diagnóstico sobre el estado y vigencia de los derechos humanos en el sur de jalisco

7/22/2019 Diagnstico sobre el estado y vigencia de los Derechos Humanos en el sur de Jalisco

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@debmstdaf sfjro oc oste`f y vdbomade ò cfs@oroahfs Hukemfs om oc Qur ò Gecdsaf7 @OQAE,Qoburdè` ^jcdae y êrtdadpeadm Aduèème


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@debmstdaf sfjro oc oste`f y vdbomade ò cfs@oroahfs Hukemfs om oc Qur ò Gecdsaf7 @OQAE,Qoburdè` ^jcdae y êrtdadpeadm Aduèème

Gfs Jeutdste IeresLerce Budccorkdme Qobure GurozGuem Cerrfse IuomtosIremadsaf Keaes Ko`dmeBorer`f Kfye BeraeBorer`f ^roz YdrekfmtosWfmde Ardstdme Zfges ûcd`f

Gfrbo Omrdquo Zfahe UudmtorfKerde Eme òc Yecco Fgoè

Aomtrf ò Gustdade pere ce êz y oc @oserrfccf (AOÊ@)^rfbreke Dmstdtuadfmec ò @oroahfs Hukemfs y êz òcDPOQF


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@debmstdaf sfjro oc oste`f y vdbomade ò cfs @oroahfs Hukemfs om oc Qurò Gecdsaf7 @OQAE, Qoburdè` ^jcdae y êrtdadpeadm Aduèème Aomtrf ò Gustdade pere ce êz y oc @oserrfccf :>>8^rdkore o`dadm7 gumdf ò :>>8Aomtrf ò Gustdade pere ce êz y oc @oserrfccf (AOÊ@)

Esfade`fs. Gfrbo Jereges Kertmoz. Qorbdf Zom ò @dfs Afrfme. Guem CerrfseIuomtos. Iremadsaf Keaes Ko`dme. Borer`f Kfye Berae. Gfrbo Kemuoc Ecogem`rfMerrf Kfmrfy. Aercfs Erkem`f ôrecte Yeroce. Aser Fatevdf ^roz Yormdae. KereBueècupo Zekfs ^fmao. Gfrbo Omrdquo Zfahe Uudmtorf. Fsaer Borer`f YerbesCpoz. @evd` Yocesaf Toz. Budccorkf Zec Wopoè Coaufme.

Afmsogf `droatdvfAercfs Erkem`f ôrecte Yeroce. ^rosdòmto.

Kere Bueècupo Zekfs ^fmao. Ydaoprosdòmto.Iremadsaf Keades Ko`dme. Qoaroterdf.Borer`f Kfye Berae. Yfaec.Aser Fatevdf ^roz Yormdae. Yfaec.

@droaadm ogoautdve y affr`dme`fros ò prfyoatfsIremadsaf Keaes Ko`dme. @droatfr Ogoautdvf.Aser Fatevdf ^roz Yormdae. Cdtdbdf Ostretbdaf.Guem Cerrfse Iuomtos. Afkumdaeadm o Dmvostdbeadm.Borer`f Kfye Berae. Dmtorcfauadm Ostretbdae.

O`dadm y `dsof o`dtfrdecGuem Cerrfse Iuomtos

Afrroaadm ò ostdcfBejrdoce Bfrgm Qecao`f

Ce dmifrkeadm afmtomdè om osto `debmstdaf puoò sor roprfùadè tftec fperadeckomto, sdokpro y auem`f so rospoto y adto ce eutfre ò tf`fs cfs quoafcejfrerfm om ce afmstruaadm ò osto toxtf. Eòks, so sfcdadte quo om aesf ò utdcdzeroc toxtf, so dmifrko e su o`dtfr ec sdbudomto afrrof ocoatrmdaf7 aope`Naope`.frb.kx.

Osto dmifrko iuo idmemade`f pfr Pho Gfhm @. em` Aethordmo P. KeaErthur Ifumètdfm.

Dkprosf y hoahf om Kxdaf.


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EbreòadkdomtfsOsto `debmstdaf mf hujdore sd`f pfsdjco sdm ce pertdadpeadm ò kuahes

porsfmes quo eyuèrfm e su ocejfreadm. ^fr temtf quorokfs ebreòaor e ce

frbemdzeadm ^fòr Aduèèmf Gecdsaf y ò ecukmfs y prfiosfros òc DPOQF pfr

hejor afcejfre`f òsdmtoroseèkomto om ce ocejfreadm y oc covemtekdomtf ò

cfs auostdfmerdfs, ò `fmò so fjtuvf dmifrkeadm dkpfrtemto pere osto

prfyoatf o dmvostdbeadm.

Ecogem`rf Ebudrro Zdvorfs

Eme Butdrroz Uuozeè

Eme êuce Qemteme BfmzcozEmbcdae Wumf Zoyos

Jromè Aekpfs Ebudcore

Ahoshvem Qemteme Yocesaf

@emdoce Ectekdremf Gedko

@dobf Oùer`f Zemboc Wreto

Ocdzejoth Zdmam Tosaes

Iormem`f Butdrroz Fckfs

Iormem`f Djerre Aepòvdcco

Hatfr Erturf _rze Kurdccf

Drord Aoge Aròmes

Cuds Iormem`f ^fmademf

Kemuoc Ceros Zfkorf

Kemuoc Kfgdae ^fmao ò Com

Meccocy Kerberdte Cdkm Afverrujdes

Murde Heyòo Berae Ospdmfseêucdme ^roz Gfmssfm

Zojoae Auem Afrrec

Yormdae Zekfs Gurobud

Te`dre Hormmòz Bkoz


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m`dao^rosomteadm 2^rdkore perto7 Cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs,Qfadecos, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos y ce robdmsur òc oste`f Gecdsaf

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5. Cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos yEkjdomtecos

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:. Afmtoxtf òc Qur ò Gecdsaf7 oafmfke, pfctdae yko`df ekjdomto

::

Qobumè perto7 @debmstdaf sfjro ce sd tueadmò cfs @oroahfs Hukemfs om oc Qur ò Gecdsaf 155. Aepeadèòs hukemes jsdaes 10:. Qustomtejdcdè` y ko`df ekjdomto 081. êrtdadpeadm Aduèème y Bfjdormfs cfaecos ?40. Qoburdè` jcdae 20?. @dsardkdmeadm, bmorf y aucture 42

Poraore perto7 rosukom ogoautdvf 552m`dao ò eutfros 5:0Jdjcdfbreie bomorec 51>Emoxfs

êatf Dmtormeadfmec o @oroahfs Oafmkdafs,Qfadecos y Aucturecos

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^rftfafcf ò Qem Qecve`fr 500Dmstrukomtfs kotf`fcbdafs7 auostdfmerdfsutdcdze`fs pere oc `debmstdaf

5??


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^rosomteadm7 Evemaos pere c e ocejfreadm òdmstrukomtfs ò ko`dadm òc aukpcdkdomtf ò cfs

òroahfs hukemfsAfkf pumtf ò pertdè os dkpfrtemto soecer ce afkpcogdè` quo omaerme heaor

ume ovecueadm sfjro oc aukpcdkdomtf ò cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos,

Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos om ume robdm òtorkdmeè, om osto aesf òc Qur ò

Gecdsaf. Oc `debmstdaf os afkpcogf pfr verdes rezfmos7 oc mkorf ò òroahfs

quo ombcfje oc afmaoptf @OQAE os ectf< mf oxdstom kotf`fcfbes

ostemèrdzeès pere osto tdpf ò `debmstdafs y ovecueadfmos< y oc afstf

idmemadorf ò ume ovecueadm ò oste kebmdtu` os ocove`f. Qdm okjerbf,

qudomos ocejfrekfs osto trejegf mfs peroao iumèkomtec quo roeckomto so

puoèm tomor ètfs fjgotdvfs ò auc os oc mdvoc ò aukpcdkdomtf ò ostfs

òroahfs, quo om tofre tom`rem quo oster beremtdze`fs pfr oc Oste`f, porf quo

om ce pratdae fjsorvekfs quo so `dvdse kuy cogemf oc è om quo roeckomto

tf`fs ostfs òroahfs ostm beremtdze`fs.

@osò ume porspoatdve hdstrdae sdkpco, cfs @OQAE sfm ume afmsoauadm ò cfs

òroahfs cceke`fs advdcos y pfctdafs, quo tdomom quo vor afm `dspfsdadfmos

kmdkes pere vdvdr om um Oste`f ò òroahf, afkf ce cdjorte` ò oxprosdm, oc

cdjro trmsdtf f oc òroahf ec suirebdf, omtro ftrfs. Qdm okjerbf, um Oste`f,

afkf oc afmstrud`f pfr ces sfadoèòs kfòrmes y òkfartdaes, ost cceke`f e

dr ks eòcemto7 tdomo ce rospfmsejdcdè` ò esoburer e tf`fs sus hejdtemtos

ume sordo ò òroahfs afkf ce oùaeadm, ce secu` f ce vdvdomè. Om afmtresto,

ces afm`dadfmos eatuecos ò muostrf omtfrmf dm`daem quo cfs Oste`fs ostm

sdom`f rojese`fs pfr ostes moaosdèòs. Emto oste sdtueadm, om oc brem òjeto

sfjro cfs òroahfs hukemfs oxdstom um sdm idm ò pfstures7 òsò qudomos

eidrkem quo oc toke ò cfs @OQAE pese pfr ume cerbe cuahe ò oxdbomade pere


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quo oc Oste`f esuke sus rospfmsejdcdèòs, heste qudomos mf ùèm om soecer

quo oc Oste`f afkf dmstdtuadm pere`dbktdae ò muostres sfadoèòs- ye mf

tdomo ce aepeadè` pere tutocer ostfs òroahfs. Cf adortf os quo afm tf`f y ostes

pfstures omafmtreès, òsò ces frbemdzeadfmos ò ce sfadoè` advdc y cfs

kfvdkdomtfs sfadecos, oxdsto um afmsomsf om tfrmf e ce dòe ò quo ecbf so òjo

heaor pere quo ostfs oroahfs fporom o ifrke tembdjco.

Afkf so `dao pfpucerkomto, e fgf ò juom aujorf os pfsdjco eidrker quo cfs

@OQAE mf sfm òroahfs vdbomtos om Kxdaf. Ec coatfr co heaokfs ces sdbudomtos

probumtes7 Aumtes voaos he tomd`f quo peber pfr um sorvdadf k`daf prdve`f6

Aumtes voaos he eau`d`f ec Dmstdtutf Koxdaemf òc Qoburf Qfadec y akf hesd`f etom`d`f6 Aumtes voaos om su vdè he tomd`f quo peber pfr su

oùaeadm6 Pec afkf ostes probumtes, pf`rekfs heaorco ec coatfr kuahes ks,

om fròm ò heaor um jrovo `debmstdaf sfjro oc oste`f ò cfs @OQAE om su

aesf pertdaucer. Ces rospuostes, e fgf ò juom aujorf, mfs `drem quo cfs

@OQAE ostm cogfs ò sor aukpcd`fs om muostrf pes. Qdm okjerbf, akf

prfjer ostes esovoreadfmos6 Ose pruoje so afmvdrtd om oc kftdvf aomtrec ò

heaor osto debmstdaf.

Afm ostes dòes om ce aejoze, om ejrdc ò :>>9, oc Aomtrf ò Gustdade pere ce êz

y oc @oserrfccf (Aope`) y oc ^rfbreke Dmstdtuadfmec ò cfs @oroahfs Hukemfs y

ce êz ò ce _mdvorsdè` Dtosf, afkomzekfs e afmstrudr um prfyoatf quo

tuvdore afkf idm `debmfstdaer ce vdbomade y aukpcdkdomtf ò cfs @oroahfs

Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos (@OQAE) om ce robdm Qur ò

Gecdsaf. Ce robdm Qur ò Gecdsaf so afmvdrtd om um torromf dòec pere ostotrejegf pfrquo he sd`f um torrdtfrdf ekpcdekomto ostu`de`f pfr eae`kdafs y

prfiosfros ò ce _mdvorsdè` Dtosf, es afkf ò frbemdzeadfmos advdcos, omtro ces

quo so omauomtrem oc Dmstdtutf Koxdaemf pere oc @oserrfccf Afkumdterdf

(DK@OA), Eaadm Aduèème pere ce Oùaeadm ce @okfareade y oc @oserrfccf


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(EAAO@@O) y oc Aomtrf ò Epfyf ec Kfvdkdomtf ^fpucer ò Faadòmto

(AEK^F). Oste robdm, afkf so prfium`dze om ce prdkore perto ò osto

`debmstdaf, vdvo sdtueadfmos pere`dbktdaes om su òserrfccf òmtrf ò um

kum`f bcfjecdze`f7 iuortos prfaosfs ò okpfjroadkdomtf ò ce pfjceadm< ectfs

m`daos ò kdbreadm< um aekjdf om ces ifrkes tre`dadfmecos ò ebrdaucture pfr

ktf`fs ò prfùaadm kesdve y ò dkpeatfs bcfjecos< um òtordfrf ekjdomtec

afmsdòrejco< ume osiore pfctdae quo he vdvd`f ectormemades om oc pfòr, porf

quo suiro ò vdogfs vdadfs afkf ce eusomade ò òkfareade f ce afrrupadm< y um

togd`f sfadec irebkomte`f, om `fmò pfaf e pfaf so hem fjsorve`f prfaosfs ò

afmstruaadm ò ume aduèème artdae. ^fr ftrf ce`f, omafmtrekfs quo heje

kuy pfafs ètfs ùrfs ectormetdvfs e cfs fidadecos, om `fmò so pu`dorem ujdaerdmifrkeadm quo `dorem auomte sfjro tokes tem dkpfrtemtos afkf secu`,

vdvdomè, oùaeadm, tremsperomade, y komfs em, treùad`fs e dm`dae`fros

sfjro oc aukpcdkdomtf o cfs oroahfs hukemfs.

Oc osiuorzf mf iuo komfr7 cuobf ò verdes roumdfmos y esekjcoes, kuahfs ò cfs

kdokjrfs ò Afkdts Kumdadpecos ò ^fòr Aduèèmf so `dorfm e ce teroe ò

afmstrudr um auostdfmerdf quo pu`dore sorvdr pere roafpdcer, ò kemore ifrkec,equoccfs ètfs ò ce roecdè` quo sfm ovdòmtos, porf quo mf ostejem treùad`fs

om mkorfs7 ce iecte ò k`dafs y hfspdtecos< ce aeromade ò aomtrfs oùaetdvfs

prdkerdfs y ò oùaeadm supordfr< ce pfae tremsperomade ò cfs Eyumtekdomtfs9 Qur ò Gecdsaf7

Ekeauoae, Etokegea ò Jrdzuoce, Etfyea, Bkoz Ieres, Qem Bejrdoc, Qeyuce,

Pepecpe, Poahecute, Pofaudtetcm, Pfcdkm, Pfmdce, Puxpem, Weafecaf ò

Pfrros, Wepftdctda, Wepftdtcm ò Ye`dccf y Wepftcm oc Bremò. Om oste teroe


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pertdadperfm ecbumfs dmtobremtos y afkdts ò ^fòr Aduèèmf ò ostfs

kumdadpdfs, oc oqudpf fporetdvf òc Aope`, es afkf ecukmfs y prfiosfros òc

Dtosf. Ce oxpordomade iuo kuy rdae y eòks ò cfs ètfs errfge`fs pfr ces

omauostes, òg epumtos y roicoxdfmos ò fròm auecdtetdvf om `fmò so pu`dorfm

fjsorver ò ifrke prosomadec, ces `dmkdaes y prfjcokes quo ò ifrke

mukrdae so òsardjom om oc `debmstdaf. Idmeckomto vdmf um prfaosf e trevs

òc auec so vead tfè ce dmifrkeadm afmtomdè pfr ces omauostes y quo sdrvd

afkf dmsukf pere osardjdr oc prosomto trejegf o dmvostdbeadm.

Ce coature ò osto toxtf os jestemto somadcce. Ce prdkore perto ost ò`daeè e

ejumèr om ces pertdaucerdèòs quo omaermem cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs,Qfadecos, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos, quo sfm oc keraf ò roioromade pere

treùadr cfs dm`dae`fros om trkdmfs ò òroahfs. @ospus so prfium`dze sfjro

ces aereatorstdaes y resbfs prdmadpecos òc torrdtfrdf om oc quo so omkerae osto

`debmstdaf7 oc Qur ò Gecdsaf e trevs ò sus `dkomsdfmos frfbridaes o

hd`rfcbdaes, su oafmfke, su pfctdae y su pertdadpeadm sfadec. Ce sobumè

perto os ce ks dkpfrtemto, puos eh ostm afmtomd`fs tf`fs cfs rosucte`fs quo

errfg oc covemtekdomtf ò omauostes om oc Qur ò Gecdsaf< oc afmtomd`f ò cesobumè perto so frbemdz sobm ces `dkomsdfmos ò ce prfpde omauoste7

aepeadèòs hukemes jsdaes< sustomtejdcdè` y ko`df ekjdomto< bfjdormfs

kumdadpecos y pertdadpeadm aduèème< soburdè` pjcdae< y espoatfs

sfadfaucturecos. Aeè umf ò cfs eperte`fs ò osto sobum`f aeptucf iuorfm

afmaojd`fs y roèate`fs pfr eae`kdafs òc Dtosf y oc oqudpf fporetdvf òc

Aope`. Hey ume toraore soaadm om `fmò so heao um rosukom ò cfs ètfs ks

dkpfrtemtos, porf roèate`fs om acevo ò òroahfs hukemfs.

Ce òsardpadm òc omtfrmf afkf dmsukf pere ce òiomse ò cfs @H@osò oc Aope` y oc ^D@H^ òc Dtosf, arookfs quo cfs ètfs quo errfge osto

`debmstdaf sfm perto ò ume cuahe afmstemto pfr ce òiomse ò cfs òroahfs


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hukemfs. ôrf mf os ume òiomse òsò cfs trdjumecos f òsò ce kfvdcdzeadm

sfadec, os ume òiomse e pertdr òc roafmfadkdomtf ò um torrdtfrdf, om `fmò

vdvom òtorkdme`fs ebomtos y om `fmò faurrom sdtueadfmos quo vdfcomtem ces

beremtes dm`dvdùecos y afcoatdves. Oc roafmfadkdomtf ò ostfs torrdtfrdfs,

eatfros y prfjcoktdaes, aroe, ò ieatf, ume òmumade dkpcadte ò ces

sdtueadfmos ò òsdbuecè` quo so vdvom om ces sfadoèòs kfòrmes. Qobm oc

^rfbreke ò Meadfmos _mdès pere oc @oserrfccf ce ifrkuceadm y oc usf ò

dm`dae`fros om oc kjdtf ò cfs òroahfs hukemfs so he afmvortd`f om ume

muove osiore ò ce prfkfadm. Gumtfs, cfs bfjdormfs, eatdvdstes, cfs ejfbe`fs,

cfs oste`stdafs y cfs ospoadecdstes om oc òserrfccf ostm ejrdom`f muovfs

aekdmfs om oc usf ò ces oste`stdaes pere prfpdader aekjdfs om ces fpdmdfmos,ces pfctdaes y ces pratdaes. Cfs dm`dae`fros so puoòm user afkf dmstrukomtf

pere7 ifrkucer kogfros pfctdaes y vdbdcer cfs prfbrosfs roecdze`fs< òtorkdmer

cfs oioatfs mf òsoe`fs ò ces coyos, pfctdaes y pratdaes< òtorkdmer qu

eatfros ostm dmicuyom`f om ce roecdzeadm ò cfs òroahfs< pfmor ò rocdovo sd

osfs eatfros ostm aukpcdom`f sus fjcdbeadfmos< e`vortdr ò emtokemf pfsdjcos

vdfceadfmos y pfòr e`fpter ko`dès provomtdves< ifrtecoaor oc afmsomsf sfadec

rospoatf ò òadsdfmos `diadcos quo òjom e`fpterso iromto e ce cdkdteadm òroaursfs< y seaer e ce cuz auostdfmos quo hem sd`f òsetom`dès f sdcomadeès.5

Es, cfs dm`dae`fros oste`stdafs, cfs `debmstdafs o dmvostdbeadfmos om ketorde

ò òroahfs hukemfs, sfm dkpfrtemtos pere vorcfs prfjcokes. Ce afmstruaadm

ò ostfs dm`dae`fros f afmfadkdomtf om bomorec, eyuèm e èr ifrke e cfs

prfjcokes. Qdm okjerbf, umf ò cfs pumtfs ò ebomè ks dkpfrtemtos ò osto

esumtf, ost om ce moaosdè` ò afkumdaer oste dmifrkeadm e ks soatfros òce pfjceadm. Arookfs quo ce dmifrkeadm dmvdte e ce eaadm y e ce tfke ò

òadsdfmos. ^fr cf emtordfr, osporekfs quo osto `debmstdaf, om cf pfsdjco, sdrve

5Dmifrko sfjro @oserrfccf Hukemf :>>>. ^rfbreke ò ces Meadfmos _mdès pere oc @oserrfccf.^. 84.


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pere ces afkumdèòs òc sur ò Gecdsaf quo ostm afkprfkotdès afm ce

prfkfadm y oiomse o cfs oroahfs hukemfs.

_mf ò cfs brevos prfjcokes quo omiromte ce dmvostdbeadm om òroahfs

hukemfs, os ce socoaadm ò iuomtos ò dmifrkeadm pere afmstrudr ces jesos

afmaoptuecos ò ostfs trejegfs. Ostf tdomo ume roceadm `droate afm um prfjcoke

ostruaturec tfève keyfr7 sfm pfaes ces dmvostdbeadfmos quo errfgem

dmifrkeadm afmidejco, om trkdmfs kearfs, sfjro adortfs dm`dae`fros (secu`,

vdvdomè, ko`df ekjdomto), ye quo qudom so he omaerbe`f ò heaor

hdstrdaekomto osto trejegf, he sd`f oc Oste`f. ^fr cf temtf, om ces

dmvostdbeadfmos y `debmstdafs sfjro òroahfs hukemfs quo so heaom om oc pes,ce dmifrkeadm ostruaturec os rotfkeè ò iuomtos fidadecos, quo kuahes voaos,

pfr auostdfmos pfctdaes y om ftres pfr dmafkpotomade, mf afmstdtuyo um afrpus

vor`daf y cobdtdkf ò ce roecdè`. _mf ò cfs rotfs quo tdomom ces

frbemdzeadfmos advdcos os ce aroeadm y roprfùaadm o dmifrkeadm (ectormetdve)

afmidejco, vcdè y sdbmdidaetdve7 tdomo quo trejeger sfjro oc prfjcoke ò ce

afmidejdcdè` ò ces iuomtos om um pes afkf Kxdaf. @o ifrke kfòste,

arookfs quo oc prosomto `debmstdaf tekjdm eyuè e ce bomoreadm yokorbomade ò oste dmifrkeadm ectormetdve.

Oc `debmstdaf quo prosomtekfs om oste o`dadm dmdade oc aekdmf pere ume sordo

ò fjgotdvfs kuy dkpfrtemtos7 bomorer dm`dae`fros auemtdtetdvfs sfjro oc oste`f

y vdbomade ò cfs @OQAE om oc Qur ò Gecdsaf< bomorer dmsukfs pere oc emcdsds,

`dsausdm y prfpuostes ò pfctdaes pjcdaes om ce robdm< y omafmtrer um epfrto

om ce afmstruaadm ò kotf`fcfbes quo puoèm ko`dr oc aukpcdkdomtf ò cfsòroahfs hukemfs.

Guem Cerrfse IuomtosBueècegere, Gecdsaf, Gucdf :>>8


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^rdkore êrtoCfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos yEkjdomtecos y ce robdm Qur òc oste`f ò Gecdsaf


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ûmtf ò pertdè7 cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos,Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos y ce r obdm Qur òc oste`f ò

Gecdsaf^fr Wfmde Ardstdme Zfges ûcd`f,

Kerde Eme òc Yecco Fgoè yLerce Budccorkdme Qobure Guroz

Oc prosomto `debmstdaf perto ò `fs dòes jsdaes7 ce prdkore os um keraf

tordaf quo ecuò e cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos y

Ekjdomtecos, afkf roioromto pere ovecuer e ce roecdè`. Os òadr, om osto aesfso ko`dr oc aukpcdkdomtf ò ostfs òroahfs. Ce sobumè dòe heao roioromade e

um torrdtfrdf, quo om osto aesf os ce robdm Qur / Qurosto òc oste`f ò Gecdsaf. E

afmtdmueadm so prosomtem ecbumfs epumtos om `fmò, ò ifrke jrovo y bomorec,

so ocdkdte muostrf aekpf ò debmstdaf.

5. Cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos yEkjdomtecosCe mfadm ò cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos

(@OQAE), tdomo afkf prdkor emtoaoòmto ce @oacereadm Ekordaeme sfjro cfs

@oroahfs y @ojoros òc Hfkjro ò 5408, um sobum`f eaoraekdomtf afrrospfmò

e ce @oacereadm _mdvorsec ò cfs @oroahfs Hukemfs (@_@H), òc kdskf ef.

Om ce sobumè so sustomte ce dòe ò quo ce cdjorte`, ce gustdade y ce pez tdomom

afkf jeso oc roafmfadkdomtf ò ce `dbmdè` dmtrmsoae y ò cfs òroahfs dbuecos

o dmecdomejcos ò tf`fs cfs kdokjrfs ò ce iekdcde hukeme.:Ce @_@H afcfae

:Ekmdste Dmtormeadfmec. @oroahfs Hukemfs pere ce `dbmdè` hukeme.


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ò kemore bomorecdzeè, dm`dioromadeè y om oc kdskf mdvoc y fròm ò

dkpfrtemade cfs @oroahfs Advdcos, fctdafs, Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos y Aucturecos.1

E pertdr ò `dioromtos dmstrukomtfs dmtormeadfmecos, cfs @oroahfs Advdcos,

^fctdafs, Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos y Aucturecos hem sd`f acesdidae`fs pfr um ce`f om

@oroahfs Advdcos y ^fctdafs f ò prdkore bomoreadm, sdtue`fs om oc êatf

Dmtormeadfmec ò @oroahfs Advdcos y ^fctdafs (^D@A^) y pfr ftrf, om @oroahfs

Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos, afrrospfm`domtos e ce sobumè

bomoreadm ò òroahfs hukemfs, e su voz sdtue`fs om oc êatf Dmtormeadfmec ò

@oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos y Aucturecos (^D@OQA). Ostfs ctdkfs sfm cfs

quo ehfre mfs faupem, sdm fcvdèr ce oxdstomade ò ume toraore bomoreadm, quodmvfcuare òroahfs afkf ce eutfòtorkdmeadm ò cfs puojcfs, cfs

ko`dfekjdomtecos y oc oroahf ec òserrfccf.

Oc ^D@OQA os e`fpte`f pfr ce Esekjcoe Bomorec ò Meadfmos _mdès om 5499

y òsò oso kfkomtf e ce ioahe he sd`f retdidae`f pfr 5?5 Oste`fs< omtr om

vdbfr `doz efs òspus. Osto dmstrukomtf afmsebre cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs,

Qfadecos, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos ò ume ifrke ks òtecceè ygur`daekomto vdmaucemto.0 Omietdze ce dkpfrtemade òc rfc òc Oste`f,

oxhfrtm`fco e aukpcdr afm su fjcdbeadm ò prfkfvor oc rospotf umdvorsec y

oioatdvf ò cfs òroahfs hukemfs?y e e`fpter ko`dès afm oc kxdkf ò cfs

roaursfs `dspfmdjcos pere beremtdzer osfs òroahfs y heaor quo soem oxdbdjcos

ò kemore ks oidaez.

Cfs @OQAE sfm equoccfs òroahfs hukemfs quo pfsdjdcdtem e ce porsfme y e suiekdcde bfzer ò um mdvoc ò vdè eòaue`f. Pretem ò auostdfmos jsdaes pere

1Om ce soaadm ò Emoxfs òc prosomto `debmstdaf, so puoò afmsucter oc êatf Dmtormeadfmec ò@oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos y Aucturecos (^D@OQA).0D@7 Zodvdm`daeadm o cfs oroahfs oafmkdafs, sfadecos y aucturecos, ^.58.?êatf Dmtormeadfmec ò @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos y Aucturecos.


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ce vdè hukeme, dmacuyom`f oc òroahf e ce cdjro òtorkdmeadm, ecdkomteadm,

secu`, prftoaadm y esdstomade e ce iekdcde, oùaeadm, aucture, òroahfs

cejfrecos y soburdè` sfadec. Eòks oc ^rftfafcf ò Qem Qecve`fr9 (5448)

ekpce ce afmaopadm ò cfs @OQAE dmacuyom`f oc òroahf e um ko`df ekjdomto

semf, cfs òroahfs ò ce mdoz, cfs òroahfs ò prftoaadm e cfs emademfs y cfs

òroahfs o prftoaadm e cfs kdmusvcd`fs.2

Om ces sdbudomtos cmoes so prosomtem cfs òroahfs ks dkpfrtemtos quo so

dmvfcuarem òmtrf òc afmaoptf ò @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos y

Ekjdomtecos7

@oroahf e ce cdjro òtorkdmeadm

Pf`fs cfs puojcfs tdomom òroahf e ce cdjro òtorkdmeadm y e ostejcoaor

cdjrokomto su afm`dadm pfctdae. Qo roidoro tekjdm e ce prfkfadm ec òserrfccf

oafmkdaf, sfadec y aucturec< ec òroahf ò `dspfmor cdjrokomto ò sus prfpdfs

roaursfs.8

@oroahf e ce ecdkomteadm

Oc Oste`f òjo beremtdzer oc òroahf ò tfè porsfme e oster prftobdè afmtre

oc hekjro< perecocekomto, òjo prfkfvor cfs ktf`fs ò prfùaadm ò

ecdkomtfs es afkf esoburer ume `dstrdjuadm oqudtetdve.4

9 Om ce soaadm ò Emoxfs òc prosomto `debmstdaf, so puoò afmsucter oc ^rftfafcf ò QemQecve`fr.2Aomtrf ò @oroahfs Hukemfs Irey Iremadsaf ò Ydtfrde F^, EA. Cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs,Qfadecos, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos (@OQAE).8Afecdadm Dmtormeadfmec Hjdtet y Ioòreadm Cutoreme Kum`dec. Oc ogoradadf ò cfs @oroahfsOafmkdafs, Qfadecos y Aucturecos, ^. ?.4^D@OQA, ertaucf 55.


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@oroahf e ce secu`

Qo roidoro e quo tfè porsfme tdomo òroahf e `dsiruter ò secu`, temtf isdae

afkf komtec< e tomor eaaosf ò etomadm k`dae, e ce dmifrkeadm pere ce

provomadm ò ces omiorkoèòs o dmacusdvo, ec soburf sfadec. Oc Afkdt ò

@oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos e`fpte ume

afmaopadm ks ekpcde ò osto òroahf y cf dmtorprote afkf umf quo mf scf

ejerae ce etomadm ò secu` fpfrtume, sd mf tekjdm cfs prdmadpecos ieatfros

òtorkdmemtos ò ce secu` afkf oc eaaosf ec ebue cdkpde pftejco, ec sukdmdstrf

eòaue`f ò ecdkomtfs semfs, ume mutrdadm eòaueè, e ume vdvdomè

eòaueè, afm`dadfmos semes om oc trejegf y oc ko`df ekjdomto.5>

@oroahf e ce oùaeadm

Pfè porsfme tdomo òroahf e ume oùaeadm frdomteè ec somtd`f ò su

`dbmdè` y ifrtecoadomto ò cfs òroahfs y cdjorteòs, ievfroadom`f ce ekdste` y

tfcoremade omtro cfs brupfs readecos, tmdafs f rocdbdfsfs. Oc ^D@OQA, ostejcoao

quo cfs Oste`fs òjom esoburer ce omsoemze prdkerde fjcdbetfrde y bretudte< y

òjo prfkfvor o kemore eaaosdjco y bomorecdzeè ce omsoemze soaumèrde.

@oroahfs aucturecos

Oc ^D@OQA ostejcoao quo cfs Oste`fs òjom roafmfaor oc òroahf ò tfè

porsfme e pertdadper om ce vdè aucturec, ò bfzer cfs jomoidadfs òc prfbrosf ò

ce adomade< es afkf prfkfvor oc òserrfccf y `diusdm ò ekjfs.

Cfs òroahfs aucturecos dmvfcuarem oc firoaor fpfrtumdèòs e cfs `dioromtos

soatfros sfadecos, rospoter ces `dioromades aucturecos, y ifkomter cepertdadpeadm ò ces kdmfres, òmtrf ò ces auecos so afmtokpcem cfs puojcfs

dm`bomes.

5>Fp. Adt.


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@oroahfs cejfrecos y ò soburdè` sfadec

Pfè porsfme tdomo òroahf e trejeger jegf afm`dadfmos `dbmes quo mf etomtom

afmtre su secu` md soburdè`, e roadjdr um secerdf gustf, e òsaemser, e iumèr

sdm`daetfs, tdomo òroahf ò huocbe o dmacusf e soburdè` sfadec.

@oroahf e um ko`df ekjdomto semf

Pfè porsfme tdomo òroahf e òserrfccerso òmtrf ò um ko`df ekjdomto semf,

os òadr, e tf`f oc omtfrmf quo afm`dadfme y òtorkdme ces afm`dadfmos ò vdè

ò ce sfadoè`.

Cfs @OQAE om KxdafOm Kxdaf, ùremto kerzf ò 5485, ce e`kdmdstreadm ò Gfs Cpoz ^frtdccf so

`df e ce teroe ò ocover ce aro`djdcdè` òc pes om `dstdmtfs ifrfs

dmtormeadfmecos e trevs ò ce retdidaeadm ò `dioromtos trete`fs

dmtormeadfmecos. @o tec kf`f, 5485 roprosomte pere Kxdaf um ef ò evemao

om ketorde ò òroahfs hukemfs, puostf quo oc Ogoautdvf idrk oc êatf

Dmtormeadfmec ò @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos y Aucturecos (^D@OQA),afkprfkotdom`f ec eperetf bujormekomtec e aukpcdr afm ces `dspfsdadfmos quo

òc kdskf okemem (tec afkf so omumade om oc ertaucf 511 afmstdtuadfmec).

Eume`f ec ^D@OQA, Kxdaf so e`hdoro ec êatf ò Qem Gfs f Afmvomadm

Ekordaeme sfjro @oroahfs Hukemfs, ce auec roprosomte um dmstrukomtf

vdmaucemto pere oc pes, e `dioromade òc peatf aocojre`f afm Meadfmos _mdès

quo puoò dmtorproterso afkf òroahf jcem`f.

Om oc êatf ò Qem Gfs, Kxdaf so afkprfkoto e trevs òc ertaucf :9 e

beremtdzer oc òroahf ec òserrfccf ò kemore prfbrosdve. Cfs @OQAE so

òspromòm proadsekomto ò osto òroahf ec òserrfccf. Oc prfjcoke quo

sdokpro he rfòe`f e cfs @OQAE os quo sd jdom oxdsto ume fjcdbetfrdoè` ò cfs


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Oste`fs heade occfs, oc hoahf ò quo ste fjcdbetfrdoè` soe prfbrosdve cos

afmvdorto om òroahfs `diusfs,55cf auec sdbmdidae quo su oxdbdjdcdè` so afkpcdae

ec mf omafmtrerso tdpdidae`fs cfs perkotrfs quo kdòm su aukpcdkdomtf.

êre quo cfs @OQAE so puoèm ogoraor, os moaoserdf afmsdòrer ieatfros tecos

afkf ce oxdstomade ò afm`dadfmos eòaueès pere quo aeè dm`dvdùf puoè

bfzer ò sus òroahfs. Oste roecdè` ost rospecèè om ce @_@H, ec

erbukomter quo mf puoò roecdzerso oc dòec ò sor hukemf cdjro, e komfs quo

so aroom afm`dadfmos quo porkdtem e aeè porsfme bfzer ò sus @oroahfs

Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos temtf afkf ò sus @oroahfs

Advdcos y ^fctdafs.5: ^fr cf emtordfr, os moaoserdf prfkfvor ce eòaueadm òces afm`dadfmos pere quo ò oste kemore tfè porsfme puoè ogoraor

`dbmekomto sus oroahfs.

^fr temtf, ks quo um evemao om ce afmstruaadm ò oqudè`, gustdade y rospotf,

ce retdidaeadm òc ^D@OQA y òc êatf ò Qem Gfs afmstdtuyom um rotf pere oc

Oste`f. Cekomtejcokomto èè ce afkpcogdè` dmhoromto pere heaor aukpcdr

osto pequoto ò òroahfs, oc Oste`f so osauè utdcdzem`f oc prdmadpdf òprfbrosdvdè`, erbukomtem`f ce iecte ò roaursfs oafmkdafs, ove`dom`f es ce

fjcdbeadm afmtreè afm ce sfadoè`.

ôso e quo cfs @OQAE secom ò ce mfkomaceture tre`dadfmec òc rostf ò cfs

òroahfs hukemfs, ce iecte ò roaursfs oafmkdafs mf oxdko ec Oste`f ò su

aukpcdkdomtf, puos òmtrf ò sus fjcdbeadfmos ost oc prfpdader ces afm`dadfmos

moaoserdes pere oc òserrfccf ò ce aduèème ko`demto pfctdaes pjcdaes,pcemos f prfbrekes quo roporautem om ce afcoatdvdè`.

55E `dioromade ò cfs @oroahfs Advdcos y ^fctdafs quo bfzem ò aerator dmko`detf.5:^D@OQA.


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Ftre fjcdbeadm quo e`qudoro oc Oste`f e trevs ò ce retdidaeadm òc ^D@OQA

os jrdmèr um dmifrko qudmquomec ec Afkdt ò @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos

y Aucturecos ò ce FM_ (A@OQA), rbemf quo so omaerbe ò okdtdr

roafkomèadfmos e kemore ò rotrfecdkomteadm quo so hejrm ò eaeter.

Afkf afkpcokomtf, oc A@OQA roadjo um dmifrko ectormetdvf, okdtd`f pfr

frbemdzeadfmos ò ce sfadoè` advdc quo trejegem om prf ò cfs òroahfs

hukemfs om `dahf Oste`f.

Ces ovecueadfmos quo heste ehfre so hem okdtd`f om tfrmf e ce eatueadm òc

Oste`f koxdaemf pfr perto ò ce sfadoè` advdc frbemdzeè y òks rbemfs

afmsuctdvfs roafmfad`fs pfr oc Afmsogf Oafmkdaf y Qfadec (OAFQFA), soafmaomtrem om ume artdae cetomto quo epumte ec kfòcf oafmkdaf, quo evece`f

pfr cfs bfjdormfs toamaretes, cdkdte oc òserrfccf omtom`d`f afkf ce kogfre ò

ce aecdè` ò vdè ò ce pfjceadm. E rez ò um kfòcf ò aepteadm ò aepdtec

oxtremgorf y cdjro korae`f so korke ce fpfrtumdè` ò prfbrosf pere ce

keyfre, puos ec tdokpf quo so sdomtem ces jesos pere ievfroaor ce eaukuceadm

ò aepdtec, so prfium`dzem ces afm`dadfmos ò òsdbuecè` y ce iecte ò

fpfrtumdè` pere tfès ces porsfmes.

Om oc omtfrmf robdfmec, ce sdtueadm mf os `dioromto7 ec fjsorver cfs m`daos quo

aecdidaem e Gecdsaf om ketorde ò @OQAE e trevs òc m`dao Ostetec ò

Aukpcdkdomtf ò cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Qfadecos, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos,

afmstrud`f pfr ce Afkdsdm Meadfmec ò @oroahfs Hukemfs (AM@H),

quoè om ovdòmade quo mf oxdsto frdomteadm ecbume ò ces pfctdaes pjcdaes ec

prdmadpdf ò prfbrosdvdè`, pfr oc afmtrerdf peroao quo ce setdsieaadm òecbumfs òroahfs e ce pfjceadm ostm suirdom`f ò robrosdvdè`, pfsdadfmem`f

ec Oste`f om ce aetobfre ò ko`df ectf afm um m`dao ò ?8.9 pumtfs ò um

tftec ò adom. Os proadsekomto fjgotf ò osto `debmstdaf, eatuecdzer cfs

dm`dae`fros ò aukpcdkdomtf ò cfs @OQAE om um torrdtfrdf om pertdaucer, afkf


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os oc aesf ò ce robdm Qur / Qurosto òc oste`f ò Gecdsaf, kdske quo om ces

sdbudomtos pbdmes so osardjo.

:. Afmtoxtf òc Qur ò Gecdsaf7 oafmfke, pfctdae y ko`dfekjdomto

^fr Gfrbo Omrdquo Zfahe Uudmtorf

Gecdsaf os um oste`f ò ce Zopjcdae koxdaeme cfaecdze`f om oc faadòmto òc

pes. Qo co he aecdidae`f gumtf afm cfs oste`fs ò Muovf Com, Oste`f ò Kxdaf

y oc @dstrdtf Ioòrec afkf umf ò cfs torrdtfrdfs ks `dmkdafs ò Kxdaf. Ostooste`f auomte afm ume aduè` ò ces afmsdòreès ks prspores om Ekrdae

Cetdme (ce Wfme Kotrfpfcdteme ò Bueècegere) y afm umf ò cfs aomtrfs

turstdafs ks dkpfrtemtos oc pes (ûortf Yeccerte). Gecdsaf os torrdtfrdf pfr oc

quo etrevdosem verdfs ò cfs ogos ò aroadkdomtf f afrro`fros òc òserrfccf ks

dkpfrtemtos òc pes. Oc prdkorf ve òsò oc oste`f ò Pekeucdpes (cdktrfio

afm Poxes, O_) y òsokjfae om oc puortf ò Kemzemdccf, om oc oste`f ò

Afcdke, pere secdr òsò ecc ec faemf êaidaf. Oc sobum`f afrro`fr pese pfrtf`f oc mfrfosto ò Kxdaf y tdomo afkf pumtf ò ccobeè oc oste`f ò

Aecdifrmde, O_. Oc toraor afrro`fr afmoate e ce aduè` ò Bueècegere afm ce

aepdtec òc pes, ce Aduè` ò Kxdaf. Oste afm`dadm he bomore`f ume dmsoradm

òc oste`f om cfs korae`fs bcfjecos ò kctdpcos ifrkes, pfr ogokpcf ecroò`fr

ò Bueècegere so dmtomt òserrfccer um afkpcogf peroad`f ec Yecco òc Qdcdam

om Aecdifrmde, O_, osto prfaosf he prfvfae`f ce dmsteceadm ò kuahes

okproses ò kdarfocoatrmdae (DJK, Cuaomt, Qdokoms, Qemkdme-QAD, Gejdc,omtro ftres) y ce aroeadm o verdfs perquos toamfcbdafs y o sfitwero.

Dbueckomto, ce Wfme Kotrfpfcdteme ò Bueècegere (WKB) tdomo afkf

eatdvdèòs oafmkdaes jsdaes oc afkoradf, oc firoadkdomtf ò sorvdadfs


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ospoadecdze`fs, ume ekpcde fiorte oùaetdve, turdskf y eatdvdèòs aucturecos.

Qdm okjerbf, eòks ò ce dmùstrdecdzeadm y oc firoadkdomtf ò sorvdadfs pere

tf`f oc Faadòmto ò Kxdaf, ume ò ces aereatorstdaes ks dkpfrtemtos os ce

eatdvdè` ebrafce, poauerde y ifrostec. Gecdsaf os oc prdkor prfùatfr ò kez,

coaho, huovf y aermo ò aor`f om oc pes, y so omauomtre om cfs prdkorfs cuberos

ò prfùaadm ò ftrfs prfùatfs ebrafces, omtro cfs quo òsteaem oc ebevo

ezuc, e pertdr òc auec so prfùao oc toqudce. Ostes eatdvdèòs tekjdm so hem

dmafrpfre`f e ces cbdaes bcfjecos, y oc sur òc oste`f os umf ò cfs torrdtfrdfs

`fmò ostes dmkdaes ostm ks prosomtos.

@etfs bomorecos ò ce robdm QurOs proadsf ospoadidaer quo oc sur ò Gecdsaf auctureckomto ejerae um ekpcdf

torrdtfrdf, y quo e pertdr ò ce robdfmecdzeadm okprom`dè pfr oc bfjdormf òc

oste`f om 544?, oc sur ò Gecdsaf so `dvd`d om auetrf robdfmos e`kdmdstretdves7

Afste Qur, Qdorre ò Ekuce, Qur y Qurosto. êre oc aesf ò osto trejegf scf so

tfker roioromade y torrdtfrdf ò trejegf ce Zobdm Qur. Hocdf`frf Fahfe (:>>0)

eidrke quo oc osaomerdf bofbridaf quo afrrospfmò e ce Zobdm >9 Qur ò

Gecdsaf, afmtdomo ces sujrobdfmos òmfkdmeès Yeccos, @fkfs, Ccemfs yEctdpcemf, quo om adorte ifrke ebrupem y `dioromadem ospeadeckomto ce

dòmtdè` aucturec, pedsegstdae y prfùatdve ec dmtordfr ò ce robdm. Oc tftec ò

ce suporidado robdfmec sfm 9,>18 lk: (2% òc oste`f), ropertd`fs om 59

kumdadpdfs, quo sobm ètfs òc DMOBD om :>>? hejdtejem 15:,49: porsfmes.

Om iumadm ò sus aereatorstdaes oafcbdaes, ce robdm afmtdomo tros bremòs

tdpfs ò umdèòs ospeadecos quo pfòkfs ebruper om7 oc Yecco ò Qeyuce,

Wepftcm, oc Ccemf Bremò y ces sdorres quo dmacuyom Pepecpe, Oc Pdbro, Move`fò Afcdke y Hecf.

Oc vecco ò Qeyuce-Wepftcm (5,11> ksmk) so ujdae ec aomtrf ò ce robdm, ost

afmifrke`f pfr um sdstoke ò auomaes hd`rfcbdaes aorreès o dmtorafmoateès


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quo so prfcfmbem e tf`f cf cerbf ò ce robdm om somtd`f mfrtosur, quo afm oc

porkotrf ò sus pertoebues ifrke ecbf peroad`f e ume ko`de cume. Om ce perto

ks jege so omauomtre ume omfrko suporidado dmumèjco quo afrrospfmò ec

sdstoke ò cebumes suporidadecos ò Weafecaf-Qem Kerafs-Qeyuce51, eòks ò

ce cebume ò Wepftcm.

Om oc oxtrokf sur pfmdomto afkf perto ò cfs kumdadpdfs ò Qem Bejrdoc,

Pfcdkm y Wepftdtcm, ost oc òmfkdme`f Ccemf Bremò (5,:>> ksmk),50 quo

pfsoo ume suporidado fmùceè tom`dè heade oc fosto, ce auec he sd`f kfòceè

pfr brem aemtdè` ò surafs icuvdecos. Oste zfme quoè omaorreè omtro ces

sdorres ò Pepecpe, Kememtcm y oc Move`f ò Afcdke, ieatfros quo ce hemafm`dadfme`f afkf ce perto ks rdè ò ce robdm. Ce voboteadm os

pro`fkdmemtokomto erjustdve y pratdaekomto ce tftecdè` ò ces tdorres ò

auctdvf sfm ò tokpfrec. ^fr ftre perto, ces afm`dadfmos bofcbdaes y

oèifcbdaes heaom ò sto oc sobum`f cuber afm ks ectf m`dao ò roaerbe ò

eauiorfs om ce robdm, òspus òc kumdadpdf ò Pofaudtetcm quo pfr su eatuec

oxpcfteadm ò ebues sujtorrmoes `dspfmo ò pfr cf komfs auetrf voaos ks

ebue quo auecqudor ftre zfme bofhd`rfcbdae ò ce robdm. Oste `dspfmdjdcdè`ò ebue om oc sujsuocf y ces afm`dadfmos acdktdaes òc Ccemf heaom ò sto um

cuber kuy prfpdadf pere auctdvfs afkf ces hfrtecdzes.

Ectormeès afm poquoes sorremes so omauomtrem cfs afr`fmos kfmtefsfs ò

ce sdorre òc Pdbro ec frdomto (:,19> ksmk) y ce sdorre ò Pepecpe ec pfmdomto

(:,08> ksmk), sopereès pfr oc vecco ò Qeyuce-Wepftcm, porf umdès

sutdckomto ec sur pfr ko`df òc afkpcogf vfcamdaf òc Move`f ò Afcdke (0,:>>

51 Om ce suporidado dmumèjco cfs suocfs tdomom um ectf bre`f ò secdmdè`, dkpfsdjdcdtem`f ceokorbomade ò voboteadm< eumquo auem`f tdomom ebue, ecjorbem poaos y evos kdbretfrdes.Zoadomtokomto so òarot e ces cebumes afkf roe meturec prftobdè.50Afmfad`f tekjdm afkf oc Ccemf om Ccekes ye quo osto torrdtfrdf iuo òsardtf pfr oc osardtfrkoxdaemf Guem Zucif om su fjre òc kdskf mfkjro. Om c so rocetem hdstfrdes roceadfmeès afmces eatdvdèòs aftd`demes ò cfs pfjce`fros ò oste sujrobdm.


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ksmk). Oc frdbom bofcbdaf ò ostes ostruatures os `dioromto e ces òsardtes

emtordfrkomto, porf ce afkpfsdadm vobotec os um temtf sdkdcer, pro`fkdmem`f

oc jfsquo ò pdmf, omadmf y oc kosidcf, es afkf socve jege aeùadifcde. Qobm

adires òc ^cem ò @oserrfccf ò ce Zobdm Qur òc Bfjdormf òc Oste`f, cfs

jfsquos faupem ume toraore perto ò tfè ce suporidado robdfmec, porf su bre`f

ò afmsorveadm os kuy `dioromto< ces roes ks rdaes om jdf`dvorsdè` y kogfr

afmsorveès sfm ces òc Move`f ò Afcdke y Kememtcm< om afmtresto, ces

sdorres ò Pepecpe, oc Pdbro y ò Hecf ostm kuy òtordfreès pfr ce

oxpcfteadm keòrore y ce eporture ò bremòs oxtomsdfmos ebrafces ò

tokpfrec y pestdzecos pere usf poauerdf, sfjro tf`f om ces kosotes (Fahfe,

:>>0).

Hocdf`frf Fahfe (:>>0) tekjdm `dstdmbuo umdèòs prfùatdves. Om ce

sujrobdm Yeccos, afmifrkeè pfr cfs kumdadpdfs ò Wepftcm oc Bremò,

Wepftdctda, Puxpem, Pfmdce y Bkoz Ieres, so omauomtre ecroò`fr ò ??% ò ce

pfjceadm robdfmec, frdomteè prdmadpeckomto ec soatfr toraderdf y ec òserrfccf

ò eatdvdèòs dmùstrdecos y oxtreatdves ò ketordec bofcbdaf. Oste sujrobdm

os ce ks `dmkdae y rdae oafmkdaekomto< tfkem`f afkf roioromade ceaepteadm ò ehfrrfs, roprosomte 2>% ò tfè ce robdm Qur y oc ehfrrf por

apdte os admaf voaos keyfr quo om ces ftres tros sujrobdfmos. Ce rdquoze

oafmkdae ò Yeccos mf so oxpcdae scf pfr su dkpfrtemade òkfbridae, sdmf

tekjdm pfrquo sus eatdvdèòs so hem frdomte`f heade cfs sorvdadfs y ce

dmùstrde, dmacuyom`f auctdvfs afkf ce aee ò ezaer y kez òstdme`fs e ce

ebrfdmùstrde ò ecaemao robdfmec y meadfmec. ^fr ftrf ce`f Aduè` Buzkm

(Wepftcm), Wepftdctda y Puxpem so hem afcfae`f om um mdvoc dkpfrtemto afkfcfaecdèòs afmaomtre`fres ò dmvorsdfmos y aomtrfs ertdauce`fros quo dmacusf

rojesem ce robdm.


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Ce sujrobdm @fkfs ost afmstdtudè pfr cfs kumdadpdfs ò Ekeauoae, Etfyea,

Qeyuce, Poahecute, Pofaudtetcm y Weafecaf, sdbudm`fco om dkpfrtemade

oafmkdae y òkfbridae e Yeccos, om ostfs kumdadpdfs hejdte :8% ò ce

pfjceadm robdfmec, `dstrdjudè ò kemore ks f komfs oqudcdjreè omtro cfs

soatfros prfùatdvfs. ^fr ces aereatorstdaes idsdfbridaes òc cuber, ce

ebrdaucture so preatdae ò kemore dmtomsdve, ye quo auomte afm bremòs

suporidados ò rdobf pere auctdvf ò eciecie pere òmtrf y iuore ò ce robdm, es

afkf hfrtecdzes ò ectf afstf pere oxpfrteadm. Esdkdskf, oxdsto verdoè` om

ces eatdvdèòs prdkerdes dmacuyom`f ce roafcoaadm y ce aeze, iomkomf

ievfroad`f pfr ce `dspfsdadm ò `dioromtos oafsdstokes quo vem òsò ce cebume

heste ce kfmtee. Eume`f e ostf, ce pdteye ò Poahecute y cfs oqudpecos òWeafecaf sfm prfùatfs ò cerbe tre`dadm o dòmtdè`, kuy roafmfad`fs om tf`f

Gecdsaf (Fahfe, :>>0).

Om oc Ectdpcemf, kumdadpdfs ò Pepecpe y Etokegea, oc turdskf os ume eatdvdè`

dkpfrtemto, porf so cfaecdze om umes auemtes cfaecdèòs, ospoadeckomto om ces

aejoaores. Ce rdquoze pedsegstdae ò sus kfmtees, sukeè ec turdskf, sfm

ieatfros quo hem òtfme`f um rpd`f aroadkdomtf pfjceadfmec, pfsdadfmm`fcfsafkf cfs `fs kumdadpdfs afm ks ectf aroadkdomtf òkfbridaf robdfmec omtro

544> y :>>>, aroadom`f :0% ùremto osto pordf`f. Ostf he dkpcdae`f ce eporture

ò kuahfs ireaadfmekdomtfs aekpostros quo etreom e porsfmes ò ftrfs

cuberos, sfjro tf`f ò ce aduè` ò Bueècegere. Eume`f e cf emtordfr, ost

prosomto oc eprfvoahekdomtf keòrorf ò cfs jfsquos afm dkpfrtemtos

aeadaezbfs< eòks ces afm`dadfmos idsdfbridaes òc cuber, sfjro tf`f oc acdke y

tfpfbreie, rostrdmbom oc auctdvf ò ospoados ectekomto romtejcos afkf ceshfrtecdzes. Om ostes afm`dadfmos, oc auctdvf ò ce pepe os ò cfs ks dkpfrtemtos

òsò heao ume àeè (Fahfe, :>>0).


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Ce sujrobdm Ccemfs dmacuyo e cfs kumdadpdfs ò Qem Bejrdoc, Pfcdkm y

Wepftdtcm ò Ye`dccf< afkf roioromade, ostfs tros kumdadpdfs tdomom om afmgumtf

ce kdske pfjceadm quo heao `doz efs. Om oste zfme, ce keyfr perto ò ces

tdorres prfùatdves sfm ò tokpfrec, `fmò so auctdve prdmadpeckomto kez< oc

ahdco, berjemzf y aeaehueto sfm prfùatfs afm cfs quo ce bomto dòmtdidae ec

cuber. Oste sujrobdm eperoao afm oc ks ectf pftomadec ifrostec, turstdaf y

pere auctdvf ò hfrtecdzes, porf aurdfsekomto, mdmbume ò ostes eatdvdèòs os

dkpfrtemto heste ehfre< su dkpeatf eatuec os drrocovemto pere ce keyfre ò ce

pfjceadm òjd`f e quo so roqudoro ò bremòs dmvorsdfmos. Om ostes afm`dadfmos

umes auemtes ebrfdmùstrdes hem sejd`f eprfvoaher ce rdquoze ebrafce òc

cuber y ce `dspfmdjdcdè` ò kemf ò fjre, òserrfccem`f dmireostruature yeafm`dadfmem`f tdorres pere auctdvf dmtomsdvf (dmacuyom`f dmvormeòrfs) afm

rosucte`fs oxaocomtos om trkdmfs o bememades (Fahfe, :>>0).

Cfs prdkorfs eaoraekdomtfs ec sur ò Gecdsaf y sus prfjcokessfadecosOc sur ò Gecdsaf, auomte afm ume hdstfrde ò kfvdkdomtfs sfadecos quo tdomom

afkf frdbom, temtf e ce Dbcosde aetcdae y brupfs aekposdmfs, afkf e bfjdormfsòc êrtd`f Zovfcuadfmerdf Dmstdtuadfmec (^ZD) y òc êrtd`f Eaadm Meadfmec

(ÊM), quo hem è`f pdo e ume `dmkdae sfadec dmtomse y kuy pertdaucer. Ce

Dbcosde bfze ò ume prosomade dkpfrtemto e trevs ò ces Afkumdèòs

Oacosdecos ò Jeso (AOJ), kfòcf surbd`f òsò heao 0> efs e trevs ò ce

tofcfbe ò ce cdjoreadm y ce fpadm proioromadec pfr cfs pfjros< pfr perto òc

bfjdormf eperoaom brupfs sfadecos prfkfvd`fs pfr oc ^ZD òsò oc emtdbuf

kfvdkdomtf ebrerdste, y cdbe`fs e `fs dkpfrtemtos aeadaezbfs om ce robdm


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heao 5? efs okpozerfm e bfjormer om `dstdmtfs kumdadpdfs ò ce robdm, y quo

dmacusf ehfre tdomom ume dkpfrtemto prosomade e mdvoc ostetec y meadfmec.59

Oc kfòcf ò òserrfccf sobud`f heste ehfre he tomd`f sordes dkpcdaeadfmos

temtf om cf sfadec afkf om cf oafcbdaf. ^fòkfs òsteaer ce aomtrecdzeadm ò ce

oafmfke om ces cfaecdèòs ò Wepftcm Oc Bremò, Eutcm y Qeyuce< ce

aroadomto dkpfrtemade y oioatfs ò ces okproses ebrfoxpfrte`fres om oc vecco ò

Eutcm, Qeyuce y Qem Bejrdoc< ce dmùstrde keòrore ò Etomqudquo< cfs

dmbomdfs ezuaerorfs ò Pekezuce, Oc Bruccf y Aesdkdrf Aestdccf y ces aecores ò

Wepftdctda omtro ftres. Osto kfòcf aomtrecdze`f ost jese`f om ce aroadomto

koraemtdcdzeadm y om ce dmsoradm òc oste`f om ces `dmkdaes bcfjecos, soeafkpee òc ejem`fmf peucetdmf e ces ifrkes tre`dadfmecos òc aekpf om

Kxdaf< ostfs tros ieatfros sfm ecbumes ò ces aeuses ks dkpfrtemtos òc

aroadomto bre`f ò kerbdmeadm quo so vdvo om oc Qur ò Gecdsaf cf quo tekjdm,

omtro ftres afses, dkpcdae ume iuorto y afmstemto oxpucsdm ò pfjceadm e

Oste`fs _md`fs, sdtueadm quo e su voz prfpdade ce òsafkpfsdadm òc togd`f

sfadec y oc òjdcdtekdomtf ò cfs bfjdormfs cfaecos. Pfès ostes sdtueadfmos

eioatem `droatekomto ce vdbomade ò cfs @oroahfs Oafmkdafs Qfadecos yAucturecos.

Om um `debmstdaf roecdze`f e prdmadpdfs ò oste àeè (Icfros, Zfahe, :>>5),

ce prfjcoktdae dòmtdidaeè om ce robdm `df e afmfaor cfs afstfs ò um kfòcf

ò òserrfccf jese`f om ce sfjro oxpcfteadm aepdtecdste, om oc quo so eaomte

scf ce `dkomsdm oafmkdae òc òserrfccf, bomorem`f um sordf prfjcoke ò

`dstrdjuadm ò ce rdquoze quo, pfr ftrf ce`f, ost somte`f om um sdstokepfctdaf eutfrdterdf y kuy pfaf òkfartdaf. Qd jdom os adortf quo om Kxdaf ye

59 Oc eatuec Qoaroterdf ò ce Qoaroterde ò Ebrdaucture (QEBEZÊ) e mdvoc ioòrec (EcjortfAròmes Gdkmoz) os perto ò osto brupf.


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hey dm`dadfs ò tremsdadm e ce òkfareade,52tekjdm os roec quo osto iomkomf

tdomo `dstdmtfs bre`fs y mdvocos y, sdm ùè ecbume, os om oc aekpf koxdaemf

`fmò oc aekjdf òkfartdaf ost ks etrese`f. Mf so trete sfcekomto ò quo

oc pertd`f hobokmdaf pdorè ces ocoaadfmos, ye quo ce aceso pfctdae ò ostfs

torrdtfrdfs sdbuo sdom`f iumèkomteckomto ce kdske, y utdcdzem`f `dstdmtfs

pertd`fs pfctdafs pere su errdjf ec pfòr, os òadr, utdcdzem`f oc cceke`f kfòcf

ò pertd`f-iremqudade, om ce quo oc brupf pfctdaf utdcdze auecqudor ostruature

pertdèrde quo so cf porkdte pere afmtomòr om ocoaadfmos, ovdte kf`didaer sus

ifrkes ò heaor pfctdae f so e`hdrdoro e cfs prdmadpdfs òc pertd`f om auostdm.

Om oc sur ò Gecdsaf oc iomkomf ò ce ectormemade os mftejco, ye quo scf umkumdadpdf mf he oxpordkomte`f oc aekjdf ò pertd`f om oc pfòr om cfs ctdkfs

efs. Ce rezm ò cfs aekjdfs om pertdaucer rospfmò e ces `dmkdaes cfaecos,

porf sdm ùè ce aepeadè` ò ce aceso pfctdae ò aekjder ò pertd`f y ce

afmadomade sfadec quo so he bomore`f om ce robdm e trevs ò cfs trejegfs ò ce

@daosds ò Aduè` Buzkm dmicuyom om ces pfsdjdcdèòs ò ce ectormemade ò

pertd`fs.

Hokfs afmstrud`f ye ce vdsdm ò um prfjcoke sfadec afkpcogf, quo tdomo afkf

`dkomsdfmos ks rocovemtos ce oafmkdae, ce pfctdae y ce ekjdomtec, y afkf

pumtf ò pertdè ce ebrdaucture, prdmadpec eatdvdè` prfùatdve ò ce robdm sur

ò Gecdsaf, quo om ecbumfs aesfs so dmsorte om oc prfaosf ò bcfjecdzeadm.

Ecbumfs ò cfs dkpeatfs ò ce bcfjecdzeadm om ce prfùaadm ebrafce so

fjsorvem acerekomto e trevs ò ce prosomade ò okproses ebrfoxpfrte`fres

quo ec auctdver bremòs suporidados ò hfrtecdzes oxpcftem dmtomsdvekomto cestdorres y oc ebue, y quo òjd`f ec usf ò ecte toamfcfbe o dmsukfs (afkf oc ebue

f ce tdorre) òtordfrem oc oqudcdjrdf oafcbdaf y cfs roaursfs meturecos< so è,

52êre verdfs emecdstes pfctdafs y ostu`dfsfs òc toke, om roecdè` scf hujf ectormemade om ocpfòr, porf om osomade so kemtdomo oc kdskf rbdkom.


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eòks, oc okpcof ò trejege`fros gfrmecorfs kdbremtos dm`bomes òc sur òc

pes (sfjro tf`f ò cfs oste`fs ò Buorrorf, Fexeae y Yorearuz), y so ievfroao

um korae`f ks cdbe`f e cf dmtormeadfmec quo e cf robdfmec f cfaec, pere cf auec

os utdcdze`f temtf oc afrro`fr quo ve òsò oc oste`f ò Poxes om Oste`fs

_md`fs heste oc puortf ò Kemzemdccf, afkf cfs ftrfs afrro`fros quo cf cdbem

afm oc oste`f ò Aecdifrmde f afm oc aomtrf òc pes.

Om oso `debmstdaf so oxprose ume acere cbdae ò sfjro oxpcfteadm ò cfs

roaursfs meturecos, ume vdfceadm ò òroahfs cejfrecos (proaerdzeadm oxaosdve

òc okpcof), ume muce `dstrdjuadm ò ce rdquoze bomoreè, um ahfquo aucturec

omtro ce aucture kostdze cfaec y ces `dvorses auctures dm`bomes ò cfs gfrmecorfsebrafces y um bfjdormf cfaec dmoidadomto y kemdete`f emto ostes roecdèòs.

Ftrf ò cfs oioatfs mf òsoe`fs he sd`f ce breùec òseperdadm ò cfs

ebrdauctfros cfaecos, quo mf puoòm afkpotdr afm ces bremòs ebrfokproses ye

quo stes eaeperem ce kemf ò fjre y oc korae`f. Om oc sur ces okproses

cfaecos mf hejem sd`f ejsfrjdès pfr cfs bremòs afmsfradfs afkf suoco suaoòr

om ftrfs aekpfs oafmkdafs< ce òseperdadm so `df ò ftre ifrke7 om prdkor

cuber om ce romte ò ces tdorres, y om sobum`f cuber om ce vomte ò ces kdskes,quo om Kxdaf so porkdto òsò 544: puos ces roifrkes ec ertaucf :2

icoxdjdcdzerfm ce mfrketdve om auemtf ec usf o ce tdorre so roidoro.

Ose `dmkdae he bomore`f um prfaosf aroadomto ò okpfjroadkdomtf, quo

roùmè om ce pfae aepeadè` ò heaor iromto e cfs okjetos ò ce oafmfke

bcfjec, ec òtordfrf ekjdomtec y e ume jege aecdè` ò vdè quo he prfpdade`f

quo oc sur ò Gecdsaf soe ume zfme ectekomto oxpucsfre ò kdbremtos heade cfsOste`fs _md`fs. Eòks tekjdm so he robdstre`f ce eperdadm ò pratdaes

readstes heade cfs dm`bomes. Oste sdtueadm so suke e ce oxdstomade ò

bfjdormfs cfaecos dòmtdidae`fs afkf `jdcos, pfaf roprosomtetdvfs, ecbumfs ò

occfs afm jesos aeadqudcos ò pfòr, dmaepeaos ò rosfcvor ce prfjcoktdae ò ces


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cfaecdèòs y ò ce robdm y ò omtejcer ume roceadm erkfmdfse afm ce bomto, y

afm osaese pfsdjdcdè` ò bomorer prfaosfs ò òserrfccf cfaec. Zospoatf e ce

sfadoè` advdc, so omafmtr afm um togd`f sfadec ireature`f, om oc quo cfs eatfros

sfadecos so eutfprftobem y roeaadfmejem, y om bomorec mf prosomtejem

dmdadetdves ò òserrfccf, eumquo afm prfaosfs ò afmadomadeadm mftejcos. Oc

bfjdormf y sus prfyoatfs sdbuom sdom`f aomtrecdze`fs y jomoidadem`f e ecbumfs

auemtfs brupfs.

Om oc `debmstdaf so roafmfadorfm ecbumfs eatfros sfadecos ò ospoadec

rocovemade om ce robdm7 ce @daosds ò Aduè` Buzkm, ^fòr Aduèèmf

Gecdsaf, ce Zo` ò Ectormetdves Qustomtejcos Ebrafces, oc Qdstoke òIdmemadekdomtf Zurec Ectormetdvf y ecbumes FMB afm trejegf om oc sur afkf

Eaadm Aduèème pere ce Oùaeadm, ce @okfareade y oc @oserrfccf

(EAAO@@O), oc Dmstdtutf Koxdaemf ò @oserrfccf Afkumdterdf (DK@OA) y oc

Aomtrf ò Epfyf ec Kfvdkdomtf ^fpucer ò Faadòmto (AEK^F). Om oso

kfkomtf so vecfr quo osfs trejegfs roprosomtejem ume ectormetdve roec pere

um kfòcf ò òserrfccf `dstdmtf, porf quo em mf dmadèm om ces pfctdaes

pjcdaes ò ifrke ks oioatdve, md afmtejem afm ce suidadomto aepeadè` òafmvortdrso om dmtorcfautfros roecos o cfs bfjdormfs cfaecos.

Ce afmacusdm iuo quo ce suke ò tf`fs cfs ieatfros emtordfros, èjem afkf

rosucte`f um kfòcf ò eaukuceadm aepdtecdste eafrò afm ce bcfjecdzeadm

oafmkdae, quo faesdfme quo oc Qur ò Gecdsaf sdbe sdom`f um oxpfrte`fr ò

hfrtecdzes om irosaf y ò kemf ò fjre e Oste`fs _md`fs< osto afmtoxtf he

bomore`f um okpfjroadkdomtf òc bruosf ò ce pfjceadm< ce pr`dè ò pfòre`qudsdtdvf< korkes om ce aecdè` ò vdè< y um òtordfrf mftejco òc ko`df

ekjdomto.


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Qobumè êrto@debmstdaf sfjro ce sdtueadm ò cfs @oroahfs Hukemfs

om oc Qur ò Gecdsaf7 @OQAE, Qoburdè` ^jcdae yêrtdadpeadm Aduèème


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@debmstdaf sfjro ce sdtueadm ò cfs @oroahfs Hukemfsom oc Qur ò Gecdsaf7 @OQAE, Qoburdè` ^jcdae yêrtdadpeadm Aduèème^fr Guem Cerrfse Iuomtos

Afkf ye so he oxpcdae`f om oc aeptucf emtordfr, oc prosomto trejegf os um

osiuorzf pfr fjtomor ètfs quo auemtdidquom oc oste`f y ce vdbomade ò cfs

cceke`fs @OQAE (@oroahfs Oafmkdafs, Aucturecos y Ekjdomtecos), om oc Qur

ò Gecdsaf, om fròm ò eatuecdzer oc oste`f ò ce auostdm om ketorde ò

òroahfs hukemfs ò osto oste`f òc faadòmto ò Kxdaf. E afmtdmueadm so

prosomtem cfs rosucte`fs o osto trejegf o dmvostdbeadm.

Kotf`fcfbeOc `debmstdaf so roecdz e trevs ò ume omauoste ò 515 probumtes, `dvd`dès e

su voz om admaf `dkomsdfmos ò trejegf7 aepeadèòs hukemes jsdaes), Etfyea

(51), Bkoz Ieres (:>), Qem Bejrdoc (:5), Qeyuce (?9), Pepecpe (:?), Poahecute

(?), Pofaudtetcm (59), Pfcdkm (50), Pfmdce (55), Puxpem (?:), Weafecaf ò

Pfrros (05), Wepftdctda (00), Wepftdtcm ò Ye`dccf (5>) y Wepftcm oc Bremò

58Om ce soaadm ò emoxfs so cfaecdze ume kuostre òc auostdfmerdf epcdae`f.


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(5?1). Oc dmstrukomtf iuo trejege`f omtro gumdf ò :>>9 y iojrorf ò :>>2,

prdmadpeckomto pfr kdokjrfs ò ^fòr Aduèèmf Gecdsaf, òc Aomtrf ò

Gustdade pere ce êz y oc @oserrfccf (Aope`), òc ^rfbreke Dmstdtuadfmec ò cfs

@oroahfs Hukemfs y ce êz (^D@H^), es afkf ecukmfs ò ce _mdvorsdè`

Dtosf, quo iumbdorfm afkf vfcumterdfs f proste`fros o sorvdadf sfadec.

Pejce 57 Mkorf ò omauostes covemteès pfr kumdadpdfKumdadpdf OmauostesEkeauoae 4Etokegea 5>

Etfyea 51Bkoz Ieres :>

Qem Bejrdoc :5Qeyuce ?9

Pepecpe :?Poahecute ?

Pofautdcetcm 59Pfcdkm 50Pfmdce 55

Puxpem ?:Weafecaf 05Wepftdctda 00Wepftdtcm 5>Wepftcm 5?1

Pftec ?>>

Oc acaucf pere ostdker oc mkorf ò omauostes epcdaeès, iuo pfr ko`df ò ume

irkuce ò kuostre ostretdidaeè. Om osto tdpf ò trejegfs ò dmvostdbeadm,

auem`f ume pfjceadm rojese ces adom kdc porsfmes (afkf os oc aesf ò ce robdm

Qur ò Gecdsaf), oc kmdkf ò ce kuostre òjo sor ò 18: porsfmes (afm um orrfr

kxdkf eaoptejco ò ?% y um mdvoc ò afmidemze ò 4?%).54êre oc aesf òc

prosomto trejegf, ce kuostre so ccov heste ces ?>> umdèòs.

54Ce robdm sur ò Gecdsaf so afmifrke pfr 59 kumdadpdfs, om cfs quo sobm ètfs òc DMOBD om:>>?, tdomo ume pfjceadm ò 15:,49: porsfmes.


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5. Aepeadèòs Hukemes Jsdaesfr7 Gfrbo Omrdquo Zfahe Uudmtorf y

Borer`f ^roz Ydrekfmtos

Ces moaosdèòs hukemes jsdaes, òsò cfs pcemtoekdomtfs òc ^rfbreke ò

Meadfmos _mdès pere oc @oserrfccf (^M_@) ostm cdbeès, òsò ume

porspoatdve ò òroahfs hukemfs, e cfs òroahfs oafmkdafs, sfadecos,

aucturecos y ekjdomtecos (@OQAE). êre oc aesf ò ce omauoste om oc sur ò

Gecdsaf, so tfkerfm afkf verdejcos cfs sdbudomtos òroahfs7 secu`, ecdkomteadm,

oùaeadm, dmbrosfs y vdvdomè. Eòks so heao ume jrovo oxpcfreadm sfjro oc

prfjcoke o ce kdbreadm.

Emtos ò oxpfmor cfs rosucte`fs ò ce omauoste ò cfs òroahfs roiord`fs, so

prfpfmom, e kemore ò dmtrfùaadm, ecbumfs ètfs ò afmtoxtf sfjro ostfs

òroahfs.

Bridae 5

Iuomto7 Omauoste pere ko`dr oc oste`f y vdbomade ò cfs @oroahfs Hukemfs om oc Qur ò

Gecdsaf7 @OQAE, Qoburdè` ^jcdae y êrtdadpeadm Aduèème. AOÊ@, :>>2.


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AfmtoxtfAfm ètfs òc ef :>>>, oc Afmsogf Ostetec ò ^fjceadm (AFO^F) soece quo oc

m`dao ò @oserrfccf Hukemf (D@H) ò 50 ò cfs 59 kumdadpdfs os "ko`df ectf".

Cfs ftrfs `fs (Puxpem y Wepftcm oc Bremò) so omauomtrem om oc rembf ò "ectf

òserrfccf". Qecvf ostfs `fs ctdkfs, oc D@H prfko`df ò cfs òks kumdadpdfs

iuo ò >.2:22, ce tese ò kfrtecdè` dmiemtdc ò :2.20%, ce tese ò osafcerdè`

ò porsfmes omtro sods y :0 efs ò ?2.95% y oc ^DJ por apdte om `ceros

eguste`fs ò 1,?8? ec ef. Bridaekomto ce dmifrkeadm òsebrobeè pfr

kumdadpdfs so puoò fjsorver om ce Bridae 5.

Om auemtf ec m`dao ò Kerbdmeadm (DK) so komadfme e tros ò cfs 59kumdadpdfs afm ectf bre`f ò kerbdmeadm (Etokegea ò Jrdzuoce7 >.554:5,

Pfcdkm7 >.5?0>: y Wepftdtcm ò Ye`dccf7 >.:5590), e sods afm um mdvoc ko`df,

admaf afm jegf y `fs afm kuy jegf (Wepftcm oc Bremò y Qeyuce).

Bridae :




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Ostfs sfm cfs ètfs fidadecos òc afmtoxtf ò ce robdm. E afmtdmueadm so

oxpfmom cfs rosucte`fs o ce omauoste.

QecuÒm oc Afmtof ò ^fjceadm òc DMOBD ò :>>?, sfcekomto ?:% ò cfs hejdtemtos

òc Qur ò Gecdsaf tomem eaaosf e ces dmstdtuadfmos ò secu`. Om ce omauoste

epcdaeè so omafmtr quo ::% ò ce pfjceadm mf auomte afm oc eaaosf e ostfs

sorvdadfs, 0.5% pebe ecbm tdpf ò soburf prdve`f, 14.2% eauò ec DKQQ pere

etomòrso (sobm DMOBD eauò 9?%), 8.?% `dsirute òc DQQQPO (DMOBD soece

55%) y 18.5% so etdomò om cfs sorvdadfs ò secu` kumdadpecos, om cfs ò ceQoarotere ò Qecu` f e trevs òc Qoburf ^fpucer (sto sobm DMOBD os

utdcdze`f pfr :0% ò cfs hejdtemtos òc Qur ò Gecdsaf).

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E poser ò ces `dioromades omtro cfs ètfs fidadecos y cfs fjtomd`fs om ce

omauoste, puoò afmacudrso quo ce vdbomade òc òroahf e ce secu` mf os

umdvorsec, ye quo pfr cf komfs ume qudmte perto ò ce pfjceadm mf tdomo eaaosf

e ostfs sorvdadfs. Cceke ce etomadm pfr ftrf ce`f quo ce aemtdè` ò porsfmes

quo so etdomòm om oc DKQQ os pratdaekomto ce kdske quo so etdomò om cfs

sorvdadfs ò secu` kumdadpecos f om ce Qoarotere ò Qecu`. Ostf hejce ò `fs

sdtueadfmos7 quo ce kdte` ò cfs trejege`fros y sus iekdcdes mf auomtem ce

soburdè` sfadec òjdè, f quo scf 14.2>% tdomo um trejegf ifrkec. Mdmbume ò

ce `fs hdptosds f ce afkjdmeadm ò ekjes kuostrem ume sdtueadm hecebe`fre.

Iromto e ce probumte sfjro ce aemtdè` ò acmdaes, hfspdtecos y k`dafs quooxdstom ces rospuostes iuorfm kuy verdeès. Kemogm`fces e trevs ò ko`dès

ò tomòmade aomtrec so ostruaturerfm o ce sdbudomto kemore7

Pejce 5. Aemtdè` ò acmdaes, hfspdtecos y k`dafs pfr kumdadpdf


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@osò ce poraopadm ò cfs aduèèmfs òc sur ò Gecdsaf, ce aemtdè` ò

ospeadfs pere ce secu` y ò k`dafs os òidadomto, ye quo sd ostfs ètfs iuorem

roecos so tom`rem 582 k`dafs pere ks ò 1>> kdc hejdtemtos, os òadr, 5,9>>

peadomtos pfr aeè k`daf.

Eumquo cfs mdvocos ò veaumeadm mf sfm ovecue`fs pfr oc DMOBD om cfs afmtofs

ò pfjceadm quo so roecdzem omtro um aomsf y ftrf, om oc `debmstdaf epcdae`f so

omafmtr quo ks ò ce kdte` ò ce pfjceadm he roadjd`f om bomorec oc osquoke

afkpcotf ò veaumeadm y scf 2.5% ropfrte mf afmter afm mdmbume ò ces

veaumes soeceès. Qo puoò roafmfaor omtfmaos quo om ce robdm so aukpcosuidadomtokomto jdom ce vdbdcemade opdòkdfcbdae y ce epcdaeadm ò cfs

prfbrekes ò veaumeadm< eumquo hejre quo rovdser om qu sdtueadm so

omauomtrem ces cfaecdèòs.

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Gecdsaf faupe oc auertf cuber òc pes om mkorf ò aesfs ò Ydh/Qdè

eaukuce`fs òsò 5481 y sobm ces adires fidadecos,:> e idmecos ò :>>9 oc

mkorf ò porsfmes dmioateès esaomè e 4,::1 (eumquo oxtrefidadeckomto so

aecauce quo hey ks 0> kdc omiorkfs mf `debmfstdae`fs). Om osto afmtoxtf, ò

ces ?>> porsfmes quo afmtosterfm ce probumte sfjro oste omiorkoè`, scf 1?

ropfrtem tomor ecbm iekdcder f afmfad`f omiorkf afm oc Ydh/Qdè kdomtres quo

45.5% rostemto dmifrk mf afmfaor e me`do afm osto peòadkdomtf. _mf ò cfs

fjgotdvfs òc kdcomdf afmsdsto om afkjetdr oc Ydh/Qdè y so soece afkf kote

pere cfbrercf hejor òtomd`f y afkomze`f e roùadr pere :>5? ce prfpebeadm

ò oste omiorkoè`. Afkf dm`dae`fr pere ovecuer cfs evemaos om oste kote so

tfke om auomte oc pfraomtego ò pfjceadm omtro 5? y :0 efs quo tdomoafmfadkdomtfs ekpcdfs y afrroatfs sfjro ce omiorkoè`. Eumquo oc `debmstdaf

mf ovecu oxpcadtekomto osto dm`dae`fr, ò cfs 50? gvomos komfros ò :0 efs

quo afmtosterfm ce omauoste, scf auetrf soecem afmfaor e ecbudom quo peòao

Ydh/Qdè, cf quo puoò dm`daer òsafmfadkdomtf ò cf quo sdbmdidae o dkpcdae oc

tretekdomtf ò oste omiorkoè`.

Oc ecafhfcdskf, iuo soece`f pfr 4>% ò muostrfs dmifrkemtos afkf ce e`daadmks afkm om ce robdm, kdomtres quo oc afmsukf ò `rfbes os afmsdòre`f um

prfjcoke ò secu` pfr 2?.9% y oc usf òc tejeaf os poradjd`f tekjdm afkf ume

ò ces e`daadfmos bomorecdzeès pfr um pfraomtego afmsdòrejco ò porsfmes

(9?%). Ostfs ètfs kuostrem akf ce pfjceadm poradjo ce porsdstomade ò ostfs

prfjcokes ò secu` e poser ò ces eaadfmos supuostekomto okprom`dès pfr ces

eutfrdèòs ioòrecos y ostetecos e trevs òc ^rfbreke Meadfmec ò

^rovomadm ò E`daadfmos om Ko`dfs ò Afkumdaeadm quo so pusf om keraheproadsekomto om Gecdsaf e idmecos o :>>?.

:> http7//ssg.gecdsaf.bfj.kx/jfcotdmos/jfcotdmos>9/j::Mfv>9.htkc


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^fr ctdkf, ce oxdstomade ò um jftdqum ò prdkorfs euxdcdfs, afkf umf ò cfs

omsoros prdfrdterdfs om ces vdvdomès, scf iuo afmtosteè ò kemore eidrketdve

om 00.1% ò cfs aesfs, ètf quo e prdkore vdste pf`re soecer ce iecte ò ume

oùaeadm om y pere ce secu` omtro ce pfjceadm f jdom ce eusomade ò roaursfs

suidadomtos pere pfòr afmter afm cfs ketordecos o aureadm ks fr`dmerdfs.

Ecdkomteadmêre 9?% ò cfs omauoste`fs cfs ectfs proadfs ò cfs ecdkomtfs sfm cf quo cos

dkpdò tomor eaaosf e occfs y scf pere :1% mf rosucte um prfjcoke

afmsobudrcfs. êre :8.1% ò ce kuostre, oc prfjcoke ostrdje ks jdom om ce

kece `dstrdjuadm f oc pfaf surtd`f quo ò occfs oxdsto. Afm ostfs ètfs os

pfsdjco dmiordr ce aeromade ò okpcofs jdom rokumore`fs quo pfsdjdcdtom afmter

afm cfs roaursfs pere pfòr eaaoòr e cfs setdsieatfros jsdafs afkf sorem cfsecdkomtfs. Om oc dmifrko sfjro oc @oserrfccf Hukemf om Kxdaf ò :>>: oc

^M_@:5 ye soeceje e ce òsdbuecè` om ces rokumoreadfmos afkf oc ieatfr

ks òtorkdmemto quo prfvfae ce òsdbuecè` sfadec om muostrf pes. E poser

:5 http7//seuc.muovo.afk.kx/dmifrkos/dkebos/dmifrko.zdp


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ò cfs erbukomtfs ò osto frbemdskf dmtormeadfmec om oc somtd`f ò quo so

evemzere sdbmdidaetdvekomto om cfs mdvocos ò òserrfccf hukemf om ce ko`dè

om quo so `dskdmuyorem ces òsdbuecèòs, e admaf efs ò `dstemade ò equoc

dmifrko, mf peroao hejorso evemze`f cf suidadomto om Gecdsaf afkf pere cfbrer

um òserrfccf hukemf ks oqudtetdvf y es aukpcdr afm oc prdkor fjgotdvf ò

òserrfccf òc kdcomdf7 orre`daer oc hekjro.

Bridae 9



^fr ftrf ce`f, scf 594 porsfmes, ò ces ?>5 omauosteès, afmsdòrem mf tomor

ume ecdkomteadm eòaueè< mf es ftrf 9?.8% quo poradjo quo os juome su

ecdkomteadm. Ce kece ecdkomteadm os poradjdè pfr ks ò 9>% ò cfs

omauoste`fs om Pfcdkm (kumdadpdf afm ectf bre`f ò kerbdmeadm), Qeyuce

(kuy jege kerbdmeadm), Poahecute y Etokegea (ectf bre`f o kerbdmeadm).


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OùaeadmOm cf roioromto e ce oùaeadm, :4.1% ò ce pfjceadm omauosteè torkdm heste

ce prdkerde y :8.?% mdaekomto heste soaumèrde< os òadr, scf ume toraore

perto ò ce pfjceadm cfbr afmacudr afm ce oùaeadm jsdae fjcdbetfrde pere cfs

koxdaemfs. Om oc ftrf oxtrokf ò ce osaece oùaetdve, um pfaf komfs ò ce

qudmte perto ò cfs quo rospfm`dorfm he pf`d`f eaaoòr e ce umdvorsdè` f e cfs

pfsbre`fs. Qd oc Oste`f koxdaemf ost fjcdbe`f e proster sorvdadfs oùaetdvfs

pere quo tfè ce pfjceadm puoè aurser ce oùaeadm proosafcer, ce prdkerde y

ce soaumèrde (Coy Bomorec ò Oùaeadm, Ert. 1) ^fr qu komfs ò ce toraore

perto ò ce pfjceadm òc sur ò Gecdsaf mf he cfbre`f afmsobudr oc mdvoc kmdkf

ò oùaeadm ec quo tdomo oroahf6

E cf cerbf ò ce vdè, ce oùaeadm os ume prdfrdè` ye quo ò eauor`f afm ce

_MOQAF tf`fs cfs pesos kdokjrfs òjorem tomor afkf fjgotdvf pere pfòr

omiromter ò kemore pfsdtdve cfs rotfs quo mfs prosomte oc kum`f


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afmtokpfrmof.::@o cfs omauoste`fs, um pfaf ks ò 2?% soece afmfaor ce

oxdstomade om oc kumdadpdf ò prfbrekes ò aepeadteadm f oùaeadm pere

pfjceadm eùcte ò jegfs roaursfs. Ce oùaeadm os ume moaosdè` jsdae ò

tfès ces porsfmes y umf ò cfs òroahfs hukemfs iumèkomtecos prfaceke`fs

om ce @oacereadm _mdvorsec. Oc òserrfccf ò ces afkumdèòs roqudoro ce

aepeadteadm porkemomto ò ces porsfmes om kctdpcos roes pere ce

e`qudsdadm ò afkpotomades afkpcoges. Eòks ò ce oùaeadm jsdae quo so

firoao e cfs eùctfs, hey aeromade ò prfbrekes ekpcdfs y verde`fs ò

oùaeadm pere ce vdè y oc trejegf.

DmbrosfsEc probumter pfr ces iuomtos e trevs ò ces auecos ces porsfmes fjtdomom cfs

dmbrosfs oafmkdafs so omafmtr quo 94.8% ò ce pfjceadm cfs afmsdbuo pfr oc

trejegf esecerde`f quo roecdze y :1.9% e trevs ò mobfadfs prfpdfs. Ces

tremsioromades ò `dmorf sfm ropfrteès afkf frdbom ò roaursfs pfr 1.?% ò ce

pfjceadm y cfs `dvdòm`fs pfr pertdadper om affporetdves pfr 5.5%. Oc trejegf

esecerde`f sdbuo sdom`f omtfmaos, pere ce keyfre, ce kemore fr`dmerde ò

afmsobudr cf moaoserdf pere ce sujsdstomade. ôrf ec auostdfmer sfjro cfs kfmtfse cfs quo esadomòm tecos roaursfs, 92.1% ò cfs omauoste`fs soecem roadjdr

omtro 5>> y 5>>> posfs e ce sokeme y 59% komfs ò 5>>. Om rosukom7 81.1% ò

cfs trejege`fros òc sur ò Gecdsaf, roadjom omtro aorf y tros secerdfs kmdkfs.

Om um trejegf emtordfr, tfkem`f afkf jeso cfs dmbrosfs òc aomsf òc ef :>>>,

2?% ò ce pfjceadm bemeje omtro oc kerbom komadfme`f. Os òadr, sobm oste

omauoste, cfs hejdtemtos òc sur òc oste`f hem oxpordkomte`f um prfaosf roec

ò okpfjroadkdomtf, ye quo 8.1% ò ces porsfmes quo mf ostejem om oso rembf,ehfre portomoaom e c.

:: _MOQAF, Ce oùaeadm omadorre um tosfrf7 dmifrko e ce _MOQAF ò ce AfkdsdmDmtormeadfmec sfjro ce Oùaeadm pere oc sdbcf XXD, prosd`dè pfr Gequos @ocfrs, Kxdaf, OcAfrrof ò ce _MOQAF, 5442


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Iuomto7 Omauoste pere ko`dr oc oste`f y vdbomade ò cfs @oroahfs Hukemfs om oc Qur òGecdsaf7 @OQAE, Qoburdè` ^jcdae y êrtdadpeadm Aduèème. AOÊ@, :>>2.

Aesd 9>% ò cfs omauoste`fs `dao trejeger ò 0> e ?> hfres e ce sokeme f ks. Om `fs toraores pertos ò ces

rospuostes so soece quo oc kumdadpdf mf auomte afm prfbrekes ospoaidafs pere

oc okpcof f oc eutfokpcof. Qd cfs Oste`fs perto òc ^D@OQA ostm fjcdbe`fs e

e`fpter ko`dès tom`domtos e cfbrer oc pcomf okpcof, ò qu kemore oc Oste`f

koxdaemf ost aukpcdom`f afm su rospfmsejdcdè` auem`f 1?5 porsfmes ò ces

?>5 omtrovdsteès om oc sur ò Gecdsaf òsafmfaom ce oxdstomade ò prfbrekes om

oste ketorde.

Ec probumter sfjro prfbrekes kumdadpecos pere ce orre`daeadm ò ce pfjroze,

2>% ò cfs omauoste`fs soecem òsafmfaor ce oxdstomade ò tecos prfbrekes. Qd

oc prdkor fjgotdvf soece`f pfr ce FM_ ec dmdadf òc kdcomdf afmsdsto om

orre`daer ce pfjroze y oc hekjro pere :>5?, sd so sejo quo oc bfjdormf ioòrec

pusf om kerahe oc ^rfbreke Kdarfrobdfmos om kumdadpdfs aetecfbe`fs afm ectf

bre`f ò kerbdmeadm pere orre`daer ce pfjroze oxtroke, cceke ce etomadm oc

òsafmfadkdomtf quo oxdsto sfjro ostfs prfbrekes, pertdaucerkomto om


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Etokegea ò Jrdzuoce, Pfcdkm y Wepftdtcm o Ye`dccf, om `fmò scf, 5 ò `doz,

auetrf ò 50 y 5 ò `doz porsfmes rospoatdvekomto, tomem afmfadkdomtf ò ce

oxdstomade ò osto tdpf ò prfbrekes. @o qu kemore so ostm pfmdom`f om

ogoauadm dahfs prfbrekes sd ces porsfmes mf tdomom dmifrkeadm sfjro occfs6

Bridae 4



KdbreadmUudomos eidrkem tomor om ce eatuecdè` ecbm iekdcder trejegem`f f vdvdom`f om

Oste`fs _md`fs (141 rospuostes) `daom om su keyfre quo sfm horkemfs f hdgfs

cfs quo ostm òc ftrf ce`fy scf :: porsfmes afkomtem quo so trete ò ecbumf

ò cfs ejuocfs f ò ecbm amyubo, os òadr oc 28.9% ò cfs omauoste`fs tdomo

ecbm perdomto kdbre`f. Om tftec, ec suker ce aemtdè` ò perdomtos quo ostm

om cfs Oste`fs _md`fs so hejce ò 025 kdbremtos. 519 omauoste`fs ropfrtem

hejor secd`f ec komfs ume voz ò su cfaecdè` e ftres aduèòs ò ce Zopjcdae

f e Oste`fs _md`fs om jusae ò trejegf. @o stfs, 19% ostuvf iuore pfr 5> efs

f ks, 51.4% ùremto admaf efs, y ?>% rostemto so eusomt pfr `fs efs f

komfs. ôrf ftrf 2:% ò cfs omauoste`fs `dao mf hejor secd`f mumae ò su


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afkumdè` om jusae ò trejegf. Eumquo sfm kuahfs cfs dmvostdbe`fros quo

soecem ce rocovemade quo hem tomd`f pere ce ostejdcdè` kearfoafmkdae òc

pes ces rokoses quo sfm omvdeès sdstoktdaekomto pfr cfs pedsemfs e sus

iekdcderos quo porkemoaom om oc cuber ò frdbom, so aeroao ò adires quo

ospoadidquom oc kfmtf, ce robucerdè` y ce ifrke om ce quo ccobem tecos roaursfs.

Eum e poser ò quo verdes probumtes òc auostdfmerdf protomèm fjtomor

dmifrkeadm ec rospoatf, oc sdcomadf iuo oc quo prdv om ce keyfre ò cfs aesfs7

:0: porsfmes soecem mf roadjdr osto tdpf ò `dmorf, 58> sdkpcokomto mf

rospfm`dorfm ostes probumtes y ces 24 quo soecem ecbume aemtdè` ospoaidae

quo roadjom, poradjom om prfko`df :,>>> `ceros ec ef, (ecroò`fr ò $::,519).

Qorvdadfs om ce vdvdomèCe vdvdomè, ftrf ò cfs espoatfs iumèkomtecos pere pfòr ccover ume vdè

hukeme `dbme, om 95% ò cfs aesfs iuo ropfrteè afkf vdvdomè prfpde. Ec

auostdfmer sfjro cfs roaursfs afm cfs quo auomte om occes so omafmtr quo

kdomtres mdaekomto 5?% ò ce pfjceadm tdomo Dmtormot y :4% afkpute`fre



AfmacusdfmosOm auemtf e ce setdsieaadm ò moaosdèòs jsdaes om oc sur ò Gecdsaf, hey`dvorses prfjcoktdaes quo roicoge ce omauoste, sdtueadfmos quo vdfcem cfs

òroahfs hukemfs ò cfs hejdtemtos ò oste robdm. Om prdkor cuber, ks ò

ume qudmte perto ò ce pfjceadm aeroao ò eaaosf e auecqudor sorvdadf ò secu`,

um toradf afmsdòre quo ost kec ecdkomte`f y `fs toraores pertos pdomsem quo

cfs proadfs ò cfs ecdkomtfs sfm aerfs.

Hey um prfaosf roec ò okpfjroadkdomtf om ce robdm, quo e su voz afrrospfmòec ectf m`dao ò kdbreadm. Eòks cfs sorvdadfs afm quo auomtem cfs hfberos

sfm kuy `dsperos, ye quo kuy pfafs tdomom eaaosf e Dmtormot, kdomtres quo

muovo ò aeè 5> tdomom tocovdsdm.


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:. Qustomtejdcdè` y ko`df ekjdomto^fr7 Gfrbo Omrdquo Zfahe Uudmtorf

Om cfs ctdkfs 1> efs oc toke ò ce sustomtejdcdè` y oc ko`df ekjdomto he

afjre`f keyfr rocovemade. Ce mftejco oxpcfteadm ò roaursfs meturecos, ce

ardsds òc kum`f rurec, oc aecomtekdomtf bcfjec, oc òsejestf òc ebue y cfs

prfjcokes aroadomtos ò ces aduèòs hem sd`f toke ò dmvostdbeadfmos y

òjetos. Osto aekpf ò profaupeadfmos tekjdm ost porkoe`f pfr ce vdbomade

ò cfs òroahfs hukemfs. Eumquo tamdaekomto cfs @OQAE sfm um brupf ò

òroahfs y cfs òroahfs ekjdomtecos ifrkem perto ò ce ccekeè toraorebomoreadm ò òroahfs hukemfs, kctdpcos brupfs sfadecos, frbemdzeadfmos ò

ce sfadoè` advdc o dmacusf eae`kdafs hem okpoze`f e mfkjrer y esfader e osto

brupf ò òroahfs afkf @OQAE, ye quo ce roecdè` ve kfstrem`f quo ces

vdfceadfmos e cfs òroahfs hukemfs ò ostes aetobfres ostm prfiumèkomto

cdbeès.

Om oc aesf òc sur ò Gecdsaf, ce sustomtejdcdè` tdomo oc rfstrf òc kum`f rurec.^fr cf temtf pere oste omauoste so afmsdòrerfm cfs kerafs afmaoptuecos quo

aereatordzem ce pfsdjdcdè` ò ce sustomtejdcdè` om `fs bremòs kfòcfs

ebrafces:1 quo so afmtrepfmom7 oc kfòcf ertosemec-tre`dadfmec y oc kfòcf

okproserdec-toamfcbdaf.

Om dmvostdbeadfmos roadomtos so he afmidrke`f quo om oc sur ò Gecdsaf afoxdstom

ekjfs kfòcfs afm dkpeatfs temtf pfsdtdvfs afkf mobetdvfs (Gedko Kfrecos,:>>9). Om ecbumfs cuberos cfs kfòcfs fporem ò ifrke afkpcokomterde, om

ftrfs sujsd`derde y om ecbumfs ks ostm om iremae fpfsdadm.

:1 Kfòcf ebrafce ejerae ces tros iumadfmos tre`dadfmecos òc kum`f rurec7 ebrdaucture,bemeòre y ifrostore.


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Oc kfòcf ertosemec-tre`dadfmec tdomo afkf jeso ce aucture aekposdme, quo

perto ò ce iekdcde rurec afkf oc prdmadpec ebomto ò ce prfùaadm,

kemtomdom`f ume oafmfke aorreè (`fmò tf`fs cfs dmsukfs sfm om`bomfs y

so vem ro-ejsfrjdom`f om oc prfaosf prfùatdvf). Ec tomor afkf dmsukfs

iumèkomtecos cfs prfpfradfme`fs pfr oc torrdtfrdf afmarotf, scf so prfùao cf

quo sto puoò bomorer sdm pfmor om rdosbf ce prfùaadm iuture. Om ecbumes

faesdfmos ce oxpcfteadm ò cfs roaursfs meturecos ost cdbeè e dòes y

afskfvdsdfmos quo afmsdòrem ec ko`df ekjdomto afkf um omto frbmdaf, afm

sus prfpdes moaosdèòs. Om osto somtd`f ces auctures dm`bomes roicogem

acerekomto ostes vdsdfmos oc kum`f.:0

Osto kfòcf ebrafce porkdto ce roprfùaadm aucturec ò ces afkumdèòs, ce

aroeadm y ce tremskdsdm ò afmfadkdomtf okprdaf cfaec, epcdae`f e ces

afm`dadfmos kuy ospoaidaes òc torrdtfrdf. Ovdòmtokomto oc afmtrfc òc prfaosf

prfùatdvf ost om kemfs ò cfs aekposdmfs y cfs korae`fs, `fmò cfs

prfùatfs sfm afkoradecdze`fs om cfs ospeadfs cfaecos. Aejo eacerer quo cf quo

so pfmo om oc korae`f sfm cfs oxaoòmtos ò ce prfùaadm, puostf quo ocprdmadpec òstdmf ò cfs prfùatfs os ce prfpde afkumdè`, pere ce setdsieaadm

ò sus moaosdèòs. Ftre ò ces aereatorstdaes ò osto kfòcf os ce

pcurdeatdvdè`, ye quo ces iekdcdes aekposdmes tdomòm e ce afkjdmeadm ò

eatdvdèòs, os òadr, om ume kdske peraoce pfòkfs omafmtrer ebrdaucture,

bemeòre, ifrostore, y om ecbumfs aesfs heste eatdvdèòs ò aroeadm ò

ertosemes y oserrfccf o ces ertos.

Om oc cerbf pcezf osto kfòcf tdomò e ce oidadomade prfùatdve (pfr ce

eutfmfke y ce aroeadm afmtdmue ò afmfadkdomtf) y ec kemtomdkdomtf òc

:0Ce dòe ò ce ke`ro tdorre f peahekeke os oc ogokpcf ks pere`dbktdaf ò oste vdsdm.


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ko`df ekjdomto, pfr ce `dmkdae quo bomore7 cf quo so oxtreo so robrose e ce

tdorre.

Oc kfòcf okproserdec-toamfcbdaf so omkerae om oc prfaosf ò bcfjecdzeadm

oafmkdae quo tdomò e afmvortdr e ce ebrdaucture om ume pdoze ks òc kfòcf

ò eaukuceadm mofcdjorec. Ce oxprosdm ks eaejeè ò osto kfòcf os oc

cceke`f ebrfjusdmoss (ebrfmobfadfs).

Ces aereatorstdaes ks dkpfrtemtos òc kfòcf okproserdec-toamfcbdaf sfm7

tf`fs cfs ocokomtfs òc prfaosf ò prfùaadm so koraemtdcdzem, omtfmaos ce

tdorre so romte, oc trejegf so vuocvo esecerde`f y so jusaem dmsukfs oxtormfsquo pfsdjdcdtom ume oxpcfteadm ebrafce dmtomsdve. Om osto kfòcf oc trejegf

ebrafce tdomò e `dioromaderso om tfrmf ec bmorf y oc frdbom readec. ^fr

ogokpcf, ce perto ò ce sdokjre y afsoahe ce suocom roecdzer dm`bomes quo

kuahes voaos ostm om sdtueadm ò kdbreadm, oc okpequo ò cfs prfùatfs cf

heaom kugoros ò ces cfaecdèòs y cfs puostfs `droatdvfs cfs tdomom hfkjros

quo ce okprose afmtrete provdekomto om ces aduèòs ò frdbom ò ces

afrpfreadfmos.

Cfs prfùatfs suocom sor kfmfauctdvfs ò bremòs `dkomsdfmos, frdomte`fs e

ces sfcdadtuòs òc korae`f dmtormeadfmec, roicogeès om ce prfùaadm ò

hfrtecdzes, irutes y icfros om irosaf. Om oc aesf ò Gecdsaf cfs tros prfùatfs quo

tdomom ostes aereatorstdaes sfm oc gdtfketo, ce pepe y oc ebevo.

Oc afmfadkdomtf roquord`f pere afmùadr ostfs prfaosfs prfùatdvfs tdomo umebue adomtidae, kuahes voaos jeseè om ebrfqukdafs y jdftoamfcfbe

dkpfrte`fs ò cfs pesos ks òserrfcce`fs. Ce keyfre ò ces voaos, ces

okproses e`qudorom pequotos toamfcbdafs quo dmacuyom ces sokdcces, cfs

iortdcdzemtos y cfs pcebudadès. Oc prfaosf tdomò e ce toamfcfbdzeadm ò adortes


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ò sus pertos, pfr ogokpcf om oc rdobf. Qdm okjerbf ce sdokjre y ce afsoahe so

sdbuom roecdzem`f afm trejegf hukemf.

Osto kfòcf tdomò e bomorer ectes bememades om oc afrtf pcezf, porf tekjdm

he kfstre`f temtf sor dmsustomtejco om oc cerbf pcezf afkf sor iuomto ò

vdfceadfmos e cfs òroahfs hukemfs cejfrecos om temtf quo bomore um okpcof

sukekomto proaerdf y quo etomte afmtre ce secu`.

Ce sdbudomto tejce kuostre ces prdmadpecos aereatorstdaes o ekjfs kfòcfs7

Pejce :. Cfs `dstdmtfs kfòcfs ebrafcesKfòcf ertosemec-tre`dadfme c Kfòcf okproserdec-toamfcbdafJeso tdorre afkf iumèkomtf petrdkfmdec Jeso suocf (k:) afkf iumèkomtf ò ce

oidadomadeAuctdvfs tre`dadfmecos y sejorostremskdtd`fs (oxpordomade)

Auctdvfs socoatfs y muovfs afmfadkdomtfs(dmvostdbeadm)

Adacfs meturecos y tdokpfs ò òsaemsf(pcurdeatdvdè`)

Adacfs ertdidadecos y porkemomade oxdbdè(oxacusdvdè`/kfmfeatdvdè`)

Dkpfrtemade òc aepdtec idgf om oc prfaosfprfùatdvf (eutfmfke ò roaursfs)

Dkpfrtemade òc aepdtec adraucemto om ocprfaosf prfùatdvf (omòuèkdomtfafmsfcdè`f)

Korae`fs cfaecos Korae`fs ekpcde`fs y bcfjecos

Prejegf iekdcder Prejegf esecerde`f@dvdsdm òc trejegf @dvdsdm sfadec, tmdae y ò bmorf òc trejegfAfmtrfc òc prfaosf prfùatdvf êrto ò um prfaosf prfùatdvf bcfjecZoprfùaadm ò ce aucture cfaec ^r`dè ò ce aucture cfaecOidadomade prfùatdve Oafmfke ò osaeceOcejfreadm Gfrbo Zfahe

@osò ume kdreè ò vdbomade ò @OQAE os ovdòmto quo oc kfòcf ertosemec-

tre`dadfmec os ks rospotufsf ò ostfs òroahfs, kdomtres quo oc kfòcf

okproserdec-toamfcbdaf tdomò e cf afmtrerdf.

Om oste oxpcfreadm ò ce poraopadm ò ce aduèème sfjro `dvorsfs tokes

roceadfme`fs afm ce vdbomade ò òroahfs hukemfs, afkf ye hejekfs epumte`f

umf ò cfs tokes sustemtdvfs sfm cfs òroahfs ekjdomtecos, quo pfaf e pfaf so


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hem d`f ertdaucem`f afm roicoxdfmos y vdsdfmos ò `dsadpcdmes afkf ce oafmfke

oafcbdae y ce ebrfoafcfbe. Qfjro oc sur ò Gecdsaf hey verdeès y `dvorses

dmvostdbeadfmos quo rotfkem ostes toktdaes òsò ume porspoatdve ò ostu`dfs

ò aesf. Qdm okjerbf mf he hejd`f um ogoradadf oxpcfretfrdf afm ce pfjceadm

bomorec òc torrdtfrdf sfjro ostfs prfjcokes. ^roadsekomto osto os oc epfrto ò

oste omauoste.

E pertdr ò cfs rosucte`fs fjtomd`fs hey tros sdtueadfmos quo sfjrosecom om

auem`f e sustomtejdcdè` y ko`df ekjdomto so roidoro. Ce prdkore so è om

tfrmf e ce sustomtejdcdè` ò ce ebrdaucture, ce sobumè ecroò`fr òc ebue y ce

toraore so roidoro ec kemogf ò ce jesure.

Ce ebrdaucture om oc sur ò GecdsafOm auemtf e ce ebrdaucture, ce omauoste kuostre e ce robdm afkf um ospeadf

okdmomtokomto rurec òsò ce porspoatdve ò kctdpcos dmvostdbe`fros, ce

prfùaadm ebrafce, om su brem keyfre, so sdbuo headom`f ò ifrke

afmvomadfmec, os òadr, afm dmsukfs ebrfqukdafs, ye soe pere ce iortdcdzeadm f

pere oc afmtrfc ò pcebes. Cfs ostu`dfs ò aesf adte`fs emtordfrkomto kuostremquo ce utdcdzeadm ò ostes ifrkes ò prfùaadm tdomo `fs oioatfs mobetdvfs7 oc

prdkorf sfm cfs èfs e ce secu`, temtf pere qudomos kemogem ostes sustemades,

afkf pere qudomos vdvom aorae ò cfs aekpfs ò auctdvf. Ce sobumè eioateadm

os ec ko`df ekjdomto kdskf, ye quo ce utdcdzeadm prfcfmbeè ò ostes tamdaes

ò prfùaadm, okpfjroao ce tdorre ec bre`f ò òseperoaor ce ketorde frbmdae

y sus mutrdomtos, y pfr ftrf ce`f eioate e ce ieume òc cuber dmtfxdaem`f y

oxtdmbudom`f ce vdè emdkec ò osfs torrdtfrdfs.

Zospoatf e osto rujrf so fjtuvdorfm ces sdbudomtos adires7


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Bridae 55



@oc tftec ò cfs omauoste`fs 2?% roidoro quo utdcdze ce ebrdaucture afmvomadfmec

(afm ebrfqukdafs), :5% use tamdaes afkjdmeès ò ebrdaucture frbmdae y

afmvomadfmec< y scf 0% cf heao ò ifrke frbmdae. Oste sdtueadm puoò etomter

afmtre oc òroahf e ce secu` y oc òroahf e um ko`df ekjdomto semf.

Om auemtf e cfs kfmfauctdvfs quo hey om ce robdm, ks ò ce kdte` ò cfs

omauoste`fs (?2%) oxpros quo hey bremòs pcemteadfmos ò gdtfketo, eòks

ò ebevo ezuc, pepe y icfros. Ce prosomade ò ostfs kfmfauctdvfs so è,

prdmadpeckomto, om cfs kumdadpdfs ò Qeyuce, Pepecpe, Puxpem y Wepftcm.

Eumquo heaom iecte ètfs fidadecos, sobm ce dmifrkeadm ò cfs pfjce`fros, hey

ume iuorto prosomade ò osto tdpf ò auctdvfs, iumèkomteckomto òstdme`fs ec

korae`f bcfjec. Om afmtrepfsdadm, ostu`dfs òc DPOQF komadfmem quo om ce

robdm so hem òge`f ò sokjrer ecroò`fr ò 0>> kdc hoatroes ò kez (GedkoKfrecos, :>>9). Dbueckomto cfs ostu`dfs o ebrdaucture sustomtejco erbukomtem

quo ce oxaosdve prosomade ò kfmfauctdvfs y su dmtoraekjdf pfr ce prfùaadm

ò bremfs jsdafs etomte afmtre ce `dvorsdè` jdfcbdae y pfmo om rdosbf ce


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soburdè` ecdkomterde ò auecqudor torrdtfrdf. Ec rospoatf omafmtrekfs cfs

sdbudomtos rosucte`fs7

Bridae 5:



Ehfmèm`f om ce aucture ebrafce òc sur ò Gecdsaf, so omafmtr quo 1>% ò cfs

pfjce`fros ò ce robdm hejcem ò iecte ò tdorres pere oc òserrfccf ò ce

ebrdaucture. Osto ètf os iumèkomtec, ye quo ces eatdvdèòs prdkerdes sfm ces

ks dkpfrtemtos ò osto torrdtfrdf pfr okpcoer :?% ò ce pfjceadm robdfmec,

eòks ò quo os iuomto pere ces eatdvdèòs ò cfs ftrfs `fs soatfros

oafmkdafs. Ostes adires errfgem ovdòmade ò quo 1>% ò cfs hejdtemtos òc sur

ò Gecdsaf puoòm oster om ume sdtueadm artdae ec mf tomor pfsdjdcdèòs ò

òserrfccf pere su trejegf.


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Bridae 51



Oc ebue om oc sur ò GecdsafOm oc ostu`df roecdze`f so omafmtrerfm ètfs profaupemtos sfjro oc toke òc

ebue. Om prdkor cuber so afmstete um dkpfrtemto prfjcoke ò ejestf om ce

robdm, ye quo ?:% ò cfs omauoste`fs komadfmem quo hey osaesoz òc vdtec

cqud`f. Ec rovdser ces rospuostes pfr kumdadpdfs, ces afkumes quo prosomtem

osto prfjcoke afm keyfr dmtomsdè` sfm7 Puxpem, Wepftcm, Wepftdctda,

Pfcdkm, Poahecute, Ekeauoae, Etokegea y Wepftdtcm o Ye`dccf.

Bridae 50




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Eume`f ec prfjcoke òc òsejestf, ostm cfs ectfs afjrfs pfr oc sorvdadf ò ebue

om ce robdm. 0?% ò cfs omauoste`fs eidrke quo oc afjrf pfr oc ebue os kuy

aerf f aerf, kdomtres quo scf oc 8% afmsdòre quo os jegf f kuy jegf.

Bridae 5?



Ostfs `fs prfjcokes sdm ùè afmstdtuyom um sordf fjstaucf pere cfbrer pcome

vdbomade òc òroahf ec ebue om oc sur ò Gecdsaf, om ume robdm quo

pere`gdaekomto auomte afm `fs zfmes afmsdòreès afkf ces ò keyfr

ejumèmade ò ebues sujtorrmoes7 ce cebume ò Qeyuce y oc Ccemf Bremò.

Kdomtres quo cfs hejdtemtos ò ce robdm suirom òsejestf y afjrfs oxaosdvfs,

ces okproses ò hfrtecdzes tdomom oc ebue suidadomto pere oc òserrfccf ò sus

ebrfmobfadfs.

Oc prfjcoke òc kemogf ò ce jesureOm ce robdm Qur ò Gecdsaf mf so òtoaterfm prfjcokes afm ce roafcoaadm ò

jesure om ce keyfre ò cfs kumdadpdfs y om bomorec so afmsdòre quo oc sorvdadf

os juomf, sdm okjerbf so puoòm eproader ecbum

diagnóstico sobre el estado y vigencia de los derechos humanos en el sur de jalisco

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