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Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-1
Est presentacin tiene derechos de autor.
Queda prohibido su distribucin y venta.
www.congresotdah.mx
www.cerebrofeliz.org
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ADHD Goes to School:
Ensuring School Success
Ruth Hughes, PhD
CHADD Consultant
Mary Durheim, BS
CHADD National Past President
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-2
International Congress on ADHDMexico City October 2014
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ADHD Academic Challenges
! 90% academic problems
!
25% - 50% Specific Learning Disability (SLD)
! 65% written expression
! 26% math
! 24% spelling
! 19% reading
!
33% - 98% deficits in executive functions! 33% - 50% special education eligible
! Low academic achievement scoresBarkley, Brown, CDC, Mays, Calhoun, Biederman
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Identifying Underlying
Problems
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With the academics?
or
the behavior?
If a student has behavior problems,
where do you intervene first?
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However, behavioral strategies in
conjunction with academicinterventions are most effective.
Atkins, DuPaul
Academic interventionsimprove both academics
and behavior but!
The converse is not true!
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Six Factors Contributing to
School Failure! Many have executive function deficits
! Three year delay in brain maturation
30% developmental delay especially inorganization (age 16 vs. 12)
! Impaired
Reward System
in the brain
! 2/3+ coexisting conditions may be
untreated! 25% - 50% have learning disabilities
! Medication is not working correctlyBarkley, MTA, CDC, Shaw
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School Failure
Seven Specific Tasks / Issues:
! Forgetting assignments, tests, projects
!
Not doing homework; getting zeros! Not taking notes; difficulty copying from board
! Failing tests
! Being disorganized
! Sensory sensitivities (clothing, sounds, smells)
! Difficulty transitioning to new schools
Chris Zeigler Dendy
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-10
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Key Teaching Principles
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Learning Pyramid
5%
10%
20%
30%
50%
75%
90%
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-12
Lecture
Reading
Audiovisual
Demonstration
Discussion
Practice doing
Teach others
Average studentretention rates
Source: National Training Laboratories, Bethel, Maine
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Key Principles of Instruction
! Brevity activities of short duration
! Variety novelty or the slightest change inthe activity to maintain continued interest
! Structure a consistent routine, enhanced
by a highly organized format of activities
! Engagement active engagement in learning
Clare Jones, Chris Zeigler Dendy
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Emotions are the on/off switch
to learning.
Negative emotions like anxiety, fear,
sadness, or anger disrupt thinking,memory, and learning!
Priscilla Vail
Emotions Impact Learning!
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7 Types of Accommodations
! Shorten assignments retain content and
skill mastery
! Give extended time
! Increase level of support
!
Adjust instructional strategies (input)
! Adjust level of difficulty
! Provide alternatives to writing (output)!
Increase participation responses
(encouragement)Adapted from Wright
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Teaching Strategies
General Tips! Reduce demands on their limited memory
! Use visual cues and reminders
! Give extra guidance and support
! Use interactive learning strategies
! Allow movement exercise, stand-up desk, fidget
toys)
! Allow manipulatives fidget toys
! Use direct instruction to teach skills! Give choices - activities within assignments
! Schedule key classes earlier during dayChris Zeigler Dendy
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Flip Chart Prompt
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-18
Use with students who may become impatient whenwaiting or who have a tendency to blurt out.
www.reallygoodstuff.com
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Teaching Strategies
Give Extra Help
! Paired learning
! Peer tutoring
! Teacher aides! Private tutors
Interactive Learning Keep Class Active
! Increase response options
! Dry erase boards response cards
! Hands on learning
! GamesChris Zeigler Dendy
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Classwide Peer Tutoring
(CWPT)
! Increased engagement reduced off-taskbehaviors
! Improved academic performance! Higher student and teacher satisfaction
DuPaul & Stoner
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Peer Interventions
!
Playground monitors
! Peer monitoring plus self-evaluation
!
Peer tutoring! Classwide peer tutoring
! Reciprocal peer tutoring
! Cooperative learning
DuPaul & Stoner
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Study Test Reviews! Give guided lecture notes
! Verbally emphasize key points
# This is important Remember this
! Teach test-taking skills
! Consider games move and discuss
! 3 person teams: answer questions and earn points winning team picks reward
!
Two truths and a lie
! Test review text messaging answers teams
! You Tube skate boarding bones broken
! Record test reviews on iPod or MP3 playersAbney, Zeigler Dendy, Tilton, Deshler
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Test Taking Strategies
! Try brain dumping
! Don
t go back and change answers
! Stick with first choice
! Spend more time on the part worth the most points! Read directions very carefully
! Mark out answers using absolute words always,never, none, all, only
!
True/False with these words are usually false! Often, rarely, generally tend to be true
! Matching questions columns equal, use > once?Deshler, Crutsinger, Rief, Zeigler Dendy
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Assignments
Reduce Written Work and Memory Demands
! Shorten assignments
! Dictate to a scribe
! Use a computer! Reduce note-taking
! NCR (non-carbon replica) paper
! Notes from another student
! Write answers only not questions
! Photocopy textbook page questions write answers
! Give creative assignments
Chris Zeigler Dendy
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Assignments cont
d.
Reduce Written Work and Memory Demands
! Ensure homework is known
! Webpage, row captains, assignment
! Give word banks or calculators
! Provide prompts for essay exams, starter sentences
! Teach memory strategies
! Use graphic organizers
!
Use spell and grammar check! Give an extra book(s) for home
Chris Zeigler Dendy
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Testing and Grading
! Extended time on tests
!
Recognition tests vs. recall
! Hook student on success!
! Adjust grading techniques (if struggling)
! Earn extra credit
! Drop lowest grade
! Correct wrong answers for extra credit
! Accommodations for special statewide
testingChris Zeigler Dendy
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Structure and Supervision
! Recruit other students to help
! Row captains
! Classmates
! Meet at locker after school
! Point of performance supervision
!
Involve teacher aides/parents if a student
struggles
! Check homework completion
! Utilize weekly reportGoldstein, Jones, Zeigler Dendy
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Technology
! Use a computer
! Access academic software
! Inspiration, Kidspiration
!
Make-up courses! Earn extra credit to graduate
! Correspondence courses
! Keyboarding
! iPods/MP3 players
! Books on tape
! NOVAnet (self-paced instructional software)Chris Zeigler Dendy
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Key Reasons for Failure to
Complete Assignments
!
Assignments are too long
! Assignments are too difficult
! Increased demands for executive skills in
middle and high schoolRobert Reid, Chris Zeigler Dendy
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Unique Middle School Challenges:
The ADHD Brick WallIncreased Demands for Executive Function Skills:
! Organization
! Memory!
More complex academic work
! Working independently - getting started
! More homework more teachers
! More complex routines change classes,teachers
Chris Zeigler Dendy
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-31
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As a result of EF deficits,
students with ADHD may!
! Avoid tasks
! Exhibit inconsistent performances
can do
it one day but not the next
! Have poor organization skills
! Make
careless errors
! Are unable to double check work for errors
! Have slow executive of paper/pencil tasks
! Produce less written work
Joan Helbing, Chris Zeigler Dendy
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ADHD Academic Profile! Limited working memory capacity
! Slower retrieval of information
from long-term memory
! Forgetful of instructions
homework! Poor reading comprehension
! Difficulty memorizingmultiplication tables and isolated
facts
! Lack memory strategies
! Deficits linked to sleep and time
issuesMel Levine, Chris Zeigler Dendy
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-33
Memory
Deficits
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Copyright CHADD, 20142-35
Create a template
for your graphicorganizer.
Chris Zeigler Dendy
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Math Foldables
Copyright CHADD, 20142-36
www.foldables.wikispaces.comDinah Zikes, McGraw Hill
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Teach Memory Strategies
! Rehearsal write or say information
! Mnemonics tricks to aid memory
! Acronyms: Great Lakes HOMES
! Acrostics: metrics King Henry Died MondayDrinking Chocolate Milk
! Choral Response: rhyme/beat Rap Tape
! Chunking: divide into smaller categories
! Contextual Cues use word in sentence! Key Word tie known information and
unknownDeshler, Levine, Zeigler Dendy
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Memory Bracelet
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-38
www.reallygoodstuff.com
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have a huge impact on
Reading, Written Language
&
Complex Math Problems
Executive Function Deficits!
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ADHD Academic Profile
! Poor comprehension
! Needs oral input
! Loses place frequently
! Lacks sustained concentration
! Does poorly on long passages
! Has average fluency and wordidentification if no learning
disabilities
! Difficulty memorizing sight words
Helbing
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-40
Reading
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Strategies to Improve Reading
! Use clear color film to isolate the key
sentence and slide it down the page
! Label vocabulary words post
! Work on key words list
! Practice wild and wacky strategies write
words in water colors on shower door
! Group in chunks of 6 8 words
! Ask parents to label objects at home chair,
table, bed
Zeigler Dendy
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ADHD Academic Profile
! Trouble planning/organizing
! Poor mechanics grammar, punctuation, spelling
!
Slow processing speed! Poor fine-motor skills handwriting
Levine, Helbing, Zeigler Dendy
! Limited working memory
! Limit copying from board
! Minimal written output
!
Difficulty getting started! Difficulty selecting top
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-42
WrittenLanguage
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Strategies to Improve Writing
Modify Assignments! Give extended time for writing
! Model writing essay overhead
! Reduce amount of written work
! Allow student to dictate report to scribe! Cut and paste written work on computer
! Select key elements to grade content
! Give two grades one each for:
!
Creative content! Grammar/spelling
! Substitute creative assignment video/audio tape
Zeigler Dendy
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Improving Writing Skills
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-44
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar
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ADHD Academic Profile
! Difficulty memorizing
facts
! Weak math computation
! Poor number alignment
! Difficulty generalizing
concepts
!
Difficulty transitioningfrom concrete to abstract
concepts algebra
Helbing, Zeigler Dendy
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-45
Math
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Mastering Math
Modify Teaching Methods! Keep step-by-step problem on board
! Pair with another student paired learning
! Use peer tutoring provide class time
! Use graph paper number alignment
! Teach math short cuts
! Graphic organizers
! Use dry-erase boards
!
Try online algebra NOVAnet
! Try multisensory algebra www.msalgebra.com
Zeigler Dendy
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Student may need
direct instruction of skills and/
or accommodations
Deficits in EF look like!
Laziness or Lack of Motivation
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-47
Zeigler Dendy
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Key EF Issues to Accommodate
! Working memory visual cues, prompts
! Writing essays graphic organizer, dictation
! Complex math example on board
! Organization strategies, folder, friend reminds! Processing speed extra time, reduce assignment
! Planning ahead graphic organizer, prompts
! Sense of time watch, prompts
! Long-term projects graphic organizer, 3 partsADHD education is key for all of these issues
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-48
Zeigler Dendy
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The typical classroom is a terrible
place for a child with ADHD!
after all we are asking children who
have profound problems attending,organizing and controlling their
actions to spend hours per day
attending, organizing, andcontrolling their actions.
Copyright CHADD, 2014 2-49
Michael Gordon, Ph.D.