historia del partido del trabajo de albania (segunda edicion)

8/21/2019 Historia Del Partido Del Trabajo de Albania (Segunda Edicion)

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Ao vlrsnh laletrhneo bla anfrdcul erlobd pdr

`ttp9//www.lhvlr`dx`o.ru
http://www.enverhoxha.ru/http://www.enverhoxha.ru/


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[rdaltornds bl tdbds ads posls, uhnds!

@NURDVNO

BLA [OVRNBD BLA RVOFOID

BL OAFOHNO

Ulmuhbo lbnenh

NHURNR\RD BL LUR\BNDU JOVPNURO-ALHNHNUROUOBI\HRD OA EE BLA [RO


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AO @NURDVNO BLA [OVRNBD BLA RVOFOID BL OAFOHNO @O UNBD [VL[OVOBO [DV LA NHURNR\RD BL LUR\BNDU JOVPNURO-ALHNHNUROU ^ UL

[\FANEO [DV BLENUNDH BLA EDJNRLELHRVOA BLA [RO


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N H R V D B \ E E N D H

La plrdbd qul edjnlhzo edh ao cuhboenh bla [ortnbd blaRrofoid bl Oafohno ([RO) ls la js aujnhdsd bl ao sleuaor`nstdrno bla pulfad oafohs. Burohtl lsl plrdbd sl prdbuilrdh

prdcuhbos trohscdrjoendhls rlvdauendhornos bl drblh pdatned,ledhjned, sdenoa y euaturoa lh ao vnbo bla pos, sl oaeohzordhmrohbls vnetdrnos bl njpdrtoheno vntoa, bohbd cnh o ao dprlsnhbl aos josos pdpuaorls y o ao lxpadtoenh y oslmurohbd larpnbd l nhnhtlrrujpnbd blsorrdaad bl Oafohno lh la eojnhd blasdenoansjd.

Lstos vnetdrnos culrdh admrobos pdr la pulfad oafohsfoid ao bnrleenh bla [ortnbd bla Rrofoid bl Oafohno. Edh ao

cuhboenh bla [ortnbd, hoen bla slhd bl ao eaosl dfrlro y aosjosos trofoiobdros, lh la culmd bl ao mulrro edhtro ads deu-

pohtls cosenstos y ads tronbdrls bla pos, uho bnrleenh hoendhoarlvdauendhorno, rlsulato o blclhblr òsto la cnh ads nhtlrlslsbla pulfad, y eopoz bl oslmuror su anflroenh hoendhoa y sdenoa.

La [ortnbd bla Rrofoid bl Oafohno snljprl ò tlhnbd la

jorxnsjdalhnhnsjd edjd hneo y slmuro friuao. @o joh-tlhnbd edhstohtljlhtl lh oatd ao edjfotnvo fohblro bl aos nh-jdrtoals nblos bl Jorx, Lhmlas, Alhnh y Utoanh. Uu cnblanboboa jorxnsjdalhnhnsjd ls ao culhtl bl su culrzo nhomdtofal, bl

su sofnburo y eaornvnblheno, bl su edroil y bltlrjnhoenh porosuplror aos bncneuatobls y dfsteuads, y slmunr oblaohtl, edhcnrjl edhcnohzo, òeno ao edjpalto rloanzoenh bl sus dfiltnvdsy torlos prdmrojtneos.

Un la [ortnbd bla Rrofoid bl Oafohno ò rloanzobd edhxntd aos mrohbls torlos qul ò lhcrlhtobd, ls pdrqul slò opdyobd cnrjljlhtl lh la pulfad, bl qunlh ò `lrlbobd


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objnrofals trobnendhls potrntneos y rlvdauendhornos. Lh su aueòedhtro la yumd lxtrohilrd y ao dprlsnh sdenoa, la pulfad oafohs ò pulstd bl johncnlstd edh mroh culrzo, la nanjntobd ojdr

òeno su potrno, la mroh dbnd pdr ao lseaovntub y ao rlprlsnh,aos orbnlhtls ospnroendhls y ao nhbdfalmofal vdauhtob bl prd-mrlsd, ao mroh edhcnohzo lh ao vnetdrno, ao voalhto snh por lhao aueò blsnmuoa edhtro ads lhljnmds, la snhelrd ojdr y ao

mlhlrdsnbob poro edh la ojnmd y la eojorobo y ao oetntubnhtrohsnmlhtl edh ads lhljnmds y ads tronbdrls. La pulfad oa-fohs sl ò vnstd dfanmobd o aueòr edhtro hujlrdsds y clrdelslhljnmds edh la cnh bl blclhblr su lxnstlheno y su pdrvlhnr,

poro sdfrlvnvnr edjd pulfad y edjd hoenh. Ao rlsnstlheno yao aueò bl ads oafohlsls edhtro sus lhljnmds, òh tlhnbd

snljprl eoretlr pdpuaor bl anflroenh7 sus mulrros òh snbdiustos. Aos potrntneos trobnendhls prdmrlsnstos y ao rneo lx-plrnlheno `nstrneo bla pulfad òh slrvnbd bl sanbd opdydporo ao oetnvnbob bla [ortnbd. @lrlblrd bl lstos trobnendhls,la [ortnbd ò laofdrobd tdbo lso lxplrnlheno sleuaor o ao auzbl aos lhslohzos bla jorxnsjdalhnhnsjd y ao ò jotlrno-anzobd lh su oetnvnbob rlvdauendhorno. Foid ao bnrleenh bla [RO

sl òh johnclstobd lh tdbd su vnmdr aos lalvobos vnrtublsjdroals bla pulfad, sl ò blstoeobd oh js ao vntoanbob bl

stl edjd hoenh. Uus trobnendhls potrntneos y rlvdauendhornosòh snbd uho pdblrdso culrzo jdtrnz lh ao aueò pdr ao anflro-enh bl ao potrno y pdr ao edhstrueenh bla sdenoansjd.

La [ortnbd uhn ao aueò pdr ao anflrtob y ao nhblplhblhenoedh ao aueò edhtro aos eaosls lxpadtobdros, pdr ao nhstouroenhbl ao bnetoburo bla prdaltornobd, pdr ao suprlsnh bl tdbd tnpdbl lxpadtoenh, pdr ao lbncneoenh bla sdenoansjd. Foid ao bnrle-enh bla [ortnbd sl nherljlht la potrndtnsjd pdpuaor y sltrohscdrj lh potrndtnsjd sdenoansto. La ojdr o ao potrno ò

snbd anmobd bl cdrjo drmhneo edh la ojdr y ao aloatob oapdblr pdpuaor, oa sdenoansjd.Naujnhobd pdr aos lhslohzos bla jorxnsjdalhnhnsjd, fo-

shbdsl lh ao lxplrnlheno bl ao aueò rlvdauendhorno bl aosjosos pdpuaorls, opdyhbdsl vnmdrdsojlhtl lh la pulfad qulal bnd ao vnbo y al `nzd erlelr, munhbdsl pdr ads hdfalsnbloals bl slrvnr cnlajlhtl oa pulfad y oa sdenoansjd, la [ortnbdbla Rrofoid bl Oafohno ò admrobd laofdror y opaneor edhstoh-tljlhtl uho edrrleto ahlo mlhlroa, y ò oaeohzobd ao joburlzqul al plrjntl drnlhtorsl lh euoaqunlr sntuoenh. @o rloanzobdedh `dhdr sus blflrls òeno su eaosl dfrlro y su pulfad, os

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edjd tojfnh lh rlaoenh edh la jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto ydfrlrd nhtlrhoendhoa.

La [ortnbd admr slr ao hneo culrzo bnrnmlhtl bla pulfad

oafohs lh ao aueò pdr ao nhblplhblheno hoendhoa y ao anflrtob,pdr ao bljderoeno y la sdenoansjd. Drmohnz y bnrnmn ao AueòOhtncosensto bl Anflroenh Hoendhoa, ao trnuhcohtl y js mad-rndso aueò bla pulfad oafohs. Drmohnz y bnrnmn ao rledhstrue-enh bla pos blstrunbd pdr ao mulrro, y tojfnh la blsorrdaad

sdenoa, ledhjned y euaturoa bl Oafohno pdr la eojnhd sdenoansto.Ao @nstdrno bla [RO ls ao `nstdrno bl uh portnbd jorxnsto

alhnhnsto rlvdauendhornd qul ò rlsulatd prdfaljos vntoals porola pulfad9

suprlsnh bl tdbo blplhblheno pdatneo y ledhjneo rls-pletd o aos pdtlhenos lxtrohilros njplrnoanstos, oslmurohbd aotdtoa nhblplhblheno hoendhoa7

blsorrdaad nhnhtlrrujpnbd bl ao rlvdauenh pdpuaor blsblao ltopo bljdertneo ohtnnjplrnoansto o ao sdenoansto7

edhsdanboenh bl ao oanohzo bl ao eaosl dfrlro edh la eoj-plsnhobd trofoiobdr y edh la rlstd bl aos josos pdpuaorls blapos y uhnh bl lstos josos lh uh crlhtl edjh lh tdrhd oa[ortnbd y foid su lxeausnvo bnrleenh7

nhstouroenh, cdrtoalenjnlhtd y plrcleendhojnlhtd edhtnhud

bla pdblr bljdertned pdpuaor edjd cdrjo bl ao bnetoburo blaprdaltornobd7

lanjnhoenh bla sleuaor otrosd ledhjned, sdenoa, euaturoay tehned bla pos, soatohbd bl uh otrosd sljncluboa oa sdeno-ansjd, snh otrovlsor ao cosl bla eopntoansjd blsorrdaaobd7

erloenh y blsorrdaad bl ao nhbustrno sdenoansto edjd culrzorletdro bl ao ledhdjo pdpuaor7

edaletnvnzoenh bl ao omrneuaturo, su blsorrdaad y jleohnzo-enh7

anqunboenh bl ads tlrrotlhnlhtls y bl ao furmulso edjdeaosl, bl ao lxpadtoenh bla `djfrl pdr la `djfrl, y edhstrue-enh bl ao fosl ledhjneo bla sdenoansjd, tohtd lh ao enubobedjd lh la eojpd7

cdrjoenh bl hulvds euobrds poro aos bnvlrsos rojos blao ledhdjo y ao euaturo, erloenh bl ao nhtlaletuoanbob sdeno-ansto7

lbueoenh rlvdauendhorno bl ads trofoiobdrls, plrtrle`hbd-ads edh ao edhelpenh enlhtcneo jorxnstoalhnhnsto bla juhbd7nhnhtlrrujpnbd blsorrdaad bl ao rlvdauenh lh la eojpd nbld-amned y euaturoa7

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blclhso bl ao potrno sdenoansto bl ads blsnmhnds y oetnvnbo-bls `dstnals bl ads njplrnoanstos, rlvnsndhnstos y sus nhstru-jlhtds7

lstofalenjnlhtd bl hulvos rlaoendhls bla Lstobd oafohsedh dtrds posls, sdfrl ao fosl bl ao nmuoabob, la rlspltd o aonhblplhblheno hoendhoa y ao nhtlmrnbob tlrrntdrnoa, ao hd nhml-rlheno lh ads osuhtds nhtlrhds y la nhtlrs jutud7

johtlhnjnlhtd bl uho jdhdatneo uhnbob nbldamneo y dr-mohnzotnvo lh aos cnaos bla [ortnbd7

lstofalenjnlhtd y edhslrvoenh edhsleulhtl bl aos rlaoendhlscrotlrhoals lhtrl la [ortnbd bla Rrofoid bl Oafohno y ads bljsportnbds jorxnstoalhnhnstos sdfrl ao fosl bl ads prnhenpnds blanhtlrhoendhoansjd prdaltornd7 soavomuorbno bl ao nhblplhblhenobla [ortnbd ohtl aos prltlhsndhls y ads johlids e`dvnhnstos blmroh Lstobd bl ads rlvnsndhnstos yumdsaovds, iruse`dvnstos ye`nhds.

La [ortnbd bla Rrofoid bl Oafohno edhbuel edh blensnhl nhqulfrohtofal edhcnohzo oa pulfad oafohs pdr la eojnhdbla sdenoansjd, rlsdavnlhbd mrohbls y edjpaneobds prdfaljosrlaoendhobds edh a edjpaltd blsorrdaad bl ao rlvdauenh sdeno-ansto lh tdbds ads tlrrlhds, lh la pdatned, ledhjned, sdenoa, nblda-mned y euaturoa, edh ao aueò pdr ao blclhso bla jorxnsjd

alhnhnsjd edhtro ao nbldadmo furmulso y tdbos aos edrrnlhtlsbla rlvnsndhnsjd jdblrhd.

Ao @nstdrno bla [RO ls uho lseulao bl opaneoenh erlobdrobla jorxnsjdalhnhnsjd lh aos edhbnendhls bl Oafohno y lhenreuhstohenos nhtlrhoendhoals edherltos. La lstubnd bl lsto `ns-tdrno ls uh njpdrtohtl edjpdhlhtl bla lstubnd bla jorxnsjdalhnhnsjd pdr ads jnantohtls bla [ortnbd y tdbds ads trofoiobdrlsbla pos.

La eojorobo Lhvlr @dxò ò edhsnblrobd ao @nstdrno bla

[RO uho omubo y pdblrdso orjo nbldamneo y pdatneo porola tljpal rlvdauendhornd bl ads edjuhnstos, bl ao eaosl dfrlro,bl tdbd la pulfad, poro rlsdavlr ads mrohbls prdfaljos oetuoals.

Ao mroh dfro bla [ortnbd hd ad ls hneojlhtl bl ads edju-hnstos, snhd tojfnh bl ao eaosl dfrlro, bla eojplsnhobd tro-foiobdr, bl ads nhtlaletuoals potrndtos. Rdbds, edh su sohmrl

y su subdr òh edhtrnfunbd o lsernfnr ao `nstdrno bla [ortnbd.*

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* Lhvlr @dxò. Bnseursd prdhuhenobd edh jdtnvd bl ao prnjlro

pufaneoenh bl ao @nstdrno bla [RO, 2 bl hdvnljfrl bl ?>30, Yrn npdpuaant, < bl hdvnljfrl bl ?>30.


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* * *

Ao @nstdrno bla [ortnbd bla Rrofoid bl Oafohno nheauyl trls

plrdbds prnhenpoals.La prnjlrd edjnlhzo edh ao nhnenoenh bla jdvnjnlhtd dfrl-

rd y edh la hoenjnlhtd bla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto drmohnzobdy aalmo òsto ao cuhboenh bla [ortnbd Edjuhnsto bl Oafohno(hdvnljfrl bl ?>2?).

La slmuhbd nheauyl ao oetnvnbob bla [ortnbd lh ao drmohnzo-enh y bnrleenh bl ao Aueò bl Anflroenh Hoendhoa bla pulfadoafohs edhtro ads nhvosdrls cosenstos y ads tronbdrls, y poroedhqunstor ao vnetdrno bl ao rlvdauenh pdpuaor (hdvnljfrl bl?>2? hdvnljfrl bl ?>22).

La tlrelrd, ls la plrdbd bl ao aueò bla [ortnbd, edjdportnbd lh la pdblr, lh ao edhstrueenh y la blsorrdaad bl aosdenlbob sdenoansto.

* * *

Ao slmuhbo lbnenh bl ao @nstdrno bla [RO oforeo aooetnvnbob bla [ortnbd òsto ?>0;. Obljs, sl ò nhtrdbuenbd

uho slrnl bl edrrleendhls o ao prnjlro lbnenh qul hd oatlrohsu lstrueturo hn su edhtlhnbd lh mlhlroa. Aos edrrleendhls edh-snstlh lh ofrlvnoendhls y lh oamuhos prlensndhls, sdfrl ao foslbl ads bdeujlhtds.

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EO[NR\AD N

AO A\E@O [DV AO C\HBOENDH BLA [OVRNBD

EDJ\HNURO BL OAFOHNO

(?>6>?>2?)

?. EDJNLHYDU BLA JDSNJNLHRD DFVLVD. LAEVLENJNLHRD BLA JDSNJNLHRD BLJDEVORNED

^ OHRNNJ[LVNOANURO LH LA [VNJLV E\OVRD

BLA UNMAD PP

Ao bdjnhoenh dtdjoho lh Oafohno bur oprdxnjobojlhtlenhed snmads. Lstl cul uh plrdbd bl rmnjlh cluboa y jnantor,bl clrdz dprlsnh hoendhoa, bl nhneuo lxpadtoenh cluboa, bl crleulhtls y blstruetdros aueòs y bl prdcuhbd otrosd lh ao lbueoenh y ao euaturo. Oa jnsjd tnljpd, tojfnh cul uh plrdbd blaueò nhvlhenfal bla pulfad oafohs pdr ao anflrtob y pdr aonhblplhblheno hoendhoa, pdr la prdmrlsd jotlrnoa y euaturoa,

pdr ao iustneno sdenoa. Lsto aueò cul la coetdr blensnvd quledhbuid o ao [rdeaojoenh bl ao Nhblplhblheno la 60 bl hdvnljfrl bl ?>?6.

Ao [rdeaojoenh bl ao Nhblplhblheno y ao erloenh blaLstobd hoendhoa lroh poro ads oafohlsls oedhtlenjnlhtds blmroh trohselhblheno `nstrneo. [lrd culrdh ads tlrrotlhnlhtls yao furmulso qunlhls lheoflzordh lstl Lstobd, bl jdbd qul la

pulfad, qul òfo aueòbd y blrrojobd su sohmrl, hd sl anflrbl ao dprlsnh y ao lxpadtoenh bl aos eaosls bdjnhohtls. Obljs, aos pdtlhenos njplrnoanstos, iuhtd edh ads Lstobds furmulslsvlenhds qul proetneofoh uho pdatneo e`dvnhnsto, hd sad blsjlj

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frordh Oafohno elrelhhbdal lh ?>?5 ao jntob bl su tlrrntdrnd,snhd qul hd rlhuhenordh o sus prdpsntds bl fdrrorao bla jopo

pdatned bl ads Foaeohls d pdhlrao foid su edhtrda.

Euohbd sl prdeaoj ao nhblplhblheno, Oafohno lro uh pos omrornd otrosobd. Un fnlh aos rlao

endhls eopntoanstos bl prdbueenh òfoh edjlhzobd o blsorrdaaorsl lh aos enubobls, y lh jlhdr jlbnbo lh la eojpd, oquaaos sl lhedhtrofoh pdr ad mlhlroa lh su cosl nhnenoa. La snstljobl ads aotncuhbnds prlbdjnhofo lh aos zdhos aaohos y lh portljdhtodsos7 rljnhnselhenos potrnoreoals sufsnstoh oh lh ao

vnbo sdenoa, portneuaorjlhtl lh aos oatos rlmndhls bla Hdrtl.La eojplsnhobd rlprlslhtofo elreo bla >; pdr enlhtd bl aopdfaoenh. La == pdr enlhtd bla jnsjd ad edhstntuo la eojplsnhobd pdfrl. Ao nhiusto bnstrnfuenh bl ao tnlrro, ao blspnobobolxpadtoenh bl ads tlrrotlhnlhtls, bl ads edjlrenohtls y bl adsusurlrds, bl aos nhstntuendhls rlanmndsos y bla Lstobd, os edjdao utnanzoenh bl oplrds bl aofrohzo y bl jtdbds omredaosprnjntnvds lroh ao eouso bl ao pdfrlzo y bl ao jnslrno bl aosjosos eojplsnhos. Edjd edhsleulheno bl su edhtnhuo runho, aojoydro bl ads eojplsnhds pdfrls sl trohscdrjofoh lh idrho

alrds y lh osoaornobds omredaos, uho portl bl ads euoals slvlo dfanmobo o ljnmror oa lxtrohilrd.

Aos enubobls, mlhlroajlhtl plqulos, lroh otrosobos blsblla puhtd bl vnsto ledhjned y sdenoa. Uu vnbo edhslrvofo tdbovo vlstnmnds jlbnlvoals. [rlbdjnhofo ao plqulo prdbueenh or-tlsoho. Lh aos prnhenpoals enubobls, sdfrl tdbd lh U`gdbro,Flrot, Lafosoh y Gdro, blsbl la snmad PNP òfo hoenbd aojohucoeturo eopntoansto. La erlenjnlhtd bl ao prdbueenh bljlreoheos y ao lxtlhsnh bl aos rlaoendhls bl jlreobd òfoh

plrjntnbd o ao furmulso jlreohtna oeujuaor njpdrtohtls eopntoals. [lrd, lh mlhlroa, lsds eopntoals hd lroh nhvlrtnbds lh lablsorrdaad bl ao nhbustrno. Ls pdr lsd qul, lh la rlenh surmnbd Lstobd oafohs lxnstoh sdaojlhtl 6< plqulos cfrneos ytoaalrls. Lstos ljprlsos lroh rubnjlhtornos y ljpalofoh uhplquld hjlrd bl dfrlrds, oarlblbdr bl uh tdtoa bl ?


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js bl 5; dfrlrds. La joydr hjlrd bl laads trofoiofo lh aossoanhos, ads oslrroblrds y ao edhstrueenh, edjd tojfnh lh aojnho bl flth bl Ulalhneo (Sadro) objnhnstrobo pdr edhel

sndhornds lxtrohilrds.Ao joydr portl bl ads dfrlrds ljpalobds pdr aos edjpoos eopntoanstos lroh tljpdrlrds, oa tlrjnhor su aofdr rlmrlsofoh o su oablo poro deuporsl bl ads trofoidsomredaos. Ads dfrlrds bl aos cofrneos y bl aos jnhos lroh bl

prdelblheno ortlsoho d eojplsnho. [dr ad tohtd, oh hd edhstntuoh uho eaosl edh uho edhenlheno pdatneo bl eaosl.

Ads dfrlrds lroh lxpadtobds frforojlhtl pdr ads prdpnltornds eopntoanstos. Aos idrhobos bl trofoid aalmofoh òsto ?;`dros y, jueòs vlels, òsto ?2 `dros, jnlhtros qul la soaorndlro juy foid, tohtd qul ads dfrlrds plhdsojlhtl admrofohsufsnstnr edh su cojnano. [lrd tojpded lsl jslrd idrhoa lroslmurd. Ao johd bl dfro bnspdhnfal, qul erleo edhtnhuojlhtl,

plrjnto oa eopntoansto rlfoior la idrhoa d rltlhlrad bl johlroorfntrorno burohtl jlsls lhtlrds. Hd lxnsto aly oamuho bl prdtleenh oa trofoiobdr y ads prdpnltornds hd tdjofoh jlbnbooamuho bl slmurnbob lh la trofoid.

Iuhtd o ads dfrlrds bl aos cfrneos sl lhedhtrofo ao josobl oprlhbnels bl ads toaalrls ortlsohds y bla edjlrend. Ao lx

padtoenh bl stds lro oh joydr puls sl edjfnhofo edhcdrjos y jtdbds jlbnlvoals. Oportl bla trofoid lh la toaalrd lh ao tnlhbo tlhoh qul eujpanr uho slrnl bl trofoids poroads potrdhds.

Blsbl ads prnjlrds ods bla snmad PP ads oprlhbnels òfohnhnenobd ao aueò bl johlro js d jlhds drmohnzobo edhtroao lxpadtoenh bl qul lroh vetnjos pdr portl bl ads prdpnltornds bl ads toaalrls ortlsohds y bl ads edjlrenohtls. [lrd lstljdvnjnlhtd, qul sl blsorrdaa prnhenpoajlhtl lh ao enubob bl

U`gdbro, tlho uh eoretlr adeoa y lspdhthld. Mlhlroajlhtlaos nblos sdenoanstos qul oaa sl bnvuamordh lroh bnstdrsndhobosy hd pdeos vlels blmlhlrofoh lh uh sdenoansjd plquldfur-mus. Aos prnjlros drmohnzoendhls dfrlros tlhoh la eoretlr blosdenoendhls bl oyubo jutuo y blsorrdaaofoh pded ao aueòedhtro ao lxpadtoenh. Lh lstos drmohnzoendhls portnenpofoh osnjnsjd ads ortlsohds lstofalenbds pdr su eulhto qul prlensofoh,

poro soavomuorbor ao plqulo prdbueenh, la opdyd bl ads oprlhbnels lh ao aueò edhtro ao furmulso edjlrenoa y ads prdpnltornds bl johucoeturos. Rdbos lstos drmohnzoendhls hd tlhoh aor

mo vnbo.

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Lh aos edhbnendhls bla bdjnhnd lxtrohilrd la jdvnjnlhtddfrlrd rlvnstn tojfnh uh oelhtuobd eoretlr potrntned.

Ads oedhtlenjnlhtds qul snmunlrdh nhjlbnotojlhtl o ao

[rdeaojoenh bl ao Nhblplhblheno lh ?>?6 hd plrjntnlrdh qulla Lstobd oafohs sl blsorrdaaoro hdrjoajlhtl. Ao aueò pdatneonhtlrho burohtl ads ods ?>?5 y ?>?2, y la lstoaanbd bl ao [rnjlro Mulrro Juhbnoa lh omdstd bl ?>?2, covdrlenlrdh o aos

pdtlhenos njplrnoanstos y o ads e`dvnhnstos vlenhds lh ao rloanzoenh bl sus prdpsntds edhtro Oafohno. Lsto sl edhvnrtn lheojpd bl fotoaao, bdhbl sl lhcrlhtordh ads nhtlrlsls pdatnedsy jnantorls bl ads Lstobds flanmlrohtls. [dr oeulrbd slerltdbl ofrna bl ?>?< aos pdtlhenos njplrnoanstos bl ao Lhtlhtl edh

vnhnlrdh lh suprnjnr ao nhblplhblheno bl Oafohno y blsjljfror su tlrrntdrnd. Ads lirentds bl aos pdtlhenos njplrnoanstosjohtuvnlrdh deupobd tdbd la pos, òsto la cnh bl ao mulrro.

Ao deupoenh lxtrohilro y aos `dstnanbobls lh su sulad eousordh oa pulfad oafohs nhhujlrofals eoaojnbobls. Ao ledhdjo bla pos sl orrunh. [ulfads lhtlrds culrdh soqulobds lnhelhbnobds. La òjfrl `nzd lstromds lh tdbd la pos. Aos lpnbljnos bnlzjordh portl bl ao pdfaoenh.

Euohbd la pulfad oafohs, dprnjnbd y blsprlenobd, sucro ylroh frforojlhtl vndaobds susblrle`ds pdr ads njplrnoanstos, uh

mroh oedhtlenjnlhtd lstrljlen la juhbd9 ao vnetdrno bl aoMroh Vlvdauenh Udenoansto lh Vusno.

La = bl hdvnljfrl (6< bl detufrl slmh la vnlid eoalhbornd)bl ?>?=, ao eaosl dfrlro y la eojplsnhobd pdfrl bl Vusno,

foid ao bnrleenh bla portnbd bl ads fdae`lvnquls lheoflzobd pdrS. N. Alhnh, blrrdeordh la pdblr bl ads eopntoanstos y tlrro

tlhnlhtls l nhstourordh ao bnetoburo bla prdaltornobd. Ao fohblro bla sdenoansjd sl nz lh uho slxto portl bla juhbd.

Ao Vlvdauenh sdenoansto lh Vusno ofrn uho hulvo pdeo lhao `nstdrno juhbnoa, ao pdeo bla blrrdeojnlhtd bla eopntoansjdy bl ao vnetdrno bla snstljo sdenoansto, ao pdeo bl aos rlvdauendhls prdaltornos lh ads posls eopntoanstos y bl aos rlvdauendhls bl anflroenh hoendhoa lh ads edadhnoals y blplhbnlhtls,ao pdeo bl ao erloenh bla crlhtl hned rlvdauendhornd bl adsprdaltornds y ads pulfads dprnjnbds bl tdbds ads posls edhtro lanjplrnoansjd.

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Ao nhcaulheno bl ao mrohVlvdauenh Udenoansto blDetufrl lh Oafohno


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Ao vnetdrno bla Mroh Detufrl cul ao vnetdrno bla jorxnsjd-alhnhnsjd.

Ao nhcaulheno bl ao Vlvdauenh bl Detufrl rlplreutn toj

fnh lh Oafohno. Uus nblos y ao pdatneo bla mdfnlrhd sdvntnedlilrenlrdh nhcaulheno lh la erlenjnlhtd bla jdvnjnlhtd blanflroenh hoendhoa, lh ao blclhso bl ao nhtlmrnbob tlrrntdrnoa blapos y lh ao ojpanoenh bla jdvnjnlhtd rlvdauendhornd, bljdertned.

La crohed blslhjoseorojnlhtd bl ads trotobds slerltds blaos pdtlhenos njplrnoanstos pdr portl bla mdfnlrhd sdvntned tuvdmroh njpdrtoheno. Lhtrl lstds trotobds, sl òaaofo la trotobdslerltd bl Adhbrls bl ofrna bl ?>?6; y ao aueò`lrdneo bl Sadro lh vlrohd bla jnsjd od, qul tlrjnh edh ao

lxpuasnh bl ads nhvosdrls njplrnoanstos ntoanohds bl Oafohno,edhcnrj la mroh potrndtnsjd bla pulfad oafohs, os edjd aonhcaulheno bl ao pdatneo alhnhnsto ohtnnjplrnoansto.

Blspus bla trnuhcd bl ao Vlvdauenh bl Detufrl, aos hdtnenos sdfrl aos vnetdrnos bl ads fdae`lvnquls rusds edjlhzordho lxtlhblrsl ojpanojlhtl lhtrl ads dfrlrds, ortlsohds l nhtlaletuoals oafohlsls. La hdjfrl bl Alhnh sl edhvnrtn lh la sjfdadbl ads oatds prnhenpnds bl ao ùjohnbob, bl ao hulvo sdenlbobsnh lxpadtobdrls hn lxpadtobds. Bla lxtlrndr edjlhzordh o vlhnrads prnjlrds cdaaltds qul òfaofoh bl ao \hnh Udvntneo y blaedjuhnsjd, qul lroh albds lh ads plqulds ereuads nhtlaletuoals y dfrlrds. Aos nblos bl Detufrl sl bnvuamordh lhtrlaos josos pdfrls, prnhenpoajlhtl bl ao enubob.

Blspus bl ao lxpuasnh bl aosculrzos lxtrohilros bl ads njplrnoanstos y ads e`dvnhnstos vlenhds,

sl pusd lh prnjlr paohd bl ao vnbo pdatneo y sdenoa, ao aueòpdr ao nhstouroenh bla rmnjlh bljdertned, y bl johlrolsplenoa ao sdauenh bla prdfaljo omrornd. Lh lsto aueò portn

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enpordh aos josos eojplsnhos y aos eopos ùjnabls bl ao enubob, nheauylhbd o ads dfrlrds.

Ao eaosl dfrlro oh hd òfo admrobd la mrobd bl joburlz

nbldamneo y pdatneo hlelsorno poro erlor hd yo su portnbd snhdhn snqunlro drmohnzoendhls snhbneoals. Ls pdr lstd qul la jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrd lh su edhiuhtd hd admr suplror sus blfnanboblsnhnenoals. Aos hulvos osdenoendhls erlobos bl ?>6; o ?>65 edhslrvofoh su eoretlr jutuoansto ortlsohd-dfrlrd y lroh nhvornofaljlhtl lcjlros. Oa aobd bl ads oprlhbnels edjlhzordh odrmohnzorsl tojfnh ads dfrlrds bl oamuhos cfrneos d jnhos.[lrd sus ùlamos, snljprl lspdhthlos, tlhoh eoretlr purojlhtl ledhjned. Jnlhtros tohtd, ao oetnvnbob edhtrorrlvdauendhorno bl aos eaosls bdjnhohtls blspus bl ao Vlvdauenh bdDetufrl obqunrn js ojpanos prdpdrendhls.

La jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrd sl nhtlmr oa ojpand jdvnjnlhtd pdpuaor qul ofore o tdbd la pos. Ao culrzo prnhenpoa bl lstljdvnjnlhtd lro la eojplsnhobd y aos josos pdfrls bl aosenubobls, sdfrl aos qul plsofo ao js clrdz dprlsnh y lxpadtoenh bl ads tlrrotlhnlhtls y ao furmulso.

Aos josos prdtlstofoh edhtro ao pdatneo ohtnpdpuaor blamdfnlrhd, rleaojofoh qul sl als morohtnzosl la poh, sl ofdanlrola oatd mrovojlh obuohlrd sdfrl ads elrloals y sl ofrnlroh ads

oajoelhls bl ads lspleuaobdrls. Lh oamh eosd otoeordh lstdsoajoelhls, sl opdblrordh bl ads elrloals y ads rlportnlrdh mrotuntojlhtl.

Lsplenoajlhtl ao aueò pdr ao tnlrro obqunrn uh eoretlromubd, johnclsthbdsl lh fostohtls eosds lh otoquls ofnlrtdsbl ads eojplsnhds poro orrlfotrslao vndalhtojlhtl o ads tlrrotlhnlhtls y oa Lstobd. Lh ao omubnzoenh bl ao aueò ohtncluboalilren nhcaulheno tojfnh ao sdauenh bla prdfaljo omrornd lhao Vusno Udvntneo. Lh uh pos omrornd otrosobd edjd Oafohno, la

fdae`lvnsjd lro lhtlhbnbd prnjlrd qul hobo edjd lxprdprnoenhsnh nhbljhnzoenh bl ads tlrrotlhnlhtls y la rlportd mrotuntd blsus tnlrros o ads eojplsnhds. [lrd lstos bljohbos robneoals blads eojplsnhds hd lhedhtrordh la opdyd bl ads mrupds pdatnedsfurmulsls qul edhbueoh la jdvnjnlhtd bljdertned. Lsds mrupds tlhoh uho lstrleò edhelpenh bl ao rlcdrjo omrorno, sadnhtlhtofoh edhenanor ads nhtlrlsls bl ads eojplsnhds edh ads blads tlrrotlhnlhtls y jlidror la lstobd bl oquaads snh ocletoro stds.

Aos robneoals rlnvnhbneoendhls bl tnlrro bl ads eojplsnhds

culrdh opdyobos hneojlhtl pdr ao osdenoenh Fos`gnjn

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(\hnh), qul omrupofo o ads bljerotos rlvdauendhornds, aojoydro nhtlaletuoals bl prdelblheno plquldfurmulso. Fos`-gnjn paohtl ads prdfaljos pdatneds y sdenoals js urmlhtls

qul rleaojofoh uho sdauenh.La erlenjnlhtd bla jdvnjnlhtd edhbuid, lh ao prnjovlro bl

?>62, o uho sntuoenh rlvdauendhorno. La oslsnhotd bl Ovhn Vus-tljn, uhd bl ads bnrnmlhtls bla jdvnjnlhtd bljdertned, pdr aorloeenh cluboa, snrvn bl aaojojnlhtd o ao nhsurrleenh orjobo.

Ao nhsurrleenh qul sl blsot lh joyd bl ?>62 cnhoanzedh ao vnetdrno bl aos culrzos rlvdauendhornos la ?; bl iuhndbla jnsjd od.

La prdmrojo bla hulvd mdfnlrhd edhtlho uho slrnl bl

torlos y rlcdrjos qul prdeurofoh lheojnhor oa pos pdr ao vobla blsorrdaad bljdertned-furmus. Lh la tlrrlhd pdatned slprdpumhofo ao nhstouroenh bl ao bljderoeno pdr jlbnd bl laleendhls anfrls y bnrletos, y ao trohscdrjoenh bla oporotd lstotoa,envna y jnantor. Lh la ledhjned-sdenoa sl paohtlofo lrrobneor lacluboansjd, anflror oa eojplsnhobd bl ao lxpadtoenh cluboa,trohscdrjor la snstljo trnfutornd lh covdr bla pulfad, coenantorao ocaulheno bl eopntoa lxtrohilrd y lstnjuaor y prdtlmlr laeopntoa hoendhoa. Lh ao lbueoenh sl tlhbo o lbncneorao sdfrl

fosls hoendhoals y jdblrhos. Lh pdatneo lxtlrndr la mdfnlrhd

johtlhbro rlaoendhls ojnstdsos edh tdbds ads Lstobds, portneuaorjlhtl edh ads posls vlenhds.

Lstl prdmrojo rlenfn la opdyd bl aos mrohbls josos pdpuaorls, qul lxnmoh su edjpalto opaneoenh. [dr la edhtrorndlhedhtr ao curndso dpdsnenh bl ads tlrrotlhnlhtls bla pos y aobl ao rloeenh njplrnoansto. Oa jnsjd tnljpd ads eoflenaaos bl ao

furmulso, osustobds pdr la orbdr rlvdauendhornd bl aos josossl oelreordh o ads tlrrotlhnlhtls y o ads njplrnoanstos y aueòrdh

iuhtds edhtro ao pulsto lh pretneo bla prdmrojo, lilrenlhbd

uho culrtl prlsnh sdfrl la hulvd mdfnlrhd.Lh lstos enreuhstohenos, la mdfnlrhd bljdertned-furmusjdstr prdcuhbos voenaoendhls, proetne uho pdatneo bl edhenanoenh bl eaosls y sl lhedhtr nheopoz bl aalvor ao rlvdauenh òstola cnh. Hd sl opdy lh aos josos hn aue` pdr pdhlr lh pretneola prdmrojo prdeaojobd. Lstd edhbuid o su onsaojnlhtd bl aosjosos pdpuaorls qul ad òfoh aalvobd oa pdblr.

Ao pdsnenh ohtnnjplrnoansto bla mdfnlrhd, qul ljohofo blaeoretlr bljdertned bl su prdmrojo, tuvd edhsleulhenos pdsntnvos. La mdfnlrhd sustroid oa pos bl ao sujnsnh slrvna o ao

Ntoano cosensto y rleòz aos prltlhsndhls bl ads e`dvnhnstos

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yumdsaovds y mrnlmds sdfrl la tlrrntdrnd oafohs. Lstofalenrlaoendhls bnpadjtneos edh ao \hnh Udvntneo. [lrd tojfnh lhla tlrrlhd bl ao pdatneo lxtlrndr la mdfnlrhd elbn ohtl aos

prltlhsndhls bla njplrnoansjd nhmas y hdrtlojlrneohd.Ads njplrnoanstos y ads mdfnlrhds rloeendhornds bl ads posls

vlenhds aohzordh uho vosto eojpoo edhtro la jdvnjnlhtdbljdertned bl Oafohno.

Edh su opdyd y edh la rlspoabd bnrletd bl aos trdpos rloeendhornos slrvnos y bl ads muorbnos faoheds, aos culrzos edhtrorrlvdauendhornos oafohlsos edhbuenbos pdr O`jlt Ydmu, prdelblhtls lh su joydr portl bl ^umdsaovno, lhtrordh la 62 blbnenljfrl bl ?>62 lh Rnroho y blrrdeordh la mdfnlrhd bl Coh

Hdan. Lh Oafohno sufn oa pdblr la rmnjlh bl Ydmu.Ao Vlvdauenh bl Iuhnd edhstntuo ao prnjlro tlhtotnvo lh

Oafohno bl admror o lseoao hoendhoa uh vnroil robneoa bl eoretlr bljdertned ohtnnjplrnoansto lh la snstljo pdatned sdenoa.Lsto tlhtotnvo croeos blfnbd o ao nhtlrvlhenh bl ao rloeenhnjplrnoansto nhtlrhoendhoa, o ao nheopoenbob bl ao hulvo furmulso hoendhoa, os edjd o ao ouslheno bl uho bnrleenhsanbo bl aos culrzos bljdertneos rlvdauendhornos.

Ao Vlvdauenh bl Iuhnd cul portl edhstntutnvo y laljlhtd

oetnvd bla pdblrdsd jdvnjnlhtd rlvdauendhornd bl ads pulfadsqul sl `ofo nhnenobd tros ao vnetdrno bl ao Vlvdauenh blDetufrl. [lrd trnuhc lh jdjlhtds lh qul aos culrzos bl aorloeenh y bla cosensjd lh Lurdpo lstofoh lh palho dclhsnvoy euohbd sl ohuhenofo la rlcauid bla jdvnjnlhtd rlvdauendhornd. [rlensojlhtl lh lsl jdjlhtd Oafohno sl trohscdrjo lhuh heald rlvdauendhornd lh ads Foaeohls. Ao vnetdrno bl aoVlvdauenh bl Iuhnd tuvd uho njpdrtoheno qul trospos aoscrdhtlros bla pos. Uusent uh nhtlrs portneuaor lh ads jlbnds

edjuhnstos y bljdertneds lurdplds, qul oprlenordh iustojlhtlsu eoretlr rlvdauendhornd ohtncluboa y ohtnnjplrnoansto. UlmhIdrml Bnjntrdv, la opaostojnlhtd bl lsto rlvdauenh snmhncneao blstrueenh bl uho bl aos fosls bla jdvnjnlhtd rlvdauendhornd lh ads Foaeohls y ao ojpanoenh bla crlhtl bl ao rloeenhfoaehneo.

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6. HOENJNLHRD BLA JDSNJNLHRD EDJ\HNURO

Lh lhlrd bl ?>660, ao Vlpfaneo cul edhvlrtnbo lh jdhorquo, y Ydmu sledrdh rly bl ads oafohlsls.

La rmnjlh zdmunsto cul burohtl tdbosu lxnstlheno uho frforo bnetoburoohtnbljdertneo bl ads tlrrotlhnlhtlsy bl ao furmulso rloeendhorno.

La sdpdrtl nhtlrhd bla rmnjlh lroh ads tlrrotlhnlhtls, ao

mroh furmulso edjlrenoa, ads hdtofals bla eojpd y ads foirog-tors? bl aos zdhos jdhtodsos. Lstos culrzos snrvnlrdh edjdfosl sdenoa bla rmnjlh burohtl ?< ods.

Ydmu snmun snljprl uho pdatneo nhtlrndr y lxtlrndr ohtnpdpuaor y ohtnhoendhoa. Ao bnetoburo bl Ydmu edhslrv nhtoetdsads vlstnmnds bl aos rlaoendhls cluboals, edhsdanb ao lxpadtoenh bl ads tlrrotlhnlhtls y eopntoanstos y erl tdbd uh snstljobl lxpdanoenh bl aos josos pdpuaorls. Crlh la blsorrdaad ledhjned y euaturoa bliohbd os oa pos lh la otrosd y ao nheuaturo.

Ydmu lanjnh tdbo nhstntuenh y tdbo anflrtob bljdertneos,prd`nfn ao erloenh bl portnbds y drmohnzoendhls pdatneos yrlprnjn euoaqunlr tlhtotnvo bl lxprlsor anfrljlhtl aos nblos ytdbd nhtlhtd bl drmohnzoenh. Mdflrh edh jtdbds bl tlrrdry, foid ao fohblro bla ohtnedjuhnsjd, edjfotn tdbo nbloprdmrlsnsto.

La oporotd rlprlsnvd bla rmnjlh lstofo tdtoajlhtl edrruptd. Ul sdstlho prnhenpoajlhtl mroenos o ao mlhborjlro yao pdaneo. La lirentd tlho uh joreobd eoretlr ohtnpdpuaor ylro johtlhnbd lh pnl hneojlhtl poro blclhblr la pdblr pda

tned bl ads tlrrotlhnlhtls y bl ao furmulso bl ao rlflanh blaos josos trofoiobdros. Rdbos aos culrzos orjobos lstofoh drmohnzobos y johbobos pdr lxtrohilrds, omlhtls bla njplrnoansjd.

? Foirogtor, ilcl bl foirog9 \hnbob jnantor y pdstlrndrjlhtl objnhnstrotnvo, erlobo lh ao bnvnsnh tlrrntdrnoa bl oamuhos edjoreos blOafohno lh aos qul `ofo vlstnmnds bl drmohnzoenh trnfoa, potrnoreoa

y qul rlljpaoz o lsto drmohnzoenh.

?>

Ao aojlhtofal sntuoenhledhjneo y sdenoa foidla rmnjlh zdmunsto


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Ao eojornaao zdmunsto, edhsenlhtl bl su nhlstofnanbob, sdanent ao oyubo bl ads Lstobds njplrnoanstos. Os, lh uh edjnlhzdelbn oa mdfnlrhd yumdsaovd portls bla tlrrntdrnd oafohs edjd

rledjplhso pdr ao oyubo qul stl al `ofo prlstobd y aulmd sloan edh Ntoano l Nhmaotlrro, aos bds mrohbls pdtlhenos njplrnoanstos js nhtlrlsobos lh ads Foaeohls lh mlhlroa, y lh lxpadtoraos rnqulzos bla sufsulad oafohs lh portneuaor.

Edh rlaoenh o aos pdtlhenos lxtrohilros eopntoanstos, Ydmusnmun ao pdatneo bl pulrtos ofnlrtos. Lsto pdatneo mrobuoajlhtl sl edhelhtr lh la lstofalenjnlhtd bl lstrle`ds aozdsledhjneds y pdatneds edh ao Ntoano cosensto, qul hd o`drr suslsculrzds poro pdhlr o Oafohno foid su edjpalto blplhblheno.Lstds aozds oaaohordh la eojnhd o ao edadhnzoenh cosensto. Adsmrupds cnhohenlrds ntoanohds sl opdblrordh bl aos jnhos jsnjpdrtohtls, bl ao edhstrueenh bl ao joydr portl bl aos dfrospfaneos, bl aos obuohos y bl eosn tdbd la edjlrend lxtlrndrbla pos. Ulrvoh o ads dfiltnvds bl ropno bl lstds ereuads cnhohenlrds osnjnsjd ads prstojds o lalvobds nhtlrlsls qul lamdfnlrhd bl Vdjo dtdrmofo o ao eojornaao zdmunsto y qul o aovlz covdrleoh ohtls qul hobo la lhrnqulenjnlhtd bla rly y blsu mlhtl. La eopntoa ntoanohd sl edhvnrtn os lh vlrboblrdbuld bl ao ledhdjo hoendhoa bl Oafohno. Rrohscdrj la pos

lh uh sujnblrd bl sus prdbuetds nhbustrnoals y lh culhtl bljotlrnos prnjos poro su ledhdjo.Ads oeulrbds ledhjneds qul ofrnlrdh la eojnhd o ao plhl

troenh bla eopntoa ntoanohd, culrdh oedjpoobds bl trotobdspdatneds, edjd ads bl Rnroho bl ads ods ?>63 y ?>6=. Lstds uhenlrdh o ao eojornaao bl Ydmu oa eorrd bl ao Ntoano cosensto.Oafohno sl nfo edhvnrtnlhbd os, lh uho sljnedadhno bla njplrnoansjd ntoanohd.

Ao plhltroenh bla eopntoa lxtrohilrd lh Oafohno bnd o aoledhdjo bla pos uh blsorrdaad bl eoretlr uhnaotlroa. Ao

pdatneo edadhnoansto ntoanoho, aos joreobos rljnhnselhenos cluboals y ao ouslheno bl uho pdatneo ledhjneo hoendhoa lstnjuaobdro, culrdh ao eouso bl qul la pos hd tuvnlro lh rloanbobnhbustrno. Lh la od ?>50 lh Oafohno `ofo oarlblbdr bl 5;;plqulos cfrneos y toaalrls. Eosn ao jntob bl laads tlhoh jlhds bl ?; trofoiobdrls. Lh lstos cfrneos y toaalrls, y lh aosjnhos trofoiofoh =.


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tntunbo pdr ads oprlhbnels bl ao ortlsoho y la edjlrend. Aojosnvo blsdeupoenh y ao coato bl alyls qul ojporoslh la tro

foid, coenantofoh o aos sdenlbobls y o ads potrdhds eopntoanstos,

opdyobds pdr la oporotd lstotoa, ao blspnobobo lxpadtoenh blads dfrlrds. Lh aos ljprlsos bdhbl trofoiofoh dfrlrds oafohlsls y lxtrohilrds, oquaads lroh frforojlhtl bnsernjnhobds.[dr la jnsjd trofoid uh oafohs plrenfo uh soaornd juy nhclrndr oa bl uh ntoanohd.

Aos rlaoendhls eopntoanstos sl njpuasordh tojfnh lh aoomrneuaturo. Unh ljformd la eojplsnhobd rned, plsl o su edhsdanboenh, hd edhsnmun trohscdrjorsl lh uho furmulso omrornoblsorrdaaobo. Aos rlaoendhls eopntoanstos sl culrdh lstofalenlhbdsdfrl tdbd lh aos mrohios omredaos bla Lstobd y tojfnh lh aoserlobos pdr aos sdenlbobls eopntoanstos ntoanohos. Sornds jnalsbl idrhoalrds trofoiofoh lh lstos mrohios.

Burohtl la rmnjlh zdmunsto Oafohno snmun snlhbd la posomrornd js otrosobd bl Lurdpo. Lh ?>50 oarlblbdr bla 0= pdrenlhtd bl ao pdfaoenh deupobo lh ao prdbueenh jotlrnoa slblbneofo o ao omrneuaturo, jnlhtros qul sdaojlhtl la ?5 pdrenlhtd trofoiofo lh ao nhbustrno y lh la rlstd bl aos rojos blao ledhdjo hoendhoa7 ao prdbueenh nhbustrnoa y ortlsoho edhstntuo sad la >,0 pdr enlhtd bl ao prdbueenh madfoa, lh tohtd

qul ao rlhto nhbustrnoa rlprlslhtofo la 2,< pdr enlhtd bl tdboao rlhto hoendhoa. Ao cdrjo eopntoansto bl ao ledhdjo, qullhmadfofo cuhbojlhtoajlhtl la edjlrend, hd admr slr ao cdrjo prlbdjnhohtl bl ao ledhdjo hoendhoa oafohlso. Ads njpulstds lroh omdfnohtls y lstrohmuaofoh o aos ojpanos josos blapulfad. Rdbd la pos lstofo sujnbd lh ao pdfrlzo y ao jnslrno.

La otrosd ledhjned `ofo oeorrlobd oa jnsjd tnljpd uhoelhtuobd otrosd euaturoa. Js bla 0; pdr enlhtd bl ao pdfaoenh lro ohoacoflto. La hjlrd bl lseulaos lro juy anjntobd,jnlhtros ao lhslohzo suplrndr y aos nhstntuendhls euaturoals yenlhtcneos frnaaofoh pdr su ouslheno. Hd sl jdstrofo hnhmheunbobd pdr ao soaub bla pulfad, ojlhozobd edhtnhuojlhtl pdrlpnbljnos.

Ao pdatneo ohtnpdpuaor y ohtnhoendhoa bla rmnjlh zdmunsto susent ao nhbnmhoenh mlhlroa bl aos

josos pdpuaorls. Vloporlen lh la drblh bla bo ao aue`o pdrrloanzor aos torlos bljdertneos ohtnnjplrnoanstos. O plsor bl

aos edhbnendhls lxtrljobojlhtl bncenals y la tlrrdr zdmunsto

6?

Cdrjoenh bla Mrupd Ed-juhnsto bl Gdro


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blsotobd lh tdbd la pos, lsto aueò hd els7 cul prdslmunbolh bnvlrsos cdrjos pdr aos culrzos bljdertneos ohtnzdmunstos,

pdr ads dfrlrds y eojplsnhds.

Ads eojplsnhds bl bnvlrsos rlmndhls aueòrdh edhtro aovndalheno bl ads tlrrotlhnlhtls qul trotofoh bl lxpuasorads blads clubds d obulorsl bl sus tnlrros, os edjd tojfnh edhtroads oatds njpulstds. Lsto aueò o vlels sl johnclst lh e`dqulssohmrnlhtds edh ao mlhborjlro zdmunsto.

Ao eaosl dfrlro edjlhz o blsljplor uh popla eobo vlzjs njpdrtohtl. Frforojlhtl lxpadtobds pdr aos edjpooslxtrohilros y hoendhoals, ads dfrlrds sl alvohtofoh edhtro aosnhiustnenos, prdtlstofoh y sl bleaorofoh rlpltnbojlhtl lh ùlamolxnmnlhbd la pomd bl sus idrhoals qul lroh rltlhnbds òstovornds jlsls. Ao nhtlrvlhenh bl aos culrzos bl ao mlhborjlrozdmunsto o jlhubd dfanmofo o ads dfrlrds o rlmrlsor oa trofoidsnh òflr dftlhnbd sus blrle`ds.

Burohtl lstds ods sl cdrjordh vornos drmohnzoendhls dfrlros. Roals lroh ao Anmo Dfrlro lh Minrdgostro (?>66=) y ao Anmo Dfrlro bl Uostrls bl Gdro (?>6=). Lstoslroh osdenoendhls bl oprlhbnels qul tlhoh pdr dfiltnvd blsorrdaaor ao sdanbornbob y drmohnzor ao oyubo jutuo lhtrl ads

dfrlrds, rlbuenr ads vlstnmnds mrljnoals jlbnlvoals y rlsdavlrads edhcanetds lhtrl ads oprlhbnels y ads potrdhds, lte. Osdenoendhls os hd pdboh blsljplor, hn blsljplordh, hnhmh

popla bl njpdrtoheno lh ao drmohnzoenh bla jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrd.Ao aueò eojplsnho y dfrlro blsbl la prnhenpnd obqunrn

uh eoretlr ohtnzdmunsto. [lrd lsto aueò hd lro drmohnzobo ysl blsorrdaaofo o soatds, pdrqul coatofo uho bnrleenh rlvdauendhorno.

La jdvnjnlhtd bl aos culrzos bljdertneos, ao vnvncneoenh

bla jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrd y la blsedhtlhtd mlhlroa òeno la rmnjlh, òfoh prlporobd, puls, la tlrrlhd oprdpnobd poro uhjdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto drmohnzobd. \h popla njpdrtohtl lh lstlslhtnbd blsljpl ao antlroturo jorxnsto qul sl bncuhbo lh adsereuads dfrlrds, ortlsohds l nhtlaletuoals. Lsto antlroturo aonhtrdbueoh bla lxtlrndr ads oafohlsls qul lstubnofoh d trofoio

foh lh la lxtrohilrd y qul òfoh ofrozobd aos nblos edjuhnstos, y sl ljplofoh lh prdpomoraos.

Lh ?>60, laljlhtds prdmrlsnstos, dfrlrds y ortlsohds, erlordh lh ao enubob bl Gdro ao prnjlro eauao edjuhnsto. Ads

jnljfrds bl ao eauao plsl o hd edhtor edh uho cdrjoenh tl

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rneo y pdatneo sucnenlhtl, edjprlhboh ao hlelsnbob bl drmohnzor la jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto edjd edhbnenh nhbnsplhsofal

poro la blsorrdaad edh xntd bla jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrd y bl ao aueò

bl aos josos pdpuaorls edhtro la rmnjlh cluboa-furmus.[ded tnljpd blspus lh Gdro sl erlordh hulvos eauaos.Lstd `nzd nhbnsplhsofal ao rldrmohnzoenh bla trofoid. [orolaad lh iuhnd bl ?>6> sl edhvde ao rluhnh bl ads rlprlslhtohtls bl aos eauaos edjuhnstos. Lh lsto rluhnh sl erl uh edjntbnrletnvd lheoflzobd pdr la ortlsohd Jnòa Aogd, y sl blenbntrofoior poro ao erloenh bl hulvos eauaos lheormobos bl bnvuamor aos nblos edjuhnstos o trovs bl ereuads lbueotnvds. Aorluhnh tdj ao blensnh bl anmorsl o aos josos y oa jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrd pdr jlbnd bl osdenoendhls dfrlros almoals. Edhlstl dfiltnvd sl paohtl ao torlo bl erlor drmohnzoendhls dfrlrosrlvdauendhornos qul aueòslh pdr rlnvnhbneoendhls ledhjneosy pdatneos.

Ao rluhnh bl iuand bl ?>6> joreo ao erloenh bla MrupdEdjuhnsto bl Gdro, edhdenbd lh ao `nstdrno edh la hdjfrl bl[uho l Gdrs (La Rrofoid bl Gdro), y la edjnlhzd blajdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto drmohnzobd. Foid ao bnrleenh bl su edjnt, la jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto lh Gdro sl ohnj. Lh pdedtnljpd lh ao enubob oetuofoh 0 eauaos edh 2; jnantohtls lh

tdtoa. Eobo uho bl laaos bnrnmo 5 2 ereuads lbueotnvds.La Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro ls ao prnjlro drmohnzoenhpdatneo rlvdauendhorno bl ao eaosl dfrlro oafohlso.

Ao erloenh bla Mrupd bl Gdro ednhenbn edh la edjnlhzdbl ao ernsns ledhjneo juhbnoa bla eopntoansjd, euyos cuhlstosedhsleulhenos sl snhtnlrdh tojfnh lh Oafohno. Ads tlrrotlhnlhtls y ads potrdhds eopntoanstos sl lscdrzordh lh blseormor tdbdla plsd bl ao ernsns sdfrl ads `djfrds bla eojplsnhobd y aoeaosl dfrlro. Ao foio bl ads prlends bl ads prdbuetds omredaosomrov oh js ao sntuoenh bl jnslrno bla eojplsnhobd. Lstddfanm o jue`ds eojplsnhds o ofohbdhor sus tnlrros y joreòr o aos enubobls lh fuseo bl jlbnds bl lxnstlheno. Aoserlenlhtls bncneuatobls bl vlhto bl aos jlreoheos eousordh aorunho bl jue`ds ortlsohds y plqulds edjlrenohtls. Oa jnsjdtnljpd nhtlrrujpnlrdh d anjntordh su prdbueenh jue`ds toaalrls y cfrneos. Rdbd lstd lhmrds aos cnaos bla lirentd bl blsdeupobds y deosndh ao eobo bl ads idrhoals. [dr tohtd, lajdvnjnlhtd ùlamustned bl ads dfrlrds lh blclhso bl susrlnvnhbneoendhls obqunrn prdpdrendhls js ojpanos. Lh ?>6> y

?>5; blsorrdaaordh ùlamos ads dfrlrds bl ads elhtrds bl edhs

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trueenh bl pulhtls y eojnhds bl Anfroz`b, Gruio, Furrla,U`hminh, Rnroho, Sou n Blis (U`gdbro), Vufng, Unhohoi (Rl

plalho), ads bl ao edhstrueenh bla eohoa bl rnlmd bl Govoio,

ads dfrlrds bl prdspleenh bla edfrl lh [ugo, ads plseobdrlsy ads jornhlrds bl trohspdrtl bl eofdtoil, lte.La ljpldrojnlhtd mlhlroa bl ao sntuoenh ledhjneo y ao

mrovl lseoslz bl oanjlhtds qul sl ofotn sdfrl aos josos blspdslbos bla pulfad oerlelhtordh oh js la blsedhtlhtd òenola rmnjlh.

La oselhsd bla jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrd bofo ao dpdrtuhnbob oaMrupd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro bl ojpanor su oetnvnbob y bl uhnrslo aos josos. [lrd blfnbd o ao coato bl uho fulho drmohnzoenh, bl lxplrnlheno, y o aos oelhtuobos blcnenlhenos nbldamneossl johtuvd oportobd bla jdvnjnlhtd. Ao antlroturo sdfrl laedjuhnsjd qul lstubnofoh ads jnljfrds bla Mrupd hd lro lhmlhlroa jorxnsto-alhnhnsto. Lhtrl laaos òfo jotlrnoals trdtsgns-tos, ohorqunstos y sdfrl tdbd pufaneoendhls ore`ndjorxnstos? bluh mrupd bl nhtlaletuoals trdtsgnstos mrnlmds. La Mrupd boro uhnjpdrtohtl vnroil lh su trofoid edh ao oyubo bla blstoeobdjnantohtl edjuhnsto, Oan Glajlhbn.

Ul lcletuordh lsculrzds tojfnh

culro bla pos poro drmohnzor lajdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto oafohs.Ao NNN Nhtlrhoendhoa Edjuhnsto (Gdjnhtlrh), o trovs bl aoClblroenh Edjuhnsto bl ads Foaeohls bnd uho voandso oyubolh ao drmohnzoenh bl ads bljerotos rlvdauendhornds oafohlslsqul sl vnlrdh dfanmobds o ofohbdhor la pos blspus bl slropaostobo ao Vlvdauenh bl Iuhnd l nhstourobo ao bnetoburozdmunsto.

Aos aleendhls lxtrobos bl ads oedhtlenjnlhtds bla od ?>62bnlrdh ao pdsnfnanbob o ads bljerotos rlvdauendhornds oafohlslsbl blcnhnr, lh mlhlroa, edrrletojlhtl su drnlhtoenh pdatneo lhao orlho nhtlrhoendhoa, bdhbl oetuofoh bds culrzos juhbnoalsohtomhneos9 la njplrnoansjd y la sdenoansjd. Laads, os, bnrnmnlrdh sus jnrobos òeno ao \hnh Udvntneo, edhsnblrhbdao edjdla mlhunhd blclhsdr bl ads pulfads dprnjnbds bla juhbd, yòeno la jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto nhtlrhoendhoa. Lh jorzd bl

? Blhdjnhoenh bl uho drmohnzoenh ohtnjorxnsto mrnlmo7 la hdjfrl vlho bla tntuad bl su rmohd Ore`nd Jorxnsjdu (ore`nvds bla

jorxnsjd).

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La jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto

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?>660 cuhbordh la MrupdEdjuhnsto Oafohs lh ao \hnh Udvntneo edh slbl lh Jdse.Ao SNNN Edhclrlheno Edjuhnsto Foaehneo, qul sl rluhn lh lajnsjd od, bnd o ads edjuhnstos oafohlsls ao drnlhtoenh blrloanzor uho aormo y prdcuhbo aofdr prlporotdrno poro ao erloenh, lh Oafohno, bl mrupds edjuhnstos, poro ao drmohnzoenhy ao uhnh bl ads laljlhtds dfrlrds y eojplsnhds js ovohzobds edh la cnh bl cuhbor blspus la [ortnbd Edjuhnsto blOafohno.*

La Mrupd Edjuhnsto Oafohs lh ao \hnh Udvntneo rlboetsus lstotutds, qul culrdh oprdfobds pdr la Gdjnhtlrh. Ulmhlstds lstotutds, ao torlo prnhenpoa bla mrupd lro trofoior pdrao cuhboenh bla [ortnbd Edjuhnsto bl Oafohno edjd sleenhoafohlso bla Gdjnhtlrh.

Nhjlbnotojlhtl blspus la mrupd erl blhtrd bla Edjntbl Anflroenh Hoendhoa (hdjfrl bla EDHOVL blspus bla jls

bl ofrna bl ?>6=) su croeenh edjuhnsto, qul sl prdpusd edhslrvorla lsprntu rlvdauendhornd bl ao drmohnzoenh y bl su rmohdAnflrtob Hoendhoa.

[oro eujpanr edh ads lstotutds, oa Mrupd Edjuhnsto Oafohslh ao \hnh Udvntneo sl al paohtlofo edjd torlo prnjdrbnoablsorrdaaor uh trofoid rlvdauendhornd edherltd lh Oafohno yoyubor oqu oa jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto. Lhtrl ads edjuhnstosqul rlmrlsordh edh lstl cnh o ao potrno lh ?>5; sl blstoeOan Glajlhbn, qul sl lscdrz pdr opaneor lh laao ao ahlo blaGdjnhtlrh.

Oan Glajlhbn sl blbne o ao erloenh bl hulvds mrupdsedjuhnstos eaohblstnhds lh Oafohno. Drmohnz uho eauao edjuhnsto lh Rnroho, os edjd uho croeenh edjuhnsto blhtrd bl aoosdenoenh dfrlro bl sostrls [rpornjn. [dr su nhnenotnvo slcdrjordh tojfnh eauaos edjuhnstos lh aos enubobls bl Sadro,Gruio y Lafosoh. Mlhlroajlhtl lsos eauaos lroh plqulos lnhlstofals. Uus jnantohtls lroh cuhbojlhtoajlhtl laljlhtds bl

* Eorto bl Idrml Bnjntrdv bnrnmnbo oa E.L. bla Gdjnhtlrh, ?6 bl

slptnljfrl bl ?>6> OE[.

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drnmlh plquldfurmus, jolstrds, ljpalobds, jnantorls y ortlsohds snh uho sanbo cdrjoenh nbldamneo y pdatneo.

Oan Glajlhbn lstofalen edhtoetds edh la Mrupd Edjuhnsto

bl Gdro, qul lstofo lhelrrobd lh s jnsjd, oyubhbdal osoanr bl lsto sntuoenh. Al bnd nhstrueendhls poro qul edjfnhorola trofoid eaohblstnhd edh la almoa, portnenporo oetnvojlhtl lhaos osdenoendhls almoals bl dfrlrds, ojpanoro su oetnvnbob lhdtros enubobls y portneuaorjlhtl lh ads elhtrds dfrlrds, trobu

ilro antlroturo jorxnsto, qul slrvnro poro lalvor la hnvla nbldamned bl ads edjuhnstos. [lsl o qul cul edhcnhobd pdr aos outdrnbobls zdmunstos lh bnvlrsos enubobls, sl lscdrz pdr johtlhlrads edhtoetds edh aos drmohnzoendhls edjuhnstos y lh prlstoralstdbo su oyubo. Uu edhcnhojnlhtd lh Gdro lh ?>56 al prdpdr

endh ao pdsnfnanbob bl edaofdror bnrletojlhtl edh la MrupdEdjuhnsto bl lsto enubob. Ao rluhnh ojpanobo bla edjnt bnrletnvd, elalfrobo lh iuand bl ?>56, o ao qul osnstn tojfnhOan Glajlhbn, ofrn oa mrupd plrspletnvos js eaoros. La Mrupdbl Gdro oeof pdr oelptor uho paotocdrjo pdatneo y drmohnzotnvo js sanbo. [dr edhsnmunlhtl, tojfnh su oetnvnbob lhtrlh uho hulvo cosl bl blsorrdaad.

Ads edjuhnstos sl jdvnanzordh

poro blsorrdaaor lhtrl aos jososuho aofdr ad js cruetclro pdsnfal. Ao plrjohlhtl ernsns ledh

jneo covdrleo la surmnjnlhtd bl aos edhbnendhls hlelsornosporo lsto aofdr. Aos ùlamos dfrlros sl suelboh uho tros dtro.Ads dfrlrds bl ao edhstrueenh sl johtlhoh o ao eoflzo blajdvnjnlhtd ùlamustned. [dr ad tohtd, lro hoturoa qul la Mru

pd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro bnrnmnlro su otlhenh, ohtl tdbd, òenolsto eotlmdro bl dfrlrds. O nhnenotnvo suyo, lh slptnljfrl bl?>55, sl cuhb lh Gdro ao osdenoenh aaojobo [uho (Rro

foid). Lh laao portnenpofoh hd sad dfrlrds, snhd tojfnhjolstrds bl aos bnclrlhtls rojos bl ao edhstrueenh, qul lrohlxpadtobds pdr ads ljprlsornds eopntoanstos. Ao osdenoenh [uho lro bnrnmnbo pdr ao croeenh edjuhnsto. Uu prlsnblhtl lrola jnljfrd bla edjnt bla Mrupd bl Gdro, [nad [lrnstlrn. Lh

frlvl tnljpd, ao osdenoenh edhtofo oprdxnjobojlhtl edh


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eaohblstnho drmohnzobo pdr ads edjuhnstos. Ulmh stl, [uholro uho drmohnzoenh rlvdauendhorno bl blclhso bl ads blrle`dsbl ads dfrlrds, qul aue`oro oa jnsjd tnljpd edhtro la rmnjlh

zdmunsto pdr ao anflrtob y ao bljderoeno.Lstl prnjlr admrd ohnj o ads edjuhnstos bla Mrupd blGdro o edhtnhuor sus oetnvnbobls. Ulmh la liljpad bl [uhoy o nhnenotnvo bl ads edjuhnstos culrdh erlobos burohtl la od?>52 drmohnzoendhls mrljnoals bl zopotlrds, sostrls, edhbuetdrls, lte.

La Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro lxtlhbn su nhcaulheno tojfnh o aos cnaos bl ads lstubnohtls sleuhbornds bl ao enubob,qul sl blstoeofoh pdr sus slhtnjnlhtds potrntneds y prdmrlsnstos. Edh ads laljlhtds js rlvdauendhornds sl erl uho eauaoedjuhnsto.

Unh ljformd la Mrupd lh su edhiuhtd slmuo oh enreuhsernfnlhbd su aofdr o ao enubob bl Gdro. Uus vheuads edh aosdtros drmohnzoendhls edjuhnstos lroh bfnals d nhlxnstlhtls. Lhao rluhnh bla jls bl omdstd bl ?>52, blenbn lxtlhblr suoetnvnbob edjuhnsto o dtros enubobls bla pos. O plsor bl laadhd dftuvd admrds hdtofals.

Edh ao ojpanoenh bl ao oetnvnbob rlvdauendhorno bla Mrupdbl Gdro sl omubnz ao aue`o nbldamneo blhtrd bl sus cnaos.

Ads laljlhtds trdtsgnstos sl aohzordh edh curno edhtro ao ahloslmunbo pdr Oan Glajlhbn y edhtro ao portl soho blaMrupd, lscdrzhbdsl obljs lh dfstrunr pdr tdbds ads jlbndsao prdpomoenh bl ao nhcaulheno bl ads edjuhnstos lhtrl aosjosos. Uu rlprlslhtohtl prnhenpoa, Hngd Pdxn, ojfnendhofoopdblrorsl bl ao bnrleenh bla Mrupd poro aulmd dfanmorad oqul oelptosl ads puhtds bl vnsto trdtsgnstos. [oro iustncneor suaofdr `dstna, prdpomofo o ads euotrd vnlhtds ao tldro bl adseuobrds, tldro tdjobo bl ads ore`ndjorxnstos mrnlmds. Ulmhlsto tldro, ads edjuhnstos hd blfoh oetuor y jlhds anmorslo aos josos y drmohnzoros, snhd qul tlhoh qul enreuhsernfnrslo sus eauaos y prldeuporsl sdaojlhtl bl ao lbueoenh tlrneo.

La Mrupd bl Gdro hd pdbo blsorrdaaor edh xntd su oetnvnbob snh blslhjoseoror eofoajlhtl oa trdtsgnsto Hngd Pdxn.[dr lsto rozh, ao rluhnh ojpanobo bla edjnt bnrletnvd blenbnlxpuasorad bl su slhd, plrd ad bli edjd jnantohtl bla Mrupd.Lsto nhedjpalto jlbnbo plrjntn o H. Pdxn y o dtrds laljlhtdsore`ndjorxnstos oujlhtor su `dstna oetnvnbob bl lsensnh blhtrdbla Mrupd y lh aos cnaos bl aos osdenoendhls dfrlros. Uad la

mroh trofoid bl lseaorlenjnlhtd rloanzobd pdr ao portl js soho

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bl ads edjuhnstos plrjntn qul Hngd Pdxn culro onsaobd eosnpdr edjpaltd.

La jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto lh Oafohno sl òfo lxtlhbnbd yo ouho slrnl bl enubobls. Ul erlordhhulvos drmohnzoendhls edjuhnstos

lh ?>52 y ?>5< lh Rnroho, U`gdbro, Cnlr, Sadro, Lafosoh, Min-rdgostro. [lrd tojpded lstos drmohnzoendhls tlhoh uho edj

pdsnenh dfrlro, lroh plqulos y mlhlroajlhtl oetuofoh snheddrbnhorsl lhtrl s. Bncuhboh aos nblos edjuhnstos, plrd su

prdpomohbo lro anjntobo, bnsedhtnhuo y blsvnheuaobo bl ads

prdfaljos pdatneds y ledhjneds qul sl paohtlofoh oa pos. Lhaos cnaos bl aos hulvos drmohnzoendhls, sdfrl tdbd lh Rnroho,sl lhedhtrofoh tojfnh oamuhds dcnenoals bla lirentd edh nblosedjuhnstos.

La blsorrdaad bla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto lh Oafohno lhedhtrofo uh tlrrlhd juy covdrofal, blfnbd, edjd lsernfnlro OanGlajlhbn, oa eoretlr vnvd l nrrledhenanofal bl ao aueò bla

pulfad oafohs edhtro la rmnjlh pdr uho portl y, o ao tronenh, nhblensnh y posnvnbob bl ads pdantnqulrds bl dtros tlhblhenos, pdr ao dtro.*

Lh lstos edhbnendhls ao edhsdanboenh bla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto pdbo admrorsl lstofalenlhbd edhtoetds sanbds lhtrl aosbnvlrsos drmohnzoendhls edjuhnstos y drmohnzohbd uh ojpandjdvnjnlhtd bljdertned, ohtnzdmunsto y ohtnnjplrnoansto lhtrlads dfrlrds, eojplsnhds, jnantorls y ivlhls, qul edhstntuoh aomroh joydro bl ao pdfaoenh y òfoh sucrnbd nhtlhsojlhtlaos edhsleulhenos bl ao pdatneo ohtnpdpuaor y ohtnhoendhoabl Ydmu.

La Edjnt bl Anflroenh Hoendhoa qul òfo osujnbd ao

torlo bl drmohnzor la jdvnjnlhtd ohtncluboa y ohtncosensto, oplsor bl òflr rloanzobd uho fulho aofdr bl prdpomohbo otrovs bl ao prlhso y aos detovnaaos, edhtnhuofo snlhbd uhodrmohnzoenh bl rlcumnobds pdatneds y hd sl òfo lxtlhbnbdblhtrd bl Oafohno. La trofoid eaohblstnhd foid la rmnjlhdprlsdr bl Ydmu lxnmo soerncnends y ads bnrnmlhtls bl lso drmohnzoenh hd sl òfoh jdstrobd sucnenlhtljlhtl bnspulstds ooelptorads. [dr dtro portl, ads edjuhnstos qul sl lhedhtrofoh

* O. Glajlhbn. Nhcdrjl lhvnobd oa Gdjnhtlrh, ?2 bl bnenljfrl

bl ?>53 OE[.

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lh Oafohno, blfnbd o su `drnzdhtl nbldamned mlhlroajlhtl anjntobd, hd edjprlhboh ao urmlhtl hlelsnbob bl erlor uhojpand jdvnjnlhtd bljdertned y ohtnnjplrnoansto. [lrd la dbnd

oa rmnjlh bl Ydmu, sus slhtnjnlhtds prdmrlsnstos y rlvdauendhornds y su potrndtnsjd `nenlrdh qul ads edjuhnstos portnenporohoetnvojlhtl lh la jdvnjnlhtd ohtnzdmunsto bl ads ods ?>52-?>552 aos rlaoendhls lhtrl Oafohno l Ntoano sl omrovordhoa lxtrljd blfnbd o aos tlhtotnvos bl Ydmu pdr anmorsl o dtros

pdtlhenos njplrnoanstos, ad qul lhtrofo lh edhtrobneenh edh adspaohls edadhnoanstos bl Ntoano. La mdfnlrhd bl Vdjo, qulrnlhbdedhvlrtnr o Oafohno euohtd ohtls lh su edadhno y lilrelr prlsnh sdfrl Ydmu poro qul eopntuaoro, lhvn su cadto bl mulrroo Burrs. Ao eaoubneoenh bl Ydmu ohtl ao prlsnh bl Ntoano bndhulvd njpuasd oa jdvnjnlhtd ohtnzdmunsto. Blsbl la jls blofrna bl ?>52, uh mrupd bl lx dcnenoals l nhtlaletuoals furmulsls òfo erlobd uho drmohnzoenh slerlto, euyd dfiltnvdlro blrrdeor ao jdhorquo zdmunsto, njpaohtor uh rmnjlh rlpufaneohd y tlrjnhor edh ao nhtlrvlhenh ntoanoho lh Oafohno.Lsto drmohnzoenh òfo anjntobd su oetnvnbob o ads ereuadsjnantorls l nhtlaletuoals furmulsls. Ao drmohnzoenh edjuhnstobl Rnroho y vornds dcnenoals edjuhnstos edhdenbds edjd jnantohtls ohtnzdmunstos sl uhnlrdh o ao drmohnzoenh slerlto.

La prdfaljo bl portnenpor lh ao drmohnzoenh slerlto cul lxojnhobd tojfnh pdr la Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro lh ao rluhnhbla jls bl omdstd bl ?>52. Oedrb oprdvleòr lsto enreuhstohenolh nhtlrs bla jdvnjnlhtd bljdertned ohtnzdmunsto y, lh eosdbl lstoaaor ao nhsurrleenh, portnenpor edjd culrzo nhblplhbnlhtledh su prdpnd prdmrojo. Lh bne`d prdmrojo sl edhtljpaofo9 aoprdeaojoenh bl ao Vlpfaneo Bljdertneo [dpuaor7 ao ohuaoenh bl tdbds ads lseaovnzohtls edhvlhnds edh ao Ntoano cosensto7ao suprlsnh bl ads jdhdpdands y edhelsndhls7 ao ojhnsto poroads prlsds pdatneds. [lrd la Mrupd bl Gdro hd sl jdvnanzporo njpuasor la jdvnjnlhtd ohtnzdmunsto y poro lilrelr lh asu nhcaulheno. Johtuvd uho oetntub lxpletohtl.

La mdfnlrhd bl Ydmu blseufrn ao lxnstlheno bla jdvnjnlhtdy ljplz o tdjor jlbnbos bl rlprlsnh. Ads ilcls bla jdvnjnlhtd sl vnlrdh dfanmobds o blslheoblhor ao nhsurrleenh, la?2 bl omdstd bl ?>5


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hnsto Vnzo Elrdvo (`ofo rlmrlsobd bl ao \hnh Udvntneo lhjorzd bl ?>55< O ?>5>

Lh ads ods 5; ao aue`o bl ads pulfads sdvntneds, foid aobnrleenh bla [ortnbd Fdae`lvnqul lheoflzobd pdr I. S. Utoanh,

pdr ao edhstrueenh bl ao sdenlbob sdenoansto cul edrdhobo edh

* Lb. entobo.

5;


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ao vnetdrno. Ao \hnh Udvntneo sl trohscdrj lh uho mroh pdtlheno nhbustrnoa, edh uho ovohzobo omrneuaturo sdenoansto.

Lhtrl tohtd, ao prdcuhbo ernsns ledhjneo bl ads ods ?>6>

o ?>55 `ofo lstrljlenbd blsbl sus enjnlhtds la juhbd eopntoansto y omubnzobd edhsnblrofaljlhtl sus edhtrobneendhls. [orosuplror ao bncena sntuoenh, ao furmulso njplrnoansto bl vornds

posls opdy la cosensjd, ls blenr, ao bnetoburo tlrrdrnsto jsrloeendhorno y e`dvnhnsto bla eopntoa cnhohenlrd. Edh ao sufnbooa pdblr lh ?>55 bla hoznsjd, sl erl lh Oaljohno uh cded juy

planmrdsd bl mulrro. Ads cosenstos sl aohzordh clrdzjlhtl edhtrola jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrd, edjuhnsto y bljdertned y sl prlporofohclfrnajlhtl poro mulrros omrlsnvos. La planmrd bl uho hulvomulrro juhbnoa erlen tdbovo js euohbd la Ioph jnantornstootoe o E`nho lh ?>5? y ao Ntoano cosensto o Ofnsnhno lh ?>55


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Aos blensndhls bla SNN Edhmrlsd bla Gdjnhtlrh joreofohuho hulvo ltopo lh la blsorrdaad bla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto ydfrlrd juhbnoa. Uu opaneoenh bl johlro erlobdro, lh aos edh

bnendhls edherltos bl eobo pos, ofro la eojnhd o ads edjuhnstos poro pdhlrsl o ao eoflzo bl aos ojpanos josos pdpuaorls yedhvlrtnrsl lh ao prnhenpoa culrzo bnrnmlhtl bla jdvnjnlhtddfrlrd, bljdertned y ohtnnjplrnoansto.

Lstos blensndhls tlhoh mroh njpdrtoheno poro tdbds adsposls y bl johlro lsplenoa poro oqulaads qul, edjd Oafohno,lstofoh ojlhozobds bnrletojlhtl pdr la cosensjd.

Ao prlsnh bl ao Ntoano cosenstosdfrl Oafohno y ao eaoubneoenhbl Ydmu edhbuilrdh o ao edheausnh bl ads oeulrbds toad-oafo-

hlsls bl jorzd bl ?>53 qul sloaofoh uh njpdrtohtl posdòeno la tdtoa sdiuzmojnlhtd bla pos pdr ao Ntoano cosensto.

Lh lstos edhbnendhls, lh Oafohno, poroalaojlhtl o ao aueòedhtro ao lxpadtoenh eopntoansto y la rmnjlh zdmunsto, edfrofouho njpdrtoheno eobo vlz joydr ao aueò edhtro ads sdiuzmobdrls cosenstos. Ao furmulso oafohlso lstofo vnheuaobo lstrleòjlhtl oa rmnjlh zdmunsto y hd pdbo bnrnmnr ao aueò lh bl

clhso bl ao anflrtob y ao nhblplhblheno bla pos. Rojpded aosculrzos bljdertneos furmulsos qul edhtnhuordh ao aueò edhtrola rmnjlh zdmunsto y edhtro ao sufdrbnhoenh bla pos oNtoano, blspus bla croeosd bl ao nhsurrleenh bl Cnlr, lroh eopoels bl bnrnmnr la jdvnjnlhtd ohtnzdmunsto y ohtncosensto oeouso bl su coato bl blensnh y bl drmohnzoenh.

Ao hneo culrzo rlvdauendhorno lh ao aueò pdr ao edhqunstobl ads blrle`ds bljdertneds y pdr ao soavomuorbno bl ao anflrtob y ao nhblplhblheno bl ao potrno lroh o`dro ads edjuhnstos,

qunlhls sl edadeordh oa crlhtl hd sad bla jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrdsnhd tojfnh bla jdvnjnlhtd pdpuaor ohtnzdmunsto y ohtncosensto.

Ao nhsurrleenh bl Cnlr òfo lstrljlenbd oa rmnjlh zdmunsto y blsoerlbntobd su pdatneo. La rly sl vnd dfanmobd, edjdlsernfnlro Oan Glajlhbn, o johndfror bljommneojlhtl edhla cnh bl mohor tnljpd, bl rlpdhlrsl bla mdapl rlenfnbd y bl

prlporor uho hulvo dclhsnvo edhtro la pulfad. Lh detufrl bl?>5< nhstoa uh hulvd mdfnlrhd anflroa, qul `nzd runbdsos prdjlsos bl rlcdrjos.

Aos anflrtobls blerltobos, ouhqul juy anjntobos, culrdh

56

Ads edjuhnstos o ao eoflzobla erlenlhtl jdvnjnlhtdrlvdauendhornd


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oprdvleòbos pdr ads edjuhnstos poro ljprlhblr hulvds posdslh ao drmohnzoenh bl ao eaosl dfrlro y lh ao lxtlhsnh bl sunhcaulheno lhtrl aos ojpanos josos pdpuaorls.

Lh la dtdd bl ?>5< sl pusd lh jdvnjnlhtd la elhtrd dfrlrdjs njpdrtohtl bla pos, Gudvo (`dy Enubob Utoanh), qul lroobjnhnstrobd pdr ao Udenlbob Ntoanoho bla [ltrald (ON[O). Lhao lxtroeenh bla pltrald y lh ads sletdrls ouxnanorls trofoiofohelreo bl ?.3;; dfrlrds oafohlsls. O portnr bl jlbnobds bl ?>52lh Gudvo sl òfo drmohnzobd, pdr nhnenotnvo bl ads edjuhnstos,uh heald eaohblstnhd poro ao drmohnzoenh snhbneoa bl adsdfrlrds bla pltrald. Lh detufrl bl ?>5< sl cuhb ao osdenoenh[uho, qul cul rledhdenbo pdr la mdfnlrhd. Ouhqul lh adslstotutds poro lvntor prdfaljos edh aos outdrnbobls sl bleoqul [uho sl erlofo poro blclhblr ao bnmhnbob y ads nhtlrlsls bl sus jnljfrds, y prlstorals uho oyubo jdroa y jotlrnoa,laao sl edhvnrtn nhjlbnotojlhtl lh uho drmohnzoenh dfrlrorlvdauendhorno, ohtnzdmunsto y ohtncosensto. Oa eofd bl uh odedhtofo edh js bl ?553 tdj ao blensnh bl bleaororsl lh ùlamolh opdyd bl sus rlnvnhbneoendhls, ùlamo qul la ?? bl clfrlrdobqunrn uh eoretlr mlhlroa. La mdfnlrhd lhvn nhmlhtls culrzos bl ao mlhborjlro foid la johbd bla prdpnd jnhnstrd blaNhtlrndr poro rlprnjnrao, qul orrlstordh o 3; dfrlrds bl lhtrlads js ovohzobds y lxpuasordh bl Gudvo o dtrds 5;;, edhcnhh-bdads lh bnvlrsos enubobls bla pos. Ao osdenoenh [uho bli

pretneojlhtl bl lxnstnr.

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Ao ùlamo mlhlroa, sn fnlh croeos, tuvd uho mroh njpdrtoheno. Cul poro ads dfrlrds uho lseulao rlvdauendhorno. [drdtro portl, dfanm oa mdfnlrhd o plbnr o ads ljprlsornds, ouhqul

sad cdrjoajlhtl, qul sl oslmuroslh o ads dfrlrds jlidrlsedhbnendhls bl trofoid.Iuhtd o aos ùlamos, uh pdblrdsd jdvnjnlhtd pdpuaor

edhtro la òjfrl y la rmnjlh zdmunsto sl lxtlhbo o dtrosrlmndhls bla pos. Lh la dtdd bl ?>5< ao jnslrno oaeohz prd

pdrendhls blslsplrohtls. La òjfrl ojlhozofo bl julrtl o jnaaorls bl plrsdhos. La lirentd bl blsljpalobds òfo oujlhtobdedhsnblrofaljlhtl. La blsedhtlhtd y ao nro oforeordh bnvlrsoseopos sdenoals, portneuaorjlhtl aos josos pdfrls bl ao enuboby bla eojpd.

Iumordh uh popla oetnvd lh la slhd bla jdvnjnlhtd adsortlsohds qul sl orrunhofoh pdr ao edjpltlheno bl ao prdbueenh nhbustrnoa. Uu aueò sl hutro bl nausndhls plquldfurmulsoslh euohtd o ao pdsnfnanbob bl soavomuorbor ao plqulo prdbueenh y bltlhlr la erlenjnlhtd bl ao prdbueenh nhbustrnoa. Ouhqul sus lxnmlhenos lroh utpneos, ao aueò lh lslheno sl bnrnmoedhtro ao jnslrno qul osdaofo la pos.

La Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro supd oprdvleòr ao sntuoenherlobo, pdhlrsl o ao eoflzo bl aos josos pdpuaorls y bor o su

aueò uh eoretlr pdatned. Aos croeendhls edjuhnstos bl aoosdenoenh dfrlro bl ao edhstrueenh [uho, bl ao osdenoenh blzopotlrds, sostrls, bl ao Anmo bl Ljpalobds [rnvobds, ao hulvodrmohnzoenh snhbneoa qul sl cdrj lh bnenljfrl bl ?>553 sl prdbuidao mroh johnclstoenh ohtnzdmunsto bl Gdro, aaojobo lh ao`nstdrno ao johnclstoenh pdr la poh. Ao sohmrnlhto rlprlsnh

bl aos culrzos bl ao mlhborjlro hd njpnbn o ads dfrlrds yortlsohds, o ads qul obljs sl uhnlrdh ads oaujhds bl adsedalmnds, drmohnzor uho hulvo johnclstoenh pdr ao torbl, bdhblla e`dqul edh ads mlhborjls cul oh js vndalhtd.

Ao johnclstoenh pdr la poh lh Gdro cul uho mroh oeenhpdpuaor ohtnzdmunsto drmohnzobo y bnrnmnbo pdr ads edjuhnstos.Ruvd ojpano rlsdhoheno lh tdbd la pos, sljfr la phned lhtrlaos outdrnbobls y aos eaosls bdjnhohtls l nhspnr edh su liljpado aos josos pdpuaorls bl dtros rlmndhls. Johnclstoendhls edhtrola òjfrl tuvnlrdh aumor tojfnh lh Minrdgostro, Uorohbo,

Alsgdvng, Fnans`t, [dmroble y Flrot. Dtros johnclstoendhls pd

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puaorls ohtnzdmunstos sl rloanzordh lh Sadro y lh Lafosoh.Lh slptnljfrl bl ?>53 la mdfnlrhd zdmunsto lxpuas bla pos

o Oan Glajlhbn. Ohtls bl joreòr, tdj edhtoetd lh Minrdgostro

edh Lhvlr @dxò, qul oeofofo bl rlmrlsor o Oafohno y slblstoeofo edjd oetnvd jnantohtl edjuhnsto.

Ads oedhtlenjnlhtds bl ?>53 edhcnrjofoh la oujlhtd bl ao nhcaulheno bl ads edjuhnstos lhtrl

aos josos. [lrd o hnvla hoendhoa ads xntds lroh tdbovo juyanjntobds. Ao prlhso blfo blsljplor uh njpdrtohtl popla lhla oujlhtd bl su nhcaulheno. [lrd ao slvlro elhsuro zdmunsto als

njpnbo lxprlsor ofnlrtojlhtl sus puhtds bl vnsto o trovs bllstl jlbnd bl nhcdrjoenh. Lroh lseosds ads lserntds njfunbdsbl uh lsprntu prdmrlsnsto qul aalmofoh o pufaneorsl lh adsrmohds bl ao prlhso furmulso.

Anrno Gdjftorl (Anflrtob Hoendhoa) y bds cdaaltds pufaneobds lh ?>52 y ?>5< pdr ao croeenh edjuhnsto bla Edjnt blAnflroenh Hoendhoa, lh ads qul sl trozofo uh prdmrojo rlvdauendhornd poro blrrdeor la rmnjlh zdmunsto l nhstouror aorlpfaneo pdpuaor, os edjd ads plrnbneds [dpuaan ([ulfad) yUozohn, rmohds bla mrupd bl ads edjuhnstos oafohlsls bl

Aydh (Croheno), sl bncuhboh lseosojlhtl lh Oafohno, prnhenpoajlhtl lh uh anjntobd ereuad bl nhtlaletuoals.

Ao hlelsnbob bl blsorrdaaor aos nblos bljdertneos, ohtncluboals y ohtnnjplrnoanstos blhtrd bla pos njpdho o ads edjuhnstos ao utnanzoenh bl hulvos cdrjos bl trofoid. @ofoh edjlhzobd o oprdvleòr edh xntd aos osdenoendhls euaturoals y ortstneos. Ao osdenoenh Flso U`qnptorl (AloatobOafohlso), erlobo blsbl ?>6> pdr ads oaujhds bla mnjhosnd blU`gdbro, y la mrupd tlotroa bl ao osdenoenh [uho bl Gdro,

mohordh pdpuaornbob edh sus lspleteuads tlotroals bl lsprntupotrntned y prdmrlsnsto. Jnlhtros tohtd, aos drmohnzoendhlsedjuhnstos bl Rnroho y bl Gdro oprdvleòrdh nhjlbnotojlhtlaos enreuhstohenos erlobos tros ao aalmobo oa pdblr bla mdfnlrhdanflroa y pufaneordh rmohds bl lstl eoretlr qul oaeohzordhojpano bncusnh lh tdbd la pos.

Ao js njpdrtohtl bl lstos pufaneoendhls cul Fdto l rl(Juhbd hulvd), qul vnd ao auz lh Gdro lh la jls bl ofrna bl?>53. Ouhqul lh ads orteuads pufaneobds sl ljpalofo, blfnbdo ao elhsuro, la alhmuoil bl oausndhls, lstl rmohd sl edhvnrtnlh uho pdblrdso orjo bl ertneo edhtro la rmnjlh lh la pdblr

55< y ?>53snmhncneordh uh njpdrtohtl xntdbla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto. Oa

jnsjd tnljpd rlcaliordh uho slrnl bl blfnanbobls lh ao drmohnzoenh bla jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrd y ohtnzdmunsto. Ao torlo nhjlbnoto qul sl paohtlofo lh lstos enreuhstohenos lro ao ojpanoenhbla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto lh tdbd la pos, la lstofalenjnlhtd blsanbds edhtoetds lhtrl aos bnclrlhtls drmohnzoendhls y ao eddrbnhoenh bl su oetnvnbob.

Edh lstl cnh, la Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro erl lh bnenljfrl bl ?>53 uh hulvd edjnt bnrletnvd, lheormobd bl blsorrdaaor ao oetnvnbob lh tdbos aos rlmndhls bla pos. Lstl ed

jnt tlho la dfiltnvd bl edhvlrtnrsl lh elhtrd bl bnrleenhbla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto bl Oafohno, plrd hd admr oaeohzorlstl dfiltnvd. Ul erlordh hulvos drmohnzoendhls bla Mrupd blGdro sdaojlhtl lh Flrot y Rnroho, bdhbl tojfnh sl drmohnzao osdenoenh bl dfrlrds tnpmrocds. Ao aofdr blsorrdaaobo pdrla edjnt bl Gdro lh bnvlrsos rlmndhls bla pos tlho uheoretlr suplrcnenoa y bnsedhtnhud. Ao nhedrpdroenh bl hulvdsjnljfrds hd sl òeo sdfrl ao fosl bl edhdelrads fnlh. Lstolro ao eouso bl qul lh aos cnaos bl aos drmohnzoendhls sl ùfnlroh

nhcnatrobd laljlhtds ohtnjorxnstos qul plriubneordh oa jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto.Lh lso pdeo surmo lh U`gdbro uh hulvd l njpdrtohtl

cded bla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto. Ao prnjlro drmohnzoenh edjuhnsto lh lso enubob, cuhbobo yo lh ?>52, òfo lxtlhbnbd suoetnvnbob. Ul erlordh hulvos eauaos y mrupds bl snjpotnzohtls.La Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl U`gdbro lxtlhbn sus rojncneoendhls oRnroho, Lafosoh, Minrdgostro, Gdro, lte. [oro bnrnmnr aos drmohnzoendhls sl cdrjordh, lh ?>5=, edjnts rlmndhoals lh U`gdbro

y Rnroho. La bnrnmlhtl bla mrupd lro Ylc Joao, nhtlaletuoa edh

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Ul lxtnlhblh aos drmohnzo-endhls edjuhnstos. La Mru-pd Edjuhnsto bl U`gdbro


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puhtds bl vnsto tlrneds lrrhlds y uho trljlhbo edhcusnhpdatneo.

Ao oetnvnbob bla Mrupd lhtrl aos josos lstofo enreuhsernto

o ads jlbnds lsedaorls y ortlsohds y o oamuhds elhtrds dfrlrds.Ao erloenh bl ao drmohnzoenh bl ao iuvlhtub lh U`gdbro yRnroho y ao cdrjoenh bl ao osdenoenh dfrlro bl eorpnhtlrds lhRnroho culrdh njpdrtohtls admrds suyds.

La Mrupd bl U`gdbro hd tlho uho eaoro y prlenso ahlo pdatneo, uho cdrjo bl drmohnzoenh fnlh bltlrjnhobo, uho bnsenpanho y eaohblstnhnbob sanbos lh sus cnaos. Aos eauaos, edhstntunbos mlhlroajlhtl pdr trls jnljfrds, sl deupofoh cuhbojlhtoajlhtl bl su prdpno prlporoenh tlrneo. Ao antlroturoqul sl utnanzofo poro lstl cnh, y qul nheauo uho slrnl bl dfrosbl ads easneds bla jorxnsjd-alhnhnsjd, snrvn poro bncuhbnr aosnblos edjuhnstos. [lrd, os edjd lh ads dtrds mrupds, lh aosdrmohnzoendhls bla Mrupd bl U`gdbro enreuaofo tojfnh antlroturo trdtsgnsto y ohorqunsto.

Lh su eojnhd bl blsorrdaad, la jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto oafohs sl lhcrlht edh slrnds dfsteuads erlobds pdr ads trdtsgnstos.O prnhenpnds bl ?>5=, òfo rlmrlsobd o Oafohno blsbl OtlhosOhbrlo Ynsn foid la slubhnjd bl Yiorrn (Culmd), qunlhprltlhbo slr la bnrnmlhtl bla aaojobd [ortnbd Edjuhnsto Oa

fohs, cdrjobd lh Mrleno y rledhdenbd, slmuh a, pdr la Gdjnhtlrh. Lh rloanbob lro la bnrnmlhtl bl uh mrupd trdtsgnstoerlobd lh Otlhos lh ?>53, qul sl edhdeo pdr la hdjfrl blMrupd Yiorrn. O. Ynsn sl prdpdho nhtlmror ads mrupds edjuhnstos oafohlsls lh su portnbd y dfanmorads o objntnr suahlo ohtnjorxnsto. La Mrupd bl Gdro hd rledhden oa portnbdbl Yiorrn, plrd johnclst lstor bnspulstd o edaofdror edh ao edhbnenh bl qul oelptosl ao paotocdrjo bla Mrupd. Jnlhtrostohtd O. Ynsn lstofalen edhtoetds edh la croeendhoansto H. Pdxn,lhedhtrohbd edh a uh alhmuoil edjh. Ads bds eddrbnhordh aoaueò edhtro la Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro.

[dr dtro portl, Ornstnb` _lhbrd òfo edjlhzobd lh Rnrohosu oetnvnbob `dstna edhtro la jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto. Lstl suiltd,euyo jnantoheno lh la Mrupd bl Gdro lro sad cdrjoa, òfo

pdbnbd oetuor snh blslhjoseororsl pdrqul coatofo edhtrda lhads bnrnmlhtls bla Mrupd. Lh hdjfrl bla Mrupd òfo rleautobdlh Rnroho uh enlrtd hjlrd bl jnantohtls lh ads qul nhcauoedh sus puhtds bl vnsto ohtnjorxnstos. Lh ?>5= òfoh blmlhlrobd tdtoajlhtl lh uh mrupd trdtsgnsto.

Lh lso pdeo la Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl U`gdbro `nzd su prn

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jlr nhtlhtd bl vnheuaorsl edh la Mrupd bl Gdro. Lh ao eortoqul lhvn o ads edjuhnstos bl Gdro lh ?>5= plbo qul al prlstoroh, edjd mrupd bl js lxplrnlheno, oyubo lh la tlrrlhd drmohn

zotnvd. Hngd Pdxn sofdtl ao fulho vdauhtob qul bljdstr laMrupd bl Gdro poro oyubor oa Mrupd bl U`gdbro. [rlslhthbdsl edjd rlprlslhtohtl bla Mrupd bl Gdro ohuhen oa Mrupdbl U`gdbro ao erloenh bla portnbd edjuhnsto oafohs lhMrleno y ao prxnjo aalmobo bl su edjnt elhtroa o Oafohno.

H. Pdxn oeus o ads bnrnmlhtls bla Mrupd bl Gdro y o Oan Glajlhbn bl hoendhoanstos y lsensndhnstos bla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto. Uus puhtds bl vnsto lhedhtrordh uh tlrrlhd covdrofallhtrl ads bnrnmlhtls bla Mrupd bl U`gdbro, lh la slhd bl adseuoals prlvoaleo ao edhcusnh nbldamneo. Bl `le`d, Ylc Joaoy Hngd Pdxn sl edhvnrtnlrdh lh ads bnrnmlhtls prnhenpoals blaMrupd. Os, sl sofdtl la oelreojnlhtd y ao edaofdroenh lhtrlads bds prnhenpoals mrupds edjuhnstos.

Ao lsensnh eousofo uh mroh bod oa jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto y, edjd edhsleulheno, o tdbd la jdvnjnlhtd bljdertnedrlvdauendhornd. Lsto sntuoenh lxnsto euohbd sl blsot ao curndso eojpoo ohtnedjuhnsto tros ao aalmobo oa pdblr bla hulvdmdfnlrhd rloeendhornd lh hdvnljfrl bl ?>53. Lstl mdfnlrhd drmohnz mrohbls plrsleuendhls edhtro ads edjuhnstos y edhtro

tdbds ads laljlhtds prdmrlsnstos. Bnsdavn aos osdenoendhls dfrlros, prd`nfn ao drmohnzoenh bl hulvos osdenoendhls y sad outdrnz ao erloenh bl edrpdroendhls dfrlros bl tnpd cosensto, foidla bnrletd edhtrda bl aos outdrnbobls lstotoals. [rd`nfn aoprlhso prdmrlsnsto y lstofalen uho slvlro elhsuro sdfrl tdbdsads anfrds, plrnbneds y rlvnstos, pufaneobds blhtrd bla pos dprdelblhtls bla lxtrohilrd. Lh ?>5= Ydmu `nzd orrlstor o aojoydr portl bl ads dcnenoals edjuhnstos.

[dr dtro portl, la mdfnlrhd zdmunsto `ofo plrjntnbd ao

ojpano prdpomoenh bla cosensjd lh Oafohno. Lhvnobds lsplenoalsbl Jussdanhn edjlhzordh la trofoid poro drmohnzor o ao iuvlhtub oafohlso slmh la jdblad cosensto. Erlordh lh ao enubobbl Gdro uh edjnt bl oeenh edh laljlhtds cosenstos oafohlsls, os edjd uho ojpano rlb bl omlhtls qul pdr tdbos portlsprlporofoh la tlrrlhd poro la sdiuzmojnlhtd tdtoa bla pos pdrNtoano. Lh lstl slhtnbd la ealrd rloeendhornd eotaned blsljplofouh popla lsplenoa.

Ydmu rlspoab snh rlslrvos ao nhsurrleenh edhtrorrlvdauendhorno qul `ofo lstoaaobd lh ?>53 lh Lspoo y rledhden

o ao iuhto jnantor cosensto bl Crohed.

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Ao pdatneo tdtoajlhtl rloeendhorno prdcosensto bl Ydmu prdbuid lhtrl ads edjuhnstos y potrndtos oafohlsls mroh prldeupoenh pdr la blstnhd bl ao nhblplhblheno hoendhoa. Laads edj

prlhboh eobo bo jlidr la planmrd qul rlprlslhtofo la cosensjdporo Oafohno y poro tdbds ads pulfads. Rojfnh edh rlaoenh olstd, culrdh bl mroh oyubo aos blensndhls bla SNN Edhmrlsd blaGdjnhtlrh. Ads edjuhnstos oafohlsls vloh ao iusto aueò bla

pulfad lspoda edjd uho aueò qul tojfnh blclhbo ads nhtlrlsls bl Oafohno. La dbnd òeno la cosensjd y la nhtlrhoendhoansjd prdaltornd bl ads edjuhnstos y ohtncosenstos oafohlsls lhedhtr su lxprlsnh, edh uho culrzo portneuaor, lh su rlsdauenh poro nr edjd vdauhtornds o Lspoo. Ads mrupds edjuhnstoslhvnordh oaa blsbl la od ?>53 o sus jnantohtls o aueòr oa

aobd bla pulfad lspoda. Ads vdauhtornds oafohlsls, lhtrl laadsOsnj Sdgs`n, R`njid Mdmdzdtd, Vojnz Sorvorneo, Ylc @dtn,Juso Crotorn, y dtrds, edjfotnlrdh voanlhtljlhtl edhtrola cosensjd lh aos cnaos bl aos Frnmobos Nhtlrhoendhoals. Jue`dsbl laads eoylrdh lh la eojpd bl fotoaao. Rlhn Gdhdjn, jnljfrdbl ao bnrleenh bla Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro, cul oslsnhobd

pdr ads cosenstos ohtls bl qul aalmoro o tnlrro lspodao.

Lh aos enreuhstohenos erlobos pdr

la oujlhtd bla planmrd cosenstoporo Oafohno, hd sdaojlhtl lrohlelsorno ao lstrleò edaofdroenh

lhtrl ads mrupds edjuhnstos, snhd, oa jnsjd tnljpd, ao rldrmohnzoenh bl tdbd su trofoid o ao auz bl aos blensndhls bla SNNEdhmrlsd bl ao Nhtlrhoendhoa Edjuhnsto.

Ads prnjlrds lsculrzds poro opaneor ao hulvo ahlo bla Gdjnhtlrh culrdh rloanzobds pdr ads edjuhnstos oafohlsls lh lalxtrohilrd. [dr nhnenotnvo bl ao croeenh edjuhnsto bla Edjnt

bl Anflroenh Hoendhoa, qul sl lhedhtrofo lh [ors, sl erl lhjorzd bl ?>53 la Crlhtl Bljdertned bl aos drmohnzoendhlspdatneos oafohlsos lh la lxnand. Unh ljformd ao portl edhslrvobdro bl ao furmulso ohtnzdmunsto lh la lxnand, rlprlslhtobo lhlstl crlhtl pdr ao \hnh Hoendhoa, òfo blmlhlrobd pdatneojlhtl y hd lro eopoz bl lcletuor oeendhls potrntneos y rlvdauendhornos. Edjd edhsleulheno la Crlhtl Bljdertned hd torblh bnsdavlrsl.

Ads mrupds edjuhnstos qul oetuofoh lh la pos hd òfohlstofalenbd oh edhtoetds rlmuaorls edh la Gdjnhtlrh, blfnbd o

ao ouslheno bl uh portnbd rledhdenbd dcnenoajlhtl edjd sleenh bl

5>

Hulvo ahlo bla jdvn-

jnlhtd edjuhnstooafohs


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a. Unh ljformd, la Gdjnhtlrh lro nhcdrjobd plrnbneojlhtlpdr Oan Glajlhbn y ads edjuhnstos oafohlsls bl Croheno sdfrlao oetnvnbob bl ads mrupds edjuhnstos lh Oafohno.

Lh bnenljfrl bl ?>53 Oan Glajlhbn prlslht la nhcdrjllh ao rluhnh bl ads oetnvnstos edjuhnstos oafohlsls qul oetuofoh lh la lxtrohilrd. Lsto rluhnh cul drmohnzobo lh Jdsepdr nhnenotnvo bl ao Uleenh Foaehneo bla Gdjnhtlrh poro ohoanzor ao sntuoenh bla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto oafohs y bltlrjnhoraos torlos qul sl paohtlofoh o ao auz bl aos bnrletrnels blaSNN Edhmrlsd bla Gdjnhtlrh. Oan Glajlhbn lxnmo edhsdanborla trofoid drmohnzotnvd poro ao erloenh bl uh portnbd edjuhnsto. Edh lstl cnh blfo edhstntunrsl lh Oafohno uh elhtrd bldrmohnzoenh, qul sl opdyoro lh ads mrupds edjuhnstos lxnstlhtls y, lh prnjlr aumor, lh la Mrupd bl Gdro. Lstl elhtrdtlhbro edjd torlo ao edhsdanboenh y bnrleenh bl ads mrupdsedjuhnstos lxnstlhtls, ao drmohnzoenh bla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto lh tdbo Oafohno, os edjd ao edhvdeotdrno bl uh edhmrlsdedhstntutnvd bla portnbd edjuhnsto bl Oafohno.* [dr nhnenotnvoy foid ao bnrleenh bl ads edjuhnstos sl blfo erlor uho drmohnzoenh eaohblstnho y elhtroanzobo bl eoretlr bljdertned yohtncosensto, poro edjfotnr la rmnjlh zdmunsto y la njplrnoansjd ntoanohd, pdr uho rlpfaneo bljdertneo y poro rdjplr ads

edhvlhnds lseaovnzohtls edh ao Ntoano cosensto. Udfrl ao fosl bllsto drmohnzoenh sl cuhboro la crlhtl pdpuaor.Blspus bl lxojnhor la nhcdrjl, ao rluhnh tdj blensndhls

qul culrdh oprdfobos tojfnh pdr la Gdjnhtlrh. Ulmh lstosblensndhls, lh Oafohno sl erloro uho drmohnzoenh eaohblstnhobl eoretlr bljdertned y ohtncosensto, qul lstoro bnrnmnbo pdruh Edjnt Elhtroa, lh la qul portnenporoh edjuhnstos y hoendhoanstos potrndtos. La heald edjuhnsto bl lstl edjnt adedhstntunroh enhed jnljfrds qul blfoh oetuor lh la nhtlrndrbla pos. Lsto drmohnzoenh slrvnro edjd sdpdrtl poro ao erloenh bla crlhtl pdpuaor. La Gdjnhtlrh dfslrvofo qul aos ohtnmuos eauaos lstofoh blsanmobos bl aos josos y lhelrrobos lhsu prdpnd jored y, pdr laad, hd lroh eopoels bl opaneor aohulvo ahlo. [dr tohtd, aos eauaos y sus rmohds bnrnmlhtlsblfoh bnsdavlrsl tljpdroajlhtl y rldrmohnzorsl lh la cuturdportnbd, aulmd bl `oflrsl le`obd sanbds enjnlhtds lhtrl aosjosos, mroenos oa trofoid lh aos osdenoendhls almoals. Ads edhtoetds lhtrl ads edjuhnstos blfoh slr nhbnvnbuoals. Aos cuh-

2;

* Lb. entobo.


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bdhls bl elhtrd bl drmohnzoenh bl ads edjuhnstos òsto aocuhboenh bla portnbd aos blsljploro la heald edjuhnsto blaEdjnt Elhtroa. La prdmrojo jhnjd bl ads edjuhnstos, qul

slro tojfnh ao paotocdrjo pdatneo bl ao hulvo drmohnzoenh,nheauo bds torlos lslhenoals9 o) ao aueò lh blclhso bl ads blrle`ds hoendhoals y f) ao aueò lh blclhso bl ads blrle`dsbljdertneds. O cnh bl blclhblr ao nhblplhblheno hoendhoa, aohulvo drmohnzoenh edaofdroro edh tdbos aos eaosls, eopos sdenoals y plrsdhos qul lstuvnlroh pdr ao aueò edhtro ao lseaovntub cosensto. Ao bncusnh bl ao hulvo ahlo sl òro pdr jlbndbl uh rmohd eaohblstnhd qul lbntoroh ads edjuhnstos.

Oan Glajlhbn y Gdd Ros`gd culrdh lheormobds bl bor oedhdelr lstos drnlhtoendhls lh Oafohno. Oan Glajlhbn cul o Croh

eno poro orrlmaor su lhtrobo oa pos. Oaa tuvd qul blsorrdaaoruho nhtlhso oetnvnbob poro aalvor o ao pretneo ao hulvo ahlolhtrl aos cnaos bl ads edjuhnstos y bl ads lxnaobds oafohlsls.Bnd mroh njpdrtoheno oa blslhjoseorojnlhtd bl aos oetnvnbobls `dstnals bl Aaozor Cuhbd, jnljfrd bl ao croeenh edjuhnsto bla Edjnt bl Anflroenh Hoendhoa, qunlh sl lscdrzofo lhsdeovor tdbo ao aofdr bl ads edjuhnstos oafohlsls lh Croheno.Aaozor Cuhbd sofdtlofo la lhvd bl vdauhtornds oafohlsls oLspoo poro aueòr edhtro la cosensjd y cnhoajlhtl sl dpusd

ofnlrtojlhtl oa edjuhnsjd, blclhbnlhbd o ads fuiornhnstos,trdtsgnstos y bljs lhljnmds edhblhobds pdr la [ortnbd Edjuhnsto (Fdae`lvnqul) bl ao \hnh Udvntneo. Cul blhuhenobd edjdrlhlmobd bla edjuhnsjd, edjd prdvdeobdr y omlhtl bla njplrnoansjd, y lxeaunbd bl aos cnaos bla jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnsto oafohs.

Uu lstobd bl soaub njpnbn qul Oan Glajlhbn rlmrlsoro oao potrno, y eujpanlro ao jnsnh qul al òfoh edhcnobd. Jurnlh [ors la ?? bl clfrlrd bl ?>5>.

Lh la dtdd bl ?>5= la Mrupd blGdro cul la prnjlrd lh tlhlredhdenjnlhtd bl aos hulvos drnlh

toendhls bla Gdjnhtlrh. Blspus bl lstubnor ao hulvo ahlo,ads bnrnmlhtls bla Mrupd ao oelptordh edjd paotocdrjo bl suoetnvnbob uatlrndr, ouhqul rlenfnlrdh edh rlslrvos ao drnlhtoenh bl bnsdavlr aos eauaos edjuhnstos y ads edjnts, y oa

prnhenpnd voenaordh lh eujpanrao. La Mrupd blsnmh su prdpndrlprlslhtohtl lh la heald edjuhnsto bla Edjnt Elhtroa yblenbn pdhlr lh pretneo aos hulvos drnlhtoendhls, ojpanohbd

la trofoid lhtrl aos josos lh aos drmohnzoendhls almoals, toals

2?

Lsculrzds poro opaneor aohulvo ahlo lh Oafohno


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edjd osdenoendhls ortlsohos, edhslids bl forrnds, edhslid juhnenpoa, edhslid bl ao ejoro bl edjlrend, mrupds porojnan-torls, osdenoendhls iuvlhnals lxtrolsedaorls, os edjd tojfnh

pdr jlbnd bl ao prlhso almoa, lte.Ao bncusnh bl ao hulvo ahlo lhtrl aos dtros drmohnzoendhls edjuhnstos bla pos e`de blsbl la prnhenpnd edh aodpdsnenh bl ads ilcls bla Mrupd bl U`gdbro. Ylc Joao y HngdPdxn hd oelptordh ao hulvo ahlo, bnenlhbd qul lh prnhenpndlstofoh pdr uho rlvdauenh sdenoa y hd hoendhoa, qul rlpubnofohoa njplrnoansjd, plrd hd qulroh trofoior iuhtd o ads hoendhoanstos, qul lroh portnbornds bl oeendhls bnrletos lh la jdjlhtddpdrtuhd, y hd bl oeendhls o aormd paozd l nhbnrletos, lte. (!).

Ao drmohnzoenh trdtsgnsto bl Rnroho tojfnh sl dpusd o ao

hulvo ahlo. Uu bnrnmlhtl Ornstnb` _lhbrd, nmuoa qul Ylc Joao,edhsnblrofo uho tronenh o ao eaosl dfrlro ao edaofdroenh edhads hoendhoanstos y ao erloenh bla crlhtl pdpuaor.

@oeo coato blsorrdaaor uh rlsulatd y plrslvlrohtl trofoidbl lseaorlenjnlhtd pdatned l nbldamned lhtrl ads edjuhnstos,blslhjoseoror o ads trdtsgnstos y uhnr o aos culrzos edjuhnstossohos lh uh sdad portnbd edjuhnsto oafohs. [lrd qunlhls òfohosujnbd lsto torlo sl bdfalmordh crlhtl o aos bncneuatobls.La heald edjuhnsto blhtrd bla Edjnt Elhtroa bl ao hulvo

drmohnzoenh qul sl òfro bl cdrjor hd oetu huheo edjdtoa. Uus jnljfrds hd tlhoh lsprntu bl soerncnend. La jnsjdGdd Ros`gd, qul òfo trohsjntnbd aos hulvos bnrletrnels ylro la prnhenpoa rlspdhsofal bl su opaneoenh, sl jdstr tdtoajlhtl nheopoz blsbl la puhtd bl vnsto pdatned y drmohnzotnvdbl pdhlraos lh pretneo.

[dr su portl, la Mrupd bl Gdro edhtnhuofo lhelrrobd lhsu enubob. Lh jorzd bl ?>50, bnsdavn sus eauaos. Lsto jlbnboprdvde enlrto edhcusnh y blsdrmohnzoenh lhtrl aos cnaos blads edjuhnstos, qul vloh ao eauao edjd ao cdrjo js obleuobo poro ao lbueoenh nbldamneo jorxnsto y la lstubnd edaletnvd bl aos eulstndhls bla jdvnjnlhtd dfrlrd. Unh ljformd,ohtls y blspus bl ao bnsdauenh bl aos eauaos, ads edjuhnstosbla mrupd aueòrdh poro opaneor ao hulvo ahlo lh Gdro y oaeohzordh njpdrtohtls xntds lh lstl slhtnbd. Ul pusnlrdh o aoeoflzo bla jdvnjnlhtd bljdertned bl ao enubob y oujlhtordhsu nhcaulheno lhtrl aos josos pdpuaorls, qul vloh lh ads edjuhnstos ads blclhsdrls js rlsulatds bl ads nhtlrlsls bla pulfad.Lstd sl pubd edjprdfor lh aos laleendhls bl ads edhslids bl

forrnd, bla edhslid bl ao Ejoro bl Edjlrend, sdfrl tdbd lh

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ao aofdr edh ao iuvlhtub y lh aos laleendhls juhnenpoals. LaMrupd ojpan y prdcuhbnz edhsnblrofaljlhtl su nhcaulhenolhtrl ao iuvlhtub dfrlro, ortlsoho y lsedaor y bnrnmn ao drmo

hnzoenh lxtrolsedaor Iuvlhtub bl Gdro, crustrohbd tdbos aostlhtotnvos bla mdfnlrhd zdmunsto y bl ads omlhtls cosenstos blbor o lsto drmohnzoenh uho drnlhtoenh edhtrorrlvdauendhorno.Ads edjuhnstos prlslhtordh o aos laleendhls bla hulvd edhslidjuhnenpoa lh iuhnd bl ?>50, uho ansto bl eohbnbotds bla fadqulbljdertned, bdhbl portnenpofoh iuhtd o laads, laljlhtdsfurmulsls prdmrlsnstos. Lh lstos laleendhls admrordh uhofrnaaohtl vnetdrno. Ao ansto bla fadqul bljdertned dftuvd la03% bl ads vdtds crlhtl o ao ansto tros ao euoa sl lhedhtrofo lamrupd eopntoansto bl ao Udenlbob Mlhlroa Laetrneo, ouhqulsto prdpdrendh njpdrtohtls cdhbds poro ao eojpoo laletdroay edht edh la pdblrdsd opdyd bl aos outdrnbobls. Mroenos o suaofdr, ads edjuhnstos soeordh o aos josos bl ao opoto l nhbnclrlheno pdatneo lh ao qul òsto lhtdhels sl lhedhtrofoh yadmrordh òelraos portnenpor oetnvojlhtl lh ao vnbo pdatneo. Lahulvd edhslid juhnenpoa bl Gdro, bnrnmnbd pdr ads edjuhnstos,obdpt uho slrnl bl jlbnbos bl eoretlr bljdertned, snh

prlelblhtls lh ao oetnvnbob bl ads edhslids juhnenpoals blapos. Vloanzofo pfaneojlhtl sus rluhndhls poro qul ads lale

tdrls tuvnlroh ao pdsnfnanbob bl edhtrdaor su oetnvnbob, blpurbl ljpalobds rloeendhornds la oporotd objnhnstrotnvd bla juhnenpnd y ads sustntuy pdr edjuhnstos y bljerotos. \ho portlbl ads cdhbds bla juhnenpnd ads utnanz poro oyubor o ads pdfrlsy edhstrunr eoaals, oeulbuetds, lte., lh ads forrnds pdfrls bl aoenubob. Bljohb ohtl ads trnfuhoals o ao Udenlbob MlhlroaLaetrneo edh la cnh bl rlvdeor ao edhelsnh bla slrvnend laetrned admrobo edh sdfdrhds, lte.

Rojfnh ao ansto bla fadqul bljdertned qul prlslht aosleenh bla Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro lh Burrs admr mohoraos laleendhls juhnenpoals qul sl lcletuordh lh iuand bla jnsjdod. La jnsjd xntd edsleòrdh aos anstos bljdertneos lh Minrd-gostro y [lqnh.

La Mrupd bl Gdro blbne uholsplenoa otlhenh o ao aueò edhtro la cosensjd qul ojlhozofo aoanflrtob l nhblplhblheno bla pos.

Lsto aueò edhstntuo uho torlo lstrotmneo cuhbojlhtoa bl adsedjuhnstos. La rmohd eaohblstnhd [rporo (Oblaohtl) qul la

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Mrupd edjlhz o lbntor lh la dtdd bl ?>5= edh la cnh bl lbueoro sus jnantohtls y prdpomor su hulvo ahlo blslhjoseorofo oacosensjd edjd uh rmnjlh bl lxpadtoenh, dprlsnh y mulrro,

jdstrofo ao vlrboblro coz bl lhljnmds bla pulfad bl ads prdjdtdrls bla jdvnjnlhtd cosensto lh Oafohno, y bl sus blclhsdrls9tlrrotlhnlhtls, mrohbls edjlrenohtls y usurlrds. Ao rlvnsto oalrtofo o ads edjuhnstos sdfrl la planmrd cosensto qul ojlhozofo oa

pos y aaojofo o ao jdvnanzoenh bla pulfad lh ao aueò edhtrolsl planmrd. La Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl Gdro hd sl anjnt sdaojlhtlo ao prdpomohbo poro erlor uh ojpand jdvnjnlhtd ohtncosensto,snhd qul pos o oeendhls bnrletos. Lh ?>50 ads edjuhnstos sllhcrlhtordh lh aos eoaals bl Gdro edh jnljfrds bla EdjntCosensto qul oetuofo lh Oafohno l `nenlrdh qul croeosoro lanhtlhtd bl drmohnzor o ao iuvlhtub slmh la snstljo cosenstontoanohd.

Lh rlaoenh edh ads prdfaljos nhtlrhds bla pos, la Mrupdbl Gdro snmun uho ahlo mlhlroajlhtl iusto. Opdyhbdsl lhaos blensndhls bla SNN Edhmrlsd bla Gdjnhtlrh, ormujlhtofotlrneojlhtl lh aos pmnhos bl ao rlvnsto [rporo aohlelsnbob bl lstrleòr ads aozds bl ads edjuhnstos edh aosmrohbls josos pdpuaorls, bl bnrnmnraos lh su bnorno aueò pdrao edhqunsto bl sus js laljlhtoals rlnvnhbneoendhls pdatneos y

ledhjneos y bl erlor uh crlhtl pdpuaor qul jdvnanzoro o aosjosos lh ao aueò edhtro la planmrd cosensto. Udfrl lsto fosl laMrupd bl Gdro prlslht tojfnh su prdmrojo jhnjd, qulnheauo aueòr9 o) pdr ads blrle`ds hoendhoals bla pulfad edhtrola njplrnoansjd7 f) pdr ads blrle`ds bljdertneds bla pulfadedhtro ao vndaoenh bla lstotutd hoendhoa y ads lsculrzds poro prdpomor la cosensjd lh Oafohno7 e) pdr ao poz, edhtro ao mulrro yb) pdr ads laljlhtoals blrle`ds ledhjneds bla pulfad.

[rporo sufroyofo qul, lh uh pos sljnedadhnoa edjd

Oafohno, hd lxnsto sad la prdfaljo sdenoa, snhd tojfnh la prdfaljo hoendhoa, qul posofo o prnjlr paohd y qul la jdvnjnlhtd hoendhoa, lh la euoa lstofoh nhtlrlsobos aos ojpanos josos pdpuaorls, blfo anmorsl lstrleòjlhtl edh la jdvnjnlhtdsdenoa bl ao eaosl dfrlro. Lsto eaosl lro ao hneo eopoz bl bnrnmnr o aos josos y bl blclhblr cnlajlhtl sus nhtlrlsls. Unh ljformd, anjntorsl o ao eaosl dfrlro, aueòr hneojlhtl edhtohbdedh sus lhlrmos, snh jdvnanzor o aos culrzos hoendhoals lro uho

planmrdso ovlhturo. Hds vljds lh ao dfanmoenh bl trofoior

lh tdbos portls bdhbl òyo mlhtl, lh aos drmohnzoendhls lsto

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toals, lseulaos, eaufs, drmohnzoendhls rlanmndsos, cljlhnhos, lte...Hulstrd prdmrojo y hulstro tetneo almoa coenantoh la trofoid lhaos drmohnzoendhls almoals, outdrnzobos d erlobos pdr la Lstobd.

Hds vljds dfanmobds o oetuor nhbnrletojlhtl sad pdrqul qulrljds oeujuaor culrzos poro oetuor bnrletojlhtl. Ao culrzo lsla pulfad7 snh aos josos pdpuaorls hd sdjds js qul uh puobdbl mlhtl...*

Edh ao opaneoenh bl lsto ahlo la Mrupd Edjuhnsto blGdro admr uho slrnl bl xntds, jos sad blhtrd bl ao enubob.La Mrupd tlho uh edhelptd juy lstrle`d bl ao fosl sdfrlao euoa sl blfo cdrjor la crlhtl pdpuaor lh uh pos omrorndotrosobd edjd lro Oafohno, bdhbl la eojplsnhobd edhstntuo aojoydro opaostohtl bl ao pdfaoenh. Jnlhtros pdr uh aobd prledhnzofo qul ao aofdr blsorrdaaobo edh ao eaosl dfrlro blfo slrlxtlhbnbo o dtros eopos bl ao pdfaoenh, pdr la dtrd, hd blsorrdaa hnhmuho lh la eojpd, lh tdrhd o ao oanohzo dfrlrd-eojplsnho, snh ao euoa hd sl pdbo drmohnzor la crlhtl pdpuaor.

La Mrupd bl U`gdbro, pdr su portl, hd òfo lxtrobd aosblfnbos lhslohzos bl ads admrds oaeohzobds pdr ads edjuhnstoslh ao oetnvnbob bljdertneo y ohtncosensto lh Gdro y lhdtrds aumorls. Ads bnrnmlhtls prnhenpoals bl lstl Mrupd, lh aumorbl aueòr pdr ao uhnh bl ads edjuhnstos bla pos y lstrleòr

sus vheuads edh aos mrohbls josos pdpuaorls, snmunlrdh la eojnhd bl ao lsensnh y bl edjfotnr oa Mrupd qul òfo oelptobdao hulvo ahlo. \h popla hlmotnvd blsljpl lh lstl slhtnbdao opornenh lh ao slmuhbo jntob bl ?>50 bla Fdalth Slrbl,rmohd eaohblstnhd bla Mrupd bl U`gdbro.

Lh lstl fdalth sl pufaneordh lxtroetds bl aos dfros bl adseasneds bla jorxnsjd-alhnhnsjd, lserntds sdfrl ads admrds bl ao\hnh Udvntneo lh ao edhstrueenh bla sdenoansjd, sdfrl ao su

plrndrnbob bla snstljo sdenoansto sdfrl la eopntoansto, lserntds

qul blhuhenofoh oa rmnjlh zdmunsto, oa cosensjd y ao pdatneosdiuzmobdro bl Ntoano òeno Oafohno, lte. Lstds lserntds edhstntuoh uho njpdrtohtl edhtrnfuenh oa jdvnjnlhtd edjuhnstooafohs. [lrd oa aobd bl lstd, la Mrupd Edjuhnsto bl U`gdbro,

pdr jlbnd tojfnh bla Fdalth Slrbl, nhtlht ormujlhtortlrneojlhtl su lrrhlo ahlo, johtlhnlhbd uho oetntub ohtnjorxnsto, njpulsto pdr Ylc Joao y Hngd Pdxn, òeno la prdfal-

* La jdvnjnlhtd hoendhoa y la jdvnjnlhtd sdenoa, [rporo,

slptnljfrl bl ?>50 OE[.

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jo cuhbojlhtoa bl ao erloenh bla crlhtl pdpuaor ohtncosensto.Ads puhtds bl vnsto ohtnjorxnstos bl ads bnrnmlhtls bla

Mrupd bl U`gdbro tlhoh su drnmlh lh uho lrrhlo edhelpenh

y oprlenoenh bla popla bl aos eaosls y bl aos eopos sdenoals lhla jdvnjnlhtd rlvdauendhornd oafohs y bl ao sntuoenh erlobolh Oafohno edjd edhsleulheno bl ao pdatneo lseaovnzobdro blacosensjd ntoanohd. Udstlhoh qul lh Oafohno hd lxnstoh hn prdaltornobd hn furmulso lh ao vlrboblro oelpenh bl ao poaofro,qul la sletdr js rlvdauendhornd bl ao pdfaoenh lroh ads ortlsohds y qul la eoj

historia del partido del trabajo de albania (segunda edicion)

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