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! Cell body from which arise several primary processes,
and each of these gives rise to numerous secondary
(foot) processes o pedicels that embrace a portion of one
glomerular capillary.
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support to glomerulus; respond to vasoactive sbstances
to help maintain hydrostatic pressure
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adhere to the glomerular filter, including antibody-
antigen complexes abundant in many pathological
conditions
! (,+%,)0&2 P cells synthesize and secretes cytokines,
prostaglandins and other immune factors for defense and
repair in the glomerulus
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this water and its solutes are transferred directly across the tubular
wall and immediately taken up by the peritubular capillaries.
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o Thin descending limbs- freely permeable to water but not
salts
o Thin ascending limbs- permeable to NaCl but impermeable to
water
o Thick ascending limbs- actively transport NaCl out of the
tubule against a concentration gradient
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in the presence of aldosteroneo Acid-base balance H and NH4 secretion into tubular urine
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o Autoregulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
o Control of blood pressure
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Renal arteries arise at the level of the IV disc between L1 and L2
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o Sympathetic renal plexus supplied by fibers from
abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves.
o Visceral afferent fibers- convey pain sensation; follow the
sympathetic fibers retrograde to spinal ganglia and cord (T11-
L2)
o Ureteric pain is usually referred to the ipsilateral lower
quadrant of the anterior abdominal wall and especially to the
groin.
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Figure 10.Blood supply to the kidney. A coronal view (left) shows the major
blood vessels of the kidney. The microvascular components extending into the
cortex and medulla from the interlobular vessels are shown on the right. Pink
boxes indicate vessels with arterial blood and blue indicate the venous return.
The intervening lavender boxes and vessels are intermediate sites where most
reabsorbed material reenters the blood.
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Branches approach the ureters medially and divide into ascending
and descending branches, forming a longitudinal anastomosis on
the ureteric wall.
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Clinical Correlation
In operations in the posterior abdominal region, surgeons pay special
attention to the location of the ureters and are careful not to retract them
laterally or unnecessarily.
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7) 8JNG@R@SH @> 9RILLF? IKL #?FGM?I
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907.%, :?; 4:711,% C7:: 721 *%&).,:0*8# (a): In the neck of the bladder, near the
urethra, the wall shows four layers: the mucosa with urothelium (U) and lamina
propria (LP); the thin submucosa (S); inner, middle, and outer layers of smooth
muscle (IL, ML, and OL), and the adventitia (A). X15. H&E. (b): When the
bladder is empty, the mucosa is highly folded and the urothelium has bulbous
umbrella cells. X250. PSH. (c): when the bladder is full, the mucosa is pulled
smooth, the urothelium is thinner, and the umbrella cells are flatter. X250. H&E.
L%&).,:0*8
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-
7/25/2019 Anat 4.6 Renal System StaAna
9/10
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o lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratified epithelium
(=&2K3a=,20:, L%,).%7
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epithelium
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initially lined by transitional epithelium, then by stratified
squamous epithelium and some areas of pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
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-
7/25/2019 Anat 4.6 Renal System StaAna
10/10
45% 2367 138 9#:% ;16% ,.#< ,.
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$# @0')&:&K3 &- )., >,87:, *%,).%7
907.%, :H; L%,).%7# A fibromuscular tube that carries urine from the bladder to
the exterior of the body. (a):A transverse section shows that the mucosa has
large longitudinal folds around the lumen (L). X50. H&E. (b):A higher
magnification of the urethral epithelium is shown in this micrograph. The thick
epithelial lining is stratified columnar in some areas and pseudostratified
columnar elsewhere, but becomes stratified squamous at the distal end of the
urethra. X250. H&E.
I0202K ,=0).,:0*8X
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