evsjv‡`‡k k…wl i lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v i m¤¢vebv · evsjv‡`k dbœqb mgx¶v 98 as‡k...
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evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v LÊ 29 evwl©K msL¨v 1418
evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv gvneye †nv‡mb*
DËg Kzgvi †`e
1| f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi †gi“`Ê n‡”Q K…wl| Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨ Lv`¨, wk‡íi Rb¨ KuvPvgvj, wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ebR `ª‡e¨i (euvk, KvV, †eZ) †hvMvb †`q K…wlLvZ| A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ Lv‡Zi µgweKv‡ki gva¨‡g †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡b K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb µgk n«vm †c‡jI eZ©gv‡b †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi cÖvq 20 kZvsk Av‡m K…wl †_‡K| †gvU kªgkw³i cÖvq A‡a©K wb‡qvwRZ K…wlLv‡Z| µgea©gvb Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨Pvwn`v c~iY Ges MÖvgxY GjvKvq emevmKvix 70 kZvsk Rb‡Mvôxi cÖ‡qvRbxq Avq wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ K…wlLv‡Zi cÖe„w× AZ¨š— cÖ‡qvRbxq| `ª“Z ea©bkxj bMievmxi Lv`¨ mieivn wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨I K…wlLv‡Zi cÖe„w× Ri“wi|
K…wlLv‡Zi evwl©K cÖe„w× ¯^vaxbZv cieZx© cÖ_g `yB `k‡K †hLv‡b 2 kZvs‡ki Kg wQj †mLv‡b MZ `k‡K K…wlLv‡Zi evwl©K cÖe„w× wQj 4 kZvs‡ki g‡Zv| K…wlLv‡Zi GBiƒc `ª“Z cÖe„wׇZ km¨Lv‡Zi cvkvcvwk grm¨, eb Ges cÖvwYm¤ú‡`i D‡jL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| K…wl‡Z km¨ DcLv‡Zi Ae`vb m‡e©v”P, hvi cwigvY cÖvq 56 kZvsk| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb Lv`¨ avb (Pvj) mn Mg, Wvj, †Zj, wPwb, mewR, gmjv BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv‡`¨i †hvMvb †`q km¨LvZ| A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZKfv‡e LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡”Q avb Drcv`b mswkó Kg©KvÊ| Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv i¶vi Rb¨ Pv‡ji Drcv`b I `vg LyeB ms‡e`bkxj| hvi Rb¨ km¨LvZmsµvš— bxwZ †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj I bxwZ cÖYq‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
km¨ Drcv`‡bi m‡½ cvwbm¤ú` e¨e ’vcbvi wbweo ms‡hvM i‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ bZzb Rwg Pv‡li AvIZvq Avbv m¤¢e bq, †m‡nZz cvwbm¤ú` e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g mxwgZ Rwgi Drcvw`Kv (productivity) e„w×i ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| K…wlcY¨ Drcv`‡bi fwel¨r cÖe„w× n‡Z n‡e Avbyjw¤K| GRb¨ Ges Drcvw`Kv kw³ e„w×i Rb¨ `¶ †mP e¨e¯’vcbv, eb¨v wbqš¿Y Ges cvwb wb®‹vkb LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© (Ahmed 2001)| weMZ w`‡b av‡bi Drcv`b e„w×i †¶‡Î f~Mf© ’ cvwbi e¨envi I †mP GjvKvi cÖmvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ b`x¸‡jvi DRv‡b fvi‡Zi * †jLKØq h_vµ‡g wbe©vnx cwiPvjK, eª¨vK Ges DËg K…gvi †`e, wcÖwÝc¨vj mvBwU÷ (A_©bxwZ), AvBwmAviAvBGmGwU, nvq`vivev`, BwÛqv|
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
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As‡k K…wlKvR I we`y¨r Drcv`‡b wgVvcvwbi e¨envi e„w×i Kvi‡Y Zvi cÖvc¨Zv w`bw`b K‡g Avm‡Q| AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z †m‡Pi Rb¨ cvwbi cÖvc¨Zv AviI yj©f n‡e| µgea©gvb bMivqb I wkívq‡bi Kvi‡Y cvwbi wewea e¨envi µgk e„w× cv‡”Q| ZvB AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z Lv‡`¨i Drcv`b e„w×, Lv`¨wbivcËv AUzU I eRvq ivL‡Z cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv eo ai‡bi wbqvgK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e|
K…wlLv‡Z Ges Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b wbqwgZ cÖe„w× m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`k Lv`¨wbivcËv AR©‡b wbqwgZ P¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL n‡”Q| GRb¨ `vqx f~wgi `y®cÖvc¨Zv, µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM Ges Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `v‡gi e¨vcK IVvbvgv (Deb et al. 2009)| cÖavb Lv`¨mvgMÖxi `vg nVvr K‡i †e‡o †M‡j wbgœ Av‡qi 30 kZvsk Rb‡Mvôxi µq¶gZv, we‡klZ kªwgK‡kªwY I AbvbyôvwbK Lv‡Z Kg©iZ RbM‡Yi µq¶gZv `ª“Z n«vm cvq| Lv`¨µ‡qi mvg_¨© wbf©i K‡i `ª“Z weKvkgvb wkíLv‡Zi cÖe„w×, †mevLv‡Zi cÖmvimn mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Dci| evsjv‡`‡k GLbI †gvU kªgkw³i A‡a©K K…wl, we‡klZ km¨Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ; K…wlkªwgK I ¶z ªPvlx evsjv‡`‡ki `wi ª Rb‡Mvôxi D‡jL‡hvM¨ Ask| GB wekvj Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨wbivcËv K…wlLv‡Zi cÖe„w× Ges K…wlc‡Y¨i mnvqK g~‡j¨i Dci wbf©ikxj|
2| K…wlLv‡Zi Ae ’v
2.1| Drcv`‡b cÖe„w×
wRwWwci 12 kZvsk Ges K…wlLv‡Zi Av‡qi 56 kZvsk Av‡m km¨LvZ †_‡K| Pvj n‡”Q Avgv‡`i cÖavb K…wl km¨ Ges evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU Avevw` GjvKvi wZb-PZz_©vs‡k av‡bi Avev` nq (mviwY 1)| Ab¨vb¨ cÖavb k‡m¨i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cvU, Mg, Avjy I mwilv, wewfbœ ai‡bi WvjRvZxq km¨, gwiP, †cuqvR, mewR, AvL, ZvgvK Ges Pv| Gme k‡m¨i †h‡Kv‡bvwUi AvIZvq wb‡qvwRZ f~wgi cwigvY †gvU Avevw` GjvKvi 4 kZvs‡ki Kg| f~wgi `y®cÖvc¨Zvi Kvi‡Y weMZ Pvi `k‡K Avevw` GjvKv Lye GKUv ev‡owb| Z‡e k‡m¨i djb I jv‡fi Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ k‡m¨i AvIZvaxb Rwgi cwigv‡Y e¨vcK n«vm-e„w× j¶ Kiv †M‡Q (mviwY 1)| †ev‡iv avb, Mg, fyÆv, Avjy Ges mewR Pv‡li AvIZvaxb Rwgi cwigvY †e‡o‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K AvDk avb, Wvj, ˆZjexR, ZvgvK I Av‡Li Avevw` GjvKv K‡g‡Q|
mviwY 1
†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv
99
wewfbœ mgqKv‡j †gvU Avevw` GjvKvi wewfbœ k‡m¨i kZKiv Ask
km¨ mgqKvj
1980-82 1999-2001 2007-09 `vbv`vi km¨
AvDk 24.19 9.93 7.21 Avgb 34.00 40.00 40.06 †ev‡iv 9.94 26.28 34.08 Mg 4.20 6.02 2.97 fyÆv 0.02 0.13 1.18 A-`vbv`vi km¨ cvU 4.55 3.23 3.21 Avjy 0.81 1.78 2.87 AvL 1.21 1.24 1.02 mwilv 1.48 2.22 1.66 wZj 0.31 0.27 0.25 gmyi 0.61 1.30 0.87 gyM 0.12 0.53 0.18 †Qvjv 0.42 0.12 0.09 Zzjv 0.27 0.27 0.07 Ab¨vb¨ 17.89 6.81 9.73 mKj km¨ 100.00 100.00 100.00
Drm: †jLKe„‡›`i wnmve| weweGm KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ Statistical Year Book (wewfbœ eQi)-G †`Iqv Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ| av‡bi Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mvdj¨ j¶Yxq| av‡bi Drcv`b (Pv‡ji wnmv‡e) 1971 mv‡j
¯^vaxbZvi eQ‡i 1 †KvwU 10 jvL Ub wQj, 2009 mv‡j Zv †e‡o 3 †KvwU 20 jvL U‡b `uvwo‡q‡Q| Avwki `k‡K av‡bi evwl©K Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q 2.8 kZvsk nv‡i| 1990/91 mvj †_‡K Mo evwl©K cÖe„w×i nvi n‡”Q 3.5 kZvsk| Avwki `k‡Ki †kl †_‡K g~jZ AvaywbK Rv‡Zi avb Avev‡`i gva¨‡g av‡bi Drcv`b e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î †m‡Pi Rb¨ f~Mf© ’ cvwbi e¨envi mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| weMZ `yB `k‡K ﮋ †gŠmy‡g g~jZ wbædjbkxj AvDkav‡bi cwie‡Z© Gme Rwg‡Z D”P djbkxj †ev‡iv av‡bi Avev` cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g av‡bi Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k †gvU avb-Avevw` GjvKvi wZb-PZz_©vs‡k eZ©gv‡b D”P djbkxj AvaywbK Rv‡Zi av‡bi Avev` Kiv nq| Gme av‡bi Rv‡Zi †ewki fvM Avš—R©vwZK avb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (Bwi) Gi mn‡hvwMZvq evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weª) D™¢veb K‡i‡Q (Hossain et al. 2006)|
¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x K‡qKwU M‡gi Drcv`b wQj 1 jvL U‡bi wb‡P| D”P djbkxj RvZ D™¢ve‡bi d‡j 1976 mvj †_‡K M‡gi Drcv`b evo‡Z _v‡K| Ges GK `k‡Ki g‡a¨B Zv †e‡o cÖvq 10 jvL U‡b DbœxZ nq| Avwki `k‡Ki †kl w`‡K †ev‡ivav‡bi cÖmv‡ii d‡j Mg Drcv`b e„wׇZ wKQyUv fvUv c‡o Ges beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki †kl ch©š— M‡gi Drcv`b cÖvq 18 jvL U‡b DbœxZ nq| Gici †_‡K M‡gi Avev` Kg‡Z _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b M‡gi Drcv`b 10 jvL U‡bi wb‡P|
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
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mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j M‡gi Rwg‡Z fyÆvi Avev` evo‡Q| K…wl-Drcv`‡bi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek, M‡gi Zzjbvq †ewk djb I jv‡fi Kvi‡Y GUv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov †cvjwUªLv`¨ wn‡m‡e fyÆvi e¨vcK e¨envi I Pvwn`vi Kvi‡Y fyÆvi wbwðZ evRvi I w¯’wZkxj `vg cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q| ZvB K…lKiv fyÆv Pv‡l †ek AvMÖnx| beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki †kl ch©š— fyÆvi Drcv`b wQj bMY¨| wKš‘ eZ©gvb `k‡K AZ¨š— ª“Z MwZ‡Z fyÆvi Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q Ges fyÆvi Avevw` GjvKv I Drcv`b Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B M‡gi Avevw` GjvKv I Drcv`b‡K Qvwo‡q †M‡Q| †h‡nZz fyÆv g~jZ †cvjwUª Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, ZvB M‡gi Rwg‡Z fyÆvi Avev` e„w× Avgv‡`i cÖavb `vbvRvZxq Lv‡`¨i †RvMv‡b †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Lv`¨Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z av‡bi Dci †ewk nv‡i Pvc co‡Q|
weMZ `yB `k‡K Avjy Ges mewRi `v‡gi Pig Aw¯’wZkxjZvi Kvi‡Y eQi †_‡K eQiv‡š— Avevw` GjvKv I Drcv`‡bi e¨vcK n«vm-e„w× NU‡Q| Gme D”Pg~j¨ Ges kªgwbweo dm‡ji Avev` I Drcv`b e„w× †UKmB Ki‡Z n‡j wKQy e¨e ’v MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb, (1) cÖwµqvRvZKiY, ¸`vgRvZKiY I cY¨ wecY‡b e¨vcK wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g mviv eQie¨vcx mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g †gŠmygwfwËK `v‡gi AwbðqZv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e Ges (2) †`kxq Pvwn`vi AwZwi³ Drcv`‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U we‡`‡ki evRv‡i ißvwbi my‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| DbœZ †`kmg~‡ni wbivc` Lv`¨ Ges ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z Lv`¨ Avg`vwbi †¶‡Î we‡kl e¨e¯’v I K‡Vvi kZ©vewji Kvi‡Y we‡k¦i mewRevRv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki mewRi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi mxwgZ Ges `yiƒn|
avb, Mg, fyÆv BZ¨vw` `vbvRvZxq k‡m¨ meyR wec‡ei d‡j Wvj, †ZjexR, cvU, AvL Ges Ab¨vb¨ k‡m¨i Avev` I Drcv`‡bi cwigvY µgk K‡g †M‡Q Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î ¯’wei n‡q †_‡K‡Q| MZ K‡qK eQi a‡i AbyK‚j `vg, bZzb D”P djbkxj Rv‡Zi D™¢veb Ges Gme k‡m¨i Dc‡hvMx we‡kl K…wl-cwi‡ek-AÂj wPwýZ Kivi Kvi‡Y †ZjexR I cv‡Ui Avev` Avevi e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
2.2| cÖe„w×i PvwjKvkw³
km¨ Drcv`b e„w×i †¶‡Î g~j PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q DbœZ Rv‡Zi k‡m¨i D™¢veb I Avev‡`i cÖmvi| ZvQvov Kvh©Ki cvwb e¨e¯’vcbv, we‡klZ AMfxi bjK‚‡ci we¯—v‡ii gva¨‡g f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi mvnv‡h¨ †mP e¨e¯’vi cÖmvi LyeB D‡jL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
K…wl M‡elYv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv wewfbœ k‡m¨i cuvP kZvwaK DbœZ RvZ D™¢veb K‡i‡Q (Hossain et al. 2006ª, 2006b)| Aek¨ Gme Rv‡Zi gvÎ K‡qKwU K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| †hgb, av‡bi RvZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q weAvi 11 (1981 mv‡j Aegy³) Ges wewiavb 28 29 (1994 mv‡j Aegy³)| KwZcq fviZxq av‡bi RvZ †hgb, ¯^Y©v Ges kZvãx (wgwb‡KU) K…lK †_‡K K…l‡Ki g‡a¨ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g mxgvš— A‡j e¨vcKfv‡e Pvl n‡”Q| DbœZ gv‡bi km¨`vbv, ¯^í mg‡q Avev`‡hvM¨ Ges Aí DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Gme RvZ Pvl Kiv hvq weavq
†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv
101
K…lKiv G¸‡jvi Pvlvev‡` Drmvnx| K…lKiv Pxb‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwbK…Z nvBweªW Rv‡Zi avb (nxiv, RvMiY, Av‡jvob BZ¨vw`) D‡jL‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y Avev` Ki‡Q|
mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z KwZcq †emiKvwi †Kv¤úvwb Aek¨ K›UªvK dvwg©s‡qi gva¨‡g †`‡kB nvBweªW avb Ges fyÆvexR Drcv`b ïi“ K‡i‡Q| wbgœdjbkxj Rv‡Zi cwie‡Z© DbœZ Rv‡Zi km¨ Avev‡`i Kvi‡Y djb †e‡o‡Q, GKKcÖwZ Drcv`b LiP K‡g‡Q Ges K…l‡Ki jv‡fi cwigvY †e‡o‡Q| `vwi ª¨ n«v‡mi †¶‡Î g~j Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `vg †fv³vi µq¶gZvi g‡a¨ mxwgZ ivLvi Ae`vb AZ¨š— †ewk|
K…wlcÖhyw³i D™¢veb I cÖmv‡i miKvwi I †emiKvwi Lv‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Mov †mP cwiKvVv‡gv, eb¨v wbqš¿Y I cvwb wb®‹vkb e¨e¯’v mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| DbœZ avb I dm‡ji Rv‡Zi Drcv`bkxjZv †mP I cvwb e¨e¯’vcbvi Dci A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©ikxj| 1989 mv‡j wW‡RjPvwjZ †mPh‡š¿i Avg`vwb D`vwiKiY I Ab¨vb¨ wewawb‡la wkw_j Kivi Kvi‡Y †m‡Pi AvIZvaxb Rwgi cwigvY `ª“Znv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q (Mandal 1993, Ahmed 1995)| Gi d‡j ¶z ª‡m‡Pi cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ †hgb AMfxi bjK‚c Ges cvIqvi cv‡¤úi Avg`vwb AZ¨š— `ª“Z nv‡i †e‡o‡Q| †mPLv‡Z Lye ZvovZvwo †emiKvwi wewb‡qvM †e‡o †M‡Q| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 14 jvL AMfxi bjK‚c evsjv‡`‡k GK †KvwU K…l‡Ki Rwg‡Z †mP w`‡q hv‡”Q (GoB 2008)| eZ©gv‡b †gvU †mP Avevw` GjvKvi cÖvq 70 kZvs‡k †m‡Pi Drm n‡”Q AMfxi bjK‚c| MÖvgv‡j †m‡Pi cvwbi evRvi m„wó n‡q‡Q| †mP cv‡¤úi wbKUeZx© Rwg‡Z †mPh‡š¿i gvwjK UvKvi wewbg‡q †mPmyweav †`b| cÖvwš—K I ¶z`ª K…lK, hv‡`i c‡¶ wb‡R‡`i Rwgi Rb¨ e¨w³MZfv‡e G ai‡bi †mP cv¤ú µq Kiv Ges Zvi c~Y© ¶gZv e¨env‡ii my‡hvM †bB, Zviv GB †mPmyweav µq Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| †mPK…Z Rwgi cwigvY eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 55 jvL †n±i Ges †gvU Avevw` Rwgi (80 jvL †n±i) cÖvq 70 kZvs‡k wbgœdjbkxj el©vKvjxb AvDk avb Ges Mfxi cvwb‡Z Pvl‡hvM¨ †evbv Avgbav‡bi Rwg‡Z Gme dm‡ji cwie‡Z© D”P djbkxj †ev‡ivav‡bi Avev` m¤¢e n‡q‡Q (mviwY 1 †`Lyb)| ¯vaxbZv c~e©eZx© mg‡q †ev‡ivavb †gvU avb Drcv`‡b 10 kZvsk Ae`vb ivLZ| eZ©gv‡b †gvU avb Drcv`‡b †ev‡iv av‡bi Ae`vb cÖvq 60 kZvsk| 1989/90 mvj †_‡K av‡bi Drcv`b e„w×i cÖvq 80 kZvsk Avm‡Q †ev‡iv av‡bi AvIZvaxb GjvKv e„w× Ges D”P djbkxj †ev‡iv avb Avev‡`i gva¨‡g (Hossain, 2010)|
weMZ `y `k‡K D‡jL‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y Drcv`b e„w× m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`k Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| Pvj-M‡gi wbU Avg`vwbKviK †`k n‡”Q evsjv‡`k| Wvj, †Zj, gmjv, dj, wPwb, `ya Ges `y»RvZ Lv‡`¨i †¶‡ÎI evsjv‡`k Avg`vwbi Dci eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj| (mviwY 2)|
mviwY 2
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
102
K…wlR cY¨ ißvwb I Avg`vwbi (nvRvi U‡b) aviv: 1990/91-2008/09 (wgwjqb Wjvi)
K…wlR cY¨ eQi 1990/91 2001/02 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09
ißvwb cY¨ cPv cvU 104 61 148 165 147 Pv 43 17 7 15 12 K…wlcY¨ 8 23 88 121 122 mewR 4 15 30 60 45 dj 1 0 5 9 6 ZvgvK 2 5 18 22 41 Ab¨vb¨ K…wlcY¨ 1 2 34 29 20 wngvwqZ Lv`¨ 142 276 516 534 455 Ab¨vb¨ cÖv_wgK cY¨ 9 13 74 153 256 †gvU cÖv_wgK cY¨ 306 391 833 988 870 †gvU ißvwb 1,717 5,986 12,154 14,088 15,537 Avg`vwb cY¨ Pvj - 15 180 874 239 Mg 297 171 401 536 643 ya I wµg 72 59 83 137 96 gmjv 19 13 76 80 62 †ZjexR 16 72 106 136 159 †fvR¨ †Zj 153 251 583 1006 865 mKj ai‡bi Wvj 26 88 195 327 234 bvi‡Kj †Zj 3 5 - - - wPwb - 23 294 396 413 mvi 90 107 357 632 955 Zzjv 68 312 858 1,212 1,291 †gvU K…wlcY¨ Avg`vwb 744 1,116 3,133 5,336 4,958 †gvU Avg`vwb 3,510 8,540 17,157 21,629 22,507
Drm: ißvwb msµvš— DcvË msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q ißvwb Dbœqb ey¨‡iv †_‡K| Avg`vwb msµvš— DcvË msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki I‡qemvBU †_‡K|
2.3| K…wl I Lv`¨bxwZ
K…wlLv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k Drcv`b DcKiY (exR, mvi, †mP, K…wl hš¿cvwZ I K…wlFY) Ges Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn I weZiY Ges K…wlLv‡Z wewb‡qvM BZ¨vw`i cÖ‡Yv`bv I wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ bxwZ wb‡`©kbvi f~wgKv ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| miKvi Gme †¶‡Î A‡bK bxwZ ms¯‹vi I cÖ‡qvRbxq bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i‡Q (Ahmed 1995, 2001)| evRv‡i DcKiY mieiv‡ni `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ miKvi evRviwfwËK weZiY e¨e¯’v‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| exR, mvi, KxUbvkK Ges †m‡Pi Rb¨ wW‡Rj mieivnK‡í 2009 Ges 2010 mv‡j weZiY e¨e ’vq `¶Zv e„w×i j‡¶¨ miKvi †ek wKQz ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c`‡¶c wb‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q K…lK‡`i Rb¨ Drcv`b-DcKiY mieivn KvW©, K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g mivmwi wW‡Rj-fZz©wKi UvKv weZiY, Lwid †gŠmy‡g Livi cÖ‡Kvc Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ webvg~‡j¨ †m‡Pi Rb¨ we y¨r weZiY, mvi weZi‡Yi Rb¨ bZzb e¨e¯’v PvjyKiY Ges eM©vPvlx‡`i Rb¨ RvgvbZwenxb FY mieivn, K…wlF‡Yi cwigvY e„w× BZ¨vw`|
†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv
103
k‡m¨i evRvimswkó n¯—‡¶c¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Pvj I M‡gi Af¨š—ixY msMÖn I weZiY, miKvwi Lv`¨ weZiY e¨e¯’vi AvIZvq Lv`¨km¨ weZiY| Pvj I M‡gi ïénvi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Avg`vwbi Dci cÖfve we¯—vi (Deb et al. 2009)| Af¨š—ixY Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn Awfhv‡bi j¶¨ n‡”Q K…lKiv †hb cÖ‡Yv`bvg~jK `vg †c‡Z cv‡i Ges miKvwi weZiY e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨k‡m¨i GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ Ask †hb Af¨š—ixY Drm †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq| beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ïi“‡Z miKvi Af¨š—ixY msMÖ‡ni cwigvY Lye Kwg‡q †`q Ges cieZx©‡Z beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki †kl mgq †_‡K Af¨š—ixY msMÖ‡ni cwigvY evwo‡q †`q| Aek¨ msM„nxZ Lv`¨k‡m¨i cwigvY †gvU Drcvw`Z Lv`¨k‡m¨i Zzjbvq LyeB Kg (wZb †_‡K Pvi kZvs‡ki g‡Zv) wQj| M‡gi †¶‡Î Af¨š—ixY msMÖ‡ni cwigvY wQj D‡jL‡hvM¨| Aek¨ mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z M‡gi Af¨š—ixY msMÖn Ges Drcv`b `y‡UvB e¨vcK nv‡i K‡g †M‡Q| miKvi †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g Pv‡ji Af¨š—ixY msMÖ‡ni cwigvY e¨vcKfv‡e evwo‡q‡Q|
1993 mv‡j miKvi Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb-ißvwb‡Z †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †`q| eZ©gv‡b Pvj I Mg Avg`vwbi †ewkifvM m¤úbœ K‡i †emiKvwi LvZ| ¯^vfvweK eQ‡i Pv‡ji Avg`vwbi cwigvY K‡g †M‡Q wKš‘ cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi eQi¸‡jv‡Z (eb¨v I mvB‡K¬vb cieZx© mg‡q) Pv‡ji Avg`vwb e¨vcKfv‡e †e‡o hvq|
mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z M‡gi Avg`vwb †e‡o‡Q| KviY n‡jv: (1) †`kxq Drcv`b n«vm, (2) Lv`¨ mvnv‡h¨i cwigvY n«vm hv wKbv miKvi g~jZ Mg wn‡m‡e we‡`k †_‡K †cZ, Ges (3) kniv‡j M‡gi AvUv I gq`v †_‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v e„w×| Wvj, †fvR¨ †Zj, gmjv Ges wPwbi Avg`vwb e¨vcKnv‡i †e‡o‡Q (mviwY 2)| D`vniY¯^iƒc, †fvR¨‡Z‡ji Avg`vwbi cwigvY 1990/91 mv‡j wQj 153,000 Ub, 2004/05 mv‡j GUv †e‡o `uvovq 473,000 U‡b Ges Zvic‡i 2008/09 mv‡j `uvovq 865,000 U‡b| Wvj Ges M‡gi Avg`vwbi †¶‡ÎI GKB cwiw¯’wZ weivR Ki‡Q| Lv`¨ Avg`vwb e¨q evwl©K 10 kZvs‡ki †ewk nv‡i evo‡Q| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU ißvwb-Av‡qi GK-cÂgvsk e¨q nq Lv`¨ Avg`vwbi Rb¨| wek¦evRv‡i Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `v‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZvi AwfNvZ co‡Q †`kxq evRv‡i| ZvB wewNœZ n‡”Q wbgœ Av‡qi †jvKR‡bi Lv`¨wbivcËv| Gme c‡Y¨i †¶‡Î miKvi‡K mgwš^Z cwiKíbv nv‡Z wb‡Z n‡e| AMÖvwaKviwfwËK km¨ wbe©vP‡bi ci K…wli eûgyLxKi‡Yi cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g Zv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e|
2.4| Lv`¨‡fvM Ges cywó fvimvg¨nxbZv
Lv‡`¨i cÖvc¨Zv Ges Lv‡`¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Lv`¨wbivcËv AR©‡bi cÖavb welq| gv_vwcQz ˆ`wbK Pvj‡fv‡Mi cwigvY µgvš^‡q †e‡o‡Q Ges eZ©gv‡b Zv MÖvgxY GjvKvq 477 MÖvg Ges kniv‡j 389 MÖvg (mviwY 3)| kniv‡j `vbv`vi Lv`¨km¨ MÖn‡Yi cwigvY cÖvq ¯’wei| GUv wb‡`©k K‡i †h, Lv`¨‡fv‡Mi cwigvY cÖvq P~ovš— ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| M‡gi †fvM kni Ges MÖvgvÂj Dfq GjvKv‡ZB K‡g †M‡Q| Avjy Ges mewR‡fv‡Mi cwigvY kni I MÖvg Dfq GjvKv‡ZB †e‡o‡Q Ges eZ©gv‡b Zvi cwigvY gv_vwcQz ˆ`wbK cÖvq 250 MÖvg, hv mylg Lvev‡ii cwigv‡Yi cÖvq KvQvKvwQ|
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
104
mviwY 3 wewfbœ K…wlcY¨ †fv‡Mi cÖv°jb, 2005 mv‡ji Avq-e¨q Rwic (HIES) Abymv‡i
Lv`¨cY¨ MÖvgxY GjvKv kni GjvKv RvZxq gv_vwcQy ˆ`wbK †fvM (MÖv‡g)
†gvU †fvM (wgwjqb Ub)
gv_vwcQy ˆ`wbK †fvM (MÖv‡g)
†gvU †fvM (wgwjqb Ub)
†gvU †fvM (wgwjqb Ub)
`vbv`vi 489 18.65 417 5.81 24.46 Pvj 477 18.19 389 5.42 23.61 Mg 12 0.46 28 0.39 0.85 Wvj 13 0.50 19 0.27 0.76 mewR 221 8.43 228 3.18 11.61 Avjy 63 2.40 68 0.95 3.35 †e¸b 25 0.95 25 0.35 1.30 jvD 27 1.02 21 0.29 1.31 cvZv mewR 29 1.11 32 0.45 1.56 U‡g‡Uv 5 0.19 10 0.14 0.33 Ab¨vb¨ 72 2.74 72 1.00 3.74 dj 34 1.30 35 0.48 1.78 gmjv 51 1.95 64 0.89 2.84 †cuqvR 16 0.61 26 0.36 0.97 gwiP 10 0.38 10 0.14 0.52 jeY 16 0.61 16 0.22 0.93 Ab¨vb¨ 9 0.34 12 0.17 0.51 †Zj/†mœnRvZxq 15 0.57 23 0.32 0.89 mqvweb/ cvgA‡qj 10 0.38 22 .31 0.69 mwilvi †Zj 5 0.15 1 0.01 0.16 wPwb/¸o 8 0.30 10 0.14 0.44 gvQ 40 1.53 50 0.70 2.23 gvsm/wWg 18 0.69 32 0.45 1.14 ya 32 1.22 36 0.50 1.72
Drm: weweGm : Avq-e¨q Rwic 2005|
`vbv`vi Lv`¨ Ges mewR‡fv‡Mi cwigvY weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z D‡jL‡hvM¨ nv‡i †e‡o‡Q| Lv`¨‡fv‡Mi †¶‡Î abx-`wi‡`ªi e¨eavb K‡g‡Q (mviwY 4)| Z‡e gvbm¤§Z Lv`¨mvgMÖx †hgb Wvj, †Zj, gvQ I cÖvwYR Lv`¨‡fv‡Mi †¶‡Î e¨eavb GLbI A‡bK| Gme Lv`¨‡fv‡Mi cwigvY cywó wekvi`MY KZ…©K mycvwikK…Z my¯’ kixi I Kg©¶gZvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mylg Lv‡`¨i cwigv‡Yi Zzjbvq †ek Kg| D”P I ga¨ Av‡qi †jvKRb Pv‡ji †fv‡Mi cwigvY Kwg‡q bvbv ai‡bi Lv`¨ ‡fv‡Mi cwigvY evwo‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wbgœ Av‡qi †jvKR‡bi Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ MÖnY GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Bmy¨| Pv‡ji Zzjbvq Wvj, †Zj, gvQ Ges gvs‡mi `vg A‡bK †ewk nv‡i †e‡o‡Q (mviwY 5), hv A-`vbv`vi Lv`¨c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v-†hvMv‡bi µgea©gvb fvimvg¨nxbZvi cwiPvqK|
mv¤cÖwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `v‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZv e¨vcK nv‡i †e‡o‡Q| `wi ª †fv³v‡`i Rb¨ GUv wPš—vi KviY| KwZcq M‡elYvq fwel¨ØvYx Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡ii Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `v‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZv evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨wbivcËvi Dci †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e| ZvB Avgv‡`i K…wl Dbœqb cwiKíbvq wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨, †hgb Pvj, Wvj, †fvR¨ †Zj Ges wPwbi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wek¦ evRv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxjZv Kgv‡bvi †KŠkj
†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv
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I bxwZ MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cywóKi Lv`¨MÖn‡Yi fvimvg¨nxbZv `~ixKiY Ges Af¨š—ixY evRv‡i Gme c‡Y¨i `v‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZv n«v‡mi Rb¨I Zv `iKvi|
mviwY 4 wbgœ I D”P Av‡qi †jvK‡`i Lv`¨cY¨ †fv‡Mi aviv
(ˆ`wbK gv_vwcQz MÖvg)
Lv`¨cY¨ wbgœ Av‡qi 20 kZvsk cwievi D”P Av‡qi 20 kZvsk cwievi 1983-84 1991-92 2005 1983-84 1991-92 2005
MÖvgxY GjvKv `vbv`vi 332 386 427 665 647 521 mewR 98 119 224 228 261 231 Wvj 5 8 8 22 28 16 gvQ 12 13 21 51 60 64 kni GjvKv `vbv`vi 315 413 417 516 470 417 mewR 107 142 207 282 284 287 Wvj 11 16 11 33 29 26 gvQ 18 25 30 62 81 89
Drm: 1983/84 Ges 191/92 mg‡qi Rb¨ Hossain et al (2005), Ges 2005 mv‡ji Z_¨ Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic 2005-Gi Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ †jKLe„‡›`i wbR¯ wnmve|
mviwY 5
Pv‡ji Zzjbvq Wvj, gvQ Ges †Z‡ji `v‡gi aviv
Lv`¨cY¨ 1975-77 1980-82 1998-00 2005-06 2008-09 Wvj/Pvj 1.5 1.9 2.6 2.8 3.6 gvQ/Pvj 4.2 4.7 8.8 9.5 8.1 †Zj/Pvj 6.1 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.3
Drm: †jLKe„‡›`i wnmve, weweGm KZ…©K cÖ`wk©Z Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ|
4| Lv`¨wbivcËv AR©‡bi P¨v‡jÄmg~n
4.1| Lv`¨c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v
RbmsL¨v e„w× †iv‡ai †¶‡Î evsjv‡`k e¨vcK mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q| mˇii `k‡K RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi wQj 2.5 kZvsk| beŸB‡qi `k‡K RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi K‡g 1.4 kZvsk n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ RbmsL¨v e„w×i cwigvY GLbI evwl©K 18 jvL| ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z evwl©K Pvj Drcv`‡bi cwigvY cÖwZ eQ‡i 3 jvL Ub nv‡i evov‡Z n‡e| MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨v Avi evo‡e bv| fwel¨‡Z MÖvg †_‡K kniv‡j ’vbvš—‡ii Kvi‡Y ewa©Z Rb‡Mvôx g~jZ kniv‡j emevm Ki‡e| `ª“Z ea©bkxj kû‡i Rb‡Mvôxi e„w×i d‡j Zv‡`i Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z D‡jL‡hvM¨ nv‡i evRvi‡hvM¨ DØ„‡Ëi (Marketable surplus) cwigvY evov‡Z n‡e| evRvi‡hvM¨ DØ„Ë km¨ Drcv`b wbf©i Ki‡e g~jZ K…wlLv‡Z D”P gybvdv Ges K…wlc‡Y¨i AbyK~j evwYR¨-k‡Z©i Dci| ¯^íg~‡j¨ †fv³v‡`i Kv‡Q Lv`¨mieivnK‡í eZ©gvb miKvi †h wbe©vPbx cÖwZkÖ“wZ w`‡qwQj, GUv Zvi m‡½
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
106
AvcvZwe‡ivax e‡j g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ DbœZ cÖhyw³ D™¢veb I e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g D‡jL‡hvM¨ nv‡i djb e„w× K‡i G mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| djb D‡jL‡hvM¨ nv‡i e„w× Kiv †M‡j †KwR ev gbcÖwZ Drcv`b LiP K‡g hvq Ges Kg`v‡g cY¨ weµq Kivi ciI K…lK jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i|
gv_vwcQz Pvj‡fv‡Mi cwigvY MÖvgv‡j w¯’Zve¯’vq †cuŠ‡Q‡Q Ges kniv‡j Zv Kg‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k gv_vwcQz Pvj‡fv‡Mi cwigvY we‡k¦i m‡e©v”P Pvj‡fvMKvix †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †ewk| ZvB Gi cwigvY AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z evovi m¤¢vebv Lye Kg| `ª“Z A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× Ges µgvMZ bMivq‡bi Kvi‡Y A`~i fwel¨‡Z gv_vwcQz Pvj‡fv‡Mi cwigvY Kg‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| µq¶gZv e„w× †c‡j RbMY Pvj †Kbvi cwigvY evov‡e bv| Z‡e wb‡Ri cQ›`g‡Zv DbœZgv‡bi Pv‡ji Rb¨ †ewk UvKv e¨q Ki‡e| DbœZgv‡bi Pvj e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ cywómg„× Lv`¨‡fvM evov‡e GUvI ¯^vfvweK|
wb‡gœv³ Kvi‡Y Ab¨vb¨ Lv`¨mvgMÖxi Pvwn`v RbmsL¨v e„w×i †P‡q A‡bK †ewk nv‡i evo‡e: (1) Avqe„w×RwbZ Kvi‡Y Pvwn`v e„w× (D”P Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv), (2) mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q gv_vwcQz Av‡qi D‡jL‡hvM¨ cÖe„w× (evwl©K 4.5 kZvs‡ki †ewk) hv fwel¨‡Z AviI e„w× cv‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq, Ges (3) bMivqb I Avqe„w×i Kvi‡Y Pvj e¨ZxZ Ab¨ Lv`¨mvgMÖxi AbyK~‡j Lv`¨ eûgyLxKiY| RvZxq K…wl Kwgk‡bi wi‡cv‡U© (1999, AcÖKvwkZ) cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, wRwWwci cÖe„w× evwl©K 7 kZvsk n‡j 2010 †_‡K 2020 mvj bvMv` Lv`¨k‡m¨i Pvwn`v evwl©K 3.1 kZvsk nv‡i evo‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic 2005-G wewfbœ Lv`¨cY¨ mvgMÖxi Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv‡K ÔAj‡gv÷ AvBwW‡qj wWgvÛ wm‡÷gÕ (AIDS) g‡W‡ji gva¨‡g Avq e„w×i d‡j wewfbœ ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v Kxfv‡e evo‡Z cv‡i, Zvi wnmve GLv‡b nvjbvMv` Kivi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q (mviwY 6)| GQvov DwjwLZ Dcv‡q wnmveK…Z Avqw¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Ges 2011-2021 mv‡ji cÖv°wjZ Av‡qi we‡ePbvq Pvwn`v AvMvgx `k eQ‡i (2011-2021) Kxfv‡e evo‡Z cv‡i, Zvi wnmve wbiƒc‡YiI cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q| D³fv‡e cÖv°wjZ Pvwn`vi cwigvY mviwY 7 I mviwY 8-G †`Iqv n‡jv| cÖv°wjZ wnmve †_‡K †`Lv hvq, 2011-2015 mv‡j gv_vwcQz evwl©K Avq 8 kZvsk Ges 2016-2021 mv‡j gv_vwcQz Avq 10 kZvsk nv‡i e„w× †c‡j, Avq e„w×i Kvi‡Y `vbvRvZxq k‡m¨i Pvwn`v 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wbi¼zkfv‡e K‡g hv‡e| wKš‘ dj, Wvj, †ZjexR, wPwb cÖf„wZi Avqw¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ZLb A‡bK D”P _vK‡e| Gme c‡Y¨i gv_vwcQz †fv‡Mi cwigvY AvMvgx `k‡K A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i m‡½ A‡bK `ª“Z nv‡i evo‡e| gvQ Ges cÖvwYR Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v e„w×i nvi n‡e me‡P‡q †ewk|
†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv
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mviwY 6 wewfbœ K…wlc‡Y¨i Avq w ’wZ ’vcKZvi cÖv°jb
K…wlcY¨
e¨q w ’wZ¯’vcKZv Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv cÖv°wjZ Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv 2005 2005 2011 2021
`vbv`vi 0.35 0.25 0.18 -0.08 mewR 0.70 0.49 0.43 0.30 gmjv 0.81 0.60 0.53 0.44 dj 1.13 0.86 0.74 0.58 Wvj 1.02 0.72 0.61 0.30 †Zj 0.87 0.58 0.51 0.43 gvQ 1.23 0.86 0.71 0.48 cÖvwYR Drcv`b 1.71 1.20 1.02 0.63 mÂq 1.42
Drm: Lvbv Avq-e¨q Rwic 2005-Gi Dcv‡Ëi wfwˇZ AIDS g‡WjwfwËK wnmve|
cÖv°wjZ Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv Ges 2011-2016 mgq †gqv‡` evwl©K gv_vwcQz 8 kZvsk Avq e„w× Ges 2016-2021 mgq †gqv‡` 10 kZvsk nv‡i wewfbœ Lv`¨c‡Y¨i Pvwn`vi cÖv°jb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖv°wjZ Pvwn`vi cwigvY mviwY 8-G Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖv°wjZ Pvwn`v Abyhvqx `vbv`vi k‡m¨i Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e evwl©K 1.5 kZvsk nv‡i, Wvj, mewR Ges gmjvi Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e evwl©K 3 †_‡K 4 kZvsk nv‡i, †fvR¨‡Zj, wPwb I d‡ji Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e evwl©K 5 kZvs‡ki AwaK †ewk nv‡i, Ges gvQ I cÖvwYR Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î 8 kZvs‡ki †ewk nv‡i Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡e| ZvB Af¨š—ixY Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i mKj Lv`¨Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv `y®‹i n‡e (Hossain and Deb 2009)|
mviwY 7 wewfbœ †fvM¨c‡Y¨i gv_vwcQz †fv‡Mi cÖv°jb
(ˆ`wbK gv_vwcQz MÖvg) Lv`¨cY¨ Benchmark, 2011 6ô cwiKíbv 2016 7g cwiKíbv 2021
MÖvgxY kû‡i MÖvgxY kû‡i MÖvgxY kû‡i `vbv`vi Pvj 530 430 530 420 520 400 Mg 15 30 20 35 24 45 A-`vbv`vi Wvj 15 22 19 27 22 34 †Zj 17 25 20 30 24 38 Avjy 70 80 80 96 94 112 Ab¨vb¨ mewR 170 180 200 208 220 240 gmjv 60 75 70 90 90 112 dj 40 54 50 73 65 110 wPwb 10 15 13 20 17 27 Abvb¨ Lv`¨cY¨ gvQ 48 62 60 80 76 100 gvsm I wWg 23 42 32 61 40 85 ya 40 50 50 73 65 100
Drm: †jLKe„‡›`i wnmve| UxKv: cÖv°j‡bi †¶‡Î a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q 2011-2016 mgqKv‡j gv_vwcQz evwl©K Avq 8 kZvsk nv‡i Ges 2016-2021
mgqKv‡j 10 kZvsk nv‡i evo‡e| mviwY 8
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
108
wewfbœ k‡m¨i Pvwn`v cÖe„w×i cÖv°jb, 2011-2021
Lv`¨cY¨ cÖv°wjZ Pvwn`v (wgwjqb) †hvMvb e„w×i cÖ‡qvRbxq nvi
(gvwR©b kZKiv) 2011 2016 2021 6ô cwiKíbv
(2011-2016) 7g cwiKíbv
(2016-2021) `vbv`vi Pvj 27.40 28.71 29.00 1.0 0.2 Mg 1.02 1.41 1.85 6.5 4.5 A-`vbv`vi Wvj 0.92 1.23 1.56 5.8 4.5 †Zj 1.04 1.32 1.72 4.5 4.5 Avjy 3.95 4.88 6.00 4.0 3.8 Ab¨vb¨ mewR 9.38 11.67 13.64 4.0 3.5 gmjv 3.48 4.37 5.85 4.5 4.0 dj 2.23 3.27 4.60 6.0 6.0 wPwb 0.62 0.87 1.22 6.0 6.0 Abvb¨ Lv`¨cY¨ gvQ 2.81 3.80 5.04 6.3 6.0 gvsm I wWg 1.52 2.33 3.28 8.3 6.5 ya 2.32 3.46 4.86 8.3 6.5
Drm: †jLKe„‡›`i wnmve| MÖvgxY I kni GjvKvi Rb‡Mvôxi cÖv°jb Ges gv_vwcQz Lv`¨‡fv‡Mi mviwYK wfwˇZ D³ wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q|
4.2| Lv`¨c‡Y¨i †hvMvb e„w×i cÖwZeÜKZv
K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖvß cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, f~wg I cvwb, Rwgi De©iZv kw³i cwigvY µgk n«vm cv‡”Q| K…wl ïgvwii DcvË †_‡K wnmve K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h, evwl©K cÖvq 1 kZvsk nv‡i Avevw` Rwgi cwigvY Kg‡Q| emZevwo, wkí I evwYwR¨K cÖwZôvb ¯’vcbv, cwienb AeKvVv‡gv, b`xfvOb Ges DcK‚jxq GjvKvq †jvbv cvwb †XvKvi Kvi‡Y GUv NU‡Q| bZzb wbg©vY Kiv iv¯—vi `ycv‡ki Rwg‡Z d¨v±wi I evwYwR¨K ¯’vcbv Ges A-K…wlR Lv‡Zi m¤cÖmviY evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ¯^vfvweK wPÎ| GUv evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi GKwU BwZevPK w`K| wbPz GjvKvmg~n iƒcvš—wiZ n‡”Q gvQ Pv‡li cyKzi wn‡m‡e| Ab¨w`‡K DuPz Rwg¸‡jv d‡ji evMv‡b iƒcvš—wiZ n‡”Q| d‡j km¨ Avev‡`i Rb¨ f~wgi cÖvc¨Zv Kg‡Q Ges GUv Pj‡Z _vK‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq| ZvB djb e„w×i nvi Drcv`b e„w×i †P‡q †ewk nv‡i n‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j Pvwn`v I †hvMvb e„w×i g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ ivLv hv‡e bv|
km¨Pv‡li wbweoZv A‡bK †ewk nevi Kvi‡Y Ges ivmvqwbK mv‡ii gvÎvwZwi³ I Amg e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y Rwgi De©ivkw³ n«vm cv‡”Q| †ev‡iv avb Avev‡`i Rb¨ f~Mf©¯’ cvwb D‡Ëvj‡bi cwigvY evwl©K wiPv‡R©i Zzjbvq †ewk nIqvi dj¯iƒc f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯—i wb‡P P‡j hv‡”Q Ges cvb‡hvM¨ cvwbi cÖvc¨Zvi Dci Zv weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Q| †`‡ki A‡bK A‡j cvbxq R‡j Av‡m©wb‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ ¯^v¯’¨mgm¨v ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| Avi GRb¨ AMfxi bjK‚‡ci gva¨‡g e¨vcK †mP e¨e ’vi cÖmvi‡K A‡b‡KB `vqx K‡i _v‡Kb| †UKmB Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© ZvB †mP Kv‡R f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi Dci wbf©ikxjZv Kgv‡Z n‡e| f~-Dcwi¯’ cvwb e¨envi Kivi w`‡K Avgv‡`i †ewk K‡i bRi
†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv
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w`‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ e¨vcK wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb co‡e| f~-Dcwi¯’ cvwbi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ ’vwcZ †mP cÖKímg~‡ni cwiPvjbv I e¨e¯’vcbv †h †ek KwVb Zv MZ kZ‡Ki mËi I Avwki `k‡K M½v-K‡cvZv¶ †mP cÖKí, Puv`cyi I †gNbv-abv‡Mv`v †mP cÖKí cwiPvjbvq cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|
wewfbœ M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U© †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, Rjevq~ cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y Ges mgy`ªc„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e| mgy`ª-DcK‚jeZx© A‡j km¨ Avev‡`i Dc‡hvMx Rwgi cwigvY µgkB K‡g Avm‡e| †Kbbv Gme A‡ji D‡jL‡hvM¨ cwigvY f~wg jeYv³ cvwb‡Z wbgw¾Z n‡e| el©v †gŠmy‡g AwbqwgZ e„wói Kvi‡YI km¨ Drcv`b e¨vnZ n‡e| mvB‡K¬vb, eb¨v Ges Livi e¨vcKZv I MfxiZvi Kvi‡YI Drcv`b ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡e| D”PgvÎvi SuywKi Kvi‡Y el©vKv‡j Drcv`b-DcKi‡Yi m‡e©v”P e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î GwU GKwU evav n‡q `uvov‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl KvVv‡gv‡Z ¶z`ª I cÖvwš—K Pvlxi AvwaK¨ i‡q‡Q (Hossain et al. 2006b)| MÖvgxY GjvKv †_‡K `ª“Z kni GjvKvq Rb ¯’vbvš—i m‡Ë¡I K…wl Lvgv‡ii msL¨v evo‡QB| Ab¨w`‡K Lvgv‡ii AvqZb n‡”Q ¶z`ª †_‡K ¶z`ªZi| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv cwiPvwjZ 2005 mv‡ji RvZxq bgybv Rwic †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, 1996 †_‡K 2005 mv‡ji g‡a¨ K…l‡Ki msL¨v †e‡o‡Q 25 kZvsk| Ab¨w`‡K 50 kZvs‡ki Kg AvqZ‡bi Lvgv‡ii msL¨v †e‡o‡Q 67 kZvsk|
evsjv‡`‡k eo AvqZ‡bi Lvgvi LyeB weij| wZb †n±‡ii eo Lvgvi 1996 mv‡j wQj wZb jvL (†hLv‡b †gvU K…l‡Ki msL¨v 1 †KvwU 18 jvL), 2005 mv‡j G msL¨v K‡g `uvwo‡q‡Q 1 jvL 71 nvRvi| eo I gvSvwi AvqZ‡bi Rwgi gvwjK K…wlKvR †_‡K AvnwiZ mÂq A-K…wlR Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb Avi K…wlkªwgK I cÖvwš—K Pvlxi nv‡Z K…wlKvR †Q‡o w`‡”Qb| eM©vPv‡li AvIZvaxb Rwgi cwigvY evo‡Q| 1996 mv‡j G ai‡bi Rwgi cwigvY †hLv‡b wQj †gvU Rwgi 23 kZvsk, †mLv‡b 2008 mv‡j Zv 38 kZvs‡k G‡m `uvwo‡q‡Q| cÖvwš—K Pvlxi msL¨v e„w×i GwU Ab¨Zg KviY| eM©ve¨e¯’vi †¶‡ÎI †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| fvMPv‡li cwie‡Z© wbw`©ó fvovi wfwˇZ GK †_‡K wZb eQi †gqvw` bM` eM©vi cÖPjb evo‡Q| eM©ve¨e ’vq GB cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ewa©Z Drcv`b †_‡K eM©vPvlxi †ewk jvf cvevi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ eb¨v, Liv I mvB‡K¬v‡bi Kvi‡Y m„ó ¶wZi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i SuywK †e‡o hv‡”Q| Gme cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M bM`wenxb eM©v cÖ_vi AvIZvfy³ Rwgi dmj nvwb n‡j Rwgi gvwjK I eM©vPvlx Df‡qB ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡Zb| wKš‘ cwiewZ©Z bM` eM©v cÖ_vq †Kej eM©vPvlx‡KB Pv‡li mKj SuywK enb Ki‡Z n‡”Q|
`ª“Z nv‡i kniv‡j Awfevmb, we‡`k Mgb cÖf„wZ Kvi‡Y Abycw¯’Z f~wg gvwj‡Ki msL¨v evo‡Q| †kvlYg~jK eM©ve¨e¯’v, cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab msMÖ‡n K…l‡Ki A¶gZv, ¯^í mÂq I K…wlF‡Yi AcÖZzjZv, AvaywbK K…wlcÖhyw³ I K…wlm¤úwK©Z Áv‡bi Afve BZ¨vw` welq DbœZ K…wlcÖhyw³i cÖmv‡ii †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| K…wlKv‡R wewb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡ÎI mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i| `ª“Z ea©gvb kû‡i Rb‡Mvôxi Lvevi †RvMv‡bvi Rb¨ K…l‡Ki cÖ‡Yv`bvi welqwUI ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Lvgvi ch©v‡q K…wlc‡Y¨i `v‡gi Aw¯’wZkxjZv LyeB †ewk| dmj IVvi mgq †ewkifvM
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
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K…wlc‡Y¨i `vg _v‡K LyeB Kg Ges c‡i `vg ev‡o| d‡j ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx Ges eo K…lKiv Zv‡`i Lvgvi-D؄ˇK gRy` K‡i †ewk jv‡fi †Póv K‡i|
c~‡e©B D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avgv‡`i K…wlc‡Y¨i Pvwn`vi GKwU eo Ask †gUv‡bv nq Avg`vwbi gva¨‡g| wek¦evRv‡i Pv‡ji mieivn LyeB mxwgZ Ges 2006 mvj †_‡K wek¦ Lv`¨evRv‡i †hvMv‡bi ¯^íZv I Lv`¨c‡Y¨i g~‡j¨i Aw¯’iZv †`Lv hv‡”Q| Lv`¨ Avg`vwbKviK †`k¸‡jv wek¦evRv‡ii Dci wbf©iZv nviv‡”Q| Lv`¨msK‡Ui mgq eo ißvwbKviK †`k¸‡jv wbR †`‡k ¯^í Av‡qi †jvK‡`i cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ ißvwb eÜmn bvbv ai‡bi wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Ki‡Q| d‡j m„wó nq wek¦evRv‡i Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `v‡gi gvÎvwZwi³ Aw¯’wZkxjZv| GB Aw¯’wZkxjZv Af¨š—ixY evRvi‡KI Aw¯’i K‡i Zzj‡Q| wek¦evRv‡ii mswkóZvi Kvi‡Y nVvr †`kxq evRv‡i `v‡gi e„w× ¯^í Av‡qi †fv³v‡`i `y ©kv evwo‡q †`q| ZvB wek¦evRv‡ii Dci Avgv‡`i wbf©ikxjZv Kgv‡Z n‡e|
5| Drcv`b e„w×i m¤¢vebv
weivRgvb cÖwZeÜKZvi g‡a¨I K…wl Drcv`b e„w×i wKQz my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
DcK‚jeZx© A‡j Ges wm‡jU A‡j km¨Pv‡li wbweoZv e„w×i gva¨‡g avb-Avevw` GjvKvi cwigvY e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| 2005 mv‡j evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ bgybv Rwi‡c D‡jwLZ km¨Pv‡li wbweoZvi Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ cÖYxZ GKwU wPÎ GB cÖe‡Üi cwiwk‡ó cÖ`Ë wPÎ 1G Zz‡i aiv n‡q‡Q| wPÎwU †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q, Kg km¨wbweo AÂj n‡”Q `w¶Y-cwðg DcK‚jeZx© AÂj, wm‡jU AÂj Ges cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AÂj| cwiwkó wPÎ 2 n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, Gme GjvKvq †m‡Pi cÖmvi Ges †ev‡ivav‡bi Avev`I †ek Kg| f~-Dcwi¯’ †mPe¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g Gme A‡ji AvbygvwbK 10 jvL †n±i GjvKvq †ev‡ivav‡bi Avev` e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| c~‡e© Gme GjvKvq av‡bi Avev` e„w× Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| †Kbbv jeYv³Zv-mwnòz av‡bi Rv‡Zi Afve wQj| evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb (weª) Ges evsjv‡`k cvigvYweK K…wl M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU (webv) †`‡ki `w¶Y-cwðgv‡j Avev‡`i Rb¨ jeYv³Zv-mwnòz av‡bi RvZ D™¢veb K‡i‡Q| AwaK jeYv³Zv-mwnòz av‡bi RvZ D™¢ve‡bi Rb¨ M‡elYv Pj‡Q (Hossain and Siraj 2008)|
Avgb †gŠmy‡g D”P djbkxj avb D™¢ve‡bi †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AR©b mxwgZ| e„wócvZ I eb¨vRwbZ SuywKi Kvi‡Y K…lKiv Kg nv‡i DcKiY e¨envi K‡ib| †`wk Rv‡Zi Avgb av‡bi djb †n±icÖwZ 2.0 †_‡K 2.5 Ub| A_P †ev‡iv av‡bi †n±icÖwZ djb 5.5 Ub| j¨ve‡iUwi I M‡elYv-Lvgv‡i djb I gvV ch©v‡q K…l‡Ki cÖvß dj‡bi e¨eavb (yield gap) Kgv‡bvi gva¨‡g Avgb †gŠmy‡g Drcv`b e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| Avgb †gŠmy‡g D”Pdjbkxj Rv‡Zi Avev`msµvš— Z_¨ GB cÖe‡Üi cwiwk‡ó cÖ`Ë wPÎ 3-G Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| wPÎwU †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, wm‡jU AeevwnKv Ges eb¨vcÖeY b`xeûj GjvKvmg~n (gqgbwmsn, wm‡jU, XvKv, dwi`cyi, ewikvj) Avgb †gŠmy‡gi Rb¨ D™¢vweZ DbœZ cÖhyw³i myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| weÁvbxiv m¤cÖwZ wbgw¾Z cvwb‡Z wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i Ggb ai‡bi avb (¯^Y©v sub 1, weAvi 11 sub 1, AvBAvi 64 sub 1)
†nv‡mb I †`e: evsjv‡`‡k K…wl I Lv`¨wbivcËv : mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv
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D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb| Gme RvZ cvwbi wb‡P 10-12 w`b Wy‡e _vK‡jI dj‡b †Zgb ¶wZ nq bv (Hossain and Siraj 2008)| wbPz A‡j mKj av‡bi Avev` e„w× Ges gvSvwi D”PZvi bZzb RvZ D™¢veb I cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g Avgb †gŠmy‡g av‡bi Avev` †ek evov‡bv m¤¢e| Kg km¨wbweo cve©Z¨ A‡j (cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg) cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k gvV-km¨ Ges cvnv‡oi Xv‡j D`¨vb-km¨, K…wl-eb I e„¶ivwRi Avev` e„w× Kiv m¤¢e|
m¤cÖwZ Lvgvi ch©v‡q K…wlc‡Y¨i fv‡jv `v‡gi Kvi‡Y K…wlKv‡R gybvdvi cvwigvY †e‡o‡Q| avb, cvU, fyÆv BZ¨vw` c‡Y¨i `vg Av‡Mi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk| Aaybv cwiPvwjZ Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve †_‡K †`Lv hvq, †ewkifvM K…wlc‡Y¨i gybvdvi nvi †ek fv‡jv (†nv‡mb I ev‡qm 2009)| m‡e©v”P gybvdv cvIqv hv‡”Q †ev‡iv avb, fyÆv, ZvgvK Ges AvjyPvl †_‡K| Ab¨w`‡K Wvj, †ZjexR, Mg I Avjy †_‡K wbU Avq Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| AvDk avb I AvL †_‡K cÖvß wbU Avq FYvZ¥K|
mvnveywÏb (2002) 1990 `k‡Ki †kl mg‡qi DcKiY-Drcv`bmnM I evRv‡i we`¨gvb `v‡gi wfwˇZ avb I MgPv‡li Zzjbvg~jK myweavi wnmve K‡i‡Qb| 2007/08 mv‡ji DcKiY-Drcv`bmnM Ges 2008/09 mv‡j weivRgvb `v‡gi wfwˇZ GB Z_¨ nvjbvMv` Kiv n‡q‡Q (Hossain and Deb 2009)| D³ wnmve †_‡K wb‡gœv³ wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqv hvq:
• ißvwb mgZv `v‡g evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvg~jK myweav i‡q‡Q Avgb avb, Avjy Ges cvU Drcv`‡b| evsjv‡`k Gme c‡Y¨i Drcv`b e„w× I wek¦evRv‡i ißvwb K‡i jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i|
• Avg`vwb mgZv `v‡g evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvg~jK Avw_©K myweav i‡q‡Q †ev‡iv avb I fyÆv Avev‡`| evsjv‡`k Gme cY¨ we‡`‡ki evRv‡i ißvwb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Z‡e cwienb LiP, e¨emvqx‡`i jvf cÖf„wZ we‡ePbvq wb‡j we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwbi cwie‡Z© †`‡k Gme cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡j †`k jvfevb n‡e| ZvB Avg`vwb cwieZ©b wn‡m‡e Gme c‡Y¨i Drcv`b evov‡bv m¤¢e|
• Mg, Wvj Ges †ZjexR Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvg~jK Avw_©K myweav †bB| ZvB Gme cY¨ †`‡k Drcv`‡bi cwie‡Z© Avg`vwbi gva¨‡g msMÖn KivB hyw³hy³| Gme cY¨ Drcv`‡bi m‡½ RwoZ m¤ú` Ab¨ Kv‡R we‡klZ Ab¨ km¨ Avev‡` wewb‡qvM Ki‡j m¤ú` e¨env‡ii `¶Zv evo‡e| Aek¨ Gme k‡m¨i Rb¨ K…wl-Dc‡hvMx AÂj wPwýZ Kiv †M‡j A_ev cÖPwjZ km¨ e¨e¯’vq AwZwi³ km¨ Ges mvw_ dmj wn‡m‡e Avev` Kiv m¤¢e|
km¨ Drcv`b e„w×i Ab¨ my‡hvM¸‡jv n‡jv:
K) †mPK…Z Rwg‡Z k‡m¨i dj‡bi e¨eavb n«vm
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb mgx¶v
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M‡elYv gvV I K…l‡Ki gv‡V dj‡bi ZdvZ GLbI A‡bK †ewk| gvbm¤§Z exR e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g 10 kZvsk djb e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| wm‡÷g Ae ivBm Bb‡Ubwmwd‡Kkb (GmAviAvB), hv wewfbœ km¨ e¨e ’vcbv ‡KŠk‡ji mgš^q, Ges Gi we¯—v‡ii gva¨‡g fvi‡Zi wewfbœ ivR¨ Ges evsjv‡`‡k av‡bi djb 30 †_‡K 40 kZvsk e„w× Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q K…l‡Ki gv‡V| GmAviAvB c×wZi Aš—fy©³ n‡”Q (K) ch©vß `~iZ¡ †i‡L Kgeqmx Pviv †ivcY, (L) K…lK KZ…©K e¨eüZ 4-5wU Pvivi cwie‡Z© GK ev `ywU Pviv e¨envi, (M) ch©vqµ‡g †mPK…Z Rwg †fRv‡bv I ïKv‡bv, Ges (N) ivmvqwbK mv‡ii cwic~iK wn‡m‡e ˆRe mv‡ii e¨envi| GmAviAvB c×wZi h_vh_ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †mPK…Z Rwg‡Z av‡bi djb †n±icÖwZ 1 †_‡K 2 Ub ch©š— evov‡bv m¤¢e|
L) nvBweªW av‡bi Avev` e„w×
GKB cwigvY Drcv`b-Dcv`vb e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g nvBweªW av‡bi Drcv`b 20 kZvsk ch©š— e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g gvÎ 15 kZvsk Rwg‡Z nvBweªW av‡bi Avev` n‡q _v‡K| nvBweªW av‡bi Avev` cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g av‡bi djb e„w×i †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv n‡”Q ex‡Ri D”P LiP Ges Pv‡ji wbægvb| ex‡Ri Rb¨ we‡`k wbf©iZv Kgv‡bv Ges DbœZgv‡bi RvZ D™¢ve‡bi gva¨‡g G `ye©jZv KvwU‡q IVv m¤¢e|
M) cÖwZK‚j cwi‡ek-Dc‡hvMx cÖhyw³ D™¢veb
DbœZ cÖhyw³ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y eZ©gv‡b cÖwZK‚j K…wl-cwi‡ek A‡j k‡m¨i djb LyeB Kg| c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, weÁvbxiv Gme A‡ji Rb¨ jeYv³Zvmwnòz av‡bi RvZ, cvwb‡Z wbgw¾Z _vK‡Z cv‡i Ggb av‡bi RvZ, ZvcgvÎvmwnòz fyÆv I M‡gi RvZ Ges ¯^í‡gqvw` k‡m¨i RvZ D™¢veb K‡i‡Qb hvi gva¨‡g cÖvwš—K Liv‡K Gwo‡q hvIqv m¤¢e| gvV ch©v‡q Gme cÖhyw³i `ª“Z we¯—v‡ii Rb¨ K…lK‡`i AskMÖnYg~jK hvPvB-evQvB cÖwµqv Pvjy Kiv `iKvi|
N) ﮋ †gŠmy‡g LivcÖeY DËi-cwðgv‡j WvjRvZxq km¨ I †ZjexR Avev‡`i cÖmvi
ﮋ †gŠmy‡g †m‡Pi cvwbi `y®cÖvc¨Zv †gvKvwejvq Ges †Zjex‡Ri Avev‡`i cÖmvi NUv‡Z n‡e| ﮋ †gŠmy‡g †`‡ki DËi-cwðgvÂj we‡klZ e‡i›`ª A‡j cvwbmvkªqx fyÆv I mewR Avev` evov‡bv `iKvi | DcK‚j A‡ji jeYv³ Rwg‡Z m~h©gywL †ZjexR Pvl evov‡bvi m¤¢vebv cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| G m¤¢vebv‡K h_vh_fv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡j ¯íKvjxb k‡m¨i RvZ D™¢ve‡b g‡bvhvMx n‡Z n‡e|
8| Dcmsnvi
2007/08 A_©eQ‡i evsjv‡`k‡K wek¦evRvi †_‡K Avg`vwbi †¶‡Î KwVb ev¯—eZvi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z n‡q‡Q| bM` A‡_©i wewbg‡qI Lv`¨ Avg`vwb Kiv wQj LyeB Kómva¨ e¨vcvi| Lv`¨ ißvwbKviK †`kmg~n wbR †`‡ki mieivn I †fv³v¯^v_© A¶zYœ ivL‡Z cÖvqkB nVvr K‡i ißvwb wbwl× Ki‡Q| d‡j evsjv‡`kmn mKj Lv`¨ Avg`vwbKviK †`k Lv`¨wbivcËv SuywK‡Z cwZZ n‡”Q| ZvB Avgv‡`i cÖavb Lv`¨km¨ Pv‡ji Drcv`‡b ¯qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| G j‡¶¨ Dc‡hvMx RvZ I cÖhyw³ D™¢veb Ges cÖmv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e| cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k
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Dc‡hvMx cÖhyw³ I Drcv`b‡KŠkj, nvBweªW av‡bi e¨vcK cÖmvi, AwaKZi `¶ km¨ e¨e¯’vcbv c×wZ †hgb, cvwbmvkªqx †mPc×wZ, GmAviAvB cÖhyw³i cÖmvi, wjd Kvjvi PvU© e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g mvie¨e¯’vcbvi `¶Zv e„w×, Wªvg wmWv‡ii gva¨‡g mivmwi av‡bi Pviv †ivc‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i GKKcÖwZ Drcv`bLiP Kgv‡Z n‡e|
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