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8/15/2019 El coaching educativo como estrategia en el ejercicio de la función docente

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CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES PSIQUIÁTRICASPSICOLÓGICAS Y SEXOLÓGICAS DE VENEZUELA

SEDE CENTRO OCCIDENTALBARQUISIMETO EDO LARA

MAESTRÍA EN ORIENTACIÓN DE LA CONDUCTA

COACHING EDUCATIVO COMO ESTRATEGIA EN EL EJERCICIO DE LAFUNCIÓN DOCENTE EN EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA

AUTOR: LISBETH REYES BRACHO

TUTOR: MSC. JASMIN CASTILLO

Diciembre, 2015





MAESTRÍA EN ORIENTACIÓN DE LA CONDUCTA


AUTOR: LISBETH REYES BRACHO

TRABAJO DE GRADO PRESENTADO COMO PARTE DELOS REQUISITOS EXIGIDOS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO

MAGISTER SCIENTIARUM

Diciembre, 2015



4



5



ÍNDICE

pp.LISTA DE CADRO.............................................................................................!iiiLISTA DE "RA#ICO............................................................................................i$RESMEN..........................................................................................................$INTRODCCI%N.................................................................................................1

CA&ITLOSI EL &ROBLEMA

&'()*e(mie)*+ e' pr+b'em( ...........................................................................- Obe*i!+/ e '( I)!e/*i(ci)..........................................................................

J/*i3ic(ci) 44444444444444444444444

II MARCO TE%RICO A)*ecee)*e/ e '( I)!e/*i(ci)....................................................................11

B(/e/ Teric(/................................................................................................16 #)(me)*+/ Le('e/.....................................................................................78

III MARCO METODOL%"ICO N(*r('e9( e '( I)!e/*i(ci)........................................................................50 Di/e+ e i)!e/*i(ci)...................................................................................51

Si/*em( e ;(ri(b'e/.......................................................................................52 &+b'(ci) < Me/*r(4444444444444444444.. 5- ;('ie9 e' I)/*rme)*+..................................................................................57 C+)3i(bi'i( e' I)/*rme)*+.........................................................................57 T=c)ic( e A)>'i/i/ e D(*+/.........................................................................55 &r+ceimie)*+ e '( I)!e/*i(ci).................................................................56

I; RESLTADOS &re/e)*(ci), ()>'i/i/ e I)*erpre*(ci) e '+/ Re/'*(+/.............................58

; CONCLSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES

C+)c'/i+)e/...................................................................................................88 Rec+me)(ci+)e/...........................................................................................8?

RE#ERENCIAS ................................................................................................1

6



ANE@OS A. I)/*rme)*+...............................................................................................8 B. ;('i(ci).................................................................................................?7 C. C+)3i(bi'i(............................................................................................10-

7



LISTA DE CUADROS

C(r+ pp.

1 E/em( e A*+e3ic(ci(...................................................................................222 Oper(ci+)('i9(ci) e '(/ ;(ri(b'e/4444444444444... 52

- Di/*ribci) e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e e re/pe/*(/ e+ce)*e/. Dime)/i): #)ci+)e/, i)ic(+re/: T*+r, Me)*+r,Orie)*(+r4444444444444444444444444 5

7

5

6

8

?

10

Di/*ribci) e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e e re/pe/*(/ e+ce)*e/. Dime)/i): C(r(c*er/*ic(/ /bime)/i) (p*i*i)('e/,i)ic(+re/ I))+!(+r, C+)+cimie)*+ e' e)*+r)+ 4444444.

Di/*ribci) e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e e re/pe/*(/ e+ce)*e/. Dime)/i): C(r(c*er/*ic(/ /bime)/i) per/+)('e/,i)ic(+re/ C+ere)ci(, pr+(c*i!i(444444444444..

Di/*ribci) e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e e re/pe/*(/ e+ce)*e/. Dime)/i): C(r(c*er/*ic(/ /bime)/i) re'(ci+)('e/,i)ic(+re/ emp(*(, (bi'i(e/ /+ci('e/44444444444

Di/*ribci) e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e e re/pe/*(/ e+ce)*e/. Dime)/i): C(r(c*er/*ic(/ /bime)/i) *=c)ic(/,i)ic(+re/ c('ibr(ci), e/cc( (c*i!(444444444444.

Di/*ribci) e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e e re/pe/*(/ e+ce)*e/. Dime)/i): C+mpe*e)ci(/, /bime)/i) b>/ic(/,i)ic(+re/ (3r+)*(mie)*+ (' c(mbi+4444444444444..

Di/*ribci) e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e e re/pe/*(/ e+ce)*e/. Dime)/i): C+mpe*e)ci(/, /bime)/i) e)=ric(/,i)ic(+re/ empre)imie)*+, *r(b(+ e) eip+/, re/+'ci) ec+)3'ic*+/4444444444444444444444444.

Di/*ribci) e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e e re/pe/*(/ e+ce)*e/. Dime)/i): C+mpe*e)ci(/, /bime)/i) e/pec3ic(/,i)ic(+re/ 'ier(9+, e!('(ci)44444444444444..

60

6-

65

68

6?

81

87

8



LISTA DE GRÁFICOS

"r>3ic+/ pp.

1 ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '(ime)/i): #)ci+)e/44444.44444444444444 5?

2 ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '(Sb ime)/i): (p*i*i)('e/ 444444444444.444.. 61

- ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): per/+)('e/ 4444444444444444444 67

7

5

6

8

;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): re'(ci+)('e/44444444444444444.4

;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): *=c)ic(/.44444444444444444444

;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): b>/ic(/ 44444444444444444444.

;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): e)=ric(/4444444444444444444.

;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): e/pec3ic(/4444444444444444444

66

6

80

8-

85

9






AUTOR: LISBETH REYES

TUTOR: JASMN CASTILLO FECHA: JNIO, 2015

RESUMEN

E' pre/e)*e *r(b(+ e i)!e/*i(ci) *!+ c+m+ pr+p/i*+, ()('i9(r e'c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) e' eercici+ e '( 3)ci) +ce)*e e)Ec(ci) &rim(ri(, E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( FM(r( "er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(G,/ec*+r E' T(e &('(!eci)+, e/*(+ L(r( L( )(*r('e9( e '( i)!e/*i(ci) e'pre/e)*e e/*i+ c+rre/p+)i (' p(r(im( p+/i*i!i/*( b(+ ) e)3+ec()*i*(*i!+, e)m(rc(( e) )( i)!e/*i(ci) e c(mp+ e c(r>c*er e/crip*i!+. B(/(+ e) ) i/e+ )+ e$perime)*(' e *ip+ *r()/ecci+)(' ec(r>c*er e/crip*i!( L( p+b'(ci) *+*('i9 !ei)*e 20 /e*+/. &(r( '(

rec+'ecci) e (*+/ /e *i'i9 ) i)/*rme)*+ *ip+ ce/*i+)(ri+ c+) *rei)*( <c(*r+ -7 *em/ c+) ('*er)(*i!(/ e re/pe/*(/ p+'ic+*mic(/. E) '( !('ie9/e *i'i9 e' ici+ e e$per*+/, ( / !e9 p(r( '( c+)3i(bi'i( /e emp'e e'c+e3icie)*e A'p( e Cr+)b(c +b*e)ie)+ ) re/'*(+ e 0,6c+)/ier>)+/e c+m+ ('*( c+)3i(bi'i(. E) '( *=c)ic( e ()>'i/i/ e '+/(*+/ /e *r(b( c+) '( 3rece)ci( e re/pe/*( < re'(ci) p+rce)*('. Se*i'i9 '( e/*(/*ic( e/crip*i!( < e' ()>'i/i/ c()*i*(*i!+, +)e /e +b*!+ )(c+)c'/i) e '+/ +ce)*e/ e '( me)ci+)(( i)/*i*ci) )+ eerce) e'c+(ci) c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) / pr($i/ ec(*i!(, e/!i>)+/e e '()(*r('e9( ec(*i!( e /e //*e)*( e) )( /erie e pri)cipi+/ < !('+re/e (p'ic(+/ e m()er( c+)!e)ie)*e, (<() ( c+)/eir e' =$i*+ ( '+/

e/*i()*e/ e) /i*(ci+)e/ e e)/e()9((pre)i9(e. &+r '+ e /erec+mie)(, pr+3)i9(r e) e' *em( e' c+(ci) e) +ce)*e/ c+m+e/*r(*ei( e) e' eercici+ e '( 3)ci) +ce)*e c+m+ ) pr+ce/+ perm()e)*ee re('i9(ci) pr+3e/i+)('.

Des!"#$%!es: C+(ci) ec(*i!+, 3)ci) +ce)*e.

10



INTRODUCCIÓN

A )i!e' m)i(' '( ec(ci) e$ie ) pr+ce/+ e 3+rm(ci) i)*er(' e) e'

e e/*i()*e/ < +ce)*e/ e) e)er(' cmp'() ) r+' pr+*()ic+ p(r(3(ci'i*(r e' e/(rr+''+ e '(/ p+*e)ci('i(e/ e c(r(c*eri9() ( '+/

e/*i()*e/, (r()*i9()+ )( 3+rm(ci) c+) =)3(/i/ e) '(/ (bi'i(e/ e'

pe)/(mie)*+ ( +be*+ e p+er *+m(r eci/i+)e/, re/+'!er pr+b'em(/ +

p(r*icip(r e m()er( (/er*i!( e) e' e)*+r)+ /+ci(' e) e' c(' /e e/e)!e'!e.

C+) e/*e per3i' Di'*/ 2007 re3iere e '( ec(ci) /e +rie)*(,

c+)cei=)+'e re'e!()ci( (' e/(rr+''+ e' /er c+) (mp'i(/ c(p(ci(e/ p(r(

re3'e$i+)(r, (c*(r < *r()/3+rm(r / e)*+r)+ /+ci(' < p(r( e''+ /e rei*er( '(imp+r*()ci( e' e/(rr+''+ e (bi'i(e/ e) '+/ e/*i()*e/ c+) '(

p+/ibi'i( e *r()/3erir '+/ (pre)i9(e/ ( +*r+/ c+)*e$*+/ e i(' m++, e/

)ece/(ri+ e/*(c(r '( 3)ci) +ce)*e c+m+ mei(+r c+m+ pie9( c'(!e p(r(

pr+pici(r, ( p(r*ir e e/*r(*ei(/ e e)/e()9(, /i*(ci+)e/ e (pre)i9(e

e 3(ci'i*e) e' '+r+ e '(/ me*(/, e) ) c'im( e (rm+)( < p(r*icip(ci)

+)e e' e/*i()*e /e( e' ce)*r+ e (cci) pe(ic( < e' +ce)*e e <

3+r*('e9c( // (bi'i(e/.

&+r c+)/iie)*e, e/ )ece/(ri+ (*e)er e' i)*er=/ e +ce)*e/ p+r (mp'i(r

/ prep(r(ci) ( p(r*ir e '( *i'i9(ci) e e/*r(*ei(/ e e)/e()9( p(r( e'

e/(rr+''+ e '(/ (bi'i(e/, c+mpe*e)ci(/, 3+r*('ecie)+ (/ '( 3+rm(ci) e

'+/ e/*i()*e/ < re/p+)er ( '(/ e$ie)ci(/ e '(/ (*+ri(e/ ec(*i!(/

i)*ere/((/ e) /per(r e/*(/ ebi'i(e/ e' pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+.

A)*e '+ e$pre/(+ /re e' c+(ci), e' c(' /eK) &e)im 200? e/ )(

e/*r(*ei( e pre*e)e e/cbrir '( cie)ci( e' /er m()+ c+m+ e)*e

p(r*ic'(r, pe/ e/ ) pr+ce/+ e /e cre( c+m+ m)im+ e)*re +/ per/+)(/+)e )+ e' c+(c pr+cr( e e' +*r+ e' c+(cee *+me c+)cie)ci(,

3+r*('e9c( / cree)ci( e) / mi/m+ < e)ce)*re m+*i!(ci) p(r( (c*(r

re/p+)/(b'eme)*e, *r(/ e' +mi)i+ e / cerp+, em+ci+)e/ < / 'e)(e,

e/(3i>)+/e ( / mi/m+ p(r( c+)/eir // +be*i!+/ *()*+ e)*r+ e'

1



+mi)i+ e' /er c+m+ e' (cer.

E/ ecir e' c+(ci), c+)/i/*e e) e' (c+mp((mie)*+ pe(ic+ e )

e/*i()*e e/e e' pr+ce/+ e c(mbi+, ( p(r*ir e '(/ )ece/i(e/ e e''(

mi/m( e$pre/e, (/*( e ('c()ce // +be*i!+/, c+)ci=)+'e (' =$i*+, ( '((*+)+m( < re('i9(ci) e / mi/m+, r(ci(/ (' e/(rr+''+ c+))*+ e /

p+*e)ci(' < (bi'i(e/. A *(' 3i), /e (b+r( e' pre/e)*e *r(b(+ e

i)!e/*i(ci) /+bre C+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) e' eercici+ e '(

3)ci) +ce)*e e) Ec(ci) &rim(ri(, E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( FM(r( "er!(ci(

Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r E' T(e &('(!eci)+, Y(ri*((, e/*(+ L(r(.

De i(' 3+rm(, *ie)e e/*(b'eci+ ) ()>'i/i/ c+)cre*+ e ci)c+ 5

c(p*'+/, pre/e)*(+/ e '( /iie)*e m()er(: C(pi*'+ I: Re3eri+ ('p'()*e(mie)*+ e' pr+b'em(, i)*err+()*e/ e '( i)!e/*i(ci), +be*i!+/ e '(

i)!e/*i(ci), < /*i3ic(ci) e' e/*i+. Sei(me)*e e' C(p*'+ II, /e

c+)3+rm e) b(/e ( '+/ ()*ecee)*e/ e' e/*i+, b(/e/ *eric(/, b(/e/

'e('e/ e //*e)*() '( i)!e/*i(ci).

A/imi/m+ e' C(p*'+ III, /e c+)3ir e) (*e)ci) ( '( )(*r('e9( < *ip+ e

i)!e/*i(ci), i/e+ e '( i)!e/*i(ci), /i/*em( e !(ri(b'e/, p+b'(ci),

me/*r(, *=c)ic(/ e i)/*rme)*+ e rec+'ecci) e (*+/, '+/ m=*++/

pr+b(*+ri+/ e '( !('i(ci) < c+)3i(bi'i( e' i)/*rme)*+ < p(/+/ p(r( e'

*r(*(mie)*+ e '( i)3+rm(ci) +b*e)i(. C(pi*'+ I;: E/*> eic(+ (' ()>'i/i/

e i)*erpre*(ci) e '+/ re/'*(+/, +b*e)i+/ < e' ()>'i/i/ e '+/ mi/m+/,

3)(me)*(+/ e) c(r+/ p+rce)*('e/ < 3rece)ci('e/ e '+/ *em/. &+r

'*im+ e) e' c(p*'+ ;, /e pre/e)*() '(/ c+)c'/i+)e/ < rec+me)(ci+)e/ e

'( i)!e/*i(ci).

2



CAPÍTULO I

EL PROBLEMA

P&'($e')"e($% *e& #!%+&e)'

H+<, e' i)i!i+ e)3re)*( )( /+cie( e e!+'ci+)( c(( !e9 m>/

r>pi+ < c+) e$ie)ci(/ m(<+re/ ( '(/ =c((/ ()*eri+re/, (cie)+)ece/(ri+ c(mbi+/ e p(r(im(/ ec(*i!+/ e pr+9c() +ce)*e/

i)!e/*i(+re/, cre(*i!+/, e ('*( c(p(ci( *ec)+'ic(, e /(*i/3(() '+/

i)*ere/e/ < p+*e)ci('i(e/ e '+/ e/*i()*e/ e e/*e *iemp+. &+r *()*+, e)

*+(/ '(/ /+cie(e/ /e c+)/ier( e' pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+ c+m+ ) (/pec*+

re'e!()*e p(r( e' e/(rr+''+ *()*+ e' /e*+ c+m+ p(r( e' (!()ce e '(

/+cie(, permi*ie)+ /eK) C(//i(**+, 2005, F'( *r()/3+rm(ci) e '+/

(!()ce/ e' e/(rr+''+ /+ci('i/*ric+ ( '( /iie)*e e)er(ci), (/ c+m+

3+me)*(r e' pr+re/+ per/+)(', '( i)c'/i) /+ci(' < '( pr+/peri( ec+)mic(

e c(( rei)G p. -0.

E/ ecir, e e' preci*(+ (*+r /e('( '( imp+r*()ci( e' pr+ce/+

ec(*i!+, pe/*+ e pr+me!e e' e/(rr+''+ e' )i+( e/e // primer(/

e$perie)ci(/ e) e' ('(, +3recie)+ /i*(ci+)e/ e (pre)i9(e /i)i3ic(*i!(/,

/ie)+ e' ie(' e '( pr($i/ (c(=mic( e' +ce)*e e/*= c+)*e$*('i9(( ('

(mbie)*e e) e' e i(ri(me)*e e/*> i)mer/+ e' e/*i()*e, p+r e/*+, e) e'

+ce)*e ebe) re/('*(r c(r(c*er/*ic(/ p(r*ic'(re/ e (cer+ ( /pr+3e/i), e' +mi)i+ e *ie)e /+bre )( + !(ri(/ (/i)(*r(/ e / >re( e

e/*i+ < e' ie)*i3ic(r =, cm+, ( i=) < p(r( = e)/e(.

De)*r+ e e/*e c+)*e$*+, e' ec(+r e/ e' e cre(, p+*e)ci(, i)(mi9( e'

3)ci+)(mie)*+ e '(/ e/ce'(/ < p+r e)e, '+/ pr+ce/+/ e /e e/(rr+''()

3



e) e''(. &+r e/*+, e' ec(+r ebe e/*i(r // pr+pi(/ c(p(ci(e/ ('

m+me)*+ e e)*r(r e) e' ('( e c'(/e/, p(r( e e' ec+ ec(*i!+ /e

m()*e)( e) c+)/*()*e (c*('i9(ci) e '+/ c+)+cimie)*+/ ( '+/ 3i)e/ e

me+r(r '( pr($i/ pe(ic(. A)*e '+ e$pe/*+ /re e' c+(ci), e' c('/eK) B+ 201-

E/*> irii+ ( (<(r ( '(/ per/+)(/ ( e/(rr+''(r ) /e)*i+ ebie)e/*(r < e/cbrir e' *('e)*+ e '+/ /ere/ m()+/ imp'ic(+/ e)e/*e pr+<ec*+, p(r( me+r(r < +p*imi9(r / 3+rm(ci), < c+) e/*+, '(pe/*( e) pr>c*ic( ( )i!e' ec(*i!+, p(r( +rie)*(r ( '+/ e/*i()*e/( ei'ibr(r // (c*i!i(e/ < e' (pre)i9(e, '+r()+ *re/ ee/3)(me)*('e/ b(/(+/ e) '( 3(mi'i(, e' ('( < '+/ ec()+/. &. ?1

A e/*e re/pec*+, e' c+(ci) c+mp(r*e e'eme)*+/ c+) e' pr+ce/+ e

e)/e()9( (pre)i9(e <( e /eK) e' (*+r ()*e/ ci*(+, c+)/ier( e,

/ e/e)ci( c+)/i/*e e) 'iber(r e' p+*e)ci(' e )( per/+)( p(r( i)creme)*(r

(' m>$im+ / e/empe+, (<>)+'e ( (pre)er e) '(r e e)/e(r'e,

i('me)*e c+)/ier( e, !( irii+ ( *++/ '+/ 3+rm(+re/ e *ie)e)

re/p+)/(bi'i(e/ < pee) eec*(r c(mbi+/ e) / e(cer +ce)*e. N+

+b/*()*e, c+)*i)( e$pre/()+ (' (*+r (rrib( me)ci+)(+, e e/*(

(c*i!i( imp'ic( )( 3+rm( /+3i/*ic(( e '( e)/e()9(, e/*i)(( ( (<(r ( '+/ e/*i()*e/ e) e' e/(rr+''+ e c('i(e/ i)*er)(/, p(r( ()(r

(*+e/*im(, c+)3i()9(, (/ c+m+ c+)+cimie)*+/, (bi'i(e/ < e/*re9(/.

) p'()*e(mie)*+ /imi'(r e e/*(c( '( *r(/ce)e)ci( e '( 3)ci)

+ce)*e, 3e e))ci(+ e) '( *ercer( Cmbre e '(/ Am=ric(/ 2011

re('i9(( e) Ci'e, e) '( c(' /ri c+m+ c+)c'/i) e, '( ec(ci) e/ '(

b(/e p(r( e' e/(rr+''+ /+ci(' < c'*r(' /+/*e)ib'e, e' crecimie)*+ ec+)mic+

< '( em+cr(ci(. E/*e p'()*e(mie)*+ 3e pre/e)*(+ e) e' I)3+rme ;e)e9e'(,

e' Mi)i/*eri+ &+p'(r p(r( '( Ec(ci), C'*r( < Dep+r*e/ 2000, p(r(

/+p+r*(r '( re'e!()ci( e' >mbi*+ ec(*i!+ )(ci+)(', e$pre/()+ e m()er(

e*ermi)()*e e F'( ec(ci) 3e rec+)+ci( c+m+ 3(c*+r eci/i!+ p(r( e'

4



e/(rr+''+ m()+ c+) i)cie)ci( /+bre '( !i( p+'*ic(, /+ci(', c'*r(',

ec+)mic( < em+cr>*ic(G p.67.

De *(' m()er( e '( ec(ci), e/ (cep*(( c+m+ ) (/pec*+ !i*(' p(r(

e' e/(rr+''+ < pr+re/+ e '+/ /ere/ m()+/, (/ c+m+ p(r( '+/ rp+//+ci('e/ e e/*+/ c+)3+rm(). Si) emb(r+, ( pe/(r e e/*( e/e)ci('

*r(/ce)e)ci(, /e ( p+i+ e*ermi)(r, ( *r(!=/ e e/*i+/ re('i9(+/ (

)i!e' m)i(', e) )(ci+)e/, c+m+ Ci'e, M=$ic+, E/p((, /eK) NICE#

2011, e e' /ec*+r ec(*i!+ e)3re)*( /i*(ci+)e/ i3ci'e/ e e$ie) '(

eecci) e pr+r(m(/ e re3+rm(/ m>/ + me)+/ pr+3)(/, e epe)e)

e '(/ i!er/(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ i)*er)(/ e c(( p(/ < e '(/ !(ri()*e/

p(*(/, e e' m+me)*+ (c*(' p'()*e(, m(rc((/ p+r '( i)cer*imbre,re'(*i!i(, i))+!(ci+)e/, c(mbi+ e p(r(im(/, r>pi( e!+'ci)

*ec)+'ic(, pr+ce/+/ '+b('i9(+re/ m)i('e/.

E/*( pr+b'em>*ic( ec(*i!(, e/*> m< !i)c'(( c+) ) p'()*e(mie)*+

e (ce B'+c 2006, ie) (/er( e F/i e$i/*e ) *em( e eb(*e

c+)*i)+ < e pre+cp(ci) c+)/*()*e p+r p(r*e e ci(()+/ < (*+ri(e/

e '+/ i!er/+/ p(/e/ e' m)+, =/e e/ e' e '( ec(ci)G p. 10. Y 'e+

((e, e:

FL( ec(ci) ( /i+ c+)ci( ( )( /i*(ci) e cri/i/, ebi+ (3e)me)+/ p(r('e'+/ (' e '( e$p()/i) e '+/ mei+/ ec+m)ic(ci), '( recci) e) e' *iemp+ e !('ie9 e' c+)+cimie)*+< e / )ece/(ri( 'i( c+) '(/ re('i(e/ circ)/*()ci('e/ ic(pr+b'em>*ic( /e e$pre/( e) '( i)c(p(ci( e '+/ /i/*em(/ec(*i!+/ e /er c+)/i/*e)*e/ c+) '( )e!( (c*i* e '+/e/*i()*e/ e e$ie) (*+)+m(, (/ c+m+ c+) '( (ce'er((m+i3ic(ci) e' c+)+cimie)*+ < '( c(mbi()*e re('i( e em()((/*e/ c+)*i)+/G. p. -2.

E/*(/ +pi)i+)e/ e' ci*(+ (*+r, /e('() irec*(me)*e '( e$i/*e)ci( e

)( cri/i/ ec(*i!( m)i(' < +b/er!( e /e reiere) e pr+ce/+/ e

(/*e/ c+)*i)+/, '+/ c('e/ ebe) e/(rr+''(r/e c+) '( i)*e)ci) e bri)(r

('*er)(*i!(/ e (ec(ci) < /+'ci) ( i3ic'*(e/ e i!er/( )+'e

5



e*ec*((/ e) '+/ c+)*e$*+/ ec(ci+)('e/, '(/ c('e/, e per/i/*ir, ('e(r()

c(( !e9 m>/, ( // re/pec*i!+/ /i/*em(/ ec(*i!+/, e '+/ +be*i!+/ e 'e

/+) pr+pi+/ < e '( c('i( m)im( reeri( p(r( (r()*i9(r e '+/

pr+c*+/, e/*=) e) /i)*+)( c+) '(/ )ece/i(e/ c'*r('e/, /+ci('e/,p+'*ic(/ < ec+)mic(/ e c(( p(/, e) p(r*ic'(r.

A' /eir c+) e/*e +re) e ie(/, e/ )ece/(ri+ e/*(c(r e, '(

ec(ci) ( !e)i+ pre/e)*()+ 3(''(/ e) // re/'*(+/ e) c()*+ (' '+r+

e // 3i)e/ < re)imie)*+ e/c+'(r. SeK) e/*i+/ re('i9(+/ p+r e' B()c+

M)i(' < '( NESCO 2012, '+/ re/'*(+/ /+) e/('e)*(+re/, e' primer+

(3irm( e e) c()*+ ( '(/ preb(/ e re)imie)*+ e/c+'(r, ;e)e9e'( +cp(

) '(r /i)i3ic(*i!(me)*e pre+cp()*e (' m+/*r(r e '( mei( e(pre)i9(e e '+/ e/*i()*e/ e primer, /e)+ < *ercer (+ e/ e 10

p)*+/ e) '( e/c('( e 0 (' 20.

A)*e e/*e p()+r(m( e/('e)*(+r, /e (ce )ece/(ri( )( re!i/i) e'

pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+, e '( 3)ci) e' +ce)*e e/e // 3)ci+)e/,

c(r(c*er/*ic(/, c+mpe*e)ci(/, e '( e/m+*i!(ci) e '+/ e/*i()*e/ ()*e

/ pr+ce/+ e (pre)i9(e < e '(/ c(/(/ e' b(+ re)imie)*+ (c(=mic+,

p(r( (/ i/e(r e/*r(*ei(/ i))+!(+r(/ e pe() /er K*i'e/ p(r(

p+*e)ci(r e) '+/ e/*i()*e/ e' '+r+ e '+/ +be*i!+/ e (pre)i9(e.

De i(' m()er(, (< +*r(/ c+)/ier(ci+)e/ ( *+m(r e) ce)*( (em>/

e' re)imie)*+ (c(=mic+ e '+/ e/*i()*e/, c+m+ /+) '(/ c(p(ci(e/

em+ci+)('e/ < re'(ci+)('e/ e /+) c+mpe*e)ci(/ !i*('e/ p(r( / e/(rr+''+

per/+)(' < pr+3e/i+)('. ;(''/ < Lpe9 2012 p'()*e(), e ()*e e/*(

re('i(, e' c+(ci) re3er9( '( (*+)+m(, '( cre(*i!i(, (*+e/*im(,

re/p+)/(bi'i(.

&+r *()*+, e/ e3ic(9 (''> +)e '(/ re)e/, c+)*r(rie(e/, (me)(9(/,(/ c+m+ *(mbi=), '+/ i3ere)*e/ mei+/ e per/(/i) *ie)e) )( e3ic(ci(

m< 'imi*((, repre/e)*( )( pr+pe/*( !>'i( c+m+ e/*r(*ei( p(r( e'

e/(rr+''+ e (bi'i(e/ em+ci+)('e/, re'(ci+)('e/, e 'ier(9+, ici+

6



cr*ic+ < (pre)i9(e, 3+r*('ecie)+ *()*+ (' +ce)*e c+m+ ( '+/ e/*i()*e/,

''e!>)+'+/ (' '+r+ e '+/ +be*i!+/ e (pre)i9(e.

C(be e/*(c(r, e e) '( E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( M(r( "er!(ci( Cre/p+ e

S+/(, bic(( e) e' M)icipi+ &('(!eci)+ e' E/*(+ L(r(, '( irec*+r( e '(i)/*i*ci) e) c+)!er/(ci) i)3+rm(' c+) '( i)!e/*i(+r( /e(' e '+/

e/*i()*e/ pre/e)*() b(+ re)imie)*+ e/c+'(r, e/m+*i!(ci) e) cmp'ir

c+) '+ (/i)(+, e/erci) e/c+'(r.

De i(' m()er( (')+/ e '+/ +ce)*e/ e '( mi/m( i)/*i*ci) ()

m()i3e/*(+ e )ece/i*() )e!(/ e/*r(*ei(/ p(r( (b+r(r e/*e pr+b'em(,

m()i3ie/*() /e)*ir imp+*e)ci( + e/c+)+cimie)*+ e) c()*+ ( cm+ '+r(r (

e /e( e' mi/m+ e/*i()*e ie) c+)/*r<( / c+)+cimie)*+, m()e+ e '(i)i/cip'i)( e) e' ('(, cm+ c(mbi(r e /er ) +ce)*e *r()/mi/+r e

i)3+rm(ci) ( ) p(r*icip()*e (c*i!+ )*+ (' e/*i()*e, cm+ me+r(r /

e/empe+ pr+3e/i+)('.

A)*e '+ ()*e/ e$pe/*+, /e p'()*e() '(/ pre)*(/ e e/*( i)!e/*i(ci):

C>'e/ 3)ci+)e/ e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ e/*>) pre/e)*e/ e) e' +ce)*e

e Ec(ci) &rim(ri(

C>'e/ /+) '(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e)

+ce)*e/ e Ec(ci) &rim(ri(

C>'e/ c+mpe*e)ci(/ e$ibe e' +ce)*e e Ec(ci) &rim(ri( e/e e'

c+(ci) ec(*i!+

E) = c+)/i/*e e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) e' eercici+ e

'( 3)ci) +ce)*e e) Ec(ci) &rim(ri(, E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( FM(r(

"er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r E' T(e &('(!eci)+, e/*(+ L(r(

O+,e$"-%s *e &' I(-es$".'"/(

7



1. Ie)*i3ic(r '(/ 3)ci+)e/ e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ e) +ce)*e/ e '(

E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( FM(r( "er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r E' T(e

&('(!eci)+, e/*(+ L(r(.2. De/cribir '(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei(/ e)

+ce)*e/ E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( FM(r( "er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r E'

T(e &('(!eci)+, e/*(+ L(r(.

-. De*ermi)(r '(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/ e '+/ +ce)*e/ e/e e' c+(ci)

ec(*i!+ e) '( E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( FM(r( "er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r

E' T(e &('(!eci)+, e/*(+ L(r(.

7. A)('i9(r e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) e' eercici+ e '(3)ci) +ce)*e e) Ec(ci) &rim(ri(, E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( FM(r( "er!(ci(

Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r E' T(e &('(!eci)+, e/*(+ L(r(

J0s$"1"'"/(

L( /+cie( e' /i'+ @@I /e c(r(c*eri9( p+r '+/ )mer+/+/ c(mbi+/

/+ci('e/ e () m+i3ic(+, //*()ci('me)*e, '+/ i/*i)*+/ >mbi*+/ e '(

c+)/*i*<e), < c+m+ e/ e!ie)*e, =/*+/ *(mbi=) () (3ec*(+ (' ec(*i!+.

E) c+)/ece)ci(, ic+/ c(mbi+/ () pr+!+c(+ e e' /i/*em( ec(*i!+

!(<( m+i3ic>)+/e, e) '( mei( e // p+/ibi'i(e/, p(r( (r re/pe/*( (

)ece/i(e/ /+ci('e/ e (/*( )+ (ce mc+ *iemp+ p+() /er

c+)/ier((/ *pic(/, e$iie)+ '( re/p+)/(bi'i( ec(*i!( e '+/

i3ere)*e/ (e)*e/ e 3+rm() p(r*e e )( c+m)i(, p(r( e '+/ ce)*r+/ec(*i!+/ pe() re/p+)er ( '(/ e$ie)ci( ec(*i!(/ < /+ci('e/,

(ec()+ / (c*(ci) e 3+rm( i)e( ( '( (*e)ci) ec(*i!(

per/+)('i9(( e ( e +3recer ( / e/*i()*(+.

8



E) e/*e /e)*i+, /re '( pre/e)*e i)!e/*i(ci) e repre/e)*( ) (p+r*e

/+ci(' (' c+)/ier(r e /e !i!e e) '( /+cie( e' c+)+cimie)*+, +)e e'

+ce)*e ebe (cer 3re)*e ( '+/ re*+/ e =/*( 'e pr+p+)e, p(r( e /e(

p+/ib'e (r )( re/pe/*( ec(*i!( (cer*((, ('c()9()+ '( c('i(ec(*i!( e '( /+cie( em()( < e, e +*r( 3+rm(, e/ imp+/ib'e

+3recer.

I('me)*e e) '+ pe(ic+, e' pre/e)*e e/*i+ repre/e)*( ) (p+r*e, ('

/e('(r e) / c+)*e)i+ e e/ preci/+ emp'e(r )e!(/ ie(/, )+!e+/(/

/+'ci+)e/ e permi*() me+r(r e' /i/*em( ec(*i!+, < (cer re('i( /

!er(er+ +be*i!+, b/c()+ '( e$ce'e)ci(, e/e '( i)/*rcci) p+r mei+

e '( (cci) +ce)*e e c+)''e!( ) c+))*+ e i/cip'i)(/ < eercici+/i)*e'ec*('e/ e)3+c(+/ ( '+r(r e' e/(rr+''+ < 3+rm(ci) i)*er(' e '+/

ci(()+/ e /er>) 'e+ i)/er*(+/ e) e' m)+ '(b+r(' < e '( /+cie(.

E) '+ cie)*3ic+, e' pre/e)*e e/*i+ re3eri+ ( e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+

e/*r(*ei( e) e' eercici+ e '( 3)ci) +ce)*e e) Ec(ci) &rim(ri(

c+)/*i*<e ) (p+r*e (' pre*e)er e/e / *e+r( imp'/(r ) eb(*e e

recpere '(/ c'(!e/ ec(*i!(/ e' *em( e '( c('i(, e repie)/e <

rec+)/*r<( '( pr($i/ ec(*i!(, '( e /ir!e p(r( c+)!i!ir )+ p(r( c+)3r+)*(r,

e) '( c(' *+(/ < *++/ /e() /e*+/P(c*+re/ < )+ /imp'e/ c+)/mi+re/ e

ie(/ p(r( '+/ /ere/ m()+/ < e)*re ci(()+/ p'e)+/.

I('me)*e, e) '+ me*++'ic+ e' re3eri+ e/*i+ bri)( ) (p+r*e ( +*r(/

i)!e/*i(ci+)e/ e/e '( e))ci(ci) e '(/ c+)c*(/ e)m(rc((/ e) e'

c+(ci) e)*re +*r+/ e // c+mp+)e)*e/, c+m+ e'eme)*+/ impre/ci)ib'e/

p(r( e e' +ce)*e pe( (*e)er, irecci+)(r, +rie)*(r '(/ )ece/i(e/ e

'+/ e/*i()*e/ e/e '(/ /i*(ci+)e/ p(r*ic'(re/ e /e 'e pre/e)*() e) e'

( ( ( e '( pr>c*ic( ec(*i!(.#i)('me)*e, e' e/*i+ /e /*i3ic( (' re/p+)er ( '(/ ')e(/ e

i)!e/*i(ci) e' Ce)*r+ e I)!e/*i(ci+)e/ &/ii>*ric(/, &/ic+'ic(/ <

Se$+'ic(/ e ;e)e9e'(, e) e' c(mp+ e' Apre)i9(e +r()i9(ci+)(',

*em>*ic( c+)c*( < ere)ci( c+) (p+<+ e *e)e)ci(/ emere)*e/, /b

9



*em( c+(ci), (ci( e' '+r+ e ) +ce)*e bie) p+*e)ci(+ c+m+ per/+)(

pr+3e/i+)(', c+mpr+me*i( c+) '( ec(ci), /ir!ie)+ e mei(+r + c+m+

()(mi(e e) '( 9+)( e e/(rr+''+ pr$im+ e' i)i!i+.

10



CAPÍTULO II

MARCO TEORICO

A($ee*e($es

T+( i)!e/*i(ci), *+m( e) c+)/ier(ci) '+/ (p+r*e/ *eric+/ re('i9(+/

p+r (*+re/ < e/peci('i/*(/ e) e' *em( ( +be*+ e e/*i+, e e/*( m()er( /ep+r> *e)er )( !i/i) (mp'i( /+bre e' mi/m+ < e' i)!e/*i(+r *e)r>

c+)+cimie)*+ e '+/ (e'()*+/ cie)*3ic+/ e) e/e (/pec*+. A *(' 3i) e) e'

pre/e)*e c(p*'+ /e e$p+)r>) '+/ ()*ecee)*e/ /+bre e' c+(ci) e

eme/*r() e' i)*er=/ e i!er/+/ (*+re/ e) e' *em(, ( )i!e' i)*er)(ci+)(',

)(ci+)(' < rei+)('.

Dic+/ ()*ecee)*e/ /e pre/e)*() e) +re) e/ce)e)*e (cie)+ )(

/)*e/i/ c+)cep*(' e '(/ i)!e/*i(ci+)e/ /+bre e' pr+b'em( 3+rm'(+ c+)

e' 3i) e e*ermi)(r e' e)3+e me*++'ic+ e '( mi/m( i)!e/*i(ci), (/

c+m+ *(mbi=) )( bre!e re/e( e '(/ m>/ re'e!()*e/ i)!e/*i(ci+)e/

re('i9((/, '(/ b(/e/ *eric(/ < 'e('e/ e //*e)*() '+/ p'()*e(mie)*+/ e

e/*e pr+<ec*+.

De e/*( 3+rm(, ( )i!e' i)*er)(ci+)(', &(cec+ 201-, re('i9 )(

i)!e/*i(ci) e) Ec(+r, e) '( )i!er/i( e Ce)c(, *i*'(+ FC+(ci)

c+m+ e/*r(*ei( me*++'ic( p(r( e)/e(r e'eme)*+/ e '( 'e)( ( '+/

e/*i()*e/ e' =cim+ e ec(ci) e)er(' b>/ic(G. E/*( i)!e/*i(ci) 3e(p'ic(( b(+ '+/ m=*++/ cie)*3ic+/, e/crip*i!+/, e$perime)*(' <

e/*(/*ic+, c+) i/e+ e$perime)*('.

L( p+b'(ci) e/*!+ c+)3+rm(( p+r '+/ +ce)*e/ e '(/ i)/*i*ci+)e/

ec(*i!(/ /ec)(ri(/ e '( pr+!i)ci( e H()c(<+ < '( me/*r(,

11



c+)3+rm(( p+r '+/ +ce)*e/ e '(/ i)/*i*ci+)e/ ec(*i!(/: S('e/i()+

S()*( R+/( < S('e/i()+ T=c)ic+ D+) B+/c+ e H()c(<+. L(/ *=c)ic(/

*i'i9((/ 3er+) '( +b/er!(ci), e)ce/*( < e' 3ic(e. A/imi/m+ e) '(/

*=c)ic(/ e pr+ce/(mie)*+ < ()>'i/i/ e (*+/ /e *i'i9(r+) '( e/*(/*ic(e/crip*i!( e i)3ere)ci('.

A' c+)c'ir e' (*+r, /+/*ie)e e e' +ce)*e ebe e/*(r bie) c+mpe)e*r(+

e) '(/ re'(ci+)e/ e i)*erre'(ci+)e/ c+) // e/*i()*e/, e m()er( e

percib( < /e /ie)*( p'e)(me)*e ie)*i3ic(+ c+m+ 'er +ce)*e,

c+)cre*(me)*e, m+*i!(+ c+) '+/ c+)+cimie)*+/ e pr+p+rci+)( < '+ e

e/*+/ e)er() e) pr+ e (r'e p(/+ ( '(/ i))+!(ci+)e/ ec(*i!(/.

E/*e e/*i+ 3)(me)*( '( i)!e/*i(ci) pr+pe/*(, pe/*+ e !e e'c+(ci), c+m+ e/*r(*ei( p(r( +r()i9(r e' *r(b(+ ( *r(!=/ e c'(!e/ p(r(

e' e/(rr+''+ per/+)(', e$*r(( e/e // pr+pi+/ c+)+cimie)*+/ <

e$perie)ci(, i)(mi9()+ e e/*( m()er( '(/ (bi'i(e/ < c+mpe*e)ci(/

'+r()+ '+/ +be*i!+/ pr+pe/*+/ < e' e '+/ em>/, (/ c+m+ *(mbi=),

(<()+ ( e/(rr+''(r e' p+*e)ci(' p(r( e' e/empe+ '(b+r(' < '( c(p(ci(

p(r( e' m()e+ e pr+b'em(/ e)*r+ e' ('(.

E) e' >mbi*+ )(ci+)(', M(r+*+ 2012, re('i9 )( i)!e/*i(ci) *i*'((

c+(ci) c+m+ ('*er)(*i!( p(r( me+r(r '( e)/e()9( e '(/ ec(ci+)e/

c(r>*ic(/, e) '( )i!er/i( e L+/ A)e/ LA, M=ri(, b(+ )(

i)!e/*i(ci) e *ip+ bib'i+r>3ic(+cme)*(' < e c(mp+ c+) '( *i'i9(ci)

e '( *=c)ic( e e)ce/*( irec*(, < e' )i!e' e '( i)!e/*i(ci) e/ e/crip*i!(

re3'e$i!(,. L( p+b'(ci) *r(b((( 3e e 8 +ce)*e/ e' primer (+ e

b(ci''er(*+ e '( i)/*i*ci) ec(*i!( +be*+ e e/*i+, p+r e' )Kmer+

reci+ e '( p+b'(ci) /e *r(b( e) / *+*('i(.

L+/ re/'*(+/ e!ie)ci(r+) '( c(re)ci( e +ce)*e/ e eec*e) '(e/*r(*ei( e c+(ci), p(r( (p+<(r (' e/*i()*e c()+ em()( (<(,

percibie)+ e) (')(/ ('(/ p+c( i)*er(cci) c+) e' eip+ +ce)*e,

re('i9()+ '(/ (c*i!i(e/ /eK) /+) c+)/ier((/ /i) *+m(r e) ce)*( '(

re('i( pre/e)*e < '( p'()i3ic(ci). A/imi/m+, '+/ +ce)*e/ m()i3ie/*()

12



i)c+)/i/*e)ci( e) '+ e$pre/(+ c+) re/pec*+ ( '+ e/(rr+''(+ e) / pr>c*ic(

pe(ic(, /i) m+/*r(r c+)!icci) e '+/ (/pec*+/ e/e(+/. E) /

c+)c*( /e percibe p+c+ i)*er=/ e !i/i) < mi/i) (cerc( e '+ e e/, '+

e /(be) < pee) (r ( '+/ e/*i()*e/.De i(' m()er(, /e +b/er!( e '( p(r*icip(ci) e (')+/ +ce)*e/ e)

*(''ere/ e 3+rm(ci) p+r p(r*e e' m+!imie)*+ e/ e$ii+, e/ ecir, )+ *ie)e)

i)ici(*i!( p(r( p(r*icip(r e m()er( e/p+)*>)e(, /ie)+ (cr*ic+/ <

re/i/*e)*e/ ( )e!+/ c(mbi+/. T(mbi=) /e +b/er!( )( pr>c*ic( pe(ic(

e/(rr+''(( < b(/(( e) m=*++/ *r(ici+)('e/, (' mi/m+ *iemp+, '(/

e/*r(*ei(/ *i'i9((/, re3er9() '( repe*ici) /i) (r'e p(/+ ( '( e)er(ci)

e ie(/ < re/+'ci) e pr+b'em(.E) e' mi/m+ >mbi*+ )(ci+)(', /e pre/e)*( '( i)!e/*i(ci) e Me)( 2011,

e) '( ci( e M(r(c(ib+, *i*'(+ e' c+(ci) < c+mpe*e)ci(/ c+)i*i!(/ e

'+/ irec*+re/ e) '( e/ce'( prim(ri(. L( i)!e/*i(ci) 3e e *ip+ e/crip*i!(,

(p'ic(( < c+rre'(ci+)(' c+) i/e+ )+ e$perime)*(' e c(mp+, '( p+b'(ci)

*i'i9(( 3e e 76 irec*+re/. Se *i'i9(r+) +/ ce/*i+)(ri+/, e' primer+ c+)

72 *em/ p(r( C+(ci) e' /e)+, c+) 21 re(c*i!+/ p(r( C+mpe*e)ci(/

C+)i*i!(/, c+) ('*er)(*i!(/ Lier* e re/pe/*(/. ;('i(+/ mei()*e e' ici+

e - e$per*+/, p(r( '( c+)3i(bi'i(, /e (p'ic e' c+e3icie)*e e Cr+)b(c,

(rr+()+ re/'*(+/ 0,?7 < 0,0 re/pec*i!(me)*e. Se *i'i9 '( e/*(/*ic(

e/crip*i!(.

E) !i/*( e '+/ re/'*(+/ +b*e)i+/ (' 3i)(' e '( i)!e/*i(ci), e' (*+r

c+)c'<e e e) '( mei( e) e /e() me+r((/ '(/ (bi'i(e/ e'

c+(ci) e) e' +ce)*e, /er>) per3ecci+)((/ '(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/ c+)i*i!(/

e) '+/ e/*i()*e/, p+r '+ e /e rec+me) '( +r()i9(ci) e ) c+))*+

e cr/+/, *(''ere/ < e)ce)*r+/ !i!e)ci('e/ e 'e/ permi*( ( '+/ irec*+re/e e/ce'( ''e!(r )( e/*i) b(/(( e) '+/ pri)cipi+/ e '( e$ce'e)ci( (

*r(!=/ e '( (p'ic(ci) e' c+(ci).

E' ()*ecee)*e ()*e/ me)ci+)(+, (rr+( imp+r*()*e/ re/'*(+/

c+)re)*e/ c+) '( pre/e)*e i)!e/*i(ci), <( e (3irm( e, (' me+r(r '(/

13



(bi'i(e/ e c+(ci) me+r(r>) '(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/ c+)i*i!(/, p+r '+ c('

'( (*+r( c+)/ier( e e/*+ pr+!+c(r> )( p+*e)ci(ci) e) e' ('c()ce e'

3+r*('ecimie)*+ e '( 3)ci) +ce)*e, +)e '(/ e/ce'(/ ebe) prep(r(r/e

p(r( )e!(/ irec*rice/, pr+r(m(/ < me*++'+(/ e e)/e()9((pre)i9(e, p(r( *e)er e' =$i*+ e )ece/i*() c+m+ ec(+re/, 3+rm(+re/,

!ie)+ e' (pre)i9(e )+ c+m+ e' m()e+ c(*e'+/+ + c+)3/+ e

c+)+cimie)*+/, e ('', e /e c+)/iere '( )ece/i( e c+)*(r c+) +ce)*e/

e m()i3ie/*e) (p'ic(r e' C+(ci) ec(*i!+.

E) e' mi/m+ +re) e ie(/, e) e' >mbi*+ rei+)(' /e () re('i9(+

i)!e/*i(ci+)e/ /+bre e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+, c+m+ e/ e' c(/+ e Cee+

2010, ie) re('i9 )( i)!e/*i(ci) +rie)*(( ( e*ermi)(r e' c+(ci)c+m+ err(mie)*( ere)ci(' p(r( +p*imi9(r e' e/empe+ '(b+r(' e' +ce)*e

e '( )i!er/i( N(ci+)(' E$perime)*(' e '(/ #er9(/ Arm((/ NE#A

)Kc'e+ B(ri/ime*+, e/*(+ L(r(.

E/*e e/*i+ /e e)m(rc, e) )( i)!e/*i(ci) e c(mp+, e m+('i(

e/crip*i!(, c<+ +be*i!+ /e b(/ e) e*ermi)(r '( /i*(ci) (c*(' e'

e/empe+ e '+/ +ce)*e/ < / c+)+cimie)*+ /+bre '(/ e/*r(*ei(/ e'

c+(ci) e pee) /er (p'ic(b'e/ e) e' >mbi*+ ec(*i!+. &(r( e/*e 3i), /e

*i'i9 c+m+ *=c)ic( e rec+'ecci) e (*+/, '( e)ce/*(, < c+m+

i)/*rme)*+ ) ce/*i+)(ri+ irii+ ( '( me/*r(, c+)/*i*i( p+r *rei)*( -0

+ce)*e/.

E' i)/*rme)*+ *i'i9(+, 3e !('i(+ p+r e$per*+/ e) '(/ >re(/ *em>*ic(/ <

/ c+)3i(bi'i( /e e*ermi) *r(/ '( (p'ic(ci) e' C+e3icie)*e A'3( e

Cr+)b(c, e' c(', pr++ ) re/'*(+ e 0,?-, i)ic(*i!+ e )( (mp'i(

c+)3i(bi'i(. &(r( e' ()>'i/i/ e '+/ re/'*(+/, /e *i'i9 '( e/*(/*ic(

e/crip*i!(. Se c+)c'< e e$i/*e) (')(/ ebi'i(e/ e) c()*+ ('e/empe+ e' per/+)(' ((/ '(/ 'imi*(ci+)e/ e /p+)e '( p+'*ic(

i)/*i*ci+)(' e) c()*+ ( '( e$i/*e)ci( e' C+(ci) ec(*i!+ < '( 3+rm(ci)

b(/(( e) '(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/ e '+/ +ce)*e/ c+) e' 3i) e '+r(r me+re/

14



re/'*(+/ e) e' cmp'imie)*+ e // 3)ci+)e/, (em>/ e bri)(r )(

ec(ci) e c('i(.

I('me)*e, e' (*+r e '( re3eri( i)!e/*i(ci) rec+me) )( m(<+r

(per*r( ( '+/ c(mbi+/ < (' /+ e '(/ )e!(/ e/*r(*ei(/ ere)ci('e/ e) e'('( p(r( 3+r*('ecer '( e/*i) e' +ce)*e e/e '( pr($i/ ec(*i!(. Dic(/

rec+me)(ci+)e/ *ie)e) re'(ci) c+) '( pre/e)*e i)!e/*i(ci), <( e (b'(

e (r '(r ( c(mbi+/ e) e' ('( e c+)''e!e) ( ) me+r e/empe+

+ce)*e e) // (c*i!i(e/ e e)/e()9( ( *r(!=/ e' c+(ci).

&+r / p(r*e, e) e' mi/m+ )i!e' rei+)(' L(re/ 2010, re('i9 )(

i)!e/*i(ci) *i*'(( FE' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( p(r( p+*e)ci(r

'( **+r( (ci( e' =$i*+ r()*e '( e*(p( e e/(rr+''+ < c'mi)(ci) e'*r(b(+ e/peci(' e r(+G, re('i9(+ e) '( )i!er/i( &e(ic(

E$perime)*(' Liber*(+r e) ;e)e9e'(, e) B(ri/ime*+, e/*(+ L(r(.

Mme*++'ic(me)*e, /e e)m(rc e)*r+ e )( i)!e/*i(ci) e c(mp+ e

c(r>c*er e/crip*i!+, e) '( c(' 3e c(r(c*eri9(( '( /i*(ci) e pre/e)*( '(

e/*i) +ce)*e re('i9(( r()*e e' pr+ce/+ e **+r( e' Tr(b(+ E/peci('

e "r(+ e '( c(rrer(

E' i)/*rme)*+ p(r( '( rec+'ecci) e (*+/ /e'ecci+)(+ 3e e'

ce/*i+)(ri+, b(+ '( e/c('( *ip+ Lier* e *rei)*( < ) -1 pre)*(/

c+)/*i*i(/ p+r ('*er)(*i!(/ 3i(/ cerr((/, '(/ c('e/ reiere) re/pe/*(/

c+r*(/ < c+)cre*(/. L( primer( p(r*e c+)/*( e ieci/=i/ 16 pre)*(/

(p+<((/ e) e' m=*++ e e/c('( *ip+ Lier*, c+) c(*r+ +pci+)e/ e

re/pe/*(/, Siempre 7, C(/i Siempre -, C(/i N)c( 2, N)c( 1.

L+/ mi/m+/, permi*ier+) +b*e)er )( p)*(ci) 3i)(' p+r c(( /e*+ e

'( p+b'(ci) me/*r(' e re/p+)i ( c(( (3irm(ci), ( '(/ c('e/ /e 'e/

(/i) ) !('+r )m=ric+ e c(*r+ 7 ( ) 1 p)*+, e) +re) e/ce)e)*ee) ) '(p/+ e *re/ 0- /em()(/, ( )( p+b'(ci) c+)3+rm(( p+r c(re)*(

70 +ce)*e/**+re/ e '(b+r() e) '( e/peci('i( e M(*em>*ic(/

E) e/*e /e)*i+, '( i)!e/*i(ci) /e ie)*i3ic c+) '( mi/i) )i!er/i*(ri( e

pr+m+!er, e)er(r < i3)ir c+)+cimie)*+/ ( *r(!=/ e '( i)!e/*i(ci) <, ('

15



mi/m+ *iemp+, c+m+ p(r*e e '( !i)c'(ci) e '( )i!er/i( ebe

m()*e)er c+) e' e)*+r)+, (' c+)*emp'(r e) // p'()e/ e 3+rm(ci)

pr+3e/i+)(', e' e/(rr+''+ e c+mpe*e)ci(/ e permi*() c+)*ribir ('

e/(rr+''+ e '( /+cie(. E' (*+r, ''e ( '( c+)c'/i) e e e' c+(ci)c+)*rib<e (' e/(rr+''+ i)*er(' e' i)i!i+, (' permi*ir'e ( *r(!=/ e )

pr+ce/+ e (cci)re3'e$i), empre)er ) c+))*+ e i)ici(*i!(/

*r()/3+rm(+r(/ < c+)/cie)*e/ irii(/ ( p+*e)ci(r / c(p(ci( e =$i*+,

(/ c+m+ / e/(rr+''+ per/+)(' < pr+3e/i+)('.

E' c+)*e$*+ e e/*( i)!e/*i(ci) me/*r( e/*rec( re'(ci) < //*e)*+

*eric+ ( '( i)!e/*i(ci) pr+pe/*(, pe/*+ e /e pre*e)e (r ( c+)+cer

'+/ cri*eri+/ e c+)*rib<() (' '+r+ e' (ie/*r(mie)*+ e' per/+)(' e3ec*i!+,c(p(ce/ e cmp'ir c+) '(/ e$ie)ci(/ e) '+/ pr+ce/+/ e *r(b(+ ( *r(!=/

e' C+(ci) e) '(/ i3ere)*e/ >re(/ e' c+)+cimie)*+, p(r( me+r(r e'

e/empe+, cre()+ (mbie)*e/ e (pre)i9(e/ p(r( e' m()e+ (ec(+

e '+/ i)c+)!e)ie)*e/ e /r() e) e' pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+.

L+/ ()*ecee)*e/ ()*e/ e$pe/*+/ re3eri+/ *()*+ (' C+(ci) ec(*i!+

c+m+ ( '( 3)ci) +ce)*e, permi*ier+) ( '( i)!e/*i(+r( //*e)*(r '(/ b(/e/

*eric(/ < me*++'ic(/ e' e/*i+ e /e ''e! ( c(b+, ()(+ ( e p+r

'( re'(ci) c+) '( *em>*ic( i)!e/*i(( /e p+ c+mp(r(r '+/ re/'*(+/ p(r(

e*ermi)(r '(/ i3ere)ci(/ < /eme()9(/ e)c+)*r((/.

B'ses Te/!"'s

A c+)*i)(ci) /e pre/e)*( )( bK/e( *()*+ e*(''(( c+m+ c+)cre*(

+)e e' *em( < '( *em>*ic( e' +be*+ ( i)!e/*i(r *ie)e) ) /+p+r*e *eric+,

e /e pee eb(*ir, (mp'i(r, c+)cep*('i9(r < c+)c'ir. L( re/e( e e/*e,(p(r*e e' e/*i+ i)ic( e *eric+/ e/ e' e !( ( /er!ir e p(*( e) '(

pre/e)*e i)!e/*i(ci). E/*+/ 3)(me)*+/ *eric+/ !() ( permi*ir pre/e)*(r

)( /erie e c+)cep*+/, e c+)/*i*<e) ) cerp+ )i*(ri+ < )+ /imp'eme)*e

) c+))*+ (rbi*r(ri+ e e3i)ici+)e/, p+r mei+ e' c(' /e /i/*em(*i9(),

16



c'(/i3ic() < re'(ci+)() e)*re / '+/ 3e)me)+/ p(r*ic'(re/ e/*i(+/, c<+

pr+p/i*+ e/ (r ( '( i)!e/*i(ci) ) /i/*em( c++ri)(+ < c+ere)*e e

c+)cep*+/ < pr+p+/ici+)e/ e permi*() (b+r(r e' pr+b'em(.

Te%!2's 30e S0s$e($'( &' I(-es$".'"/(

Te%!2' C%.("$"-% S%"'& *e& A#!e(*"4',e

A&+e!$ B'(*0!'

L( pre/e)*e i)!e/*i(ci) e/*> e)m(rc(( e) e' (pre)i9(e /+ci(' eB()r( 1???, ie) c+)/ier( e e' +mbre e/ ) /er /+ci(' p+r

e$ce'e)ci(, e/*+ /e eri!( e '( )ece/i( e *ie)e e c+m)ic(r/e, e

c+mp(r*ir c+) +*r(/ per/+)(/ // ie(/, e$perie)ci(/, /e)*imie)*+/,

c+)+cimie)*+/ '+r()+ c+) e''+ '( i)*er(cci) e i)*erpre*(ci) e )(

/i*(ci) e/pec3ic( e) e' c+)*e$*+ m()+ /+ci('.

De e/*( 3+rm(, e' *eric+ 3+rm' )( *e+r( e' (pre)i9(e e) '( e (

p(r*ir e '+/ c+)cep*+/ e re3er9+/ < +b/er!(ci) ( i+ c+)ceie)+ m>/

imp+r*()ci( ( '+/ pr+ce/+/ me)*('e/ i)*er)+/ c+)i*i!+/ (/ c+m+ '(

i)*er(cci) e' /e*+ c+) '+/ em>/. Se('( e '+/ m()+/ (iere)

e/*re9(/ < c+)c*(/ e m++ +per()*e e i)/*rme)*(', c+br()+ 3er9( e'

+ce)*e c+m+ (e)*e e c(mbi+, p+r c()*+ '(/ i)/*i*ci+)e/ ec(*i!(/ /+)

+r()i9(ci+)e/ /+ci('e/ < c+m+ *('e/ ebe) e/*(r ie)*i3ic((/ c+) e'

erec+ e '+/ e/*i()*e/ ( ec(ci) e c('i(, ( 3i) e '+r(r /

3+r*('ecimie)*+ < c+)*ribir ( '( 3+rm(ci) i)*er(' e' mi/m+.

He ('', e B()r( Op. Ci* c+'+c( e re'ie!e cm+, e)*re '(+b/er!(ci) < '( imi*(ci), i)*er!ie)e) 3(c*+re/ c+)i*i!+/ e (<() ('

/e*+ ( eciir /i '+ +b/er!(+ /e imi*( + )+, e) ic+ pr+ce/+ '(

+b/er!(ci) e imi*(ci) e) e' /e*+ c()+ *+m( c+m+ m+e'+ ( '+/ p(re/,

ec(+re/, (mi+/ < (/*( '+/ =r+e/ e *e'e!i/i). &+r *()*+, e' +ce)*e

17



ebe p+/eer )( (c*i* cr*ic(, p+/i*i!( < (bier*( ( '(/ p+/ibi'i(e/ e

c(mbi+ < e /per(ci) perm()e)*e, e/pri* e /er!ici+, /'i+/ pri)cipi+/

=*ic+/, p+/ee+re/ e c(r(c*er/*ic(/, (c*i*e/ per/+)('e/ e 'e/ permi*e

i)*erpre*(r < e/empe(r / r+' e) '( c+m)i( < /er !er(er+/ eemp'+/e ec(ci) ci(()(, p(r( m+*i!(r (' e/*i()*e e) / pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+.

De (cer+ c+) e' ci*(+ *eric+, e' c+mp+r*(mie)*+ )+ /e e/(rr+''(

e$c'/i!(me)*e ( *r(!=/ e '+ e (pre)e e' i)i!i+ irec*(me)*e p+r

mei+ e' c+)ici+)(mie)*+ +per()*e < c'>/ic+, /i)+ *(mbi=) ( *r(!=/ e '+

e (pre)e i)irec*(me)*e !ic(ri(me)*e mei()*e '( +b/er!(ci) < '(

repre/e)*(ci) /imb'ic( e +*r(/ per/+)(/ < /i*(ci+)e/, +)e '+/ e3ec*+/

e '+/ pr+ce/+/ !ic(ri+/ pee) /er *() (mp'i+/ < /i)i3ic(*i!+/ c+m+ '+/e3ec*+/ e' (pre)i9(e irec*+.

De e/*( 3+rm(, *+(/ e/*(/ !(ri()*e/ permi*ier+) ( B()r( Op. Ci*

e/*(b'ecer e e$i/*e) cier*+/ pri)cipi+/ e)!e'*+/ e) e' pr+ce/+ e

m+e'(+: C+m+ e' e A*e)ci): &(r( (pre)er ('+, /e )ece/i*( e/*(r

pre/*()+ (*e)ci). De '( mi/m( m()er(, *++ (e''+ e /p+)( ) 3re)+

( '( (*e)ci), re/'*(r> e) ) e*rime)*+ e' (pre)i9(e, i)c'<e)+ e'

(pre)i9(e p+r +b/er!(ci).

&+r / p(r*e e' pri)cipi+ e Re*e)ci), B()r( +p. Ci* /e('( e /e

*r(*( e /er c(p(9 e rec+r(r (e''+ ( '+ e /e 'e ( pre/*(+ (*e)ci).

A e/ +)e '( im(i)(ci) < e' 'e)(e e)*r() e) e+: /e (r( '+ e

/e ( !i/*+ (cer (' m+e'+ e) 3+rm( e im>e)e/ me)*('e/ + e/cripci+)e/

!erb('e/. )( !e9 F(rci!(+/G, /e pee (cer re/rir '( im(e) +

e/cripci) e m()er( e /e pe( repr+cir'(/ c+) e' pr+pi+

c+mp+r*(mie)*+.

E) c()*+ (' pri)cipi+ e Repr+cci). E) e/*e p)*+, /e *r(ce '(/im>e)e/ + e/cripci+)e/ (' c+mp+r*(mie)*+ (c*('. &+r *()*+, '+ primer+ e

'+ e /e ebe /er c(p(9 e/ e repr+cir e' c+mp+r*(mie)*+. O*r( ce/*i)

imp+r*()*e c+) re/pec*+ ( '( repr+cci) e/ e '( (bi'i( p(r( imi*(r

me+r( c+) '( pr>c*ic( e '+/ c+mp+r*(mie)*+/ e)!e'*+/ e) '( *(re(. &+r +*r(

18



p(r*e e' pri)cipi+ e M+*i!(ci) c+)/i/*e e) e/*(r m+*i!(+ ( imi*(r e/ ecir,

( me)+/ e /e *e)( be)(/ r(9+)e/ p(r( (cer'+.

I('me)*e, B()r( me)ci+)( )( /erie e m+*i!+/ c+m+: Re3er9+

p(/(+, c+m+ e' c+)c*i/m+ *r(ici+)(' + c'>/ic+, re3er9+/ pr+me*i+/,i)ce)*i!+/ e p+(m+/ im(i)(r, re3er9+ !ic(ri+, '( p+/ibi'i( e percibir

< recper(r e' m+e'+ c+m+ re3+r9(+r. E' p(r(im( e' M+e'(mie)*+

C+)c*(' e B()r( e/ e' /iie)*e:

E O R C

D+)e FEG E/*m'+: E/ ) m+e'+ ie) repre/e)*( )( 3ir( c+)

p+er, i/crimi)(*i!+ c+) c(r(c*er/*ic(/ re3+r9()*e/ e pr+ce) +rii)()

c(mbi+/ e) e' (mbie)*e i)*er)+ < e$*er)+ e (c*K( /+bre e' +r()i/m+ <

e/e)c(e)( )( re/pe/*(, eemp'+: L( pe/*( e) pr>c*ic( e' c+(ci)

ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) e' eercici+ e '( 3)ci) +ce)*e.

E) c()*+ ( '( /i'( OG Or()i/m+: E/ '+ e +crre i)*er)(me)*e e) '(

per/+)( ie) pr+ce/( '( i)3+rm(ci) pr+!e)ie)*e e' e/*m'+, e) e' mi/m+

/e e)ce)*r() i)mer/+/ 3(c*+re/ per/+)('e/ c+m+: ie(/, cree)ci(/,

e$perie)ci(/, /e)*imie)*+/, pe)/(mie)*+/, )ece/i(e/, e/ ecir, e' e)*+r)+

+3rece c+)ici+)e/ e 3(!+rece) + )+ eemp'+: e' e/*i()*e /e /ie)*e

re3+r9(+, <( e e' pr+3e/+r 'e e/cc(, 'e c+)+ce < b/c( '( me+r m()er(

e (<(r'e e) // i3ic'*(e/ ec(*i!(/.

A/imi/m+, '( FRG Re/pe/*(: re/'*(+ e '( i)*er(cci) e' i)i!i+ < e'

(mbie)*e c+m+ ((p*(ci) (' mei+, eemp'+: E' e/*i()*e c+mie)9( (

i)*er(c*(r c+) e' +ce)*e c+(c, me+r()+ '(/ re'(ci+)e/ < '(/

c+mpe*e)ci(/ e)*re e''+/, p(r( ('c()9(r e' =$i*+ r()*e e' cr/+.L( /i'( FCG C+)/ece)ci(: e/ e' e!e)*+ + /i*(ci) e' mei+ (mbie)*e

i)*er)+ + e$*er)+ e /ie i)mei(*(me)*e ( '( re/pe/*(, /+) imp+r*()*e/

'+/ re3er9+/ e (<() ( 3i(r '( c+)c*(, eemp'+: e' e/*i()*e (iere

19



c+)cie)ci( e // c(p(ci(e/ < (me)*() / i'/i) p+r e' e/*i+, ('

/e)*ir/e m+*i!(+.

E) e/e /e)*i+, e' p(r(im( /+/*ie)e e '+/ pr+ce/+/ c+)i*i!+/ e'

pe)/(mie)*+ +crre) e) b(/e ( percepci+)e/, /p+/ici+)e/ e (c*i!()e/*(+/ e >)im+ < em+ci+)e/, e pr+ce) re/pe/*(/ e) e' +r()i/m+,

'(/ c('e/ /+) e$*eri+ri9((/ e) 3+rm( e c+)c*(/ ((p*((/ +

e/((p*((/. A' (b+r(r e' *em( e '(/ c+)c*(/ )+ +per(*i!(/, B()r(

+b.ci*, /e('( e e/*+/ c+mp+r*(mie)*+/ e' i)i!i+ /+) )ece/(ri(me)*e

( *r(!=/ e' (pre)i9(e /+ci(', ic+ c+mp+r*(mie)*+ e/ e*ermi)(+ p+r '(

imi*(ci) i)i/crimi)(( e '(/ 3ir(/ e () /i+ m+e'+/ /i)i3ic(*i!+/ e)

'( !i( e' /e*+. E) /)*e/i/ < c+m+ e'eme)*+ 3)(me)*(' p(r( '( pre/e)*e i)!e/*i(ci),

'( Te+r( e' Apre)i9(e p+r Ob/er!(ci) e B()r(, permi*e //*e)*(r '(

pr+pe/*( e e e' +ce)*e e/ ) m+e'+ ()*e // e/*i()*e/ c+)re)*e

c+) // pr+pi(/ c(p(ci(e/, i)*ere/e/, !('+re/ p(r( e' '+r+ e e '+/

i)i!i+/ (/m() / pr+pi( re/p+)/(bi'i( < c+)*r+' e) '( (i/ici) e'

pr+pi+ c+)+cimie)*+ < (bi'i(e/, c+)/ier>)+/e ) 3(c*+r c'(!e e) e'

e/empe+ (c(=mic+ e '+/ e/*i()*e/ < e) '( (c*(ci) '(b+r(' e '+/

pr+3e/i+)('e/ e' 3*r+, ()*e '+ e$pe/*+ /re e' m+e'+ e (*+e3ic(ci( e

B()r( A'ber* re/e(+ ( c+)*i)(ci).

M%*e&% *e &' A0$%e1"'"' *e& D!5 A&+e!$ B'(*0!'

E' (b+r(e e '( *e+r( e '( (*+e3ic(ci( e' Dr. A'ber* B()r(, e

/e('( e =/*( /e //*e)*( e) '( c+)3i()9(, e) '( c(p(ci( e / mi/m+

p(r( ''e!(r ( c(b+ )( *(re( + c+me*er )( me*( e*ermi)((. E) e/*e/e)*i+, '( (*+e3ic(ci( e/ i3ere)*e e '( )+ci) e (*+e/*im(, e /i)i3ic(,

e' +r''+ e /ie)*e ('ie) p+r (ber c+mp'e*(+ )( *(re( (premi()*e,

B()r( 1?88 (p)*(, e '( cree)ci( e '( per/+)( /+bre / e3ic(ci( /e

pee e/(rr+''(r p+r c(*r+ 3e)*e/ pri)cip('e/ e '( i)3'e)ci(:

20



&rimer(me)*e, p+r '( (i/ici) r((' e c+mp'e(/ c(p(ci(e/

c+)i*i!(/, /+ci('e/, 'i)Q/*ic(/ < 3/ic(/ ( *r(!=/ e '( e$perie)ci(. L+/

=$i*+/ c+)/*r<e) )( cree)ci( r+b/*( e) / e3ic(ci( per/+)('. L(/ 3('*(/ '(

mi)(), e/peci('me)*e /i +crre) '(/ 3('*(/ ()*e/ e e ) /e)*i+ e '(e3ic(ci( /e e/*(b'e9c( 3irmeme)*e.

C+)*i)K() e$pre/()+ e' *eric+, e p+r '(/ e$perie)ci(/ !ic(ri(/

pr+p+rci+)((/ p+r '+/ m+e'+/ /+ci('e/. ;ie)+ '( per/+)( /imi'(r ( +*r+

*e)ie)+ =$i*+, /e (pre)e. De '( mi/m( m()er(, +b/er!()+ ( +*r+/ 3(''(r (

pe/(r e' ('*+ e/3er9+, e/('ie)*( ( '(/ per/+)(/ e / pr+pi( e3ic(ci( <

rece // e/3er9+/, *(mbi=) p+r '( per/(/i) /+ci(' c+m+ m()er( e

c+)/+'i(r '( cree)ci( e '( per/+)( p(r( *e)er =$i*+. E' i)i!i+ e /eper/(e !erb('me)*e, p+/ee '(/ c(p(ci(e/ p(r( +mi)(r (c*i!i(e/

((/ < e/ pr+b(b'e m+!i'i9(r m(<+r e/3er9+ < /+/*e)er'+ c()+ /e

pre/e)*() '+/ pr+b'em(/.

E/*( *e+r( /e re/me, e '+/ i)i!i+/ /e pr+r(m() ( / mi/m+/ p(r(

e' =$i*+ + p(r( e' 3r(c(/+, eec*()+ // e$pec*(*i!(/ e (*+e3ic(ci(. L+/

re/'*(+/ p+/i*i!+/ + )e(*i!+/ /+) c+)/ece)*eme)*e re*r+('ime)*(ci)

p(r( '( b(/e e e$perie)ci( per/+)(' e' i)i!i+. De e/*( m()er(, e'

+ce)*e ebe +3recer (' )i+( e$perie)ci(/ e (pre)i9(e/ e/e e'

c+(ci) c+) e' 3i) e Fe)/e(r'e e' m)+G e 3+rm( *()*+ /i)i3ic(*i!( c+m+

*r(/ce)e)*e, e/e ) (mbie)*e e (pre)i9(e (ec(+, 3(ci'i*()+ e'

pr+ce/+ perm()e)*e e e)/e()9((pre)i9(e p(r( *r(b((r c+) '(/

)ece/i(e/, i)*ere/e/, p+*e)ci('i(e/ e '+/ )i+/ < )i(/.

A' re/pec*+, ;i'+ri( 2008 re3iere e ec(r e/ ) (r*e e imp'ic(

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(mbie)*e < e/p(ci+/ e (pre)i9(e/, '+/ ee/ crric'(re/: 'Kic+, (3ec*i!+ ei)*e'ie)ci(, e m()er( e e' +ce)*e /e( c(p(9 e (<(r ( +*r+/ (

(pre)er, pe)/(r, /e)*ir, (c*(r < e/(rr+''(r/e c+m+ per/+)(/ e m()er(

i)*er(', '+r()+ e' p'e)+ e/(rr+''+ e '( per/+)('i(.

21



Dic+ e +*r+ m++, p(r(3r(/e()+ (' (*+r ()*eri+rme)*e ci*(+ '( 3)ci)

e' +ce)*e e e)*r+ e '( i)/*i*ci) cmp'( c+) e' per3i' )ece/(ri+ p(r(

e/*( (c*i!i( pe(ic(, ebe m+e'(r c+)c*(/ e) e' e/*i()*e e/e

'(/ e/*r(*ei(/ e p+*e)cie) '(/ 3+r*('e9(/ < e'imi)e), e /er p+/ib'e, //ebi'i(e/ ( 3i) e '+r(r e' e/(rr+''+ i)*er(' e' e/*i()*e, e/(rr+''()+

/ p+*e)ci(' c+m+ per/+)(, 3+r*('ecie)+ / c+)3i()9(, (*+e/*im( < e'

crecimie)*+ per/+)('.

&(r( i'/*r(r '+ e$pe/*+, '( i)!e/*i(+r( re('i9 e' /iie)*e e/em(

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m()+ ( empre)er c+)c*(/ e/pec3ic(/ e) 3)ci) e '+/ '+r+/ e

22

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=/*e pre*e)e ('c()9(r. C+m+ '+ /e('( S()ir 200? FM(/ )+ b(/*( c+)

c+)+cer c+) c'(ri( (e''+ e e/e(m+/ '+r(r, )i *(mp+c+ e' me+r

mei+ p(r( p+er c+)/eir'+. N+ b(/*( c+) /er c(p(9 e e/ preci/+

9(r/e c(p(9 e *i'i9(r '(/ c(p(ci(e/ < (bi'i(e/ per/+)('e/ ()*ecirc)/*()ci(/ m< i!er/(/G &>. 2?.

&+r e/*( r(9), '( percepci) e '(/ per/+)(/ (cerc( e / pr+pi(

e3ic(ci( /e ('9( c+m+ ) rei/i*+ 3)(me)*(' p(r( e/(rr+''(r c+) =$i*+ '(/

(cci+)e/ c+)ce)*e/ (' '+r+ e '+/ +be*i!+/ per/+)('e/. B()r( 1?80

c+)*i)K( e$pre/()+ e ic( (*+ percepci), e)+mi)(( (*+ e3ic(ci(,

eerce )( pr+3)( i)3'e)ci( e) '( e'ecci) e *(re(/ < (c*i!i(e/, e) e'

e/3er9+ < per/e!er()ci( e '(/ per/+)(/ c()+ /e e)3re)*() (e*ermi)(+/ re*+/ e i)c'/+ e) '(/ re(cci+)e/ em+ci+)('e/ e

e$perime)*() ()*e /i*(ci+)e/ i3ci'e/.

E) e3i)i*i!(, p(r( B()r( Op. Ci* '(/ cree)ci(/ e (*+ e3ic(ci(

repre/e)*() ) mec()i/m+ c+)i*i!+ e mei( e)*re e' c+)+cimie)*+ < '(

(cci), e*ermi)()+ )*+ c+) +*r(/ !(ri(b'e/, e' =$i*+ e '(/ pr+pi(/

(cci+)e/. E' c+)/*rc*+ e '( (*+e3ic(ci(, // c(r(c*er/*ic(/, / mei( <

/ reperc/i) e) '( c+)c*( m()( ( //ci*(+ e' i)*er=/ e

i)!e/*i(+re/ e *++/ '+/ >mbi*+/, m(<+ri*(ri(me)*e e) e' c(mp+ e '(

i)!e/*i(ci) ec(*i!(, c+) e/peci(' i)c(pi= e) e' >re( e '( m+*i!(ci)

(c(=mic( e e/*i()*e/.

E) +*r(/ p('(br(/, (*e)ie)+ (' pr+p/i*+ e '( pre/e)*e i)!e/*i(ci) '(

3)ci) e 3+rm(r per/+)(/ e) '(/ i)/*i*ci+)e/ ec(*i!(/ e/ c+)/ier((

p+r (')+/ e/peci('i/*(/ c+m+ )( e '(/ m>/ c+mp'e(/ < i3ci'e/ *(re(/,

e e$ie e // (e)*e/ mK'*ip'e/ c+mpe*e)ci(/, /ie)+ )( e '(/ m>/

imp+r*()*e/ )( 3+rm(ci) p/ic+'ic( < m()i/*( /'i( (' i(' e/imp+r*()*e p+/eer 3+rm(ci) e) c+(ci) p+r '+ c+)/ier(+ p+r E/'(!(

200? ie) /e('( e ) i)i!i+ 3+rm(+ e) c+(ci) /er> c(p(9 e:

FL+r(r ) /i/*em( i)*er(', c+ere)*e, c+)*i)+, ( ( (, p(r( e'e/(rr+''+ e '+/ *('e)*+/ i)i!i('e/ e '(/ per/+)(/ e) e' *r(b(+,

23



c+)ec*(+ c+) '( meici) e' e/empe+ i)i!i(', c+) '+/re/'*(+/ e' eip+ < '( pre/e)ci( e (m+r p+r e' *r(b(+ < p(/i)p+r '( e$ce'e)ci(. Cre(r ) /i/*em( /i)=ric+ e *r(b(+ e) eip+e 3+r*('e9c( (K) m>/ '(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/ i)i!i('e/ e) be)e3ici+

e me+re/ re/'*(+/ p(r( e' eip+G. p.

&+r e/*( r(9), /e e!ie)ci( '( imp+r*()ci( e '(/ cree)ci(/ e e3ic(ci(

per/+)(' e) e' e/(rr+''+ e '( pr+pi( c+)c*(, pe/, '( (p'ic(ci) e '(

*e+r( e '( (*+ e3ic(ci( e B()r( e) e' >mbi*+ ec(*i!+ me/*r( cm+

'+/ +ce)*e/ c+) ('*(/ e$pec*(*i!(/ e (*+ e3ic(ci( +9() e m(<+r

m+*i!(ci) e) / pr($i/ i(ri(. A/imi/m+, +b*ie)e) me+re/ re/'*(+/ ( )i!e'

(c(=mic+ c+) // e/*i()*e/, ie)e/ /er() m>/ c(p(ce/ e (*+rre'(r

e3ic(9me)*e / (pre)i9(e < m+/*r(r m(<+r m+*i!(ci) i)*r)/ec( c()+(pre)().

E) c+)/ece)ci(, '( me+r( e '(/ e$pec*(*i!(/ e (*+ e3ic(ci(

i)creme)*( '( m+*i!(ci) < e' re)imie)*+ e) '(/ *(re(/ e (pre)i9(e

(c(=mic+. E) re'(ci) c+) '( mei( e '( (*+ e3ic(ci(, B()r( Ob. ci*

/iere e Fic(/ cree)ci(/ ebier() /er mei(/ e) *=rmi)+/ e ici+/

e/pec3ic+/ e c(p(ci(, /+me*i+/ ( !(ri(ci+)e/ e) 3)ci) e '( (c*i!i(,

'(/ e$ie)ci(/ e '( *(re( < +*r(/ mK'*ip'e/ circ)/*()ci(/G &(. 66.

E' *eric+, me/*r( cm+ '( (*+ percepci) e '( e3ic(ci( per/+)('

e*ermi)(, e) cier*+ m++, '+/ p(*r+)e/ e pe)/(mie)*+, '(/ (cci+)e/ < '(/

re(cci+)e/ em+ci+)('e/ e' /er m()+, +)e '(/ per/+)(/ e +9() e

) ('*+ )i!e' e (*+ e3ic(ci( /+) m>/ e3ic(ce/ < c+)/ie) m>/ =$i*+/ e

(e''(/ +*r(/ c+) e$pec*(*i!(/ b((/ e (*+ e3ic(ci( per/+)('.

L( (*+r( e '( pre/e)*e i)!e/*i(ci), c+)/ier( '( *e+r( e (pre)i9(e

/+ci(' e A'ber* B()r( c+m+ )( b(/e e 3)(me)*( '( mi/m(, ebi+ (

e e) e' c+(ci), e' c(' c+)/*i*<e )( e '(/ !(ri(b'e/ e '(

i)!e/*i(ci), e' +ce)*e /e *r()/3+rm( e) 'er, e/e (*rib*+/ pri)cip('e/

c+m+: (bi'i(, c+)+cimie)*+ < /er!ir e eemp'+, e/ ecir e e/ m+e'+

p(r( +*r(/ per/+)(/. E) e/*e c(/+ e' +ce)*e (' (p'ic(r e' c+(ci) c+m+

e/*r(*ei(, /e c+)!ier*e e) ) m+e'+ p(r( // e/*i()*e/ e/e '( (*+

24



e3ic(ci( percibi( e (c*K( c+m+ ) e'eme)*+ c'(!e e) '( c+mpe*e)ci(

m()( < e*ermi)(, e) '( e'ecci) e (c*i!i(e/, '( m+*i!(ci), e'

e/3er9+, *(mbi=) '( per/i/*e)ci( e) '(/ mi/m(/ ()*e '(/ i3ic'*(e/.

C%'8"(. E*0'$"-% %)% Es$!'$e."' e( e& E,e!""% *e &' F0("/(

D%e($e e( E*0'"/( P!")'!"'

E) e' ()>'i/i/ i)!e/*i(*i!+ (/ c+m+ e/e '( imp+r*()ci( < pr+p/i*+ e'

pre/e)*e e/*i+ '( i)!e/*i(+r( re('i9( ( c+)*i)(ci) ) e/'+/e e '+/

e'eme)*+/ e/e '(/ p(r*e/ ( ) *++ e/ ecir, 3i)('i( e '( Ec(ci)

&rim(ri(, 3)ci) +ce)*e < e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei(, c+m+

m>$im( e !( ( 3+r*('ecer *++ '+ i)ere)*e (' pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+.

S+bre '( b(/e e '+ e$pe/*+, B'+c Op.ci* /+/*ie)e e '+ pri)cip(' + '+

m>/ imp+r*()*e e) ) c+'ei+ + i)/*i**+, /+) < () e /er // e/*i()*e/,

p+r '+ e '( *(re( e' +ce)*e e/ 3+rm(r'+/ e) c+)+cimie)*+/, per+ /+bre

*++ e) !('+re/, c+)/*i*<=)+/e e) '( pri)cip(' pri+ri( e c('ier eip+

+ce)*e. E' m(e/*r+ ebe m+/*r(r e)*/i(/m+ < e)*re( e) / *r(b(+ i(ri+

p+re / m(*eri( e *r(b(+ e/ '+ m>/ /e)/ib'e e' m)+, '+/ /ere/

m()+/, (cree+re/ e *++ e' e/3er9+ )ece/(ri+ p+r / p(r*e.

De e/*( 3+rm(, e' Sb/i/*em( e Ec(ci) &rim(ri( e/*(b'eci( e) )

Crrc'+ B>/ic+ N(ci+)(' 1??8 *ie)e c+m+ 3i)('i(:

FL( e 3+rm(r )i+/ < )i(/ (c*i!+/, re3'e$i!+/, cr*ic+/ ei)epe)ie)*e/, c+) e'e!(+ i)*er=/ p(r( '( (c*i!i( cie)*3ic(,m()i/*( < (r*/*ic( c+) ) e/(rr+''+ e '( c+mpre)/i),c+)3r+)*(ci) < !eri3ic(ci) e / re('i( p+r / mi/m+ < / mi/m(c+) )( c+)cie)ci( e 'e/ permi*( (pre)er e/e e' e)*+r)+ < e

/er c(( !e9 m>/ p(r*icip(*i!+/, pr+*()ic+/ < re/p+)/(b'e/ e) /(c*(ci) e) '( e/ce'(, '( 3(mi'i( < '( c+m)i(G p(.2?.

C+) '+ ()*eri+rme)*e e$pre/(+, /e b/c( e$p+)er e' pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+,

i)*er()+ (' +ce)*e e) '( re/p+)/(bi'i(, >)+'e (/ *r(/ce)e)ci( ('

*r(b(+ e c(( )+ < pr+cie)+ )( (*m/3er( e ('er( < e e)er(

25



e imp'ic( ) c(mbi+ pr+3)+ e) e' 'ier(9+ < e' *r(b(+ e) eip+

+ce)*ePe/*i()*e 3+r()+ / ei'ibri+ < 3+r*('e9( e) '+ e /e (ce

(em>/, c+mpr+me*i=)+/e ( ir m>/ (''> e '+ e /e im(i)( c+)/*r<e)+

)( pr+/pec*i!( /'i( e' pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+.

F0("/( D%e($e

L( e/ce'( ''e!( ( c(b+ ) pr+ce/+ e ((p*(ci) e' )i+( ( '(/

)+rm(/ < c+)c*(/ /+ci('me)*e (cep*((/, per+ *(mbi=) *ie)e ( ()'(r

(e''+/ r(/+/ e' c+mp+r*(mie)*+ < e '( per/+)('i( m()( e /+)

i)i/pe)/(b'e/ p(r( e' c+)+cimie)*+: '( cri+/i(, '( bK/e(, '(

c(p(ci( e /+rpre)er/e, e' i)*er=/ per/+)(' < e' p'(cer p+r c+)+cer <

c+mp(r*ir e' c+)+cimie)*+, (/pec*+/ 3)(me)*('e/ p(r( '( c+)/*rcci)

/i)i3ic(*i!( e' /(ber. A' re/pec*+, L()/ 200 /e('(:

FL( 3)ci) +ce)*e e/ (e''( e c(r>c*er pr+3e/i+)(' e imp'ic( '(re('i9(ci) irec*( e '+/ pr+ce/+/ /i/*em>*ic+/ e e)/e()9( (pre)i9(e, '+ c(' i)c'<e e' i()/*ic+, '( p'()i3ic(ci), '(

eecci) < '( e!('(ci) e '+/ mi/m+/ pr+ce/+/ < // re/'*(+/,< e +*r(/ (c*i!i(e/ ec(*i!(/ e)*r+ e' m(rc+ e' pr+<ec*+ec(*i!+ i)/*i*ci+)(' e '+/ e/*(b'ecimie)*+/ ec(*i!+/G &>. 86.

De e/*( 3+rm( '( 3)ci) +ce)*e, imp'ic( e ebe ''e!(r ( c(b+ )(

'(b+r /+ci(' +rie)*(( ( '+/ e/*i()*e/, pre+cp(r/e p+r c+)+cer e ie)*i3ic(r

'+/ /ce/+/ e +rie)*() / (c*(r e) e' rp+, < ()*e *++, *r()/ce)er

(ci( '( c+m)i(. Debe /er ) ec(+r /+ci(' e) *++ e' /e)*i+ e '(

p('(br(, pe/*+ e c+m+ (e)*e /+ci(', e e/empe( / '(b+r c(r( (

c(r( c+) '+/ ('m)+/, e/*> e$pe/*+ c+*ii()(me)*e ( '(/ c+)ici+)e/ e

!i(, c(r(c*er/*ic(/ c'*r('e/ < pr+b'em(/ ec+)mic+/, 3(mi'i(re/ < /+ci('e/

e '+/ /e*+/ c+) ie)e/ '(b+r(.

A)*e '+ e$pe/*+, S('(/ 2000 /e('( e F'( bK/e( e err(mie)*(/

e 3(!+re9c() )e/*r( 3)ci) +ce)*e, e/ )( c'(r( /e(' e e e/*(m+/

26



i)*ere/(+/ e) '( +b*e)ci) e me+re/ re/'*(+/, pe/ 3i)('me)*e e/ e) '+/

e/*i()*e/ +)e /e re3'e( '( '(b+r e e/empe(m+/G p(. 55. A *(' 3i),

*++ +ce)*e ebe c+)+cer // 3+r*('e9(/ < ebi'i(e/ c+) e' 3i) e

+rie)*(r/e ( '( bK/e( e (e''+/ e'eme)*+/ e 3(!+re9c() /e/empe+ pr+3e/i+)('. ) +ce)*e ebe e/*(r /i*(+ e)*r+ e '( re('i(

e !i!e, /'+ (/ p+r> pe)/(r c+) c'(ri( (ci( )e +rie)*(r / '(b+r.

Se reiere e pr+3e/i+)('e/ e '( ec(ci) c+mpr+me*i+/ c+) '(

/+cie( pe/, =/*( reiere )( *r()/3+rm(ci) e) e' >mbi*+ ec(*i!+.

De/e '( per/pec*i!( e S('(/ Op.ci*, e' pr+b'em( )+ r(ic( e) /i e'

m(e/*r+ c+)*i)(r> /ie)+ e' (e)*e m>/ imp+r*()*e e '(/ *(re(/ ec(*i!(/

+ )+ /i)+ e) e '( c('i( < '( me+r( ec(*i!(/ /'+ /er>) p+/ib'e/ e) '(mei( e) e e' m(e/*r+ /e e)+r''e9c( e '( +rii)('i( < '( e3ec*i!i(

e / *r(b(+ < p(r*icipe e 3+rm( (c*i!(, c+mpr+me*i(, re/p+)/(b'e e) e'

cmp'imie)*+ e' imp+r*()*e r+' *r()/3+rm(+r e '( /+cie( 'e (

(/i)(+.

C%'8"(. %)% Es$!'$e."'

De)*r+ e' c+)*e$*+ ec(*i!+, p(r( B+ 201-, e' ec(+r e/ e' e

cre( p+*e)ci(, i)(mi9( e' 3)ci+)(mie)*+ e '(/ e/ce'(/ < p+r e)e, '+/

pr+ce/+/ e /e e/(rr+''() e) e''(. &+r e/*+, e' ec(+r ebe e/*i(r //

pr+pi(/ c(p(ci(e/ (' m+me)*+ e e)*r(r e) e' ('( e c'(/e/, p(r( e e'

ec+ ec(*i!+ /e m()*e)( e) c+)/*()*e (c*('i9(ci) e '+/

c+)+cimie)*+/ ( '+/ 3i)e/ e me+r(r '( pr($i/ pe(ic(.

A)(+ ( '+ ()*e/ e$pe/*+ < c+)/cie)*e/ e '+/ c(mbi+/ e /e ()

!e)i+ ()+ e) '( /+cie(, '( ec(ci), '( e/ce'( < '+/ ec(+re/, /e() !i/*+ e)!e'*+/ e) ) !er*ii)+/+ ir < !e)ir e e/(rr+''+/ e )e!+/

c+)+cimie)*+/ 3+rm(*i!+/, '+ e ( ''e!(+ ( re3'e$i+)(r /+bre '( )ece/(ri(

ree/*rc*r(ci) e' pe)/(mie)*+ pe(ic+ e) e' m+me)*+ (c*('. &+r '+

*()*+, e)*r+ e' (mbie)*e e/c+'(r, e' +ce)*e e/ ) 'er e p+/ee

27



err(mie)*(/ e 'e permi*e i)/*rme)*(r < e/(rr+''(r '+/ c+)*e)i+/ e

c(( >re( e' (pre)i9(e.

De e/*( m()er(, ( /ri+ ) m=*++ e 3+rm(ci) c+m+ '+ e/ e'

C+(ci), irii+ ( (<(r ( '(/ per/+)(/ ( e/(rr+''(r ) /e)*i+ ebie)e/*(r < e/cbrir e' *('e)*+ e '+/ /ere/ m()+/ imp'ic(+/ e) e/*e

pr+<ec*+, *()*+ p(r( me+r(r c+m+ p(r( +p*imi9(r / 3+rm(ci), < c+) e/*+, '(

pe/*( e) pr>c*ic( ( )i!e' ec(*i!+, p(r( +rie)*(r ( '+/ e/*i()*e/ (

ei'ibr(r // (c*i!i(e/ < e' (pre)i9(e, '+r()+ *re/ ee/ 3)(me)*('e/

b(/(+/ e) '( 3(mi'i(, e' ('( < '+/ ec()+/. E) *(' /e)*i+, &+9)er

200-, /e('( e:

FL( 3ir( e '+/ +ce)*e/ *ie)e ) p(pe' 3)(me)*(' e) '(3+rm(ci) < c+)+cimie)*+ c+) b(/e e c(r>c*er ec(*i!+, ('i/p+)er < e)er(r (c*i!i(e/ ((p*((/ ( '+/ i)*ere/e/ e //p(r*icip()*e/, p+*e)ci()+ i)ici(*i!(, cre(*i!i(, p(r( e /e( e'mi/m+ e/*i()*e ie) c+)/*r<( / c+)+cimie)*+, '+/ +ce)*e/ebe) 3+rm(r )( e/*rc*r( e (/e/+r(mie)*+ pe(ic+ e '+/''e!e ( '( i)*er(ci) e' c+(ci) e) '+/ i3ere)*e/ ce)*r+/ec(*i!+/, < ( p(r*ir e (, imp'ic(r (' re/*+ e '( c+m)i( e) e'c(' e/*= i)mer/(: '( i)/*i*ci), e' ('( < '+/ e/*i()*e/G p.66.

E/ ecir, e e' +ce)*e ebe pr+cr(r e' e/(rr+''+ e' p+*e)ci(' e '(/per/+)(/ b(+ '(/ m>$im(/ e 'iber*( < e' re/pe*+ i)c+)ici+)(' e' /er

m()+. E/*e c+)cep*+ /e c+mp'eme)*( c+) '+ e$pre/(+ p+r C(ber+

200?, ie) c+)/ier( e e' c+(ci) e/ ) pr+ce/+ e *r(b(+ per/+)(' <

(*+ 'ier(9+ e' c+(cee, e (ce (c+mp((+ e ) e/peci('i/*(, e/

ecir, e' c+(c, c+) e' 3i) e ('c()9(r '+/ +be*i!+/ e /e p'()*e(.

A e/*e re/pec*+ B+ Op. ci*, p'()*e( e e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ )(ce c+)

'( i)*e)ci) e +cp(r e/p(ci+/ e (pre)i9(e b(/(+/ e) '+/ pr+ce/+/ e

F(pre)er ( (pre)erG, c+)/ier()+ ( c(( i)i!i+ e/e e' p)*+ e !i/*(

+'/*ic+. A/imi/m+ (3irm( e e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ (b+r( *re/ >re(/ e

i)*er=/, ( /(ber: &rimer(me)*e e/*(b'ecer )( )e!( me*++'+( e) e' ('(

e 3+r*('e9c( c+)*e$*+/ e (pre)i9(e m>/ (/+ci(*i!+/ < c+'(b+r(*i!+/

28



e)*re '+/ e/*i()*e/ /ei(me)*e, c(p(ci*(r ( '(/ per/+)(/ e

i)*er!ie)e) e) e' /i/*em( ec(*i!+ p(r( e pe() +b*e)er '+ me+r e /

mi/m+/ < ('c()ce) me*(/ (c(=mic(/, pr+3e/i+)('e/ + per/+)('e/ e /e

(<() pr+pe/*+. &+r +*r( p(r*e c+)*i)K( e$pre/()+ B+ Op. Ci* e /e ebe mei(r

e) '+/ c+)3'ic*+/ e)*re '+/ i3ere)*e/ (c*+re/ e' /i/*em( ec(*i!+, <( /e()

pr+3e/+re/, e/*i()*e/, p(re/ + irec*i!+/. T+m()+ e) ce)*( '+/

c+)cep*+/ ci*(+/, /e pee ecir e)*+)ce/, e e' c+(ci) e/ ) pr+ce/+

+)e p(r*icip() e' c+(c +ce)*e, e e/ )( e/pecie e e)*re)(+r

+rie)*(+r, e (c+mp(( (' c+(ce e/*i()*e e) '( r*( (ci( e' ('c()ce

e '+/ +be*i!+/ e /e ( p'()*e(+, '+r()+ e r()*e e' pr+ce/+ e'c+(ce /e( c(p(9 e (cer cier*+/ c(mbi+/ e) // cree)ci(/ /+bre / mi/m+

< /+bre '( !i(, e/cbrie)+ < e/(rr+''()+ / p+*e)ci('. &+r '+ e D(9

2007, /e('(:

FE' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ 3+r*('ece '( 3)ci) +ce)*e e/e mK'*ip'e/e/*r(*ei(/ cre(*i!(/, /+ci('i9()*e/ e i))+!(+r(/ p(r( e e' +ce)*ee/(rr+''e e' pr+ce/+ e +rie)*(ci) < (pre)i9(e e) e' >mbi*+ e '(i)!e/*i(ci) e/e ) e)3+e ere)ci(', re/p('(+/ e) e' /pe/*+e *r()/3erir '+/ p+/*'(+/ e '( ere)ci( m+er)( ( '(/+r()i9(ci+)e/ ec(*i!(/, p(r( +p*imi9(r '( e/*i) +ce)*e. p. 8?

&+r *()*+, e' (*+r re3iere e e' C+(ci), re/p+)e ( '(/ )ece/i(e/

reeri(/ p+r c(( pr+3e/i+)(', +r()i9(ci+)e/ e i)/*i*ci+)e/, pie)+ /er

(p'ic(+ c+) m(<+r ()c+ e) +r()i9(ci+)e/ e *++ *ip+ < ''e()+ (

)i!e'e/ /peri+re/ e '( ec(ci), e) '( ere)ci(, 'ier(9+ e c((

+ce)*e < irec*+r, *r()/3+rm>)+/e e) )( !e)*(( c+mpe*i*i!( e '(/

i)/*i*ci+)e/.

;i/*+ e e/*e m++, e' C+(ci) repre/e)*( ) mei+ e/*r(*=ic+, pe/*+

e e' i)i!i+ b/c( '( /per(ci) per/+)(' c+) e' pr+p/i*+ e /er m>/

pr+c*i!+ < (pr+!ec(r '( !i( (' m>$im+ e) // i3ere)*e/ c+)*e$*+/,

b(/>)+/e e) )( re'(ci) +)e e' c+(c i)*er!ie)e e) e' (pre)i9(e e

29



)e!(/ m()er(/ e /er, c+)+cer < e (cer p(r( e)er(r c(mbi+/

r+mpie)+ c+) e/em(/ *r(ici+)('e/. A/imi/m+, '( c+)cepci) e c+(c

re3iere ( ) (c+mp((mie)*+ + (, /ie)+ =/*e )( per/+)( c(p(ci*((

c+) 3+rm(ci) e/peci('i9((. &+r '+ ()*e/ e$pe/*+, /e (ce )ece/(ri+ e3i)ir C+(ci), /i) emb(r+,

e/ imp+r*()*e e/*(c(r e /+) )mer+/(/ '(/ c+)cepci+)e/ e /e

(crecie)*(), (' /er ) *=rmi)+ recie)*e e) e' m)+ empre/(ri(' e !(

*e)ie)+ c(( ( m>/ c(bi( e) e' >mbi*+ ec(*i!+, (/ M(r*)e9 2006, '+

e3i)e c+m+ F) /i/*em( e i)c'<e c+)cep*+/, e/*rc*r(/, pr+ce/+/,

err(mie)*(/ e *r(b(+ e i)/*rme)*+/ e meici) < rp+/ e per/+)(/.

C+mpre)e *(mbi=) ) e/*i'+ e 'ier(9+, )( 3+rm( p(r*ic'(r e/e'ecci+)(r e)*e + cre(r rp+/ e per/+)(/ e) e/(rr+''+G p.1?.

E) e/*e mi/m+ +re) e ie(, < ()+ /ece)ci( ( '(/ *ermi)+'+(/

*i'i9((/ L+9()+ 200, '+ e3i)e c+m+:

F&r+3e/i+)(' c+) (mp'i( < rec+)+ci( e$perie)ci( e i)/pirec+)3i()9(, e e/*= prep(r(+ ( e/cc(r m>/ e ( (b'(r, < epe( (r )( re*r+('ime)*(ci) c+)/*rc*i!(, e/ c+mpre)/i!+,

i)*er+, re/pe*+/+ < (r( c+)3ie)ci('i( e *++, e!ie)ci(perm()e)*eme)*e / pr+3e/i+)('i/m+ c+m+ *(mbi=) rec+)+ce //err+re/. E/ ) 3(ci'i*(+r (ci( )e!+/ (pre)i9(e/ < c(mbi+/e/*rc*r('e/G p. 12?

E/ ecir e p(r( e' (*+r, e' C+(ci) e) e' e)*+r)+ ec(*i!+ e/

imp+r*()*e, pe/*+ e, '( c(p(ci*(ci) e/peci('i9(( e ebe *e)er )

+ce)*e e) e' e/empe+ e' ('(, e ''e!() (' e/(rr+''+ e (bi'i(e/

per/+)('e/, (p*i*i)('e/, /+ci('e/ + re'(ci+)('e/ < *=c)ic(/, 3+rm() p(r*e e

'(/ c('i(e/ e' +ce)*e c+m+ c+(c, p(r( c+)/*rir )( re'(ci) c+) '+/ec()+/, '( /+cie(, e) e)er(', < p(re/, (/mie)+ '( +b'i(ci) e

m+*i!(r ( '+/ e/*i()*e/ < pr+p+rci+)(r'e/ '(/ err(mie)*(/ p(r( e/(rr+''(r

*++ e' p+*e)ci(' e ''e!() e)*r+.

30



E) e/*e c+)*e$*+, e/ per*i)e)*e /e('(r e' *=rmi)+ C+(ci) c+m+ '+

e$pre/( B+ Op. ci*, Fe/ (e' e '+ pr(c*ic(, c+m+ )( *=c)ic( +

err(mie)*( p+er+/( e c(mbi+, e permi*e +rie)*(r ( '( per/+)( (ci( e'

=$i*+ + c+m+ )( 3i'+/+3( e !i( e ()e pre*e)ci+/(, //pir( p+r )m)+ me+rG p>. 65. De' mi/m+ m++, e' (*+r e3i)e e' C+(ci)

Ec(*i!+ c+m+: F&r+ce/+ /i/*em>*ic+ e (pre)i9(e, 3+c('i9(+ e) '(

/i*(ci) pre/e)*e < +rie)*(+ (' c(mbi+, e) e' e /e 3(ci'i*() )+/ recr/+/

< )(/ err(mie)*(/ e *r(b(+ e/pec3ic(/ e permi*e) '( me+r( e'

e/empe+ e) (e''(/ >re(/ e '(/ per/+)(/ em()()G. p. 11.

E) ')e(/ e)er('e/, e' preci*(+ (*+r '+ ('*i)( e) *re/ c+)cep*+/

c'(!e/: ( L( p('(br( + e' 'e)(e, e /e b(/( e) ) i>'++ e)*re e' c+(ce' +ce)*e < e' c+(cee e' ec()+, +)e e' c+(c mei()*e '(

3+rm'(ci) e pre)*(/ i)*e'ie)*e/ < c+me)*(ri+/, i)*e)*( e e' c+(cee

/e( c+)/cie)*e e // e/ei'ibri+/ (c*('e/ < pe( ''e(r ( /per(r'+/,

('c()9()+ '+/ +be*i!+/ e /e pr+p+)e. b E' (pre)i9(e, (r*e e (pre)er

( (pre)er, m>/ e e e)/e(r, < c E' C(mbi+, i/cip'i)( e *r(*( e'

c(mbi+, e cm+ 3(ci'i*(r c(mbi+/, c+mp+r*(mie)*+, (c*i*e/, e/*re9(/,

(bi'i(e/ < c+mpe*e)ci(/ e) '( mi/m( per/+)(.

Se pre*e)e c+) e/*( c+)cepci), e '( (i/ici) e )e!(/

c+mpe*e)ci(/ pr+3e/i+)('e/ /e() 3)ci+)('e/, /e i)/*(re) e) '( pr+pi(

c+)c*( e' c+(c < /e() (/imi'((/ e/e '( e$perie)ci(, pe/*+ e, =/*(

c+)ici) e/ imp+r*()*e p(r( p+er'(/ c+)!er*ir, p+/*eri+rme)*e, e) (c*i*e/

per/+)('e/ < rp('e/ (' /er!ici+ e '( pr+cci) e be)+/ re/'*(+/

pr+3e/i+)('e/, Bri**9 200- re/me '( e/e)ci( e' c+(ci) e) / e3i)ici)

c+m+ FE' e (<( ( e/*i()*e/ ( e/(rr+''(r (' m>$im+ //

p+*e)ci('i(e/ < /per(r i3ic'*(e/ (c(=mic(/ ( *r(!=/ e )( (*e)ci)perm()e)*eG&.6?

De e/*( 3+rm(, e' (*+r ci*(+, *+m( e) ce)*( '( ec(ci) c+m+ ) pi'(r

e' e/(rr+''+ /+ci(' < ec+)mic+ e ) p(/, e (r()*i9( '( i('( e

+p+r*)i(e/ < '( c+mpe*i*i!i( p(r( *++/, e' C+(ci) (iere e) e/*e

31



p)*+, )( imp+r*()ci( e/e)ci(', e' /er '( err(mie)*( e pr+p+rci+)(

crecimie)*+ < e/(rr+''+, me+r()+ e' re)imie)*+ < re/'*(+/

e$*r(+ri)(ri+/.

C+) '+ ()*eri+rme)*e e$pe/*+, /e b/c( *r()/3+rm(r e' e)*+r)+ e' /i*i+e *r(b(+, i)*er()+ ( '(/ per/+)(/ e) '( re/p+)/(bi'i(, e' c+(ci)

cmp'e c(*r+ 3)ci+)e/ 3)(me)*('e/: T*+r, me)*+r, c+)3r+)*(ci) <

+rie)*(ci) '(/ c('e/ /er>) e/(rr+''((/ ( c+)*i)(ci), p(r( /er

re'(ci+)((/ e) '( pr>c*ic( c+) e' c(mp+ ec(*i!+:

T*+r: e/ '( (<( e /e 'e bri)( ( '+/ +ce)*e/ p(r( (irir

c+)+cimie)*+/, (bi'i(e/ < c+mpe*e)ci(. E) e/*e /e)*i+, M+/'e< < +*r+/

2008 ice: FE' **+r e/ e' e ()im( ( // miembr+/ e) *++ m+me)*+, p(r(e *++/ /e m+*i!e), (pre)(), cre9c() < /e e/(rr+''e), 3+me)*()+ )

c+mpr+mi/+ e (pre)i9(e c+)*i)+G. p. ---. A/ mi/m+ e/*( (<( /ir!e

e err(mie)*( ( +ce)*e/ < ( pr(c*ic(r '+ (pre)i+, c+rreir 3(''(/, e!('(r

< rep'()i3ic(r.

Me)*+r: me)*+ri) e' rie+ me)*+r m(e/*r+ c+)/eer+ /eK) e'

Dicci+)(ri+ I)'=/ E/p(+' Sm(r* 1??-, / 3)ci) e/ +3recer +rie)*(ci)

pr+3e/i+)(' p(r( ) e3ec*i!+ e/(rr+''+ pr+3e/i+)(' e '+/ +ce)*e/ e '(

i)/*i*ci). C+)/ier()+ (/ *(mbi=), e '( 3)ci) me)*+ri) e/ )(

pr>c*ic( per/+)(', (c*i!( < e/pec3ic(, (em>/ me/*r( (*(+/ p(r( (p'ic(r

(bi'i(e/ (pre)i(/ e) '( c(p(ci*(ci)

De i(' m()er(, E/p+* 2006 ice, e FE' pr+3e/+r me)*+r

)ece/(ri(me)*e ( e /er ) pr+3e/+r i)+ e c+)3i()9(, c>'i+ < /e)/ib'e (

'(/ )ece/i(e/ e '+/ em>/. Aem>/ e p+/eer )( r() e$perie)ci(

/+bre '(/ *(re(/ e c+mp+r*( '( pr+3e/i) +ce)*eG. p.216. L( 3)ci) e

me)*+ri), e/ p+r *()*+, )( err(mie)*( e e/*i) p(r( '(/ i)/*i*ci+)e/e/c+'(re/, )( *=c)ic( e e/(rr+''+ &r+3e/i+)(' < per/+)('. L+/ re/'*(+/

ebe) /er +b/er!(b'e/ e) e' e/(rr+''+ i(ri+ e '(/ (c*i!i(e/ '(b+r('e/.

C+)3r+)*(ci): '( me+r m()er( e '+r(r re/'*(+/ e3ec*i!+/ e/

c+)3r+)*()+ '( /i*(ci) p(r( '( /+'ci) e pr+b'em(/ c+m+ '+ e$pre/(

32



M+/'e< 2006 ie) /e('( e, F'( 3)ci) e c+)3r+)*(ci) < e/(3+ e/*>

re'(ci+)(( e )( m()er( m>/ irec*( c+) e' e/empe+, c+mp(r() e'

e/empe+ re(' e '+/ miembr+/ e' eip+ c+) e/+/ e/*>)(re/ ie('e/ <

/e +cp() e' e/empe+ e )+ '+/ /(*i/3((G. p(.-7 A *r(!=/ e '(/ (c*i!i(e/ e c+)3r+)*(ci) < e/(3+, '+/ be)+/

c+(ce/ (<() ( (e''+/ e/*i()*e/ e () m+/*r(+ ) e/empe+

i)/3icie)*e ( c+)!er*ir/e e) *ri)3(+re/, e/*im'()+ ( '+/ e ()

('c()9(+ e' =$i*+ ( e ''ee) ( )i!e'e/ (K) m>/ ('*+/. E) e/*e /e)*i+, /e

(ce )ece/(ri+ e i)mei(*(me)*e e' +ce)*e +rie)*e '( i3ic'*( e) e'

m+me)*+ e '+ percib(, /e('()+ '(/ ebi'i(e/ e' mi/m+ < b/c()+

'+/ c+rrec*i!+/ )ece/(ri+/ p(r( 3+r*('ecer '( 3)ci) e' +ce)*e,m()*e)ie)+ e) *++ i)/*()*e )( c+m)ic(ci) 3'i( b(+ ) c'im( e

c+)3i()9(, /+'i(ri( < m()i/m+.

Orie)*(ci): (' re/pec*+, M+/'e< Ob. ci*: /e('( FB>/ic(me)*e, e'

+be*i!+ e '( +rie)*(ci) e/ (<(r ( ) e/*i()*e ( e /e e)*ie)( me+r

<, c()+ /e( )ece/(ri+, e *r(ce ) p'() e (cci) p(r( re/+'!er /

pr+b'em(G p.-72. L( 3)ci) e +rie)*(+r, /er( '( e (<(r (' i)i!i+ (

()('i9(r < e)*e)er c+mp'e*(me)*e e' pr+b'em( e *ie)e, e)*+)ce/, '+/

/e)*imie)*+/, em+ci+)e/ < (c*i*e/ pee) c(mbi(r.

E) e/*e /e)*i+, e' +ce)*e ebe e)3+c(r '( +rie)*(ci) /+bre (e''+/

(/pec*+/ e' pr+b'em( e e/*>) re'(ci+)(+/ c+) e' e/empe+ ec(*i!+

e' e/*i()*e, =/*e pee !er/e (3ec*(+ p+r mc+/ pr+b'em(/ per/+)('e/

c+m+ '( /(' 3/ic(, em+ci+)(', pr+b'em(/ p/ic+'ic+/ < i3ic'*(e/

3(mi'i(re/. L+/ +ce)*e/ ebe) re/*ri)ir // c+)/e+/ ( 3(c*+re/ e (3ec*()

e$c'/i!(me)*e e' e/empe+ (c(=mic+, ebi+ ( e )+ pee

e)*r+me*er/e e) '+/ pr+b'em(/ per/+)('e/ p(r( )+ (3ec*(r (/ '( c('i(ec(*i!(.

C+)*i)()+ c+) '+ e$pre/(+, e' +ce)*e e re('i9( / '(b+r c+) '+/

(/pec*+/ ()*e/ /e('(+/, re3+r9(r> '( (*+e/*im( e '(/ per/+)(/ < '( (*+

c+)3i()9(, me+r(r> e' pr+ce/+ e *+m( e eci/i+)e/, p+r e''+ e/ )ece/(ri+

33



*i'i9(r ebi(me)*e / prep(r(ci) < e) c+)/ece)ci( pr+pici(r> e'

(pre)i9(e. E) e/*e +re) e ie(/, e' (c+mp(()*e pe(ic+ ebe *e)er

/3icie)*e e$perie)ci( p(r( eercer e/*( (c*i!i( e 'ier(9+, em+/*r()+

c(p(ci( c+m+ ec(+r, (em>/ ebe p+/eer m()e+ e e/*r(*ei(/e3ic(ce/, c+m)ic(ci) 3'i(, (p*i*e/ m+*i!(ci+)('e/, (/e/+r(mie)*+

*=c)ic+ < c+)*r+' e '( mi/m(.

&+r c+)/iie)*e, e' C+(ci) e) e' e)*+r)+ ec(*i!+ e/ imp+r*()*e,

(em>/ e '( c(p(ci*(ci) e/peci('i9(( e ebe *e)er ) +ce)*e e) e'

e/empe+ e' ('(, '(/ (bi'i(e/ per/+)('e/, (p*i*i)('e/, /+ci('e/ +

re'(ci+)('e/ < *=c)ic(/, e 3+rm() p(r*e e '(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ e' +ce)*e

c+m+ c+(c, p(r( c+)/*rir )( re'(ci) c+) '+/ ec()+/, (/mie)+ '(+b'i(ci) e m+*i!(r ( '+/ e/*i()*e/ p(r( e/(rr+''(r *++ e' p+*e)ci(' e

''e!() e)*r+.

Sei(me)*e, M+/'e< Ob. ci* e$pre/( e e/ )ece/(ri+ ()('i9(r e/(/

c(r(c*er/*ic(/ p(r*ic'(re/ e ebe p+/eer e' +ce)*e p(r( /er c+(c +

*r()/3+rm(+r e c+)+cimie)*+/ i)*er)+/ e) e' ('(, me)ci+)()+ '(/

(p*i*i)('e/, per/+)('e/, re'(ci+)('e/ < *=c)ic(/, c+) '(/ c('e/ pee

e/(rr+''(r e/*e pr+ce/+.

C(r(c*er/*ic(/ e' D+ce)*e

L( )(*r('e9( ec(*i!( /e //*e)*( e) )( /erie e pri)cipi+/ < !('+re/

e (p'ic(+/ e m()er( c+)!e)ie)*e, (<() ( /per(r e' =$i*+ e '+/

+ce)*e/ e) /i*(ci+)e/ e e)/e()9((pre)i9(e, imp'/()+ '(/ me*(/

e /e pr+p+)e e' +ce)*e < 3(ci'i*(r me+r(/ e) '(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/,

c+)c*(/, (bi'i(e/ < (c*i*e/, (p+r*>)+'e *()*+ )( me+r c('i( e!i( c+m+ )( m(<+r /(*i/3(cci) c+) '( pr>c*ic( e '( (c*i!i( pr+3e/i+)('

i(ri(. &+r e''+, p(r( M(r*)e9 2006,

FL(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ e/*>) emp(re)*((/ c+) )( (mp'i( (m( ec+)cep*+/, c+m+ '( c(p(ci( e +br(r, eec*(r e*ermi)(+/

34



(c*+/, e/empe(r )( 3)ci) + e)c(r+, + re('i9(r )( c+/(/,e)*r+ e '+/ c(r(c*ere/ e i/*i)e) ( '(/ per/+)( + c+/(/,(*e)ie)+ c(*e+r(/ e /e re3iere) ( '(/ pr+pie(e/ i)ere)*e/( ) ec+G p. 2.

A' *e)er c+m+ b(/e '+/ *=rmi)+/ ()*eri+re/, p(r( e e' +ce)*e p+/e( )

r+' e c+(c, ebe c(r(c*eri9(r/e p+r '( 3'e$ibi'i( p(r( ((p*(r e' pr+ce/+ (

)( r() i!er/i( e /i*(ci+)e/, < p+r / rir+/i( p(r( (/er(r e e'

pr+ce/+ e/*= c+)/i/*e)*eme)*e irii+ (' '+r+ e re/'*(+/ +b/er!(b'e/

e)*r+ e '( i)/*i*ci) ( '( c(' irie // e/3er9+/, p(r( e' e/(rr+''+ e

e/*i()*e/.

De e/*( 3+rm(, M(r*)e9 Op. Ci* e$pre/( e,)( c(r(c*er/*ic( e'

+ce)*e e/ percibir '( re('i( ec(*i!(, *(' c(' /e pre/e)*( e) e' mei+

/+ci(' < c'*r(', e/ ecir, c(p*(r c+) '( m(<+r e/*re9( c(( )+ e '+/

3(c*+re/ e i)*er!ie)e), e m++ irec*+ e i)irec*+ e) '+/ ec+/

ec(*i!+/. A/ pe/, '( pr($i/ +ce)*e ebe re/p+)er ( '( 3i)('i( e

/(ber, c+)+cer, ()('i9(r < c+mpre)er '( re('i( ec(*i!( p(r( '( *+m( e

eci/i+)e/, (b(rc()+ '(/ ime)/i+)e/ e '+/ e/*i()*e/ < *r()/3+rm()+

) r+' +ce)*e e c+)/*i*<( )( ('*er)(*i!( e i)*er!e)ci) e) ic(

re('i( mei()*e // (p*i*e/, c+)!icci), pr+(c*i!i(, i)*e'ie)ci( <*=c)ic(/ p(r( '( c+m)ic(ci) e) '( e)/e()9( e c+)*e)i+/ e) c+)*e$*+/

e*ermi)(+/.

E/ imp+r*()*e e/*(c(r '+ me)ci+)(+ p+r M+re)+ 200, e' c(' e$pre/(

e, Fe' +ce)*e e/ ) mei(+r ebe (/mir e' re*+ e i)!+'cr(r/e e) '(

c+)/*rcci) e' c+)+cimie)*+ e) e' ('(. L+ imp+r*()*e )+ e/

)ece/(ri(me)*e c>)*+ /e /(be, per+ e e''+ e/c()/e e) )( p'(*(3+rm(

*eric(c+)cep*(', p/ic+'ic( < 3i'+/3ic( p(r( //*e)*(r '( pr>c*ic(

pe(ic( /Pp.

E/*( i)*erpre*(ci) c+)ce ( e)*e)er e' r+' e' +ce)*e c+m+ 3(c*+r e

c+)/*rcci) e c+)+cimie)*+/ < e e$perie)ci(/, ( m++ e c+)c'/i), /e

ece e '( 3)ci) pri)cip(' e' +ce)*e e/ 3(ci'i*(r < (<(r ( '+/

35



e/*i()*e/ ( c+)/*rir // pr+pi+/ c+)+cimie)*+/, /+bre '( b(/e e

pr+m+!er e$perie)ci(/ (c+re/ c+) e' )i!e' e e/(rr+''+ e '+/ mi/m+/, '(

i)*e'ie)ci( < e!('(ci) e '( e$perie)ci(.

C+) re'(ci) ( '+ ()*e/ e$pe/*+, B+ Ob. ci*, e/*(b'ece (')(/c(r(c*er/*ic(/ prim+ri('e/ e ebe *e)er ) +ce)*e p(r( e re/p+)( (

'(/ e$ie)ci(/, (p'ic(+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) e' c+)*e$*+ ec(*i!+, e (''

e, (/me (/pec*+/ (p*i*i)('e/, per/+)('e/, re'(ci+)('e/ < *=c)ic+/ e

'e permi*e) e/(rr+''(r c+) e3ec*i!i( e' C+(ci) ec(*i!+, c+)*i)K(

re3irie)+ e c()+ /e (b'( e c(r(c*er/*ic(/ per/+)('e/ /e (ce

re3ere)ci( (' c(r>c*er < 3+rm( e /er, e/*(/ pee) /er '( C+ere)ci(,

C+)!icci) < &r+(c*i!i(: E) c()*+ ( '( C+ere)ci(: e) '( pr($i/ +ce)*e )+ /'+ e/ imp+r*()*e

*r()/mi*ir < (p'ic(r '+/ c+)+cimie)*+/ (iri+/ ( *r(!=/ e e/*i+/,

//*e)*(+/ p+r / e$perie)ci( pr+3e/i+)(' < (c(=mic(, /i)+ *(mbi=), e/

imp+r*()*e e e' +ce)*e pre/e)*e )( c('i( c+ere)*e, e /e *r(9c(

e) ) *r(b(+ +r()i9(+, c+) e/*rc*r( 'ic( < (c+re ( '(/ )ece/i(e/

(c(=mic(/ e // e/*i()*e/.

A' re/pec*+, B+ Ob. ci*, /e('( e e' +ce)*e Febe /er c+)/ece)*e

c+) '+/ pr+pi+/ !('+re/ < em+/*r(r'+ c+) '+/ ec+/ perm()e)*eme)*e,

m()*e)ie)+ ( '+ '(r+ e' *iemp+ )( ')e( e c+)c*( e permi*( percibir

// !('+re/G p. 20. De e/*( m()er(, '( re/p+)/(bi'i( e '( pr>c*ic(

+ce)*e /e !e i)creme)*((, *()*+ e) '+r(r e e$i/*( )( c+ere)ci( e) e'

+re)(mie)*+ < pr+r(m(ci) e '+/ *em(/ ( re!i/(r c+m+ e) '( re'(ci)

+ce)*eec()+.

&(r( T+b), 2010, '( c+ere)ci( e/c+)e e) / mec>)ic(, re'(/ e

c+mp+r*(mie)*+/ e (<() ( c+mpre)er me+r '+/ c(mbi+/ e +crre)e) '( re('i( *()*+ me)*(' c+m+ e$*eri+r. A' /er c+ere)*e permi*e e/*(r

cerc( e '( re('i(, c+)/*r<e)+ )( me+r re'(ci) c+)/i+ mi/m+ < c+)

/ e)*+r)+ /+ci(', *+m()+ e) ce)*( /iempre // pri)cipi+/. N+ +b/*()*e, e'

36



+ce)*e /ie)+ c+ere)*e p+r> !i/('i9(r '( re('i( e' e)*+r)+, c+m+

mec()i/m+ 3)(me)*(' p(r( e' (pre)i9(e e '+/ e/*i()*e/.

E) c()*+ ( '( C+)!icci): &(r( B+ Ob. ci*, Fe/*> pr+3)(me)*e

(rr(i(( e) '( per/+)('i( < e e''( /re) '+/ p(r(im(/ + m+e'+/me)*('e/ e/e '+/ c('e/ /e percibe '( re('i( < +per( /+bre e''(G p.20.

E) e/*e /e)*i+, e)*r+ e' /i/*em( ec(*i!+, e' +ce)*e e/ e' pr+pici(+r

pri)cip(' e '( e)er(ci) e e/*r(*ei(/ e c(mbi+ re('i/*(/, //*e)*((/ e)

'( /e)/ibi'i( < e' c+)!e)cimie)*+ e '( )ece/i( re(' e c(mbi+.

He ('', e /eK) e' (*+r, e' +ce)*e ebe +*(r (' e/*i()*e e '(/

e/*r(*ei(/ p(r( e' e/*i+ i)*er(' < c+)*e$*('i9(+, e/*(b'ecie)+ p+'*ic(/

i)/*i*ci+)('e/ e rec+mpe)/(/ e i)ce)*i!e) '( c(p(ci( e (+p*(r )e!+/ (pre)i9(e/, <( e e' /+'+ ec+ e (3r+)*(r e' c(mbi+, e/ ) r()

'+r+. &+r *()*+, /+bre e' +ce)*e rec(e e' (ec(+ /+ e '+/ pr+r(m(/

e) 3)ci) e' c+)*e$*+, '(/ )ece/i(e/ pr+pi(/ e / re('i( e/c+'(r <

/+ci(', e '+/ e/*i'+/ e (pre)i9(e < e' c+)!e)cimie)*+ ( // ec()+/

(irie)+ e' re*+ e (p+<(r ( '+/ e/*i()*e/ ( erer, /(ber < p+er

(pre)er e *+(/ // e$perie)ci(/ e !i(.

&+r / p(r*e, '( &r+(c*i!i(, e (cer+ ( B+ Ob ci*:

FL(/ per/+)(/ pr+(c*i!(/ rec+)+ce) '( re/p+)/(bi'i( e e'eir '(re/pe/*(, / c+)c*( e/ ) pr+c*+ e / pr+pi( 'iber*( p(r(e'eir c+)/cie)*eme)*e < /i) pre/i+)e/ '(/ eci/i+)e/ e ier(), <)+ '(/ e 'e/ imp+)() '+/ em>/ + e*ermi)((/ /i*(ci+)e/. L(/per/+)(/ pr+(c*i!(/ *(mbi=) /e !e) i)3'i(/ p+r '+/ e/*m'+/e$*er)+/: /e() 3/ic+/, /+ci('e/ + p/ic+'ic+/, per+ / re/pe/*( ('+/ e/*m'+/, c+)/cie)*e + i)c+)/cie)*e, e/ )( e'ecci) +re/pe/*( b(/(( e) !('+re/G p. 20

E) c+)/ece)ci(, e' +ce)*e ebe ie)*i3ic(r/e c+) e' ('c()ce <reperc/i+)e/ e e)er() e' e/(rr+''+ (c(=mic+, '+/ c+)+cimie)*+/,

e$perie)ci(, (bi'i(e/, e/*re9(/ e) '( c+m)ic(ci), m+*i!(ci), ( 3i) e

e)er(r *r()/3+rm(ci+)e/ e e) p(/+ ( )e!+/ (pre)i9(e/, e c+)''e!e

(' p(r*icip()*e ( (cer /+ (ec(+ e / *('e)*+, e / cre(*i!i(,

37



i))+!(ci), m()i3e/*()+ (bi'i(e/ < e/*re9(/ p(r( e)er(r )e!+/

c+)+cimie)*+/.

T(' c+m+ /e('( &(''(re/ 2006, F'( pr+(c*i!i( )+ /i)i3ic( /'+ *+m(r '(

i)ici(*i!(, /i)+ (/mir '( re/p+)/(bi'i( e (cer e '(/ c+/(/ /ce()eciir e) c(( m+me)*+ '+ e erem+/ (cer < cm+ '+ !(m+/ ( (cerG

/Pp. N+ +b/*()*e, (< e *e)er e) ce)*(, e e' c+mp+r*(mie)*+ pr+(c*i!+

e/*> +rie)*(+ ( re/'*(+/, e) pr+p+)er ie(/ + (cer ree/*rc*r(ci+)e/

c+)i*i!(/ p(r( percibir '( re('i( e +*r( m()er(.

C(r(c*er/*ic(/ Ap*i*i)('e/

L( (p*i* e/e '( per/pec*i!( pe(ic( '( e3i)e M(r*)e9 2006,

c+m+ Fe' )i!e' e re)imie)*+ i)i!i(', ( i('( e ec(ci)G p. 28.

SeK) e' mi/m+ (*+r, e/ i)*erpre*(( (*e)ie)+ (' r(ci+ci)i+ c+m+ )(

i/p+/ici) + e*ermi)(ci) (iri( p+r e' /e*+ e 'e 3(c'*(r> p(r(

eercer )( e*ermi)(( (cci) c+) '( m(<+r e3ic(ci(. Si) emb(r+, e/

imp+r*()*e c+)/ier(r e' (/pec*+ e)=*ic+ e c(( i)i!i+ e /e p+)e e

m()i3ie/*+ ()*e (')(/ circ)/*()ci(/. M(r*)e9 Ob. ci* /e('(:

FE/ )( e*ermi)(ci) (iri( p+r e' /e*+ e 'e 3(c'*(r> p(r(eercer )( e*ermi)(( (cci) c+) '( m(<+r e3ic(ci(, p+r '+ eebe *e)er c+)+cimie)*+ e' e)*+r)+ < e' /er i))+!(+r, +)ei)*er!e)( /i) '( )ece/i( e /er ) !er(er+ e$per*+, /i)+ ep+r e' c+)+cimie)*+ e / mi/m+, < '(/ c+)ici+)e/ )ece/(ri(/pee eec*(r )( be)( *(re( e)*r+ e' (mbie)*e '(b+r(',em+/*r()+ // c+)+cimie)*+/ ( *r(!=/ e' e/(rr+''+ e //(bi'i(e/ < e/*re9(/G &.28

&+r c+)/iie)*e, ) c+(c c+mpe*e)*e ebe *e)er c+)+cimie)*+ e'e)*+r)+ +)e i)*er!e)( /i) '( )ece/i( e /er ) !er(er+ e$per*+, /i)+

e p+r e' c+)+cimie)*+ e / mi/m+, < '(/ c+)ici+)e/ )ece/(ri(/ pee

eec*(r )( be)( *(re( e)*r+ e' (mbie)*e '(b+r(', em+/*r()+ //

38



c+)+cimie)*+/ ( *r(!=/ e' e/(rr+''+ e // (bi'i(e/ < e/*re9(/, *('

c+m+ '+ e$pre/( OC+))+r 2005:

FSi ere/ c+(c ere/ *(mbi=) 'er, < e' 'er *ie)e *re/ (*rib*+/pri)cip('e/: i))+!(+r, c+)+cimie)*+ e' e)*+r)+ < /ir!e e eemp'+.E' c+)+cimie)*+ e' e)*+r)+ c+m+ '( ime)/i) e 'e permi*ec+)+cer, *e)er c(p(ci( e (pre)i9(e < )( r() cri+/i( p+r *++ '+ e 'e r+e(. Y p+r K'*im+, e/ m+e'+ p(r( +*r(/ per/+)(/,e/(rr+''( '( ime)/i) e' /er, /e c+)!ier*e c(( !e9 m>/ e) '(per/+)( e iere /er, /e /ie)*e cm++ c+)/i+ mi/m+, *ie)e ///e+/, +be*i!+/ < !('+re/ < *r(b(( *++/ '+/ (/ c+) e''+/G. p.200

E) re'(ci) ( '+ ()*e/ e$pe/*+, e/ c+)!e)ie)*e i)/i/*ir c(( !e9 m>/, e)

'(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ e' +ce)*e e) c+)c+r()ci( c+) '+/ i)ic(+re/ e

e3ic(ci(, pe/, e/ c'(r+ e '( pr+3e/i) +ce)*e reiere e )( 3+rm(ci)

(p*i*i)(' p(r( / (pre)i9(e < +mi)i+ e) '( e)/e()9(, e) bre!e eber>

rei)!e)*(r/e p(r( /er ('+ m>/ e ) mer+ *r()/mi/+r e i)3+rm(ci).

C(r(c*er/*ic(/ Re'(ci+)('e/

L(/ c('i(e/ re'(ci+)('e/ /e e/*(c(), /eK) '+ e$pre/( Be)e/c200?, Fp+r e' c+)*(c*+ rp(', i('( e p(r*icip(ci), c+mpe)/(ci)

permi/i!( e)*re r()+ '( (*m+/3er( e' rp+, e e/ '( (/e)ci( e

*e)/i+)e/ imp+r*()*e/, (mbie)*e i/*e)i+ < p+r 3)ci+)e/ e (/i/*e)ci(,

(<( m*(G p. -?5. E/*(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ /*i3ic() '(/ )ece/(ri(/

i)*er(cci+)e/ < e)ce)*r+/ /+ci('e/ e /e () e)*r+ e '(/ i)/*i*ci+)e/,

*()*+ i)*r)/ec(me)*e c+m+ e) e' >mbi*+ +)e /e e/e)!e'!e.

E) e/*e /e)*i+, S(i;e'( 2006, e3i)e '(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ re'(ci+)('e/

c+m+, F(e''(/ e permi*e) (' pr+3e/i+)(', re'(ci+)(r/e e 3+rm( (pr+pi((

c+) c+'(b+r(+re/, c+mp(er+/, pr+!ee+re/, c'ie)*e/ +*r+/ +r()i/m+/

e$*er)+/G p. ?-. De e/*e m++, '+/ (*+re/ e/*(b'ece) c+m+ p(r*e e e/*(/

c(r(c*er/*ic(/, '( emp(*( < '(/ (bi'i(e/ /+ci('e/, e$pre/() '+/

39



re'(ci) i)*erper/+)(', (r()*i9()+ e' (pre)i9(e c+m+ )( *(re(

imp+r*()*e.

C(r(c*er/*ic(/ T=c)ic(/: /e re3iere) /eK) B+ Ob. ci* ( '(/ i3ere)*e/

3+rm(/ e c+)3+rm(r < eec*(r '( i>c*ic( e) '+/ i3ere)*e/ m+me)*+/ e '(c'(/e, e/(rr+''()+ ) pe)/(mie)*+ 3'e$ib'e, i)>mic+, ((9,

i)epe)ie)*e, per/i/*e)*e, i!ere)*e < +rii)(' e) '+/ e/*i()*e/,

c('i(e/ *+(/ e ) pe)/(mie)*+ cre(+r. &+r e''+, '( imp+r*()ci( e

p'()i3ic(r '( e)/e()9(, )+ /'+ p(r( e '+/ e/*i()*e/ (/imi'e) '+/

c+)+cimie)*+/ /i)+ p(r( e '+/ *i'ice) e 3+rm( cre(*i!( e) '( pr>c*ic(

c+*ii()(.

A' re/pec*+, R+m+ 2006 e$pre/( e '(/ c('i(e/ *=c)ic(/, /e re3iere)(:

FL(/ i3ere)*e/ 3+rm(/ e c+)3+rm(r < eec*(r '( i>c*ic( e) '+/i3ere)*e/ m+me)*+/ e '( c'(/e, e/(rr+''()+ ) pe)/(mie)*+3'e$ib'e, i)>mic+, ((9, i)epe)ie)*e, per/i/*e)*e, i!ere)*e <+rii)(' e) '+/ e/*i()*e/, c('i(e/ *+(/ e ) pe)/(mie)*+cre(+rG. &.6?

De' mi/m+ m++, c()+ /e (b'( e c('i(e/ *=c)ic(/, B+ 2008, /e

re3iere ( '( p+/ibi'i( e p+)er e) pr>c*ic( '+/ c+)+cimie)*+/, (p'ic(r '+/(/pec*+/ *eric+/, bie) /e(, e) e' >mbi*+ per/+)(', /+ci(' < '(b+r(' e)*r+ e

'+/ c('e/ '(/ ('+mer( e) c('ibr(ci), e/cc( (c*i!( < c+m)ic(ci), c+m+

'( m()er( e em+/*r(r '+/ /(bere/ e) e' c(mp+ ec(*i!+ p(r( '(

e)er(ci) e (pre)i9(e /i)i3ic(*i!+.

A' c+)*i)(r '(/ (bi'i(e/ /e /e('( '( C('ibr(ci): e/ '( m>$im(

e$pre/i) e '( +b/er!(ci), e/ )( 3+rm( e$pre/(( p+r B+ Ob. ci*, e

Fc+)/i/*e e) ce)*r(r/e /+bre '(/ /e('e/ )+ !erb('e/ e '( c+m)ic(ci), (*r(!=/ e '( +b/er!(ci) e*(''(( < preci/( e *+(/ '(/ !(ri(ci+)e/ e /e

pr+ce) e) e' c+mp+)e)*e ()>'++ e '( c+m)ic(ci) e e/( per/+)(G p.

25. &+r '+ *()*+, e/ )( meici) e*(''(( e '+/ c(mbi+/ e /e pr+ce)

e) e' pr+ce/+ c+m)ic(*i!+.

41



He ('' e, '( c('ibr(ci) /eK) e' (*+r, pre*e)e ()('i9(r c+) preci/i)

*++/ '+/ m+!imie)*+/ e '( per/+)( e e/*= e'()*e e i)*erpre*(r'+/

(ec((me)*e. Se pee c+)+cer '+ e pie)/( '( +*r( per/+)(, / r(+

e (*e)ci), /i e$i/*e c+)re)ci( e)*re '+ e (ce < '+ e ice, / )i!e' ec+)/i/*e)ci(, /i ('ie) mie)*e + c+m+ e) / e/*(+ 3/ic+ ( pe/(r e '+ e

i( <, p+r K'*im+, e)*e)er (' i)*er'+c*+r /i) )ece/i( e (b'e.

I('me)*e '( e/cc( (c*i!(: /e ce)*r( e) '( per/+)( e /e e/cc(

e*e)i(me)*e, bie) /e( i)i!i(' + e) ) rp+, /ie)+ c(p(9 e repe*ir '(/

p('(br(/ e (<( ic+ < e re/p+)er'e e) 3)ci) e' p'()*e(mie)*+

e$pe/*+, e m()er( e e' emi/+r /e ( ce)*( e e' recep*+r '+ e/cc(

(*e)*(me)*e < e/ c(p(9 e re*r+('ime)*(r'+. B+ Ob ci*, m()i3ie/*( e:

FS(ber e/cc(r < (*e)er e/ )( e '(/ c('i(e/ impre/ci)ib'ee ebe p+/eer *++ c+(cpr+3e/+r, < pee (3ec*(r, /i )+ /e*ie)e, ( '( m+*i!(ci) < c+)3i()9( e' ec()+, < ( '( c(p(ci( e'pr+3e/+r e) e' e/empe+ e / *r(b(+G p. 26.

&+r *()*+, e/cc(r (c*i!(me)*e, )+ /'+ repre/e)*( '( (*e)ci) < ()>'i/i/

e$(/*i!+ e' me)/(e e '+/ e/*i()*e/, /i)+ *(mbi=) (cer'e/ !er e /e

( c+mpre)i+ per3ec*(me)*e '+ e b/c() *r()/mi*ir. E) e/*e /e)*i+, /e

pre*e)e '+r(r )( be)( c+m)ic(ci) c+) '(/ per/+)(/ e /e c+mp(r*e

( ( (, ce)*r>)+/e e) e' p+*e)ci(' e c(( )+ e '+/ e/*i()*e/ < )(

!e9 e*ec*(+, (cer e /e( /+/*e)ib'e e) e' *iemp+.

C+mpe*e)ci(/ e' D+ce)*e

&e)/(r, c+mpre)er < (b+r(r e' pr+ce/+ e 3+rm(ci) e c+mpe*e)ci(/

e) / i)*er('i(, *ie)e c+m+ c+)ici) 3)(me)*(', e e' +ce)*e e) '+/

pr+r(m(/ ec(*i!+/ per3ecci+)e e' m++ e pe)/(r b(/(+ e) '( 'ic(

42



C+mpe*e)ci(/ "e)=ric(/

B+ Ob. ci*, (ce me)ci) ( (')(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ e)*r+ e '(

c+mpe*e)ci( e)=ric(, e (p+r*() e' (p+<+ < //*e)*+ )ece/(ri+ p(r(3+me)*(r e' ()>'i/i/ e) '( i)!e/*i(ci) e) b(/e ( '( 3+rm(ci) b(/(( e)

c+mpe*e)ci(/ e' +ce)*e, e/*+/ i)ic(+re/ e meici) /+) e)*r+ e '(/

c+mpe*e)ci(/ e)=ric(/ e' empre)imie)*+, e' c(' e/cribe '+/ )e!+/

pr+<ec*+/ pr+c*i!+/ e' *r(b(+ e) eip+ /e e)3+c( e) e' *r(b(+ e)

c+))*+ e '+/ e/*i()*e/, < '( re/+'ci) e c+)3'ic*+ e e/*> p'()*e(+

p+r )( e*ermi)(( /i*(ci).

E/ ecir, )( c+mpe*e)ci( e/ '+ e (ce e '( per/+)( /e( (p*+ +c+mpe*i*i!+, p(r( re('i9(r ) *r(b(+ + )( (c*i!i( e$i*+/( e) '( mi/m(, '+

e pee /i)i3ic(r '( re'(ci) e c+)+cimie)*+/, (bi'i(e/, i/p+/ici+)e/

< c+)c*(/ e/pec3ic(/, e ('+mer((/ c+)3+rm() '(/ ''(m((/

c+mpe*e)ci(/ e)=ric(/, pe/*+ e /+) '(/ e e3i)e) ( '( per/+)( e) )

e*ermi)(+ pe/*+ e *r(b(+.

De)*r+ e '(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/ e)=ric(/ e/*> e' empre)imie)*+ e' c('

T+b) Ob.ci*, '+ e/cribe c+m+ F'( 3+rm( e i)ici(r )e!+/ pr+<ec*+/

pr+c*i!+/ + e me+r(mie)*+ e '(/ c+)ici+)e/ e *r(b(+, c+) b(/e e)

'+/ reerimie)*+/ +r()i9(ci+)('e/ < '(/ em()(/ e$*er)(/G p. 6. De

e/( mi/m( m()er(, /e reiere i/e(r )e!+/ pr+<ec*+/ (c+re c+) '+/

reerimie)*+/ e '( +r()i9(ci) < e' c+)*e$*+ empre/(ri(' p(r( eec*(r

'+/ pr+<ec*+/ c+) re3ere)ci( ( '(/ me*(/ pr+pe/*(/ e) e' ('(, e' pr+ce/+

(mi)i/*r(*i!+ e3i)i+ < '(/ c+)ici+)e/ e' e)*+r)+.

I('me)*e e' *r(b(+ e) Eip+ '( p('(br( eip+ p+r / /+'(, imp'ic( '(

i)c'/i) e m>/ e )( per/+)(, '+ e /i)i3ic( e e' +be*i!+ p'()*e(+p+r e' +ce)*e )+ pee /er '+r(+ /i) '( c+'(b+r(ci) < (<( e '+/

e/*i()*e/ + e)*re '+/ e/*i()*e/. &(r( T+b) Ob ci*, /e reiere

p'()i3ic(r e' *r(b(+ e '+/ e/*i()*e/ F*e)ie)+ c+m+ re3ere)ci(, '+/

+be*i!+/ e/*r(*=ic+/ e '( i)/*i*ci), imp'eme)*()+ eip+/ e *r(b(+

44



(c+re c+) '+/ r(+/ (c(=mic+/ c+) '+/ e /e e/*= e/*i()+G. p. 82

E/ imp+r*()*e rec('c(r e *+( +r()i9(ci) reiere e) r() mei(, e'

*r(b(+ c+))*+ e ) rp+ e c+'(b+r(+re/ e (' (r*ic'(r e/3er9+/ e

m()er( e3ic(9, /e *r()/3+rme e) ) eip+ c+) r()e/ p+/ibi'i(e/ ere('i9(r c+) =$i*+ '( mi/i) e 'e/ ( /i+ e)c+me)((

&+r / p(r*e '( re/+'ci) e C+)3'ic*+ /eK) T+b) Ob. ci*

c+)3'ic*+'+( + re/+'ci) e c+)3'ic*+, Fe/ '( cie)ci( i)*eri/cip'i)(ri( e'

c+)3'ic*+G p. ?1 e/ ecir, /e (b+c( ( '( i)*er!e)ci), (p'ic(ci) < pr>c*ic(

'i(( ( '( e$perie)ci(, e/ '( (cci) re(', pre/e)*()+ ) e/3er9+ c+))*+

e '( c(p(ci( m()( e pe)/(r < (c*(r. &+r *()*+ '( re/+'ci) e

c+)3'ic*+/, re/e'!e '+/ pr+b'em(/ p'()*e(+/ p+r )( e*ermi)(( /i*(ci),c+) b(/e e) e' '+r+ e '+/ +be*i!+/ e/*r(*=ic+/ e '( +r()i9(ci),

e*ec*()+ '+/ pr+b'em(/ e)*r+ e' m(rc+ '(b+r(', *e)ie)+ c+m+ b(/e e'

c+)*e$*+ e) e' c(' /e pre/e)*() '+/ i3ere)*e/ (c*+re/ i)!+'cr(+/.

C+mpe*e)ci(/ E/pec3ic(/

"+)9>'e9 2006, c+)/ier( e, '( c+mpe*e)ci(/ e/pec3ic(/ F/e

re'(ci+)() c+) (/pec*+/ *=c)ic+/ irec*(me)*e !i)c'(+/ c+) '( +cp(ci) <

e )+ /+) *() 3>ci'me)*e *r()/3erib'e/ ( +*r+/ c+)*e$*+/ '(b+r('e/G p. --.

E/*( c+mpe*e)ci( /e b(/( e) e' e/(rr+''+ e c+)+cimie)*+/ (iri+/ e

/e e/(rr+''(r>) e (cer+ (' p+*e)ci(' e e' +ce)*e p+/e(. E/*>)

re3eri(/ ( '(/ (bi'i(e/ e/pec3ic(/ imp'ic((/ c+) e' c+rrec*+ e/empe+

e )( 3)ci) e/pec3ic( < e e/cribe), p+r '+ e)er(', '(/ (bi'i(e/ e

'( pe/*( e) pr>c*ic( e c+)+cimie)*+/ *=c)ic+/ < e/pec3ic+/, m< 'i(+/ (

c+)+cimie)*+/ re'(*i!+/ (' >re( e e/*i+ e /+) re/'*(+/ e'(pre)i9(e.

A c+)*i)(ci) /e /e('( e' Lier(9+ Or*i9 200?, e3i)e e' 'ier(9+

pe(ic+ c+m+ Fe' pr+ce/+ e eercer )( i)3'e)ci( m(<+r e '+ e

permi*e '( e/*rc*r( e irecci) e '( i)/*i*ci) ec(*i!(, m>/ e '+ e

45



e''( p+/ibi'i*(, (/*( '+r(r e '+/ e/*i()*e/ *(mbi=) /e() 'iere/G p. 5-,

e/ ecir (' *e)er e) ce)*( '(/ p+*e)ci('i(e/ < 'imi*(ci+)e/ e //

e/*i()*e/, imp'/( // *('e)*+/, /eK) // m()i3e/*(ci+)e/ per/+)('e/, <

3i( +be*i!+/ ('c()9(b'e/ e pee) (mp'i(r/e pr+re/i!(me)*e. L( *(re(+ce)*e, c+m+ 'ere/ *r()/3+rm(ci+)('e/, c+)/i/*e e) cre(r ( p(r*ir e '+

e c+)+ce) e // e/*i()*e/ < e // c+)+cimie)*+/ pre!i+/, e/*r(*ei(/

e rec+)/*r<() // (pre)i9(e/.

E) c()*+ ( '( e!('(ci) T+b) Ob. ci*, '+ e/*(b'ece c+m+ (e' e

Fe!('K( e' pr+<ec*+ ec(*i!+ c+) b(/e e) '+/ i)ic(+re/ e e/*i)

e/*(b'eci+/, !('+r( e' e/empe+ e' *('e)*+ m()+ ( / c(r+, (/ c+m+

e!('K( e' (!()ce e' pr+<ec*+ < '(/ p+'*ic(/ i)/*i*ci+)('e/, < e' imp(c*+ e*e)( e' pr+<ec*+G p. 87. I)*erpre*>)+/e cm+, e' e ri)e ce)*(/ < *r(9(

p'()e/ e me+r(mie)*+ ( p(r*ir e '+/ re/'*(+/ e '( e!('(ci)

pre/e)*((.

#i)('me)*e, e' c+(ci) e/e e' eercici+ e '( 3)ci) +ce)*e permi*e

e e' pr+3e/+r(+ /e i)!+'cre e) e' pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+, c<( 3i)('i(

(em>/ e +3recer )( 3+rm(ci) (ec((, e/ '+r(r e '+/ e/*i()*e/,

pe() *+m(r // pr+pi(/ eci/i+)e/, *i'i9(r '(/ e/*r(*ei(/ (ec((/ p(r(

re/+'!er '+/ c+)3'ic*+/, /er c(p(9 e e)er(r recr/+/, c+mpe*e)ci(/ p(r( '(

!i( (c(=mic( < pr+3e/i+)(', ()(+ ( e/*+ c+m+ !('+r (re(+ /e

circ)/cribe ( '( p'(*(3+rm( e)m(rc(( e) '( )+rm(*i!( ric(, e 'e (

cerp+, e/*rc*r(, c+)*e)i+ < +r()i9(ci), /e('(( ( c+)*i)(ci).

F0(*')e($'"/( Le.'&

L+/ 3)(me)*+/ *eric+/ 'e('e/ /e ce)*r() e) +cme)*+/ e

i)/*rme)*+/, em()(+ p+r e' e/*(+ < e' Mi)i/*eri+ e Ec(ci). C+) '+/

c('e/ /e (ce re3ere)ci( ( '(/ 'e<e/ < p+'*ic(/ ( /eir. E) '( C+)/*i*ci)

e '( RepKb'ic( B+'i!(ri()( e ;e)e9e'( 1???, /e e/*(b'ece e) '+/

46



Ar*c'+/ 20 10- e' (mp(r+ ( '+/ erec+/ e' )i+, '+/ pri)cipi+/ e

+b'i(*+rie(, pr+*ecci), ec(ci), 'iber*( e e$pre/i) < e '( c('i(

e' per/+)(' i)!+'cr(+ e) e' pr+ce/+ e (pre)i9(e.

EI Ar*c'+ 20 p'()*e(: *++/ *ie)e) erec+/ (' 'ibre e/e)!+'!imie)*+ e/ per/+)('i(, /i) m>/ 'imi*(ci) e '(/ eri!((/ e '+/ erec+/ e '+/

em>/, e' +re) pKb'ic+ < /+ci('. E/*e (r*c'+ re/('*( '( (mp'i* e ('c()ce

e *ie)e e' /i/*em( ec(*i!+ !e)e9+'()+ c()+ /e /e('( e' pr+ce/+

e/c+'(r c+m+ ) erec+ e *++ i)i!i+ i)*er()*e e )( /+cie(. E) '+

re3ere)*e (' e/*i()*e, e/*e /eK) '+ c+)/(r(+ *ie)e erec+ e /er

(*e)i+, +rie)*(+ < 3+rm(+, *+m()+ e) ce)*( // c(r(c*er/*ic(/ e

i)*ere/e/ p(r*ic'(re/ e / e)*+r)+ p(r( e' me+r e/(rr+''+ e /per/+)('i(.

E) c()*+ (' Ar*c'+ 10- e/*(b'ece e: *+( per/+)( *ie)e erec+ (

)( ec(ci) i)*er(', e c('i(, perm()e)*e, e) i('( e c+)ici+)e/,

/i) m>/ 'imi*(ci+)e/ e '(/ eri!((/ e) // (c*i*e/, !+c(ci),

(/pir(ci+)e/ p.-6. E/*e (r*c'+ /e('( e '( 3)ci) +ce)*e ebe

(*e)er ( '(/ )ece/i(e/ e e' e)*+r)+ 'e e$i( /iempre e) ) (mbie)*e

em+cr>*ic+, )+ i/crimi)(*i!+ +)e e' e/*i()*e /e( *r(*(+ c+m+ /e*+

e erec+/.

E) e/*e mi/m+ +re) e ie(/ '( Le< Or>)ic( e Ec(ci) 200? e) /

(r*c'+ - /e('(:

L( ec(ci) *ie)e c+m+ 3i)('i( 3)(me)*(' e' p'e)+ e/(rr+''+e '( per/+)('i( < e' '+r+ e ) +mbre /()+, c'*+, cr*ic+ < (p*+p(r( c+)!i!ir e) )( /+cie( Dem+cr>*ic(, /*( < 'ibre, b(/(( e)'( 3(mi'i( c+m+ c=''( 3)(me)*(' e) '( !('+ri9(ci) e' *r(b(+c(p(9 e p(r*icip(r (c*i!(, c+)/cie)*e < /+'i(ri(me)*e e) '+/

pr+ce/+/ e *r()/3+rm(ci) /+ci(' c+)//*()ci(+ c+) '+/ !('+re/e '( ie)*i( )(ci+)(' < c+) '(/ (c*i*e/ e re/p+)/(bi'i(re/pe*+ < *+'er()ci( e 3+r*('ece) e' e/(rr+''+ e ) ci(()+(*)+m+ e i)epe)ie)*e p. .

47



L+ ()*eri+rme)*e /e('(+ e) e/*e (r*c'+, e!ie)ci( '( imp+r*()ci( e

*ie)e '( ec(ci) e) '( 3+rm(ci) e '( per/+)('i( e '+/ e/*i()*e/ ()*e

'( ( e' pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+, re/p+)/(bi'i( e 'e !() ( 3(ci'i*(r /

e/(rr+''+ e)*r+ e '( /+cie(. Sei(me)*e, e' &r+<ec*+ Ec(*i!+N(ci+)(' 1??? e$p+)e e:

L( )e!( /+cie( < e' )e!+ p(/ e) c+)/*rcci), e/*> p'()*e(+3+rm(r c+)*i)(me)*e (' /er m()+ e) ) c+))*+ e !('+re/,(c*i*e/ (bi'i(e/ < e/*re9(/ e 'e permi*() ) m(<+r e/e)!+'!imie)*+ e)*r+ e '( )e!( /+cie( e /e reiere. p.5

E' &r+<ec*+ Ec(*i!+ N(ci+)(' rec+e c+m+ ) e'eme)*+ /m(me)*e

imp+r*()*e '( 3+rm(ci) e '+/ 3*r+/ +mbre/ < mere/, '(/ c+)c*(/

reeri(/ p+r ) p(/ e em()( c(p(ci(e/ < me)*('i(e/, )e!(/

c)/+)(/ c+) '+/ p'()*e(mie)*+/ e rec+)/*rcci) < e/(rr+''+ e )(

/+cie( (!()9(( < em+cr>*ic(. &+r '+ *()*+, e/ )ece/(ri+ *e)er )

c+)+cimie)*+ c'(r+, preci/+ ()*e '(/ )ece/i(e/ ec(*i!(/ e '+/

e/*i()*e/ < /+) '+/ +ce)*e/ re/p+)/(b'e/ e '( 3+rm(ci) ec(*i!( e

e/*( 3*r( e)er(ci).

&+r e/*( r(9), /e reiere e per/+)(' +ce)*e/ c+) ) per3i' c+m+ '+i)ic( e' Re'(me)*+ e' Eercici+ e '( &r+3e/i) D+ce)*e e) / re3+rm(

p(rci(' 2000, e' c(' /e('(:

S+) ebere/ e' +ce)*e +b/er!(r c+)c*(/ < (c*i*e/ (/*((/ ('( =*ic( pr+3e/i+)(', ( '( m+r(', ( '(/ be)(/ c+/*mbre/ < ( '+/pri)cipi+/ e/*(b'eci+/ e) '( c+)/*i*ci) < '(/ 'e<e/ e '( repKb'ic(c+)*ribir ( '( e'e!(ci) e' )i!e' =*ic+, cie)*3ic+, m()/*ic+ <c'*r(' e '+/ miembr+/ e '( i)/*i*ci) e) '( c(' *r(b(( p. 8

Si /e ()('i9( e*e)i(me)*e '+/ rei/i*+/ e$ii+/ p+r Re'(me)*+ e'

Eercici+ e '( &r+3e/i) D+ce)*e p(r( eercer e' p(pe' e e/*( ''(m(+ e'

m(e/*r+ ( e/empe(r, /e ebe *e)er c'(r(me)*e e3i)i( '(/ (c*i*e/ e

/e e/ee) m()i3e/*(r e) '+/ e/*i()*e/, <( e =', e/ e' m+e'+ e '+/

48



mi/m+/ p+r e)e e' e'eme)*+ c'(!e e' pr+ce/+ ec(*i!+. T++/ '+/

i)/*rme)*+/ 'e('e/ me)ci+)(+/ e/*(c() '( )ece/i( e' c+(ci)

ec(*i!+, //*e)*(( e) e)3+e/ m()i/*(, /+ci(' e i/*ric+c'*r(',

e/(rr+''()+ pr+r(m(/ e i)*ere) e 3+rm( perm()e)*e e' (pre)er (/er, c+)+cer < (cer e) '+/ (/pec*+/ c+)i*i!+/, (3ec*i!+/ < pr>c*ic+/ e'

e/*i()*e.

CAPITULO III

49



MARCO METODOLÓGICO

N'$0!'&e4' T"#% *e "(-es$".'"/(

C+) e' pr+p/i*+ e e/*i(r e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) e'

eercici+ e '( 3)ci) +ce)*e e) Ec(ci) &rim(ri(, /e e3ec* '( pre/e)*e

i)!e/*i(ci) b(+ )( i)!e/*i(ci) e )(*r('e9( c()*i*(*i!( e ( ici+ e

Hr*(+ < T+r+ 2001, F/e b(/( e) '( ie( ce)*r(' e e 3er( e )+/+*r+/

e$i/*e )( re('i( *+*('me)*e ec(, (c(b(( < p'e)(me)*e e$*er)( <

+be*i!(G p.-7, =/*e m=*++ e i)!e/*i(ci) ebe e/pre)er/e e '+/preici+/ < '(/ /p+/ici+)e/, /ep(r(r '+/ ici+/ e ec+/ e '+/ ici+/ e

!('+r, '( cie)ci( e '( ie+'+(.

&+r +*r( p(r*e, e' *ip+ e i)!e/*i(ci) emp'e(+ 3e e c(mp+ e c(r>c*er

e/crip*i!(, e /eK) e' M()(' e' Ce)*r+ e I)!e/*i(ci+)e/ &/ii>*ric(/,

&/ic+'ic(/ < Se$+'+( e ;e)e9e'( 2012, /e c(r(c*eri9( p+re '+/

pr+b'em(/ e e/*i( /re) e '( re('i( < '( i)3+rm(ci) reeri( ebe

+b*e)er/e irec*(me)*e. SeK) '+/ +be*i!+/ e' e/*i+ pr+pe/*+, '(

i)!e/*i(ci) e c(mp+ pee /er e c(r>c*er e/crip*i!+4 < /eK) e' c(/+

p+r> pre/e)*(r ) (p+r*e (*e)ie)+ ( '+/ re/'*(+/ p.1. &(r( B(rri+/

2005, ie)*i3ic( '( i)!e/*i(ci) e c(mp+ c+m+:

...e' ()>'i/i/ /i/*em>*ic+ e pr+b'em(/ e '( re('i(, c+) e'pr+p/i*+ bie) /e( e e/cribir'(, i)*erpre*(r'(, e)*e)er /)(*r('e9( < 3(c*+re/ c+)/*i*<e)*e/, e$p'ic(r // c(/(/ < e3ec*+/ +preecir / +crre)ci(, (cie)+ /+ e m=*++/ c(r(c*er/*ic+/ ec('ier e '+/ p(r(im(... L+/ (*+/ e i)*er=/ /+) rec+i+/ e)

3+rm( irec*( e '( re('i(. p. 5

E) c()*+ (' c(r>c*er e/crip*i!+, Her)>)e9 < O*r+/ 2006, e$pre/() e

/+) F(e''+/ e b/c() e/peci3ic(r '(/ pr+pie(e/ imp+r*()*e/ e '(/

50



per/+)(/, rp+/, c+m)i(e/ + c('ier +*r+ 3e)me)+ e /e( /+me*i+

( ()>'i/i/G p. 60. E) c+)/ece)ci(, e' pr+p/i*+ e' i)!e/*i(+r 3e ecir

cm+ e/ < /e m()i3ie/*( '+ e /e e/*i( e) +*r(/ p('(br(/, (' (cer

e!('(ci) e/crip*i!( e) 3+rm( i)epe)ie)*e e '(/ !(ri(b'e/ + c+mp+)e)*e/e' 3e)me)+, p(r( ''e(r ( e/peci3ic(r + re3erir c+) '( m(<+r preci/i) p+/ib'e,

(' +be*+ /+me*i+ ( e/*i+.

D"se;% *e I(-es$".'"/(

E) (*e)ci) ( '(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ < +be*i!+/ e '( i)!e/*i(ci) /e c+)/ier

) i/e+ e *ip+ )+ e$perime)*(' e /eK) Hr*(+ < T+r+ 1??8, F/+)(e''+/ e) '+/ c>'e/ e' i)!e/*i(+r )+ eerce c+)*r+' )i m()ip'(ci) (')(

/+bre '(/ !(ri(b'e/ e) e/*i+G p. 8. E) e/*e c(/+, e) '( m+('i(

*r()/ecci+)(', c+m+ '+ i)ic() Her)>)e9 < +*r+/ +b. ci* c<+ +be*i!+ 3e

Fi)((r '( i)cie)ci( < '+/ !('+re/ e) e /e m()i3ie/*( )( + m>/ !(ri(b'e/G p.

18. De/e e/*e c+)*e$*+, /e cmp'ier+) '(/ /iie)*e/ e*(p(/:

1. E/*i+ e c(mp+: c+)/i/*i e) (p'ic(r ) i)/*rme)*+ *ip+ ce/*i+)(ri+

( '+/ /e*+/ e' e/*i+ p(r( ()('i9(r e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei(

e) e' eercici+ e '( 3)ci) +ce)*e e) Ec(ci) &rim(ri(, E/ce'(

B+'i!(ri()( FM(r( "er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r E' T(e &('(!eci)+,

e/*(+ L(r(.

2. E/*i+ De/crip*i!+: +b*e)i( '( i)3+rm(ci) e/p=/ e (ber (p'ic(+

e' i)/*rme)*+ /e pr+cei ( e$(mi)(r (mb+/ e'eme)*+/ c+) e' pr+p/i*+ e

re('i9(r )( e/cripci) e*(''(( e '(/ !(ri(b'e/ e' e/*i+.

-. A)>'i/i/: ( p(r*ir e '( i)3+rm(ci) rec+'ec*(( p+r e' i)/*rme)*+ /e

re('i9 ) ()>'i/i/ e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e, c<+/ (*+/ 3er+)pre/e)*(r+) e) c(r+/ < r>3ic+/ p(r( )( me+r !i/('i9(ci) e '+/

re/'*(+/, e c('e/ /e e'(b+r(r+) '(/ c+)c'/i+)e/ < rec+me)(ci+)e/.

S"s$e)' *e V'!"'+&e

51



E/ impre/ci)ib'e e) *+( i)!e/*i(ci) b(+ e' p(r(im( c()*i*(*i!+ e'

()>'i/i/ e '( !(ri(b'e, pe/ e) 3)ci) e e''(, e/ p+/ib'e e*ermi)(r '+/

(/pec*+/ m>/ /i)i3ic(*i!+/ e' e/*i+ ( 3i) e ''e(r ( c+)c'/i+)e/. E) e/*e/e)*i+ e$pre/( B(''e/*ri)i 200, e '( mi/m( repre/e)*( e' c+))*+ e

(/pec*+/ + ime)/i+)e/ e ) 3e)me)+ c+) '( c(r(c*er/*ic( p(r*ic'(r e

(/mir i/*i)*+/ !('+re/. &+r *(' m+*i!+, e) e/*e e/*i+ /e (/me '( !(ri(b'e,

C+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) e' eercici+ e '( 3)ci) +ce)*e.

E/*( !(ri(b'e /e pr+cee ( e/(rr+''(r, c+)cep*('me)*e c+m+: FE/ e' e

(<( ( e/*i()*e/ ( e/(rr+''(r (' m>$im+ // p+*e)ci('i(e/ < /per(r

i3ic'*(e/ (c(=mic(/ ( *r(!=/ e )( (*e)ci) perm()e)*eG Bri**9 200- <c+) re/pec*+ ( '( e3i)ici) +per(ci+)(', ic( !(ri(b'e /e e3i)e ( *r(!=/ e

'(/ ime)/i+)e/ #)ci+)e/, C(r(c*er/*ic(/ < C+mpe*e)ci(/. A c+)*i)(ci)

/e pre/e)*( e' c(r+ +)e /e +per(ci+)('i9( '( !(ri(b'e e) 3)ci) ( /

ime)/i), i)ic(+re/ e *em/.

C0'*!% <5

O#e!'"%('&"4'"/( *e &'s V'!"'+&es

=V'!"'+&es

D")e(s"/(C%(e#$0'&

D")e(s"%(esS0+D")e(s"%(es I(*"'*%!es I$e)s

C+(ci)ec(*i!+c+m+e/*r(*ei( e)e' eercici+ e'( 3)ci)+ce)*e

FE/ e' e (<(e/*i()*e/ (e/(rr+''(r ('m>$im+ //p+*e)ci('i(e/< /per(ri3ic'*(e/(c(=mic(/ (

*r(!=/ e )((*e)ci)perm()e)*eGBri**9 200-

#)ci+)e/T*+r 1,2Me)*+r -,7Orie)*(+r 5,6

C(r(c*er/*ic(/

Ap*i*i)('e/I))+!(+r 8,C+)+cimie)*+ e'e)*+r)+

?,10

&er/+)('e/C+ere)ci( 11,12&r+(c*i!i( 1-,17

Re'(ci+)('e/

Emp(*( 15,16

H(bi'i(e/S+ci('e/

18,1

T=c)ic(/C('ibr(ci) 1?,20E/cc( (c*i!( 21,22

B>/ic(/ A3r+)*(mie)*+ ('c(mbi+

2-,27

Empre)imie)*+ 25,26

52



C+mpe*e)ci(/

"e)=ric(/Tr(b(+ e)Eip+

28,2

Re/+'ci) ec+)3'ic*+/

2?,-0

E/peci3ic(/

Lier(9+ -1,-2

E!('(ci) --,-7F0e($e: Rees ><?6@

S0,e$%s *e &' I(-es$".'"/(

C+m+ p+b'(ci) /eK) Her)>)e9 < O*r+/, +b. ci* c+m+ Fe' c+))*+ e

/e*+/ e *ie)e) e'eme)*+/ /imi'(re/ c+m+ e(, /e$+, +cp(ci), i)re/+

ec+)mic+, ( '(/ e /e re3iere) '(/ c+)c'/i+)e/ + e)er('i9(ci+)e/

'+r((/ e) )( i)!e/*i(ci)G p.205., &(r( '( re('i9(ci) e' e/*i+ /e

c+)/ier )( p+b'(ci) i)*e)ci+)(' + b(/(( e) cri*eri+/ e ( ici+ e

M(r*)e9 2000:

Se e'ie )( /erie e cri*eri+/ e /e c+)/ier() )ece/(ri+/ +m< c+)!e)ie)*e/ p(r( *e)er )( )i( e ()>'i/i/ c+) m(<+re/!e)*((/ p(r( '+/ 3i)e/ e per/ie '( i)!e/*i(ci)G4GE/ ecir,e /e *r(*( e b/c(r )( me/*r( e /e( c+mpree)/i!( <e, ( / !e9, *e)( e) ce)*( '+/ c(/+/ )e(*i!+/ + e/!i()*e/,per+ (cie)+ =)3(/i/ e) '+/ c(/+/ m>/ repre/e)*(*i!+/ <p(r(im>*ic+/ < e$p'+r()+ ( '+/ i)3+rm()*e/ c'(!e/. p. 57

E) e/*e c(/+ '( p+b'(ci) c+rre/p+)ie)*e ( '( pre/e)*e i)!e/*i(ci)

e/*!+ c+)3+rm(( p+r !ei)*ici)c+ 25 +ce)*e/ e '( e/ce'( B+'i!(ri()(

FM(r( "er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r E' T(e &('(!eci)+, e/*(+ L(r(.

.

T("' *e Re%&e"/( *e I(1%!)'"/(

&(r( re('i9(r '( i)!e/*i(ci) 3e )ece/(ri( '( (p'ic(ci) e ) i)/*rme)*+

p(r( rec+'ec*(r '+/ (*+/ e) (*e)ci) '+/ +be*i!+/ pr+pe/*+/ e) e/*e

e/*i+. De ('', e '+/ re/'*(+/ 3er+) rec(b(+/ mei()*e )

ce/*i+)(ri+ e /eK) U+))i''( 1??2, Fe/ ) i)/*rme)*+ e i)!e/*i(ci)53



irii+ (' e/*i+ c()*i*(*i!+ e +pi)i+)e/ < c+mp+r*(mie)*+/ e c+))*+/

e per/+)(/G p.82. E' mi/m+ e e/*rc*r(+ p+r *rei)*( < c(*r+ -7

pre)*(/ cerr((/, c+) e' pr+p/i*+ e +b*e)er '( i)3+rm(ci) (cerc( e '+/

(/pec*+/ 3)(me)*('e/ e '( !(ri(b'e.Dic+ i)/*rme)*+ e/*!+ i!ii+ /eK) '(/ ime)/i+)e/ e c(( !(ri(b'e,

'(/ c('e/ 3er+) re/p+)i(/ < m()e((/ c+) (b/+'*( c+)3ie)ci('i(, c+)

)( e/c('( e e$pre/(b( e' r(+ e i)3+rm(ci) e) c(( *em, e '( 3+rm(

/iie)*e:

1. Siempre S

2. A')(/ !ece/ A!

-. N)c( N

V'&"*e4

L( !('ie9 e' i)/*rme)*+ e/*> re'(ci+)(( c+) e' c+)*e)i+ ( meir e

(cer+ ( '+/ +be*i!+/ p'()*e(+/ e) e/*e e/*i+. E' m=*++ e /e *i'i9

p(r( !('i(r e' i)/*rme)*+ 3e e' ici+ e e$per*+, e' c(' c+)/i/*i e) e'

/+me*er'+ ( e!('(ci) p+r p(r*e e per/+)(/ c('i3ic((/ e) '+/ (/pec*+/

c+)*e)i+/ e) '+/ *em/. &(r( e''+ /e c+)/'* ( *re/ - e/peci('i/*(/ e) >re(

c+)c*(', *em>*ic+ < me*++'ic+, p(r( emi*ir / +pi)i) /+bre '( !('ie9 <

re'e!()ci( mei()*e e '+/ cri*eri+/ e per*i)e)ci(, c+ere)ci( < c'(ri( e

c(( )+ e '+/ re(c*i!+/.

C%(1"'+"&"*'*

&(r( e*ermi)(r '( c+)3i(bi'i( e' i)/*rme)*+ /e re('i9 )( preb(pi'+*+ ( ie9 10 /e*+/ c+) c(r(c*er/*ic(/ /eme()*e/ ( '(/ me/*r(/. L+/

re/'*(+/ +b*e)i+/ 3er+) /+me*i+/ ( ) pr+ce/+ e !('i(ci) i)*er)(

e/pec3ic(me)*e e' C+e3icie)*e e C+)3i(bi'i( A'p( e Cr+)b(c &(r(

Her)>)e9 < +*r+/ 2002 /e pee) *i'i9(r '( 3rm'( e/*(/*ic( e (

54



c+)*i)(ci) /e pre/e)*(:

−

−= ∑

2

2

11 st

si

k

K a

∑ /iV O E/ '( /m(*+ri( e '(/ !(ri()9( e '+/ *em/

S*V W ;(ri()9( *+*(' e' i)/*rme)*+

E) c()*+ ( '+/ cri*eri+/ e/*(b'eci+/ p(r( '( c+)3i(bi'i( /e pr+<ec*()

'+/ /iie)*e/ !('+re/ < cri*eri+/.

V'&%!es C!"$e!"%sDe 1 ( O N+ e/ c+)3i(b'e

De 0,01 ( 0,7? B(( c+)3i(bi'i(De 0,50 ( 0,85 M+er(( c+)3i(bi'i(De 0,8? ( 0,? #er*e c+)3i(bi'i(De 0,?0 ( 1,0 A'*( c+)3i(bi'i(

E' )ice ('c()9(+ 3e e 0.8 i)ic()+ )( 3er*e c+)3i(bi'i( e'

i)/*rme)*+.

T("'s *e A(&"s"s e I($e!#!e$'"/( *e D'$%s

&(r( e' c>'c'+ e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e /e *i'i9 e' pr+ceimie)*+ e

e/*(/*ic( e/crip*i!( e ()>'i/i/ e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e. A/imi/m+, '(

*(b'(ci) e '+/ (*+/ /e e3ec* e m()er( m()(' *+m()+ e)

c+)/ier(ci): '(/ ime)/i+)e/ e '( !(ri(b'e e) e/*i+. L+/ (*+/ 3er+)

pre/e)*(+/ e) c(r+/ < r>3ic+/ p(r( )( me+r !i/('i9(ci) e

i)*erpre*(ci) e '+/ mi/m+/.

P!%e*")"e($%

&(r( ''e!(r ( c(b+ '( i)!e/*i(ci) /e re('i9(r+) '+/ /iie)*e/ p(/+/ +

(c*i!i(e/:

55



1. I)3+rm(r ( '(/ (*+ri(e/ e' p'()*e' p(r( '( re('i9(ci) e '(

i)!e/*i(ci).

2. ;('i(r e' i)/*rme)*+.

-. E)!i(r c(r*(/ ( '+/ /e*+/ e c+)3+rm() '( p+b'(ci) me/*r('.7. Ap'ic(r e' i)/*rme)*+ ( '+/ /e*+/ e' e/*i+.

5. &r+ce/(r '( i)3+rm(ci) rec+i( p+r '+/ i)/*rme)*+/.

6. #+rm'(r '(/ c+)c'/i+)e/, rec+me)(ci+)e/ < (p+r*e/.

8. E'(b+r(r '( !er/i) pre'imi)(r.

CAPÍTULO IV

56



RESULTADOS

P!ese($'"/(9 A(&"s"s D"s0s"/( *e Res0&$'*%s

E/*e c(p*'+ e '( i)!e/*i(ci) /e eic (' pr+ce/(mie)*+, ()>'i/i/ e

i)*erpre*(ci) e '( i)3+rm(ci), +b*e)i( e/p=/ e '( (p'ic(ci) e '+/

i)/*rme)*+/ e rec+'ecci) e (*+/ ( '+/ !ei)*ici)c+ 25 +ce)*e/ e '(

E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( M(r( "er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(, bic(( e) e' /ec*+r E'

T(e, e) &('(!eci)+ c(rre*er( ;ie( !( Y(ri*((, c+) e' pr+p/i*+ e

()('i9(r e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) +ce)*e/ e Ec(ci)&rim(ri(.

E) e/*e /e)*i+, p(r( Ari(/ Ob.ci*, e' pr+ce/+ e ()>'i/i/ e re/'*(+/

c+)*ie)e '( i)3+rm(ci) e)c+)*r(( r()*e e' e/(rr+''+ e '( i)!e/*i(ci),

()('i9(+ e m()er( *(' e ( (ci( '( c+)/ecci) e '+/ +be*i!+/

p'()*e(+/, '+/ c('e/, ( / !e9, e/*>) re'(ci+)(+/ irec*(me)*e c+) '(/

i)*err+()*e/ e '( i)!e/*i(ci).

De e/*( 3+rm(, '+/ (*+/ +b*e)i+/ 3er+) c+i3ic(+/, *(b'(+/ < pre/e)*(+/mei()*e e' ()>'i/i/ e 3rece)ci( < p+rce)*(e/ (*e)ie)+ ( '(/ !(ri(b'e/,

ime)/i+)e/ e i)ic(+re/ e' e/*i+, p(r( e''+ /e c+)/ier '( i)3+rm(ci)

+b*e)i( e) e' ce/*i+)(ri+ e/*rc*r(+ p+r *rei)*( < c(*r+ -7 *em/ c+)

*re/ - c(*e+r(/ e re/pe/*(/, (p'ic(+ ( !ei)*ici)c+ 25 /e*+/.

C0'*!%

57



D"s$!"+0"/( *e 1!e0e("' #%!e($',e *e !es#0es$'s *e *%e($es5D")e(s"/(: F0("%(es9 "(*"'*%!es:T0$%!9 Me($%!9 O!"e($'*%!5I(*"'*%! I$e)s S"e)#!e A -ees N0('

1 1 F

T 0 $ % !

6

#)e c+m+ **+r 3+me)*()+) c+mpr+mi/+ e (pre)i9(ec+)*i)+ e) // e/*i()*e/,e!i*()+ '( c+)3+rmi(.

< < <6

<

E) / 3)ci) e **+r ()im( (// e/*i()*e/ e) *++m+me)*+, p(r( e /em+*i!e) ( '( c'mi)(ci) e// pr+<ec*+/.

< 6< <? ?

M e ( $ % !

Eerce '( 3)ci) e me)*+r +rie)*()+ ( '+/ e/*i()*e/(ci( '( e3i)ici) e me*(/.

? ? 6 <

E) / 3)ci) me)*+r e/*((<(r ( e '+/ e/*i()*e/pe() ie)*i3ic(r '+/+b/*>c'+/ e 'e impi()('c()9(r ('*+ re)imie)*+.

? ? 6 <

O ! " e ( $ ' * % !

@

Orie)*( (cer*((me)*e ( //e/*i()*e/ (ci( '(c+)/ecci) e '(/ me*(/,(c+mp(()+ (' eip+ e)*++ m+me)*+

? ? 6 <

Orie)*( e/e / pr($i/ec(*i!( ( '+/ e/*i()*e/ (

('c()9(r c+)+cimie)*+/ c+) e'3i) e me+r(r / re)imie)*+e/*i()*i'

6? ? 6? ? @ <?

P!%)e*"% < 6< <? NK<? F0e($e: Rees <?6@

58



Siempre A veces Nunca0

20

40

60

80

9 12

79

G!1"% 6. ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '(ime)/i): #)ci+)e/

E) e' c(r+ - < r>3ic+ 1, i/e(+/ p(r( +b/er!(r '+/ re/'*(+/ e)

c()*+ (' i)ic(+r **+r, e) e' *em 1, /e p+ (preci(r e e) e' 7X p+r

cie)*+ e '+/ e)ce/*(+/ ))c( 3)e c+m+ **+r 3+me)*()+ )

c+mpr+mi/+ e (pre)i9(e c+)*i)+ e) // e/*i()*e/, e' X ( !ece/ <

+*r+ X /iempre. &+r +*r+ '(+, e) e' *em 2 e' 0X p+r cie)*+ e '+/

+ce)*e/ ))c( e) / 3)ci) e **+r ()im( ( // e/*i()*e/ e) *++m+me)*+, p(r( e /e m+*i!e) ( '( c'mi)(ci) e // pr+<ec*+/, mie)*r(/

e e' 12X ( !ece/ '+ (ce < e' X /iempre '+ (ce.

A/imi/m+ p(r( e' i)ic(+r me)*+r, e) e' *em - e' ?6X ))c( eerce '(

3)ci) e me)*+r +rie)*()+ ( '+/ e/*i()*e/ (ci( '( e3i)ici) e me*(/ <

e' 7X ( !ece/, e) e' *em 7 e' ?6X ))c( e) / 3)ci) me)*+r e/*( (<(r (

e '+/ e/*i()*e/ pe() ie)*i3ic(r '+/ +b/*>c'+/ e 'e impi() ('c()9(r

('*+ re)imie)*+ < e' 7X ( !ece/. &+r / p(r*e, e) e' i)ic(+r +rie)*(+r, e)

e' *em 5 e' ?6X e +ce)*e/ ))c( +rie)*( (cer*((me)*e ( // e/*i()*e/

(ci( '( c+)/ecci) e '(/ me*(/, (c+mp(()+ (' eip+ e) *++

m+me)*+ < e' 7X ( !ece/.

59



E) c()*+ (' *em 6 e' mi/m+ i)ic(+r, e' 20X ))c( +rie)*( e/e /

pr($i/ ec(*i!( ( '+/ e/*i()*e/ ( ('c()9(r c+)+cimie)*+/ c+) e' 3i) e

me+r(r / re)imie)*+ e/*i()*i', e' 70X ( !ece/ < +*r+ 70X /iempre. E'

m(<+r pr+mei+ ('c()9(+ 3e e 8? p+r cie)*+ e) '( c(*e+r( ))c(. E) e/*e/e)*i+, D(9 2007, re3iere:

FE' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ 3+r*('ece '( 3)ci) +ce)*e e/e mK'*ip'e/e/*r(*ei(/ cre(*i!(/, /+ci('i9()*e/ e i))+!(+r(/ p(r( e e' +ce)*ee/(rr+''e e' pr+ce/+ e +rie)*(ci) < (pre)i9(e e) e' >mbi*+ e '(i)!e/*i(ci) e/e ) e)3+e ere)ci(', re/p('(+/ e) e' /pe/*+e *r()/3erir '+/ p+/*'(+/ e '( ere)ci( m+er)( ( '(/+r()i9(ci+)e/ ec(*i!(/, p(r( +p*imi9(r '( e/*i) +ce)*e. p. 8?

E) r(9) e '+ ()*e/ p'()*e(+, e' C+(ci) Ec(*i!+ pr+pici( )

(pre)i9(e i)i!i('i9(+ p(r( p+er i(r, *r()/mi*ir < e)/e(r ) )e!+

m+e'+ ec(ci+)(' ( '+/ *re/ e/*(me)*+/ e '( ec(ci), c+m+ /+) '+/

e/*i()*e/, '+ c(' imp'ic( )( c+)/*()*e 3+rm(ci) p(r( p+er e)*re)(r,

(c+)/e(r, +rie)*(r < c+rreir /i e/ )ece/(ri+. E/ e) e3i)i*i!( e' +ce)*e, e)

/ r+' e pr+pici(+r e' (pre)i9(e, ie) pee (rm+)i9(r '(/

i)i!i('i(e/ e ) rp+, /i) perer e' ie(' e i('( c+)/+'i()+ '+/

c+)+cimie)*+/ < (bi'i(e/.

C0'*!% D"s$!"+0"/( *e 1!e0e("' #%!e($',e *e !es#0es$'s *e *%e($es5D")e(s"/(: C'!'$e!2s$"'s s0+*")e(s"/( '#$"$0*"('&es9 "(*"'*%!esI((%-'*%!9 C%(%")"e($% *e& e($%!(%5I(*"'*%! N I$e)s S"e)#!e A -ees N0('

1 F 1

I

( ( % - ' * % ! "e)er( c(mbi+/

i))+!(+re/ ec(*i!+/e/e )( c+)/*()*e

(c*('i9(ci) e //c+)+cimie)*+/ ( '+/ 3i)e/e me+r(r '( pr($i/pe(ic(

< @ <? 6 <

60



A/me c+)re/p+)/(bi'i( e' i))+!(r e) *=c)ic(/ p(r( me+r(r '( c('i( ec(*i!( *()*+e / mi/m+ c+m+ e //

e/*i()*e/.

< @ <? 6 <

C % ( % " ) " e ( $ % * e & e ( $ % ! ( %

M()e( e' c+)+cimie)*+e' e)*+r)+ em+/*r()+// c+)+cimie)*+/ e/e// (bi'i(e/ p(r(re/p+)er ( c('ier pr+b'em(

? ? < < <

6?

Ce)*r( / pr($i/ec(*i!( e/e e'm()e+ e' c+)+cimie)*+e / e)*+r)+ p(r(

(/*(r '+/ /(bere/ e'e/*i()*e ( / re('i(i)mei(*(.

? ? < < <

P!%)e*"% 6 6 <? <NK<? F0e($e: Rees <?6@

G!1"% <5 ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '(Sb ime)/i): (p*i*i)('e/

E) e' c(r+ 7 < r>3ic+ 2, re3eri+/ (' i)ic(+r i))+!(+r e!ie)ci( e)

'(/ re/pe/*(/ emi*i(/ p+r '+/ +ce)*e/ +be*+ e e/*i+ e) e' *em 8, )

82X ))c( e)er( c(mbi+/ i))+!(+re/ ec(*i!+/ e/e )( c+)/*()*e

(c*('i9(ci) e // c+)+cimie)*+/ ( '+/ 3i)e/ e me+r(r '( pr($i/

61



C0'*!% @D"s$!"+0"/( *e 1!e0e("' #%!e($',e *e !es#0es$'s *e *%e($es5D")e(s"/(: C'!'$e!2s$"'s s0+*")e(s"/( #e!s%('&es9 "(*"'*%!es

C%8e!e("'9 #!%'$"-"*'*5I(*"'*%! N I$e)s S"e)#!e A -ees N0('

1 F 1

C % 8 e ! e ( " '

66

A' e$pre/(r ) i/cr/+(rme)*(*i!+ e/ c+ere)*ep(r( e e' e/*i()*epe( *e)er =$i*+ ('i)*erpre*(r / /i)i3ic(+.

< 6 < @ <?

6<

Se imp+)e e' /er c+ere)*e3re)*e ( // e/*i()*e/m+/*r()+ e '+ e icee/*> re'(ci+)(+ c+) '+ e(ce.

? ? @ <? <? ?

P ! % ' $ " - " * ' *

6

A/me c+m+ +ce)*e e' /er pr+(c*i!+ imp'ic>)+/e e))e!(/ c(p(ci(e/ < re*+/p(r( ir /iempre m>/ (''> e'c+)+cimie)*+.

? ? 6< <<

6

Eerce ) c+mp+r*(mie)*+pr+(c*i!+ pr+p+)ie)+ ie(/p(r( e '+/ e/*i()*e/pe() percibir '( re('i(e +*r( m()er(.

? ? 6< <<

P!%)e*"% 6 < < 6 NK<? F0e($e: Rees <?6@

63




10

20

0

40

!0

60

70

2

29

69

1 2 1 2

G!1"% 5 ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): per/+)('e/.

E) e' c(r+ 5 < r>3ic+ -, re3'e( '+/ re/'*(+/ +b*e)i+/ e/p=/ e '(

(p'ic(ci) e' i)/*rme)*+ c+) re'(ci) (' i)ic(+r c+ere)*e, +)e /e

p+ e!ie)ci(r e) e' *em 11 e e' 20X ))c( (' e$pre/(r ) i/cr/+

(rme)*(*i!+ e/ c+ere)*e p(r( e e' e/*i()*e pe( *e)er =$i*+ ('

i)*erpre*(r / /i)i3ic(+, e' 82X ( !ece/ < e' X /iempre. A/imi/m+, e) e'

*em 12, e' 0X ))c( /e imp+)e e' /er c+ere)*e 3re)*e ( // e/*i()*e/m+/*r()+ e '+ e ice e/*> re'(ci+)(+ c+) '+ e (ce, p+r +*r+ '(+

p(r( e' i)ic(+r pr+(c*i!+ e) e' *em 1-, e' X ))c( (/me c+m+ +ce)*e

e' /er pr+(c*i!+ imp'ic>)+/e e) )e!(/ c(p(ci(e/ < re*+/ p(r( ir /iempre

m>/ (''> e' c+)+cimie)*+, e' 12X ( !ece/.

&+r / p(r*e, e) e' *em 17 e' X ))c( eerce ) c+mp+r*(mie)*+

pr+(c*i!+ m()er( < e' 12X ( !ece/. E) e/*e /e)*i+, '+/ re/'*(+/ re!e'()

)( *e)e)ci( (ci( '( c(*e+r( ))c( c+) ) 6?X p+r cie)*+ e) '(

*+*('i( e '(/ re/pe/*(/ emi*i(/ p+r '+/ +ce)*e/ e)ce/*(+/, ('

re/pec*+ '(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ per/+)('e/ e/*>) e3i)i(/, p+r B+ 201-, b(+

i3ere)*e/ p*ic(/, /eK) e' c(r>c*er < 3+rm( e /er, e/*(/ pee) /er '(

C+ere)ci(, C+)!icci) < &r+(c*i!i(, e) c()*+ ( '( c+ere)ci( re3iere:

64



FE/ ) mec()i/m+ 3)(me)*(' p(r( e' (pre)i9(e e '+/e/*i()*e/, '+/ +ce)*e/ ebe) /er c(p(ce/ e e'(b+r(r i/cr/+/(rme)*(*i!+/ c+ere)*e/ p(r( e e' e/*i()*e pe( *e)er =$i*+(' i)*erpre*(r e' /i)i3ic(+ e '+/ mi/m+/, < (r me/*r( e '+ e

ice e/*> re'(ci+)(+ c+) '+ e (ceG p.120.

E) re'(ci) ( '( pr+(c*i!i(, B+ Ob. ci* /e('( e e' +ce)*e ebe

ie)*i3ic(r/e c+) e' ('c()ce < reperc/i+)e/ e e)er() e' e/(rr+''+

(c(=mic+, '+/ c+)+cimie)*+/, e$perie)ci(, (bi'i(e/, e/*re9(/ e) '(

c+m)ic(ci), m+*i!(ci), ( 3i) e e)er(r *r()/3+rm(ci+)e/ e e) p(/+ (

)e!+/ (pre)i9(e/, e c+)''e!e (' p(r*icip()*e ( (cer /+ (ec(+ e

/ *('e)*+, e / cre(*i!i(, i))+!(ci), m()i3e/*()+ (bi'i(e/ <

e/*re9(/ p(r( e)er(r )e!+/ c+)+cimie)*+/.

C0'*!% D"s$!"+0"/( *e 1!e0e("' #%!e($',e *e !es#0es$'s *e *%e($es5 D")e(s"/(: C'!'$e!2s$"'s s0+*")e(s"/(!e&'"%('&es9 "(*"'*%!es e)#'$2'9 8'+"&"*'*es s%"'&es5I(*"'*%! N I$e)s S"e)#!e A -ees N0('

1 1 F

E ) # ' $ 2 '

6@

M()i3ie/*( emp(*( (' p+er rec+)+cer // pr+pi+//e)*imie)*+/, (/ c+m+ e' e'+/ e/*i()*e/,e/*i+)>)+'+/ e 3+rm(be)e3ici+/( p(r( (mb+/.

6 6< 6 <

6

&r(c*ic( '( emp(*(c+'+c>)+/e e) e' '(r e'e/*i()*e, e)*e)ie)+ //p+/*r(/ < p)*+/ e !i/*(()*e ) pr+b'em(P*(re(.

? ? @ <? <? ?

H '

+ " & " * ' * e s 6 Eerce '(/ (bi'i(e/

/+ci('e/ i)*er(c*()+ <c+m)ic>)+/e c+) '+/

e/*i()*e/, pr+cie)+ '(p+/ibi'i( e c+)!i!ir (rm)ic(me)*e

? ? 6 <

65



S % " ' & e s

6

&r(c*ic( '(/ (bi'i(e//+ci('e/ e/*(b'ecie)+c+)/e)/+ p(r( e!i*(r '+/c+)3'ic*+/ e) e' ('( ec'(/e/ p(r( ) *r(b(+ e)

eip+ e3ec*i!+

< 6< <

P!%)e*"% 6? @ <6 6 NK<? F0e($e: Rees <?6@

G!1"% 5 ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): re'(ci+)('e/.

E) e' c(r+ 6 < r>3ic+ 7, re3eri+/ (' i)ic(+r emp(*(, e!ie)ci e) '(/

re/pe/*(/ emi*i(/ p+r '+/ +ce)*e/ +be*+ e e/*i+ e) e' *em 15 e e'

82X ))c( m()i3ie/*( emp(*( (' p+er rec+)+cer // pr+pi+/ /e)*imie)*+/,

(/ c+m+ e' e '+/ e/*i()*e/, e/*i+)>)+'+/ e 3+rm( be)e3ici+/( p(r(

(mb+/, e'12X ( !ece/ < e' 16X /iempre. &+r / p(r*e, e) e' *em 16 e'

re3eri+ i)ic(+r e' 0X ))c( pr(c*ic( '( emp(*( c+'+c>)+/e e) e' '(r

e' e/*i()*e, e)*e)ie)+ // p+/*r(/ < p)*+/ e !i/*( ()*e )

pr+b'em(P*(re( < e' 20X ( !ece/.E) e' i)ic(+r (bi'i(e/ /+ci('e/, e) e' *em 18 e' ?6X ))c( eerce '(/

(bi'i(e/ /+ci('e/ i)*er(c*()+ < c+m)ic>)+/e c+) '+/ e/*i()*e/,

pr+cie)+ '( p+/ibi'i( e c+)!i!ir (rm)ic(me)*e, e' 7X ( !ece/, e) e'

*em 1 e' 7X ( !ece/ pr(c*ic( '(/ (bi'i(e/ /+ci('e/ e/*(b'ecie)+

66



c+)/e)/+ p(r( e!i*(r '+/ c+)3'ic*+/ e) e' ('( e c'(/e/ p(r( ) *r(b(+ e)

eip+ e3ec*i!+, e' 2X ))c( < e' 27X /iempre.

L+/ re/'*(+/ re!e'() e e) ) 6? p+r cie)*+ /e bic e) '(/

c(*e+r(/ ))c(. De' mi/m+ m++, B+ Ob, ci*, e/*(b'ece e '(/c(r(c*er/*ic(/ re'(ci+)('e/ me/*r() e' +mi)i+ e) (mbie)*e/ /+ci('e/

e/e '( emp(*( < '(/ (bi'i(e/ /+ci('e/, /ie)+ '( emp(*( /eK) e'

preci*(+ (*+r F'( (bi'i( p(r( p+)er/e e) '+/ /e)*imie)*+/ e '( +*r(

per/+)(G p. 182.

E) c()*+, ( '(/ (bi'i(e/ /+ci('e/ /+) '(/ e permi*e) i)*er(c*(r <

c+m)ic(r/e c+) '+/ em>/, pr+cie)+ '( p+/ibi'i( e c+)!i!ir

(rm)ic(me)*e. &(r( e''< 2005, e/*(/ 3ir() c+m+ '( c(p(ci( e !er '(/ c+/(/ e/e e' p)*+ e !i/*( e '+/ em>/, e/ '( c(p(ci( e

c+)!e)cer ( +*r+/, e/*(b'ecer c+)/e)/+, e/ e' +) e e!i*(r '+/ c+)3'ic*+/, (/

c+m+ p+er c++ri)(r '+/ *r(b(+/ c+) '+/ em>/.

C0'*!% D"s$!"+0"/( *e 1!e0e("' #%!e($',e *e !es#0es$'s *e *%e($es5D")e(s"/(: C'!'$e!2s$"'s s0+*")e(s"/( $("'s9 "(*"'*%!es'&"+!'"/(9 es08' '$"-'5

I(*"'*%! N I$e)s S"e)#!e A -ees N0('1 F F

C ' & " + ! ' " / (

6

Re('i9( '( c('ibr(ci) ('m+me)*+ e c+m)ic(r/ec+) // e/*i()*e/()('i9()+ c+) preci/i)*++/ // m+!imie)*+/ ei)*erpre*>)+'+/(ec((me)*e.

? ? ? ? <@ 6??

<?

&r(c*ic( '( c('ibr(ci) p(r(e)*e)er (' i)*er'+c*+r e/*i()*e /i) )ece/i(

e (b'e.

? ? ? ? <@ 6??

E s 0 8 '

' $ " - ' <6 Re('i9( '( e/cc( (c*i!(

ce)*r>)+/e e*e)i(me)*ee) '( per/+)( e (b'(,/ie)+ c(p(9 e repe*ir '(/p('(br(/ e (<( ic+

< 6< <? ?

67



<<

Re('i9( '( e/cc( (c*i!(pre/*>)+'e !er(er(me)*e(*e)ci) (' e/*i()*e,e/cc()+ c+) (*e)ci)/i) e meie ici+,

i)*erpre*(ci) + i/*+r/i).

@ <? < 6<

P!%)e*"% < 66 <? <


20

40

60

80

100

7 11

82

1 2 1 2

NK<

? F0e($e: Rees <?6@

G!1"% @5 ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): *=c)ic(/.

C+m+ /e pee +b/er!(r e) e' c(r+ 8 < r>3ic+ 5, '+/ (*+/ e) e'

i)ic(+r c('ibr(ci), e/pec3ic(me)*e e) e' *em 1? +)e /e e!(' /i

re('i9( '( c('ibr(ci) (' m+me)*+ e c+m)ic(r/e c+) // e/*i()*e/

()('i9()+ c+) preci/i) *++/ // m+!imie)*+/ e i)*erpre*>)+'+/

(ec((me)*e, ) 100X e$pre/ ))c(, e) e' i*em 20 re'(ci+)(+ ( /i

pr(c*ic( '( c('ibr(ci) p(r( e)*e)er (' i)*er'+c*+r e/*i()*e /i) )ece/i(

e (b'e e' mi/m+ 100X re/p+)i ))c(.

&+r / p(r*e, e) e' i)ic(+r e/cc( (c*i!(, p(r( e' i*em 21, e i)!e/*i

/i e' +ce)*e re('i9( '( e/cc( (c*i!( ce)*r>)+/e e*e)i(me)*e e) '(

per/+)( e (b'(, /ie)+ c(p(9 e repe*ir '(/ p('(br(/ e (<( ic+, e'

0X e$pre/ e ))c(, e' 12X (')(/ !ece/ < e' X /iempre, e) e' i*em

68



22 re3eri+ ( /i re('i9( '( e/cc( (c*i!( pre/*>)+'e !er(er(me)*e

(*e)ci) (' e/*i()*e, e/cc()+ c+) (*e)ci) /i) e meie ici+,

i)*erpre*(ci) + i/*+r/i), e' 7X re/p+)i ))c(, e' -2X ( !ece/ < e' 20X

/iempre. &(r( ) pr+mei+ e re/pe/*(/ e' 2X e) '( ('*er)(*i!( ))c(. A' re/pec*+, /eK) R+m+ 2006 '(/ c('i(e/ *=c)ic(/, /e re3iere) (:

FL(/ i3ere)*e/ 3+rm(/ e c+)3+rm(r < eec*(r '( i>c*ic( e) '+/ i3ere)*e/

m+me)*+/ e '( c'(/e, e/(rr+''()+ ) pe)/(mie)*+ 3'e$ib'e, i)>mic+,

((9, i)epe)ie)*e, per/i/*e)*e, i!ere)*e < +rii)(' e) '+/ e/*i()*e/,

c('i(e/ *+(/ e ) pe)/(mie)*+ cre(+rG. &.6?

C0'*!% D"s$!"+0"/( *e 1!e0e("' #%!e($',e *e !es#0es$'s *e *%e($es5D")e(s"/(: C%)#e$e("'s9 s0+*")e(s"/( +s"'s9 "(*"'*%!es'1!%($')"e($% '& ')+"%5I(*"'*%! N I$e)s S"e)#!e A -ees N0('

1 F 1

A 1 ! % ( $ ' ) " e ( $ % '

& ' ) + " %

<

Re('i9( e' (3r+)*(mie)*+ ('c(mbi+ c+)*r+'()+ ///e)*imie)*+/ p(r( e )+i)*er3ier() e) e' pr+ce/+ e(pre)i9(e e //e/*i()*e/.

@ <? < 6 @<

<

A/me e' (3r+)*(mie)*+ ('c(mbi+ re!i/()+ '(/i!er/(/ >re(/ e / !i(e*ec*()+ '+ e+b/*(c'i9( / e/empe+(c(=mic+.

@ <? < 6 @<

P!%)e*"% @ <? < 6 52NK<? F0e($e: Rees <?6@

69




10

20

0

40!0

60

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28

!2

1 2 1 2

G!1"% 5 ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): b>/ic(/.

C+m+ /e pee +b/er!(r e) e' c(r+ < r>3ic+ 6 '+/ (*+/ /+bre e'

i)ic(+r (3r+)*(mie)*+, *em 2- c<+ c+)*e)i+ 3e /i re('i9( e'

(3r+)*(mie)*+ (' c(mbi+ c+)*r+'()+ // /e)*imie)*+/ p(r( e )+ i)*er3ier()

e) e' pr+ce/+ e (pre)i9(e e // e/*i()*e/, e' 52X re/p+)i ))c(, e'

2X ( !ece/ < e' 20X /iempre. &(r( e' *em 27 +)e /e i)*err+ /i (/mee' (3r+)*(mie)*+ (' c(mbi+ re!i/()+ '(/ i!er/(/ >re(/ e / !i(

e*ec*()+ '+ e +b/*(c'i9( / e/empe+ (c(=mic+, '(/ re/pe/*(/

3er+) e' 52X ))c(, e' 2X ( !ece/ < e' 20X /iempre. &(r( ) pr+mei+

e re/pe/*(/ e' 52X e) '( ('*er)(*i!( ))c(.

Re/p('()+ e '+/ c+)/*()*e/ c(mbi+/ e /e !ie)e) pr+cie)+ e)

'( /+cie(, c+)3ir() ) )e!+ c+)*e$*+ e) e' e /e ebe) e/(rr+''(r

)e!(/ 3+rm(/ e) '( +r()i9(ci) e/c+'(r. A)*e '+ c(' T+b) 200?, /e('(

e e' (3r+)*(mie)*+ (' c(mbi+ /re c()+ e' +ce)*e ie)*i3ic( '+/

pr+ce/+/ e c(mbi+ e imp'eme)*( e/*r(*ei(/ 3'e$ib'e/ e permi*e) m()e(r

'+/ pr+ce/+/ i)e/per(+/, e 3+rm( (ec(( ( '+/ p'()e/ < pr+<ec*+/ c+)

e' 3i) e m()e(r '+/ pr+ce/+/ e c(mbi+.

70



E/ c+)!e)ie)*e, e/*(c(r '( )ece/i( e '+/ ce)*r+/ ec(*i!+/ e)

p+*e)ci(r '+/ p'()e/ e i))+!(ci) (' +ce)*e, <( e e/*+/ c+)*rib<e) e

m()er( /i)i3ic(*i!( (' c(mbi+ e /e pr+p+)( e)*r+ e '( i)/*i*ci), /i)

+b!i(r e '( 3+rm(ci) e' +ce)*e *ie)e r() imp(c*+ e)*r+ e ic+/p'()e/, c+)/ier()+ e e)*r+ e '(/ i)/*i*ci+)e/.

C0'*!% D"s$!"+0"/( *e 1!e0e("' #%!e($',e *e !es#0es$'s *e *%e($es5D")e(s"/(: C%)#e$e("'s9 s0+*")e(s"/( .e(!"'s9 "(*"'*%!ese)#!e(*")"e($%9 $!'+',% e( e30"#%s9 !es%&0"/( *e %(1&"$%s5I(*"'*%! N Í$e)s S"e)#!e A -ees N0('

1 1 1

E ) # ! e ( * " ) " e ( $ %

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Re('i9( e'empre)imie)*+(cie)+ ) e/3er9+(ici+)(' p+r ('c()9(r )( me*( +be*i!+ e)/ pr($i/ ec(*i!(.

< 6< <? ?

<

M()i3ie/*(empre)imie)*+ ei)ici(r )e!+/pr+<ec*+/ ec(*i!+/

c+) b(/e ( '+/reerimie)*+/ e(pre)i9(e e '+/e/*i()*e/.

< 6< <? ?

E 3

0 " # % s * e T ! ' + ' , % < C+)3+rm( eip+/ e

*r(b(+ e/*(b'ecie)+(cer+/ +)e *++/'+/ e/*i()*e/ /e()m*(me)*ere/p+)/(b'e/ p(r(

m($imi9(r /(pre)i9(e.

@ <? 6? ? 6? ?

71




10

20

0

40

!0

60

16

1

!

1 2 1 2

G!1"% 5 ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): e)=ric(/.

E) e' c(r+ ? < r>3ic+ 8, i/e(+/ p(r( +b/er!(r '+/ re/'*(+/ e)

c()*+ (' i)ic(+r empre)imie)*+, e) e' *em 25, /e p+ (preci(r e e'

0X p+r cie)*+ e '+/ e)ce/*(+/ ))c( re('i9( e' empre)imie)*+

(cie)+ ) e/3er9+ (ici+)(' p+r ('c()9(r )( me*( +be*i!+ e) / pr($i/

ec(*i!(, e' 12X ( !ece/ < +*r+ X /iempre. &+r +*r+ '(+, e) e' *em 26 e'

0X m()i3ie/*( empre)imie)*+ e i)ici(r )e!+/ pr+<ec*+/ ec(*i!+/ c+)

b(/e ( '+/ reerimie)*+/ e (pre)i9(e e '+/ e/*i()*e/, e' 12X ( !ece/

< e' X /iempre.

A/imi/m+ p(r( e' i)ic(+r eip+/ e *r(b(+, e) e' *em 28 e' 70X ))c(

c+)3+rm( eip+/ e *r(b(+ e/*(b'ecie)+ (cer+/ +)e *++/ '+/

e/*i()*e/ /e() m*(me)*e re/p+)/(b'e/ p(r( m($imi9(r / (pre)i9(e,

+*r+ 70X ( !ece/ < e' 20X /iempre. E) e' *em 2 e' 70X ))c( !('+r( '(

c+)3+rm(ci) e eip+/ e *r(b(+ (*e)ie)+ e) '+/ e/*i()*e/ pr+ce/+/cre(*i!+/ m>/ (ec(+/ ( / e/*i'+ e (pre)i9(e, +*r+ 70X ( !ece/ < e'

20 X /iempre.

E) c()*+ (' i)ic(+r re/+'ci) e c+)3'ic*+/, e) e' *em 2? /+bre /i /e

(b+c( ( '( i)*er!e)ci) e/e '( re/+'ci) e c+)3'ic*+/ imp'eme)*()+

73



(cci+)e/ ec(*i!(/ c+)cre*(/ p(r( re/+'!er '+/ pr+b'em(/, e' 70X

re/p+)i ))c(, +*r+ 70X ( !ece/ < e' 20X /iempre. &(r( e' *em 2?

re3ere)*e ( /i e' +ce)*e /e (b+c( ( '( i)*er!e)ci) e/e '( re/+'ci) e

c+)3'ic*+/ imp'eme)*()+ (cci+)e/ ec(*i!(/ c+)cre*(/ p(r( re/+'!er '+/pr+b'em(/, e' 70X re/p+)i ))c(, i('me)*e e' 70X (')(/ !ece/ < e'

20X /iempre.

&+r / p(r*e, e) e' *em -0, e i)( e) '+/ +ce)*e/ /i (b+r(

pr+b'em>*ic(/ e (me)(9() c+*ii()(me)*e '( c'(/e e/e '( re/+'ci) e

c+)3'ic*+/, i)!e/*i()+ /e)*imie)*+/ e '+ e)er(r+) < '( c+

re/p+)/(bi'i(, e'70X ))c(, e' 70X (')(/ !ece/ < e' 20X /iempre.

C<+/ re/'*(+/ (rr+(r+) ) pr+mei+ e re/pe/*(/ e' 5-.--X e) '(('*er)(*i!( ))c(.

E) e/*e /e)*i+, '(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/ e)=ric(/ /+) '+b('e/, /i) emb(r+,

p+re /+) )( /e'ecci) e '(/ c(p(ci(e/ m>/ re'e!()*e/ p(r( '( !i(.

De e/*e m++, B+ Ob. ci*, (ce me)ci) ( (')(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ e)*r+

e '( c+mpe*e)ci( e)=ric(, e (p+r*() e' (p+<+ < //*e)*+ )ece/(ri+ p(r(

3+me)*(r e' ()>'i/i/ e) '( i)!e/*i(ci) e) b(/e ( '( 3+rm(ci) b(/(( e)

c+mpe*e)ci(/ e' +ce)*e, e/*+/ i)ic(+re/ e meici) /+) e)*r+ e '(/

c+mpe*e)ci(/ e)=ric(/ e' empre)imie)*+, e' c(' e/cribe '+/ )e!+/

pr+<ec*+/ pr+c*i!+/ e' *r(b(+ e) eip+ /e e)3+c( e) e' *r(b(+ e)

c+))*+ e '+/ e/*i()*e/, < '( re/+'ci) e c+)3'ic*+ e e/*> p'()*e(+

p+r )( e*ermi)(( /i*(ci).

C0'*!% 6?D"s$!"+0"/( *e 1!e0e("' #%!e($',e *e !es#0es$'s *e *%e($es5D")e(s"/(: C%)#e$e("'s9 s0+*")e(s"/( es#e21"'s9 "(*"'*%!es

&"*e!'4.%9 e-'&0'"/(5I(*"'*%! N Í$e)s S"e)#!e A -ees N0('

1 1 1

74



L " * e !

' 4 . %

6

Eerce e' 'ier(9+*r()/3+rm(ci+)(' c+m+ e'pr+ce/+ mei()*e e' c('e)*re( '+ me+r e / mi/m+p(r( c+)/eir '+ me+r e

'+/ e/*i()*e/.

< 6 <<

<

C+m+ 'er ec(*i!+ *ie)ee) ce)*( '(/ 'imi*(ci+)e/ e// e/*i()*e/, imp'/()+// *('e)*+/.

6< 6 6 <

E -

' & 0 ' " / (

C+)cibe '( e!('(ci) c+m+) pr+ce/+ c+)*i)+ <per/+)('i9(+, (*e)ie)+*()*+ '+/ (pre)i9(e/ e)e/*i()*e/, c+m+ '+/pr+ce/+/ e e)/e()9(.

? ? 6 <

Eerce '( e!('(ci) e/e e'/eimie)*+ e' pr+ce/+ ee)/e()9(P(pre)i9(e c+m+)( 3i)('i( emi)e)*eme)*e3+rm(*i!(.

? ? 6 <

P!%)e*"% 6 @ < << NK<? F0e($e: Rees <?6@

G!1"% 5 ;('+re/ p+rce)*('e/ e '+/ pr+mei+/ re/pe/*(/ e) '( Sbime)/i): e/pec3ic(/.

75



L( i)3+rm(ci) re3eri( ( '( /bime)/i) e/pec3ic(/, /e +b/er!( e) e'

c(r+ 10 < r>3ic+ . Se e!ie)ci( e) e' i)ic(+r 'ier(9+ e) c()*+ ('

*em -1, e e$pre/(b( /i c+m+ +ce)*e eerce e' 'ier(9+

*r()/3+rm(ci+)(' c+m+ e' pr+ce/+ mei()*e e' c(' e)*re( '+ me+r e /mi/m+ p(r( c+)/eir '+ me+r e '+/ e/*i()*e/, e' X re/p+)i ))c(,

e' 7X ( !ece/ < e' X /iempre. E) e' *em -2, re3eri+ ( /i c+m+ 'er

ec(*i!+ *ie)e e) ce)*( '(/ 'imi*(ci+)e/ e // e/*i()*e/, imp'/()+

// *('e)*+/, e' 12X re/p+)i /iempre, e' 16X ( !ece/ < e' 82X ))c(.

&(r( e' i)ic(+r e!('(ci), e) e' *em -- +)e /e e!(' /i c+)cibe '(

e!('(ci) c+m+ ) pr+ce/+ c+)*i)+ < per/+)('i9(+, (*e)ie)+ *()*+ '+/

(pre)i9(e/ e) e/*i()*e/, c+m+ '+/ pr+ce/+/ e e)/e()9(, '(/ re/pe/*(/e bic(r+) e) e' 7X (')(/ !ece/ < e' ?6X ))c(, e) e' *em -7 /+bre /i

eerce '( e!('(ci) e/e e' /eimie)*+ e' pr+ce/+ e

e)/e()9(P(pre)i9(e c+m+ )( 3i)('i( emi)e)*eme)*e 3+rm(*i!(, e' 7X

re/p+)i ( !ece/ < e' ?6X ))c(. &(r( ) pr+mei+ e re/pe/*(/ e' X

e) '( ('*er)(*i!( ))c(.

E/*+/ re/'*(+/ e)+*() '+ e$pre/(+ p+r "+)9>'e9 2006, '(

c+mpe*e)ci(/ e/pec3ic(/ F/e re'(ci+)() c+) (/pec*+/ *=c)ic+/ irec*(me)*e

!i)c'(+/ c+) '( +cp(ci) < e )+ /+) *() 3>ci'me)*e *r()/3erib'e/ ( +*r+/

c+)*e$*+/ '(b+r('e/G p. --. E/ ecir, b/c() e*ermi)(r '( re'(ci) e$i/*e)*e

e)*re e' pe/*+ e *r(b(+ < '(/ 3)ci+)e/ + (c*i!i(e/ ( e/(rr+''(r, *++ '+

e /e (( ebe e/*(r e)3+c(+ ( +b*e)er be)e3ici+/ p(r( e' c+)*e$*+

ec(*i!+, pr+pici()+ (cci+)e/ ( 3i) e +b*e)er '(/ !e)*((/ )ece/(ri(/

*()*+ p(r( '( /per(ci) c+m+ '( c('i( ec(*i!(, e)*re e''(/ e' 'ier(9+ <

'( e!('(ci).

76



CAPITULO V

CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES

C%(&0s"%(es

L( i)*e)ci+)('i( e' e/*i+ e i)!e/*i(ci), c+)/i/*i e) ()('i9(r e'

C+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) +ce)*e/ e Ec(ci) &rim(ri( e)

'( E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( FM(r( "er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r E' T(e

&('(!eci)+, e/*(+ L(r(. E) *(' /e)*i+, e' pr+ce/+ e (p'ic(ci) e'

i)/*rme)*+ irii+ ( '+/ !ei)*ici)c+ 25 +ce)*e/ e '(b+r() e) e'

me)ci+)(+ i)/*i**+ < e' ()>'i/i/ e '+/ re/'*(+/ +b*e)i+/, permi*i ''e(r

( '( /iie)*e /)*e/i/ c+)c'<e)*e:

C+) re/pec*+ (' primer +be*i!+, c<+ pr+p/i*+ 3e ie)*i3ic(r '(/ 3)ci+)e/

e' c+(ci) ec(*i!+ e) '+/ +ce)*e/, '+/ re/'*(+/ (rr+(r+) )

pre+mi)i+ e e)ce/*(+/ e' 8?X e )+ eerce) '( 3)ci) e me)*+r,

**+r < +rie)*(+r c+m+ e/*r(*ei(/ e 3+r*('ece) e' c+(ci), e/!i>)+/e

e '( mi/i) e' pr+3e/+r(+ < '+/ re/'*(+/ e / *r(b(+ e +< e) (

*+m() ) c(r>c*er e ('*/im+ !('+r e/*r(*=ic+ p(r( '( /+cie( < '( pr+pi(

per/+)(.

Debi+ ( e e' c+(ci) c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) '+/ +ce)*e/ (<( ('e/(rr+''+ < me+r( e '(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/, (c*i*e/ < (bi'i(e/ e'

pr+3e/+r(+ e) e' ('(, e 3+rm( e mei()*e ) (pre)i9(e e3ic(9, pe(

+b*e)er e' m>$im+ re)imie)*+ e / *r(b(+ < )( m(<+r c(p(ci( e

'ier(9+ e)*re // e/*i()*e/.

77



E) (*e)ci) (' /e)+ +be*i!+ re3eri+ ( e/cribir '(/ c(r(c*er/*ic(/ e'

c+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+ e/*r(*ei(/ e) +ce)*e/, '+/ re/'*(+/

e!ie)ci(r+) e e' 2X c+m+ !('+r /i)i3ic(*i!+ e) '( ('*er)(*i!( ))c(

m()i3ie/*() c(r(c*er/*ic(/ e' c+(ci) e) +ce)*e/ c+m+ e/*r(*ei(, e/ee' (c+mp((mie)*+ ( mei( e' e/*i()*e e) ) pr+ce/+ e c(mbi+ < (

p(r*ir e '(/ )ece/i(e/ e e$pre/e, (/*( e ('c()ce // +be*i!+/. E'

C+(ci) '+ c+)ce (' =$i*+, ( '( (*+)+m( < ( '( re('i9(ci) e / mi/m(,

r(ci(/ (' e/(rr+''+ c+))*+ e / p+*e)ci(' < e // (bi'i(e/.

E) c()*+ (' *ercer +be*i!+ e c+)/i/*i e) e*ermi)(r '(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/

e '+/ +ce)*e/ c+m+ c+(ci) ec(*i!+, b(/((/ e) e' (3r+)*(mie)*+ ('

c(mbi+, empre)imie)*+, *r(b(+ e) eip+, re/+'ci) e c+)3'ic*+/,'ier(9+ < e!('(ci), c+) ) pr+mei+ e re/pe/*(/ /i)i3ic(*i!(/ e' X

))c( me/*r( e/*(/ c+mpe*e)ci(/ e) / pr($i/.

Se pre*e)e c+) e/*( c+)cepci), e '( (i/ici) e )e!(/

c+mpe*e)ci(/ pr+3e/i+)('e/ /e() 3)ci+)('e/, i)/*(r>)+/e e) '( pr+pi(

c+)c*( e' +ce)*e < /e() (/imi'((/ e/e '( e$perie)ci(, pe/*+ e

=/*( c+)ici) e/ imp+r*()*e p(r( p+er'(/ c+)!er*ir, p+/*eri+rme)*e, e)

(c*i*e/ per/+)('e/ < rp('e/ (' /er!ici+ e '( pr+cci) e be)+/

re/'*(+/ pr+3e/i+)('e/, *+m()+ e) ce)*( e '( ec(ci) e/ e' pi'(r e'

e/(rr+''+ /+ci(' < ec+)mic+ e ) p(/, e (r()*i9( '( i('( e

+p+r*)i(e/ < '( c+mpe*i*i!i( p(r( *++/, +)e e' C+(ci) (iere e)

e/*e c+)*e$*+, )( imp+r*()ci( e/e)ci('.

E) c+)c'/i) < 3i) K'*im+, (' ()('i9(r e' C+(ci) ec(*i!+ c+m+

e/*r(*ei( e) +ce)*e/ e Ec(ci) &rim(ri( e) '( E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()(

FM(r( "er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r E' T(e &('(!eci)+, e/*(+ L(r(,

'+/ +ce)*e/ e '( me)ci+)(( i)/*i*ci) )+ eerce) e' c+(ci) c+m+e/*r(*ei( e) / pr($i/ ec(*i!(, e/!i>)+/e e '( )(*r('e9( ec(*i!(

e /e //*e)*( e) )( /erie e pri)cipi+/ < !('+re/ e (p'ic(+/ e

m()er( c+)!e)ie)*e, (<()+ ( /per(r e' =$i*+ e '+/ +ce)*e/ e)

/i*(ci+)e/ e e)/e()9((pre)i9(e

78



Re%)e(*'"%(es

L(/ rec+me)(ci+)e/ e) e' pre/e)*e e/*i+ /e eri!() irec*(me)*e e

'(/ c+)c'/i+)e/ ()*eri+rme)*e pre/e)*((/ < '(/ mi/m(/ i)ic() '(

)ece/i( e +rie)*(r ( '+/ +ce)*e/ e) / r+' c(r(c*eri9(+ p+r '(

3'e$ibi'i( p(r( ((p*(r e' pr+ce/+ ( )( r() i!er/i( e /i*(ci+)e/, <

p+r / rir+/i( p(r( (/er(r e e/*= c+)/i/*e)*eme)*e irii+ (' '+r+

e re/'*(+/ +b/er!(b'e/ e)*r+ e '( i)/*i*ci) ( '( c(' irie //

e/3er9+/, p(r( e' e/(rr+''+ e e/*i()*e/.D(r ( c+)+cer '+/ re/'*(+/ e' pre/e)*e e/*i+ ( '+/ irec*i!+/,

+ce)*e/ < p(re/ e '( Ec(ci) &rim(ri( e) '( E/ce'( B+'i!(ri()( FM(r(

"er!(ci( Cre/p+ e S+/(G, /ec*+r E' T(e &('(!eci)+, e *(' m()er( e e'

+ce)*e imp'/e '(/ me*(/ e /e pr+p+)e < (/ 3(ci'i*(r me+r(/ e) '(/

c+mpe*e)ci(/, c+)c*(/, (bi'i(e/ < (c*i*e/, (p+r*>)+'e *()*+ )(

me+r c('i( e !i( c+m+ )( m(<+r /(*i/3(cci) c+) '( pr>c*ic( e '(

(c*i!i( pr+3e/i+)(' i(ri(.

C+)*i)(r i)!e/*i()+ /+bre '( *em>*ic(, p(r( me+r(r '( c('i( e'

+ce)*e e/e e' percibir '( re('i( ec(*i!(, *(' c(' /e pre/e)*( e) e'

mei+ /+ci(' < c'*r(', e/ ecir, c(p*(r c+) '( m(<+r e/*re9( c(( )+ e

'+/ 3(c*+re/ e i)*er!ie)e), e m++ irec*+ e i)irec*+ e) '+/ ec+/

ec(*i!+/. &+r c+)/iie)*e, '( 3+rm(ci) +ce)*e ebe re/p+)er ( '(

3i)('i( e /(ber, c+)+cer, ()('i9(r < c+mpre)er '( re('i( ec(*i!( p(r(

'( *+m( e eci/i+)e/, (b(rc()+ '(/ ime)/i+)e/ e '+/ e/*i()*e/ <

*r()/3+rm()+ ) r+' +ce)*e e c+)/*i*<( )( ('*er)(*i!( e i)*er!e)ci)e) ic( re('i( mei()*e // (p*i*e/, c+)!icci), pr+(c*i!i(,

i)*e'ie)ci( < *=c)ic(/ p(r( '( c+m)ic(ci) e) '( e)/e()9( e c+)*e)i+/

e) c+)*e$*+/ e*ermi)(+/.

79



&+r K'*im+, ( '+/ 3*r+/ i)!e/*i(+re/ /e 'e/ rec+mie)( pr+3)i9(r e)

e' *em( e' c+(ci) e) +ce)*e/ c+m+ e/*r(*ei( e) e' eercici+ e '(

3)ci) +ce)*e, e/e e' e/(rr+''+ pr+3e/i+)(', !i/*( c+m+ ) pr+ce/+

perm()e)*e e c+)*emp'e '+ (c(=mic+, '+ (3ec*i!+, '+ i)i!i(' < '+m()+/+ci(', e) e' e)*e)i+ e e' +ce)*e ebe c+)cebir/e c+m+ /e*+

re/p+)/(b'e e / pr+pi+ e/(rr+''+, re/p+)/(b'e c+)/i+ mi/m+, c+) //

e/*i()*e/, c+) '( e/ce'( c+m+ +r()i9(ci) < c+) '( /+cie(. E) e/*e

mi/m+ /e)*i+, '(/ e/ce'(/ c+m+ i)/*i*ci+)e/ e (pre)e) e) )(

/+cie( e' c+)+cimie)*+, *ie)e) '( )ece/i( e m()*e)er +ce)*e/

('*(me)*e c+mpe*i*i!+/.

80



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BALESTRINI, M. 200. C%)% se e&'+%!' e& P!%e$% *e I(-es$".'"/(5BL C+)/'*+re/ A/+ci(+/, Ser!ici+ Ei*+ri(', ;('e)ci(. ;e)e9e'(

BANDRA, A 1??8 A0$%e1"'"': E& e,e!""% *e& %($!%&. Ne Y+r: N.H.#reem().

BANDRA, A 1???, Te%!2' *e& '#!e(*"4',e s%"'&. Ei*+ri(' Tri''(/

BANCO MNDIAL 2012 E(0es$' '(&"s"s ('"%('& *e e)#&e%e1e$"-% e1""e($e, INE"I, M=$ic+

BARRIOS, C 2005, F0(*')e($%s )e$%*%&/."%s5 M=$ic+: Mc"r(Hi''

BENESCH, 200?, Pe!s#e$"-' #e*'./."' e 8"s$/!"'. B(rce'+)(. "r(+

BLOC, N. 2006, C%)#!%)"s%s *e &' e-'&0'"/( e*0'$"-'. M(ri.&e(r/+)

BO, J 2008, C%'8"(. #'!' *%e($es: E& *es'!!%&&% *e 8'+"&"*'*es e(e& '0&'5

BRITTU, # 200- Se&e"/( #'!' %)#e$e("'. Be)+/ Aire/. Cr)ic(

CABERO, M 200?, L"*e!'4.% !e&'"%('& e( P'!'*".)'s *e &"*e!'4.%.M(ri. Mc "r( Hi''.

CASSIATTO, ". 20059 L' 1%!)'"/( *%e($e *es*e &' #e!s#e$"-' *e#!%1es%!es *"!e$"-%s5 C's% Fe A&e.!2' <@ *e )'!4%. Re!i/*(

Iber+(meric()( e Ec(ci).

CEDEZO 2010, C%'8"(. %)% 8e!!')"e($' .e!e("'& #'!' %#$")"4'! e&*ese)#e;% &'+%!'& *e& *%e($e5 U("-e!s"*'* N'"%('& E#e!")e($'&*e &'s F0e!4's A!)'*'s >UNEFA (&e% L'!'. Tr(b(+ e r(+ )+pb'ic(+.

81



CENTRO DE IN;ESTI"ACIONES &SI[I\TRICAS, &SICOL%"ICA YSE@OL%"ICA DE ;ENEUELA. 2012. M'(0'& #'!' &' e&'+%!'"/( *e$es"s *e .!'*%. L(r( ;e)e9e'(.

CONSTITCI%N DE LA RE&]BLICA BOLI;ARIANA DE ;ENEUELA 1???"(ce*( O3ici(' e '( RepKb'ic( B+'i!(ri()( e ;e)e9e'(. 575-, m(r9+ -.C(r(c(/;e)e9e'(.

CRRCLO NACIONAL BOLI;ARIANO 2008 "(ce*( O3ici(' N^ -8.?70C(r(c(/ ;e)e9e'(

DAY, J 2005, De S")/( R%*!2.0e4 ' P'0&% F!e"!e. C+'+mbi(: Eici+)e/e' C+)!e)i+ A)r=/ Be''+.

DAU, ; 2007, E& *es'!!%&&% *e %)#e$e("'s *%e($es e( &' 1%!)'"/(

*e& #!%1es%!'*%5 Mi)i/*eri+ e Ec(ci) < Cie)ci(. Secre*(ri( "e)er('T=c)ic( ec(ci).

DICCIONARIO IN"L_SES&AZOL SMART 1??-, ei*+ri(' S+3e/( I; eici),Se!i''( E/p((.

DILTS, R. 2007, C%'8"(.5 He!!')"e($'s #'!' e& ')+"%5 B(rce'+)(.`E/p((a: r()+.

EJERCICIO DE LA &RO#ESI%N DOCENTE EN S RE#ORMA &ARCIAL2000 "(ce*( O3ici(' N^ 5.7?6 E$*r(+ri)(ri+, &re/ie)ci( e '( RepKb'ic(RepKb'ic( B+'i!(ri()( e ;e)e9e'(, De/p(c+ e' &re/ie)*e Decre*+ N^1.011. C(r(c(/, ;e)e9e'(.

ESLA;A, S 200? C%'8"(. e( &' .es$"/( *e& '#"$'& 80)'(%5 Di/p+)ib'ee): **p.PP.p/ic+'+i(cie)*i3ic(.c+mPb!Pp/ic+'+(--6c+(ci)e)'(e/*i+)e'c(pi*('m()+.*m.

ES&OT, C 2006 E*0'"/( #'!' &' "0*'*'(2' %(-"-e("'5 E&e(1%30e *e ' &' E*0'"/( E)%"%('&5 E/p((. +'*er/ 'er.

#ONDO INTERNACIONAL DE EMER"ENCIA DE LAS NACIONES NIDAS&ARA LA IN#ANCIA, NICE# 2011, Re-"s$' I+e!%')e!"'(', c(p*'+ IIEc(ci). Ci'e @@I

"ONU\LEU, N 2006, Es$!'$e."'s *%e($es #'!' 0( '#!e(*"4',es".("1"'$"-%5 Tr(b(+ e i)!e/*i(ci) e '( )i!er/i( &e(ic(E$perime)*(' Liber*(+r. M(r(c(<Trmer+, Sec*+r e' M>c(r+. E/*(+

Ar((. Tr(b(+ )+ pb'ic(+.

82



HERN\NDEU, R., #ERN\NDEU, C. Y BA&TISTA, &. 200-, I(-es$".'"%( Me$%*%&%."' I(-es$".'"%( Me$%*%&%."' #!%e$%s *e"(-es$".'"/(, ISBN ?86081502?1?, 5( e. Impre)*(: M=$ic+:Mc"r(Hi'' I)*er(meric()(

HRTADO, I., Y TORO, J. 1??8, Me$%*%&%.2' *e &' I(-es$".'"/(.M=$ic+: Mc"r(Hi''

HRTADO, I., Y TORO, J. 2001 Me$%*%&%.2' *e &' I(-es$".'"/(C(r(c(/: S<p('.

ELLY, L 2005 Des'!!%&&% *e P%!$'1%&"%s P'!' e& A#!e(*"4',e &'E-'&0'"/(. Ei*+ri(': N(rci(.

LANS, J 200 Te(%&%.2' *e &' S0#e!-"s"/( D%e($e. Be)+/ Aire/.

Re!i/*( Cie)ci(/ e '( Ec(ci).LARES, S 2010, C%'8"(. e*0'$"-% %)% es$!'$e."' #'!' #%$e("'! &'

$0$%!2' 8'"' e& "$% *0!'($e &' e$'#' *e *es'!!%&&% 0&)"('"/( *e&$!'+',% es#e"'& *e .!'*%9 )i!er/i( &e(ic( E$perime)*('Liber*(+r e) ;e)e9e'(.

LEY OR"\NICA DE EDCACI%N 200?. Se/i) &'e)(ri( e' 050200?.C(r(c(/: ;e)e9e'(..

LOUANO, ; 200, Se0e("'s *e& *es'!!%&&% "(1'($"&. C(r(c(/:)i!er/i( C(*'ic( A)r=/ Be''+.

MAROTO, M 2012, C%'8"(. %)% '&$e!('$"-' #'!' )e,%!'! &'e(se;'(4' *e &'s e0'"%(es 0'*!$"'s5 )i!er/i( e '+/ A)e/LA M=ri(, ;e)e9e'(. Tr(b(+ e "r(+ )+ pb'ic(+ M=ri(

MARTNEU, D 2006, Des'!!%&&% *e P%!$'1%&"%s P'!' e& A#!e(*"4',e &'E-'&0'"/(5 Ei*+ri(': N(rci(.

MARTNEU, # 2000 F0(*')e($%s #e*'./."%s S0#e!"%!es II5 M=$ic+:"ri('b+.

MARTNEU, M 2006, Des'!!%&&% *e &'s %)#e$e("'s *e& *%e($e5 Libr+/e) Re. B/i)e// D(</

MENA, J 2011, C%'8"(. %)#e$e("'s %.("$"-'s *e &%s *"!e$%!ese( &' es0e&' #!")'!"'. )i!er/i( e' U'i( LU. M(r(c(ib+. Tr(b(+e r(+ )+ pb'ic(+.

83



MINISTERIO &O&LAR &ARA LA EDCACI%N, CLTRA Y DE&ORTES2000, Es$0*"% 8"s$/!"% s%+!e &' e-%&0"/( *e &'s #%&2$"'s *e"($e.!'"/( e*0'$"-'5 N Rei/*r+: 2205 Eemp'(re/ i/p+)ib'e/: BC1, C(r(c(/, `;e)e9e'(a

MORENO, J 200, P!%es% A*)"("s$!'$"-%. -er(. E. C+'+mbi(. Ei*+ri('N+m+/.

MOSLEY, M 2006 C%)#e$e("'s Ge!e("'&es *e& D%e($e e( &'e*0'"/( C%'8"(.5 Se3ir ei*+ri(', Be)+/ Aire/ Are)*i)(.

OCONNOR, S 2005, E& 0!!20&% e( &' e*0'"/( s0#e!"%!: U( e(1%30e#%s$)%*e!(% +'s'*% e( %)#e$e("'s5 M"%5 &b'ic(ci+)e/ Cr9.

ORTIU, H 200?, Te(%&%.2' *e &' S0#e!-"s"/( D%e($e. Be)+/ Aire/.

Re!i/*( Cie)ci(/ e '( Ec(ci).OR"ANIUACI%N DE LAS NACIONES NIDAS &ARA LA EDCACI%N, LA

CIENCIA Y LA CLTRA. NESCO 2012, U(' !"s"/( ' &' e*0'"/(9(ees"*'* '#!e)"'($e5 D+cme)*+ mime+r(3i(+, Ci'e.

&ACHECO, S 201-, C%'8"(. %)% es$!'$e."' )e$%*%&/."' #'!'e(se;'! e&e)e($%s *e &' &e(.0' ' &%s es$0*"'($es *e& *")% *ee*0'"/( .e(e!'& +s"' Ec(+r, e) '( )i!er/i( e Ce)c(

&ALLARES, A 2006, L%s 8+"$%s *e &' .e($e '&$')e($e e1e$"-'.B(rce'+)(. &(i/ Ib=ric(

&OUNE, MR 200-, C%)#!%)"s%s *e &' e-'&0'"/( e*0'$"-'5 M(ri.&e(r/+)

&ROYECTO EDCATI;O NACIONAL 1??? P%&2$"'s9 P!%.!')'s Es$!'$e."'s *e &' E*0'"/( Ve(e4%&'('. I)3+rme p(r( e' Mi)i/*eri+ eEc(ci) e ;e)e9e'( < '( Or()i9(ci) e E/*(+/ Iber+(meric()+/.C(r(c(/ ;e)e9e'(.

RE"LAMENTO DEL EJERCICIO DE LA &RO#ESI%N DOCENTE. 2000Decre*+ N 1.011 e 3ec( 7 e Oc*bre e 2000, "(ce*( O3ici(' N5.7?6 E$*r(+ri)(ri+ e 3ec(. -1 e Oc*bre

ROMO, " 2006 C%(s$!0$"-"s)% e( &%s #!%es%s *e e(se;'(4''#!e(*"4',e e( e& s".&%5 Ei*+ri(' &'(9( < ;('e/.

ROSETREE, U 200?, F%!)'! *%e($es: /)%9 0(*% e( 30%(*""%(es '#!e(*e e& #!%1es%!'*%5 M(riE/p((. N(rce(.

84



SA"I;ELA, R 2006, L's %)#e$e("'s Bs"'s: &'-es #!%#0es$'s#'!' s0 *es'!!%&&% e( &%s e($!%s. B(rce'+)(. "r(+

SALAS, D 2000 C%'8"(. E1e$"-%. Mc "r( Hi''. I)*er(meric()(.SANIR, C 200? D%e($es9 #&'(es #!%.!')'s *e es$0*"% e( "(s$"$0"/(

e*0'$"-'5 E) per3i'e/ ec(*i!+/. M=$ic+: NAM CISE N^ 585.

SMART, B 1??-, D""%('!"% Bs"% *e& #!%es% "(-es$".'$"-%. C(r(c(/:Eici+)e/

SMEE, Z 2006, Se0e("'s *e& *es'!!%&&% "(1'($"&5 C(r(c(/:)i!er/i( C(*'ic(

TOB%N, H 200?, T'&e($%9 Te(%&%.2' T"e)#%: L+/ pi'(re/ e )pr+re/+ c+)/cie)*e p(r( e'eir ) 3*r+. Are)*i)(. D(9 e S()*+.

NI;ERSIDAD NACIONAL E@&ERIMENTAL DE "AYANA. 2000E#e!")e($'(*% e& ')+"% e( &' e*0'"/(5 D+cme)*+mime+r(3i(+. Ci( "(<()(, ;e)e9e'(.

;ALLS, ARL Y L%&EU J 2012 E& *es'!!%&&% *e %)#e$e("'s *%e($ese( &' 1%!)'"/( *e& #!%1es%!'*%5 M"("s$e!"% *e E*0'"/( C"e("'5Se!e$'!"' Ge(e!'& T("'5 S()*i(+ e Ci'e, Ci'e

;ILORIA, M 2008 L' A"/( D"!e$"-' e( &'s I(s$"$0"%(es es%&'!es:A(&"s"s P!%#0es$'s5 Ei*+ri(' H+r/+ri, S.I.

UONNILLA, D. 1??2. C%)% 8'e! 0(' "(-es$".'"/(5 M=$ic+: Tri''(/

85



ANEXOS

86



ANEXO A

INSTRUMENTO DE RECOLECION

DE DATOS

87



CENTRO DE IN;ESTI"ACIONES &SI[I\TRICAS&SICOL%"ICAS Y SE@OL%"ICAS DE ;ENEUELASEDE CENTRO OCCIDENTAL

BAR[ISIMETO ESTADO LARAMAESTRIA ORIENTACION DE LA CONDCTA


AUTOR: LISBETH REYESTUTORA: MSc. JASMIN CASTILLO

88



C0'*!% 6O#e!'"%('&"4'"/( *e &'s V'!"'+&es

V'!"'+&es D")e(s"/(C%(e#$0'&

D")e(s"%(esS0+

D")e(s"%(es I(*"'*%!es I$e)s

C+(ci)ec(*i!+

c+m+e/*r(*ei( e)

+ce)*e/

eEc(ci)&rim(ri(

FE/ e' e(<(

e/*i()*e/ (e/(rr+''(r ('m>$im+ //

p+*e)ci('i(e/ < /per(r i3ic'*(e/

(c(=mic(/ (*r(!=/ e )(

(*e)ci)perm()e)*eGBri**9 200-

#)ci+)e/T*+r 69<

Me)*+r 9Orie)*(+r @9

C(r(c*er/*ic(/

Ap*i*i)('e/I))+!(+r 9

C+)+cimie)*+e' e)*+r)+ 96?

&er/+)('e/C+ere)ci( 6696<&r+(c*i!i( 696

Re'(ci+)('e/Emp(*( 6@96

H(bi'i(e/S+ci('e/

696

&r+3e/i+)('e/C('ibr(ci) 69<?

E/cc( (c*i!( <69<<

C+mpe*e)ci(/

B>/ic(/ A3r+)*(mie)*+ ('

c(mbi+<9<

"e)=ric(/

Empre)imie)*+ <@9<

Tr(b(+ e)Eip+ <9<

Re/+'ci) ec+)3'ic*+/

<9?

E/peci3ic(/Lier(9+ 69<

E!('(ci) 9F0e($e: Rees ><?6@

89



CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES PSIQUIATRICASPSICOLÓGICAS Y SEXOLÓGICAS DE VENEZUELA

SEDE CENTRO OCCIDENTALBARQUISIMETO ESTADO LARA

MAESTRIA EN ORIENTACIÓN DE LA CONDUCTA

B(ri/ime*+, M(r9+ e 2015

E/*im(+ c+'e(:

E) primer *=rmi)+, 'e/ /('+ m< c+ri('me)*e /('+, (em>/ e i)3+rm(r'e e/*e 3e /e'ecci+)(+ p(r( (r / +pi)i) /+bre e' COACHIN" EDCATI;O

COMO ESTRATE"IA EN EL EJERCICIO DE LA #NCI%N DOCENTE EN

EDCACI%N &RIMARIA, e/ p+r e''+ e /e (r(ece / c+)*ribci) (' eic(r )

p+c+ e / !('i+/+ *iemp+ ( re/p+)er e/*e ce/*i+)(ri+, (+ e e e''+ epe)e

e' =$i*+ e' pre/e)*e e/*i+.

E) c+)/ece)ci(, /e (r(ece / c+'(b+r(ci) < '( m(<+r /i)ceri( (' c+)*e/*(r

'+/ *em/, p(r( e' '+r+ e +be*i!i( e) '( rec+'ecci) e '( i)3+rm(ci), c+) '(

/eri( e e/*( /er> *r(*(( c+) '( m>/ (b/+'*( c+)3ie)ci('i(. E) *('/e)*i+, )+ e/ )ece/(ri+ e e/crib( / )+mbre.

"r(ci(/

&r+3. Li/be* Re<e/

I)!e/*i(+r(

INSTRUCCIONES

Le( ci(+/(me)*e c(( )+ e '+/ e))ci(+/ ()*e/ e re/p+)er < e) c(/+ e(/ c+)/'*e (' e)ce/*(+r.M(re )( ei/ @ e) '( +pci) e c+)/iere (ec(( /eK) / ici+ + /i*(ci)

e) (*e)ci) ( '( /iie)*e e/c('( e cri*eri+/

I$e)s Des!"#"/( C'$e.%!2's

90



1 #)e c+m+ **+r 3+me)*()+ ) c+mpr+mi/+ e (pre)i9(ec+)*i)+ e) // e/*i()*e/, e!i*()+ '( c+)3+rmi(

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

2 E) / 3)ci) e **+r ()im( ( // e/*i()*e/ e) *++m+me)*+, p(r( e /e m+*i!e) ( '( c'mi)(ci) e //pr+<ec*+/.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

- Eerce '( 3)ci) e me)*+r +rie)*()+ ( '+/ e/*i()*e/ (ci('( e3i)ici) e me*(/

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

7 E) / 3)ci) me)*+r e/*( (<(r ( e '+/ e/*i()*e/ pe()ie)*i3ic(r '+/ +b/*>c'+/ e 'e impi() ('c()9(r ('*+

re)imie)*+.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

5 Orie)*( (cer*((me)*e ( // e/*i()*e/ (ci( '( c+)/ecci)e '(/ me*(/, (c+mp(()+ (' eip+ e) *++ m+me)*+

S"e)#!eA Vees

N0('6 Orie)*( e/e / pr($i/ ec(*i!( ( '+/ e/*i()*e/ ( ('c()9(r c+)+cimie)*+/ c+) e' 3i) e me+r(r / re)imie)*+ e/*i()*i'

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

8 "e)er( c(mbi+/ i))+!(+re/ ec(*i!+/ e/e )( c+)/*()*e(c*('i9(ci) e // c+)+cimie)*+/ ( '+/ 3i)e/ e me+r(r '(

pr($i/ pe(ic(

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

A/me c+) re/p+)/(bi'i( e' i))+!(r e) *=c)ic(/ p(r( me+r(r '( c('i( ec(*i!( *()*+ e / mi/m+ c+m+ e // e/*i()*e/.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

? &r+cr( c+)+cer '+ e +crre 3er( e' ('( < porqué e/*(

/ceie)+ p(r( e/*im'(r e' (pre)i9(e e '+/ e/*i()*e//+'ci) e pr+b'em(/.

S"e)#!e

A VeesN0('

10 Ce)*r( / pr($i/ ec(*i!( e/e e' m()e+ e' c+)+cimie)*+e / e)*+r)+ p(r( (/*(r '+/ /(bere/ e' e/*i()*e ( /

re('i( i)mei(*(.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

11 A' e$pre/(r ) i/cr/+ (rme)*(*i!+ e/ c+ere)*e p(r( e e'e/*i()*e pe( *e)er =$i*+ (' i)*erpre*(r / /i)i3ic(+.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

12 E/ c+ere)*e 3re)*e ( // e/*i()*e/ m+/*r()+ re'(ci) e)*re'+ e ice < '+ e (ce e) / pr($i/ i(ri(.

S"e)#!eA Vees

N0('

91



1- A/me c+m+ +ce)*e e' /er pr+(c*i!+ imp'ic>)+/e e) )e!(/c(p(ci(e/ <P+ re*+/ p(r( ir /iempre m>/ (''> e'

c+)+cimie)*+.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

17 Eerce ) c+mp+r*(mie)*+ pr+(c*i!+ pr+p+)ie)+ ie(/ p(r(

e '+/ e/*i()*e/ pe() percibir '( re('i( e +*r( m()er(.

S"e)#!e

A VeesN0('

15 E/ emp>*ic+ c+) '+/ e/*i()*e/ m+/*r()+ i)*er=/ e) //circ)/*()ci(/, (cie)+ '+/ (/*e/ )ece/(ri+/ p(r( e pe(

(pre)er e )( me+r m()er(.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

16 &r(c*ic( '( emp(*( c+'+c>)+/e e) e' '(r e' e/*i()*e,e)*e)ie)+ // p+/*r(/ < p)*+/ e !i/*( ()*e )

pr+b'em(P*(re(.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

18 Eerce '(/ (bi'i(e/ /+ci('e/ c+m)ic>)+/e c+) '+/e/*i()*e/, pr+cie)+ '( p+/ibi'i( e c+)!i!ir

(rm)ic(me)*e.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

1 &r(c*ic( '(/ (bi'i(e/ /+ci('e/ e/*(b'ecie)+ c+)/e)/+ p(r(e!i*(r '+/ c+)3'ic*+/ e) e' ('( e c'(/e/ p(r( ) *r(b(+ e)

eip+ e3ec*i!+

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

1? Re('i9( '( c('ibr(ci) (' m+me)*+ e c+m)ic(r/e c+) //e/*i()*e/ ()('i9()+ c+) preci/i) *++/ // m+!imie)*+/ e

i)*erpre*>)+'+/ (ec((me)*e.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

20 &r(c*ic( '( c('ibr(ci) p(r( e)*e)er (' i)*er'+c*+r e/*i()*e/i) )ece/i( e (b'e.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

21 Re('i9( '( e/cc( (c*i!( ce)*r>)+/e e*e)i(me)*e e) '(per/+)( e (b'(, /ie)+ c(p(9 e repe*ir '(/ p('(br(/ e

(<( ic+

S"e)#!eA Vees

N0('22 Re('i9( '( e/cc( (c*i!( pre/*>)+'e !er(er(me)*e (*e)ci)

(' e/*i()*e, e/cc()+ c+) (*e)ci) /i) (cer i)*erpre*(ci+)e/.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

2- Re('i9( e' (3r+)*(mie)*+ (' c(mbi+ c+)*r+'()+ ///e)*imie)*+/ p(r( e )+ i)*er3ier() e) e' pr+ce/+ e

(pre)i9(e e // e/*i()*e/.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

27 A/me e' (3r+)*(mie)*+ (' c(mbi+ re!i/()+ '(/ i!er/(/ >re(/e / !i( e*ec*()+ '+ e +b/*(c'i9( / e/empe+

(c(=mic+.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

25 Re('i9( e' empre)imie)*+ (cie)+ ) e/3er9+ (ici+)(' p+r ('c()9(r )( me*( +be*i!+ e) / pr($i/ ec(*i!(. S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

26 M()i3ie/*( empre)imie)*+ e i)ici(r )e!+/ pr+<ec*+/ec(*i!+/ c+) b(/e ( '+/ reerimie)*+/ e (pre)i9(e e '+/

e/*i()*e/.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

92



28 C+)3+rm( eip+/ e *r(b(+ e/*(b'ecie)+ (cer+/ +)e*++/ '+/ e/*i()*e/ /e() m*(me)*e re/p+)/(b'e/ p(r(

m($imi9(r / (pre)i9(e.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

2 ;('+r( '( c+)3+rm(ci) e eip+/ e *r(b(+ (*e)ie)+ e) '+/e/*i()*e/ pr+ce/+/ cre(*i!+/ m>/ (ec(+/ ( / e/*i'+ e(pre)i9(e.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

2? Se (b+c( ( '( i)*er!e)ci) e/e '( re/+'ci) e c+)3'ic*+/imp'eme)*()+ (cci+)e/ ec(*i!(/ c+)cre*(/ p(r( re/+'!er '+/

pr+b'em(/.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

-0 Ab+r( pr+b'em>*ic(/ e (me)(9() c+*ii()(me)*e '( c'(/ee/e '( re/+'ci) e c+)3'ic*+/, i)!e/*i()+ /e)*imie)*+/

e '+ e)er(r+) < '( c+re/p+)/(bi'i(.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

-1 Eerce e' 'ier(9+ *r()/3+rm(ci+)(' c+m+ e' pr+ce/+ mei()*ee' c(' e)*re( '+ me+r e / mi/m+ p(r( c+)/eir '+ me+r e

'+/ e/*i()*e/.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

-2 C+m+ 'er ec(*i!+ *ie)e e) ce)*( '(/ 'imi*(ci+)e/ e //e/*i()*e/, imp'/()+ // *('e)*+/.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

-- C+)cibe '( e!('(ci) c+m+ ) pr+ce/+ c+)*i)+, (*e)ie)+'+/ (pre)i9(e/ '+r(+/ e) '+/ e/*i()*e/.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

-7 Eerce '( e!('(ci) e/e e' /eimie)*+ e' pr+ce/+ ee)/e()9(P(pre)i9(e c+m+ )( 3i)('i( emi)e)*eme)*e

3+rm(*i!(.

S"e)#!eA VeesN0('

93



ANEXO B

VALIDACIÓN DE LOS

EXPERTOS

94



95



96



97



98



99



100



101



102



103



ANEXO C

CONFIABILIDAD

104



-ar000

01

-ar000

02

-ar000

03

-ar000

04

-ar000

05

-ar000

06

-ar000

07

1 500 200 100 200 300 300 3002 100 300 200 200 200 200 3003 300 200 100 300 400 200 3004 300 300 200 300 300 300 3005 300 300 300 300 300 400 1006 200 300 300 100 100 200 2007 100 100 100 200 300 300 3008 500 200 200 500 300 300 2009 300 500 500 300 300 200 400

10 200 300 300 400 400 200 300

-ar000

08

-ar000

09

-ar000

10

-ar000

11

-ar000

12

-ar000

13

-ar000

14

1 200 200 200 500 200 200 2002 200 200 200 100 200 200 2003 100 300 200 300 300 300 2004 200 300 200 300 200 300 2005 300 300 200 300 300 300 2006 300 300 100 200 300 300 100

7 100 200 100 100 200 200 1008 200 300 200 500 300 300 2009 500 300 200 200 300 300 200

10 300 400 400 200 400 400 400

-ar00015

-ar00016

-ar00017

-ar00018

-ar00019

-ar00020

-ar00021

1 200 200 200 200 300 500 2002 200 200 300 200 200 100 2003 200 300 400 300 400 300 3004 400 200 500 300 300 300 3005 300 300 300 300 300 300 3006 500 300 300 100 100 200 1007 200 200 200 200 300 100 2008 300 300 200 500 300 500 5009 300 300 100 300 300 300 300

10 400 400 100 400 400 200 400

-ar000

22

-ar000

23

-ar000

24

-ar000

25

-ar000

26

-ar000

27

-ar000

28

1 200 300 300 200 200 200 2002 200 300 200 200 200 200 200

3 200 200 200 200 300 200 3004 300 300 200 300 300 300 3005 300 200 500 300 300 300 3006 500 400 200 300 100 300 1007 300 200 200 400 200 400 2008 300 200 300 300 500 300 5009 200 500 500 200 300 200 300

10 400 400 200 200 400 200 400

-ar000

22

-ar000

23

-ar000

24

-ar000

25

-ar000

26

-ar000

27

-ar000

28

1 200 300 300 200 200 200 2002 200 300 200 200 200 200 2003 200 200 200 200 300 200 3004 300 300 200 300 300 300 3005 300 200 500 300 300 300 300

6 500 400 200 300 100 300 1007 300 200 200 400 200 400 2008 300 200 300 300 500 300 5009 200 500 500 200 300 200 300

10 400 400 200 200 400 200 400

-ar000

22

-ar000

23

-ar000

24

-ar000

25

-ar000

26

-ar000

27-ar000

29

-ar000

30

-ar000

31

-ar000

32

-ar000

33

-ar000

34

1 200 300 300 200 200 2002 200 300 200 200 200 2003 200 200 200 200 300 2004 300 300 200 300 300 3005 300 200 500 300 300 3006 500 400 200 300 100 300

7 300 200 200 400 200 4008 300 200 300 300 500 3009 200 500 500 200 300 200

10 400 400 200 200 400 200

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