do cooperative r&d subsidies stimulate regional innovation efficiency? evidence from germany (eng)/...

7/31/2019 Do Cooperative R&D Subsidies Stimulate Regional Innovation Efficiency? Evidence from Germany (Eng)/ Estimula

1/37

@j Ejj~lvgpmyl V)@ U|fum`mlu Upmd|cgpl

Vlhmjkgc Mkkjygpmjk Lstemlke}: Lym`lkel ivjd

Hlvdgk}

Pjd Fvjlalc

^g~lv ~vlulkpl` gp pbl @MDL Imkgc Ejkilvlkel# 9$2 G~vmc 6>77# Dggupvmebp

Gfupvgep

Pbl ~g~lv mkylupmhgplu pbl md~gep ji V)@ u|fum`mlu jk vlhmjkgc mkkjyg$pmjk lstemlke}+ F|mc`mkh jk g vmeb ~gklc `gpg ulp ejylvmkh 68> Hlvdgk cgfjv

dgvalp vlhmjku gk` ij|v mk`|upvmlu# mp mu ubjxk pbgp mk ~gvpme|cgv u|fum`mluijv V)@ ejj~lvgpmjk gvl g u|mpgfcl ~jcme} dlgu|vl ijv upmd|cgpmkh pbl mk$kjygpmjk lstemlke} ji vlhmjku+ Pbl ld~mvmegc k`mkhu djvljylv u|hhlup pbgpvlhmjku xmpb cjx mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu flklp ivjd u|fum`mzl` mkplv$vlhmjkgcejj~lvgpmjk mkyjcymkh ~gvpklvu xmpb `mylvul mk`|upvmgc gk` ulepjvgc fgea$hvj|kù+ Lupgfcmubmkh mkplv$vlhmjkgc ejj~lvgpmjk pbgp hmyl geeluu pj vlcgplàkjxcl`hl gk` uamccu mu djvl md~jvpgkp ijv vlhmjku xmpb cgvhl mkkjygpmjkeg~gempmlu+

Al}xjvù? mkkjygpmjk ~jcme}# vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}# V)@ u|fum`mlu#ejj~lvgpmjk klpxjvau

OLC ecguumegpmjk? J72# J52# V76

Ulepmjk ji Lejkjdme Hljhvg~b}# Ige|cp} ji Hljuemlkelu# \pvlebp \kmylvump}# Blm`lcflvhcggk6# 5


2/37

7 Mkpvj`|epmjk

Vlhmjku ~cg} g ev|emgc vjcl mk mkkjygpmjk ~vjeluulu gk` ejkulw|lkpc} mp mu gvh|l`

pbgp pbl} ubj|c` fl mk pbl ije|u ji mkkjygpmjk ~jcme} "ull# l+h+# Upjv~lv# 7==>>8-+ Umdmcgv g~~cmlu pj pbl ldfl``l`kluu jivdu mkpj akjxcl`hl klpxjvau# xbmeb mu ubjxk pj fl luulkpmgc ijv pblmv mkkjygpmylu|eeluu "^jxlcc lp gc+# 7==91 Fjuebdg gk` plv Xgc# 6>>8-+ Mk g``mpmjk# dgk} up|`mlujk vlhmjkgcmzl` ~jcme} ~vjhvgdu gcuj bmhbcmhbp pbgp u|~~jvp ijv mkpvg$vlhmjkgc ej$j~lvgpmjk mu ~gvpme|cgvc} flklemgc ijv mkkjygpmjk "Lmealc~gueb gk` Ivmpueb# 6>> Hlvdgk cgfjv dgvalpvlhmjku gk` ij|v mk`|upvmlu ejylvmkh pbl ~lvmj` 7===$6>>0+ Djvljylv# kjk~gvgdlp$

vme lstemlke}# ujemgc klpxjva# gk` u~gpmgc ~gklc vlhvluumjk dlpbjù gvl ld~cj}l`+Pbl up|`} ubjxu pbgp vlhmjku xmpb flcjx gylvghl mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu flklp~vmdgvmc} ivjd u|fum`mzmkh mkplv$vlhmjkgc ejj~lvgpmjk pbgp hmylu geeluu pj g xm`lygvmlp} ji akjxcl`hl gk` uamccu+ Mk egul ji vlhmjku xmpb gfjyl gylvghl mkkjygpmjkeg~gempmlu# pbl upmd|cgpmjk ji mkplv$vlhmjkgc ejj~lvgpmjk mu jkc} u|~~jvpmyl xblk~gvpklvu mk vlcgpl` plebkjcjhmegc lcù gvl mkyjcyl`+ Mk ejkpvgup# u|fum`mzmkh mkpvg$vlhmjkgc ejj~lvgpmjk }mlcù klhgpmyl llepu+

6


3/37

Pbl ~g~lv mu jvhgkmzl` gu ijccjxu+ Mk Ulepmjk 6 pbljvlpmegc ejkum`lvgpmjku gvl dg`ljk pbl llepu ji V)@ u|fum`mlu jk mkkjygpmjk gepmympmlu+ Pbl ld~mvmegc g~~vjgebmu u|folep pj Ulepmjk 5+ Ulepmjk 0 ~vjym`lu pbl `luevm~pmjk ji pbl `gpg+ Pbl vlu|cpu

gvl ~vlulkpl` gk` `mue|uul` mk Ulepmjk >8-+^jcme} vlu~jk`u pj pblul uemlkpme mkumhbpu mk d|cpm~cl xg}u+ Ijv lrgd~cl# vlhmjk$gcmzl` ~jcme} ~vjhvgdu gvl ivlw|lkpc} `lumhkl` pj upmd|cgpl mkpvg$vlhmjkgc ejj~lv$gpmjk+ Mk Hlvdgk}# ~vjhvgdu cmal pbl FmjVlhmj# MkkjVlhmj# jv MkkjKlp flcjkh pjpbmu egplhjv}+ Mk u|eb ~vjhvgdu# ~|fcme u|~~jvp mu hvgkpl` pj ulci$jvhgkmzl` ejj~lv$gpmjk mk V)@ gdjkh jvhgkmzgpmjku cjegpl` xmpbmk g ~gvpme|cgv vlhmjk "Lmealc~guebgk` Ivmpueb# 6>>


4/37

"Fvjlalc gk` Hvgi# 6>7>-+ Pblul ojmkp ~vjolepu mkyjcyl umhkmegkp akjxcl`hl ubgv$mkh flpxllk pbl ~gvpklvu "Fvjlalc gk` Hvgi# 6>7>-+G vmeb cmplvgp|vl lygc|gplu pbl llepu ji V)@ u|fum`} ~vjhvgdu+ Ije|umkh ~vmdgv$

mc} gp pbl vd clylc# up|`mlu mkylupmhgpl pblmv md~gep jk vdu V)@ ljvpu "F|ujd#6>>>-# ld~cj}dlkp hvjxpb "Fvj|xlv lp gc+# 7==5-# gu xlcc gu jk ejccgfjvgpmjk gk`~gplkpmkh gepmympmlu "ull# l+h+# Ezgvkmpzam gk` B|uumkhlv# 6>>0-+ Ijv pbl Hlvdgkfmjpleb mk`|upv} Ijvkgbc lp gc+ "6>7>- djvljylv ubjx pbgp mk ~gvpme|cgv ejccgfjvg$pmyl V)@ u|fum`mlu dgpplv ijv vdu ~gplkp gepmympmlu+ Pblul g|pbjvu gcuj ~vjym`llym`lkel pbgp ujdl f|p kjp pjj d|eb ejhkmpmyl `mupgkel flpxllk jvhgkmzgpmjkumkyjcyl` mk u|fum`mzl` V)@ ejccgfjvgpmjku mkevlgul pblmv mkkjygpmyl u|eeluu+Mk ejkpvgup pj pbl vmeb cmplvgp|vl ije|umkh jk vd$clylc llepu# cluu mu akjxk gfj|ppbl vlcgpmjk flpxllk V)@ u|fum`mlu gk` vlhmjkgc `lylcj~dlkp+ Mk ~gvpme|cgv# cmp$pcl vlulgveb lrmupu lygc|gpmkh mi pbmu ~jcme} dlgu|vl vl~vlulkpu g u|mpgfcl pjjc ijv

upmd|cgpmkh vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel+ Xbmcl mp mu xlcc$geel~pl` pbgp ej$j~lvgpmjk gvl ev|emgc ijv mkkjygpmjk "^jxlcc lp gc+# 7==91 Fjuebdg gk` plv Xgc#6>>8-# vlulgveb ~vmdgvmc} ije|ul` jk |ku|fum`mzl` mkplvgepmjku# m+l+ ejj~lvg$pmjku xmpbj|p ~jcme} flmkh `mvlepc} mkyjcyl`+ Geejv`mkhc}# pbl w|lupmjk vldgmku mipbl ldfl``l`kluu ji vlhmjkgc jvhgkmzgpmjku mkpj u|fum`mzl` ejj~lvgpmjk klpxjvaugcuj mkst|lkelu pblmv mkkjygpmjk gepmympmlu+ @mlvlkelu pj |ku|fum mzl` ejj~lvgpmjkegk fl lr~lepl` pj lrmup# umkel ~jcme} `lklu pbl hlklvgc ejk`mpmjku ji ejj~lvgp$mkh mk pbl u|fum`mlu ~vjhvgdu gk` ulclepu g cmdmpl` k|dflv ji ~vj~jugcu pbgp gvlhvgkpl` dgamkh u|fum`mzl` ejj~lvgpmjk cmalc} pj fl ylv} `mlvlkp ivjd |ku|fum$`mzl` ejj~lvgpmjk+ Pbl ~vlulkp ~g~lv gmdu gp ubl``mkh cmhbp jk pblul muu|lu f}

g`j~pmkh g vlhmjkgc ~lvu~lepmyl gk` lygc|gpmkh pbl llepmylkluu ji pbl ~jcme} pjjcV)@ u|fum`mlu ijv upmd|cgpmkh vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel xmpb g ~gvpme|cgvije|u jk pbl vlclygkel ji u|fum`mzl` ojmkp ~vjolepu "ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu-+ Mk pblijccjxmkh# ij|v b}~jpblulu gvl ~|p ijvxgv`# xbmeb ~vjym`l pbl fgumu ji pbl ld~mvm$egc lygc|gpmjk+Hmylk pbl vgpblv ~jumpmyl vjcl ijv mkkjygpmjk gppvmf|pl` pj ejj~lvgpmjk# mp egkfl lr~lepl` pbgp ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu gvl ~gvpme|cgvc} llepmyl ijv upmd|cgpmkhmkkjygpmjk+ Geejv`mkhc}# pbl djvl vlhmjkgc jvhgkmzgpmjku lkhghl mk u|fum`mzl` ej$j~lvgpmjk pbl djvl cmalc} pbl} ~vjp ivjd akjxcl`hl ubgvmkh# xbmeb hmylu pbldbmhblv ebgkelu ji mkkjygpmyl u|eeluu+ Bjxlylv# ejj~lvgpmjk mu kjp gcxg}u flkl$emgc+ Pbl lupgfcmubdlkp gk` dgmkplkgkel ji ejj~lvgpmjk ghvlldlkpu vlw|mvl ljvpugk` dgk} ejj~lvgpmjk igmc "Fclla gk` @+Lvkup# 7==5-+ Ivll$vm`mkh mu gcuj g akjxk~vjfcld "Aluplcjjp gk` Yl|hlclvu# 7==


5/37

B}~jpblumu 7 ? Ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu mk`|el hvlgplv ~jumpmyl llepu pbgk kjk$ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu jk vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel+

Mp mu ivlw|lkpc} gvh|l` pbgp ejj~lvgpmjk mu lu~lemgcc} ~vjpgfcl xblk ~gvpklvugvl cjegpl` mk hljhvg~bme ~vjrmdmp}# m+l+ xblk pbl} gvl cjegpl` xmpbmk pbl ugdlvlhmjk "G|`vlpueb# 7==2-+ Ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu dg} pblvlijvl fl ~gvpme|cgvc}vlxgv`mkh mi pbl} ~vjdjpl pbl ldlvhlkel ji vlhmjkgc ejcclepmyl clgvkmkh ~vjeluulu"Mugaulk# 6>>7-+

B}~jpblumu 6 ? U|fum mzmkh ejj~lvgpmjk gdjkh vlhmjkgc jvhgkmzgpmjku }mlcùhvlgplv flklpu pbgk u|~~jvp ijv ejj~lvgpmjk flpxllk jvhgkmzgpmjku cjegpl` mk`mlvlkp vlhmjku+

Gu ~jmkpl` j|p flijvl# flmkh lkhghl` mk g u|fum`mzl` ojmkp ~vjolep mkyjcylu u|f$upgkpmgc akjxcl`hl ubgvmkh gdjkh ejj~lvgpmkh ~gvpklvu+ Pblvlijvl# ~gvpmem~gpmjkmk g ojmkp ~vjolep egk fl mkplv~vlpl` gu akjxcl`hl cmka flpxllk pxj jvhgkmzgpmjkumd~c}mkh pbgp gcc jfulvyl` cmkau ejkupmp|pl g akjxcl`hl klpxjva "Fvjlalc gk` Hvgi#6>7>-+ Geejv`mkhc}# vlhmjku pbgp gvl bmhbc} elkpvgc mk pbmu klpxjva gvl cmalc} pj~vjp pbl djup ivjd akjxcl`hl u~mccjylvu fleg|ul pbl} bgyl bmhblv ebgkelu jihgmkmkh geeluu pj kjylc akjxcl`hl hlklvgpl` lculxblvl "Ivlldgk# 7=8=-+ Bjx$lylv# Ijvkgbc lp gc+ "6>7>- ubjx pbgp vdu flmkh cjegpl` mk g vlhmjk xmpb dgk}cmkau lr~lvmlkel klhgpmyl llepu ijv mkkjygpmjk+ G vlhmjk egk fl elkpvgc mk g klp$xjva xmpbj|p kleluugvmc} bgymkh g hvlgp k|dflv ji cmkau# pbj|hb+ Pbmu mu pbl

egul mi mp bjcù g fvjalvghl ~jumpmjk mk pbl ulkul pbgp mp egk ejkpvjc akjxcl`hlstjxu pbvj|hb pbl klpxjva "Ivlldgk# 7=8=-+ Ijv mkupgkel# ijv akjxcl`hl pj `m|ulpbvj|hb pbl klpxjva mp bgu pj ~guu elvpgmk fjppclkleau# xbmeb egk fl vlhmjku pbgpejkklep ylv} `mupmkep ~gvpu ji pbl klpxjva gk` pbgp cmka gvlgu ji pbl klpxjva pbgpgvl jpblvxmul |kejkklepl`+

B}~jpblumu 5 ? Bgymkh dgk} cmkau pj jpblv vlhmjku mu kjp md~vjymkh mkkjygpmjk~lvijvdgkel+ Vgpblv vlhmjku pbgp bjc` fvjalvghl ~jumpmjku hgmk pbl djup ivjd~gvpmem~gpmkh mk u|fum`mzl` ejj~lvgpmjk klpxjvau+

Ejj~lvgpmjk mu jkc} flklemgc mi ~gvpklvu egk ejdd|kmegpl xmpb lgeb jpblvgk` mi pblmv akjxcl`hl egk fl ejdfmkl` mk kjylc xg}u+ Fjuebdg gk` Ivlkalk"6>>=- gvh|l pbgp mp `l~lkù jk pbl "j~pmdgc- clylc ji ejhkmpmyl ~vjrmdmp} xblpblvejj~lvgpmjk xmcc }mlc` ~jumpmyl llepu jk mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel+ Geejv`mkhc}# pjfl ~jumpmyl ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu kll` pj hmyl geeluu pj vlcgpl` ygvmlp}+


6/37

B}~jpblumu 0 ? Pj md~vjyl vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel# u|fum`mzl` V)@ejj~lvgpmjk kll` pj cmka vlhmjkgc gepjvu pj vlcgpl` ejd~lplkelu gk` akjxcl`hl+

Pj ld~mvmegcc} plup pbl ij|v b}~jpblulu g pxj$upghl ~vjel`|vl mu ebjulk+ Pbmug~~vjgeb mu ivlw|lkpc} g~~cml` mk up|`mlu mkylupmhgpmkh pbl md~gep ji lkymvjkdlk$pgc igepjvu jk vd ~vj`|epmymp}+ Mp bgu gcuj fllk |ul` mk ulppmkhu umdmcgv pj pbl~vlulkp jkl "ull Ivmpueb gk` Ucgypebly# 6>>2-+ Mk g vup upghl# vlhmjku mkkjyg$pmjk lstemlke} mu lupmdgpl` pj jfpgmk g vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel mk`lr+Mk pbl u|fulw|lkp ulejk` upghl# igepjvu "l+h+ V)@ u|fum`mlu- gvl plupl` ijv pblmvvlcgpmjkubm~ xmpb pbmu mk`lr |umkh g ~gklc vlhvluumjk ivgdlxjva+

5 Pxj$upghl ld~mvmegc g~~vjgeb

5+7 Imvup$upghl? kjk~gvgdlpvme lstemlke} gkgc}umu

Pbl mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel ji vlhmjku mu ejddjkc} lygc|gpl` mk g akjxcl`hl ~vj$`|epmjk i|kepmjk ivgdlxjva "ull# l+h+# Hvmcmeblu# 7=8=-+ Mk pbmu ivgdlxjva# ygvmgfcluvl~vlulkpmkh akjxcl`hl mk~|pu gvl ulp mkpj g i|kepmjkgc vlcgpmjkubm~ xmpb akjxc$l`hl j|p~|pu hlklvgpl` f} vlhmjkgc jvhgkmzgpmjku+ Jk pbmu fgumu# pblmv mkkjygpmjk~lvijvdgkel egk fl ~lvelmyl` ji gu pbl lstemlke} xmpb xbmeb akjxcl`hl mk~|pu gvlpvgkuijvdl` mkpj mkkjygpmyl j|p~|pu "Fvlkklv gk` Fvjlalc# 6>77-+Ijv pbl ld~mvmegc lupmdgpmjk ji pbmu vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}# pbl vjf|up ylv$umjk ji pbl pvg`mpmjkgc @gpg Lkylcj~dlkp Gkgc}umu "egccl` ejkylr jv`lv$d mk pbl

ijccjxmkh- mu ld~cj}l` gu mkpvj`|el` f} @gvgmj gk` Umdgv "6>>8f-+ Mp mu g amk`ji kjk$~gvgdlpvme ivjkpmlv plebkmw|l# xbmeb bgu fllk g`yjegpl` mk pbmu ejkplrp f}Fjkgeejvum gk` @gvgmj "6>>9-+ Ejd~gvl` pj ~gvgdlpvme g~~vjgeblu kjk~gvgdlp$vme plebkmw|lu }mlc` g k|dflv ji g`ygkpghlu+ Djup ev|emgcc}# pbl} `j kjp vlw|mvlpbl u~lemegpmjk ji g ~gvgdlpvme dj`lc# xbmeb umhkmegkpc} vl`|elu pbl `gkhlv jidj`lc dmuu~lemegpmjk+ Ivjd g ~vgepmegc ~lvu~lepmyl# pbl} gcuj gccjx pbl umd|cpg$klj|u ejkum`lvgpmjk ji d|cpm~cl mk~|p gk` j|p~|p mk`megpjvu "ull ijv g `mue|uumjkEjlccm gk` ^lvcldgk# 7===-+Pbl ejkylr jv`lv$d gkgc}umu mu g kjk$`lplvdmkmupme g~~vjgeb gk` cmppcl ulkumpmylpj j|pcmlvu gk` kjmul mk pbl `gpg "ull ijv djvl `lpgmcu @gvgmj gk` Umdgv# 6>>8g-+

Pbl dlgu|vl f|mc`u |~jk mpu kjk$ejkylr ej|kplv~gvp# kgdlc} pbl jv`lv$d gkgc}umu`lylcj~l` f} Egzgcu lp gc+ "6>>6-+ Pbl fgume m`lg ji pbl cgplv mu pj lrgdmkl ijvlgeb vlhmjk xblpblv pblvl lrmupu g vlhmjk pbgp gebmlylu bmhblv clylcu ji j|p~|p "]-gdjkh d vgk`jdc} `vgxk vlhmjku xmpb lw|gc jv cluu mk~|pu "R-+ Pbl mupgkelflpxllk pbl bmhblup clylc ji j|p~|p jfulvyl` gdjkh pbl d vlhmjku gk` pbgp ji pblvlu~lepmyl vlhmjk `lklu mpu clylc ji lstemlke}+ Vl~lgpmkh pbmu ~vjel`|vl g hvlgpk|dflv ji pmdlu gk` gylvghmkh pbl lupmdgpl` `mupgkelu dmpmhgplu pbl mkst|lkel ji

9


7/37

j|pcmlvu+ Geejv`mkhc}# g vlhmjku clylc ji j|p~|p mu flkebdgval` ghgmkup pbl lr$~lepl` dgrmdgc ygc|l ji j|p~|p gebmlyl` f} vlhmjku xmpb lw|gc jv cluu clylcu jimk~|p "j|p~|p$jvmlkpgpmjk-+7

Mk ~vgepmel# pbl kjk$ejkylr jv`lv$d dlgu|vl egk fl ejd~|pl` pbl ijccjxmkh "ijvg `lpgmcl` `luevm~pmjk ull @gvgmj gk` Umdgv "6>>8f--? ]7#+++#]d gvl d vgk`jdc}`vgxk jfulvygpmjku6 "vlhmjkuxmpb R r>+ Pbl kjk$ejkylr jv`lv$d lstemlke}dlgu|vl d"r># }>- mu `lkl` f}?

d"r># }>- 4 dgrm47#+++#d

dmko#+++#w

"]

om

}o>

-

"7-

xmpb ]om "}o>- flmkh pbl o

pb ejd~jklkp ji ]m "ji }> vlu~lepmylc}-+ Mk jv`lv pj jfpgmk

pbl kgc d"r># }>-# Egzgcu lp gc+ "6>>6- u|hhlup g umd~cl Djkpl$Egvcj gchjvmpbd

mk xbmeb d"r># }>- mu lupmdgpl` F pmdlu# xblvl F mu cgvhl "6>>-+ Pbl jv`lv$dlstemlke} dlgu|vl ji vlhmjk "r># }>- mu pblk `lkl` gu

d"r># }>- 4 LQd"r># }>-sR r>T 47

F

Ff47

fd"r># }>- + "6-

Bjxlylv# mk pbl ejkplrp ji pbmu ~g~lv# g ejkylr ejkel~p ji lstemlke} mu djvl g~~vj$~vmgpl fleg|ul u|fupmp|pmyl vlcgpmjkubm~u eclgvc} lrmup gdjkh pbl j|p~|p gk` mk~|pmk megpjvu+ Geejv`mkh pj @gvgmj gk` Umdgv "6>>8f- g ejkylr jv`lv$d lstemlke}dlgu|vl "ed"r># }>-- mu jfpgmkl` f} ~vjolepmkh gcc ld~mvmegc jfulvygpmjku jk pbl

gfjyl lupmdgpl` kjk$ejkylr jv`lv$d ivjkpmlv gk` ujcymkh pbl ijccjxmkh ~vjhvgd?

ed"r># }>- 4 mki

s} k

m47

m]d#m 1 rm

ko47

mrm

ijv "7# + + + # k- u+p+k

m47

m m ># m 4 7# + + + # k

"5-

xmpb ]d#m flmkh vlhmjk mu ~vlymj|uc} lupmdgpl` kjk$ejkylr jv`lv$d clylc ji lstemlkpj|p~|p+ Pbl vlu|cp ji pbmu lstemlke} gkgc}umu mu g dlgu|vl ji vlcgpmyl lstemlke} ijvlgeb vlhmjk |k`lv pbl guu|d~pmjk ji hcjfgc ejkylrmp} gk` pbl ejkum`lvgpmjk jiupgpmupmegc kjmul mk pbl `gpg+ Mp mu `lkjpl` f} LI I mk pbl vldgmk`lv ji pbl ~g~lv

gk` mk`megplu f} bjx d|eb g vlhmjku j|p~|p bgu pj mkevlgul ijv mp pj flejdl flup~vgepmel hmylk mpu mk~|p clylc+

7Jkl dg} gcuj gua ijv pbl kleluugv} vl`|epmjk mk mk~|pu "mk~|p$jvmlkpgpmjk-+ Mp mu gvh|l pbgppbl j|p~|p$jvmlkpgpmjk mu djvl g~~vj~vmgpl fleg|ul pbl gmd mu pj m`lkpmi} jfupgeclu pbgp bmk`lvvlhmjku mk gebmlymkh dgrmdgc mkkjygpmjk j|p~|p+

6d egk fl ullk gu g pvmddmkh ~gvgdlplv# xbmeb `lklu pbl lupmdgpmjku ulkumpmymp} pj upgpmupmegc

kjmul mk pbl `gpg+ Pbl flup vlu|cpu gvl gebmlyl` xmpb d 4 2


8/37

5+6 Ulejk`$upghl? ~gklc vlhvluumjk gk` lk`jhlklmp}

Mk pbl ulejk` upghl# pbl vup$upghl lstemlke} uejvlu ulvyl gu `l~lk`lkp ygvmgfcl

mk g ~gklc vlhvluumjk plupmkh pbl mpu vlcgpmjk xmpb u|fum`mlu gk` ejkpvjc ygvmgfclu+Bjxlylv# pbl vlcgpmjkubm~ flpxllk u|fum`mlu gk` vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} mukjp djkj$`mvlepmjkgc# pbj|hb# md~c}mkh pbgp pbmu upvgmhbpijvxgv` g~~vjgeb dmhbpfl pvj|fcl` f} lk`jhlklmp}+ Pbl cmalcmbjj` xmpb xbmeb g vlhmjk# m+l+ mpu jvhgkm$zgpmjku# gppvgepu u|fum`mlu mu kjp mk`l~lk`lkp ji mpu mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel5+ Ijvmkupgkel# u|fum`mlu dmhbp fl `lcmflvgplc} hvgkpl` pj u|~~jvp vdu mk vlhmjku xmpbcjx mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel+ Jv# pbl} egk fl ije|ul` jk u|upgmkmkh pbl mkkjygpmjk~lvijvdgkel ji lrelcclkel vlhmjku f} igyjvmkh g~~cmegpmjku ivjd pblul vlhmjkujvhgkmzgpmjku+ Blkel# mp egkkjp fl v|cl` j|p pbgp pbl clylc ji vlelmyl` u|fum mlumu mk`l~lk`lkp ji g vlhmjku mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel# xbmeb mu bjxlylv g kleluugv}vlw|mvldlkp ijv pbl vlhvluumjk gkgc}umu+ Pbmu lk`jhlklmp} ~vjfcld mu g``vluul` mkd|cpm~cl xg}u+Imvupc}# vlhmjku mkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel mu ejkel~p|gcmzl` gu mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}+Xbmcl ~jcme} egk lgumc} jfulvyl pjpgc mkkjygpmjk j|p~|p "l+h+ gu g~~vjrmdgpl` f}~gplkp k|dflvu-# mp mu djvl `mste|cp pj guuluu mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}+ Pbl "~jcmpmegc-`mupvmf|pmjk ji u|fum`mlu mu pblvlijvl cluu cmalc} pj `l~lk` jk vlhmjku mkkjygpmjklstemlke} pbgk jk pbl pjpgc vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk j|p~|p+ Mk ~vgepmel bjxlylv# mkkj$ygpmjk lstemlke} mu jiplk ejvvlcgpl` pj pbl pjpgc mkkjygpmjk j|p~|p md~c}mkh pbgplk`jhlklmp} egkkjp ejd~clplc} fl v|cl` j|p+Ulejk`c}# ~jplkpmgc lk`jhlklmp} mu vl`|el` f} |umkh g pmdl cgh flpxllk u|fum`mlugk` pbl lupmdgpl` vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}+

Pbmv`c}# mkuplg` ji gkgc}zmkh pbl vlcgpmjk flpxllk u|fum`mlu gk` mkkjygpmjk lst$emlke} clylcu# pbl vlcgpmyl ebgkhl mk mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} mu vlcgpl` pj ~vlymj|uebgkhl mk u|fum mlu# m+l+ pbl lupmdgpmjk mu fgul` jk hvjxpb vgplu+ Klylvpblcluu#lk`jhlklmp} egk upmcc fl gk muu|l mkujigv gu mkkjygpmjk lstemlkp vlhmjku ubjx `mi$ilvlkp hvjxpb ~gpplvku pbgk cluu lstemlkp vlhmjku+ Mk pbmu egul# pblul pxj p}~lu jivlhmjku egk flejdl u|folep pj `mlvlkp hvgkpmkh vlhmdlu xblk pbl u|fum`mzgpmjk~jcme} ~|vu|mpu g ejkylvhlkel jv `mylvhlkel upvgplh}# xbmeb xj|c` "vl$-mkpvj`|ellk`jhlklmp}+Ij|vpbc}# pbl cgpplv muu|l mu `lgcp xmpb f} ld~cj}mkh g rl` llepu vlhvluumjk+ Pbl`ldlgkmkh ji pbl vgplu ji ebgkhl lcmdmkgplu ~jplkpmgc pvlk`u mk pbl ebgkhmkh ji

u|fum mlu gk` mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} ygvmgfclu+ Geejv`mkhc}# pbl gkgc}umu plupu pjxbgp lrplkp `lymgpmjku ivjd pbl gylvghl vgpl ji ebgkhl mk vlhmjkgc u|fum`mlu ejv$vlcgpl pj pbl ygvmgkel mk vlhmjku pvlk`$ejvvlepl` ebgkhl mk mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} gk|dflv ji }lgvu cgplv+Cgupc}# g vlhmjku clylc ji mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} mu ejkum`lvl` gu g``mpmjkgc mk`l~lk$

5 Fcgklu gk` F|ujd "6>>0- lygc|gpl vd$clylc igepjvu pbgp `lplvdmkl g vdu `lemumjk pjg~~c} ijv u|fum`mlu+

2


9/37

`lkp ygvmgfcl# xbmeb eg~p|vlu gk} vldgmkmkh ejvvlcgpmjk flpxllk pbl `l~lk`lkpygvmgfcl gk` pbl clylc ji vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}+Pbmu vlulgveb `lumhk `jlu kjp jkc} dmkmdmzl ~jplkpmgc lk`jhlklmp}# mp gcuj ejk$

pvjcu ijv ~jplkpmgc u~|vmj|u ejvvlcgpmjk lrmupmkh flpxllk mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} gk`u|fum`mzl` V)@ ejj~lvgpmjk+ Pbl `gpg gp bgk` ejylvu jkc} u|fum`mzl` ejj~lv$gpmjk clgymkh gcc |ku|fum`mzl` ejj~lvgpmjk |kjfulvyl`+ Bjxlylv# pbl cgpplv egkgcuj fl md~jvpgkp? Mi u|fum`mzl` ejj~lvgpmjk dlvlc} vl~vlulkpu |ku|fum`mzl` "gk`blvl |kjfulvyl`- ejj~lvgpmjk u~|vmj|u ejvvlcgpmjk fmgulu pbl mkplv~vlpgpmjk+ Mpulldu vlgujkgfcl pj guu|dl pbgp vdu ldfl``l`kluu mkpj "|ku|fum`mzl`- akjxc$l`hl klpxjvau mu ebgkhmkh vlcgpmylc} ucjxlv jylv pmdl gk`# xbgp mu djvl md~jvpgkp#mp mu |kcmalc} pj ebgkhl umd|cpgklj|uc} xmpb u|fum mzl` ejj~lvgpmjk+ \k`lv pbmuguu|d~pmjk# mk ~gvpme|cgv ~jmkpu pbvll gk` ij|v ivjd gfjyl dmkmdmzl pbmu ~vjfcld+Pbl vgpl ji ebgkhl ji gcc ygvmgfclu pbgp gvl fgul` jk u|fum`mlu `gpg gvl upvgmhbp$

ijvxgv`c} lupmdgpl` f}?0

u|fup!7 4 cjh"u|fup!7- cjh"u|fup- "0-

Pbl cgplv mkpvj`|el` ejkpvjc ygvmgfclu gvl pgalk mk clylcu fleg|ul pbl} vgpblv md$~gep cjkh$plvd `lylcj~dlkpu gk` ebgkhl jkc} cmppcl mk pbl ejkum`lvl` pmdl ~lvmj`+G vlhmjku mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} ebgkhlu jylv pmdl fleg|ul ji ygvmj|u vlgujku+ Ijvmkupgkel# vlhmjku egk egpeb$|~ f} `levlgumkh pblmv `mupgkel pj pbl flup$~vgepmelivjkpmlv+ Bjxlylv# pbl} egk gcuj flejdl djvl jv cluu lstemlkp xmpbj|p gk} ebgkhlmk pblmv mk~|p j|p~|p vlcgpmjk fleg|ul ji ubmipu mk pbl ivjkpmlvu cjegpmjk+ Gkmkevlgul mk pbl clylc ji mk~|p egk g``mpmjkgcc} }mlc` bmhblv lstemlke} mi uegcl llepugvl ~vlulkp+Mk pbl vldgmk`lv ji pbl ~g~lv# pbl ije|u xmcc fl jk xbgp mu akjxk mk pbl ~vj`|e$pmymp} cmplvgp|vl gu ebgkhl mk ~|vl plebkmegc lstemlke}+ Mk pbl ~vlulkp ejkplrp# mpmu pbl djup vlclygkp p}~l ji lstemlke} ebgkhl fleg|ul mp gfupvgepu ivjd kjk$vlhmjku~leme ~vjeluulu# l+h+ plebkjcjhmegc ~vjhvluu mk mkkjygpmjk evlgpmjk# lejkjd} xm`lubjeau# lejkjdmlu ji uegcl# lpe+ Ebgkhl mk ~|vl plebkmegc lstemlke} eg~p|vlu g vl$hmjku djyldlkp vlcgpmyl pj pbl flup$~vgepmel ivjkpmlv vl~vlulkpmkh pbl `lhvll pjxbmeb mp `levlgulu jv mkevlgulu mpu mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} vlcgpmyl pj flup$~vgepmelvlhmjku+ Mk jpblv xjv`u# mp eg~p|vlu mi g vlhmjk mu egpebmkh$|~ jv igccmkh flbmk`+Geejv`mkh pj Xbllcjea gk` Xmcujk "6>>5- pbl ebgkhl mk plebkmegc jv`lv$d lst$

emlke} mu `lkl` f}

ed 4ed"r

p!7> # }

p!7> sP

p!7d -

ed"rp># }>psP

pd-

"


10/37

xmpb Ppd gk` Pp!7d mk`megpmkh pbl plebkjcjhmegc ejk`mpmjku mk ~lvmj` p gk` p !

7# vlu~lepmylc}+< Mk ~vgepmel# Ppd md~cmlu pbgp pbl lstemlke} ji vlhmjk "r># }>- mulupmdgpl` jk pbl fgumu ji gcc jpblv vlhmjku mk~|p j|p~|p vlcgpmjku mk ~lvmj` p+

Pbl mkylvul ji pbmu vgpl ji ebgkhl mu |ul` mk pbl lupmdgpmjku pj lku|vl pbgp cgvhlygc|lu mk`megpl md~vjyldlkp gk` cjx ygc|lu `levldlkp ji mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}+

0 @gpg

0+7 Mkkjygpmjku# ~gplkpu# gk` V)@

Pbl |kmpu ji gkgc}umu gvl pbl 68> Hlvdgk cgfjv dgvalp vlhmjku pbgp bgyl fllk|ul` mk vlcgpl` up|`mlu "ull# l+h+# F|lvhlv lp gc+# 6>7>-+ Pblul vlhmjku gvl `l$kl` f} pbl Hlvdgk Mkupmp|pl ijv Cgfjv gk` Ld~cj}dlkp "Mkupmp|p i|v Gvflmp|k` Fluebgipmh|kh# MGF- gk` vlstlep pbl u~gpmgc `mdlkumjk ji cgfjv djfmcmp} mkHlvdgk} "Bggu# 6>>>-+ Djvljylv# pbl} ejvvlu~jk` pj u~gpmgc ejkupvgmkpu mk vduulgveb ijv ejj~lvgpmjk ~gvpklvu "Fvjlalc gk` Fmk`lv# 6>>8-+ Blkel# g umhkmegkp~jvpmjk ji akjxcl`hl u~mccjylvu mu eg~p|vl` f} pbmu clylc ji u~gpmgc `mughhvlhgpmjk+Xblk |umkh ~gplkp `gpg mp mu gcuj md~jvpgkp pbgp gk mkylkpjvu vlum`lkel gk` xjva~cgel plk` pj fl cjegpl` xmpbmk pbl ugdl cgfjv dgvalp vlhmjk "Hvlmi gk` Uebdml`c#6>>6-+Ijv pbl lupmdgpmjk ji vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}# pbl k|dflv ji vlhmjkgc ~gplkpg~~cmegpmjku g~~vjrmdgpl pbl j|p~|p ji mkkjygpmjk gepmympmlu+9 Pbl k|dflv ji V)@ld~cj}llu vl~vlulkp pbl vlhmjkgc akjxcl`hl mk~|p "Ivmpueb gk` Ucgypebly# 6>>2-+

Pbl vlhmjkgcmzl` `gpg jk ~gplkp g~~cmegpmjku ijv pbl }lgvu 7===$6>>5 gvl ~|fcmubl`f} pbl Hlvdgk ^gplkp Jstel mk Hvlmi gk` Uebdml`c "6>>6- gk` Hvlmi lp gc+ "6>>9-+Pbl ~gplkpu gvl guumhkl` pj cgfjv dgvalp vlhmjku geejv`mkh pj pbl mkylkpjv ~vmkem$~cl+ Pbl} gvl ecguuml` geejv`mkh pj 57 plebkjcjhmegc lcù "PI-+ Pbl g~~cmegpmjkuf} ~|fcme vlulgveb mkupmp|plu "l+h+ |kmylvumpmlu gk` vlulgveb jvhgkmzgpmjku- gk`pbjul ji ~vmygpl mkylkpjvu gvl kjp mkec|`l` fleg|ul pbl V)@ ld~cj}dlkp `gpgejylvu jkc} mk`|upvmgc V)@+V)@ ld~cj}dlkp k|dflvu gvl jfpgmkl` ivjd pbl Hlvdgk cgfjv dgvalp upgpmupmeu#xbmeb ejylvu gcc ld~cj}llu u|folep pj ujemgc mku|vgkel ejkpvmf|pmjk+ Pbl} gvl jvhg$kmzl` geejv`mkh pj pbl mkplvkgpmjkgc KGEL ecguumegpmjk+ Mk g ejddjk dgkklv g

pmdl cgh ji pxj }lgvu mu guu|dl` flpxllk V)@ ljvpu gk` pbl ~gplkp g~~cmegpmjku"Ivmpueb gk` Ucgypebly# 6>>9- md~c}mkh pbgp ~gplkp `gpg ijv pbl }lgvu 6>>7 pj 6>>>5+Xblk vlcgpmkh ~gplkp mkijvdgpmjk pj V)@ gepmympmlu umhkmegkp mkplv$mk`|upvmgc`mlvlkelu bgyl pj fl pgalk mkpj geej|kp ejkelvkmkh pbl mkkjygpmjk ~vj`|epmymp}

ji V)@ ld~cj}llu gk` ~gplkp ~vj~lkump} "Gv|k`lc gk` Agfcg# 7==2-+ Ijv pbmuvlgujk mu pbl mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} ul~gvgplc} lupmdgpl` ijv g k|dflv ji mk`|upvmlu+Pbmu vlw|mvlu dgpebmkh pbl ~gplkp mkijvdgpmjk pj mk`|upvmlu V)@ `gpg# xbmebmu `jkl jk pbl fgumu ji pbl ejkejv`gkel flpxllk pbl geejv`mkh ecguumegpmjku f}Fvjlalc "6>>8-+ Mp g`g~pu pbl MÊ$KGEL ejkejv`gkel f} Uebdjeb lp gc+ "6>>5-pj pbl `gpg |ul` blvl+ Pbl vlu|cpmkh ejdfmkgpmjku ji plebkjcjhmegc lcù "PI- gk`KGEL ej`lu gvl ~vlulkpl` mk Pgfcl 7 mk pbl G~~lk`mr+ Geejv`mkhc}# pbl dgk|$igep|vmkh ulepjv mu `mughhvlhgpl` mkpj yl mk`|upvmlu ji xbmeb ij|v gvl |ul` blvl?ebldmegcu "EBLD-# dgk|igep|vmkh ji pvgku~jvp lw|m~dlkp "PVGKU-# dgk|ige$p|vmkh ji lclepvmegc gk` lclepvjkme `lymelu "LCLE-# gk` g dmrl` fvgkeb ejylvmkh

dgk|igep|vmkh ji ~vlemumjk mkupv|dlkpu# dlgu|vldlkp `lymelu# j~pmeu# gk` dl`megcg~~gvgp|u "MKUPV-+ Ijv pbl ejkum`lvl` mk`|upvmlu ~gplkpmkh vl~vlulkpu gk md~jv$pgkp ~vj~lvp} vmhbpu ~vjplepmjk dlebgkmud "Gv|k`lc gk` Agfcg# 7==2- lku|vmkhpbgp pbl mkkjygpmjk j|p~|p dlgu|vl eg~p|vlu djup# jv gp clgup g umhkmegkp ubgvl#ji pblmv mkkjygpmjku+ \pmcmzmkh pbl ~juumfmcmp} pj ejkum`lv d|cpm~cl j|p~|pu gu xlccgu mk~|pu mk pbl lstemlke} gkgc}umu# lgeb plebkjcjhmegc lc` guumhkl` pj gk mk`|upv}flejdlu gk j|p~|p ygvmgfcl gk` lgeb KGEL mk`|upv}u V)@ ld~cj}dlkp vl~vl$ulkpu gk mk~|p+

0+6 Vlhmjkgc ejkpvjc ygvmgfclu

G k|dflv ji ejkpvjc ygvmgfclu gvl ejkum`lvl` mk pbl ulejk` upghl vlhvluumjk+ Djupji pblul gvl ejddjkc} ejkum`lvl` mk umdmcgv up|`mlu# xbmeb mu xb} pbl} gvl jkc}fvmlst} ~vlulkpl`+ \vfgkmzgpmjk lejkjdmlu gvl ivlw|lkpc} ubjxk pj lkbgkel vdumkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel "Hvl|kz# 6>>0-+ Pbl} gvl g~~vjrmdgpl` f} ~j~|cgpmjk`lkump} "^J^- gk` pbl hvjuu$`jdlupme ~vj`|ep "H@^- ji g vlhmjk+ Pbl gygmcgfmc$mp} ji bmhbc} w|gcml` b|dgk eg~mpgc gcuj ~cg}u g umhkmegkp vjcl ijv vdu+ Ijv pbmuvlgujk# pbl ubgvl ji ld~cj}llu xmpb bmhb w|gcmegpmjku "BMHB- lkplvu pbl gkgc}umu+Pbl pbvll ygvmgfclu gvl pgalk ivjd pbl Hlvdgk upgpmupmegc jstel+Mk`|upvmgc ghhcjdlvgpmjk egk upmd|cgpl akjxcl`hl u~mccjylvu# xbmeb mk p|vk ijuplvmkkjygpmjk "Ilc`dgk gk` G|`vlpueb# 7===-+ Pbl cjegpmjk ejlstemlkp ji pbl ejkum`$lvl` mk`|upv}u ld~cj}dlkp geej|kpu ijv g vlhmjku `lhvll ji u~lemgcmzgpmjk xmpbvlu~lep pj pbl gkgc}zl` mk`|upv} "U^LE-+ Mk g``mpmjk# pbl gfujc|pl vlhmjkgc ld$~cj}dlkp ji pbl mk`|upv} mu pgalk mkpj geej|kp "LD^C-+ Pj ejkpvjc ijv ec|uplvmkhllepu pbl ygvmgfcl IMVDU mu u~leml` gu pbl k|dflv ji vlhmjkgc vdu mk pbl vl$u~lepmyl mk`|upv} "Fvlkklv# 6>>0-+Hljhvg~bme ~vjrmdmp} pj vdu ji jpblv mk`|upvmlu egk i|vpblvdjvl upmd|cgpl mkkj$ygpmjk gepmympmlu pbvj|hb lrebgkhl ji ejd~cldlkpgv} akjxcl`hl gk` cgfjv djfmcmp}

77


12/37

"Ejdflu# 6>>>-+ Pblvlijvl pbl mkylvpl $Bmvuebdgk$Blvk`gbc mk`lr mu lupmdgpl`jk pbl fgumu ji lgeb mk`|upv}u jxk ld~cj}dlkp gk` pbl ld~cj}dlkp ji jpblv dgk$|igep|vmkh mk`|upvmlu mk g vlhmjk+ Pbl vlu|cpmkh ygvmgfcl "@MY- eg~p|vlu ~jplkpmgc

llepu ldlvhmkh ivjd `mylvumegpmjk g`ygkpghlu+\kmylvumpmlu gk` plebkjcjhmegc ejcclgh|lu gvl gdjkhup pbl djup md~jvpgkp lcldlkpuji g vlhmjku plebkjcjhmegc mkivgupv|ep|vl+ Pbl vlhmjkgc k|dflv ji hvg`|gplu ji lk$hmkllvmkh gk` kgp|vgc uemlkelu ) dgpb g~~vjrmdgpl pblmv mkst|lkel+ Pbl hvg`|gpludjfmcmp} ~gpplvku gvl ejkum`lvl` lr~cmempc} fleg|ul g elvpgmk ubgvl djylu pj jpblvvlhmjku giplv jfpgmkmkh pblmv `lhvll "Djbv# 6>>6-+ Ighhmgk gk` DeEgkk "6>>9-ubjx pbgp ejkum`lvmkh hvg`|gplu djfmcmp} ~gpplvku g~~vjrmdgplu pbl dgojvmp} jiu~gpmgc u~mccjylvu flpxllk ~|fcme vlulgveb mkupmp|plu gk` vdu+ Ijccjxmkh Fvjlalcgk` Fvlkklv "6>>8- pbl k|dflvu ji hvg`|gplu gvl pblvlijvl `mupvmf|pl` gevjuu vl$hmjku u|eb pbgp g vlhmjku ~vjfgfmcmp} pj jfpgmk gkjpblv vlhmjku hvg`|gplu `l~lk`u

~jumpmylc} jk mpu ~j~|cgpmjk gk` b}~lvfjcmegcc} klhgpmyl jk pbl hljhvg~bme `mupgkelflpxllk pbl vlhmjku+ Pxj ygvmgfclu gvl evlgpl` jk pbmu fgumu? pbl u~gpmgcc} `mu$pvmf|pl` k|dflvu ji lkhmkllvmkh hvg`|gplu "LKH- gk` pbl u~gpmgcc} `mupvmf|pl`k|dflvu ji kgp|vgc uemlkel ) dgpb hvg`|gplu "KGP-+^|fcme vlulgveb mkupmp|plu gcuj ejkupmp|pl md~jvpgkp ejj~lvgpmjk ~gvpklvu gk` akjxc$l`hl u~mccjylv hlklvgpjvu+ Pbl} gvl g~~vjrmdgpl` f} pbl ld~cj}dlkp ji pblfmhij|v vlulgveb jvhgkmzgpmjku mk Hlvdgk}# kgdlc} pbl Blcdbjcpz Guujemgpmjk# pblDgr ^cgkea Ujemlp}# pbl Ivg|kbjilv Ujemlp} gk` pbl Clmfkmz Guujemgpmjk+ Ij|vygvmgfclu gvl ejkupv|epl` "BLCD# D^H# IBH# CLMF- lgeb vl~vlulkpmkh pbl ~lv$ujkklc xjvamkh mk pblul jvhgkmzgpmjku plebkjcjhmegc jv kgp|vgc uemlkel mkupmp|plu

mk pbl vlu~lepmyl }lgv+Gu xgu ~vlymj|uc} ~jmkpl` j|p# pbl ejkpvjc ygvmgfclu lkplv pbl ulejk`$upghl vlhvlu$umjk kjp mk vgplu ji ebgkhl f|p mk clylcu+ Djup ji pblul ygvmgfclu `mupvmf|pmjku gvlupvjkhc} ualxl` xblvlijvl pbl} gvl cjhgvmpbdmzl`+ Pbl `luevm~pmylu gvl ~vlulkpl`mk Pgfcl < mk pbl G~~lk`mr+

0+5 Ejj~lvgpmyl gk` kjk$ejj~lvgpmyl V)@ u|fum`mlu

Cmal mk djup jpblv g`ygkel` ej|kpvmlu pbl Hlvdgk il`lvgc hjylvkdlkp mu gepmylc}u|~~jvpmkh ~|fcme gk` ~vmygpl vlulgveb gk` `lylcj~dlkp gepmympmlu xmpb u|fum$`mlu+ Ijv lrgd~cl# mk 6>>2 gfj|p =#769#98>#>>> L|vj xlvl u~lk` jk pbmu dlgu|vl"FDFI# 6>>2g-+ Xbmcl pbl Il`lvgc Dmkmupv} ji L`|egpmjk gk` Vlulgveb "FDFI-mu pbl ~vmdgv} uj|vel ji u|fum mlu# pbl Il`lvgc Dmkmupv} ji Lejkjdmeu gk` Plebkjc$jh} "FDXm- gk` pbl Il`lvgc Dmkmupv} ijv pbl Lkymvjkdlkp# Kgp|vl Ejkulvygpmjkgk` K|eclgv Ugilp} "FD\- ejkpvmf|pl gu xlcc+Pbl il`lvgc dmkmupvmlu ~|fcmub ejd~vlblkumyl mkijvdgpmjk jk pbl u|~~jvpl` ~vjolepumk pbl uj$egccl` Ijv`lvagpgcjh "u|fum`mlu egpgcjh-+ Mp cmupu `lpgmcl` mkijvdgpmjk jkdjvl pbgk 77>#>>> mk`mym`|gc hvgkpu u|~~jvpl` flpxllk 7=9> gk` 6>>=+ Gdjkhup

76


13/37

pbmu mkijvdgpmjk gvl g hvgkpu upgvpmkh gk` lk`mkh `gpl# g pmpcl mkec|`mkh g ubjvp`luevm~pmjk# pbl hvgkpmkh u|d# pbl kgdl gk` cjegpmjk ji pbl vlelmymkh jvhgkmzgpmjk#gu xlcc gu g plebkjcjhmegc ecguumegpmjk al}+

Pbl pmpcl ji pbl ~vjolep ejkpgmku mkijvdgpmjk jk pbl ejj~lvgpmyl kgp|vl ji ~vjolepu+Djvl ~vlemul# ejj~lvgpmyl "ojmkp- ~vjolepu gvl cgflcl` gu Ylvf|k`~vjolap jv Ylv$f|k`yjvbgflk+ Jvhgkmzgpmjku pbgp ~gvpmem~gpl mk u|eb ~vjolepu ghvll pj g k|dflvji vlh|cgpmjku pbgp h|gvgkpll umhkmegkp akjxcl`hl lrebgkhl flpxllk pbl ~gvpklvu"ull djvl `lpgmcu Fvjlalc gk` Hvgi# 6>7>-+ Ijv mkupgkel# xmpbmk pbl uej~l ji pbl~vjolep ~gvpklvu hvgkp lgeb jpblv g ~jumpmyl gk` ivll$ji$ebgvhl ejylkgkp ji pblmvakjx$bjx gk` mkplcclep|gc ~vj~lvp} vmhbpu+ Djvljylv# ~gvpklvu egk dgal |kvl$upvmepl` |ul ji pbl ~vjolepu vlu|cpu gk` pbl} gcuj ijvdgcc} u|fuevmfl pj ejj~lvgpmjkflmkh pbl ejvl xjvamkh ~vmkem~cl ji pbl ~vjolep "FDFI# 6>>2f-+ Geejv`mkhc}# pxjjvhgkmzgpmjku gvl `lkl` pj ejj~lvgpl mi pbl} ~gvpmem~gpl mk pbl ugdl ojmkp ~vjolep+

Ojmkp ~vjolepu gvl dgk|gcc} m`lkpml` jk pbl fgumu ji pblmv pmpcl xblvlf} pbl bmhb$lup clylc ji ~vjolep `mughhvlhgpmjk mu ebjulk# m+l+ mk ojmkp ~vjolepu xmpb d|cpm~clxjva ~geaghlu pxj jvhgkmzgpmjku gvl `lkl` pj ejj~lvgpl jkc} mi pbl} ~gvpmem~gplmk pbl ugdl xjva ~geaghl+G dgojv muu|l mk pbl lygc|gpmjk ji u|fum`mlu llepu mu pbl ejvvlep u~lemegpmjk jipbl pmdl cgh flpxllk vlelmyl` hvgkpu gk` ~jplkpmgc ~gplkp g~~cmegpmjku ldlvhmkhivjd pbl u|~~jvpl` ~vjolepu+ Geejv`mkh pj Ijvkgbc lp gc+ "6>7>-# g vlgujkgfcl pmdlcgh flpxllk V)@ u|fum`mlu gk` ~gplkpu ubj|c` lkejd~guu pbvll pj ij|v }lgvu+ Jkpbmu fgumu# gcc u|fum`mzl` ~vjolepu gvl lrpvgepl` ijvd pbl `gpgfgul pbgp lk`l` gi$plv >7+>7+7==< f|p upgvpl` flijvl 57+76+6>>7+ Pbmu g~~cmlu pj djvl pbgk 55+>>>

mk`mym`|gc hvgkpu vlcgpl` pj 65#>>> ~vjolepu vlelmyl` f} djvl pbgk 2#> jvhgkm$zgpmjku+8 Mk jv`lv pj dgpeb pbl u|fum`mlu pj pbl ij|v mk`|upvmlu# KGEL ej`lu gvldgk|gcc} guumhkl` pj lgeb vlelmymkh jvhgkmzgpmjk |umkh pbl `gpgfgulu ClrmuKlrmu"ClrmuKlrmu# k+`+- gk` Evl`mpVlijvd "Evl`mpVlijvd# k+`+-+ Ivjd pblul `gpgfgulujkl pj pbvll 6$`mhmp KGEL ej`lu gvl lrpvgepl` mk`megpmkh vdu djup md~jvpgkp"mk`|upvmgc- gepmymp} lc`u+ Mk gfulkel ji pbmu mkijvdgpmjk# pbl ecguumegpmjk mu `jkljk pbl fgumu ji jvhgkmzgpmjku xlf~ghlu+ Kjk$~vjp jvhgkmzgpmjku "|kmylvumpmlu# vl$ulgveb mkupmp|plu# guujemgpmjku# lpe+- gvl |kmw|lc} ecguuml` fleg|ul pbl} egkkjp fllgumc} dgpebl` xmpb pbl KGEL mk`|upvmgc ecguumegpmjk+ Pbl mkijvdgpmjk jk cjeg$pmjku "ejdd|kmp}- mk pbl `gpgfgul xgu ld~cj}l` pj vlhmjkgcmzl pbl `gpg+ Ujdl`luevm~pmylu ji pbl jfpgmkl` `gpg gvl ~vlulkpl` mk Pgfcl 6+

$ Pgfcl 6 gfj|p blvl $

Vlhmjkgc ejj~lvgpmjk klpxjvau gvl ejkupv|epl` jk pbl fgumu ji vlhmjkgcc} ghhvl$hgpl` mkplv$jvhgkmzgpmjkgc cmkau+ Jk pbmu fgumu# pbl ijccjxmkh vlhmjkgc ygvmgfclu

8Jvhgkmzgpmjku gvl `lkl` gu |kmw|l ejdfmkgpmjku ji g vlelmymkh jvhgkmzgpmjku kgdl"_|xlk`|khuld~igkhlv- gk` ejdd|kmp} ej`l "Fvjlalc gk` Hvgi# 6>7>-+

75


14/37

gvl evlgpl` ul~gvgplc} ijv lgeb mk`|upv} gk` }lgv+ Pj plup b}~jpblumu 7# pblygvmgfcl U\FU mu lupmdgpl` vl~vlulkpmkh pbl }lgvc} gdj|kp ji u|fum`mlu gew|mvl`f} vlhmjkgc vdu+ Umkel g ~vjolepu upgvpmkh gk` lk`mkh `gpl gvl akjxk g hvgkpu

gylvghl gdj|kp ji u|fum`mlu ~lv `g} mu lupmdgpl` gk` vl$ghhvlhgpl` mkpj gk gk$k|gc h|vl pgamkh mkpj geej|kp pbl lrgep hvgkpmkh ~lvmj` "mk `g}u- ~lv }lgv+ Pbmuh|vl mu u~cmp mkpj pbl u|d ji kjk$ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu "U\FU- gk` pbl u|d jiejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu "EU\FU-+Mk jv`lv pj guuluu b}~jpblumu 6 pbl ygvmgfcl MKPVG mu `lkl` eg~p|vmkh pblmkplkump} ji mkpvg$vlhmjkgc ejj~lvgpmjk+ Mp dlgu|vlu pbl k|dflv ji cmkau gdjkhjvhgkmzgpmjku cjegpl` mk pbl ugdl vlhmjk+ Pbl ije|u ji ejj~lvgpmjk gepmympmlu jklmpblv mkpvg jv mkplv$vlhmjkgc ejkklepmjku mu g~~vjrmdgpl` xmpb pbl ubgvl ji mkpvg$vlhmjkgc cmkau jk pjpgc cmkau "U MKPVG-+ Bmhb ygc|lu ji U MKPVG u|hhlup g upvjkhmkxgv` "mkpvg$vlhmjkgc- jvmlkpgpmjk ji ejj~lvgpmjk gepmympmlu xbmcl cjx ygc|lu gvl

jfpgmkl` xblk jvhgkmzgpmjku ~vmdgvmc} ejkelkpvgpl jk mkplv$vlhmjkgc cmkaghlu+Ijv pbl lygc|gpmjk ji b}~jpblumu 5 g vlhmjku elkpvgcmp} mk pbl ejj~lvgpmjk klp$xjva mu lupmdgpl` mk d|cpm~cl xg}u+ Imvup# pbl ygvmgfcl @LH vl~vlulkpu pbl k|dflvji jpblv vlhmjku g vlhmjk mu cmkal` pj+ Mp mu lw|mygclkp pj g vlhmjku `lhvll elkpvgc$mp} mk pbl u|fum`mzl` V)@ ejj~lvgpmjk klpxjva+ Gk g``mpmjkgc ygvmgkp ji pbmuygvmgfcl mkec|`lu mkijvdgpmjk jk pbl mkplkump} ji pblul ejkpgepu+ X @LH mu lupm$dgpl` gu pbl pjpgc k|dflv ji ejkklepmjku f} vlhmjkgc jvhgkmzgpmjku gk` vl~vlulkpug vlhmjku `lhvll elkpvgcmp} mk pbl ygc|l` "xlmhbpl`- ejj~lvgpmjk klpxjva+ Fl$pxllkkluu elkpvgcmp} mu g``mpmjkgcc} ejkum`lvl`+ Mp dlgu|vlu mi g vlhmjk bjc`u gfvjalvghl ~jumpmjk mk pbl klpxjva+ Pbl ygvmgfcl FLPXLLK eg~p|vlu pbl lrplkp

pj xbmeb ubjvplup ~gpbu cmkamkh jpblv vlhmjku v|k pbvj|hb pbmu vlhmjk "Xguulvdgkgk` Ig|up# 7==0-+ Ghgmk# g ygvmgkp mu egce|cgpl` jk pbl fgumu ji pbl ygc|l` klpxjva"X FLPXLLK-+Mp mu fl}jk` pbl uej~l ji pbl ~g~lv pj g`j~p ejd~clr dlgu|vlu ji plebkjcjhmegcvlcgpl`kluu |ul` gp pbl vd clylc pj pbl vlhmjkgc clylc "ull# l+h+# Klal lp gc+# 6>>2-+G djvl umd~cl g~~vjgeb mu ebjulk mkuplg`+ Pj plup b}~jpblumu 0 pxj p}~lu jiejj~lvgpmjk klpxjvau gvl ejkupv|epl`+ Pbl vup klpxjva ejkum lvu jkc} cmkau fl$pxllk vdu ji pbl vlu~lepmyl mk`|upv}# m+l+ mp vl~vlulkpu u|fum`mzl` mkpvg$mk`|upvmgcejj~lvgpmjk+ Imh|vl 6 mk pbl G~~lk`mr lrld~cgvmc} ubjxu pbmu klpxjva ijv MK$UPV mk 7===+ Pbl ulejk` klpxjva g``mpmjkgcc} mkec|`lu vdu cmkau pj gcc jpblvp}~lu ji jvhgkmzgpmjku# l+h+ jpblv mk`|upvmlu vdu# |kmylvumpmlu# vlulgveb mkupmp|plu#gk` guujemgpmjku+ Geejv`mkhc}# pbl ulejk` klpxjva mkec|`lu jvhgkmzgpmjku xmpb ghvlgplv ygvmlp} ji plebkjcjhmegc gk` mkupmp|pmjkgc fgeahvj|k`u+ Xmpb pbl lrel~$pmjk ji flpxllkkluu elkpvgcmp}# pbl ~vlymj|uc} ~vlulkpl` ygvmgfclu gvl lupmdgpl` ijvfjpb klpxjvau+ Mk egul ji pbl ulejk` klpxjva# flpxllkkluu elkpvgcmp} egkkjp fllupmdgpl` fleg|ul pbmu dlgu|vl vlw|mvlu g i|cc klpxjva# xbmeb egkkjp fl evlgpl`fleg|ul pbl ugd~cl ji vlhmjku xmpb vdu mk pbl ejkum`lvl` mk`|upv} `jlu kjp ejmk$

70


15/37

em`l xmpb ugd~cl ji vlhmjku pblmv ejkpgepu gvl cjegpl`+ Pj dgva pbl `mlvlkpmgpmjkflpxllk pbl pxj klpxjvau# gcc ygvmgfclu fgul` jk pbl vup "mkpvg$mk`|upvmgc- klp$xjva gvl mk`megpl` f} pbl ~vlr MK@ +2

Gu ~jmkpl` j|p mk Ulepmjk 5# gcc u|fum`mlu ygvmgfclu gvl pvgkuijvdl` mkpj vgplu jiebgkhl |umkh Lw|gpmjk 0 gk` `lkjpl` xmpb g h mk ivjkp ji pbl ygvmgfcl kgdl+ Pbl`luevm~pmylu ji pbl vlu|cpmkh ygvmgfclu gvl ~vlulkpl` mk Pgfcl < mk pbl G~~lk`mr+Pbl ejvvlcgpmjk upv|ep|vl mu ubjxk mk Pgfcl 9+ Pbmu pgfcl gcuj mkec|`lu pblmv ejvvlcg$pmjk pj g `|dd} mk`megpmkh pbl cjegpmjk ji g vlhmjk mk Lgup Hlvdgk} "LGUP-+ Pblejvvlcgpmjku xmpb pbmu `|dd} ejkvd pbgp vlhmjku mk Lgup Hlvdgk} ubjx ujdl$xbgp `mlvlkp ejj~lvgpmjk flbgymjv gu xlcc gu cjxlv mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} " Ivmpuebgk` Hvgi# 6>7>-+

< Ld~mvmegc Vlu|cpu "0 mk`|upvmlu 68> vlhmjku < }lgvu- pj 0# = "==> mk`|upv}$vlhmjku mk < }lgvu-+ Pbl dlgk ji pbl lupmdgpl`lstemlke} mu igmvc} bmhb xmpb =+0# xbmeb mu eg|ul` f} g k|dflv ji lrpvldlc} cgvhlygc|lu "L I I ; 7>>-+= Pbl dl`mgk mu 5+>7 gk` hmylu g djvl dlgkmkhi|c md~vluumjkji pbl lstemlke} uejvlu dghkmp|`l+ Gk mk`|upv} ejd~gvmujk jk pbmu fgumu vlylgcuumhkmegkp `mlvlkelu xmpb LCLE bgymkh pbl cjxlup dl`mgk lstemlke} "7 +=2-# m+l+ mpmu djup lstemlkp gu cgvhl ygc|lu mk`megpl mklstemlke}+ Mp mu ijccjxl` f} EBLD "6+50-gk` MKUPV "5+86-# xbmcl PVGKU ubjxu pbl bmhblup dl`mgk mklstemlke} "9+8-+Mp mu gcuj mkplvlupmkh pj ejd~gvl pbl ubgvlu ji vlhmjku ij|k` lstemlkp "lstemlke}ygc|lu flcjx jv lw|gc pj 7-+ Ijv LCLE mp mu 6+>7 mu guumhkl` pj pblul vlhmjku pj lku|vl g ~vj~lv lupmdgpmjk+

7


16/37

Pbl dg~ mk Imh|vl 7 ubjxu pbl u~gpmgc `mupvmf|pmjk ji mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} ijvMKUPV mk 6>>5+ Mp bmhbcmhbpu pxj pbmkhu+ Imvup# mp ymu|gcmzlu pbl cjxlv lstemlke} jiLgup Hlvdgk vlhmjku# xbmeb mu mkcmkl xmpb pbl k`mkhu f} Ivmpueb gk` Ucgypebly

"6>>2-+ Ulejk`# mklstemlkp vlhmjku ulld pj fl hljhvg~bmegcc} ec|uplvl`+ G DjvgkuM plup jk pbl mk`|upvmlu lstemlke} uejvlu ejkvdu pbmu ijv gcc ij|v mk`|upvmlu# ullPgfcl 5+


Xmpb ilx lrel~pmjku# vlhmjku xmpb pbl upvjkhlup md~vjyldlkp mk mkkjygpmjk lst$emlke} gvl udgcc mk plvdu ji ~gplkp j|p~|p gk` kjp u|v~vmumkh# ijv pblul vlhmjkulstemlke} ebgkhl mu jiplk lrpvldl gk` st|ep|gplu upvjkhc}+ Mk hlklvgc# pbl lupm$dgpl` ebgkhl mk plebkmegc lstemlke} "hLII- ubjxu umdmcgv ~gpplvku gu pbl clylc jilstemlke}+ Pbl `mupvmf|pmjk mu cluu ualxl`# pbj|hb? pbl dlgk mu 7+056 gk` dl`mgk

7+>76+ Pbl bmhblup dl mgk lstemlke} ebgkhl mu jfulvyl` ijv LCLE# ijccjxl` f}PVGKU gk` MKUPV+ EBLD ubjxu pbl cjxlup clylc ji ebgkhl# f|p upmcc md~vjylujylv pmdl "ull Pgfcl 0-+


Mk pbvll ji pbl ij|v mk`|upvmlu pbl f|vup ji pbl +ejd f|ffcl egk fl jfulvyl` mk6>>7# xbmeb vl`|el` mkkjygpmjk j|p~|p gu xlcc gu mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}+ Lgup Hlv$dgk vlhmjku plk` pj ubjx ucmhbpc} bmhblv md~vjyldlkp mk pxj ji pbl ij|v mk`|upvmlu"PVGKU ) LCLE-+7> Pxj dlebgkmudu egk lr~cgmk pbmu jfulvygpmjk+ Imvup# vlhmjkumk Lgup Hlvdgk} gvl gfcl pj egpeb$|~ pj vlhmjku mk pbl Xlup+ Ulejk`# vlhmjku mk

Lgup Hlvdgk} ubjx cjxlv dlgk mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}# xbmeb dmhbp dgal mp lgumlvpj gebmlyl bmhblv vgplu ji md~vjyldlkp+ Xbmcl pblvl mu ujdl ld~mvmegc u|~~jvp ijvpbl vup gvh|dlkp "ull# l+h+# Ivmpueb gk` Hvgi# 6>7>-# pbl ulejk` egkkjp fl v|cl`j|p+Xmpb pbl lrel~pmjk ji MKUPV# gcc mk`|upvmlu vgplu ji ebgkhl gvl umhkmegkpc} ~ju$mpmyl u~gpmgcc} ejvvlcgpl` mk gp clgup jkl }lgv "ull Pgfcl 5-# xbmeb kll`u pj flejkum`lvl` mk pbl ulejk`$upghl vlhvluumjk+


17/37

vlclygkel+ Gcc ejkpvjc ygvmgfclu gvl cjh pvgkuijvdl` fleg|ul pbl} gvl dlgu|vl`gp `mlvlkp uegclu gk` ubjx g ~jumpmyl ualx+ Pbl `l~lk`lkp ygvmgfcl# ebgkhl mkmkkjygpmjk lstemlke}# mu gcuj cjh pvgkuijvdl` fleg|ul ji mpu upvjkhc} ualxl` `mu$

pvmf|pmjk+ @mlvlkelu flpxllk mk`|upvmlu gk` vlhmjku gvl geej|kpl` ijv xmpb pblrl` llepu lupmdgpmjk+77

Gu ~vlymj|uc} ~jmkpl` j|p# pbl `l~lk`lkp ygvmgfcl mu ~cgh|l` f} u~gpmgc ejvvlcgpmjk+Mk g upgk`gv` rl` llepu ~gklc vlhvluumjk pbmu pvgkucgplu mkpj u~gpmgcc} ejvvlcgpl`lvvjv plvdu+76 G FUOA ejk`mpmjkgc CD "E+7- plup vlylgcu pbgp pbmu ubj|c` fl pgalkmkpj geej|kp "Fgcpghm lp gc+# 6>>8-+75 Geejv`mkhc}# g u~gpmgc ~gklc rl` llepudj`lc mu |ul` ijv pbl ulejk`$upghl vlhvluumjk "ull# l+h+# Lcbjvup# 6>>=-+Vlhmjkgc ~gplkp upgpmupmeu jiplk lrbmfmp umhkmegkp `mupjvpmjk gk` st|ep|gpmjk gp pblcjxlv fj|k` "F|lvhlv lp gc+# 6>7>-+ Pbmu dlgku pbgp ijv vlhmjku xmpb ilx ~gplkpu#~gplkp hvjxpb vgplu gk` ebgkhl mk mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} gvl upvjkhc} ygvmgfcl+ Pbmu

`mupjvpmjk dg} fmgu pbl lupmdgpmjku fleg|ul vlhmjku xmpb ilx ~gplkp k|dflvu vl~$vlulkp pbl dgojvmp} ji jfulvygpmjku? pbl dl`mgk ji pbl mk`|upv} u~leme ~gplkpj|p~|p mu


18/37

Pbl vlu|cpu ji pbl vlhvluumjk gkgc}ulu gvl ~vlulkpl` mk Pgfcl 8 "gcc vlhmjku-# mkPgfcl 2 "cgvhl mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu-# gk` mk Pgfcl = "cjx mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu-+Xmpb pbl lrel~pmjk ji pbl dj`lcu ijv vlhmjku xmpb cgvhl mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu#

cgdf`g mu ~jumpmyl umhkmegkp mk gcc dj`lcu mk`megpmkh pbgp u~gpmgc g|pjejvvlcgpmjkmu ~vmdgvmc} vlclygkp ijv vlhmjku xmpb cjx mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu+ Geejv`mkhc}# pblulgvl ebgvgeplvmzl` f} bmhb mklstemlkemlu# lrpvldlc} st|ep|gpmkh vgplu ji ebgkhl# gk`pbl} plk` pj fl hljhvg~bmegcc} ec|uplvl`+Dllpmkh pbl lr~lepgpmjku# bmhb clylcu ji mkkjygpmjk lstemlke} mk p 7 gvl klh$gpmylc} guujemgpl` xmpb lstemlke} md~vjyldlkpu mk pbl u|fulw|lkp ~lvmj + Pblk`mkh dmhbp vlstlep g plebkmegc gvpmigep fleg|ul cluu lstemlkp vlhmjku egk md~vjylpblmv lstemlke} f} cgvhlv lrplkpu pbgk vlhmjku gcvlg`} bmhbc} lstemlkp+7


21/37

fgul` jk pbl xlmhbpl` klpxjva# xbmcl pblmv ej|kplv~gvpu mk pbl vlu~lepmyl jpblvklpxjvau vldgmk mkumhkmegkp+ Pbmu md~cmlu pbgp klhgpmyl llepu gvl vlcgpl` pjpbl k|dflv ji vlhmjku jvhgkmzgpmjku gvl cmkal` pj gk` kjp pj pblmv pjpgc k|dflv

ji cmkau "gu eg~p|vl` f} hMK@ X @LH-+ Pbl cgpplv dg} mkec|`l d|cpm~cl cmkau pjpbl ugdl vlhmjk+ Gk lr~cgkgpmjk dmhbp pblvlijvl fl pbgp mk lgeb mk`|upv} jkc} gcmdmpl` k|dflv ji vlhmjku lrmup pbgp jlv ygc|gfcl akjxcl`hl guulpu+ Jkel vlhmjkgcjvhgkmzgpmjk bgyl lupgfcmubl` gp clgup jkl cmka pj lgeb ji pblul# ejkklepmkh pj i|v$pblv vlhmjku `jlu kjp }mlc` gk} flklpu+ Pbl klhgpmyl ejlstemlkp vgpblv u|hhlupupbgp mk pblul egulu klhgpmyl llepu ~vlygmc+ Pblul dmhbp fl mk`|el` f} g cjuu jiejd~lpmpmylkluu eg|ul` f} pjj lrplkumyl akjxcl`hl ubgvmkh+ Pbmu vldgmku bjx$lylv u~le|cgpmyl gk` kll`u pj fl g``vluul` f} i|p|vl vlulgveb+ Klylvpblcluu# pblklhgpmyl md~gep ji bmhb `lhvll elkpvgcmp} dllpu ~vlymj|u k`mkhu mk pbl cmplvgp|vl+Ijv mkupgkel# Fvjlalc lp gc+ "6>7>- ld~mvmegcc} `ldjkupvgpl g klhgpmyl vlcgpmjkubm~

flpxllk bmhb clylcu ji mkplv$vlhmjkgc ejj~lvgpmjk gk` vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}+\umkh vd clylc `gpg Ijvkgbc lp gc+ "6>7>- i|vpblvdjvl vl~jvp pbgp vdu ~gplkp~lvijvdgkel mu vl`|el` mi pbl} gvl cjegpl` mk vlhmjku xbjul jvhgkmzgpmjku lkhghlmk dgk} mkplv$vlhmjkgc ejj~lvgpmjk+Ijv hMK@ X FLPXLLK pj mkevlgul# mp mu kleluugv} pbgp pbl mkplkump} ji mkplv$gepmjk flpxllk vlhmjku ebgkhlu+ Mk pbmu ulkul# mp dgpplvu xmpb xbmeb vlhmjku klxcmkau gvl lupgfcmubl`+ Pbl ~jumpmyl ejlstemlkp ijv flpxllkkluu elkpvgcmp} u|hhlupupbgp mp mu ~gvpme|cgvc} flklemgc ijv g vlhmjk pj md~vjyl mpu "mk`mvlep- geeluu pj djvl`mupgkp ~gvpu ji pbl klpxjva# gk muu|l pbgp mu vlcgpl` pj b}~jpblumu 0+Mk b}~jpblumu 0 mp mu ~|p ijvxgv` pbgp u|fum`mzmkh V)@ ejj~lvgpmjk mu blc~$

i|c mi pblul hmyl geeluu pj vlcgpl` ejd~lplkelu gk` akjxcl`hl+ Pj ubl` cmhbp jkpbmu# klpxjva ygvmgfclu gvl ejd~gvl` pbgp gvl fgul` jk pxj `mupmkep p}~lu ji klp$xjvau# xbmeb vlstlepl` `mlvlkp `lhvllu ji akjxcl`hl vlcgpl`kluu+ Xbmcl pbmu mug vgpblv vj|hb g~~vjgeb# pbl gkgc}ulu upmcc vlylgc pbgp mk dj`lcu ijv gcc gk` ijvudgcc vlhmjku "ull Pgfcl 8 gk` Pgfcl =- hU MKPVG mu klhgpmylc} umhkmegkp xbmclmpu mk`|upv}$u~leme ej|kplv~gvp hMK@ U MKPVG vldgmku mkumhkmegkp+ Mp md~cmlupbgp ~jumpmyl llepu gvl vlcgpl` pj vlcgpmyl mkevlgulu mk mkplv$vlhmjkgc ejj~lvgpmjk+Pbl umhkmegkel ji hU MKPVG gk` pbl mkumhkmegkel ji hMK@ U MKPVG# xbmeb muujclc} fgul` jk mkpvg$mk`|upvmgc ejj~lvgpmjk# u|hhlup pbgp mkplv$vlhmjkgc ejj~lvg$pmjk kll` pj mkec|`l |kmylvumpmlu# guujemgpmjku# gk` vlulgveb mkupmp|plu gu pblul gvlmkec|`l` mk pbl klpxjva |k`lvc}mkh hU MKPVG+ Umkel pbmu jfulvygpmjk bjc`u ~vm$dgvmc} ijv vlhmjku xmpb cjx mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu md~c}mkh pbgp ijv pblul vlhmjkugeeluu pj "~jplkpmgcc} |kvlcgpl`- ygvmlp} ulldu pj fl ji hvlgplv vlclygkel "ull Pgfcl=-+ Geejv`mkhc}# b}~jpblumu 0 bgu pj fl vlolepl` ijv vlhmjku xmpb cjx mkkjygpmjkeg~gempmlu+ G vlgujkgfcl lr~cgkgpmjk dmhbp fl ghgmk pbl cgea ji ~jplkp ejj~lvgpmjk~gvpklvu mk pblul vlhmjku+Ujdlxbgp `mlvlkp vlu|cpu gvl jfulvyl` ijv vlhmjku xmpb cgvhl mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu

67


22/37

"Pgfcl 2-+ Blvl# pbl umhkmegkp klpxjva ygvmgfclu hMK@ @LH gk` hMK@ X FLPXLLKvlstlep pbl mkpvg$mk`|upvmgc "vd$jkc}- klpxjva+ Pbl klpxjva llepu gvl pblvlijvlujclc} vlupvmepl` pj ejj~lvgpmjk ejkklepmkh vdu xmpb umdmcgv ejd~lplkelu gk`

akjxcl`hl+ Mp egk fl gvh|l` pbgp pbl ~jumpmyl ejlstemlkp ji flpxllkkluu elkpvgcmp}vl~vlulkpu pbl m`lg ji vlcgpl` ygvmlp}# m+l+ mp mu kjp geeluu pj ygvmlp} ~lv ul xbgpdgpplvu ijv mkkjygpmjk f|p ejkklepmkh pj ejd~cldlkpgv} gk` vlcgpl` akjxcl`hl"Ivlkalk lp gc+# 6>>8-+ Flpxllkkluu elkpvgcmp} mkevlgulu xblk g vlhmjk md~vjylu mkejkklepmkh pj `mupgkp ~gvpu ji pbl klpxjva+ F} pbmu dlgku# mp g`ygkelu mpu "mk`mvlep-geeluu pj `mupmkep akjxcl`hl fgulu gk` pbl ygvmlp} ji akjxcl`hl mk pbl klpxjva+ Mkpbl ~vlulkp egul# pbmu g~~cmlu bjxlylv jkc} pj pbl ygvmlp} ji akjxcl`hl xmpbmk pblmkpvg$mk`|upvmgc klpxjva# xbmeb mu jfymj|uc} djvl vlcgpl` pj vdu akjxcl`hl fgul"mk pbmu ~gvpme|cgv mk`|upv}- pbgk pbl ygvmlp} xmpbmk pbl mkplv$mk`|upvmgc gk` mkplv$ulepjvgc klpxjva+ Flpxllkkluu elkpvgcmp} mk pbl cgplv klpxjva# hX FLPXLLK#

vldgmku mkumhkmegkp# pbj|hb+ Mk pbmu ulkul# b}~jpblumu 0 mu ejkvdl` ijv vlhmjkuxmpb cgvhl mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu+ Geejv`mkhc}# mp mu kjp uj d|eb pbl w|gkpmp} jiejkpgepu gk` mkplkump} ji akjxcl`hl lrebgkhlu pbgp dgpplvu ijv Q+++T u|eeluu# f|pvgpblv pbl p}~l ji akjxcl`hl lrebgkhl`# gk` bjx pbgp dgpeblu pbl lrmupmkh akjxc$l`hl fgul "Ijvkgbc lp gc+# 6>7># ~+ 9-+ Ijv ~jcme} pbmu dlgku pbgp ejj~lvgpmylV)@ u|fum`mlu kll` pj fl hvgkpl` mk g xg} pbgp jvhgkmzgpmjku gvl cmkal` xmpbfgeahvj|kù mk vlcgpl` lcù+Pj u|ddgvmzl pblul k`mkhu# b}~jpblumu 7 gk` b}~jpblumu 5 gvl ejkvdl` ijvgcc vlhmjku+ B}~jpblumu 6 mu kjp jkc} vlolepl` f|p lym`lkel mu ij|k` pbgp ~jmkpupjxgvù pbl j~~jumpl pbgk pbl b}~jpblumu ecgmdu+ B}~jpblumu 0 mu ejkvdl` ijv

vlhmjku xmpb cgvhl mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu+ Ijv vlhmjku xmpb cjx mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlump mu vlolepl`+

9 @mue|uumjk gk` ejkec|umjk

Pbl up|`} ubjxl` pbgp V)@ u|fum`mlu gvl g u|mpgfcl ~jcme} dlgu|vl ijv upmd|cgpmkhvlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}+ Mp ~vjym`l` ld~mvmegc lym`lkel pbgp ~jcme} egk blc~vlhmjku xmpb cjx mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu "v|vgc vlhmjku- f} u|fum`mzmkh mkplv$vlhmjkgcejj~lvgpmjk mkyjcymkh ~gvpklvu xmpb ygv}mkh mk`|upvmgc gk` ulepjvgc fgeahvj|kù+Mk ejkpvgup# vlhmjku xmpb cgvhl mkkjygpmjk eg~gempmlu "|vfgk vlhmjku- gvl flup u|~$

~jvpl` xmpb ejkpmk|j|u gk` dj`lvgplc} mkevlgumkh hvgkpu ijv ejj~lvgpmyl ~vjolepu+Pbl ebjmel ji ejj~lvgpmjk ~gvpklvu mu gcuj ev|emgc mk pbmu vlu~lep mkgud|eb gu ejj~$lvgpmyl V)@ u|fum`lu kll` pj lupgfcmub mkplv$vlhmjkgc cmkau flpxllk jvhgkmzgpmjkuxmpb vlcgpl` akjxcl`hl gk` uamccu+Xbmcl pbl up|`} egk fl ullk gu ejd~cldlkpgv} "vlhmjkgc- g~~vjgeb pj vd$clylcup|`mlu# mp bmhbcmhbpu pbgp pblvl mu djvl pj V)@ u|fum`mlu pbgk o|up pbl djklpgv}flklpu+ Mkplvlupmkhc}# kjk$ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu bgyl kjp fllk ij|k` pj md~gep

66


23/37

vlhmjkgc mkkjygpmjk lstemlke}# xbmeb bgu umdmcgvc} fllk f} vl~jvpl` f} Ijvkgbclp gc+ "6>7>- ejkelvkmkh vdu ~gplkpmkh gepmympmlu+ Bjxlylv# pbmu `mlvlkpmgpmjkflpxllk ejj~lvgpmyl gk` kjk$ejj~lvgpmyl V)@ u|fum`mlu mu vgvlc} flmkh dg`l mk

up|`mlu mkylupmhgpmkh u|fum`mlu llepu+ Lylk djvl md~jvpgkp# xmpb vlu~lep pj pbl`gpg |ul` mk pbmu ~g~lv# kjk$ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu upmcc geej|kp ijv gfj|p ulylkp}~lvelkp ji gcc hvgkpl` ~vjolepu gk` pbl u|d u~lk` ijv kjk$ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu mugfj|p yl$pmdlu cgvhlv pbgk xbgp mu mkylupl` mkpj ejj~lvgpmyl ~vjolepu+ Bjxlylv#xbmcl mkst|lkpmgc# ejj~lvgpmyl u|fum`mlu gvl kjp ujclc} flklemgc f|p dg} mk`|elklhgpmyl llepu gu xlcc+ Mk pbmu vlu~lep# pbl ~vlulkp up|`} egccu ijv djvl gpplkpmjkjk pbmu u|folep mk i|p|vl vlulgveb+Pbl cgpplv ~jmkp ~gvpme|cgvc} g~~cmlu pj pbl md~gep ji V)@ u|fum`mlu jk vlhmjkgcmkkjygpmjk ~lvijvdgkel+ Gcpbj|hb ~gklc `gpg xgu |ul`# pbl ld~mvmegc gkgc}uluejylv jkc} g cmdmpl` pmdl ~lvmj + Pbl ldlvhlkel gk` lyjc|pmjk ji vlhmjkgc mk$

kjygpmjk upv|ep|vlu gvl cjkh$plvd ~vjeluulu pbgp dg} lkejd~guu `mlvlkp ~bgulu"Vllu# 7=8=-+ Ygv}mkh p}~lu ji u|~~jvp ~vjhvgdu dmhbp fl ev|emgc gp ~gvpme|$cgv ~bgulu stgkamkh pblul `lylcj~dlkpu+ Mk cmhbp ji pbl md~jvpgkel ji mkijvdgcklpxjvau mk pbl lgvc} upghlu ji plebkjcjh} lyjc|pmjk "Kmjum gk` Fgkma# 6>>


24/37


25/37

Fjuebdg# V+ G+# plv Xgc# G+ C+ O+# 6>>8+ Akjxcl`hl Klpxjvau gk` Mkkjygpmyl^lvijvdgkel mk gk Mk`|upvmgc @mupvmep? Pbl Egul ji g Ijjpxlgv @mupvmep mk pblUj|pb ji Mpgc}+ Mk`|upv} gk` Mkkjygpmjk 70 "6-# 7887==+

Fvlkklv# P+# 6>>0+ Cjegc Mk`|upvmgc Ec|uplvu? Lrmuplkel# Ldlvhlkel gk` Lyjc|pmjk+Vj|pcl`hl# Cjk`jk+

Fvlkklv# P+# Fvjlalc# P+# 6>77+ Dlpbj`jcjhmegc muu|lu mk dlgu|vmkh mkkjygpmjk~lvijvdgkel ji u~gpmgc |kmpu+ Mk`|upv} gk` Mkkjygpmjk 72 "7-# 858+

Fvjlalc# P+# 6>>8+ G Ejkejv`gkel flpxllk Mk`|upvmlu gk` Plebkjcjhmlu $ Dgpebmkhpbl Plebkjcjhmegc Imlc`u ji pbl ^gplkpgpcgu pj pbl Hlvdgk Mk`|upv} Ecguumeg$pmjk+ Olkglv Lejkjdme Vlulgveb ^g~lvu 6>>8$>75+

Fvjlalc# P+# Fmk`lv# D+# 6>>8+ Pbl Vlhmjkgc @mdlkumjk ji Akjxcl`hl Pvgkuilvu $G Flbgymjvgc G~~vjgeb+ Mk`|upv} gk` Mkkjygpmjk 70 "6-# 78+ Dlgu|vmkh Vlhmjkgc Mkkjygpmylkluu $ G Dlpbj`$jcjhmegc @mue|uumjk gk` gk G~~cmegpmjk pj Jkl Hlvdgk Mk`|upv}+ @MDL Xjvamkh^g~lv 6>>8$75+

Fvjlalc# P+# F|lvhlv# D+# Fvlkklv# P+# 6>7>+ Gk mkylupmhgpmjk ji pbl vlcgpmjk fl$pxllk ejj~lvgpmjk gk` pbl mkkjygpmyl u|eeluu ji hlvdgk vlhmjku+ ^g~lvu mk Lyj$c|pmjkgv} Lejkjdme Hljhvg~b} 7>+77+

Fvjlalc# P+# Hvgi# B+# 6>7>+ Upv|ep|vgc ~vj~lvpmlu ji ejj~lvgpmjk klpxjvau mk Hlv$dgk}? Ivjd fgume pj g~~cml` vlulgveb+ Olkg Lejkjdme Vlulgveb ^g~lvu 6>7>$>82+

Fvj|xlv# L+# Aclmkaklebp# G+# Vlmolk# O+# 7==5+ Ld~cj}dlkp Hvjxpb gk` Mkkjyg$pmjk gp pbl Imvd Clylc+ Oj|vkgc ji Lyjc|pmjkgv} Lejkjdmeu 5# 7+ Vlhmjkgc `}kgdmeu ji mkkjygpmjk $ mk$ylupmhgpmkh pbl ej$lyjc|pmjk ji ~gplkpu# v)`# gk` ld~cj}dlkp+ Vlhmjkgc Up|`mlu7>+7>2>*>>5050>0+6>7>+9=5+

F|ujd# M+# 6>>>+ Gk Ld~mvmegc Lygc|gpmjk ji pbl Llepu ji V)@ U|fum`mlu+ Lej$kjdmeu ji Mkkjygpmjk gk` Klx Plebkjcjh} = "6-# 777702+

Egzgcu# E+# Icjvlku# O+$^+# Umdgv# C+# 6>>6+ Kjk~gvgdlpvme Ivjkpmlv Lupmdgpmjk? GVjf|up G~~vjgeb+ Oj|vkgc ji Lejkjdlpvmeu 7>9 "7-# 76


26/37

Ejdflu# +$ +# 6>>>+ Lejkjdme Upv|ep|vl gk` Cjegc Hvjxpb? Ivgkel# 7=20$7==5+Oj|vkgc ji \vfgk Lejkjdmeu 08 "5-# 56=5>0+ Pbl Cmka Flpxllk V)@ U|fum`mlu gk` V)@U~lk`mkh gk` Plebkjcjhmegc ^lvijvdgkel+ _LX @mue|uumjk ^g~lv >8g+ G`ygkel` Vjf|up gk` Kjk~gvgdlpvme Dlpbj`u mk Li$emlke} Gkgc}umu $ Dlpbj`jcjh} gk` G~~cmegpmjku+ Ac|xlv Geg`ldme ^|fcmublvu#Fjupjk * @jv`vlebp * Cjk`jk+

@gvgmj# E+# Umdgv# C+# 6>>8f+ Ejk`mpmjkgc Kjk~gvgdlpvme Ivjkpmlv Dj`lcu ijv Ejk$ylr gk` Kjk Ejkylr Plebkjcjhmlu? g \kmi}mkh G~~vjgeb+ Oj|vkgc ji ^vj`|epmy$mp} Gkgc}umu 62 "7-# 7556+

@LUPGPMU# 6>>6+ Acguumagpmjk `lv Xmvpuebgipuzxlmhl# G|uhgfl 6>>5 "X_6>>5-+Upgpmupmueblu F|k`lugdp# Xmlufg`lk+

@jbul# @+# 6>>>+ Plebkjcjh} ~jcme} gk` pbl vlhmjku $ pbl egul ji pbl fmjvlhmjejkplup+ Vlulgveb ^jcme} 6=# 77777755+

Lmealc~gueb# G+# Ivmpueb# D+# 6>>>=+ U~gpmgc ~gklc dj`lcu+ Mk? Imueblv# D+ D+# Hlpmu# G+ "L`u+-#Bgk`fjja ji G~~cml` U~gpmgc Gkgc}umu+ U~vmkhlv# Flvcmk+

Igldu# @+# Cjj}# F+ Y+# @lfgealvl# A+# 6>>


27/37

Ilc`dgk# D+# 7==0+ Pbl Hljhvg~b} ji Mkkjygpmjk+ Lejkjdmeu ji Uemlkel# Plebkjc$jh} gk` Mkkjygpmjk# Yjc+ 6# Ac|xlv Geg`ldme ^|fcmublvu# @jv`vlebp+

Ilc`dgk# D+ +# G|`vlpueb# @+ F+# 7===+ Mkkjygpmjk mk Empmlu? Uemlkel$fgul` @m$ylvump}# U~lemgcmzgpmjk gk` Cjegcmzl` Ejd~lpmpmjk+ L|vj~lgk Lejkjdme Vlymlx05# 0>=06=+

Ijvkgbc# @+# Fvjlalc# P+# Fjuebdg# V+ G+# 6>7>+ Xbgp `vmylu ~gplkp ~lvijvdgkelji Hlvdgk fmjpleb vdu: Pbl md~gep ji V)@ u|fum mlu# akjxcl`hl klpxjvaugk` pblmv cjegpmjk+ ^g~lvu mk Lyjc|pmjkgv} Lejkjdme Hljhvg~b} 7>+>=+

Ivlldgk# C+ E+# 7=8=+ Elkpvgcmp} mk Ujemgc Klpxjvau $ Ejkel~p|gc Ecgvmegpmjk+Ujemgc Klpxjvau 7# 67>8+ Vlcgpl` ygvmlp}# |kvlcgpl` ygvmlp}gk` vlhmjkgc lejkjdme hvjxpb+ Vlhmjkgc Up|`mlu 07 ">+ Mkplvvlhmjkgc @mlvlkelu mk V)@ Gepmympmlu $ Gk Ld~mvmegc Mk$ylupmhgpmjk+ L|vj~lgk ^cgkkmkh Up|`mlu 2 "0-# 0>=068+

Ivmpueb# D+# Hvgi# B+# 6>7>+ Bjx Hlklvgc Ejk`mpmjku Glep Vlhmjkgc MkkjygpmjkU}upldu $ Pbl Egul ji pbl Pxj Hlvdgk}u+ Olkglv Lejkjdme Vlulgveb ^g~lvu>>9+ Dlgu|vmkh pbl Lstemlke} ji Vlhmjkgc MkkjygpmjkU}upldu? Gk Ld~mvmegc Guuluudlkp+ Ivlmflvh Xjvamkh ^g~lvu 6>>9$9+

Ivmpueb# D+# Ucgypebly# Y+# 6>>2+ @lplvdmkgkpu ji pbl Lstemlke} ji Vlhmjkgc Mkkj$ygpmjk U}upldu+ Vlhmjkgc Up|`mlu 7>+7>2>*>>5050>>2>66+7>=5*eol*flw>>7-+

Hvlmi# U+# Uebdml`c# @+# 6>>6+ ^gplkpgpcgu 6>>6 @}kgdma |k` Upv|ap|vlk `lvLvk`|khupgpmhalmp+ @l|pueblu ^gplkp$ |k` Dgvalkgdp# D|keblk+

Hvlmi# U+# Uebdml`c# @+# Kml`lvdl}lv# H+# 6>>9+ ^gplkpgpcgu 6>>9+ Vlhmjkgc`gplk`lv Lvk`|khupgpmhalmp+ @l|pueblu ^gplkp$ |k` Dgvalkgdp# D|keblk+

68


28/37

Hvl|kz# C+# 6>>0+ Mk`|upvmgc Upv|ep|vl gk` Mkkjygpmjk $ Lym`lkel ivjd L|vj~lgkVlhmjku+ Oj|vkgc ji Lyjc|pmjkgv} Lejkjdmeu 70 "776>+

Ogl# G+# 7=2=+ Vlgc Llepu ji Geg`ldme Vlulgveb+ Gdlvmegk Lejkjdme Vlymlx8= "


29/37

Uebdjeb# \+# Cgymccl# I+# ^gplc# ^+# Ivmlpueb# V+# 6>>5+ Cmkamkh Plebkjcjh} Gvlgupj Mk`|upvmgc Ulepjvu+ Imkgc Vl~jvp pj pbl L|vj~lgk Ejddmuumjk# @H Vlulgveb#Agvcuv|bl# ^gvmu# Fvmhbpjk+

Upjv~lv# D+# 7==>5+ Vjf|up Kjk~gvgdlpvme Lupmdgpmjk ji Lst$emlke} gk` Plebkmegc Ebgkhl mk \+U+ Ejddlvemgc Fgkamkh+ Pbl Il`lvgc VlulvylFgka ji Up+ Cj|mu Xjvamkh ^g~lv Ulvmlu 58G# 750+

6=


30/37

G G~~lk`mr

Mk`|upvmlu Plebkjcjhmegc lc`u/ KGEL//Ebldmupv} "EBLD- PI# PI66 @D50# @D5# PI57Dl`megc ) PI0# PI79# PI69 @C55# @I65j~pmegc mkupv|dlkpu "MKUPV-

/ Gu `lkl` mk Hvlmi gk` Uebdml`c "6>>6- // Geejv`mkh pj pbl KGEL @LUPGPMU "6>>6-

Pgfcl 7? @lkmpmjk ji mk`|upvmlu

EBLD PVGKU LCLE MKUPVImvdu 7=2 759 6=0 595^vjolepu 7# 05= =09 7


32/37

6>>> 6>>7 6>>6 6>>5

EBLD LII >+66 >+7= >+65 >+78

PVGKU LII >+7+60 >+65 >+69

LCLE LII >+70 >+75 >+70 >+79

MKUPV LII >+07 >+58 >+56 >+55

EBLD hLII >+>+>6 >+>6 >+>8

PVGKU hLII >+77 >+7> >+>0 >+>6LCLE hLII >+>7 >+>7 >+>8 >+>7MKUPV hLII $>+>< $>+>7 >+>7 >+>6

~jjc cjh"hLII- >+>5

>+>5

>+>5

>+>5

U~gpmgc xlmhbpu gvl lupmdgpl` |umkh g a$klgvlup klmhbfjvu dlpbj` xmpb a4>> 7+>5 7+7> 7+77 7+>>6>>7 >+22 >+=9 >+=2 7+>86>>6 7+>7 7+>7 7+>7 7+>76>>5 7+>6 7+>7 7+>< >+=2pjpgc hvjxpb 7+>7 7+>= 7+68 7+>0

Pgfcl 0? Dlgk hvjxpb vgplu $ mk`|upv}$u~leme

56


33/37

dlgk

u`

dl`mgk

dmk

d

gr

vgkhl

ualx

hLII

7+05

5+77

>+>0

780+=5

780+2=

05+>>

LII

$2+26

62+7>

$6+=

07=+07

$=+>0

^J^

282+55

76==+65

692+

0>+>>

20=>

20

6+=9

BMHB

77+88

7>+92

8+=>

6+

2

26+=>

5+75

H@^

5=+6>

56+87

6

76+6>

68=+0>

698+6>

5+9>

LD^C

7>>

7>+>>775=7>>+>>

77650>>+>>

0+9>

U^LE

7+>0

7+02

>+97

>+>>

72+00

72+00

>+>>

7>>

7>>

>+>>

5>

5>

7>+70

BLCD

28+29

09=++>>

>+>>

07>

07>

9+86

CLMF

58+26

79>+=

9

>+>>

>+>>

7082+>>

7082+>>

9+68

IMVDU

0=+99

87+9>

5>+>>

7+>>

222+>>

228+>>

+22

>+=7

>++>7

9+67

9+7=

6+00

V)@

009+25

70+>=

2=+>>

7+>>

57605+>>

57606+>>

77+69

^GPU

65+67

29+=9

+>>

7277+=5

7277+=5

75++90+06

0+22

KGP

770+2=

755+0

+60

6+07

>+>>

$75+

$70+77

7

7+=>

>+>>

$75+57

70+99

68+=8

7+7>

h@LHVLL

>+>++>>

$5+0

>++>>

$0+56

+>6

>+56

>+>>

$5+70

0+20

8+=2

6+87

hUBGVLMKPVG

>+>6

>+06

>+>>

$5+58

5+58

9+85

7+8+>6

>+62

>+>>

$6+

0+=9

>+87

hX

MK@@

LHVLL

>+>6

>+5>

>+>>

$6+87

6++>0

>+9>

>+>>

$8+50

8+65

70++>5

>+99

>+>>

$9+06

9+85

75+70

6+79

hMK@MKPV

G

>+>6

>+6+>>

$6+6>

7+=+>6

>+0>

>+>>

$6+6>

6+6>

0+5=

7+>>

P

gfcl

do cooperative r&d subsidies stimulate regional innovation efficiency? evidence from germany (eng)/...

Documents