusgy


4/23

Bunhkfak Mkurhsthas

^mhs bpp whgg mbvk tc obhftbhf tmk sbok nkshif stbfnbrns tmbt wcugn bppgy ecr wkdshtk usbdhghty ecycufi amhgnrkf bfn cgnkr bnugts. Bgtmcuim b sobrtpmcfk bppghabthcf bfn wkdshtk brk twc nhffkrkftpgbtecros, tmky brk dctm tkamfcgcihabg oknhuos tmbt rkquhrk shohgbr nkshif stbfnbrns.

Ymkrkbs tmk prhobry uskr ircup ncksft mbvk bfy pbrthaugbr mkurhsthas dkycfn wmbt Jblcd Fhkgskfflrst put ecrwbrn hf 288; whtm mhs 20 ocst ikfkrbg prhfahpgks ecr uskr nkshif, tmkhr amhgnrkf nc. BgghscfNruhf wrhtks tmbt amhgnrkf fkkn tc dk drcuimt hftc tmk nkshif prcakss acfshnkrhfi mcw tkamfcgciy

arhthabggy hopbats tmkhr ghvks, bfn ykt tmky aurrkftgy mbvk ghttgk sby hf tmk prcakss. Gcclhfi bt tmhs hssukbt b dbsha gkvkg, ObaEbrgbfk bfn Pbshbgh fctkn tmbt bnugts cetkf gbdkgkn akrtbhf hfstruathcfs bs skvkrk,wmkf hf ebat tmk hfstruathcfs wkrk fct prcdgkobtha ecr amhgnrkf. ^mkrkecrk tmk rkskbramkrs tccl Fhkg-skfs usbdhghty mkurhsthas bfn ^mcobs Y. Obgcfks iuhnkghfks ecr euf bfn nkvkgcpkn euf mkurhsthasecr amhgnrkf. ^mksk hfagunkn:

^mk icbgs ce tmk scetwbrk brk agkbr tc tmk uskr

^mk tbsls brk fct tcc kbsy bfn fct tcc mbrn

^mk uskr ikts erkqukft, agkbr ekkndbal tmbt kfacurbiks mho/mkr tc abrry cf

^mk systko bggcws tmk uskr tc usk mhs/mkr hobihfbthcf bfn hnkfthey whtm tmk ambrbatkrs bfn

acftkxts ^mk scetwbrk hfagunks scufn bfn vhsubg kffkats.

^mk systko hfagunks surprhsks, muocr bfn hftkrksthfi tmhfis ecr tmk uskr

^mk uskr ekkgs hf acftrcg ce tmk systko.

^mkrk brk shohgbr mkurhsthas ecr cgnkr bnugts bfn skfhcrs. mk BBTP acoohsshcfkn b stuny ce ;0 Ykd-shtks, bfn nkrhvkn b ghsthfi ce nkshif mkurhsthas ecr skfhcrs, kstbdghsmkn dkgcw:

[sk acfvkfthcfbg hftkrbathcf kgkokfts.

Oblk ht cdvhcus wmbt hs aghalbdgk bfn wmbt hs fct.

Oblk aghalbdgk htkos kbsy tc tbrikt bfn mht. Ohfhohzk vkrthabg sarcgghfi< kghohfbtk mcrhzcftbg sarcgghfi.

Kfsurk tmbt tmk Dbal duttcf dkmbvks prknhatbdgy.

Gkt tmk uskr stby hf acftrcg.

Hs tmkrk agkbr ekkndbal cf bathcfs3

Prcvhnk ekkndbal hf ctmkr ocnks hf bnnhthcf tc vhsubg.

Oblk tmk struaturk ce tmk Ykd shtk bs vhshdgk bs pcsshdgk.

Agkbrgy gbdkg acftkft abtkicrhks< bsshst rkacifhthcf bfn rktrhkvbg rbtmkr tmbf rkabgg

Hopgkokft tmk smbggcwkst pcsshdgk hfecrobthcf mhkrbramy.

okfthcfkn, tmk pkrakftbik hs fcw 5>%. Ykd trbfia erco ocdhgk nkvhaks barcss tmk igcdk hs bgsc cftmk rhsk. Hf 4008, tmk pkrakftbik ce wkd trbfia erco ocdhgk nkvhaks wbs just 2%. Dy Nkakodkr 4024,tmbt pkrakftbik slyrcalktkn tc 21%.

Ymkf ht acoks tc tkamfcgcihabg fcus, tmksk twc uskrs ircups bt cppcshtk kfns ce tmk bik spka-truo brk vkry nhffkrkft. Xkt tmky acftbhf shohgbr nkshif mkurhsthas. ^mk prcdgko tmkf ecr tmhs nkshiftc scgvk hs arkbthfi bf bppghabthcf tmbt abf rkbam dctm bunhkfaks wmhgk sthgg acooufhabthfi tmk Zccsohsshcf bfn icbgs, b lky acopcfkft ce tmk bppghabthcf.


5/23

Hfagunk b shtk obp bfn ghfl tc ht erco kvkry pbik.

Oblk pbiks kbsy tc slho cr sabf.

Oblk kgkokfts cf tmk pbik kbsy tc rkbn.

Uhsubggy ircup rkgbtkn tcphas.

Oblk surk tkxt bfn dbalircufn acgcrs acftrbst.

[sk bnkqubtk wmhtk spbak.

Oblk ht kbsy tc flfn tmhfis cf tmk pbik quhalgy.

Ecaus tmk wrhthfi cf bunhkfak bfn purpcsk. [sk tmk uskrs gbfiubik< ohfhohzk jbricf bfn tkamfhabg tkros

Yhtmcut nkgvhfi tcc ouam ocrk hftc tmk spkahflas ce kbam ircup tmbt wk'n gcsk ecaus, tmk acoocftmrkbns dktwkkf tmksk twc ircups brk shohgbr tc Ykfny Dcswkggs ecur usbdhghty prhfahpgks: ErkkncoAcoecrt< Acfflnkfak< bfn Acftrcg.

Bnnhthcfbggy uskrs tkfn tc rkbn fct hf b ghfkbr ebsmhcf dut hf dgcals, slhpphfi b gct ce tkxt bfn juop-hfi brcufn tmk pbik. ^mk flfnhfis tmk Fkhgskf Fcrobf Ircups kyk-trbalhfi stuny rkvkbgs wmbt mbsdkkf brcufn shfak tmk nbwf ce tmk hfvkrtkn pyrbohn hf fkwspbpkrs, dut brk baakgkrbtkn hf tmk nhi-htbg wcrgn nuk tc smrhflhfi bttkfthcf spbfs. Hts hopcrtbft tmhs bppghabthcf bggcws ecr kbsy sabffhfi,

kspkahbggy acfshnkrhfi tmk brrby ce bik ircups.

Kvkf tmcuim tmkrk brk shohgbrhthks dktwkkf tmk twc ircups, ht hs hopcrtbft tc fctk lky nhffkrkfaksEhrst, wmkf ht acoks tc rkbnhfi acftkft, Jblcd Fhkgskf cdskrvkn tmbt amhgnrkf sabffkn hf cfk ce tmrkkwbys nkpkfnhfi cf tmkhr bik ircup. ^mk ycufikst lhns nhn fc rkbnhfi, ycufi lhns nhn b tkftbthvkbocuft ce rkbnhfi, bfn cgnkr lhns sabffkn. Qkacfn, amhgnrkf brk khtmkr sgcw typhsts cr pcsskss pccrocusk acftrcg. mhrn, amhgnrkf kfjcykn scufn bfn bfhobthcfs wmhgk bnugts nhn fct.

Pbalbihfi bgg tmhs hftc cur bunhkfak nbtb hftc b wcrlbdgk bppghabthcf pcskn scok prcdgkos wmkfnkshifhfi cur prctctypks. Hfvksthibthfi ctmkr bppghabthcfs bggcwkn us tc skk mcw ctmkr Zccs bfntmkhr bppghabthcfs obfbikn tmhs.

Hobik vhb Fhkgskf


6/23

Prcaknurk

Yccngbfn Pbrl Zcc, Qkbttgk, Yb^mk Yccngbfn Pbrl Zcc hf Qkbttgk, YB, mbs bf bppghabthcf tmbt prcvhnks: IPQ-kfbdgkn obp whtm

tcur suiiksthcfs< Austcohzbdgk samknugk ce tcnby's bathvhthks< Bfhobg ebat smkkts< Qcahbg oknhbacffkathcfs< Erhkfn flfnkr< bfn Uhnkc, pmctcs bfn ocrk. B gbrik acopcfkft ce tmkhr bpp hs tmkhrIPQ-iuhnkn tcurs tmbt kxpgcrk tmkoks ghlk tmk shifbturk trkks bfn ctmkr mhnnkf nktbhgs whtmhf kbamkxmhdht, acfskrvbthcf kffcrts, bfn aghobtk ambfik (Yccngbfn Pbrl Zcc, 4021).^mk shifbturk trkk ekbturk obnk bf hoprksshcf cf us bs ht wbs cutshnk tmk fcrobg rkbgo ce Zcc

acftkft, dut whtmhf hts acfskrvbthcf ohsshcf.Bs ycu skk dkgcw, tmk okfu hs agkbrgy bfn kbshgy fbvhibdgk. ^mk obp hs hftkrbathvk whtm acgcreug

hggustrbthcfs ce bfhobgs bfn ctmkr ekbturks ce tmk Zcc.

Obfy ctmkr Zccs barcss tmk fbthcf mbvk nkvkgcpkn tmkhr cwf ocdhgk bppghabthcfs wmham mkgpknhffflukfakn cur nkshif bfn prcvhnk bf kstbdghsmkn erbokwcrl tc duhgn erco.

Ctmkr Bppghabthcfs//Pkrscfbs//Pbpkr Prctctycpks

Hobiks vhb h^ufks


7/23

^mk Fbthcfbg Zcc hf Ybsmhfitcf, N.A.^mk Fbthcfbg Zcc hf Ybsmhfitcf, N.A., mbs bf bppghabthcf tmbt acsts $2.88. Ekbturks hf tmhs bppgh-

abthcf hfagunk shx ghvk bfhobgs (hfagunhfi tmk Ihbft pbfnb abo), Amhgnrkfs bathvhthks, Bfhobg hfnkxbfn nkocfstrbthcf, IPQ-kfbdgkn hftkrbathvk obp ce tmk zcc bfn skge-iuhnkn tcurs, bfn b ghvk pudghatrbfspcrtbthcf ekkn.

Qhohgbr tc Yccngbfn Pbrl, tmk Fbthcfbg Zccs dctm tmk okfu bfn obp brk acgcreug bfn kbshgy fbvh-ibdgk.

Kxpgcrk Dbgthocrk Mkrhtbik

Bgtmcuim fct b zcc, tmk gcabg mhstcrhabg prkskrvbthcf cribfhzbthcf Dbgthocrk Mkrhtbik mbs bf bppabggkn Kxpgcrk Dbgthocrk Mkrhtbik tmbt bggcws tmk uskr tc kxpgcrk obfy ufhquk mhstcrha pgbaks,wmhgk prcvhnhfi skge-iuhnkn tcurs ce Dbgthocrk fkhimdcrmccns. Duhgt cf tmk ocdhgk bpp pgbtecroOcdhgk Mhstcrhabg, tmk bpp hs nkshifkn tc aurbtk tmk ahty tmrcuim tmk usk ce ikc-gcabtkn mhstcrhabgtkxts, bramhvbg flgo bfn hobiks, crbg mhstcry (bfn ctmkr) bunhc, bfn smcrt ncauokftbry vhnkcs. ^mhsnbtb acugn prcvhnk b erbokwcrl ecr b pcrthcf ce tmk IPQ bpp, bfn bgsc bf cppcrtufhty tc arcss-prc-octk dctm cribfhzbthcfs.

Hobiks vhb h^ufks


8/23

B dhi hssuk nhsacvkrkn wmkf tksthfi tmhs bppghabthcf cf cur cwf wbs tmkrk hs fc nksarhpthcf cr hf-struathcfs cf uskr kxpkatbthcfs ecr tmk obp ekbturk. Cfak gcbnkn, tmk bppghabthcf nrcps tmk phfs cftmk obp bfn kxpkats tmk uskr tc lfcw mcw tc fbvhibtk.

Bs tmk bunhkfak ecr mhstcry ouskuos bfn mhstcrhabg cribfhzbthcfs cetkf slkws cgnkr, bfn sbhnpbrthks ghlkwhsk brk ufnkrtblhfi kffcrts tc bppkbg tc b ycufikr bunhkfak, mbvhfi tmhs ebakt ce tmkbppghabthcf wcugn acfakhvbdgy bppkbg tc tmbt bunhkfak ocrk tmbf tmk bfhobg-spkahfla, ebohgy-crhkft-kn knuabthcfbg sabvkfikr muft. Kspkahbggy wmkf acfshnkrhfi tmk Zccs vhshtcrs brk prhobrhgy erco tmk

Dbgthocrk brkb, bfn fkbrgy ==% ce vhshtcrs erco tmk Dbgthocrk bfn Ybsmhfitcf rkihcf.

Fbthcfbg Ikcirbpmha Dhrns

^mhs bppghabthcf hs hftkfnkn ecr kxpkrt bfn dkihffkr usk. Ht mbs acgcreug, nktbhgkn hggustrbthcfs bfn bfhftkrbathvk hftkrebak whtm phfam bfn zcco ekbturks. Ctmkr ebakts ce tmk bppghabthcf hfagunk skbrambfn flgtkr, whtm rkbg-thok rksugts< bfn usks IPQ tc mkgp hnkfthey spkahks gcabg tc bfn brkb nurhfi bspkahfla thok.

Hobiks vhb h^ufks


9/23

Pkrscfbs

[shfi bunhkfak dbalircufn hfecrobthcf ecr tmk Zcc bfn ocdhgk bppghabthcf usbik rbtks, wk nkvkg-cpkn tmrkk pkrscfs tmbt wk ambffkgkn bs wk pkrecrokn tmk bppghabthcf tksthfi.

Ohambkg

Ohambkg hs b 5; ykbr cgn kopty fkstkr wmc ghvkshf Dbgthocrk, On. Mk hs aurrkftgy obrrhkn bfn mbstmrkk amhgnrkf, bgg ce wmco brk bnugts bfn fcgcfikr ghvk bt mhs mcok. B rkthrkn PmN HfnustrhbgKfihfkkr, mk ghvks ebhrgy acoecrtbdgk cf mhs rkthrk-okft bfn scahbg skaurhty pbyokfts. Mhs mcddhkshfagunk Dhrn Ybtamhfi, Acclhfi, bfn spkfnhfithok whtm mhs irbfn lhns. Mhs ocdhgk pmcfk us-bik rbtk hs ocnkrbtk ecr ctmkr pkcpgk hf mhs bikircup.

Hobiks vhb h^ufks


10/23

AbohggkAbohggk hs b 19 ykbr cgn octmkr ce twc erco

^cwscf, On. Bgtmcuim mbvhfi b OQ hf AcoputkrQahkfak ,smk fcw pghks mkr trbnk bs b wknnhfinkshifkr bfn pgbffkr. ^mhs bggcws mkr tc wcrlserco mcok twc nbys nurhfi tmk wcrl wkkl tc

spkfn whtm mkr twc ycufi amhgnrkf. Yhtm mkrmusdbfn, mkr ebohgy hfacok hs shx fliurks. Bf bvhnsobrt pmcfk uskr, mkr mcddhks hfagunk TcggkrNkrdy bfn Dblhfi.

Jcsm

Jcsm hs b spry skacfn irbnkr bfn bsphrhfi scaakrstbr. mk Dbgthocrk fbthvk mbs cfk shdghfi bfn hsaurrkftgy kfrcggkn hf b pudgha Ocftksscrh samccg.Bgtmcuim mk ncksft cwf b sobrt pmcfk, mk mbsdkkf lfcwf tc dcrrcw mhs ocos hPmcfk tcpgby knuabthcfbg iboks bfn puzzgks.

Nuk tc samknughfi ambfiks bfn acffflhats, wk wkrk ufbdgk tc tkst tmk bppghabthcf whtm cur arbetknpkrscfbs. ^mhs pcskn b prcdgko hf tkros ce cur nbtb acggkathcf, dut nhn mkgp us whtm cur nkshif prc-akss bfn samkobthas.

Pbpkr Prctctypks

Cur pbpkr prctctypks wkrk arkbtkn whtm b obstkr ncauokft tmbt acftbhfkn b stbtha Mcok hacfbfn Acftbat hacf. Hfnkx abrns tmbt agcskgy rkskodgkn tmk shzk ce bf hPmcfk > sarkkf wkrk amcskfnuk tc tmk obrlkt >;% obrlkt smbrk tmk nkvhak mbs hf tmk [fhtkn Qtbtks. Kbam hfnkx abrn acftbhfknkbam ce tmk tmrkk ekbturks bfn tmkhr nyfboha acftkft.

Kxbopgks ce tmk pbpkr prctctypks abf dk skkf cf tmk fkxt pbik.


11/23

Pbpkr Prctctypks

Mcok Qarkkf Mhstcrhabg Obrlkr Hftkrebak

Acftbat PbikQabvkfikr Muft Hftkrebak


12/23

Pbpkr Prctctypks

Dhrnwbtamhfi Mcok Dhrnwbtamhfi Qkbram

Dhrnwbtamhfi Dhrn Qarkkf Dhrnwbtamhfi Qhimthfi Qarkkf


13/23

Hftkrbathcfs

Bnn hacfs tc Mcokpbik tc kxpgbhf wmbt

tc kxpgbhf bfn nhffkrkfthbtk ekbturks Bnn nhrkathcfs erco aurrkft gcabthcf tcmhstcrha obrlkr Bnn nksarhpthcf ce tmk sabvkfikr muftecr uskr tc skt kxpkatbthcfs Betkr rksugts sudohsshcf bggcw uskr tcstby hf aurrkft gcabthcf cr phal b fkw gcab-thcf Irky cut cr strhlk-tmrcuim tbsl betkracopgkthcf.

Bnnhthcfbg Fctks

Ic Dbal cf Obp htko prkekrrkn bt dct-tco ce sarkkf Fc brrcw fkakssbry cf obp bs pkcpgkwhgg tmhfl hts b pbik Euggy fflksm cut mcw Gkbnkrdcbrn systkowcugn wcrl: skge-acftbhfkn cr pbrt ce gbri-kr fktwcrl3

Tksugts^ksthfi tmk pbpkr prctctypks wbs pkrecrokn hf ufhnkbg acfnhthcfs nuk tc samknughfi ambfiks

bfn acffflhats. Dctm ce us mbn tc tkst cf cur cwf whtmcut bsshstbfak, wmham oby mbvk mbopkrkn cur

nbtb acggkathcf. Fcfktmkgkss hfvbgubdgk nbtb bfn rkskbram wbs ibtmkrkn tmbt dctm acfflrokn scokdkghkes bfn ambggkfikn ctmkrs. ^c dkst bfbgyzk cur flfnhfis, wk drclk tmk rksugts hftc ecur skathcfsbs dbskn cf b Gyfnb.aco cfghfk trbhfhfi vhnkc: Arhthabg Krrcrs, Hftkrbathcfs, [fkxpkatkn Tksugts, bfnBnnhthcfbg Fctks. Arhthabg Krrcrsbrk ocokfts tmbt abuskn tmk uskr tc akbsk fbvhibthfi tmk bppghabthcf dkecrk

bslhfi ecr bsshstbfak. [fkxpkatkn Tksugts brk cdskrvbthcfs dy tmk uskr tmbt wkrk fct baacuftkn ecr wmkf bppghabthcf

wbs nkshifkn. Hftkrbathcfsbrk hftkrebak cr ekbturks rkqukstkn dy tmk uskr tc arkbtk b dkttkr uskr kxpkrhkfak. Bnnhthcfbg Fctks brk cdskrvbthcfs dy tmk tkstkr tmbt nhn fct ebgg hftc tmk bdcvk abtkicrhks.

Pbpkr Prctctypk ^kst Fuodkr 2

Arhthabg Krrcrs

Kftkr hf Qabvkfikr Muft ekbturk ibvkkxpkatbthcf mbvhfi b prk-kxhsthfi ircupfbok.

[skr wcfnkrkn wmy uskrfbok wbs kvkfrkquhrkn [skr nhnft lfcw he tmky acugn amccskmuft tbsl hf crnkr cr rbfncogy3

[fkxpkatkn Tksugts

[skr wbftkn tc ghfl up whtm ctmkr uskrsaurrkftgy pbrthahpbthfi hf sabvkfikr muft [skr rkqukstkn ghsthfi ce bgg tmk htkos/

tbsls ecr tmk sabvkfikr muft tmrcuimcuttmk Zcc dkecrk dkiihfi muft, bfn fctmbvk ht dk nktkrohfkn dy IPQ gcabthcf. [skr wbftkn nhffkrkft gkvkgs ce nhfiaugtyecr kbam muft hf absk bt Zcc whtm nhffkrkftpkcpgk

Pbpkr Prctctycpks ^ksts//Htkrbthvk Ambfiks//^kamfhabg Prctctypk Qktup & ^ksts


14/23

Htkrbthvk Ambfiks betkr ^kst #2

Betkr kst #2, wmham wbs pkrecrokn whtm aurrkft Zcc Okodkrs, skvkrbg htkrbthvk ambfiks tc tmk Mhs-

tcrhabg Obrlkr bfn Qabvkfikr Muft ekbturks wkrk obnk bs rkqukstkn dy tmk flrst sudjkat. Hf ksskfak,ocrk hfecrobthcf bfn nktbhgs bdcut kbam ekbturk bfn stkps wkrk rkqukstkn bs tmk kxhsthfi nhrka-thcfs bfn purpcsk wkrk ufagkbr. mksk ambfiks brk ghstkn dkgcw, bfn abf dk skkf bs tmk acgcrknsthaly fctks.

Bnnkn nhfiaugty gkvkgs cf Qabvkfikr Muft Tkvbopkn gcabthcf hftkrebak hf QabvkfikrMuft tc hfagunk agkbr ghfls bfn bdhghty tc flfnb fkw gcabthcf

Bnnkn hfecrobthcf hacfs cf Mcok Pbikwhtm Ocnbg Yhfncws Ambfikn syftbx cf Qabvkfikr Muftgbfnhfi pbik tc ircup fbok Bnnkn Nhrkathcfs tc Mhstcrhabg Obrlkr Htkos


Arhthabg Krrcrs

Qabvkfikr Muft fkkns hftrc pbik dk-ycfn tmk ocnbg nksarhpthcf bdcut pur-pcsk, mcw tc sacrk, prhzks, kta. Nhnft wbft sacrks ghstkn wmkf flrststbrthfi muft

[fkxpkatkn Tksugts

[skr ufsurk mcw tc ihvk ekkndbal tcZcc cr bpp ekbturk [skr wbftkn tc flfn dbtmrcco/eccn/ctm-kr baaksshdhghty htkos hf obp [skr fct pkrscfbggy octhvbtkn dy gkbn-krdcbrn

Cr nyfbohabggy arkbtk b fkw tbsl Bnn hacfs tc tbsls ecr kbsk ce usk Htko/tbsl sudohsshcf vkrhflabthcf3


15/23

Hftkrbathcfs

Mhstcrhabg Obrlkrs fkkn nhrkathcfs tc/erco aurrkft gcabthcf

Mhstcrhabg Obrlkrs acugn usk hfnkx ghst-hfi. Qabvkfikr Muft ohsshfi ncwfgcbnbdgkcr hooknhbtkgy rknkkobdgk prhzks ecr ba-acopghsmhfi tbsls. Bgsc ohsshfi bdhghty tc amccsk muft gcab-thcfs.

Bnnhthcfbg Fctks

Aurhcus tc lfcw wmbt lhfn ce vhnkc bfnbunhc wcugn dk pgbyhfi hf Obrlkr ekbturk

Tkmbsm kst #2s arkbtk vs kftkr skobf-thas nkdbtk hf QM. Ocrk pchfts he QM tbsl hs acopgktkn ebst-kr3 Mcw hs tmk sacrhfi scrtkn3


Arhthabg Krrcrs

Arkbtk b agkbrkr kxpgbfbthcf ce wmbt tmk

dhrn wbtamhfi bpp hs bfn ncks, erco tmk

stbrt pbik.

Kxpgbhf mcw tmk dhrn wbtamhfi bppghab-

thcf rkgbtks tc tmk zcc.

[fkxpkatkn Tksugts

Gcts ce hftkrkst hf smbrhfi dhrn shimthfi

gcabthcfs bfn hobiks whtm ctmkrs.

Acopkththcfpchfts smcugn dk smbrkn

bfn uskn tc trbal tcp sacrkrs.

Hftkrkst hf ecrohfi b ircup ce ctmkr dhrn

wbtamkrskhtmkr cfghfk cr hf pkrscf bttmk zcc.

Hftkrbathcfs

Oblk tmk trbal shimthfis bfn trbal

pchfts duttcfs agkbrkr.

Prcvhnk b agkbr ghfl dbal tc tmk obhf zcc

pbik.

Agbrhey tmk ^rbal Pchfts pbik, bnn

ocrk nktbhgs--mcw ycu kbrf pchfts, mcw tc

acopktk whtm ctmkrs, kta.

Bnnhthcfbg Fctks

Bnn IPQ obpphfi bs bf cpthcf, hf bnnh-

thcf tc tmk nrcp ncwf ghst, cf tmk Qhimthfi

Nktbhgs pbik.

Bnn bf cpthcf tc smbrk shimthfi gcab-

thcfs whtm ctmkrs--wmham dhrns ctmkrs mbvk

skkf, wmkf, bfn wmkrk.

Dhrnwbtamhfi Acooufhty--arkbtk b

Ebakdccl cr Iccigk+ pbik ecr okodkrs

tc smbrk.

Bnn bf cpthcf tc bttbam hobiks tc tmk

Qhimthfi Nktbhgs pbik.


16/23

^kamfhabg Prctctypk Qktup

Fc htkrbthvk ambfiks wkrk obnk tc tmk pbpkr prctctypks betkr tmk flrst tkst, dut tmk acggcbtkn bfnbfbgyzkn nbtb hfecrokn tmk kamfhabg Prctctypk sktup. ^mk ambfiks brk rkfflkatkn dkgcw hf b sbopgkce tmk tkamfhabg prctcypks tmbt wkrk nkvkgcpkn ushfi Bxurk.


17/23

kamfhabg Prctctypk ^kst #2

Arhthabg Krrcrs

Bxurk ncksft mbvk ocnbg eufathcfbg-hty. Hfstkbn uskn pcp-up whfncw hf tmk

prcirbo bfn wcrlkn hf b drcwskr abuskntmk bppghabthcf tc ikt stual cf b ocdhgknkvhak bfn ecrak rkstbrt. Ghohtkn Obp shzk wbs upgcbnkn tc mhs-tcrhabg obrlkr pbik< abushfi tmk uskr tcsarcgg bn hfflfhtuo. Nhffkrkft duttcf gcabthcf cf Dhrnwbtam-hfi pcrthcf tmbf ctmkr ebakts. Qabvkfikr Muft sarkkf ncksft sarcgg cfocdhgk nkvhak nksphtk dkhfi skt up tc nc

sc hf Bxurk

[fkxpkatkn Tksugts

MO: pknkstrhbf nhrkathcfs cr abr nhrka-thcfs3 ([skr whgg dk hf b zcc sc wmy usk

Iccigk Obps nrhvhfi nhrkathcfs3 Abf htbutcnkebugt tc wbglhfi3) Ohsshfi wkdshtk [TG cf Acftbat Pbik Ocrk spbahfi dktwkkf gkttkrs bfn knikshf duttcfs Ncks tmk Mhstcrhabg Obrlkr vhnkc acf-tkft mbvk tc dk mhstcrhabg3 Abf ht dk dk-mhfn tmk sakfks whtm stbff/zcclkkpkrs3

Hftkrbathcfs

Mcok Pbik hfecrobthcf ocnbgs fkknocrk spkahfla hfstruathcfs tc ihvk agkbr nk-tbhgs bfn nhrkathcfs cf uskr kxpkatbthcfs. Ymy mbvk b Mhstcrhabg Obrlkr pcp up3Cr, he tmkrks ichfi tc dk b pcpup, ht fkknstc rkvkbg hopcrtbft hfecrobthcf bfn/cr bphaturk tmbt whgg abusk tmk uskr tc aghal DY: Fkkn b rkwbrn ecr pchfts kbrfknwmhgk nchfi tmk dhrnwbtamhfi bpp< shohgbrtc tmk Qabvkfikr Muft QM: mk dgbfl hobik sarkkf fkkns b nk-sarhpthcf cf uskr kxpkatbthcfs.

Bnnhthcfbg Fctks

Objcrhty ce krrcrs abok erco Bxurk skt-up bfn gbiiy bppghabthcf hftkrebak. [skr ecufn Gcrko Hpsuo acftkft tcdk acfeushfi< rkqukstkn batubg acftkft.Xkt fc prcdgkos wkrk rkpcrtkn whtm Gcr-ko Hpsuo cf bfy ce tmk pbpkr prctctypktksts.

Qhohgbr tc tmk Pbpkr Prctctypk ksts, tmk kamfhabg Prctctypk tksthfi wkrk ncfk hfnhvhnubggy nuk tcacffflhathfi samknugks. Xkt tmk kamfhabg Prctctypks wkrk tkstkn bt tmk Zcc. mk nbtb wbs acggkatkn hfb shohgbr ebsmhcf bs tmk Pbpkr Prctctypks bfn brk ghstkn dkgcw:


18/23

kamfhabg Prctctypk ^kst #4

^kst Fuodkr 2 wbs pkrecrokn dy Dktmbfy OaIcwbf tc erhkfn.

Arhthabg Krrcrs

Kbam ekbturk smcugn dk prkebakn whtm bf

bunhc cr vhnkc kxpgbfbthcf

Mhstcrhabg Obrlkrs: mk obrlkrs fkkn tc

dk ocrk agkbrgy nkflfkn< obp smcugn mbvk

bf hfnhabthcf tmbt ht hs sarcggbdgk

[fkxpkatkn Tksugts

[skrs wkrk sghimtgy acfeuskn dy mbvhfi

tmrkk nhsthfat cpthcfs cf tmk mcok pbik.

Hftkrbathcfs

Dhrn Ybtamhfi: smcugn hfagunk bf cpthcf

tc tblk bfn sbvk hobiks< smcugn hfagunk

cfghfk bfn hf pbrl cppcrtufhthks tc okkt

ekggcw wbtamkrs

Qabvkfikr Muft: smcugn hfagunk cpthcf

ecr tkbo pgby< agbrhflabthcf fkknkn cf

pchft bamhkvkokfts bfn rkwbrns

Bnnhthcfbg Fctks

Objcrhty ce krrcrs abok erco Bxurk skt-

up bfn gbiiy bppghabthcf hftkrebak

Htkrbthvk Ambfiks betkr ^kamfhabg Prctctypk ^ksthfi

Qkvkrbg htkrbthvk ambfiks wkrk obnk tc tmk bppghabthcf mbs b wmcgk betkr tmk kamfhabg Prctctypktksts. Obfy ce tmk uskrs rkqukstkn ocrk ikfkrbg ekbturks whtmhf tmk bppghabthcf, fbokgy bf hftkrba-

thvk obp whtm baaksshdghty hfecrobthcf. ^mhs ekbturk wbs rkfbokn bfn nhsausskn hf cur acfagushcf.Bnnhthcfbg ambfiks wkrk tmk bnnhthcf ce batubg hfecrobthcf bfn hfstruathcfs hf ghku ce tmk GcrkoHpsuo tkxt. mksk ambfiks brk ghstkn dkgcw:

Bnnkn ocrk acgcr bfn hobiks tmrcuimcut Mhstcrhabg Obrlkrs rkfbokn[facvkr tmk Zcc

Tkocvk bs ouam Gcrko Hpsuo bs pcsshdgk Ambfikn ocnbg whfncw sktup whtmhf Bxurk


19/23

AcfagushcfAcfagushcf//Ehfbg ^kam Prctctypks//Tkekrkfaks

Cfk ambggkfik wk abok barcss tmrcuimcut nkshifhfi bfn tksthfi tmhs bppghabthcf wbs agkbrgy acf-

fkathfi tmk tmrkk ekbturks. Qkvkrbg ce tmk uskrs wkrk hftkrkstkn hf cfk cr ocrk ce tmk ekbturks, dutbgwbys wcfnkrkn bdcut tmkhr rkgbthcfsmhp tc kbam ctmkr bfn tmk ocrk hopcrtbftgy tmk Zcc. Yk bf-thahpbtkn tmhs erco tmk cutskt, dut ncft tmhfl wk baacuftkn ecr tmk nkptm ce kxpgbfbthcf tmbt wcugndk fkknkn. Lkkp Ht Qhopgk hs bf bnbik wk sudsarhdkn tc dkecrk tmhs prcjkat, bfn tmhs rkhfecrakn ht.

Bnnhthcfbggy, obfy ce tmk uskrs rkqukstkn ocrk ikfkrbg ekbturks whtmhf tmk bppghabthcf, fbokgy bfhftkrbathvk obp. ^mkrkecrk cfk kbsy ambfik tc cur bppghabthcf hs ocnheyhfi tmk Mhstcrhabg Obrlkrsekbturk dy rkfbohfi ht tc [facvkr tmk Zcc, bfn mbvk ht dk ocrk ce bf hftkrbathvk obp tmbt acftbhfsfct just mhstcrhabg acftkft dut hfecrobthcf cf aurrkft bfn euturk kxmhdhts, bfn bgsc ikfkrbg baakssh-dhghty bfn gcabthcf quksthcfs.

Gkbrfhfi, dut bgsc prbathahfi, tmk hopcrtbfak tmk pbrthaugbr bunhkfak mkurhsthas, mcw tmbt hffflukfa-ks ycur nkshif bfn tmus uskr kxpkrhkfak, prctctyphfi, bfn tksthfi mbs dkkf hfvbgubdgk tmrcuimcuttmhs bsshifokft. Yk abok bwby erco tmhs kxpkrhkfak whtm b ebr dkttkr ufnkrstbfnhfi ce tmk nkshifprcakss tmbf wmkf wk kftkrkn, bfn brk kbikr tc try scoktmhfi shohgbr bibhf.

Acfagushcf

Ehfbg ^kam Prctctypks^kam prctctypks abf dk tkstkn cfghfk bt mttp://icc.ig/ZB=Ra[
http://goo.gl/ZA8QcUhttp://goo.gl/ZA8QcU


20/23


21/23


22/23

Tkekrkfaks

BUBH Ukfturks Hfa. (4021). Yccngbfn Pbrl Zcc (Ukrshcf 5.2) \Ocdhgk Bppghabthcf Qcetwbrk_. Tktrhkvkn ercomttp://htufks.bppgk.aco

Dbhgky, D. (400>). Qkiokfthfi Bnugt Ykd [skrs hftc Okbfhfieug Bik Abtkicrhks.\Pcwkrpchft prkskftbthcf_ Tktrhkvkn erco mttp://bsskts.bbrp.cri/www.bbrp.criS/brthagks/rkskbram/cww/

ufhvkrshty/DbhgkySBikAbtkicrhks>.pptDcswkgg, Y.Bpps ecr Lhns: Dbsha [sbdhghty Iuhnkghfks. (4021, Jbfubry 2). Tktrhkvkn Ekdrubry 41, 402>, erco

mttp://scetwbrk.hftkg.aco/kf-us/dgcis/4021/02/41/bpps-ecr-lhns-dbsha-usbdhghty-iuhnkghfks

Nruhf, B. (4004). mk Tcgk ce Amhgnrkf hf tmk Nkshif ce Fkw kamfcgciy. Dkmbvhcur bfn Hfecrobthcf kamfcgc-iy(DH^), 42(2), 24;.N]X Qcguthcfs GGA. (402>). Kxpgcrk Dbgthocrk Mkrhtbik (Ukrshcf 4.1.2) \Ocdhgk Bppghabthcf Qcetwbrk_. Tk-

trhkvkn erco mttp://htufks.bppgk.acoIkfkrbthcf Bpp 54% ce Ocdhgk [skrs 4;-1> cwf Qobrtpmcfks. (4022, Fcvkodkr 1). mk Fhkgskf Acopbfy.

Tktrhkvkn Ekdrubry 41, 402>, erco mttp://www.fhkgskf.aco/us/kf/fkwswhrk/4022/ikfkrbthcf-bpp-54-ce-ocdhgk-uskrs-4;-1>-cwf-sobrtpmcfks.mtog

Mkhogham, T. (4021, Fcvkodkr 2>). Hftkrfkt [skr Nkocirbpmhas. Pkw Tkskbram Akftkrs Hftkrfkt & BokrhabfGhek Prcjkat.Tktrhkvkn erco mttp://www.pkwhftkrfkt.cri/nbtb-trkfn/hftkrfkt-usk/gbtkst-stbts/

Muimks, F. (f.n.). Bppgks hPmcfk gkn 4021 [Q acfsuokr sobrtpmcfk sbgks whtm >;% smbrk - FPN. TktrhkvknOby 22, 402>, erco mttp://bppgkhfshnkr.aco/brthagks/2>/04/40/bppgks-hpmcfk-gkn-4021-us-acfsuokr-sobrt-


23/23

pmcfk-sbgks-whtm->;-smbrk---fpnJcfks, Q. & Ecx, Q. (4008, Jbfubry 4=). Ikfkrbthcfs Cfghfk hf 4008. Pkw Tkskbram Akftkrs Hftkrfkt & Bokrhabf

Ghek Prcjkat.Tktrhkvkn erco mttp://www.pkwhftkrfkt.cri/4008/02/4=/ikfkrbthcfs-cfghfk-hf-4008/gyfnb.aco rbhfhfi | Ecufnbthcfs ce []: Prctctyphfi. (f.n.). gyfnb.aco. Tktrhkvkn Oby 22, 402>, erco mttp://

www.gyfnb.aco/Ykd-Hftkrbathcf-Nkshif-tutcrhbgs/Ecufnbthcfs-[]-Prctctyphfi/2111>8-4.mtogObaEbrgbfk, Q., & Pbshbgh, B. (400;).Bnbpthfi tmk Mkurhstha Kvbgubthcf Oktmcn ecr [sk whtm Amhgnrkf.Hf Ycrl-

smcp cf Amhgn Acoputkr Hftkrbathcf: Oktmcncgcihabg Tkskbram prkskftkn bt tmk Hftkrbat, Tcok. Tktrhkvknerco mttp://www.amhah.cri/rkekrkfaks/bnbpthfiStmkSmkurhsthaSkvbgubthcf.pne

Obibzhfk, .Z. (f.n.) Ymbts fkw bt tmk Obrygbfn Zcc. ^mk Zcfk Obibzhfk. Tktrhkvkn erco mttp://tmk-zcfkobi.wcrnprkss.aco/4024/05/42/wmbts-fkw-bt-tmk-obrygbfn-zcc/

Obgcfk, . Y. (28=4). Mkurhsthas ecr Nkshifhfi Kfjcybdgk [skr Hftkrebaks: Gksscfs erco Acoputkr Iboks.HfPrcakknhfis ce tmk 28=4 Acfekrkfak cf Muobf Ebatcrs hf Acoputhfi Qystkos(pp. 515=). Fkw Xcrl, FX, [QB:BAO.

Okklkr, O. (4024, Nkakodkr 1) 4024 Hftkrfkt rkfns ([pnbtk)\Qghnksmbrk prkskftbthcf ecr 4024 LPAD Hftkrfkt^rkfns Xkbr-Kfn [pnbtk_ Tktrhkvkn erco mttp://www.lpad.aco/hfshimts/4024-hftkrfkt-trkfns-upnbtk

Fbthcfbg kgkacooufhabthcfs bfn Hfecrobthcf Bnohfhstrbthcf. (4004).B FB^HCF CFGHFK: Mcw Bokrhabfs BrkKxpbfnhfi ^mkhr [sk ce tmk Hftkrfkt. Tktrhkvkn erco mttp://www.fthb.nca.icv/gkibay/fthbmcok/nf/fbthcfcf-ghfkS040;04.mto

Fhkgskf, J. (288;, Jbfubry 2). 20 [sbdhghty Mkurhsthas ecr [skr Hftkrebak Nkshif. Tktrhkvkn Ekdrubry 41, 402>,erco mttp://www.ffircup.aco/brthagks/tkf-usbdhghty-mkurhsthas/Fhkgskf, J. (4005, Bprhg 29). E-Qmbpkn Pbttkrs ecr Tkbnhfi Ykd Acftkft. Tktrhkvkn erco mttp://www.ffircup.

aco/brthagks/e-smbpkn-pbttkrf-rkbnhfi-wkd-acftkft/Fhkgskf, J. (4020, Qkptkodkr 21). Amhgnrkfs Ykdshtks: [sbdhghty Hssuks hf Nkshifhfi ecr Lhns.Tktrhkvkn erco

mttp://www.ffircup.aco/brthagks/amhgnrkfs-wkdshtks-usbdhghty-hssuks/Pkw Tkskbram Akftkrs Hftkrfkt & Bokrhabf Ghek Prcjkat . (4021). Akgg Pmcfk bfn Qobrtpmcfk Cwfkr-

smhp Nkocirbpmhas| Tktrhkvkn Ekdrubry 45, 402>, erco mttp://www.pkwhftkrfkt.cri/nbtb-trkfn/ocdhgk/akgg-pmcfk-bfn-sobrtpmcfk-cwfkrsmhp-nkocirbpmhas/

Tcdkrts, N. E., & Eckmr, [. I. (400=). ^rkfns hf Oknhb [sk. ^mk Euturk ce Amhgnrkf, 2=(2), 221;.Q Yhglkfhfi. (4020, Bprhg 44). Ouskuo Bunhkfak Hfshimt: Ymcs Acohfi tc Xcur Ouskuo3 Nkocirbpmhas

dy Ouskuo ypk. Tktrhkvkn erco mttp://rkbambnvhscrs.typkpbn.aco/ouskuoSbunhkfakShfshimt/4020/0>/wmcs-acohfi-tc-ycur-ouskuo-nkocirbpmhas-dy-ouskuo-typk.mtog

Qobrtpmcfk Qwhtam: ^mrkk-Ecurtms ce Tkakft Baquhrkrs Amcsk Qobrtpmcfks.(4021, Qkptkodkr 29). mk FhkgskfAcopbfy. Tktrhkvkn Ekdrubry 41, 402>, erco mttp://www.fhkgskf.aco/us/kf/fkwswhrk/4021/sobrtpmcfk-swhtam--tmrkk-ecurtms-ce-rkakft-baquhrkrs-amcsk-sobrt.mtog^mk Obrygbfn Nkpbrtokft ce Dushfkss bfn Kacfcoha Nkvkgcpokft. (4024).^mk Kacfcoha Hopbat ce tmk

Obrygbfn Zcc hf Dbgthocrk(Tkskbram Tkpcrt). Tktrhkvkn erco mttp://www.amccskobrygbfn.cri/bdcutndkn/Ncauokfts/Pudghabthcfs/ZccHopbatQtunyEhfbg.pne^mk Obrygbfn Zcc hf Dbgthocrk. (4024). 4024 bffubg rkpcrt ce ^mk Obrygbfn Zcc hf Dbgthocrk. Tktrhkvkn erco

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trhkvkn erco mttp://htufks.bppgk.aco

idia612 final presentation

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