Universidad Politécnica Territorial “José Antonio Anzoátegui”El Tigre, Estado Anzoátegui

UNIDAD II.

Los tipos de conectores en inglés

Conectores copulativos. Son los que unen las palabras. El más conocido es AND (Y). Otros conectores copulativos son las palabras ALSO (ADEMÁS), TOO (TAMBIÉN), AS (TANTO, TANTO COMO):

John and Mary came to the party.

Esther plays the piano. Sometimes, also sings.

Conectores disyuntivos. Son los conectores en inglés que funcionan uniendo dos palabras o cláusulas, dándonos la idea de que debemos pensar en una o en otra, de que se excluyen. El más usado es la conjunción OR (O). Otros son las conjunciones NOR (NI), OTHERWISE (DE OTRA MANERA).

When will you come, it will be on Saturday or Sunday?

He doesn’t like wearing socks nor shoes.

Conectores condicionales. Estos conectores indican que uno de los elementos es condición de otro. Muchos de estos conectores en inglés están compuestos por una estructura de dos o más palabras. Algunos son IF (SI), IF…THEN… (SI…ENTONCES…); IN CASE OF (EN CASO DE).

If I don’t have work, I will come tomorrow.

If it rains, then my flight will be delay.

Conectores concesivos. Son los que nos permiten indicar una relación de que algo sucede o no sucede a pesar de los contratiempos o esfuerzos. Algunos de estos conectores son ALTHOUGH (AUNQUE), IN DESPITE OF (A PESAR DE), EVEN IF.

I can’t finish, even if I work all night long.

She needs to go to the doctor, although she does not want to go.

Conectores conclusivos. Son aquellos  que relacionan una idea como la conclusión de una exposición o idea.

Algunos de estos conectores en inglés son: HENCE (POR LO TANTO),  SO (ASÍ), CONSEQUENTLY (EN CONSECUENCIA, EN CONCLUSIÓN):

Taking as a reality that humans and apes have five fingers, bipedal gait also have a 98% of equal common genetic info, consequently we can conclude than biologically, they came from a common ancestry.

You ate a lot of cake, drink four sodas and had many candies, hence, now you’re sick.

Conectores de continuidad. Los conectores de continuidad son los que nos sirven para indicar que la idea que sigue es continuación (lógica o cronológica) de la idea anterior. Algunos son: THEN (ENTONCES), FURTHERMORE (ADEMÁS, A CONTINUACIÓN):

First I have to pick up Mike, then I will go with you to the movies.

Rose went early in the morning to the the store, furthermore she took the dress she wanted.

Conectores adversativos. Estos conectores conectan dos frases u oraciones opuestas. Se diferencian de los disyuntivos en que éstos expresan una oposición entre las ideas, mientras que los disyuntivos indican exclusión entre las ideas. Algunos son: but (pero), however (sin embargo), instead (en lugar de):

I told him to bring the drinks, but he did not have money.

Horses are so useful animals for work; however, many people eat it.

Conectores causales. Son los conectores que indican una relación de causa y efecto entre las cláusulas. Se usa cuando la acción de una oración da origen a otra, o cuando una oración

es consecuencia de la otra. Entre estos conectores en inglés, podemos destacar: BECAUSE (PORQUE), DUE TO (DEBIDO A), OWN TO (DEBIDO A):

The traffic was stopped due the truck accident.

Julio don’t answer your messages because he doesn’t have credit in his cellphone.

Conectores comparativos. Son los auxiliares que usamos para formar los comparativos de los adjetivos y adverbios. Los más comunes son AS (TANTO, COMO), AS…AS (TANTO…COMO), NOT AS…AS (NO TANTO…COMO):

No one knows me as you do.

My sister cooks as well as my mom.

Conectores funcionales. Son los que indican una relación de finalidad. Funcionan muy parecido a los conectores conclusivos. La diferencia consiste en que en los funcionales, la conclusión no es un enunciado sobre una acción estática, sino que generalmente implica la realización de un acto posterior a la conclusión de la acción de la oración. Algunos de estos conectores funcionales son: SO (ASÍ, ASÍ QUE), IN ORDER TO (ENCAMINADO A, EN RELACIÓN A, EN ATENCIÓN A), SO THAT (ASÍ QUE, POR LO TANTO):

He will pick her up early, so she can come at 5 pm.

You have to get work, so that you can pay the rent

-EJERCITACION -

LEER DETENIDAMENTE ESTE TEXTO E IDENTIFIQUE EL TIPO DE CONECTORES Y LAS EXPRESIONES EN VOZ PASIVA EN TIEMPO PASADO SIMPLE. EN EL MISMO

As described in the lab manual,[3] ice was placed in a beaker and warmed until approximately 50% had melted. The temperature of the ice/water mixture was then measured with a thermometer. This was followed by a similar measurement of our solid unknown. In part II, water was heated until boiling and the temperature of the liquid/gas mixture measured with a thermometer. This was followed by a similar measurement using our unknown compound. To get the best results possible, the procedure in the manual was modified by repeating each trial three times.

Data & Results

The Barometric pressure in the lab was measured to be 761.2 mmHg.

Table One – Experimental Data 

Trial Water

Melting Pt.

Water

Boiling Pt.

Unknown 7

Melting Pt.

Unknown 7

Boiling Pt.

1 0.7 C * 101.2 C 80.2 C 272.7 C2 0.1 C 101.1 C 80.7 C 272.8 C3 0.0 C 100.9 C 80.4 C 273.0 C4 0.1 C n/a n/a n/aAverages: 0.15 C 101.1 C 80.4 C 272.8 CStandard deviation (): 0.06 0.15 0.15 0.0695% confidence limits: 0.14 0.4 0.4 0.14

 * This trial was eliminated because the thermometer was broken (there was a bubble of air in the mercury). A new thermometer was obtained from the stockroom and used for all other data.

 Observations: The unknown was yellowish-orange in color and had a fruity smell.

As can be seen from our water data the experimental values for the melting and boiling points of water differed from the theoretical values by +0.15 C and +1.1 C, respectively. These differences were used to calibrate the average data for the unknown. Thus the corrected values for the unknown boiling and melting points are given in Table 2.

Table Two – Corrected Temperatures  

Unknown 7

Melting Pt.

Unknown 7

Boiling Pt.Measured value

80.4 C 0.4 (95%)

272.80 0.14 C (95%)

Correction +0.15 C + 1.1 C

These values were used to identify our unknown. Table Three below lists possible unknowns and the melting and boiling points for these compounds found in the Chemical Handbook.2

Table Three – Reference Data from Chemical Handbook 

Compound Melting Point Boiling PointBlabber Gas -15.8 C 17.2 CFreezer Gel 82.7 C 456.1 CSilly Putty 57.2 C 121 CBillgatesium 1000 C unknownFarsel Juice 80.8 C 274.0 CShampoo -1.2 C 108.7 C

 Based on these data we conclude that our sample was probably “Farsel Juice” since both the melting and boiling points fall within the confidence limits of our average melting and boiling points. Additional evidence to support our conclusion is that Farsel Juice is described in the Chemical Handbook as having a yellowish-orange in color and has a “peach-like” smell. Our

unknown was this color and one of our group members observed a “fruity” smell when she opened the bottle.

 Although our measured melting and boiling points differed from the theoretical data by a few percent, this difference was very small leading us to believe that our results were quite good. While there is still room for error in our results due to the change in boiling and melting points as a function of atmospheric pressure this difference should be very small. Other factors such as contaminates in the water used may have affected the results, but again every effort to minimalize such effects was made by using only deionized water. Finally we did encounter some problems with our thermometer in the first trial, but this was fixed by replacing it at the stockroom. Thus our careful work, our additional color and smell observations, and the fact that the corrected average of data exactly matched only one of the choices with 95% confidence, all suggest that our unknown was in fact Farsel Juice.

 Conclusions

 In this lab we determined the identity of our unknown to be Farsel Juice using normal melting and boiling points. A future experiment might include an additional calibration using the barometric pressure and/or inclusion of other chemical properties such as reactions of the compounds with acids and stuff to further test the nature of the chemicals and more positively identify the chemicals