clase métodos de muestreo ambiental 2015.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Mtodos de Muestreo
Ambiental
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Muestreo de agua: Objetivos
1. Determinar el impacto de distintas
actividades (agricultura, actividad
humana, industrial, vaciado dedesechos) sobre la calidad del agua
supericial o prounda
!. Asegurar "ue las uentes de aguason seguras para el consumo
humano.
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#orld #ater $uppl%
97.2% Saline2.15% Icecaps& Glaciers
0.307% in Ground
Water < 0.5mi deep
0.307% in
Ground
Water >0.5mi deep
0.005% soil
moisture
0.01% in surace
!aters & t"e
atmosp"ere
2.#% $res"
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$actores de la calidad del aua
relacionados a la salud "umana
ain compounds are ' () *) pat"oens) andanti+iotics
Surace and round!ater pollution potential
,i" (-3'( leels can cause +lue +a+/s/ndrome met"emolo+inemia
,i" (-3'( can lead to etiolo/ o stomac"
cancer onl/ limited eidence aaila+le
acteria and pat"oens can +e disease causin
nti+iotics as eed supplements are indin
!a/s to !ater
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$urace &ater
Monitoring' ield runo' Open ditchesdrains
' *rrigation canals' +ondsa-esreservoirs
' #etlands
' $treams, rivers (Danube iver)
' Ocean, $ea (/lac- sea)
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/ioaerosoles' erosoli4ed +ioloical particles capa+le o
elicitin diseases inectious) alleric) orto6ienic acute or c"ronic' micro+es) +/'products o liin oranisms' Si4e rane 0.028100 micrometers
' omposition aries !it" source andenironmental conditions' *articles can contain ar/in amounts o
!ater'
Some are colloidal particles o soil)eetation) ot"er material' :iruses) +acteria and uni spores and
"/p"ae in aerosols due to small si4e' an/ proto4oa too lare to remain air+orne
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ir+orne icro+es and t"eir ;eseroirs
Viruses: Mostly humans but some animals
Some rodent viruses : Lassa Fever Virus and Hantavirus.Bacteria: Humans (TB & staphylococci! other animals (brucella and anthra"!
#ater (Legionella$ soil (clostridia.Fun%i: soil and birds (Cryptococcusand Histoplasma dead plant material$ #et suraces (#ood and other buildin%
materials indoor air (mycotic air pollution sta%nant #ater or the opportunistic un%i (e.%.! Aspergillussp..
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/ioaerosol $amplers
' 0umerous sampler t%pes
' $ome adapted rom dust or particle
samplers
' $ome designed speciicall% or microbes
' e& speciicall% or nonmicrobial
bioaerosols (e.g. endoto2in), but generall%thought samplers used or microbe
collection are adaptable
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$pore 3raps
' 4.g. 5irst, /ur-hard, Airocell,Allergenco
' *nitiall% designed or ungalspore and pollen
'$ample at 16!6 itersminute' +articles impacted on tocoated glass slide or adhesivetape
' Advantages: nonselective,
direct anal%sis ater collection' Disadvantages: ma% mas-
problem species, does notassess viabilit%
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*mpactors
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*mpingers: Air dra&n through
li"uid (e.g. &ater, broth,
mineral oil)
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Muestreadores
por centr7uga
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Aerosol $amplers or large
volumen
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ilters: continuous lo& or 8 time
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$econdar% 9oncentration and
+uriication' +4 (pol%eth%lene gl%col)' Organic locculation' *M$ (*mmunomagnetic separation)' igand capture
' /4aDs (/iodetection 4nabling Device)' 9apillar% 4lectrophoresis' Microluidics' 0ucleic Acid 42traction
' $pin 9olumn 9hromatograph%' lotation' $edimentation' 4nrichment
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"emical *recipitation et"ods
' :iruses precipitate !it" pol/et"/lene l/col
or aluminum "/dro6ide
; resuspend *G precipitate in a=ueous +uer
; dissole aluminum loc in dilute acid solution; +ot" "ae +een used as second'step
concentration and puriication met"ods
' *arasites precipitate !it" calcium car+onate
; dissole precipitate in dilute sulamic acid
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-t"er ;ecoer/ and oncentration et"ods
' inerals) suc" as iron o6ide and talc used to
adsor+ iruses
' S/nt"etic resins ion e6c"ane and
adsor+ent' -t"er ranular media lass +eads and sand
ess !idel/ used less relia+le) cum+ersomeuncertain elution) desorption) e6c"ane
eiciencies
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Initial Recovery and Concentration of
Pathogens
Flotation centrifugation Layer or suspend samples or microbes in
medium of density greater than microbedensity; centrifuge; microbes float to surface;recover them from top layer
Isopycnic or buoyant density gradientcentrifugation
Layer or suspend samples or microbes in amedium with varying density with depth buthaving a density to the microbe at onedepth!
"icrobes migrate to the depth having theirdensity #isopycnic$
Recover them from this specific layerFlotation% microbe
density & medium
density
Isopycnic density
gradient% microbe
density medium
density at one
depth
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Immunomanetic Separation
'
'
'
'
(ead
)ntibody
"icrobe
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Virus 'apture lus )T*') to +etect ,nectious
Viruses * The s'-) System
The cell receptor %ene or 'o"sacieviruses and
-denoviruses has been cloned and e"pressed!
producin% a soluble protein receptor! s'-)
/"pressed! puriied and bound s'-) to solidphases to capture inectious 'o"sacieviruses
rom environmental samples
The nucleic acid o the s'-)*captured viruses is )T*')
ampliied or detection and 0uantitation
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-pplication o s'-) #ith ara*Ma%netic Beads or
Virus article 'apture and then )T*')
: Virus article
: s'-)
'ulture 1 media$
:s'-) produced
()T* ')
s'-)
puriication
: Blocin% protein
-mine Terminated Support Ma%netic Bead : BioSpheres(Biosource
re*coated to provide available amine %roups or covalent couplin%
o proteins or other li%ands by %lutaraldehyde*mediated couplin% method
'ovalent couplin%to parama%netic beads
Blocin%post*couplin%
Sample
containin%viruses
2-
e"traction
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Muestreo de suelos
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?esarrollo
deprotocolo
por e=uipos